Session12 IECProtectionTechniques

ExProtectionConcepts Electrical
Symbol TypicalIEC TypicalZones EPL Increasedsafety e Gb 1,2 T n Type (non ( sparking) ki ) nA A G Gc 2 Flameproof d Gb 1,2 Typen(enclosedbreak) nC Gc 2 Quartz/sandfilled q Gb 1,2 Intrinsicsafety ia Ga 0,1,2 I t i i safety Intrinsic f t ib Gb 12 1,2 Intrinsicsafety ic Gc 2 Typen(energylimitation) nL Gc 2 Pressurised(upto2007) p Gb 1,2 Pressurised px Gb 1,2 Pressurised i d py Gb b 1,2 Pressurised pz Gc 2 Typen(sealing&hermetic nC Gc 2 sealing) nR Gc 2 Typen(restricted breathing) Typen(simplepressurised) nZ Gc 2 Encapsulation ma Ga 0,1,2 Encapsulation mb Gb 1,2 Oilimmersion o Gb 1,2 Electrical IECStandard Basicconceptofprotection (statusatJuly2008) IEC600797 Noarcs,sparksorhotsurfaces. EnclosureIP54orbetter IEC6007915 IEC600791 Containtheexplosion,quenchthe flame IEC6007915 IEC600795 Quenchtheflame IEC6007911 IEC6007911 Limit i i the h energyof fsparks k and dsurface f temperatures IEC6007911 IEC6007915 IEC600792 IEC600792 IEC600792 IEC600792 IEC6007915 IEC6007915 IEC6007915 IEC6007918 IEC6007918 IEC600796 Keeptheflammablegasout

ExProtectionConcepts NonElectrical
Non-electrical Flow restricted enclosure Flameproof enclosure Inherent safety Constructional safety Control of ignition sources Pressurisation Liquid immersion Symbol fr d g c b p k Typical IEC EPL Possible Zone(s) 2 1,2 0,1,2 0,1,2 0,1,2 1,2 0,1,2 EN Standard (status at July 2008) EN 13463-2 EN 13463-3 prEN 13463-4 EN 13463 13463-5 5 EN 13463-6 EN 13463-7 EN 13463-8 Basic concept of protection Relies on tight seals, closely matched joints and tough enclosures to restrict the breathing of the enclosure Low potential energy (draft standard) Ignition hazards eliminated by good engineering methods Control equipment fitted to detect malfunctions Enclosure is purged and pressurised to prevent ignition sources from arising Enclosure uses liquid to prevent contact with explosive atmospheres

ExProtectionConcepts DustProtectionElectrical
Dust Protection (Electrical) Symbol Typical IEC EPL Da, Db, Dc Typical Zone(s) 20 21 IEC Standard (status at July 2008) IEC 61241-1 IEC 61241-11 Basic concept of protection

Enclosure Intrinsic safety

t i

Standard protection for dusts, rugged tight enclosure Similar to t, but with some relaxations if circuit inside is intrinsically safe Protection by encapsulation of incendive parts Protection by pressurisation of enclosure

Encapsulation Pressurised

m p Db,Dc

22 21,22

IEC 61241-18 IEC 61241-2

Exd Flameproof (EN/IEC ( / 600791:2004) )

Zone1&2Suitable

Exd FlameproofConcept
Lamps,circuitsandsparkingdevicesare containedwithinflameproofenclosure. Wiringentersenclosureviaflameproofcable glandorflameproofbarrier. Joints i oncoversoropenings i areprotected db by theflamepath. Doesnotpreventexplosionoccurringbut containstheexplosionandpreventsignitionof surroundingatmosphere.

Exd FlameproofBarrier

Cable

GlandBody PouredSeal/Compound / EnclosureWall

Exd FlamePath FlangedDesign

Flamepath Flamepath

Enclosurewall

Flameproofvs.ExplosionProof

DifferencebetweenFlameproof&Explosion proofboxes Enclosuremusthave recessedscrewsorboltsfor access 1.5safetyfactorvs.4times Typicallymustbemachined andfabricatedatthefactory vs.thefield MostEXdenclosuresindividuallytested

