, ,

, 2002

1. ......................................................................................................................3
1.1 ....................................................................................3
1.2 .................................................................10
1.3 : ...................................................................13
1.4 ..............................18
2. ...........................22
2.1 ............................................26
3.
............................................................................................................................................49
4. ..........................................54
4.1. .................................................................................54
4.2 .............................................................................56
4.3 .........................................................................................75
5.
...................................................................................................................77
6. . H
............................................................................................87
7. .......................................................................................102
8. .....................................................116
8.1. : ..........................................117
8.2 : ........................................125
8.3 ........................131
9. ...................................................................................138
9.1 .............................................141
10. .................................................................................................................145

All history is a negotiation

between familiarity and strengthness
Simon Schama1

1.
1.1

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S. SCHAMA: Clio at the multiplex, The New Yorker, 19 January 1998, . 40.

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T.H. MARTIN: Mmoires sur lhistoire des hypothses astronomiques chez les Grecs et les
Romains. Mmoires de lAcadmie des Inscriptions et des Belles-Lettres, t. XXX, 2e partie, 1881
P. TANNERY: Recherches sur lhistoire de lAstronomie ancienne. Mmoires de la Socit des
sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux, 4e srie, t. I, 1893 J.V. SCHIAPARELLI: Origine del
sistema planetario eliocentrico presso i Greci. Memorie del R. Instituto Lombardo di Scienze e
Lettere. Classe di Scienze matematiche e naturali, t. XVIII, 1898 J.L.E. DREYER: A History of
Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York, 1953. ( , History of the
Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler, 1906) T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient
Copernicus. New York, 1981. ( , 1913)

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N. COPERNICUS: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. Nuremberg, 1543.

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1450, Paris, 1994, . 356 & 358).

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poqsewj d xwse (. 'Aristotlhj) ka t mfotrwn (. to te planoj
orano ka tn plann strwn) remontwn, katoi pemfanon dokon t szesqai
tn fainomnhn atn metbasin mfotrwn remontwn, di t gegonnai tinj, n
`Hrakledhj te Pontikj n ka 'Arstarcoj, nomzontaj szesqai t fainmena to
mn orano ka tn strwn remontwn, tj d gj per toj to shmerino plouj

CICERO: Quaestiones Academicae priores, II, 39.

15

p dusmn kinoumnhj ksthj mraj man ggista peristrofn t d' ggista

prskeitai di tn to lou tj mij moraj piknhsin.10

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293b30
:
n t kntrJ d osan tn gn ka kklJ kinoumnhn, tn d orann remen
`Hrakledhj Pontikj poqmenoj szein eto t fainmena.12

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10

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . J.L. Heiberg, Berlin,

1894. : Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, 7, ii, . 444, 31 - 445, 3.
11
Heath (Aristarchus of Samos,
the ancient Copernicus, . 254-255).
12
SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 519, 9-11.

16

)

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,
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H. Diels13, :
di ka parelqn tj fhsin `Hrakledhj Pontikj, ti ka kinoumnhj pwj tj gj, to
d lou mnontj pwj dnatai per tn lion fainomnh nwmala szesqai.

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SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . H. Diels, 2 . :

Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, 9 & 10, Berlin, 1882-1895, . 9, . 292,20-23.
14
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Polloj d' n ka troij sundxeie m den t g tn to msou cran podidnai, t pistn

ok k tn fainomnwn qrosin ll mllon k tn lgwn.

18

. :
dh d tinej dokosi ... odn atoj ntimartursein, e tn mn orann knhton
postsainto lgou crin, tn d gn per tn atn xona strefomnhn p dusmn
p' natolj ksthj mraj man ggista peristrofn llhqe d atoj, ti tn mn
per t stra fainomnwn neken odn n swj kwloi toq' otwj cein, p d tn
per mj atoj ka tn n ri sumptwmtwn ka pnu n geloitaton fqeh t
17
toioton.

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: Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia, . 1: Syntaxis

Mathematica, . J.L. Heiberg, 1, Leipzig, 1898, . 24, . 5-18.

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O. NEUGEBAUER: On some aspects of early Greek astronomy, Proceedings of the American

Philosophical Society, . 116 (1972), . 243-251, . 248.

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Nrnberg, Verlag Hans Carl, 1962. Edwin L. Minar, Jr.

Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, Cambridge, Mass., 1972.
Burkert .

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W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 9-10.

D.R. DICKS: , , . .
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21

24

:
Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus T.L. Heath (1913)
D.R. Dicks (1970)
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T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 51.

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D.R. DICKS: , . 85-86.

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: Prtoj d' otoj tn gn pfaine sfairoeid ka n msJ
kesqai.

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27
. W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 337 . 3. B.L.
van der Waerden , Die Astronomie der Pythagoreer (Verh. d. kon.
Ned. Ak. v. Wet., Afd. Natuurk. I 20.1, 1951, . 49 .., 54)

, 360 .. (. D.R. DICKS:
, . 93).
28
(. W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in
Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 228-229).
29

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Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 229).

28

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, (293a17-293b30)
:
Per mn on tj qsewj [. ] o tn atn pantej cousi dxan, ll tn
plestwn p to msou kesqai legntwn, soi tn lon orann peperasmnon ena
fasin, nantwj o per tn 'Italan, kalomenoi d Puqagreioi lgousin p mn gr
to msou pr ena fasi, tn d gn, n tn strwn osan, kklJ feromnhn per t
mson nkta te ka mran poien. Eti d' nantan llhn tatV kataskeuzousi gn, n
ntcqona noma kalosin, o prj t fainmena toj lgouj ka tj ataj zhtontej,
ll prj tinaj lgouj ka dxaj atn t fainmena proslkontej ka peirmenoi
sugkosmen.
Polloj d' n ka troij sundxeie m den t g tn to msou cran podidnai, t
pistn ok k tn fainomnwn qrosin ll mllon k tn lgwn. T gr timiwttJ
oontai proskein tn timiwtthn prcein cran, enai d pr mn gj timiteron, t
d praj to metax, t d' scaton ka t mson praj st' k totwn nalogizmenoi
ok oontai p to msou tj sfaraj kesqai atn, ll mllon t pr.
Eti d' o ge Puqagreioi ka di t mlista proskein fulttesqai t kuritaton
to pantj, t d mson enai toioton, [] Dij fulakn nomzousi t tathn con tn
cran pr sper t mson plj legmenon, ka t to megqouj mson ka to
prgmatoj n mson ka tj fsewj. []
Per mn on to tpou tj gj tathn cous tinej tn dxan, mowj d ka per
monj ka kinsewj o gr tn atn trpon pantej polambnousin, ll' soi mn
mhd' p to msou kesqa fasin atn, kinesqai kklJ per t mson, o mnon d
tathn, ll ka tn ntcqona, kaqper epomen prteron.
'Enoij d doke ka plew smata toiata ndcesqai fresqai per t mson, mn
dhla di tn piprsqhsin tj gj. Di ka tj tj selnhj kleyeij pleouj tj
to lou ggnesqa fasin tn gr feromnwn kaston ntifrttein atn, ll' o
mnon tn gn. 'Epe gr ok stin g kntron, ll' pcei t misfarion atj lon,
oqn kwlein oontai t fainmena sumbanein mowj m katoikosin mn p to
kntrou, sper kn e p to msou n g oqn gr od nn poien pdhlon tn
mseian pecntwn tj diamtrou.

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prton d per tj qsewj lgei, ti o mn peiron tn ksmon lgontej od' n zhtoen
tn n t pant qsin atj n gr perJ ote rc ote mson ote tloj st tn
d peperasmnon tn ksmon legntwn o mn plestoi p to msou kesqai lgousi
tn gn, sper 'Empedoklj ka 'Anaxmandroj ka 'Anaximnhj ka 'Anaxagraj ka
Dhmkritoj ka Pltwn ntifskousi d o P uqagreioi toto gr shmanei t
nantwj o per t mson lgontej atn, ll' n mn t msJ to pantj pr ena
fasi, per d t mson tn ntcqona fresqa fasi gn osan ka atn, ntcqona d
kaloumnhn di t x nantaj tde t g enai, met d tn ntcqona g de
feromnh ka at per t mson, met d tn gn selnh otw gr atj n t per
tn Puqagorikn store tn d gn j n tn strwn osan kinoumnhn per t mson
30

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 511, 20 - 512, 20.

