1.

c im ca m thanh s: a, S ha ting ni thoi: + Gii hn gii ph: 4 KHz + Tn s ly mu fs = 8 KHz, Te =125s + Lng t ha gi tr: m ha bng 8 bits + Tc cn thit: 8000 x 8 = 64000 bits/s (64Kb/s) + Cc chun nn GSM: 15.2 Kbit/s, ADPCM: 32Kbit/s b, Audio Hi-Fi (CD): + Gii hn gii ph: 4 KHz

2. Cc phng php c bn m ha ting ni

a, Pulse Code Modulation - PCM = G.711: L

phng php m ha c bn, m ha trc tip tn hiu ly mu ting ni, m thanh vi cc lut lng t ha -law v a-law. + a-law: ly mt mu m thanh 13 bit c du (sign) v bin i thnh mt gi tr 8 bit

M u vo tuyn tnh
s0000000wxyza... s0000001wxyza...

M c nn
s000wxyz s001wxyz

s000001wxyzab..
s00001wxyzabc... s0001wxyzabcd...

s010wxyz
s011wxyz s100wxyz

s001wxyzabcde...
s01wxyzabcdef...

s101wxyz
S110wxyz

s1wxyzabcdefg...

s111wxyz

Trong s l bit du (sign bit).

Du . th hin cc bit c mc u tin thp khng c m ha.

V d:
1000'0000'1010'1111 c m ha thnh 1000'1010 0000'0001'1010'1111 0001'1010 + -law: ly mt mu m thanh 14 bit c du (sign) v bin i thnh mt gi tr 8 bit c m ha thnh

M u vo tuyn tnh
s00000001wxyza... s0000001wxyzab... s000001wxyzabc... s00001wxyzabcd... s0001wxyzabcde...

M c nn
s000wxyz s001wxyz s010wxyz s011wxyz s100wxyz

s001wxyzabcdef...
s01wxyzabcdefg... s1wxyzabcdefgh...

s101wxyz
s110wxyz s111wxyz

b, Differential Pulse Code Modulation - DPCM

iu ch m xung vi sai l mt th tc chuyn i mt tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s, trong mt tn

hiu analog c ly mu v sau s khc bit gia

gi tr thc t ca mu v gi tr d on ca mu (gi tr d on da trn mu trc hoc cc mu) c lng ha v sau c m ha to thnh mt gi tr s. T m vi sai DPCM biu din cho s khc bit gia cc mu, khng ging nh PCM, ni t m i din cho mt gi tr mu.

c, Adaptive DPCM G.721- iu ch m sung vi sai thch ng: L mt bin th ca DPCM cho php
thay i kch thc ca cc bc lng t, cho php

gim thm na trong nhng bng thng cn thit vi

mt tye l signal-to-noise cho trc. V c bn, s thch nghi vi cc thng k v tn hiu trong ADPCM n gim bao gm mt h s mc thch nghi trc khi lng t ha s sai khc trong b m ha DPCM. ADPCM c pht trin vo u nhng nm 1970 ti phng th nghim Bell Labs m ha ting ni.

c, M ha d on tuyn tnh- Linear Prediction

Coding- LPC: LPC l mt cng c c s dng hu ht trong x l

tn hiu m thanh v x l ting ni biu din

ng bao ph ca tn hiu s ca ting ni trong dng nn s dng thng tin ca mt m hnh d on tuyn tnh. LPC l mt trong cc k thut phn tch ting ni mnh m v l mt cng c hiu qu cho vic m ha ting ni cht lng cao vi tc bit thp.

M hnh LPC da trn vic xp x ton hc v ging ni ca con ngi. Ti thi im t mu ting ni s(t) c biu din nh l mt tng ca p mu trc . Trong LPC b lc d bo tuyn tnh cho php gi tr ca mu tip theo s c xc nh bng s kt hp ca cc mu trc . Trong iu kin bnh thng cc mu c ly vi tn s 8000 mu, mi mt mu c biu din bng 8 bit tc s l 64000bit (64 Kbit). LPC s gim tc ny xung cn 24000 bit/s s dn n hin tng mt mt thng tin, tuy nhin chng ta vn c th nghe v hiu c

M hnh tng hp ting ni da trn m hnh LPC

d, M ha CELP - Code Excited Linear Prediction

K thut CELP c da trn 3 tng c bn sau: + S dng m hnh d on tuyn tnh m hnh ha b mt pht m ca con ngi + S dng t in d liu (codebook) nh l u vo ca m hnh d on tuyn tnh. + Vic tm kim c thc hin trong mt chu trnh ng (closed-loop) trong mt vng c tc dng v nhn thc (perceptually weighted domain) CELP c s dng trong vic m ha ting ni, hi tho t xa (teleconferencing) chng hn nh MSN Messenger, Yahoo

CELP c u im: Cht lng m thanh tt/ phc

tp thp. Cc tham s c bn ca CELP: + Tn s ly mu: 8 kHz + di ca frame: 240 mu c chia thnh 4 subframe, mi subframe cha 60 mu Ting ni ban u c m ha vi tc 6.4 kb/s, 192 bit/frame.