Exd Flameproof 3typesofjoints

FlangedJoint

ThreadedJoint

SpigotJoint

FieldModificationofExdEquipment
Flameproofenclosuresarenormallysuppliedcompletewithallinternal componentsfittedandcertifiedasasingleentitybyarecognizedtest authority.Thetestingprocedurewilltakeintoconsiderationthefreeinternal volumeafterallthecomponentshavebeenfitted,thetemperaturerise, creepageandclearancedistancesandtheriseinpressureasaresultofan internalexplosionusingagas/airmixtureinitsmostexplosiveproportions. Thecertification,thereforesealsthedesignoftheapparatussothatany unauthorizedmodificationswilleffectivelyinvalidatethe approval/certification Modificationswillmodifytheoriginaltestresultsand approval/certification. consequently,thefollowingpointsshouldbeobserved: Replacementcomponentsshouldbethesameastheoriginalcomponents. Forexample,acomponentlargerorsmallerthantheoriginalwillaffectthe internal lgeometryof fthe h enclosure. l Pressurepiling l isapossibility b l if falarger l componentisfittedandincreasedvolumewillresultifasmallercomponent isfitted. Drilling gandtapping pp goftheentriesshouldonly ybecarriedoutby ythe manufactureroftheenclosureorhisapprovedagent.Thethreadsofthe entriesarerequiredtobecompatiblewiththoseofthecableglandsor conduitintermsoftypeofthread,threadpitchandclearancetolerancesince flamepathsexistatthesepoints. Gasketscanonlybereplaced,theymustnotbeaddedretrospectivelyifnot includedaspartoftheoriginaldesign.

ExdIIBvs.ExdIICConstruction
Canyouspotthedifferenceinconstruction?...

ExdFlamproofConduitSystems

Although,conduitisnotwidelyusedinNorthernEurope,thistechniqueisincludedintheCENELECstandardand theIECstandardsasoneoftheentrymethodsintoflameproofenclosures.Thedesignandtestingrequirements arecontainedintheCENELECstandard50018andIECStandardIEC600791.Eithertapered(NPT)orparallel (straightormetric)threadsareacceptable.Theconditionsare: TheExdenclosuremustbecertified. OnlythemanufacturercanmakethedrilledandtappedentriesintotheExdenclosure. Allconduitsorcableglandsenteringtheenclosuremustbesealedbyanapprovedmethod. Fromtheareabeyondtheenclosureseal,allofthewiringmethodsandfittingsareconsideredinstallation materialsandnotsubjecttoanycertificateorapproval.Thus,gettingfittingscertifiedtotheATEXdirectivewould not tb beacommonpractice. ti The Th correct tuseof fconduit d iti installation t ll ti i isspelled ll dout ti inth thei installation t ll ti standard t d dEN 6007914andIEC6007914.

WeatherproofingExdEquipment
Ingeneral general,theuseofExd d flameproofequipmentwithouttheuseofgasketsorsealswill onlyprovideprotectionuptoIP54.ForapplicationsrequiringhigherlevelsofIPprotection, theuseofgasketsintegratedwithintheflamepathisacommonoptiontoconsider.Other weatherproofingmaterialsconsideredandcommonlyusedarenonhardeninggreasebearing textiletapeintheUKandnonsettinggreaseorcompounds. Theuseofnonsettinggreaseonmachinedsurfacesofflamepathshastwoadvantagessince inadditiontoprovidinganadditionallevelofingressprotection,italsoinhibitstheformation ofrustonthesesurfaces.Siliconebasedgreasesrequirecarefulconsiderationinorderto avoidpossibledamagetotheelementsofgasdetectors detectors. Ingeneral,consultwiththemanufacturerofExdequipmentforrecommendationsinvolving lubricantsandtapestobesure.

FlameproofExdQuiz
Componentswhicharcorsparkinnormaloperationarepermitted withExdenclosures Gapsatflamepaths arenotnecessary True True

An A enclosure l marked k dExdIIAis i suitable i bl f forall llsubgroups b

F l False

Iti isacceptable t bl f foronefi fixing i screwt tob bel left ftourof fafl flameproof f enclosurecover

False

Itisnotacceptabletoremoveanunusedcomponentfromwithina flameproofenclosure

True

Exe IncreasedSafety (EN/IEC ( / 600797:2007) )