30

kat tn prj tn lion scsin nkta ka mran poien d ntcqwn kinoumnh per
t mson ka pomnh t g tatV oc rtai f' mn di t piprosqen mn e t
tj gj sma. tata d, fhs, lgousin o prj t narg prgmata toj lgouj ka
tj ataj rmodwj zhtontej, ll prj tinaj autn dxaj ka lgouj t fainmena
prgmata proslkontej ka peirmenoi kenoij tata sunarmttein, per st n
toptaton tleion gr riqmn poqmenoi tn dekda bolonto ka tn
kukloforhtikn swmtwn tn riqmn ej dekda sungein. qntej on, fhs, tn
plan man ka tj planwmnaj pt ka tn gn tathn t ntcqoni tn dekda
suneplrwsan.
Ka otw mn atj t tn Puqagorewn pedxato o d gnhsiteron atn
metascntej pr mn n t msJ lgousi tn dhmiourgikn dnamin tn k msou psan
tn gn zJogonosan ka t peyugmnon atj naqlpousan di o mn Zhnj prgon
at kalosin, j atj n toj Puqagorikoj strhsen, o d Dij fulakn, j n
totoij, o d Dij qrnon, j lloi fasn. stron d tn gn legon j rganon ka
atn crnou mern gr stin ath ka nuktn ata mran mn gr poie t prj t
lJ mroj katalampomnh, nkta d kat tn knon tj ginomnhj p' atj skij.
ntcqona d tn selnhn kloun o P uqagreioi, sper ka aqeran gn, ka j
ntifrttousan t liak fwt, per dion gj, ka j poperatosan t ornia,
kaqper g t p selnhn.

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[...] t tn riqmn stoicea tn ntwn stoicea pntwn plabon enai, ka tn lon
orann rmonan enai ka riqmn ka sa econ mologomena n te toj riqmoj
ka taj rmonaij prj t to orano pqh ka mrh ka prj tn lhn diaksmhsin,
tata sungontej frmotton. n e t pou dileipe, proseglconto to suneiromnhn
psan atoj enai tn pragmatean lgw d' o on, peid tleion dekj enai doke
ka psan perieilhfnai tn tn riqmn fsin, ka t fermena kat tn orann
dka mn ena fasin, ntwn d nna mnon tn fanern di toto dekthn tn
ntcqona poiosin. iristai d per totwn n troij mn kribsteron.

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(10 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4),
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e d tina fanonto diafwnen t kat toj riqmoj kolouqv tn kat tn orann
fainomnwn, tata d prosetqesan ato ka peirnto naplhron prj t
mologhmnhn atoj enai tn pragmatean psan. atka gon tleion riqmn
gomenoi tn dekda, rntej d n toj fainomnoij nna tj kinoumnaj sfaraj,
pt mn tj tn planwmnwn, gdhn d tn tn plann, nnthn d tn gn (ka gr
ka tathn gonto kinesqai kklJ per mnousan tn stan, pr sti kat' atoj),
ato prosqesan n toj dgmasi ka tn ntcqon tina, n ntikinesqai pqento t
g ka di toto toj p tj gj raton enai. lgei d per totwn ka n toj Per
orano ka n taj tn Puqagorikn dxaij kribsteron.

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ALEXANDER APHRODISIENSIS: Alexandri Aphrodisiensis in Aristotelis metaphysica

commentaria, . M. Hayduk. : Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, . 1,
Berlin, 1891, . 40, 24 - 41, 2.
39
. D.R. DICKS: , . 88-89.

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Fillaoj pr n msJ per t kntron, per stan to pantj kale ka Dij okon ka
mhtra qen, bwmn te ka sunocn ka mtron fsewj. ka plin pr teron nwttw
t pericon. prton d' enai fsei t mson, per d toto dka smata qea coreein,
orann te plantaj, meq' oj lion, f' selnhn, f' tn gn, f' tn ntcqona,
meq' smpanta t pr staj per t kntra txin pcon. t mn on nwttw mroj
to pericontoj, n tn e likrneian enai tn stoicewn, lumpon kale, t d p
tn to lmpou forn, n toj pnte plantaj meq' lou ka selnhj tetcqai,
ksmon t d' p totoij poslhnn te ka pergeion mroj, n t tj filometablou
gensewj, orann.

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43
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D.R. DICKS: , . 90.

H. DIELS (ed.): Doxographi Graeci, Berlin, 1879, . 336-337.

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F. Puqagreioj t mn pr mson (toto gr enai to pantj stan), deutran d tn
ntcqona, trthn d tn okoumnhn gn x nantaj keimnhn te ka periferomnhn ti
ntcqoni par' ka m rsqai p tn n tide toj n kenhi.47

:
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48

45

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 97, . 3.

. W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 243 ..
47
H. DIELS (ed.): Doxographi Graeci, . 377.
48
Heath (Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 97) ,
, : second to it he puts the counter-earth, and
46

38

[] [ ] [
].
d gemonikn n ti mesaittwi pur, per trpewj dkhn propebleto tj to
pantj <sfaraj> dhmiourgj qej.49

:
[ ]
,
.
(er kinsewj gj) o mn lloi mnein tn gn F. d Puqagreioj kklwi
perifresqai per t pr kat kklon loxn moiotrpwj lwi ka selnhi.50

:
( ). [] .
[]
(. ) .

third the inhabited earth which is placed opposite to, and revolves with, the counter-earth.

, , ,
,
. . Dicks,
Heath, ,
(.., .
90). Dicks

, ,
(DICKS:
, . 89). (. , . 32).
, ,
. pomnh
t g tatV
293a17-293b30 .
49
H. DIELS (ed.): Doxographi Graeci, . 332.
50
H. DIELS (ed.): Doxographi Graeci, . 378. Dicks ( , . 94)
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
. , , Dicks .
moiotrpwj
. , ,

. Heath (Aristarchus of
Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 97, 100) Dreyer (A History of Astronomy from Thales to
Kepler, . 45).

39

5 .. .

.


.

,

. , ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
,
.51
,
, , .
-
, (5 .. ). ,
,

.

.

:
)
.
.

51

. , . 9.

40

) (
, ..), ,
/

.
.

.
, , .

.

, ,
,
.
.
.
P. Duhem, , ,
,
.52 Heath:
. [] ,

.53 Heath
, ()

. , Van der Waerden Die Astronomie der
Pythagoreer ,

,

52
53

P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, Paris, 1913, . 8.

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 49.

41

. , , Erich Frank,54
,
, :
, ,
.

,

.
, .
.
,
, Frank o
, .
Frank

.
.

. Walter Burkert,

. Burkert:
,

,
,
,
.55 , ,


.

54

E. FRANK: Plato und die sogenannten Pythagoreer: Ein Kapitel aus der Geschichte des
griechischen Geistes, Halle, 1923.
55
W. BURKERT: Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 303.

42

:
) Duhem
, ,
.56 , ,
.
Duhem 40b8-c3,

llomnhn ... tn per tn di pantj plon tetamnon,
,

.
) 57
(. , . 25),
,
, .58
:
Fhs d' 'Alxandroj n Taj tn filosfwn diadocaj ka tata erhknai n
Puqagorikoj pomnmasin. rcn mn tn pntwn monda k d tj mondoj riston
duda j n lhn t mondi atJ nti postnai k d tj mondoj ka tj orstou
dudoj toj riqmoj k d tn riqmn t shmea k d totwn tj grammj, x n t
ppeda scmata k d tn pipdwn t stere scmata k d totwn t asqht
smata, n ka t stoicea enai tttara, pr, dwr, gn, ra metabllein d ka

56

P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 8.

21 .
( 5 .. ).
58

.
,
, , ,
.. ( 3 .. .)
(2 .. .),
. ,
(. 160 ..)

, , ,
,
.
57

43

trpesqai di' lwn, ka gnesqai x atn ksmon myucon, noern, sfairoeid, mshn
periconta tn gn ka atn sfairoeid ka perioikoumnhn.

mshn
59

periconta tn gn, .

, .
.

. ()
.
.
. Duhem
. , ,
, ,
( ..

60) .
) , ,
.
, Heath
,
, ,
,
. , ,
Heath, .
(, 10, 218a33)
:

59

,
(myucon, noern, sfairoeid, mshn periconta tn gn, ka atn
sfairoeid ka okoumnhn), ,
,
Duhem (Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 8, . 3), .
60
(. , . 58) ,
(. 400 ..),
. (. , W. BURKERT: Lore and Science
in Ancient Pythagoreanism, . 305.)

44

o mn gr tn to lou knhsin [] ena fasin, o d tn sfaran atn.

( Heath):
Some (of the Pythagoreans) say that time is the motion of the whole (universe), others that
it is the sphere itself.61

(I, 8, 40b):
Puqagraj [ ] tn sfaran to pericontoj.

( Heath):
Pythagoras held time to be the sphere of the enveloping (heaven).62
,
, . ,
, ,
. ()
,
tn swmatthta to orano.63
(
), Heath
. , ,
,
, .
Heath
,
,
(o mn tn to lou knhsin ka periforn tn crnon ena
64

fasin, j tn Pltwna nomzousin te Edhmoj ka Qefrastoj ka 'Alxandroj ).

61

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 49.

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 49.
63
IOANNIS PHILOPONOS: Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis physicorum libros octo commentaria, 2
., . H. Vitelli. : Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, . 16-17, Berlin, 18871888, . 17, . 709, 5.
62

64

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros octo commentaria, . 700, 17-19.

