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Introduction To Platyhelminthes Flukes
Introduction To Platyhelminthes Flukes
Major characteristics Dorsoventrally flattened Acoelomates Digestive tract greatly reduced or missing Excretory system consists of flame cells or protonephridia
CLASSIFICATION
Great deal of work being done in Platyhelminthes systematics. One of the most current classification schemes is given on page 189-190 of text. The older, more traditional classification scheme is given on page 192. We will use the older, much simpler classification.
CLASSIFICATION
Class Turbellaria - mostly free-living flatworms (commensals) Class Monogenea - parasitic on skin and gills of fish and amphibians. (ectoparasites) Class Trematoda - all parasitic, called flukes Class Cestoidea (formerly Cestoda) all parasitic, the tapeworms. Adult tapeworms found in intestine of definitive host.
Monogenea
Most distinguishing feature is the presence of a large attachment organ called an opistohaptor (see fig 19.12). Have a single host.
Digenetic Trematodes
Require two or more hosts Some very important parasites of man Most are hermaphroditic, Schistosomes are exception being dioecious. Some can reproduce parthenogenetically
Trematode Reproduction
Male reproductive system
Usually contains two testes (number may vary) Vas efferent leaves each testis and forms the vas deferens. The vas deferens gives rise to a seminal vesicle which stores sperm the muscular cirrus pouch stores the male copulatory organ called the cirrus.
Trematode Reproduction
Usually a single rounded ovary but in some species may be lobated or branched. A short oviduct leads from the ovary and has a sphincter called the ovicapt which regulates the passage of ova. Vitellaria or vitelline glands are important because they contribute yolk to the eggs. Where the oviduct and the vitelline duct join there is a expansion which forms the ootype. Mehlis glands surround the ootype and in combination with the ootype and vitelline glands forms the oogenotop or egg forming apparatus.
Beyond this, the duct expands to form the uterus and on to the genital pore.
Schistosoma sp.
Adult worms are found in blood vessels of digestive tract or urinary bladder thus called blood flukes male worm has a split body called the gynecophoral canal. The female is usually found within this canal safe in the arms of her lover. She leaves only during the egg laying period.
Schistosomiasis
Migratory phase - 4-10 weeks after infection. Is characterized by fever and toxic or allergic reactions resulting from migration of immature organisms. Often results in bronchitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and diarrhea.
Schistosomiasis
Acute phase - 10 weeks to years. Eggs can become trapped and produce granulomas and scar tissue.
Form fibrous nodules called pseudotubules. Eggs may lodge in gastrointestinal, renal, neural, and other systems.
A person infected with 50 mating pairs would be exposed to about 15,000 eggs per day for several years. of eggs might remain trapped in tissues.
Schistosomiasis
Chronic phase - persons living in endemic regions are often asymptotic. May have mild, chronic bloody stools or urine. Often have formation of granulomas. Hepatomegaly, Spleenomegaly, Ascites (accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity fig 16.17, page 245.
Epidemiology
Human waste into water. Moslem religious practice of ablution Agricultural projects Irrigation extends snail habitats Use of night soil (human feces) Planting and harvesting of water crops Dependence of people on rivers.
Epidemiology
Before the Aswan Dam was built, the region between Cairo and Aswan was subject to annual floods. The prevalence of Schistosomiasis was only about 5%. Four years after completion of the dam the prevalence ranged from 19%-75% (average 35%) or a 7 fold increase.
Schistosoma sp.
Important parasites of man and some domesticated animals Three species infect man Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma haematobium similar see table 16.1 pg 237 for differences
Schistosoma japonicum.
Common in parts of Japan, China, Taiwan, Philippines, Thailand, and other parts of Southeast Asia. Most pathogenic and most difficult to control Located in blood vessels of small intestine. Eggs may lodge in brain causing CNS damage, coma, and paralysis. Low host specificity
Schistosoma mansoni
Common in Egypt, the Middle East, parts of Africa, and parts of South and Central America. Found in portal veins draining large intestine The sharp lateral spine is distinctive Primary pathological effects come from the damage done by eggs.
Schistosoma mansoni
In heavy infections eggs become trapped in the mucous and submucosa of the gut and cause granuloma formation If extensive, they can cause colon blockage and significant blood loss. In liver can cause hepatomegaly. Destruction of lungs and heart tissue. Reservoir hosts are of limited or no importance.