FirstdevelopedinGermanyasanalternativetoflameproofintheearly1950s,andofficially becameanIECStandard797in1967.Thesecondeditionwaspublishedin1990. Junctionboxesandterminalenclosuresforuseinhazardousareasmainlycontain nonincendivedevicesi.e.terminals.ForExecertifiedapparatustherearetwo maincriteriawhenspecifyingtheapparatus. 1.Arethecomponentsacceptableforuseintheenclosurei.e.nonsparking,and 2.Willanycomponentsorwiringbehotterthanthetemperatureclassificationof theapparatusallows. Tocomplywiththefirstrequirement,onlyterminalsorothercomponentswhich arespecificallyallowedforinthecertificateofcompliance,andpostJuly2003only ATEXcertifiedcomponentsmaybefitted(apparatusconstructedpriortoJuly2003 need dnot tmeet tthi thisrequirement). i t) To T ensurecompliance li with iththe th second dcriteria it i forsafeuse,manufacturerstypicallycertifytheirenclosuresusingthedissipated powermethod.Throughtestingithasbeendeterminedwhatthemaximumpower dissipationcanbefromthecomponentsandwiringinsideeachenclosuresizeto ensurethatthetemperatureofanyofthecomponentsdoesnotexceedthe temperatureclassificationoftheapparatus. Byknowingthetotalcurrentthroughtheenclosureandthetotalresistanceofthe terminalsandwiring,usingOhmsLawitispossibletocalculatethedissipation powerofthecircuit circuit. Zone1&2Suitable

Exe IncreasedSafety (EN/IEC600797:2007)

TypicalTerminalsthatareEExe. CageType PostType ScrewType Allaresuitableandhavevariousadvantages anddisadvantages Postterminalsareeasytousebutprovidea safetyhazardastheyarepotentiallyexposed duringmaintenance. Wireterminalshavebeenwidelyusedand arethemostcommonformofterminalrated EExe Caget C terminals i l areaf fairly i l newdevelopment d l t areutilizedmoreduetoreliabilityof terminationandeaseofinstallation.

Exe IncreasedSafety theprinciple.. p p

Generalrequirementsforincreasedsafety,Exe,enclosuresare: ingressprotectiontoatleastIP54andadditionaltestsfor nonmetallicpartsincludingthermalendurance endurance,resistanceto solvents,ultravioletlight,surfaceconductivityandmechanical resistancetoimpactofeither4or7joulesdependingonthe sizeoftheenclosure.Theincreasedsafetyconceptisonly suitablefornonsparkingapparatusandiscommonlyusedin Zone1and2designatedhazardousareas. Excertifiedelectrical components (withelectricalconnections ( thatcannotloosen bythemselves)

Generalrequirementsforterminalsare: They Th must tb bed designed i dt toallow ll th theconductor d t t tob beeasily il i inserted t d andclamped,sothatcontactpressureismaintainedwithoutreducing thecrosssectionalareaoftheconductorandshallincorporatea positivelockingdevicetopreventconductorsworkinglooseby vibration. SpecifiedcreepagedistancesasdetailedEN/IEC600797forthe gradeofinsulationmaterial(CTI)andsubsequentmaximumvoltage rating. Temperaturelimitation Currentderatingoftheterminals(andconductors)of50%

Exe IncreasedSafety InstallationDetails

CertifiedExeterminalboxesmustbeprovidedwithaninternalorexternal groundconnectionofanadequatesizeforthewiringconfiguration.(Exe terminalboxesarenotdesignedtocarryearthfaultcurrents.)Themain internal/externalgroundconnectionmustbeconnectedtothemainsystem earthwiththecorrectcodedwireofadequatesizebutnotlessthan4mm2. Allexposedmetalpartsmustbegroundedtogetherandtothemainground terminal. IEC6007914(Installations),subclause9.1.2statesIn Inhazardousareaseach unusedcoreinmulticorecablesshalleitherbeconnectedtoearthorbe adequatelyinsulatedbymeansofsuitableterminations.Insulationbytape aloneisnotrecommended.TerminatingthespareconductorontoanExe terminalisrecommendedsincetheconductorcouldbeusedlaterasanactive terminal. i l ImportantconsiderationsforuseofEXTerminals Useconductorsoftheappropriatesizeasdesignatedbytheterminal.E.g.fora2.5mm2terminal,the maximumconductorsizeis2.5 2 5mm2. mm2 Normally, Normally themanufacturersalsoadvisetheAWGsizeoftheconductor thatis2812AWGfor2.5mm2.Ifalargerconductorisused,thecreepage&clearance distancescouldbereduced. Theconductorinsulationmustbecarriedrightuptotheterminalthroatwithin1mmoftheclamp. Normalindustrialratingsoftheterminalandconductorarederated. Unlessotherwisespecified,onlyoneconductorperterminalclampispermitted. Ifflexible,finestrandedconductorsaresued,caremustbetakentoavoidwhiskeringofthestrandsthatcan reducethecreepageandclearancedistances.Theuseofferrulesisrecommendedtoavoidthisproblem.

