C huyen e boi dng giao vien

PHNG PHAP HE SO BAT NH

Phng phap giai toan da tren c s tnh toan va bien oi he
so cua a thc ngi ta goi la phng phap he so bat nh. Phng
phap nay c s dung rat tien li khi giai toan ve chia het , phan
tch thanh nhan t va rut gon bieu thc .Nhng do trnh o co han
nen toi xin trnh bay mot so hieu biet cua mnh ve viec van dung
phng phap he so bat nh e giai mot so dang toan thong
thng . Vay toi rat mong s ong gop y kien cua cac ban ong
nghiep e chuyen e nay phat huy tac dung trong viec day cho hoc
sinh va boi dng hoc sinh gioi .Sau ay la mot so noi dung chu yeu
I ) KIEN THC C BAN
1 ) nh ly :
a) Neu a thc bang 0 vi moi gia tr cua cac bien th he so
cua cac hang t eu bang 0
Neu a thc f(x) = a
n
x
n
+a
n-1
x
n-1
+.....+ a
1
x + a
0
= 0 vi moi x Q th a
i
= 0 (
i = 0;1;2;3;... n)
b) Neu hai a thc cung bac ma hang ang vi nhau vi moi
gia tr cua cac bien th he so cua cac hang t ong dang bang nhau
.
cho hai a thc f(x) = a
n
x
n
+a
n-1
x
n-1
+.....+ a
1
x + a
0
va g(x) = b
n
x
n
+ b
n-1
x
n-
1
+ ....+ b
1
x+ b
0
Neu f(x) = g(x) th a
i
= b
i
( i = 0;1;2;3;.....n )
2 ) nh ly Bzu :
a) nh ly : Neu a thc f(x) chia cho nh thc ( x - a ) co so d r th r
= f(a)
b) He qua : Neu a thc f(x) chia het cho ( x- a) th f(a) = 0
T he qua ta suy ra neu a thc f(x) chia het cho (x - a) th khi phan
tch a thc f(x) thanh nhan t th co cha tha so la x-a . ieu nay
co ngha f(x) ( x - a) th f(x) = (x - a ) .q(x)
II ) LOAI TOAN VE TNH TOAN HE SO CUA A THC
Bai 1 : Khong lam phep tnh , hay viet a thc sau di dang chnh
tac
(x - 2)(x + 1)(2x - 3) + 4x - 3
Giai : a thc tren sau khi bien oi la a thc bac 3 oi vi bien x ,
do vay sau khi bien oi co dang
A x
3
+ Bx
2
+Cx + D . Theo bai ra ta co
(x - 2)(x + 1)(2x - 3) + 4x - 3 = A x
3
+ Bx
2
+Cx + D vi moi xQ
cho x = 0 th D = 3
cho x = 1 th A + B + C + D = 3 A + B + C = 0
(1)
;
cho x = - 1 th -A + B - C + D = -7 -A + B - C = - 10
(2)
cho x= 2 th 8A + 4B + 2C + D = 2 4A + 2B + C = 1
(3)
Lay (1) + (2) ta c 2B = - 10 B = - 5 A + C = 5
T (3) ta co 4A + C = 11 ; cho nen ( 4A + c) - ( A + C ) = 3A = 6 A = 2
va C = 3
Vay a thc can tm la 2x
3
- 5x
2
+ 3x + 3 hay
(x - 2)(x + 1)(2x - 3) + 4x - 3 = 2x
3
- 5x
2
+ 3x + 3
Bai 2 ) Viet a thc 3x
3
+ 4x - 5 di dang luy tha giam dan cua x -
1.
Giai
Cach 1: Ta co 3x
3
+ 4x - 5 = a(x - 1)
3
+ b(x - 1)
2
+ c(x - 1) + d
= a x
3
+ ( b - 3a)x
2
+ (3a - 2b + c)x -a + b - c + d
cho nen a = 3
b - 3a = 0
3a - 2b + c = 4 a = 3 ; b = 9 ; c = 13 ; d = 6
-a + b - c + d = -1
cach 2 : cho x = 1 th d = 6
cho x = 0 th -a + b - c + d = -1 -a + b - c = -7
(1)
cho x = -1 th -8a + 4b - 2c + 6 = -8 -8a + 4b - 2c = -14 hay -4a + 2b -
c = -7
(2)
cho x = 2 th a + b + c + d = 31 a+ b + c = 25
(3)
T (1) va (3) ta c 2b = 18 b = 9 ; a + c = 16
(4)
; t (2) va (4) ta
co 4a + c = 25
v vay a = 3 ; c = 13
Vay 3x
3
+ 4x - 5 = 3(x - 1)
3
+ 9(x -1)
2
+ 13(x -1) + 6
Bai 3 : Cho a thc x
3
+ mx + n = (x - 1)(x - 2)(x + a)
Tnh a; m;n
Giai : Ve phai = x
3
+ (a - 3)x
2
+ (2 - 3a)x + 2a
Cho nen a - 3 = 0 ; 2 - 3a = m ; 2a = n a = 3 ; n = 6 ; m = 4
Bai 4 : Tm a , b e a thc x
4
+ 4x
3
- 8x
2
+ ax +b bang bnh phng cua
a thc x
2
+ mx + n .
Giai :ta co x
4
+ 4x
3
- 8x
2
+ ax +b = (x
2
+ mx + n)
2
= x
4
+ m
2
x
2
+ n
2
+ 2mx
3
+ 2nx
2
+ 2mnx
= x
4
+ 2mx
3
+ (m
2
+ 2n)x
2
+ 2mnx + n
2