45

, , ,
: o d tn sfaran atn to orano, j toj
Puqagoreouj storosi lgein o parakosantej swj to 'Arctou lgontoj kaqlou
tn crnon disthma tj to pantj fsewj, j tinej tn Stwikn legon.

65

Heath

(
) .


Heath
.

.
66:
ti d od sfara at sti crnoj, od xio lgxai ehqej gr toto, ka
sullogismj d di' o dkoun kataskeuzein ti sfara crnoj st, profanj
sullgistj stin. k do gr katafatikn n deutrJ scmati sumplketai n t
crnJ, gr fasi, t pnta stn, n t sfarv t pnta stn, sfara ra crnoj
st.

:
[] .
,
[] , .
[] , , ,
, [] , .

Heath Pythagoras (. 46-51)

.
Heath , ,
.
65
66

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . 700, 19-22.

IOANNIS PHILOPONOS: .., . 17, . 709, 30-34.

46

,
, ( 5 986a
gneto tn likan 'Alkmawn <noj> p gronti Puqagrai)

(

: toi otoj par kenwn kenoi par totou parlabon tn lgon

toton). , ,

(I, 24, 2b),

,
. :
(tn maqhmatikn tinej) toj d plantaj toj plansin p dusmn p' natolj
ntifresqai. TotJ d sunomologe ka 'Alkmawn.

, , . ,
Heath, the assumption of the motion of the fixed stars suggests the
immobility of the earth67 [
].
68.
Heath;
Tannery : La vrit astronomique qui apparat pour la
premire fois chez Alcmon, consiste dans la distinction entre le mouvement propre des
plantes dOccident en Orient et leur mouvement diurne dOrient en Occident. Cette
distinction, essentielle pour le progrs de la science, tait reste trangre aux conceptions
des premiers Ioniens; elle fut rejete par Anaxagore et par Dmocrite; elle reste donc
propre lcole pythagoricienne, qui la transmit, par Eudoxe de Cnide, aux astronomes
67

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 50.

,

. ( ..
,
, ,
.)
, ,
500 ..
68

47

mathmaticiens. Vu son caractre, on ne peut hsiter en faire honneur au Matre plutt

quau mdecin de Crotone.69 [


. , ,


, , .
,
() ().] Heath
Burnet
,70 :
either inference is possible, and I prefer Tannerys71 [
, Tannery]. , Heath,
!
Heath , ,

.
.


Heath
,
, . ,
, ,
Heath,
, .
, , ,
.

69

P. TANNERY: Pour lhistoire de la science hellne, 2 , Paris, 1930, . 213-214. (

.)
70
J. BURNET: Early Greek Philosophy, 4 , London, 1930, . 123, note.
1892.
71
T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 50.

48

. , , J.L.E.
Dreyer (1852-1926), Heath
,
. .72
:

:
)
( ).
)
.
,
.

, , .
)
.
.
(.. )
.
) ,

,
(.. , ..).
)

.
) 4 .. ,
.

72

J.L.E. DREYER: A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler.

49

3.

,
,
5 .. .
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
,

, , ,
. 4 ,
.
, 385 370
.., , 335 ..
, (
)
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.
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) .
.

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50

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73, ,
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.

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(427-348/47) , ,

73

51

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,

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52

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.

53

-
.

54

4.
As to the special case of the history of ancient science,
the results of literary criticism are certainly
not of a kind to create confidence in this method.
Otto Neugebauer74
4.1.

,
.

,
,
.

,
. ,
,
.

Heath75, Dicks76 .
, ,
, ,

. , ,
,

74

O. NEUGEBAUER: Archimedes and Aristarchus, Isis, . 35 (1942), . 4-6, . 4.

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 134-189.
76
D.R. DICKS: , . 121-203.
75

55

. , ,

,

/ .

. /

. ,

.
,
.
, ,

,

( , )
,
,
.

, ,
77.
,
,


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.

77

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56

,
Dicks78 Taylor79,
:
)

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)

80.
)
,
.

, .
, , (
),
. , ,
,
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.
4.2
,
.
, ,

.
78

D.R. DICKS: , . 123.

A.E. TAYLOR: , , . . , 2 , ,
1992, . 509-512.
80
,
(36b-40d),
(29d).
79

57

. (
) ,
81,

. , , ,
, .


. ,
, ( ,
,) . , ,
,
(27a).

. , ,
,
82.
,

, ,
,
. ,
,

.
:
)
.
) .
81

. . , 1995.
G. VLASTOS: Creation in the Timaeus: Is it a Fiction?. : Studies in Platos
Metaphysics, . R.E. Allen, London, 1965, . 401-419.

82

58

) ( ) ,

.
,
,

. ,
(, , ), ,
, .
,

.
.
.
,
, , .
-
, .

.
, , ,
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. , , ,

1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 27.
,
, , .
,
, ,
( ,
). ,
.
(Crnoj d' on met' orano ggonen)
.

59

,


.

.


,
, ,
.
.

(
) .
, ,
,
.
,
,
: (),
(), () ().
() ,
, , .


.


(
),
83.
83

. F.M. CORNFORD: Platos Cosmology, London, 1937.

60

( )
. , ,

84,
,
.
,
( )
.

,
85.

(40b8-c3)
.
,
, ,
86.
:
n d trofn mn metran, llom
llomnhn d tn per
per tn di
di pant
pantj plon tetam
tetamnon,
non
flaka ka dhmiourgn nuktj te ka mraj mhcansato, prthn ka presbutthn
qen soi ntj orano gegnasin87.

84

F.M. Cornford
.
85
A.E. Taylor A Commentary on Platos Timaeus, (Oxford, 1928)

5 .
86
. Dicks. .
:

, ,
.
87
J. Burnet (Platonis
Opera, . IV, Oxford, 1902) TLG.
A.E. Taylor. Dicks gn d
trofn mn metran, e loum
loumnhn d per
per tn di
di pant
pantj plon tetam
tetamnon,
non flaka ka
dhmiourgn nuktj te ka mraj mhcansato, prthn ka presbutthn qen soi ntj orano
gegnasin. . llom
llomnhn Burnet

61

, (
88),
. ,
, , ,
, ..
, , 19
Gruppe89 Grote,
, Boeckh90 . Boeckh,
,

.
(
.. Heath) : ()
() .
llom
llomnhn (
) e loum
loumnhn llom
llomnhn
, 91.
. (
,
)

, ()
(. : .., . 501).
88

1) Enioi d ka keimnhn p to kntrou fas n atn llesqai ka kinesqai per tn di
pantj tetamnon plon, sper n t TimaJ ggraptai. ( 293b30 ..)

2) `Hmej d lgwmen prton pteron cei knhsin mnei: kaqper gr epomen, o mn atn n
tn strwn enai poiosin, o d' p to msou qntej llesqai ka kinesqa fasi per tn plon
mson. ( 296a26 ..)

89

O. GRUPPE: Die kosmischen Systeme der Griechen, Berlin, 1851.

A. BOECKH: Untersuchungen ber das kosmische System des Platon, Berlin, 1852.
91
Teichmller, Studien zur
Geschichte der Begriffe, 1874, . 240-2.
90

62

92
llom
llomnhn e loum
loumnhn .

. , , ,
, e loum
loumnhn,
. ,
, Burdach
93 ,
4 ..
. Burdach
4 ..
(vel-)

.

,
,
,
,
.
. (

) ka kinesqai94,
,
, .
( , 13)
,
, , ,

92

J. DILLON: Tampering with the Timaeus. Ideological emendations in Plato,

with special reference to the Timaeus, American Journal of Philology, . 110 (1989), . 50-72.
93
K. BURDACH: Die Lehre des Platonischen Timaios (40b) von der kosmischen Stellung der
Erde, Neue Jahrb. f. d. klass. Altertum, . 49 (1922), . 254-278.
94
. , . 88.

63

. 95

,
,

96. Duhem97:
,

.

J.N. Findlay, Plato, the Written and
Unwritten Doctrines Plato and Platonism. Findlay


98. , Findlay,

, ,
99.

G.V. Schiaparelli
I precursori di Copernico nell antichit (Milano, 1873, . 19 ..).

40b8-c3
: )

) .

95

T.H. Martin (Etudes sur le Time, ii, . 87) Teichmller.

Heath, ,
.
96
J. BURNET: Greek Philosophy: Part , Thales to Plato, London, 1928, . 348,
.
97
P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 87.
98
J.N. FINDLAY: The Myths of Plato, Dionysius, . 2 (1978), . 19-20.
. J.N. FINDLAY: Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines, London, New York
1974 Plato and Platonism: An Introduction, New York, Toronto, 1978.
99
J.N. FINDLAY: Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines, . 455-473.

64

ka kinesqai
100,
,
, ,
. ,
, kaqper gr
epomen , .