IncreasedSafetyExeQuiz
ExedesignedapparatusissuitableforuseinZone0 False

Increasedsafetyenclosuresmustalwayswithstandthepressure causedbyaninternalexplosion

False

Exe equipment i is i mechanically h i ll strongtowithstand ih ddamage d from f True impact Ex E e terminals t i l arede d rated t d f fromtheir th i standard t d dindustrial i d t i lrating ti True

ExeterminalboxescanbeusedinconjunctionwithExd equipment

True

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety (EN/IEC ( / 6007911:2006) )

Zone0,1&2Suitable Circuitiscontrolledtoreducepotentialsparkenergytobelowthatwhichwouldignite anyflammablegaspresent present. I.S.barriersareusedtoprotectthefieldcircuitfromnonprotectedcircuits Thisincludestheoccurrenceof: ia 2faultconditions(EqualtoNADivision1barrier(Zone0) ib 1faultcondition Ingeneral,iabarriersaretypicallytheunitsusedinEuropeduetotherelative insignificantcostofthedifferenceinproducts.

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety (EN/IEC ( / 6007911:2006) )

WheretheproblemcomesfromDuringapotentialfault,excessenergy couldbetransmittedtothehazardousareaandifasparkoccurscouldcreate anexplosion. p ISzenerbarriersdriveexcessenergy gytog groundorby yother meansprotectthedeviceinthehazardousareafromevercreatingan explosion.Limitedtoabout1wattorlessinmostinstances.

TypicalIgnitionCurvesforI.S.

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety Loop pConcept p

ZenerBarriers Concept
Enclosure Hazardous Location Zener Z Protecting Fuse Currentlimitingresistor Fault VoltageSource +

I.S. Circuit

Voltage limiting Zeners

FaultCurrent

NonHazardousLocation Good Isolation fromGround required (500Vmin.) GoodGround Connection 1Max.

GalvanicIsolatedBarriers Concept
FaultVoltage Source Transformer ProtectingFuse + Fault Current = Isolation not needed NonHazardousLocation

Hazardous Location

Currentlimitingresistor

I.S. Circuit

Voltage limiting Zeners

SafetyTransformer

Noneedof SafetyGround

ProtectionUnderFaultCondition Zener Barriers

Enclosure Hazardous Location NonHazardousLocation Currentlimitingresistor Zener Protecting Fuse FaultVoltage Source +

I.S. Circuit

Voltage limiting Z Zeners

FaultCurrent

FaultCurrent togroundin Hazardous Location! 250V 250A FaultCurrent togroundin Non Hazardous Location! GoodGround Connection i 1Max.

Poor Isolation orshort toGround

ProtectionUnderFaultCondition IsolatedBarriers
Enclosure Hazardous Location Currentlimitingresistor FaultVoltage Source Transformer ProtectingFuse + Voltage limiting Zeners = Fault Current remains in Non Hazardou sLocation

I.S. Circuit

Isolation not needed

NonHazardousLocation

SafetyTransformer

Noneedof SafetyGround

ZenerBarriers
Advantages Lowerpartscost Elementarythreecomponentsdevice Disadvantages Dedicated D di d S Safety f G Ground dCost C SafetyDependson GoodSafetyGround GoodLinesIsolation VoltageDropacrossResistor Zeners leakageInfl.accuracy IsolationoflinesInfl.Accuracy RequiresroutineChecks. Checks Groundednonlinearsemiconductor (Zener)reducesimmunityto interferences(commonmode rejection) Applicableonlywithsensorsthatare wellisolatedfromground(500V)

GalvanicallyIsolatedBarriers
Advantages NoSafetyGroundrequirement(Nocost/No maintenance) Safetynotimpairedbyafaulttoground. Fullvoltageavailability. Betteroverallaccuracy ZenerLeakagedoesnotaffectaccuracy Isolationoflinesdoesnotaffectaccuracy Highercommonmoderejectionandimmunity tointerferences Allowstheuseofgroundedorpoorlyisolated sensors Disadvantages Higherpartcost

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety Wiring gMethods

Intrinsicallysafecircuitsmaybewiredinthesame mannerascomparablecircuitsinstalledfor unclassifiedlocationswithtwoexceptionssummarized asseparationandidentification. identification Thesewiringpractices aresimpleandclear;however,theyoftenare overlookedandarethesourceofpotentialproblems. Theintrinsicallysafeconductorsmustbeseparated fromallotherwiringbyplacingtheminseparate conduitsorbyaseparationof2inchesofairspace. Withinanenclosuretheconductorscanbeseparated byagroundedmetalorinsulatedpartition.