'

+

36
24 2
6 8 2
2 4 2
2
2
b b n
a a mn
n n m
m m

Bai 5 : Vi gia tr nao cua a va b e a thc x
4
+ 2x
3
- a x
2
+ 3x + b chia
het cho a thc x
2
+ 3x - 1
Giai :
Thc hien phep chia a thc x
4
+ 2x
3
- a x
2
+ 3x + b x
2
+ 3x - 1
x
4
+ 3x
3
- x
2
x
2
- x + (4 - a)
- x
3
+ (1 - a)x
2
+ 3x + b
- x
3
- 3x
2
+ x
(4 - a)x
2
+ 2x + b
( 4 - a)x
2
+ ( 12 - 3a)x -(4 - a)
(3a - 10)x + (b - a + 4)
e a thc x
4
+ 2x
3
- a x
2
+ 3x + b (x
2
+ 3x - 1 ) (3a - 10)x + (b - a + 4)
= 0 vi moi
cho nen

'

+

0 4
0 10 3
a b
a
a =
3
2
3
10
b ;
Bai 6 : Xac nh a , b e cho a thc 2x
4
- 6x
3
+ a x
2

- 7x + 3 chia het cho a
thc x
2
- x + b.
Giai :
Thc hien phep chia 2x
4
- 6x
3
+ a x
2

- 7x + 3 x
2
- x + b
2x
4
- 2x
3
+ 2bx
2
2x
2
- 4x + a - 2b - 4
- 4x
3
+ (a - 2b)x
2
- 7x +3
- 4x
3
+ 4x
2
- 4bx
(a -2b -4)x
2
+ (4b-7)x +3
(a -2b - 4)x
2
- (a-2b-4)x + b(a-2b-4)
(a+2b-11)x +3-b(a-2b-4)
2
e a thc 2x
4
- 6x
3
+ a x
2

- 7x + 3 chia het cho a thc x
2
- x + b.
(a+2b-11)x +3-b(a-2b-4) = 0 vi moi x

'

