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3(P) 8 + +% (Q) 
0$ < % 8 "#$  ' 7  60
 0$  + ,B %  1 IG M ; 8 ) 
TR = P * Q

........ (1)

  (AR) /%  /  :(Average Revenue) ;   T2

(Q) %   D' (TR) ,'1    ) %

:  4  )% ) 

AR =

TR
Q

........ (2)

  (MR) /%  /  :(Marginal Revenue)    T3

 4' 0 $ (TR) ,'1   ,B 7  4 8 %
   # 79 E G  . (Q) + %  1 ,B 7
: (dQ) %  1 D %$ (dTR) ,'1
dTR
dQ

TR
Q

,'1   ,B  4
%  1 ,B  4

=   

,GB 79 ,B >& 12  ! % NG >$ 70 (I)
:,
,GB 79'  ; ,'1   % NG :(1) 70
  

;  

TR
MR =
Q

TR
AR =
Q

TR = P * Q

10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10

10
20
30
40

10
10
10
10

1
2
3
4

,'1  

41

 + %  1

:,'  ,%  () T8

60 
%   (Tc) /% 
 / :(Total Cost)  '1  1 T1
 '1  1 
 EBG (Total Fixed Cost) %9  '1  1
: (Total Voriable Cost)  4
........ (3)

Tc = TFc + Tvc


%   (AFc) /% 
 / :%9  '1  1 ; T2
  L   + R*  1 %9 $@  1 ;
:  4 % )
%9  '1  1



<' 
AFc =

TFc
Q

= %9  1 ;

........ (4)


%   Tvc /% 
 / : 4  '1  1 ; T3
%
1  *  7+ 0"1  4 $@  1 ;
:  4 % )   L


 4  '1  1

<' 
Avc =

Tvc
Q

=  4  1 ;

........ (5)

; 
%   (ATc) /% 
 / : '1  1 ; T4
  4 %9  '1  1 7# ,  '1 $@  1
: 
% ,B   4  )   D'


Tc
ATc =

=
Q

 '1  1
<' 

ATc = AFc + AVc

=  '1  1 ;

........ (6)

 4  '1  1 + %9  '1  1

<' 

42

=  1 ; 

D'   '1  1 ,B  4 8 % :Mc    1 T5

Mc =

dTc
 0$   ,B  4
dQ

8)P !  7    . .) :D <0 6&; 8  /

.(2004 8 8  ' *  " 0   '+ ,B  G "
 1 d % ) 70 % 8  + <0 2 8G K 
.  >2  ,B E% E+0 2 %+  .E G  E $ %  
:, ,GB 79 ,B 12  ! % NG , 70 (I)
,GB 79'   ; 3 '1  1 % NG 70
(8)

(7)

(6)

(5)

(4)

!'1

;

;

;

!'1

 
Mc

 1  1  1

Ac
 4 %9
AVc
AFc
140
40
100
85
35
50
61.66 28.33 33.33
49
24
25
40.80 20.80
20
35
18.33 16.67
30.72 16.43 14.29

 '1
Tc

140
30
15
11
8
6
5

140
170
185
196
204
210
215

(3)

(2)

(1)


 1  1
 '1

 '1

Q <'

 4
TVc
40
70
85
96
104
110
115

%9
TFc
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
:F&

. GB 3 32 31 :* $ %

. 0$   % $ % ,
B 8 37 36 35 34 :* $ % 
:   + 8 % I  2 8 %0j T9
8 %   (AP) /%  / :Average Product $@ ; T
. AP =

Q
 (L) 7+ $ D' (Q) ,'1 $@  7
L

8 %   (MP) /%  / :Marginal Product  $@ TI

43

%   3$@ $ ,B  4 D' E ,'1 $@ ,B  4

: 7+ $ D %$ $@  # 8
MP =

TP dTP dQ
=
=
........ (7)
L
dL
dL

,GB@ 79'  $@ $@ ; % NG , 70
MP  $

AP $ ;

Q ,'1 $@

L 7+ $

3
3
5
4

3
3.5
4
4

3
7
12
16

1
2
3
4

:   + 8 % I  2 8 %0j T10

: (S) ) (C) C&
 8  D $ ,)# 7) T
Y=C+S

  79 (1) 7* + 8 0$ , ,GB@ 79 8
8UB 3= / / 3C2 N G .(Income) (Y) 7) 8 !')
: 8 C&

79  autonomous  (a) /%  /  (7) ,-' C&
 T1
.a = 100 7 C&
 8UB 79 ,B Constant %9  
 ; & 
$ % 0 7) D' +   (bY) ,+% C&
 T2
3K9 + 70 ,B .,+% C&
 / (Y) 7) / '1 
8 <! ,+% C&
 8UB 200 D ! 8 7) <! $
8 %75 , 8 ,$+ 2  .