Exia,ib IntrinsicSafety Wiring gMethods

CombiningwiringforISand nonIScircuitscanalsobe combinedinsingleenclosures aslongaspropersegregation andidentificationmethodsare employed. employed

IntrinsicSafetyExiQuiz
Theminimumrequiredprotectionforintrinsicallysafeequipment isIP55 Terminalsforintrinsicallysafecircuitsmustbeatleast50mm fromterminalsoruninsulatedconductorsofanynonintrinsically safecircuits ExncannotbedesignedforapparatusgasgroupingIIC False

True

False

Intrinsicallysafeequipmentmarked(Exia)IICisdesignedtobe installedinahazardousarea

False

EquipmentmarkedExibIICT4issuitableforinstallationinaZone0 False area

IntrinsicSafetyExiQuiz

Itispermissibletoworkonanintrinsicallysafecircuitwithoutagas True freecertificate Theinsulationresistancebetweenanintrinsically ysafeandnon intrinsicallysafecircuitmustbecapableofwithstandinga minimumof500VDC True

Intrinsicallysafeandnonintrinsicallysafecablesmayberuninthe True samecabletrayifthecablesarearmoured Youcannotuseanyterminalcolorbutblueforterminalscontaining False onlyintrinsicallysafecircuits

ExnA NonSparking (EN/IEC ( / 6007915:2005) )

ExnANonSparkingisalesserdegreeofprotectionthanEEx e,whereasstandardindustrialequipmentthatunder normaloperationwillnotproducearcs arcs,sparksorsurface temperaturehighenoughtocauseignitionofthe surroundinggasvapormixture.IEC6007915definesthe requirementforthisequipment.OnlyrecentlyhastheIEC developedguidelinesonhowtoapplythistechniqueand hasnotbeenwidelyused.ManyusershavefoundthatEEx nAnonsparkingequipmentisnolessexpensivethan comparableEExeequipmentandhavenotmadethechange asofyet. TypicalproductsincludeZone2lightingfixturesandcertain enclosures Zone2Suitable

Electricmotors(Squirrelcage motors),terminalboxes,fuses, LEDs,transformers,apparatus requiringlowenergy, plugconnectors connectors,cells, cells batteries batteries, etc.

ExnR RestrictedBreathing(EN/IEC60079 15:2005) )

Zone2Suitable Thisprovidesthecustomertheabilitytousearcing componentsinaZone2environmentw/otheneedfor flameproofequipment Enclosures,Glands&Cablemustbesuitable.Inthis,the productissubjecttotemperaturerisetestsandingresstests todeterminetheamountofbreathing breathing cantakeplace.If duringtheoperation,theproductthroughtightgasketingor sealinghasbeenfoundtorestricttheairflowbothinandout oftheproduct,itisdeterminedtoberestrictivebreathing.In thiscase,theenclosurecanhousenormallyarcingdevicesina sheet h metal lenclosure l without i h further f h protection. i Typicalapplicationsincludelightingwheretemperaturecodes arereducedsignificantlybyusingthistechnique.Also,asa comparisontoNorthAmericanstandards,theuseofstandard enclosed l dand dgasketed k dproducts d wasnotasuitable i bl meansof f protectionintheIECworld,hencethedesignanduseofmuch moreflameprooflightingandcooleroperatingfluorescent fixtures.ItiswidelybelievedthatwiththeadventofEXnR, moreandmoreuseofHIDlighting g gwillbeusedintheIEC world.

