Experimental Quantum Teleportation

Quantum systems for

Information Technology

Kambiz Behfar
Phani Kumar
Contents
Concept of Quantum Teleportation
Introduction
Quantum Teleportation Circuit
Theoretical Results
Experimental Realization
Principles
Entangled States
Outside Teleportation Region
Inside Teleportation Region
Measured Coincidence Rate
Summary
Quantum Teleportation
Teleportation:
Teleportation means: a person or object disappear while an exact replica appears in the best case immediately at some
distant location.
Bennett et al. (1993) have suggested that it is possible to transfer the quantum state of a particle onto another particle-the
process of quantum teleportation-provided one does not get any information about the state in the course of this
transformation.
Application:
Teleportation can be used in place of wiring in a large quantum computer.
To Build a distributed system (e.g. a quantum multicomputer).
and so on
Quantum Teleportation Circuit
( 01 10 ) / 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( 01 10 ) 0 1 ( 01 10 ) 0 1
1
2 ( 00 11 ) 1 0 ( 00 11 ) 1 0
( 01 10 )
( 01 10 )
1
( 00 11 ) 2
( 00 11 )

+ + + +

+ + +

+

+ +

+ +


+

Z
X
XZ
H
X
M2
Z
M1

M1
M2
0 1 +
Proof
( )
( )
( )
( )
( 00 11 ) / 2 ( 00 11 ) 1 0 001 000 111 110
( 00 11 ) / 2 ( 00 11 ) 1 0 001 000 111 110
( 01 10 ) / 2 ( 01 10 ) 0 1 010 011 100 101
( 01 10 ) / 2 ( 01 10 ) 0 1 010 011 100 1
Expanding RHS




+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
+
XZ
X
Z
01
001 110 010 101

+
( 01 10 ) / 2 ( 01 10 ) / 2
( 00 11 ) / 2 ( 00 11 ) / 2
1
( 0 1 ) ( 01 10 ) 001 110 010 101
2
Expanding LHS


+ +
+
+

+ + +
+
+
+ + +
Z X XZ
QT Circuit

+

A complete Bell-state measurement can not only give the result that the two particles 1
and 2 are in the anti-symmetric state, but with equal probabilities of 25% we could find
them in any one of the three other entangled states.

After successful teleportation particle 1 is not available in its original state any more,
and therefore particle 3 is not a clone but is really the result of teleportation.

00
01
10
11
obtaining
ZX
Z
X
I
So Bob
applies gate
Then Bobs
qubit is in
state
If Alice obtains
1 0 | + o
0 1 | + o
1 0 | o
0 1 | o
1 0 | + o

Theoretical Results
Principle of Quantum Teleportation
Alice has particle 1
Alice & Bob share EPR pair
Alice performs BSM causing
entanglement between photon
1 and 2
Alice sends classical
information to Bob
Bob performs unitary
transformation
Teleporting the state not the
particle
Correlations used for data
transfer

Schematic idea for quantum teleportation introducing Alice as a sending and Bob as
a receiving station, showing the different paths of information transfer.
Entangled States
Type II Spontaneous Parametric down-conversion
Non-linear optical process inside crystal
Pulsed pump photons
Creation of two polarization entangled photons 2 & 3
Parametric down-conversion creating a signal and idler beam from the pump-
pulse. Energy and momentum conservation are shown on the right side.
Pump
e
p
k
ep
e
e
k
(1)
e
k
(2)
e
e
p
= e + e
k
ep
= k
(1)
e
+ k
(2)
e
_
(2)
E
p
E
1
E
2
E
p
= _
(2)
E
1
.E
2
*

Experimental Realization
UV pulse beam hits BBO crystal
twice
Photon 1 is prepared in initial
state
Photon 4 as trigger
Alice looks for coincidences
Bob knows that state is
teleported and checks it.
Threefold coincidence
f
1
f
2
d
1
(+45) in absence of f
1
f
2
d
2
(-45)
Temporal overlap between
photon 1,2
Experimental set-up for quantum teleportation, showing the UV pulsed beam that creates
the entangled pair, the beamsplitters and the polarisers.
Outside Teleportation Region
For distinguishable photons, with p=0.5, 2
photons end in different O/P ports
Photon 3 polarization undefined!
So, d1, d2 have 50% chances of receiving
photon 3
=> 25% probability for both f1f2d1 and
f1f2d2 threefold coincidences
P(f1f2d1) = P(f1f2d2) = 0.25
Inside Teleportation Region
Indistinguishable photons interfere!
Input state


Indistinguishable photons interfere!
Input state


If f1, f2 both click, then teleportation occurred and only d1f1f2
coincidences should occur and d2f1f2 should be 0
Teleportation (d1f1f2 coincidences) achieved with 25% prob.

Experimental Demonstration
Theoretical and experimental threefold coincidence detection between the two Bell state
detectors f
1
f
2
and one of the detectors monitoring the teleported state. Teleportation is
complete when d
1
f
1
f
2
(+45) is present in the absence of d
2
f
1
f
2
(-45) detection.
Measured Coincidence Rates
Summary
Deduced from the basic principles of quantum mechanics, it is possible to
transfer the quantum state from one particle onto another over arbitrary
distances.

As an experimental elaboration of that scheme we discussed the teleportation
of polarization states of photons.

But quantum teleportation is not restricted to that system at all. One could
imagine entangling photons with atoms or photons with ions, and so on.

Then teleportation would allow us to transfer the state of, for example, fast
decohering, short-lived particles onto some more stable systems.

This opens the possibility of quantum memories, where the information of
incoming photons could be stored on trapped ions, carefully shielded from the
environment.

With this application we are in heart of quantum information processing.