+
0 4 2 3
0 11 2
) b a ( b
b a

T a+2b - 11 =0 a = 2b + 11
(1)
T 3 - b(a-2b-4) = 0 3 - ab + 2b
2
+ 4b = 0
(2)
. Thay (1) vao (2) ta
c
3 - b( -2b + 11) +2b
2
+4b = 0
hay 4b
2
- 7b + 3 = 0 (b - 1)(4b - 3) = 0 b = 1 hoac
b = 3/4
do vay ta co hai cap so ( a,b) = ( 9 ; 1) ; ( 19/2 ; 3/4)
Bai 7 ) Chng minh rang khong ton tai cac so a, b,c ,m , n ,p sao cho
vi moi x , y , t th
(a x + by + ct )(mx + ny + pt ) = x
2
+ y
2
+ t
2
Giai
Gia s ton tai cac so a,b,c,m,n,p sao cho
x
2
+ y
2
+ t
2
= (a x + by + ct )(mx + ny + pt )
= am x
2
+ bny
2
+ cpt
2
+ (an + mb)xy + (ap
+mc)xt + (bp + nc)yt
am = bn = cp = 1 (1)
va an + bm = ap + cp = bp + nc = 0 (2)
T (1) ta co am = bn
m
n
b
a

(3)
T (2) ta co an = -mb
n
m
b
a

(4) ,
nhan tng ve (3) vi (4) ta c 1 1
2

,
_

b
a
hay
m
n
n
m
b
a
b
a
. ieu nay
vo l v bnh phng cua mot so la so khong am .
Vay khong ton tai cac so a, b,c ,m , n ,p sao cho vi moi x , y , t th
(a x + by + ct )(mx + ny + pt ) = x
2
+ y
2
+ t
2
Bai 8 : Xac nh a , b e a thc a x
4
+ bx
3
+ 1 chia het cho a thc (x -
1)
2
.
Giai : at f(x) = a x
4
+ bx
3
+ 1
Theo he qua nh ly B Zu ta co : f(x) = a x
4
+ bx
3
+ 1 (x - 1)
2
, nen f(x)
= a x
4
+ bx
3
+ 1 (x - 1)
f(1) = a + b + 1 = 0 b = -a -1 thay vao f(x) ta co
f(x) = a x
4
+ bx
3
+ 1 = a x
4
- a x
3
- x
3
+ 1 = a x
3
(x - 1) - (x - 1)(x
2
+ x + 1 ) = (x -
1)(a x
3
- x
2
- x - 1)
at g(x) = a x
3
- x
2
- x - 1 . Ma f(x) (x - 1)
2
nen g(x) (x - 1)
Vay g(1) = a -1 -1 -1 = 0 a = 3 va b = -4
Vay a = 3 , b = - 4 th a thc a x
4
+ bx
3
+ 1 chia het cho a thc (x -
1)
2
Bai 9 : Xac nh a,b,c sao cho a thc 2x
4
+ a x
2
+ bx + c chia het cho x - 2 ,
khi chia cho x
2
- 1 th
d 2x + 5 .
Giai
at f(x) = 2x
4
+ a x
2
+ bx + c , v f(x) (x - 2) nen f(2) = 32 + 4a + 2b +c
= 0
hay 4a + 2b + c = -32
(1)
Theo bai ra f(x) chia cho (x
2
- 1) d 2x + 5 nen ta co f(x) = 2x
4
+ a x
2
+ bx +
c = (x
2
- 1).q(x) + 2x +5
theo nh ly B Zu th f(1) = 2 + a + b + c = 7 a + b + c = 5
(2)
f(-1) = 2 + a - b +c = 3 a - b + c = 1
(3)
Lay (2) - (3) ta c 2b = 4 b = 2 , a + c = 3
(4)
Lay (1) - (4) ta c 3a = -39 a = -13 va c = 16
3
Vay a thc can tm la 2x
4
-13 x
2
+ 2x + 16
Bai 10 ) Tm so d cua phep chia a thc x
1998
+ x
998
+ x
199
+ x
19
+ x + 3
chia cho a thc x
2
- 1
Giai
at f(x) = x
1998
+ x
998
+ x
199
+ x
19
+ x + 3 va ta co x
2
- 1 = (x - 1)(x + 1) la
a thc bac hai nen phep chia f(x) cho a thc x
2
- 1 co d la a thc
bac nhat , a thc d co dang mx + n
Vay f(x) = (x
2
- 1).q(x) + mx + n
Ap dung nh ly B Zu : f(1) = m + n = 8
(1)
; f(-1) = -m +n = 2
(2)
Cong va tr tng ve cua (1) vi (2) ta c m = 3 , n = 5
Vay a thc d cua x
1998
+ x
998
+ x
199
+ x
19
+ x + 3 cho x
2
- 1 la 3x + 5
Bai 11 ) Xac nh a,b e