ExnR RestrictedBreathing(EN50021IEC 6007915) )

RestrictedBreathing BetterGasketingRestrictsFixture'sBreathing WireEntriesMustBeSealed MaintainsIntegrityofFixture OnlyExteriorTemperaturesConsidered HugeDifferenceInTCodes PermitsUseofHigherWattages AllowsFlexibilityinLightingDesign

Temperaturebasedupon externalhotspot

Enclosedandgasketedfixtures baseduponlampsurface temperature significantdifference temperature,

EXnRvs.Division2Lighting Example(NEC)
HighPressureSodium(SON) Wattage 400Watt 250Watt 150Watt 100Watt 70Watt Div.2UnitTCode T2A T2A T2B T3 T3 ExnRUnitT Code T3C T3C T3C T4A T4A Change 120oC 120oC 100oC 80oC 80oC

Implicationforlightingdesignistheuseofhigherwattagefixturesandusingfewerofthemfor particularareasmostnotablyforfloodlightsandwellglassapplications

IntheIECworld,itmeansthatmoreZone2HIDcanbeusedsincetheT RatingsarecomparabletoZone1lights,i.e.withnointermediateT Identificationnumbers,HIDforZone2almostalwaysneededaZone1type construction.

ExnR RestrictedBreathing(EN/IEC60079 15:2005) )

CableGlandIssues.PerSIRA,aNotifiedBodyintheUK "Ex ExnRglandsarearecentcreationandnosuchthingexisteduntilrecently. recently Iftheglandshavebeen testedandcertifiedasExcableglandsthentheyareequipmentanddont,intheirownright, needtobereassessedinordertofit.However,theinterfacedoesneedreassessing,justlikeExe glands.Thisisbecausetheglandtoenclosureinterfaceneedstomaintainthesealingforthe restrictedbreathing.Whilstwecouldtestthesealing,sayanOringorflatsealonanexample enclosure, l wecant b besurethat h the h actual lenclosure l towhich h hitisfitted f dwill llaffect ff the h same sealing.Forexampleitmaybearoundenclosureandthereforewouldntseal. Forthisreason,a conditionofcertificationisimposedrelatedtotheinterfacehavingtobereassessed,butthisis reallytheonlyassessmentrequired(otherthantemperaturelimitsperhaps)." An Exeglandwouldnotdothejob,becauseitneedstosealroundthecabletocontroltherateof breathingasperthe6007915test. AnExdglandispotentiallytheglandforthejob,butExtesthouses now apply the new environmentaltests(4wkswithheatetcand 1dayatcold)beforedoingtherestricted breathingtest.

ExnL EnergyLimitation(EN/IEC60079 15:2005)

Zone2Suitable

Thelimitation Th li it ti of fenergyin i circuits i it and dcomponents t in i accordance d with iththe th concept tof fintrinsic i ti i safety.ExnLisalowerformofprotectionthanI.S.andistypicalusedincircuitsinindividual componentsbaseduponspacingofcircuitsandotherprotectionconcepts.

ExnP Pressurized( (EN50021IEC60079 15)

Zone2Suitable

Pressurizedenclosure,notsubjecttopurging,inwhichfaultsareindicated byadropinthepressure.However,thesystemneednotbeswitchedoff immediately. y Agood g example p ofthisisaZone2p purge g indicatorthatdoes notcontroltheequipmentbeingprotected,butmerelyprovidesindication thattheequipmentisbeingprotected.ExPrequiresdeengergizationof thepanelbeingprotected.

ExnC EnclosedBreak (EN/IEC6007915:2004)

Basic"Encapsulation" encloseddevice nonignitablecomponentContactmechanismorhousingdesignedsuchthat ignitionisavoided. hermetically h i ll sealed l ddevice d i Sealing S li by b meansof fafusing f i processsuch hassoft f soldering ld i orbrazing,weldingorfusingofglassinmetal sealeddevicesoconstructed,thatitcannotbeopenedduring normaloperation. encapsulated p devicecompletely p yenclosedinan encapsulatingcompound.

NonIncendiveExnQuiz
AcertifiedglandmustalwaysbeusedforanExnapplication ForExnstandards,hermeticsealingofenclosurecanbe satifactory achievedbytheuseofOringsand/orgaskets Exn cannotbe b designed d i dfor f apparatusgasgrouping i IIC True

True

False

The Th T Temperature t classification l ifi ti f foranE Exnstandard t d dmust talways l t take k True intoconsiderationtheexternalandinternalsurfacetemperature