S khi CELP

e, Nn Audio theo chun MPEG

Gii thut nn m thanh s dng MPEG l chun quc t u tin v nn m thanh k thut s vi trung thc cao. Cc gii thut nn m thanh khc (ADPCM, CELP) cho php nn m thanh vi trung thc trung bnh. Tn s ly mu: 32, 44.1, 48 Khz. Dng bit nn (compressed bitstream) c th h tr 1 hoc 2 knh m thanh trong 1 hoc 4 ch sau: +Ch mt knh m thanh cho mt knh m thanh n.

+ Ch 2 knh m thanh cho 2 knh m thanh c lp (tng t nh ch stereo) + Ch stereo cho cc knh stereo vi s chia s cc bit gia cc knh nhng khng s dng m ha stereo chung. + Ch stereo chung, s dng s tng quan gia cc knh stereo. MPEG cung cp mt la chn 3 lp cho vic nn m thanh. iu ny to ra mt phm vi ln trong vic cn bng gia phc tp ca vic nn/gii nn m thanh (codec) v cht lng m thanh c nn. 3 lp MPEG/Audio nn m thanh: MPEG layer 1, MPEG layer 2 v MPEG layer 3.

Lp 1 to nn gii thut c bn nht, y l lp n

gin nht v thch hp nht cho tc nn trn 128 Kbps trn mt knh. V d Phillip Digital Compact Cassette s dng nn lp 1 vi tc 192 Kbps trn 1 knh. Lp 2 c phc tp nn trung bnh v c s dng nn vi tc khong 128 Kbps trn 1 knh. Cc ng dng cho lp ny bao gm vic m ha m thanh

cho vic qung b m thanh s (digital audio

broadcasting), vic lu tr audio, video trn CD.

Lp 3 l lp phc tp nht nhng li cung cp cht

lng m thanh tt nht, c bit i vi tc 64 Kbps trn mt knh. Lp ny thch hp cho vic truyn m thanh qua cc ng ISDL. Tt c 3 lp ny u n gin cho php thc hin gii m thi gian thc. Pht hin li: chui bit c m ha h tr m pht hin li bng kim tra d tha vng.

S ma ha (a) v gii m (b) ca MPEG

Chui Audio vo i qua mt b lc (filter bank), b lc

ny chia chui vo thnh nhiu bng con ca tn s (subband), Chui audio vo c truyn lin tip qua

mt m hnh psychoacoustic xc nh t l nng

lng ca tn hiu so vi ngng chn ca mi bng con. Khi bit/noise allocation s dng cc t l gia tn hiu v ngng chn quyt nh phn chia ton b s bit ca m cho vic lng t ha ca cc tn hiu trong bng con sao cho gim ti a kh nng nghe c cc tp m.

Khi cui cng ly cc mu ca cc bng con c lng t ha v nh dng cho d liu ny v cc thng tin ph (ancillary data) thnh dng bit c m ha. B gii m s tin hnh gii m dng bit c m ha, khi phc li cc gi tr ca subband ck lng t ha v xy dng li tn hiu audio t cc gi tr ca subband. B lc nhiu pha (polyphase filter bank) l chung cho tt c cc lp ca nn audio bng MPEG. B lc ny chia tn hiu m thanh thnh 32 bng con c rng bng nhau.

Cc la chn m ha lp:
+ Lp 1: m ha audio trong cc frame, mi frame gm 384 mu audio, chia thnh 32 subband, mi

subband gm 12 mu audio. Bn cnh d liu audio

mi mt frame cn bao gm 1 header cha m kim tra d tha vng v cc d liu ph khc. + Lp 2: M ha audio trong cc frame, mi frame gm 1152 mu cho mi knh. Lp 2 m ha d liu trong 3 nhm, mi nhm gm 12 mu cho mi subband.

+ Lp 3: S dng php bin i cosine ri rc ci

tin (Modified Discrete Cosine Transform) m khng s dng cc b lc do khng lm mt mt thng tin.

+ S dng 32 subband
+ Lp 3 xc nh 2 di khc nhau cho MDCT: Mt khi di vi 18 mu v 1 khi ngn vi 6 mu + m ha entropy: Lp 3 s dng m Hufman m ha cc mu c lng ha. Sau khi lng ha b m ha s sp xp 576 ta MDCT c lng ha (32 subband x 18 mu) theo mt th t c xc nh trc.