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procedures defined by Ericsson and parameterized in the simulator with the current live network values, although simulations with such traffic densities are proposed in order to verify them. 7.1.1.2 Channel Elements usage The following Figures illustrate the mean and maximum channel elements usage in Uplink and Downlink (target thresholds: 256 DL, 64 UL).

DL Channel Elements usage [mean, max]

DL channel elements 200,0000 150,0000 100,0000 50,0000 0,0000
00 00 00 00 ,0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 0, 00 00

DL Channel Elements usage [mean] DL Channel Elements usage [max]

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Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 27: channel elements usage, Downlink direction, voice only service

UL Channel Elements usage [mean, max]

UL channel elements 160,0000 140,0000 120,0000 100,0000 80,0000 60,0000 40,0000 20,0000 0,0000
00 00 00 00 ,0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 0, 00 00

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UL Channel Elements usage [mean] UL Channel Elements usage [max]

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Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 28: channel elements usage, Uplink direction, voice only service In this case, the Figure that reaches the 64 channel elements in Uplink is within the interpolation range so the interpolation fits with similar correlation coefficient produce a very similar Figure (therefore only the case with the highest correlation coefficient is provided). In the case of Downlink,

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extrapolation is used and therefore a range of values is given. The results are summarized in the following tables.

CE Downlink Linear Fit: y=a+bx Coefficient Data: a= b= Level at Y = 256 Number of users per cell Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2 Coefficient Data: a= b= c= Level at Y = 256 Number of users per cell

Target = 256 CE

17.6737 0.8078 295 52 Erl/Km^2

15.544373 0.90265331 -0.0005 334.509 59 Erl/Km^2

Table 12: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Downlink Channel elements target = 256
CE Uplink Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2 a= b= c= Level at Y= 64 Number of users per cell Target = 64 CE Coefficient Data: 0.5444 0.9027 -0.0005 73.5965 13 Erl/Km^2

Table 13: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Uplink Channel elements target = 64

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As it can be seen, the Uplink Channel Elements utilization target is reached with almost 13 voice users per cell, whereas for Downlink Channel Elements it is reached when the number of users is between 51 and 59, which is in line with the proportion of the allocation of Downlink Channel Elements vs. Uplink channel Elements (256 CE DL/64 CE UL = 4 times, 51 users for DL target/13 users for UL target = 3.92 times). 7.1.1.3 Downlink Iub usage

Iub traffic [DL] 1000,0000 800,0000 Kbps 600,0000 400,0000 200,0000 0,0000 Iub traffic [DL]

00

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00 ,0 0 80 16

,0 0

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,0 0

Figure 29: Downlink Iub usage, voice only service With the current version of the Wines Simulator, it was found that the Iub measurements are only monitored as a mean value of the amount of data present on the Iub traffic. As in the definition of KPIs the proposal was to monitor the Iub utilization according to the number of reserved radio bearers (as it is currently implemented in VF-NL), then the Max. PCR (Peak Cell Rate) was taken into account as the Iub limit which indicates congestion in the Iub. In the next version of Wines (to be released in October 2005) the Iub utilization based on reservation will be implemented, but as far as this study concern, the Iub threshold is set to the Max. PCR = 2786 cells/sec * 48 bytes/cell * 8 bits/byte = 1.07 Mbps, assuming 1 E1 link between each Node B and the RNC [Iub-observability]. The obtained results are presented in the following table.

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Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

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0, 00

00

Target for Iub DL throughput = 2786 cells/sec * 48 bytes/cell * 8 bits/byte = 1.07 Mbps Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2 Coefficient Data: a= b= c= Level at Y= 1070 Number of users per cell Linear Fit: y=a+bx Coefficient Data: a= b= Level at Y= 1070 Number of users per cell 15.5115 5.0227 209.9440 37 Erl/Km^2 3 6 -0.0031 218.8070 39 Erl/Km^2

Table 14: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Downlink Iub congestion target= 1070 Mbps. To prove that this number is realistic, we can perform the following calculation that gives us the amount of Kbps consumed by the number of users obtained by our simulation model (linear fit): Iub Consumed Capacity [Kbps] = Data Rate (DPDCH voice connection, Downlink) * Number of users ( 7-5) This gives: 30 Kbps * 36.84 = 1105.2 Kbps, which is a very close value to our target of 1070 Kbps.

Note that in the calculation we use 30Kbps and not 12.2 because we have to take into account the coded channel (which includes the overhead caused by coding and protection techniques) and not just the end-user data rate.

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7.1.1.4 Uplink Load

UL Load [%] 100,0000% 90,0000% 80,0000% 70,0000% 60,0000% 50,0000% 40,0000% 30,0000% 20,0000% 10,0000% 0,0000%
00 00 00 00 0, 00 ,0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 00

UL Load [%]

UL Load [%]

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Figure 30: UL Load [percent], voice only service For this case, it was also proposed in the KPIs definition to measure the RTWP and see if its level exceeds the target (given by the two Ericsson parameters) for a time higher than the hysteresis time (defined by the Ericsson parameter iFHyst) . That is how Uplink load is determined in the real system. For the simulation analysis however, it was difficult to try to average these results because congestion happens at a different times in different cells, it was decided to work with the approach presented in [Holma, Jabber] which is to assume a maximum Noise Rise (in dB) and then calculate the target UL Load in terms of the uplink load factor (nul) using the following equation: NR [dB] = - 10 * Log (1- nul ) Where: NR represents the Noise Rise. nul is the uplink load factor. ( 7-6)

Assuming a Noise Rise level of 4 dBs [Holma], we get nul = 0.6 (60%) which will be our target level for the Uplink Load. The results of the interpolation are mentioned in the following table.