LiveworkingisnotpermittedonExntypeequipment

True

Exp Pressurized(EN/IEC600792:2008)
Entireroomsorbuildingscanbepressurizedas wellasenclosures. TherequirementsofIEC6007913mustmeetthe following: Positivepressuremusthavesufficientcapacityto maintainpressureofatleast25Pa(2 (2.5mm 5mmwater gauge)intheroomandtheroommusthaveeither airlocksforthedoorsortheoutwardvelocitymust beatleast0.305m/swithalldoorsandany openingssimultaneouslyopened. Pressurizinggasmustbeair(containingatleast 19.5%Oxygenbyvolume Whenthepressurizingsystemfails,any equipmentsuchaslightsthatcannotbeswitched offmustbeprotectedbyothermeanssuitablefor thelocation. Onenote:theNFPArequires25Painternal pressureforenclosures,whiletheIECrequires50 Pafor f enclosures l i inZone1and d2 25Pafor f pressurizedrooms. Zone1&2Suitable

Exq PowderFilled (EN/IEC ( / 600795:1997) )

PowderfillingoriginatedinFrancewhereithasbeenusedformanyyears.IEC Standard795introducedin1967establishedthisconceptasaninternational methodofprotection. TheoriginalIECstandardreferredtosandfilledbuthasbeenchangedto powderfilled. ThisprotectionconceptisnormallysuitableuptoandincludingGroupIICgasesand theT6temperatureclassification,inZone1or2hazardousarealocations.The enclosureconstructionrequirementsareapressuretestof0.5bar(1bar=14.5psi) overpressurefor1minuteand,ifnotprotectedbyanotherenclosure,aminimum IngressProtectionofIP54,thesamerequirementforExeenclosures.Ifthe component isprotectedbyanotherenclosure(e.g.acapacitorinthetypeofprotectionq builtintoalightenclosure)thennospecificrequirementsforthetypeofIP protectionisrequired. Whentheenclosureisfilledwiththeqmedium(quartzsand,powderorglass b d )there beads) h mustb benovoids d inthe h enclosure. l The h maximumd distancef fromlive l partsofelectricalcomponentstoearthfittedinsidethemetalenclosureormetal screenis specifiedand,dependingontheappliedvoltage,canvaryfrom10mmat250volts to50mmat6,600 , volts.Iftheenclosureisp permanently yfactory ysealedandthe voltagedoesnotexceed500volts,theminimumdistancebetweenlivepartsorlive partstoearthcanbereducedby5mm. Zone1&2Suitable

Exm Encapsulation(EN/IEC6007918: 2006) )

Zone1&2Suitable Encapsulationisatypeofprotectionwherebypartsthatarecapableofignitingan explosiveatmosphere,byeithersparkingorheating,areenclosedinacompoundissucha waythat h the h explosive l atmosphere h cannotb beignited dunder d operatingorinstallation ll conditions.TheselectedcompoundmustbeinlinewiththerequirementsgiveninIEC 6007918andmaybeanythermosetting,thermoplastic,epoxy,resin(coldcuring)or elastomericmaterialwithorwithoutfillersand/oradditives,intheirsolidstate.The temperature p range g mustsatisfy ythe requirementsofanappropriatestandardforthistypeofprotection.(Thermalstabilityat maximumoperatingtemperature.) WhenconsideringthesafetyaspectsofExmencapsulation,thedesign mustaccountfor: Resistors,capacitors,optoisolators,diodesetc.,mustnotoperateat morethan2/3oftheirratedvoltage. Thetemperatureriseofcomponentsandwiringmustbelimited. Voidsandairpocketsotherthanthoseforrelaysorotherdevicesmust beavoided. Theeffectofacomponentsshortcircuitduringfaultconditions. TheExmencapsulationprotectselectroniccircuitrelays,timers,lamptest devicesandcomponentsinZones1or2hazardousareas areas.Encapsulationis findingincreasedusageforprintedcircuitboardsthatareassembledin smallrailmountedhousingssimilartoterminals.