3
  %$%  150 D !
4

 ,+% C&

 8 EG  ,$+ 2  C&
 D I 2 7)
3
4

C&
 8 %  C&
 60 8UB 2
% .bY  ( Y)
+% ' 9 81  (<% +) ,+% C&
 E-/ ,-'
:  C&

C = a + bY ........ (8)

44

79 (b) 8 .  ;) 71# D' 81 E $ % D* 0 8  ,  TI

7) D %$ C&
 # 8 % E G  (Slope)  7 
: (b)   + 7+  7    ,;+
dc
= b ........ (9)
dy

(Marginal

MPc C&
&  7  D (b) 8UB E 

C&
 ,B  4  $"% ! + 81  .Propensity of Consumption)
() 6! %0 ,B I'; ! 2  . $  % 7) ,B  4 8 Z$
.(MPc) C&
&  7  Q)%
 (C) C&
 (Y) 7) 8 % M! 8 % 
B (S) ) 
S = Y C ........ (10)

:8

,  )  D' 7$ R +%

S = -a + (1-b)Y
: MPs )&  7  82
ds
= 1 b = 1 - MPC ........ (11)
dy

() 6! ,B I'; ! 2 

MPC + MPS = b + (1-b) = 1 :82

I 2 2 7) 8 /0 ,$+ B (APC) C&

& ; 7  
APS =

C
........ (12)
Y

 C&
&

; 7  R!)$ 7) <! '1 $ (6) + 8 F& 
2 7) 8 /0 C2 ,$+ B 3(APS) )j ; 7  8 .C&
&
APS =

S
........ (13)
Y

: )j I 2

<! 7) <! '1 $ :,GB@ 70 ,B (7) + 8 F& 
2
B )  C'
 8  (Y) 7) 8 % .(APS) )j ; 7 
:8 ,$+
APC + APS = 1 ........ (14)

E % .75 2 ,B   !  %%  ! >& d 

.(10) I  8 (I) 6! ,B   !' E G ,;+ , 70 8UB
45

.,GB 79' ) C&

 7) (   NG 70
(9 )

(8 )

(7 )














 

ds
dc
dy
dy


S
Y

(6 )

(2 )

(3 )

(4)

(5 )

(1)


 
 
Y



  
 

a
bY
C
S


C
Y






100

100



100



0.25

0.75

0.25

1.25

50

250

150

100

200

0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75


0.08
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.18

1.00
0.92
0.88
0.85
0.83
0.82


50
100
150
200
250

400
550
700
850
1000
1150

300
450
600
750
900
1050

100
100
100
100
100
100

400
600
800
1000
1200
1400

:F&
 GB 3 32 31 :* $ %
. 0$   % 39 38 37 36 35 34 :* $ %
(3) 
."#$' ,'1
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:,O I'; R+ 2$ ,$/ + 0  T2

: O ;) <%$
Q d = QS = Q

: 8/ ;# 8 %

bP = + dP

:82

% 7 0 7% ,$+ 2  '+   %9 , 3 :8 %

:,' 1 '+   8 

= bP + dP

P(b + d) =

+ ,B; % $ (P) 7

0  4 7+ 8 Q')'
:D' 7$B (b+d) 7+%
P=

.................. (3)

b+ d b+ d

 Qd %';  1 0  .(P) 8/ +   79 0 $ >2 

 1 D' 7$ (2) + ,B (1) + ,B (3) +   R +
8 + #5 79 %9 , d 3b 3 3 8 &
e 1 8"% E' .Qs G+
.';   '+ 8
 L 2)"% C2  ;)  D $j Q&1 I1  7   T3
:,' 1 + ,B;
Log Q = A + a Log L + b Log K

.'+   0 @  ;) + '+ + 7+  +%

Y = a Xn

' # 0 @ T4

:D' 7$ 7G! 

!  <%$
dY
= anX n 1
dX

:,'  <%$  O + # 0 @ T5

dY
= 5(4) X 4 1
dX
= 20 X 3

:,'  <%$  O + # 0 @ T6

47

dY
= 5(3) X 31 + 2(3) X 2 1 + 2(1) X11
dX
dY

= 15 X 2 + 6 X + 2
dX

:,'  <%$  O + # 0 @ T7

dY
= e+ g
dX

e = (2X+1)
g = (X2-3)

79 K 

dg
dY
de
=e
+g
dX
dx
dx

dY
= (2 X + 1)2 X + (X 2 3)2
dX
= 4 X 2 + 2 X+ 2 X 2 6
= 6 X 2 + 2 X 6

: O ;) <%$ # 0 @ T8

Y =

X + 3 X 10
X 2
Y=

e
g

:8 
:8 K 

e = X 2 + 3 X 10
g = X 2

dY

=
dX

de
dg
e
dx
dx
g2

dY (X 2)(2 X + 3) (X 2 + 3 X 10)(1)
=
dX
(X 2) 2

dY 2 X 2 + 3 X 4 X 6 X 2 3 X + 10
=
dX
(X 2) 2

dY X 2 4 X + 4
=
=1
dX X 2 4 X + 4

48

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 D 
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3! = +0 #$ 3 '+ K% 38)P 3$  38 % .3
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.2006 38 : ' *  3# ) +%;
:)% 2% 
1. Hirschey, M., Managerial Economics; Revised Edition, Harcout
2.
3.
5.
6.

College Publishers, U.S.A., 2000.

Golberg, M., Business Economics Principles and Cases; 6th ed,
Home Wood, 1981, USA.
Mc Guigan, and others, Managerial Economics; South Western,
U.S.A., 2002.
Maurice, S., and Thomas C., Managerial Economics; New York,
1999.
Reekie, and, Crook, Managerial Economics; Prentice Hall, U.K,
1995.

52