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Uplink Noise Rise Linear Fit: y=a+bx Coefficient Data: a= b= Level at Y= 0.60 Number of Users/cell Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2 Coefficient Data: a= b= c= Level at Y= 0.60 Number of Users/cell

Target Value = 0.60

0.02258 0.0059 99.7655 18 Erl/Km^2

-0.0240 0.0079 -1.20E+02 92.4429 16 Erl/Km^2

Table 15: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Uplink Noise Rise congestion target = 60% 7.1.1.5 Downlink Transmitted Power
DL_TxPower [dBm] 38,5000 38,0000 Power [dBm] 37,5000 37,0000 36,5000 36,0000 35,5000
00 00 00 00 0, 00 ,0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 ,0 0 00

DL_TxPower [dBm]

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traffic density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 31: Downlink transmitted power, voice only service

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According to Ericsson Documentation, the target threshold for Downlink Transmitted Power is 90% of the Maximum Transmission Power, which is 43 dBm in the simulation series; therefore the target threshold is 38.7 dBm. As this value is not within the interpolation range, the two best fits are presented as estimations.

Target threshold = 90% (43 dBm) = 38.7 dBm Linear Fit: y=a+bx Coefficient Data: a= b= Level at Y = 38.7 dBm Number of users per cell Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2 Coefficient Data: a= b= c= Level at Y = 38.7 dBm Number of users per cell 363.747 0.0116 -1.06E+01 205 36 Erl/Km^2 36.3788 0.01140 203.68 36 Erl/Km^2

Table 16: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Downlink transmitted power congestion target = 38.7 dBm

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7.1.1.6 Downlink Code Tree Usage

DL_Code tree usage[%] 45,0000% 40,0000% 35,0000% 30,0000% 25,0000% 20,0000% 15,0000% 10,0000% 5,0000% 0,0000%

Code tree usage [%]

DL_Code tree usage[%]

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traffic density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 32: DL Code tree usage [%], voice only service The utilization of the Downlink Code Tree is calculated in percentage according to the description found in [WinesTechRef]. Having into account the Ericsson RRM algorithms, the Target level to trigger soft congestion mechanism in the DL channelization codes monitor is 60% of utilization. The results are summarized in the table below.
Target Level to trigger soft congestion mechanism = 60% (0.6 in linear scale) Linear Fit: y=a+bx a= b= Level at Y = 0.6 Number of users per cell Quadratic Fit: y=a+bx+cx^2 a= b= c= Level at Y = 0.6 Number of users per cell 0.0320 0.0026 -1.70E+01 258.188 45 Erl/Km^2 0.03858 0.0023 239.89 42 Erl/Km^2

Table 17: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Downlink Code Tree usage congestion target = 60%

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7.1.1.7 Summary of Voice Service Next table presents the summary with the KPIs ordered by the traffic densities that reach first the target level (only considering the lower values for the number of users of each KPI, i.e. taking the most restrictive approach):

KPI CE UL UL Load DL power Iub DL code tree Blocking prob CE DL Dropping prob

Target Level 64 60% 38.7 dBm 1070 Kbps 60% 1% 256 1%

No. users to reach the target 13 16 36 37 42 49 51 62

Table 18: Ordered KPI's, voice-only service According to the previous results, the Voice-only service is mainly uplink limited. Next to the uplink limiting factors are the DL transmitted power and the Iub utilization. The KPIs that reach their target levels at the end are the Downlink Channel Elements number and the Dropping probability, whose target value were not reached within the simulated traffic densities.

7.1.2 Web Service

After the analysis of the Speech service, the analysis corresponding to this Packet Switched service is presented next. 7.1.2.1 Blocking and Dropping probability The following Figures illustrate the obtained simulation results in terms of Blocking and Dropping Probabilities:

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Blocking probability [%] 60,0000% 50,0000% 40,0000% 30,0000% 20,0000% 10,0000% 0,0000%
00 00 00 00 1, 62 3, 25 6, 49 ,9 9 ,9 7 00

Blocked services [%]

Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 33: Blocking Probability Web service, sf8Adm=1

dropped services [%] 100,0000% 80,0000% % 60,0000% dropped services [%] 40,0000% 20,0000% 0,0000%

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0 90 ,9 12 25 ,9

25
70 0

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00 25 3, 6,

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Traffic Density [Erl/Km^2]

Figure 34: Dropping Probability Web service, sf8Adm=1

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Blocking Probability, Target =0.01 a) MMF Model: y=(a*b+c*x^d)/(b+x^d) a= b= c= d= Value at Y=1% (0.01) Number of users per cell b) Linear Fit: y=a+bx a= b= Value at Y=1% (0.01) Number of users per cell -0.3167 0.0975 3.3526 1 Erl/Km^2 -246.7280 1.2024 50.1275 1.5127 3.292 1 Erl/Km^2

Table 19: Estimation of the users per cell according to the simulation output, Web-only service, parameter sf8Adm=1, Blocking probability target = 1% Analyzing the results, very low Figures were found, near 1 user / cell. In order to check the results, an analytical approach was used again, assuming that the main limitation for packet-switched services is Downlink Power consumption as it was shown in [Schneider-1]. According to [Holma], the Downlink load factor is defined as: ndl = j * (Eb/No)j / W/Rj [1-+i], j=1 to N Where: N = number of users in the cell j = service activity factor (for PS services assumed to be 1) W = chip rate = 3.84 Mchips/sec Rj = Data Rate of user j Eb/Noj = Eb/No for user j = Downlink Orthogonality factor, for the formula, 1 means maximum orthogonality (for the simulator 0.4 is used but 0 means in the simulator context full orthogonality, so for the formula calculation a value of 0.6 is assumed) i = Other cell/ Own cell interference factor, assumed 0.65 for a macro-cell scenario [Holma] ( 7-7)

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