2 3
2
1 2 2 3
5
) x (
b
x
a
x x
x
+
+

+
Giai
Ve Phai =
2 3
2 2
1 2
2 1
3
2
2
2

+ + +

+
+ +
x x
b a x ) b a ( ax
) x )( x (
) x ( b ) x ( a
Nen a = 1
2a + b = 0 b = -2
a - 2b = 5

2 3
2
1
2
2
1
2 3
5
) x ( x x x
x
+

+
III) S DUNG PHNG PHAP HE SO BAT NH E GIAI
TOAN
Loai phan tch thanh nhan t
Bai 1 : Phan tch a thc sau thanh nhan t : ( a + b + c )
3
- a
3
- b
3
- c
3
Giai
a thc tren sau khi khai trien va thu gon ta c a thc bac 3
oi vi tap hp cac bien , cac bien a ,b ,c co vai tro nh nhau trong a
thc . Neu a = -b hoac a = -c hoac b = -c th a thc co gia tr bang 0 .
V vay khi phan tch a thc tren thanh nhan t th co cha cac tha
so a + b ; b+ c ; c + a
Vay ( a + b + c )
3
- a
3
- b
3
- c
3
= k(a + b) (a + c)(b + c)
Lay a = b = c = 1 th 8k = 24 k = 3
Vay ( a + b + c )
3
- a
3
- b
3
- c
3
= 3(a + b) (a + c)(b + c)
Bai 2 : Phan tch a thc thanh nhan t : a
2
b
2
(b - a) + b
2
c
2
(c - b) - a
2
c
2
(c -
a)
Giai
a thc tren sau khi khai trien va thu gon ta c a thc
bac 5 oi vi tap hp cac bien , cac bien a ,b ,c co vai tro nh nhau
trong a thc . Neu a = b ; b = c ; a = c th a thc co gia tr bang 0.
Nen sau khi phan tch thanh nhan t a thc co cha cac nhan t b
- a ; c - b , c - a
Vay a thc co dang a
2
b
2
(b - a) + b
2
c
2
(c - b) - a
2
c
2
(c - a) = k(b - a)(c - b)
(c - a)(ba + ac + bc)
Lay a =0 , b = 1 , c = -1 th k = 1
Vay a
2
b
2
(b - a) + b
2
c
2
(c - b) - a
2
c
2
(c - a) = (b - a)(c - b)(c - a)(ba + ac + bc)
Bai 3 : Phan tch thanh nhan t x
3
- 3x - 2
Giai
a thc x
3
- 3x - 2 sau khi phan tch thanh nhan t se cha t nhat
mot nhan t la a thc bac nhat , nen . Ma vi x = 2 th x
3
- 3x - 2 = 8
- 6 - 2 = 0 cho nen theo he qua nh ly B Zu sau khi phan tch x
3
- 3x - 2
thanh nhan t co cha nhan t (x - 2)
Vay x
3
- 3x - 2 = (x -2 )(x
2
+mx + n )
Cho x = 1 - (1 + m + n) = -4 hay m + n = 3
Cho x = -1 -3(1 - m + n) = 0 hay - m + n = -1 . T o m = 2 , n = 1
4
Vay x
3
- 3x - 2 = (x -2 )(x
2
+2x + 1 ) = (x - 2)(x + 1)
2
Bai 4 : Phan tch a thc sau thanh nhan t vi he so nguyen
M = x
2
- 5xy + y
2
+ x + 2y - 2
Giai
V M la a thc bac hai oi vi tap hp cac bien x va y nen M ch
co the viet di dang
M = (x + ay + b)(x + my + n) ( a,b,m,n Z )
= x
2
+ (m + a)xy + amy
2
+ (n + b)x + (na + bm)y + bn

'