, ,
. R.D. Archer-Hind 101
,
,

.

102,

100

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 518, 1-8, 20-21.

R.D. ARCHER-HIND: The Timaeus of Plato, London, . 133 .
102
,
293b30 : Enioi d ka keimnhn
101

p to kntrou wj to sper n t TimaJ ggraptai. Epn per tn legntwn xw to

kntrou keimnhn tn gn per t kntron kinesqai pgei, ti nioi ka keimnhn atn p to
kntrou lgousin llesqai ka kinesqai, sper n t Pltwnoj TimaJ ggraptai. ll' mn n
TimaJ sij to Pltwnoj otwj cei gn d trofn metran, llomnhn d per tn di
pantj tetamnon plon flaka ka dhmiourgn nuktj te ka mraj mhcansato prthn ka
presbutthn qen, soi ntj orano gegnasin. i pantj d tetamnon plon tn xona
lgei nn tra gr to plou shmainmena par Pltwni ka gr tn orann n Fadwni
plon kale ka t prata to xonoj, per poleei oranj, n t TimaJ ka nn tn
xona. t d llomnhn, ete di to ta grfoito, t dedesmhmnhn dhlo, ka otwj ka
'Apollnioj poihtj desmoj llmenon meglwn pesesato ntwn ka Omhroj llsin ok
qlonta bV dsantej gousin, ete di tj ei difqggou grfoito, ka otwj ergomnhn dhlo,
j ka Ascloj n Bassraij ka ti t llomnhn otwj p to Pltwnoj erhtai, dhlo t
n Fadwni per tj gj erhmna, n o j fhsin srropon gr prgma moou tinj n msJ
teqn oc xei mllon od tton odamse kliqnai, dhlo d ka t Timaou htn, per
Pltwn n totoij parxesen, otwj con g d n msJ drumna sta qen roj t' rfnaj ka
agj gnetai dsij te ka ntolj gennsa kat potomj tn rizntwn presbsta d nt
tn ntj ran swmtwn. ta lga epn per tn llwn stoicewn pgei ste za
pntwn ka bsij tn llwn g ka rreistai p tj atj opj. `O d 'Alxandroj to
'Aristotlouj fhs n otw lgontoj ersqai n TimaJ ka tj lxewj atj tj llomnhj
shmainoshj t bizesqai j oc otwj erhmnou prj daj poqseij t legmena
metaferntwn st ka gr t strefomnhn, fhsn, ej metalambnousi t llomnhn, ka
at kinsej sti shmantikn. e d llaco, fhsn, Pltwn llwj lgei, p to n
Fadwni dhlonti nuttmenoj, odn toto, fhs, prj tn lgon gr 'Aristotlhj t n
TimaJ eqnei, ete reskmenoj at Pltwn otw lgei ete ka j Timaou dxan. Tata
to 'Alexndrou lgontoj, na p to teleutaou tn hqntwn rxwmai, ti Tmaioj drsqai
tn gn n t msJ lgei ka bebhknai ka rhresqai, prdhlon k tn parateqntwn ato

65

. ,

.
Cherniss103,

. Cherniss,
(293b30),
,
,
. Chernisss, sper n t TimaJ ggraptai
Enioi
,
, , ,
, llom
llomnhn .
Cherniss
104.
hmtwn. j d lxewj dhloshj mn j ppan t dedemnhn, j a parateqesai crseij
smainon, dhloshj d ka t sustrefomnhn, tan di tj ei difqggou graf, prton mn di'
nj to l grfetai, peita ka p tn kuklikn schmtwn lgetai t sunestrfqai, kn
knhta prj d totoij, kn kteron lxij shmanV ka t dedemnh ka t kinoumnh, pj
dei to Pltwnoj podcesqai tn lgon to t Timaou paraxontoj otwj conta, to tn
reman podexantoj tj gj; ra j dedemnhn j kinoumnhn shmanontoj; ll'
'Aristotlouj, fhsn, otw lgontoj ersqai ok elogon nteipen t gr nti ote tn tj
lxewj shmasan ekj n gnoen atn ote tn to Pltwnoj non. pote on ej pnta
poblyantaj kalj cei lgein, ti tj lxewj ka t sustrefomnhn dhloshj ej toto
metlaben atn 'Aristotlhj, sper ewqe ka t fainmenon tn lgwn dielgcein
spoudzein di toj pipolaiteron kdecomnouj, j n e lege met toj per t mson
kinesqai tathn lgontaj e tij nomzoi tn Pltwna n t msJ lgein atn kinesqai t
llomnhn j kinoumnhn kdecmenoj, ma mn stai tij ka llh pqesij tn kinesqai
legntwn tn gn gr per t mson n t msJ poteqsetai kinoumnh ma d ka t to
Pltwnoj otwj podecmenoj legcqsetai. on toto hton ti t ka kinesqai t
llesqai steron p tinoj prosetqh, d 'Aristotlhj proqmenoj n rc zhten per tj gj,
pteron tn remontwn st n tn kinoumnwn, ka storsaj toj kinesqai lgontaj atn
per t mson pgage ka to dedsqai ka to remen n t msJ marturan p to
Pltwnoj Timaou m proskeimnou gr to ka kinesqai dunatn ka otwj kdcesqai tn
lgon. ti gr tn ntikeimnwn poisato tn storan ka o mnon to kinesqai, ll ka
to mnein, dhlo ka t per to scmatoj pagmena, ti paraplhswj toj p tj kinsewj
ka tj monj ka t scma o mn sfairoeidj, o d tumpanoeidj lgousin. 'En t kntrJ d
osan tn gn ka kklJ kinoumnhn, tn d orann remen `Hrakledhj Pontikj poqmenoj
szein eto t fainmena. (. SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo

commentaria, . 515-520.)
H. CHERNISS: Aristotles Criticism of Plato and the Academy, Baltimore, 1944.

103
104

on elogon mj llomnhn kosantaj e loumnhn ka strefomnhn atn poien, j

P ltwni rskon lgontaj; `Hrakledhj mn on Pontikj, o Pltwnoj n koustj, tathn
ctw tn dxan, kinn kklJ tn gn P ltwn d knhton atn sthsin. gr tn tleon

66

,
, ,
,

.
,
,
105. (
) . ,
,

.

, , ,
Donnay,
106
( ) ,

.
.
,
I ,


.

.
niautn ok p tn kt peridwn <n> poei mnon, ll ka tn tj gj nthn sunhrqmei
sunapokaqistj atn taj llaij ka poin k pasn man prj tn tato kklon
pokatstasin. tw mn on xhghsmeqa tn plon ka tn xona ka tn per toto<n>
sunecomnhn n t msJ gn. (. PROCLUS: In Platonis Timaeum commentaria, . E. Diehl, 3

., Leipzig, 1903-1906, . 3, . 138.)

. , . 7.
106
G. DONNAY: Le systme astronomique de Platon , Revue Belge de Philologie et dHistoire,
. 38 (1960), . 5-29.
105

67

( ), ,
,
.
( viii, 999c-1011e)
,
, :
Pteron otwj knei tn gn, sper lion ka selnhn ka toj pnte plnhtaj, oj
rgana crnou di tj tropj proshgreue, ka dei tn gn llomnhn per tn di
pntwn plon tetamnon m memhcansqai sunecomnhn ka mnousan, ll
strefomnhn ka neiloumnhn noen, j steron 'Arstarcoj ka Sleukoj
pedeknusan, mn potiqmenoj mnon d Sleukoj ka pofainmenoj; Qefrastoj
d ka prosistore t Pltwni presbutrJ genomnJ metamlein, j o proskousan
podnti t g tn mshn cran to pantj.

(11, 1):
Nomj d lgetai ka t tj `Estaj ern gkklion peribalsqai t sbstJ pur
frourn, pomimomenoj o t scma tj gj j `Estaj oshj, ll to smpantoj
ksmou, o mson o Puqagoriko t pr drsqai nomzousi, ka toto `Estan kalosi
ka monda tn d gn ote knhton ote n msJ tj periforj osan, ll kklJ
per t pr awroumnhn o tn timiwttwn od tn prtwn to ksmou morwn
prcein. ata d ka Pltwn fasi presbthn genmenon dianenosqai per tj gj
j n trv crv kaqestshj, tn d mshn ka kuriwtthn trJ tin krettoni
proskousan.

, , ,
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.

68

, .
Heath, ,
,
Boeckh Martin. ,


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Boeckh, ,

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a priori . Tannery107 ,

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.
108
Martin, Tannery Heath,
. , , ,
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.
,

.
D.R. Dicks:
,
107

P. TANNERY: Pseudonymes antiques, Revue des tudes greques, . 10 (1897), . 127-137.

. , . 109, . 158.
108
.

69

109.
Dillon110
.
.

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A.E. Taylor,
,

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24 ,
(, 39c).
, Boeckh
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,

109
110

D.R. DICKS: , . 122.