Exo OilImmersion(EN/IEC60079 6:1995) )

Zone1&2Suitable In1968,IECsubcommittee31EwroteIECStandard796whichwas recognizedbymanycountriesforuseinZone1locations.Thiswasalsoused intheUSforcertaindistributionpanelsusedbymanyUSrefineriesinthe50s and60s. TheOilImmersionExoconcepthashistoricallybeenusedforheavyduty switchgear,motorstartersandtransformers. Thebasicprincipleasshownaboveistoimmersetheelectricalpartsinmineraloil,which willpreventanyexposureofthearcingorsparkingtotheanexplosiveatmosphere.Itwill also quencharcsandlimitthetemperature q p riseonelectricalp parts.Standardsforoilimmersion protection,Exo,requirethatallpartscapableofproducingarcsorsparksmustbe immersedin theoilatadepthnotbethan25mm.Amethodtochecktheoillevelmustbeprovided, e.g.,byasightglassorbysomeotherreliablemethod. Somemineraloilsusedinswitchgearapparatusproduceacetyleneandhydrogengaswhen arcingoccurs.Becauseoftheriskoffireoranexplosionwithoilimmersion,thisapplication forapparatusinhazardousareashasbeengenerallyrestricted.InthePetroChemical industriesthereareveryfewexamplesofExocertifiedproductsinstalledinhazardous areaseventhoughthestandardspermititsuseinZones1and2.

HybridExProtectionTechniques
Itisverycommontouseavarietyofprotectionconceptsinasingle productShownbelowaretwoexamples. ThelightfittingisratedEExedmusingIncreasedsafetyforthehousing& terminal EExdforthedisconnectswitchandlampholdersandEExmfor terminal, encapsulationoftheballast..FinalproductratedEExedm ThecontrolpanelbelowisusingEExeincreasedsafetyforthehousing andterminalsandEExdforflameproofoperatorsFinalproductrated EE ed EEx d

HybridProtectionTechniques
Theseproductsalsousehybridtechnologiestoreachthesameeffectbutindifferentways ways TheenclosuresbelowareratedeitherEExdflameprooforEExeincreasedsafetywiththearcing componentshousedinthedchamber,whiletheeterminalsareintheattachedeenclosure separatedwiththeuseoflinebushingsthatprovideanflameproofbarrierbetweenthetwo enclosures. Ingeneral,thefirstletterintheprimarymeansofprotectionwhilethecorrespondinglettersarethe secondarymeansofprotection,i.e.EExdeisflameproofenclosure,increasedsafetycomponents, whileEExedisincreasedsafetyenclosurewithflameproofcomponents components.

Arcing/Sparking

Non o Arcing/Sparking c g/Spa g

HybridExProtectionTechniques
Howmanyprotectiontechniquescanyoufindinthispicture? Hint:Totaloffivemethods

Exm

Exe

Exia

Exd WhatZoneisthisenclosuresuitablefor???

ExnR Zone2

HybridEExd&eProtection
EExeenclosure e&delectricalcomponents: thecontactsmakeandbreak inaflameproof p dchamber EExdecomponent

dswitch it horcontacts t t eenclosure dswitch eenclosure

Ingeneral,manyofthelatestdevelopmentsofproductsforhazardous locationsinvolvethecombiningofvariousprotectiontechniques.As longascombinationofprotectiontechniquesareallsuitableforthe sameZoneorCategoryofhazard,theproductissuitableforthat hazard.Example,bothe&dprotectiontechniquesaresuitablefor Category2(22)orZone1hazardousareas.

WhichEXprotectionmethodisthemostcost effectivesolution?
Generalities IfZone1locations EExeIncreasedSafetyistypicallythewaytogoifatallpossibleduetoweight, costandeaseofmaintenance EExdusedwheneprotectionisnotpractical,i.e.MotorStarters,Circuit Breakers,etc. Hybride&dusuallythebestconceptwhereyoutakethebestofbothand combinethetwo. Lighting Zone1HIDlightingisgoingtoalwaysbeEExdconstruction,where fluorescentsaremorelikelytobeEExeplastics.Forlowmountingapplications, fluorescentsareusuallyamostcosteffectivesolution.Tominimizefixturecount, higherwattageHIDsinZone2ornonhazardouslocationswithintermixed Fl Fluorescents t h hasb beenthe th trend. t d InstrumentationcircuitsforZone1aretypicallyI.S. Generalities IfZone2locations. MoreprotectionconceptsareavailablesuchasExnRlighting,ExnAlighting,ExnC nonsparking,etc.ThemajorareaofpotentialsavingsisZone2lightingHID, restrictedbreathingvs.FlameproofExdconstruction.Thecomponentissueswith glandsandenclosuresforthemostpartwillnotchangefromZone1construction, i e brassglands i.e. glands,fiberglassenclosures enclosures,etc etc. Ingeneral,lookatEExeconstructionwhereverpossible,minimizetheEExd whereverpossibleandlookfor