MAT3730 Handout 2.4 Let f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ) be differentiable at z0 = x0 + iy0 . Then, y f ( z0 + z ) f ( z0 ) exists f ( z0 ) = lim z 0 z z0 + z with z = x + iy .

. C In particular, f ( z0 ) can be computed C y z0 along C1 : y = y0 , x > x0 i.e.z = x . x C2 : x = x0 , y > y0 i.e.z = iy

2

z0 + z

Similarly, along C2 , we get f ( z0 ) = i

u v ( x0 , y0 ) + ( x0 , y0 ) . y y

Cauchy-Riemann Equations u v x = y u = v x y Theorem 4 A necessary condition for a function f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ) to be differentiable at a point z0 is that the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at z0 . Consequently, if f is analytic in an open set G , then the Cauchy-Riemann equations must hold at every point of G . Application of Theorem 4 To show that a function is NOT analytic, it suffices to show that the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied. Example 1 2 2 Show that the function f ( z ) = x + y + i y x is not analytic at any point.

) (

(Recall: f is analytic at a point z0 means f is analytic on an nhood of a point z0 .)

Theorem 5 Let f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ) be defined in some open set G containing the point z0 . If the first partial derivatives of u and v exist in G , are continuous at z0 , and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at z0 , then f is differentiable at z0 . Consequently, if the first partial derivatives are continuous and satisfy the CauchyRiemann equations at all points of G , then f is analytic in G . Example 2 z x Prove that the function f ( z ) = e = e ( cos y + i sin y ) is entire, and find its derivative.

Theorem 6 If f ( z ) is analytic in a domain D and if f ( z ) = 0 everywhere in D , then f ( z ) is constant in D . Recall Theorem (1.6) Let D be a domain and u : D R2 R . u u ( x, y ) = ( x, y ) = 0 ( x, y ) D , then u constant in D . If x y