J. DILLON: .., . 92.

70

,
, .
Burnet111,
.
Taylor

llomnhn. ,

, Polloj d' n ka troij sundxeie m den t g tn to
msou cran podidnai, t pistn ok k tn fainomnwn qrosin ll mllon k
tn lgwn. T gr timiwttJ oontai proskein tn timiwtthn prcein cran, enai
d pr mn gj timiteron, t d praj to metax, t d' scaton ka t mson praj
st' k totwn nalogizmenoi ok oontai p to msou tj sfaraj kesqai atn,
ll mllon t pr.

,
, .
,
, ,
Taylor, (821e-822c),
.
, ,
(o pollj ll man e ).
:
Peiraton. o gr sti toto, ristoi, t dgma rqn per selnhj te ka lou ka
tn llwn strwn, j ra planta pote, pn d tonanton cei totou tn atn
gr atn dn kaston ka o pollj ll man e kklJ diexrcetai, fanetai d
pollj fermenon t d tciston atn n bradtaton ok rqj a doxzetai, t d'
nanton nantwj. tat' on e pfuken mn otwj, mej d m tatV dxomen, e mn n
'Olumpv qentwn ppwn otwj dolicodrmwn ndrn dienoomeqa pri, ka
proshgoreomen tn tciston mn j bradtaton, tn d bradtaton j tciston,
gkmi te poiontej domen tn ttmenon nenikhkta, ote rqj n ot' omai
prosfilj toj dromesin mj n t gkmia prosptein nqrpoij osin per qeoj
t at tata xamartanntwn mn, r' ok omeqa <> gelon te ka ok rqn ke
gignmenon n n tte, nn ntauqo ka n totoisi ggnesqai geloon mn odamj, o
mn od qeofilj ge, yeud fmhn mn kat qen mnontwn.

111

J. BURNET: ..

71

Taylor

, ,
. ,
.
Gruppe.
, , Gruppe,
,
.
Schiaparelli112
. Heath,
, Boeckh.
Schiaparelli
/

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,
,
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.

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113. ( ) ,

112

G.V. SCIAPARELLI: I precursori, .19 ..

,
,
. O A.E. Taylor Hans Raeder
.
113

72

,
.
, ,
(987b)
,
, ,
(<ok> gwn toj llouj,
j ge nqrpoij fanoit' n lga totwn edsin)114.

, ,
,
.

Schiaparelli115.
Schiaparelli,
Heath116 Martin117,

, .
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,
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.

,

114

Burnet <ok> gwn toj llouj, j ge nqrpoij fanoit' n

lga totwn edsin. Taylor ok
.
115
G.V. SCIAPARELLI: I precursori, .20-21.
116
T.L. HEATH: Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus of Samos, . 185.
117
T.H. MARTIN: Mmoires sur lhistoire des hypothses astronomiques chez les Grecs et les
Romains, . 90.

73

,
,
.

(, 1073b8) ti mn on pleouj tn feromnwn a
fora, fanern toj ka metrwj mmnoij (pleouj gr kaston fretai mij tn
planwmnwn strwn).

A.E. Taylor (
20 )
,
( ), .
,

,
, ,
. Taylor ,
, .
P. Duhem
Le Systme du Monde, . Duhem

,
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74

118 ,
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118

. . P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 26-27.

75

, ,
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Cornford.
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76

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77

5.

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B.R. Goldstein A.C. Bowen, 372 .. , ,
, 367
347 ..120
,


,

119

D.R. Dicks:
( ) :
,
, , ,
, , ,

. (. D.R. DICKS: , . 82.)
120
B.R. GOLDSTEIN, A.C. BOWEN: A new view of early Greek astronomy, Isis, . 74 (1983), .
330-340, . 334-335.

78

,

.
, 6,
5 4 ..
,
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.
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, , ,

. explanandum , Goldstein
Bowen,
. , ,

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.121
, , Goldstein Bowen

, . ,
121

B.R. GOLDSTEIN, A.C. BOWEN: A new view of early Greek astronomy, . 333.

79

,
, .
, ,
,

, (2 .. .),

4 .. .
:
a prtoj tn `Ellnwn Edoxoj Kndioj, j Edhmj te n t deutrJ tj
'Astrologikj storaj pemnhmneuse ka Swsignhj par Edmou toto labn,
yasqai lgetai tn toiotwn poqsewn Pltwnoj, j fhsi Swsignhj, prblhma
toto poihsamnou toj per tata spoudaksi, tnwn poteqeisn maln ka
tetagmnwn kinsewn diaswq t per tj kinseij tn planwmnwn fainmena.122

.123
Goldstein Bowen,
,


.


.
,
,

122

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 488, 18-24. . , .

492, 31 - 493, 5.
123
B.R. GOLDSTEIN, A.C. BOWEN: A new view of early Greek astronomy, . 330 O.
NEUGEBAUER: , . . , . . ,
, 1986, . 194.

80

.
, ,
(
), , ,
, ,
,
.124
.
(7 .. .),
:
Et' n d' 'Wrwn ka Serioj j mson lqV orann, 'Arktoron d dV ododktuloj
'Hj, Prsh, tte pntaj podrpen okade btruj.125

( . ):
,
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, ], ,
, .
6 5 ..
,
, 5 ,
. ,
,

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( 430 ..).126
, , ,
124

D.R. DICKS: , . 50.

HESIODUS: Opera et dies, . F. Solmsen. Oxford, 1970, . 609-611.
126
. A.C. BOWEN, B.R. GOLDSTEIN: Meton of Athens and
astronomy in the late fifth century B.C.. : A scientific humanist. Studies in
memory of Abraham Sachs, E. Leichty, M. deJ. Ellis, P. Gerardi (eds), Philadelphia, Pa, 1988, .
39-81.
125

81

.
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, , (;) ,
,127
.

6 5 .. ,
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127
128

, . , .
D.R. DICKS: , . 143.

82

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( , XI, 8, 1073b17)
( , II, 12, 221a). ,
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.129

.

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[]:
Toiath tj stin di tn nelittousn sfairopoia m dunhqesa diassai t
fainmena, j ka Swsignhj piskptei lgwn: O mn a ge tn per Edoxon
szousi t fainmena, oc pwj t steron katalhfqnta, ll' od t prteron
gnwsqnta ka p' atn kenwn pisteuqnta. Ka t de per tn llwn lgein, n
nia ka Kllippoj Kuzikhnj Edxou m dunhqntoj peirqh diassai, eper ra
ka diswsen; 'All' at ge toto, per ka t yei prdhln stin, ode j atn mcri
ka Atolkou to Pitanaou pebleto di tn poqsewn pidexai, katoi od
atj Atlukoj dunqh: dhlo d prj tn 'Aristqhron ato diafor. Esti d,
lgw, t pot mn plhson, sti d te pokecwrhktaj mn atoj fantzesqai. Ka
gr t yei sumfanj p' nwn tot stin: te gr tj 'Afrodthj legmenoj str

129

, . .. T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of

Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 200 ..

83

ka d ka to Areoj kat msaj tj prohgseij atn pollaplsioi fanontai,

ste ge tj 'Afrodthj n selnoij nux skij pptein p tn swmtwn poie, te
a selnh ka n at mn t yei sumfanj stin ok e t son mn fistamnh
di t m e t son cousa mgeqoj mn fanesqai tn atn per t di' o qewretai
kaqesttwn: o mn ll ka rganikteron parafulttousi t at sundoke di t
tte mn ndekadktulon, tte d' a dwdekadktulon tmpanon x shj postsewj to
qewmnou tiqmenon ntifrttein ato t yei, ste m pptein p' atn. Prj d
totoij ka t per tj to lou pantelej kleyeij sumbanonta t lelegmnJ
marture ka sti ge tekmria tj per toto lhqeaj: te gr tcoi kat stqmhn
nta t te kntron ato ka t tj selnhj ka d ka metra yij, oc moia t
sumbanonta e fanetai, ll' t mn t perilambnonti tn selnhn knJ, korufn
d conti tn metran yin ka atj lioj sumperilambnetai, te ka diatele
crnon tin m fainmenoj mn, t d a tosoton pode totou, ste ka xwqen tun
ato tina perifainomnhn polepesqai kat tn mson tj kleyewj crnon: ste
nagkaon n eh tn per t megqh atn diaforn fanesqai di tn tn
postsewn nisthta tn per tn ra paraplhswn ntwn. Oper d p totwn
sumbanon ka t yei katafanj stin, ekj ka toj lloij sumbanein, kn e m t
yei prdhlon eh, ka o mnon ekj, ll ka lhqj, eper kaq' ksthn mran
knhsij atn nmaloj fanetai: ll per t fantazmena atn megqh o
prospptei tij diafor di t mhd pol diafrein tn ej yoj te ka tonanton
metstasin, n d ka kat bqoj knhsin o p tn maqhmtwn kalen eqasi. Toto
tonun odamj peirqhsan diassai, ste m kaq' ksthn mran parallttousan
pideiknnai, katoi to problmatoj toto xiontoj. 'All mn od j lelqei ge
atoj nisthj tn posthmtwn kstou prj autn, ndcetai lgein.
Polmarcoj gr Kuzikhnj gnwrzwn mn atn fanetai, ligwrn d j ok
asqhtj oshj di t gapn mllon tn per at t mson n t pant tn sfairn
atn qsin: dhlo d ka 'Aristotlhj n toj Fusikoj problmasi prosaporn taj
tn strolgwn poqsesin k to mhd sa t megqh tn plantwn fanesqai. otwj
o pantpasin rsketo taj nelittosaij, kn t mokntrouj osaj t pant per t
mson ato kinesqai phggeto atn.