+
+
+

2
2
1
5
4
bn
mb na
n b
a m
am
t bn = -2 b = -1 va n = 2 hoac b = 2 va n = -1
Neu b = -1 , n = 2 a = -1 , m = -4
Neu b = 2 , n = -1 a = -4 , m = -1
V 2 bo so tren ch cho ta mot ket qua nen M = (x - y - 1)(x - 4y +
2)
Vay : x
2
- 5xy + y
2
+ x + 2y - 2 = (x - y - 1)(x - 4y + 2)
Bai 5 ) Phan tch thanh nhan t ( x + y)
5
- x
5
- y
5
Giai
a thc tren sau khi khai trien va thu gon ta c a thc
bac 5 oi vi tap hp cac bien , cac bien x ,y, co vai tro nh nhau
trong a thc . at P = ( x + y)
5
- x
5
- y
5

Khi cho x = y = 0 hoac x = -y th a thc co gia tr bang 0 . V vay khi
phan tch P thanh nhan t th P co cha cac nhan t la x , y , x + y ,
ma tch xy(x + y) la a thc bac 3 oi vi tap hp cac bien x,y cho
nen P co dang la kxy(x + y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
cho x = y = 1 th 6k = 30 k = 5
Vay ( x + y)
5
- x
5
- y
5
= 5xy(x + y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
Bai 6 ) Chng minh rang : Khong the phan tch a thc x
3
- x + a thanh
tch cua hai a thc co bac nho hn vi he so nguyen ( a Z va a
khong chia het cho 3 )
Giai
Gia s a thc x
3
- x + a phan tch c thanh tch cua hai a thc
co bac nho hn vi he so nguyen , v x
3
- x + a la a thc bac 3 nen
khi phan tch thanh nhan t se co dang
x
3
- x + a = (x + m)(x
2
+ bx + c ) ( m , b , c Z )
= x
3
+ ( b + m)x
2
+ (c + mb)x + mc

'

+
+
a mc
mb c
m b
1
0
t b + m = 0 m = -b va c +mb = -1 nen c = -mb-1 =
b
2
1
thay vao mc = a ta c b(b
2
- 1) = -a , ma b(b
2
- 1) =b(b-1)(b+1) la
tch cua 3 so nguyen lien tiep
ma ve trai chia het cho 3 nen a M3 . ieu nay la vo ly vi a
khong chia het cho 3
Vay Khong the phan tch a thc x
3
- x + a thanh tch cua hai a
thc cvo bac nho hn vi he so nguyen ( a Z va a khong chia het
cho 3 )
Cach 2 : V x
3
- x + a la a thc bac 3 co he so cao nhat la 1
cho nen khi phan tch thanh nhan t se phai co nhan t co dang x +
m ( m Z) , theo he qua nh ly B Zu khi thay x = - m th
5
m
3
- m + a = 0 a = - m(m - 1)(m + 1) M3 a M3 . ieu nay vo l vi a
khong chia het cho 3
Vay khong the phan tch x
3
- x + a thanh tch cua hai a thc co
bac nho hn vi he so nguyen trong o a khong chia het cho 3
Bai 7 ) Tm so nguyen a sao cho (x - a)(x - 1999 ) + 3 c phan tch thanh
tch cua hai a thc bac nhat vi he so nguyen .
Theo bai ra ta co (x - a)(x - 1999 ) + 3 = (x - m)(x - n) , m ,n Z
Thay x = m th (m - a)(m- 1999 ) + 3 = 0 (m - a)(m - 1999 ) = - 3
m - a = 3 va m - 1999 = -1 a = 1995 , cho nen (x - 1995)(x - 1999 )
+ 3 = ( x - 1998)(x - 1996)
hoac m -a = -1 va m - 1999 = 3 a = 2003 , cho nen (x - 2003)(x - 1999 )
+ 3 = (x - 2000)(x - 2002)
Vay a = 1995 ; 2003
Bai 8 ) Phan tch ( x + y + z )
5
- x
5
- y
5
- z
5
thanh nhan t
Giai
a thc tren sau khi khai trien va thu gon ta c a thc
bac 5 oi vi tap hp cac bien , cac bien x , y , z co vai tro nh nhau
trong a thc . Neu x = - y ; x = - z ; y = - z th a thc tren co ba tr bang
0 do vay a thc chia het cho tch (x + y)(x + z)(y + z) va thng cua
phep chia la a thc bac hai oi vi tap hp cac bien . V vay a
thc tren khi phan tch thanh nhan t co dang la
( x + y + z )
5
- x
5
- y
5
- z
5
= (x + y)(x + z)(y + z)[ M(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + N(xy +
xz + yz)]
cho x = 0 , y = z = 1 thi 2(2M + N ) = 30 2M + N = 15 (1)
x = y = z= 1 thi 8(3M + 3N ) = 240 M + N = 10 (2)
T (1) va (2) M = 5 , N = 5
Vay ( x + y + z )
5
- x
5
- y
5
- z
5
= 5(x + y)(x + z)(y + z)[ (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + (xy
+ xz + yz)]
Bai 9 ) Phan tich a thc (b - c)(b + c)
4
+ (c - a)(c + a)
4
+ (a - b)(a + b)
4

