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Basis Function Approach


Basic Idea

Example Basis
Represent circle with straight lines

Assume is constant along each line

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Basis Function Approach

x1

1) Pick a set of n Points on the


x2 surface
2) Define a new surface by
l2
connecting points with n lines.
3) Define i ( x ) = 1 if x is on line li
otherwise, i ( x ) = 0
n
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G ( x, x ) i ( x ) j ( x ) dS dS

"

approx approx
surface surface

#$$$$$$
$%$$$$$$$
&
Ai , j

H HH

K
E

j =1

approx
surface

#$$$%$$$&
bi

i ( x ) G ( x, x ) !njj j ( x ) dS dS = 0

approx
surface



Z0inPRL2-D
YORV j~i3~EuGalerkin
[ELWc["dZ&ciOQc
" ( x ) R ( x ) dS = " ( x ) ( x ) dS " "

CD



Basis Function Approach

K
E
K

z` yW&zv

"

)
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/ q/i 0

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Example Problems

Convergence
Analysis

+*

0/

1-D First Kind Equation

The potential is given

< . !.65

2143

The density must be computed

( x ) is unknown

( x ) = x3 x

Solution = 3x



-,

)
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3

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2143

65

.
Example
Problems

Convergence
Analysis

Collocation Discretization of
1-D Equation

x 4!-,b5 x -/"."b-6[ _I+]Q5 ,bQ_Iw,.7 x /- 744A_y3QY


=/   J 
/  

( x) =

" x x ( x) dS

x 1,1

xc1

x0 = 1

xc2

xn 1

x2

x1

n1

xcn

xn = 1

nn

( )

xj

j =1

x j 1

xci = ! j

"

xci x dS

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

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213

^]

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Example Problems

Convergence
Analysis

One column for each density value

$ x1
& " xc1 x dS '
& x0
&
(
)
&
& x1
& " xcn x dS '
(& x0

xn

"

xn1

xn

"

xn1

%
xc1 x dS '
' $n11% $& ( xc1 ) %'
'& ( ' = & ( '
(
'& ' &
nn
' x '
' (&
n)
'
cn )
(&
xcn x dS '
)'

( )

One row for each collocation point

)

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"

n = 40

n = 10

n = 20

Answers Are Getting Worse!!!

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65

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94mHACFJP<?GI>]C=p#BPGjE#M?9W;=
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% : Convergence
#

Analysis
cQe 6Q_j-*5 s( x,.*) =5$'(&)x(*) ++4,b-x x ( x) dS x [1,1]
  c
=./ "  i Q .j.
Example Problems



#"$&%

('#"$)

I

/
1

213

The potential is given

The density must be computed

( x ) is unknown

( x ) = x3 x

Solution = 3x

) 
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(3

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I +,.-/1-^cQe $'&)(*+,.-/
=./  i
 

(/

.
Example Problems

Convergence
Analysis

( x) =

xc1

x0 = 1

xc2

x1

n1

x 4!-,b5 x /-[ "."b-6] _I+Q5 ,bQ_Iw,.7 x /- 744A_y3QY


=  J * A J  
/  Q
x 1,1

xcn

xn 1

x2

xn = 1

( )

xj

j =1

x j 1

"

xci x dS

nn

xci = ! j
SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

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Collocation Discretization of
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" x x ( x) dS

A

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Example Problems

Convergence
Analysis

  x -/".".-_I+,.-/e ,.7_F!4,
I+,.-/1-^cQe $'&)(*+,.-/ u302+W!,.X
  

Collocation Discretization of
1-D Equation - TheW>Matrix

xn
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%
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"
xn1
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(
)
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&
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( )

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT



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Convergence
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#"$&%

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Example Problems 

+*

Denote the integral operator as K


1

x x x dS # =



a null space
The integral operator is singular has
.
1

0 =

x x 0 x dS = 0



0 ( x ) = 0, x 0, 0 ( 0 ) = 1

-1

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z  D . 

If a = # ( a + 0 ) =

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT



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Difficulty

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Example Problems

Convergence
Analysis



$ x1
& " xc1 x dS '
& x0
&
(
)
&
& x1
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&( x0

xn

"

xn1

xn

"

xn1

%
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(
( '
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(
xcn x dS '
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Numerical Results with increasing n

n = 10

n = 40
n = 20

Eigenvalues
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x0 = 1

 

Example Problems

Convergence
Analysis

Intuition about the


Eigenvalues

xn 1

x2

x1

xn = 1

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x0 = 1 x1

x2 n = 1

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

)
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Example Problems

Convergence
Analysis

2-D Kind Equation has


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0 ( x ) = 0, x 0, 0 ( 0 ) = 1

(I + )

-1

-1

-1

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

)
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SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

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Second Kind Theory

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*
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1-D Second Kind Example

Nystrom Method
Nystrom Method

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