:
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130

27.

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 504, 16 - . 505, .

85

, ,
4 3 .. .

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,

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,
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131

O. NEUGEBAUER: A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 ., New York, 1975. O.

NEUGEBAUER: Astronomy and History: Selected Essays, New York, 1983. A. JONES: The
adaptation of Babylonian methods in Greek numerical astronomy, Isis, . 82 (313) (1991), .
441-453. A. JONES: On Babylonian astronomy and its Greek metamorphoses.
: Tradition, transmission, transformation, Leiden, 1996, . 139-155. A. JONES: Babylonian
and Greek astronomy in a papyrus concerning Mars, Centaurus, . 33, . 2-3, 1990, . 97-114.
G.L. GEISON: Did Conon of Samos transmit Babylonian observations, Isis, . 3 58 (193)
(1967), . 398-401. N.M. SWERDLOW: The Babylonian Theory of Planets, Princeton, 1998.

86

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(286a12-22)132.
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132

Di t on oc lon t sma to orano toioton; ti ngkh mnein ti to smatoj

to feromnou kklJ, t p to msou, totou d' oqn on te mnein mrion, oq' lwj
ot' p to msou. Ka gr n kat fsin knhsij n ato p t mson fsei d
kklJ kinetai o gr n n dioj knhsij oqn gr par fsin dion. Usteron
d t par fsin to kat fsin, ka kstasj tj stin n t gensei t par fsin
to kat fsin. 'Angkh tonun gn enai toto gr reme p to msou. Nn mn on
pokesqw toto, steron d deicqsetai per ato.

92

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93

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gr lgoi tij, ti per t kntron t ato kinsetai, dnata dxei lgein t gr
kntron smaton praj n oc o n te mnein kinoumnwn totwn, n praj stn o
gr kaq' at fsthke t kntron m mnontoj d to kntrou od' n t pn n t
at perifroito.

:
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133

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 398, . 20-24.

94

, : t gr kklJ
kurwj kinomenon ka m kinomenon cei ti pntwj n t msJ, per mnon
kinsetai ka gr ka kaqlou, e mlloi ti kinesqai kat tpon, ngkh mnein ti
134

sma, f' o kinsetai per , j ddeiktai n t Per kinsewj zwn.

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SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 398, . 16-20.

. ,
. 17
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95

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96

'Angkh tonun gn enai toto gr reme p to msou. Nn mn on pokesqw

toto, steron d deicqsetai per ato.

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Oti d' st n dnaton, dlon labosin rcn j eper fretai et' ktj osa to
msou et' p to msou, nagkaon atn bv kinesqai tathn tn knhsin o gr
atj ge tj gj stin ka gr n tn morwn kaston tathn ece tn forn nn d' p'
eqeaj pnta fretai prj t mson. ( , 296a27-32)

97

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Gassendi.

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t pistn ok k tn fainomnwn qrosin ll mllon k tn
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139

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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

.
141
. F. WEHRLI: Herakleides Pontikos, 2 ., Basel / Stuttgart, 1969, fr. 46a. [Die Schule des
Aristoteles, Texte und Kommentar, VII.]

103

373 ..
390 .. 365 ..
,
, .
, : `Hrakledhj Eqfronoj
`Hraklethj to Pntou, nr plosioj. 'Aqnhsi d parbale prton mn SpeusppJ
ll ka tn Puqagorewn dikouse ka t Pltwnoj zhlkei ka steron kousen
'Aristotlouj, j fhsi Swtwn n Diadocaj.142

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kllist te ka
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142

DIOGENES LAERTIUS: Vitae philosophorum, . H.S. Long, 2 ., Oxford, 1964 (V, 86).
A.E. TAYLOR: , , . 568.
144
. Xenocrates, Testimonia, doctrina et fragmenta, . M.I. Parente. :
Senocrate-Ermodoro. Frammenti, Naples, 1982, fr. 1.
145
, De
republica . (T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus
of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 253.)
146
DIOGENES LAERTIUS: Vitae philosophorum (V, 86).
143

104

47

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:
poqsewj d xwse (. 'Aristotlhj) ka t mfotrwn (. to te planoj
orano ka tn plann strwn) remontwn, katoi pemfanon dokon t szesqai
tn fainomnhn atn metbasin mfotrwn remontwn, di t gegonnai tinj, n
`Hrakledhj te Pontikj n ka 'Arstarcoj, nomzontaj szesqai t fainmena to
mn orano ka tn strwn remontwn, tj d gj per toj to shmerino plouj
p dusmn kinoumnhj ksthj mraj man ggista peristrofn t d' ggista
prskeitai di tn to lou tj mij moraj piknhsin.147

:
(
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147

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 444, 31 - 445, 5.

105

, ,
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384 322 ..
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. , ,
(
). , , ,
, ,

. ,
, ,
,
. ,

( )
.

293b30-32 , :
n t kntrJ d osan tn gn ka kklJ kinoumnhn, tn d orann remen
`Hrakledhj Pontikj poqmenoj szein eto t fainmena.150

:

, .
kklJ kinoumnhn

. ,
n t kntrJ osan tn gn,
.

150

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 519, 9-11.

107

,
,
.
,
.
,
151 , ,
152.

297a2-8 .
:
e d kklJ per t kntron, j `Hrakledhj Pontikj petqeto, tn oranwn
remontwn, e mn prj dsin, keqen n fnh t stra natllonta, e d prj
natolj, e mn per toj to shmerino plouj, ok n p diafrwn rzontoj tpwn
lioj ka o lloi plnhtej ntellon, e d per toj to zJdiako, ok n o
planej p tn atn e tpwn ntellon, sper nn: ete d per toj to
shmhrino ete per toj to zJdiako, pj n sqh tn planwmnwn ej t pmena
153
zdia metbasij kintwn tn oranwn ntwn;

:
( ) (),
, , ()
, , ()
(1)
,
, (2)
,
. , ,


;


.
,
151

. Scholia in Aristotelem, . C.A. Brandis, Berlin, 1836, . 505.

P. DUHEM: Le systme du monde, . I, . 405.
153
SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis quattuor libros de caelo commentaria, . 541, 27 542, 2.
152

108

, ,
(1)
.
,
(. 412-485 ..)
. ,
. (

,
). :
Po d on elogon mj llomnhn kosantaj e loumnhn ka strefomnhn atn
poien, j Pltwni rskon lgontaj; `Hrakledhj mn on Pontikj, o Pltwnoj n
koustj, tathn ctw tn dxan, kinn kklJ tn gn: Pltwn d knhton atn
154
sthsin.

:
, (llomnhn)
(e loumnhn ka
strefomnhn), ;
, , ,
, , .

llomnhn e loumnhn,
.
,
, ,
,
155.

.
, ,
154

PROCLUS: Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria, . E. Diehl, 3 ., Leipzig,

1903-1906, . 3, . 138, 6-11.
155
DIOGENES LAERTIUS: Vitae philosophorum (III, 46). SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum
libros commentaria, . 453, 29. STRABO: Geographica, . A. Meineke, 3 ., Leipzig, 1877
(, 3.1).

109

.


4 .. ,
(De placitis)
100 .. . :
`Hrakledhj Pontikj ka Ekfantoj Puqagreioj kinosi mn tn gn, o mn
metabatikj, ll treptikj, troco dkhn n xoni strefomnhn p dusmn p'
156
natolj per t dion atj kntron.

:
,
, ,
, .

()
(). ,
,
. , ,
. , ,
( ),
157, 158.
156

EUSEBIUS: Praeparatio evangelica, . K. Mras, XV, 58. : Eusebius Werke,

Band 8: Die Praeparatio evangelica [Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller, 43, 1 & 43, 2.
Berlin, 1954-1956]
157
HIPPOLYTUS: Refutatio omnium haeresium, Berlin, 1986, , 15, 1 [Patristische Texte und
Studien, 25.]
158
P. Tannery (. , . 68) T.L. Heath

, ,
(. T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus,
. 251-252).
, .

. ,
.

110

, .

, ,
, ,
.

( ),
.
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
.. , ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.