thanh nhan t
Li giai s lc
Trnh bay tng t nh tren ta co
(b - c)(b + c)
4
+ (c - a)(c + a)
4
+ (a - b)(a + b)
4
= (b - c)(a - b)(c - a)[M(a
2
+ b
2
+
c
2
) + N(ab + bc + ca)]
cho a = 0 , b = 2 , c = 1 5M + 2N = -25
a = -1 , b = 2 , c = 1 6M - N = -13
M = -3 , N = - 5
Vay (b - c)(b + c)
4
+ (c - a)(c + a)
4
+ (a - b)(a + b)
4
= - (b - c)(a - b)(c - a)[3 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 5(ab
+ bc + ca)]
Loai rut gon bieu thc
Bai 1 ) Rut gon bieu thc sau vi a, b,c oi mot khac nhau

(x + b)(x + c)
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) a b a c
x c x a
b c b a
x a x b
c a c b
+
+ +

+
+ +

Giai
Bieu thc tren sau khi rut gon la a thc bac hai oi vi bien x . Do
vay sau khi bien oi co dang
mx
2
+ nx + p
cho x = -a ta c ma
2
- na + p = 1
(1)
x = -b ta c mb
2
- nb + p = 1
(2)
x = -c ta c mc
2
- nc + p = 1
(3)
Lay (1) - (2) m(a + b) - n = 0
(4)
va a b
(1) -(3) m(a + c) - n = 0
(5)
va a c

(4) - (5) m( b - c) = 0 m = 0 va b c
T o n = 0 , p = 1
6
Vay
(x + b)(x + c)
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) a b a c
x c x a
b c b a
x a x b
c a c b
+
+ +

+
+ +

= 1
Bai 2 ) Rut gon bieu thc sau vi a, b,c oi mot khac nhau
a
x a a b a c
b
x b b c b a
c
x c c a c b ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
+

+

Bieu thc sau khi bien oi co dang

1
(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)
a x b x c
a b a c
b x a x c
b a b c
c x a x b
c a c b
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )


+


+

_
,

Bieu thc trong ngoac sau khi bien oi co dang mx

2
+ nx + p
cho x = a ma
2
+ na + p = a
(1)
x = b mb
2
+ nb + p = b
(2)

x = c mc
2
+ nc + p = c
(3)
Lay (1) - (2) (a - b)[(a + b)m + n ] = a - b (a + b).m + n = 1
(4)
(1) - (3) (a - c )[(a + c).m + n ] = a - c (a +c ).m + n = 1
(5)
(4) - (5) m(b - c) = 0 m = 0 , n = 1 va p = 0
Vay
a
x a a b a c
b
x b b c b a
c
x c c a c b ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
+

+

=
x
x a x b x c ( )( )( )
Bai 3) Rut gon bieu thc vi a , b , c oi mot khac nhau

3 3 3
a b c
a b a c b a b c c b c a ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
+