Schistosoma haematobium
often referred to as Bilharzia after Theodore Bilharz who discovered it. found in parts of Africa, and parts of the Middle East, southern Europe and some parts of Asia. Found primarily in the veins of the urinary bladder. Eggs released in urine. They are least pathogenic
Breakthroughs in Control
new molluscicides Biological controls
Compeditory and Predatory snails in Puerto Rico compete with intermediate snail host Crayfish from North America introduced into drainages of Kenya and have significantly reduced prevalence of snail hosts. fresh water shrimp that eat snail hosts. Natives eat shrimp
Swimmers Itch
Order Echinostomata
Most parasites of wild animals, but a few cause diseases in man or domestic animals have spines or scales near anterior end Some common examples
Echinostoma revolutum Fasciola hepatica Fasciolopsis buski Fasciola gigantica
Echinostoma revolutum
Cosmopolitan Shows little host specificity and is common in any bird or mammal that eats molluscs, planaria, fish, or tadpoles found infected with the metacercarial stage. Man usually becomes infected by ingesting metacercaria found in raw snails
Fasciola hepatica
Commonly known as the sheep liver fluke Important parasite of sheep and cattle (other grazers) can be found in humans. Morphology
Large size, frequently over 30 mm long Characteristic cone-shaped projection at anterior end followed by wide shoulders
Fasciola hepatica
Adult in bile duct of definitive host passes eggs in feces. If eggs land in water, they hatch into miracidium that actively swims until it finds an appropriate snail. Penetrates snail, develops into germinal sac (sporocyst), asexual stages of rediae and cercariae formed.
Fasciola hepatica
Cercariae leave snail, encyst on vegetation, and form metacercaria. Herbivore infected when it ingests vegetation with metacercaria. Metacercaria develop into adult penetrates gut wall, moves to the liver. Humans infected by eating watercress that has metacercaria on it.
Order Plagiorchiata
Adults show much variation but there are many similarities in larval stages Some common examples
Dicrocoelium dendriticum - lancet fluke Paragonimus westermani
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Common parasite of herbivores, rare in man Not dependent upon aquatic environment Eggs eaten by land snail (asexual reproduction occurs producing cercariae. Cercariae surrounded forming slime balls. Ant eats slime ball and metacercaria develop. Herbivore infected by ingesting ant.
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Modification of host behavior Causes ant to climb to tips of grasses early morning and late evenings. Increases odds of ant being eaten.
Paragonimus westermani
the human lung fluke, it is found in the Orient including India and Philippines Definitive host becomes infected by eating improperly cooked crustacean. Adult infections become established in lungs but larval forms may wander into brain, pleura, mesentery, etc.(ectopic infection).
Paragonimus westermani
Paragonimus westermani
Reservoir hosts include - dogs, cats, pigs, rodents, and other animals Man becomes infected by eating improperly cooked crabs, ingestion of metacercaria from cutting boards where salads are fixed, medicinal use of crab juices) Smoked or pickled crab do not kill
Paragonimus westermani
Prevention includes
Cooking of crabs, crayfish Care when eating salads, no crab juice. Proper disposal of feces and sputum.
Nanophyetus salmincola
Small fluke commonly found in salmon Transmits rickettsial organism, Neonckeitsia helminthoeca (known as Salmon poisoning) to dogs, other canines, raccoons, and other fish eating mammals This rickettsial organism is highly toxic to dogs with up to 90% mortality if not treated. People become infected with the trematode but do not get salmon poisoning.
Order Opisthorchiata
Small to medium sized flukes Testes located at posterior end Lack cirrus pouch and cirrus Eggs hatch only after ingestion by snail Live in intestine of bile ducts of fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Second intermediate host are fishes
Clonorchis sinensis
Man becomes infected by eating improperly cooked fish containing metacercaria. Metacercaria may contaminate other foods such as salads, etc. Smoking, drying, pickling fish often fails to kill the metacercaria.
Clonorchis sinensis
.
Epidemiology
Disease of the wealthy who can afford fancy cuts of raw fish (yeu-shan chuk is delicacy) Disease of the poor whose only source of protein is fish. 14% of Hong Kong, 80% of some rural areas, and 100% of some villages are infected
Epidemiology
Why So Many?
Epidemiology
How To Break the Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Fish farming often use night soil to fertilize ponds. Frequently dry, salt, pickle, smoke, and freeze fish. This does not kill the organism. Be careful about eating dried or smoked fish that you can buy in China Towns and other Oriental food stores.
Pathology
Erosion of lining of the bile ducts. Severity of disease is dependent upon the intensity of the infection. Most infected people have 20-200 worms but as many as 21,000 worms have been recovered from a person at autopsy.
Pathology
Chronic destruction of the epithelial lining of the bile ducts leads to thickening of the walls and a condition known as "pipestem fibrosis Ascites (accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the abdominal area) almost always occurs in fatal cases.
Pathology
Eggs and sometimes worms have gallstones form around them. Liver cancer is higher than normal in Japan and Clonorchis infections are suspected but the relationship has not been proven.
Prevention
Proper cooking of fish Do not contaminate other foods with juices from infected fish. Careful with salads! Care must be taken not to eat fish that are dried, smoked, frozen, pickled etc. without proper cooking. Proper and controlled disposal of human feces.