,
2 .. , ,
, (circulum), interdum superior,
interdum inferior sole. :
Denique Heraclides Ponticus, cum circulum Luciferi describeret, item solis, et unum
punctum atque unam medietatem duobus daret circulis, demondtrauit ut interdum Lucifer
superior, interdum inferior sole fiat159.

159

G.J. TOOMER: Heraclides Ponticus, . 204. Toomer,

[Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem
utilium]. , , , ,
Toomer, .

111

interdum superior, interdum

inferior sole,
160,
(Lucifer) .

50
. , ,
, ,
.

: G.V. Schiaparelli, P. Tannery, J.L.E. Dreyer, T.L. Heath
. Heath 1921:

, ,

.161 , 1972162 Otto
Neugebauer superior / inferior
nteron / katteron,
,

,
,
,
prohgomenoj / pmenoj.
Neugebauer [De diebus et noctibus]
(2 .. ), nteron / katteron
prohgomenoj / pmenoj
.
Neugebauer, , superior / inferior
160

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 256.

T.L. HEATH: A History of Greek Mathematics, 2 ., New York, 1981, . 2, . 244.
( 1921)
162
O. NEUGEBAUER: On the allegedly heliocentric theory of Venus by Heraclides Ponticus,
American Journal of Philosophy, . 93 (4) (1972), . 600-601. : Astronomy and
History. Selected Essays, New York, 1983, . 370-371.
161

112

.
Godfrey Evans163,
Neugebauer.
, Neugebauer
:

,
.164


,
165. , ,

(2-3 .. ),
(. 135 - . 50
..) 1 .. .
166
:
1)

, .
2) , G.V. Schiaparelli,
,
.
163

G. EVANS: The astronomy of Heracleides Ponticus, Classical Quarterly, , . 20

(1970), . 102-111.
164
O. NEUGEBAUER: On the allegedly heliocentric theory of Venus by Heraclides Ponticus, .
601.
165
. , . 13.
166
SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . 291, 21 - 292, 31.
, .
.
. 149.

113

, ,

,
,
.
.
H. Diels :
i ka parelqn tj fhsin `Hrakledhj Pontikj, ti ka kinoumnhj pwj tj gj, to
d lou mnontj pwj dnatai per tn lion fainomnh nwmala szesqai.167

168,
Dreyer169, Heath170, Duhem171, .. ,

, ,
.


, ,
,

: ka kinoumnhj pwj tj gj, ,
dnatai per tn lion fainomnh nwmala szesqai. , ,
per tn lion fainomnh nwmala,
(to d lou mnontj pwj),

167

SIMPLICIUS: In Aristotelis physicorum libros commentaria, . 292, 20-23.

tj
(
, )
, `Hrakledhj Pontikj

,
,
, ..
169
J.L.E. DREYER: A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, . 131 ..
170
T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 275 ..
171
P. DUHEM: Le Systme du Monde, . I, . 410-418.
168

114

172.
,
,

.
, ,
. parelqn
( ;) , ,
. , ,
, 3 .. ,
.

.

.

.
, ,

172

,
, :
, ,
, ( ),

. , ,

,
( ),
( ),
.
(
),
. G.V. Schiaparelli .
per tn lion fainomnh nwmala
(
, ), par ( prj) tn lion
nwmala.
,
! (G.V. SCHIAPARELLI: Origine del sistema
planetario eliocentrico presso i Greci, . 61-100.)

115

( ) .
,

.
. ;
. . ,
,

. ,
.

. , , ;
,
;

,
.
, .. , ,
. G.V. Schiaparelli,
,
. , ,
,

.

116

8.



.
'Arstarcoj Smioj maqhmatikj.
,
, De Architectura
1 .. : (
, ,
, ) ,
, ,
, , ,
,

173.
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
280 .. 18 . ,
287 ..,
.
.
,
280 .., ,

173

Heath (Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus, . 299-300).

117

. ,
4 3 .. .
,
.
. , ,
,
.
,
,

4
3 .. .
, ,
.
. .
8.1. :


,

174.
, .
174

4
3 .. . , , 287 ..

. Heath
,
212 .. (T.L. HEATH: A History of Greek Mathematics, . 2, . 22.)
W.R. Knorr,
,
,
3 . (. W.R.
KNORR: Archimedes and the Elements: Proposal for a Revised Chronological Ordering of the
Archimedean Corpus, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, . 19, . 3, 1978, . 211-290.)
Knorr
.

118

. ,
,
,

. Heiberg,
. . ,
175:
Katceij d diti kaletai ksmoj p mn tn plestwn strolgwn sfara, j sti
kntron mn t tj gj kntron, d k to kntrou sa t eqev t metax to
kntrou to lou ka to kntrou tj gj: tata gr n taj grafomnaij par tn
strolgwn dexesi dikousaj.
'Arstarcoj d Smioj poqsin tinwn xdwken grafj, n a j k tn pokeimnwn
sumbanei tn ksmon pollaplsion emen to nn erhmnou.
`Upotqetai gr t mn plana tn strwn ka tn lion mnein knhton, tn d gn
perifresqai per tn lion kat kklou perifreian, j stin n msJ t drmJ
kemenoj, tn d tn planwn strwn sfaran per t at kntron t lJ keimnan
t megqei thlikatan emen, ste tn kklon, kaq' n tn gn potqetai perifresqai,
toiatan cein nalogan pot tn tn planwn postasan, oan cei t kntron tj
sfaraj pot tn pifneian. Tot g' edhlon j dnatn stin: pe gr t tj
sfaraj kntron odn cei mgeqoj, od lgon cein odna pot tn pifneian tj
sfaraj polapton at.
'Ekdekton d tn 'Arstarcon dianoesqai tde: peid tn gn polambnomej sper
emen t kntron to ksmou, n cei lgon g pot tn f' mn erhmnon ksmon,
toton cein tn lgon tn sfaran, n stin kkloj, kaq' n tn gn potqetai
perifresqai, pot tn tn planwn strwn sfaran:
tj gr podexiaj tn fainomnwn otwj pokeimnJ narmzei, ka mlista fanetai
t mgeqoj tj sfaraj, n poietai tn gn kinoumnan, son potqesqai t f' mn
erhmnJ ksmJ.

:
[ ]
,
, ,
.
, , , ,
,
.
175

, . , . . . , , 1974, . 180,20 - 182, 19.

.

119

,
, ()
,
, , , (
) ,
, .
: ,
,
.
:
, , ,
, ,
, ( )
,

(), ,
, , .176
,

.
. ,
, ,
- .
, R ,
, , (, R ).
, , ,
()
.
, ,
, ..
.
.
,
.

176

. .
.

120

xdwken
grafj poqsin tinwn. ;

, ,

, , .

, ( )

(),
.
177.
,
.178

, ,
, .
, ,
, .
, , tn ksmon pollaplsion emen to nn erhmnou

(sumbanei) (k tn pokeimnwn)
.
, ,
, ,
177

, Heath . 303-304 , ,
,
. .
178
, J.L. Heiberg, P. Ver Eecke Heath
A manual of Greek Mathematics,

.
, .

.
,
:
.

121

,
.
, ,
,
:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

. (tn d tn planwn strwn sfaran per t

at kntron t lJ keimnan), :

. ,
(4 5) .

. , , ,
,
. ,

( )
. , perifresqai per tn lion kat
kklou perifreian

,
e ().
, , d
kkentroj p t at t selnV <kinhqsetai> per t kntron to zJdiako179,

.
,

179

Y : Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia, . 1: Syntaxis

Mathematica, 1, . 296, . 5-6.

122

, , j stin n
msJ t drmJ kemenoj,

,

.
: j
lion kklou .

(n
msJ t drmJ) ,

, , ,
, . ,
(
)
180,
kklou, , ,

. , ,
j stin n msJ t drmJ kemenoj

, ().
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
.181
180

R. VON ERHARDT & E. VON ERHARDT-SIEBOLD: Archimedes Sand-Reckoner. Aristarchos

and Copernicus, Isis, . 33 (1942), . 578-602, . 581.
181

123

. ,
, ,
,
,
. ,

: = : .

,
,
. , 4 V
lgon cein prj llhla megqh lgetai, dnatai pollaplasiazmena
lllwn percein , , ,

, ()
. tot
g' edhlon j dnatn stin.

182

, ,

, ,
. , , ,

,
. shmeou lgon
cei
.

: t d megqei ka t
183

postmati shmeou lgon cei < g> prj tn tn plann strwn sfaran.

, , .
182

, , .
.
183
: .., . 9, . 22-24.

124

.
,
. ,

,
.
(
) .
, Heath 184,
,
, ,
. , ,

( , , ) :
: =
: .

.

,
(
),
.
, ,

,

184

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 308-309.

125

( / ) .

8.2 :
,

, ,
. , ,
,
:
; , ,
;

:

, ,
,
.

, ,
,
.

,
, ,

.
.
.

. ,
, .
, , ,
, .