+

Giai : Bieu thc sau khi quy ong co dang

3 3 3
a b c
b c c a a b
a b c a b c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
+ +


at P = a
3
(b - c) + b
3
(c - a) + c
3
(a - b)
a thc P tren sau khi khai trien va thu gon ta c a thc bac 4
oi vi tap hp cac bien , cac bien a ,b ,c co vai tro nh nhau trong a
thc . Vi c = b ; a = c ; a= b th P = 0 , V vay khi phan tch P thanh nhan
t th a th P cha cac nhan t a - b , c - a , b - c ,
ma tch (a - b)(c - a)(b - c) la a thc bac 3 oi vi tap hp cac bien
a,b,c , nen nhan t con lai la a thc bac nhat oi vi cac bien . V
vay
a thc P = k(a -b)(c - a)(b - c)(a + b +c )
Cho a = 0 , b = 1 , c = 2 k = 1 ; nen P = (a -b)(c - a)(b - c)(a + b +c )
Vay
3 3 3
a b c
a b a c b a b c c b c a ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
+

+

= a + b + c
Bai 5 ) Tm cac ch so x , y ,z e co ang thc

xxx xx yyy y zzz zz ... ... ...

2
ung vi moi n N
Giai
7
at P
n
= 111..11 =
n
10
1
9

T ieu kien cua bai ta co x.111.....11 - y.1111...11 = z

2
.111...11
2

x(P
n
.10
n
+ P
n
) - y.P
n
= z
2
.P
n
2
vi moi P
n
ma 10
n
= 9P
n
+ 1
x[ P
n
.(9P
n
+ 1) + P
n
] - y.P
n
= z
2
. P
2
n

x.9P
2
n
+ 2x.P
n
- y.P
n
= z
2
. P
2
n
x.9P
n
+ 2x - y - z
2
. P
n
= 0 vi moi P
n
(9x - z
2
)P
n
+ (2x - y) = 0
vi moi P
n
9x - z
2
= 0 9x = z
2
x la so chnh phng
2x - y = 0 y = 2x x < 5
do vay suy ra x = 1 ; 4
Neu x = 1 thi y = 2 va z = 3
Neu x = 4 thi y = 8 va x = 6
Bai 6) Cho a thc f(x) = x
2
+a x + b thoa man f(x) 1/2 vi moi x
1
Chng minh : f(x) = x
2
- 1/2
Giai
Cho x = 0 ; 1 ; -1 , ta co b 1/2 (1)
1 + a + b 1/2 (2)
1-a+b 1/2 (3)
T (1) -1/2 b 1/2 1 + b > 1/2 (4)
Thay (4) vao (3) va (2) ta c 1/2 > 1- a + b > 1/2 - a a 0
1/2 > 1 + a + b > 1/2 + a a 0 do
o a = 0
Thay a = 0 vao (2) 1 + b 1/2 1 + b 1/2 (5) vi 1 + b > 0
t (4) va (5) ta co 1 + b = b = -1/2
Vay f(x) = x
2
- 1/2
Bai 7 ) Xac nh a thc bac 3 f(x) = a x
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d thoa man f(x) -
f(x - 1) = x
2
Ap dung : Tnh 1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ .......+ 1998
2

Giai
Ta co f(x - 1) = a(x - 1)
3
+ b(x - 1)
2
+ c(x - 1) + d
f(x) - f(x - 1) = 3a x
2
+ (2b - 3a)x + a - b + c ma f(x) - f(x - 1) = x
2
Cho nen 3a x
2
+ (2b - 3a)x + a - b + c = x
2
3a = 1 , 2b - 3a = 0 , a + b +
c = 0
a = 1/3 ; b = 1/2 ; c = 1/6
Vay f(x) = 1/3x
3
+ 1/2x
2
+ 1/6 x + d ( d R )
Ap dung : 1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ .......+ 1998
2
= f(1) - f(0) + f(2) - f(1) + f(3) - f(2)
+ .....+ f(1998) - f(1997)
= f(1998) - f(0) = 1/3 .1998
3
+ 1/2 .1998
2

+ 1/6 .1998
= ( 1998 . 1999 . 3997)/6
IV ) MOT SO BAI TAP VAN DUNG
Bai 1 ) Xac nh f(x) biet f(x - 1) = x
3
- 5x
2
+ 7x + 2
Bai 2 ) a - Tm a thc bac 2 f(x) biet f(x) - f(x - 1) = x
b - Tm a thc bac 3 f(x) biet f(x) - f(x - 1) = x(x + 1)
Ap dung tnh tong 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + .....+ 1998 . 1999
Bai 3 ) Tm cac so thc m , n , p , q sao cho
x
4
+ 1 = (x
2
+ px + q)(x
2
+ mx + n )
Bai 4) Xac nh a va b sao cho
a) 6x
4
- 7x
3
+ a x
2
+ 3x + 2 chia het cho x
2
- x + b
b) a x
4
+ bx + 1 chia het cho (x - 1)
2
Bai 5) Gia s n > 3 , xac nh a e cho x
n
- a x
n - 1
+ a x - 1 chia het cho (x -
1 )
2
8
Bai 6) Xac nh a , b , c sao cho f(x) = 2x
4
+ a x
2
+ bx + c chia het cho ( x - 2)
, khi chia cho (x
2
- 1) thi d 3x + 2
Bai 7) Bang phng phap he so bat inh hay phan tch cac a thc
sau thanh nhan t
a) 3x
3
- 5x + 2
b) x
3
- 19x - 30
c) 2x
2
- 21xy - 11y
2
- x + 34y - 3
Bai 8) Khong lam tnh nhan hay viet a thc sau di dang chnh tac
(x - 1)(x - 2)(x + 3) + 5x + 4
Bai 9) Xac nh a , b sao cho x
3
+ a x
2
- 3x + b chia cho x - 2 d 5 , chia cho x +
1 d -4
Bai 10) Biet f(x) = 3x
3
+ 7x
2
- 15x + 3 chia cho x - 1 d 4 , chia cho x + 2 d
5 . Khong lam tnh chia hay xac nh so d trong phep chia cua f(x) cho
tch (x - 1)(x + 2)
Bai 11) Phan tch thanh nhan t
a) a(b
2
- c
2
) + b(c
2
- a
2
) + c(a
2
- b
2
)
b) a
3
(b
2
- c
2
) + b
3
(c
2
- a
2
) + c
3
(a
2
- b
2
)
c) 8x
3
(y + z) - y
3
(z + 2x) - z
3
(2x - y)
d) x
3
(z - y
2
) + y
3
( x - z
2
) + z
3
(y - x
2
) + xyz(xyz - 1)
e) (x + y)
7
- x
7
- y
7
Bai 12)
a) Tim so nguyen a e co (x - a)(x - 1992 ) + 1 = (x + b)(x + c) vi
moi x va b ,c Z
b) Tim k Z sao cho ( x - k)(x - 10) + 5 co the phan tch thanh tch hai
a thc bac nhat vi he so nguyen
Bai 13) Chng minh rang khong ton tai a thc f(x) vi he so nguyen
co the co ong thi cac gia tr
f(7) = 5 va f(15) = 9
Bai 14) Cho a thc f(x) = x
3
+ a x
2
+ bx + c thoa man f(x) 1/4 vi
moi x 1
Chng minh f(x) = x
3
- 3/4x
Bai 15) Tim so t nhien a , b sao cho
2
aaa...aabbb...b (ccc...ccc 1) + ( n chu a ; n
chu b ; n chu c) voi moi n la so t nhien
Bai 16) Rut gon cac bieu thc sau : vi a , b , c oi mot khac nhau
a x b x c
a b a c
b x c x a
b c b a
c x a x b
c a c b
x b x c
a b a c
x c x a
b a b c
x a x b
c a c b
x a a b a c x b b a b c x c c a c b
b c x b x c
a b c
a b c
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )(
+ +

+
+ +

+
+ +



+


+


+
+
+
+
+
+
2 2 2
2 2 2
)
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( ) a b a c
c a x c x a
b a b c
a b x a x b
c a c b
+
+

+
+

Bai 17) Xac nh a , b e
2
3 2
2
3 2 2
5
3 2
2
7 7
8 4
1
1
2
5 1
x
x x
x
x x x
x
a
x
b
x
x
a
x
b
+

+
+
+

+
+
+
( )
( )
( )
9