126

, , ,
, ,
,
;
, ,
,
;
- ; ,
, ( )
, ,
,
;
, ,
;

.
.

. , ,

. ,


,
.
. - (
)

.

- ,
.

127

.
:


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,
,
.
. , ,

.

, ;

,
:
: ,
, .
.
, ,
.


.

, ,
: , ,

: = :

128

: =
: .

. , ,

,
.

.
, , .
, ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,
,
.


( )
,
. .
,
.



.

,
.
, ,

129

, , ,
. ,
,

, , .

modus

operandi

.
.
,
. .

. ,

!
(10) .
.
,
. (8) ,
, (2)
(3) .
(4) : (1) ,
(1) (2) I.
(1)
(1)
.
(1) I,
.

, ,
I. ,
, , (1) .

130

.
.


,
.
.
.
, ,
, .
;
;
,
,
;
,
, ,
, ;

. , ,
.
Erchardt Erchardt-Siebold.185
, ,
,

;
, , . ,
, ,

185

R. VON ERHARDT & E. VON ERCHARDT-SIEBOLD: Archimedes Sand-Reckoner. Aristarchos

and Copernicus, . 588 ..

131

-
.

.

.
( ),

. , ,

;
, .
8.3 .

.
,
.
.

1 .. 186.
187 ( viii) :
Pteron otwj knei tn gn, sper lion ka selnhn ka toj pnte plnhtaj, oj
rgana crnou di tj tropj proshgreue, ka dei tn gn llomnhn per tn di
pntwn plon tetamnon m memhcansqai sunecomnhn ka mnousan, ll
strefomnhn ka neiloumnhn noen, j steron Arstarcoj ka Sleukoj
pedeknusan, mn potiqmenoj mnon d Sleukoj ka pofainmenoj Qefrastoj
d ka prosistore t Pltwni presbutrJ genomnJ metamlein, j o proskousan
podnti t g tn mshn cran to pantj.

186

46 .. 119 ..
: (999c-1011e). : Plutarchi moralia, . 6.1,
. C. Hubert, Leipzig, 1954, . 113-142, 1006c.
187

132

[, , ]
, , ,
, ,
,
,
, , []
.
,
.

(40 b-c)

.
llomnhn, , ,
, ..
, , ..,
.
,
D.R. Dicks188, T.L. Heath189 ..
.
,
potiqmenoj mnon
poqsin tinwn 190.
/ .
,
.

,
, .
,
, ,

, .
188

D.R. DICKS: , . 175-181.

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 174-179.
190
T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 306.
189

133

,
. (1 .. )
[De placitis reliquiae],


.191

(5 .. ), [Praeparatio evangelica]
(4 .. ), 2 ..
[De placitis philosophorum],
,

-.
:
'Arstarcoj tn lion sthsi met tn plann, tn d gn kine per tn liakn
kklon ka kat tj tathj gklseij skizesqai.

:
,
[] ( )
.192
, ,
[Adversus Mathematicos] :
teron ra st n to ksmou knhsij ka teron crnoj. o ge mn tn to ksmou
knhsin nelntej, tn d gn kinesqai doxsantej, j o per 'Arstarcon tn
maqhmatikn, o kwlontai noen crnon.

191

T.L. HEATH: Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus, . 2-3.

Dreyer

.
, . (. J.L.E. DREYER: A History of Astronomy
from Thales to Kepler, . 139, . 3.)
192

134

.
,
, .



.



[De facie in orbe lunae193]. , C 6
:
Mnon tn, m krsin mn sebeaj paggelVj, sper 'Arstarcon eto den
Klenqhj tn Smion sebeaj proskalesqai toj Ellhnaj j kinonta to ksmou
tn stan, ti <t> fainmena szein nr peirto mnein tn orann potiqmenoj,
xelttesqai d kat loxo kklou tn gn, ma ka per tn atj xona dinoumnhn.

:
,

,
,
, .
(
. 232 ..) ,
,
. , ,
.

193

Kepler 1630 Somnium seu
Astronomia Lunari [ ]. . M. CASPAR: Kepler, New York,
1993, . 351-353.

135

194. ,
.
('Arstarco
'Arstarcon) (Klenqh Klenqhj),

:
( )
, !
, , ,
1573. Byron Emerson Wall,
,
!195


,

. .
. :
,
,
.
. ,
,
196.
, , ,

197.
3 2
194

Neugebauer. . O. NEUGEBAUER:
, . 22.
195
B.E. WALL: Anatomy of a precursor. The historiography of Aristarchus of Samos, Studies
in History and Philosophy of Science, . 6, . 3 (1975), . 201-228, . 206.
196
. . : , ,
, 1980, . 4.
197
,
Sir G.E.R. Lloyd. (. G.E.R. LLOYD: Une histoire de la
science grecque, . J. Brunschwig, Paris, 1990, . 14.)

136

.
,

.

,
.
.
,

.

,
! ,


.
,
, []
[Expositio rerum mathematicarum
ad legendum Platonem utilium]198.
,
:
ttarton pe ote pnta t nta kinesqai elogn stin ote pnta mnein, ll t
mn kinesqai, t d mnein, mologesqai de, tna n t pant mnein cr ka tna
kinesqai. fhs d' j gn mn cr oesqai mnein, stan to qen okou kat tn
Pltwna, t d planmena sn t pant periconti oran kinesqai: toj d t
kinht stsantaj, t d knhta fsei ka drv kinsantaj j par tj tj
maqhmatikj poqseij podiopompetai.

198

THEON DE SMYRNE: Exposition des connaissances utiles pour la lecture de Platon,

. J. Dupuis, Bruxelles, 1966, . 322, 17-25. ( , Paris, 1892.)

137

, ,
,
. [ ]
,
,
[]

, .


1 .. ,


(. 200 ..) (. 150 ..). ,
,
, ,


, /

.
/
. ,
,
, .

138

9.
:

;
;
, ,

,

;

,

.
. ,
280 .. , 250 , 200 , 180
, 150 , 120.
,
.

.

, , ,

- .

.

139

,

.
, , ,
.

.

.
, , ,

. ,
,
/
.
.
,
.
, ,
.


, ,
.

.
( 300 ..) ,
.
, , ,
( , ..),
.
,
,

140

,
...
,
.

.
.
.

150 . , ,
.

.
,
. :
;
;

;
;
;
,

,

.
, ,
, , , .


.

141

9.1


.
.

.
,
.
:
tj mn fusikj qewraj st t skopen per te osaj orano ka strwn ka
dunmewj ka poithtoj gensej te ka fqorj ka n Da totwn per megqouj ka
scmatoj ka txewj podeiknnai dnatai d strologa per toiotou mn odenj
piceire lgein, podeknusi d tn txin tn oranwn ksmon ntwj pofnasa tn
orann, per te schmtwn lgei ka megeqn ka posthmtwn gj te ka lou ka
selnhj ka per kleyewn ka sunyewn tn strwn ka per tj n taj foraj
atn poithtoj ka posthtoj. qen peid tj per posn ka phlkon ka poin kat
scma qewraj fptetai, ektwj riqmhtikj te ka gewmetraj deqh tatV. ka per
totwn, n piscneto mnwn lgon podsein, di' riqmhtikj te ka gewmetraj
sumbibzein scei.
pollaco tonun tatn keflaion podexai proqsetai te strolgoj ka
fusikj, o on ti mgaj lioj, ti sfairoeidj g, o mn kat tj atj doj
badiontai. mn gr p tj osaj tj dunmewj to meinon otwj cein p
tj gensewj ka metabolj kasta podexei, d p tn sumbebhktwn toj
scmasin megqesin p tj posthtoj tj kinsewj ka to farmttontoj at
crnou. ka mn fusikj tj ataj pollaco yetai ej tn poihtikn dnamin
poblpwn, d strolgoj tan p tn xwqen sumbebhktwn podeiknV, oc kanj
qeatj gnetai tj ataj, o on te sfairoeid tn gn t stra poddwsin, niaco
d od tn atan laben fetai, j tan per kleyewj dialghtai llote d kaq'
pqesin erskei trpouj tinj podidoj, n parcntwn swqsetai t fainmena.
o on di t nwmlwj lioj ka selnh ka o plnhtej fanontai kinomenoi; ti e
poqmeqa kkntrouj atn toj kklouj kat' pkuklon polomena t stra,
swqsetai fainomnh nwmala atn, desei te pexelqen
lwj gr ok stin strolgou t gnnai, t reman sti t fsei ka poa t
kinht, ll poqseij eshgomenoj tn mn menntwn, tn d kinoumnwn skope,
tsin poqsesin kolouqsei t kat tn orann fainmena. lhpton d at rcj
par to fusiko, plj enai ka malj ka tetagmnaj kinseij tn strwn, di' n
podexei gkklion osan tn corean pntwn tn mn kat paralllouj, tn d
kat loxoj kklouj e loumnwn.

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