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FIG. 2. Values of Friction Angle 4' for Natural Clay Compositions

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Precut Specimen

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200

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400

500

600

700

800

900

Effective Normal Stress (kPa)

Relationship between normalized shear stress and effective normal stress for
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Rupturesurfacebetween peak and residual

Rupturesurfaceat residual

Fig. 21. Rupture surfaces predicted by the analyses on 3:1 slopes, 10 m high,
with surface suction 10 kPa and varying Ko

(a)

Note:
Accumulated deviatoric plastic
strains during excavation oP < 5%.

Note:
Strain-softening starts when
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t = 9yr

Rupture Surface

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oP = 5%

a 9 years After Excavation

t = 14.5yr
Rupture Surface

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oP = 20%

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Peak

Between

Residual

Scale

25m

b 14.5 years After Excavation - Just Before Collapse

Typical Analysis (S3): 3:1 slope, 10 m high, Ko = 1.5, Surface Suction 10 kPa. Contours of
Accumulated Deviatoric Plastic Strain, oP

Figure by MIT OCW.

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400

300

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600

700

800

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900

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Residual

IX

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S
4
Displacement: mm

Rethsdul
strength

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Fg. 5S. Typical shear stress-displacement curves and strength envelope for direct drained shear tests on Lower
Oxford Clay specimens sheared parallel to the bedding

Homogeneous
Stratified and
Along scarp
/or fissured
At residual
Reactivated slide
40
's

30
20

'r

10

Secant Friction Angle, degrees

n' = 50 kPa

0
40
30

's

n' = 100 kPa

20
'r

10
0
40
30

's

20

'r

10
0

150 n' = 400 kPa

50

100

150

200

250

Plasticity Index, Ip, %

Mobilized friction angles back-calculated from reactivated and

first-time slope failures compared to the range from empirical information.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from:

Tc

4, / 9, /. 3 2
Pct
- .-

-.

F..

....'.F
~~~~~~~~~~~~~r
I
-- % - --

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STRENGTHTESTSON MIXTURES.
TABLEII. RESULTSOFRESIDUAL

ZIU

&

Mineral
Content
m dry wt.

ResidualState
k1.0kg/cms
'

I,gtn ..
w

Miture

a t
.1}CY

I tt"4
344ep

MONTMORILLONITE
A. MIXTURESCONTAINING
Montmorillonite- Na
andQuartz

Moatmorillonite- Na
and Quartz

30

Montmorillonite- Na
and AmorphousSiO.
Bentoniteand Quartz

30
0

.4
Bentoniteand
AmorphousSiO

50/50
25/75
10/90
6/95
50/50
25/76
10/90
50/50
25/75
75/25
50/50
26/76
15/85
91/9
82/18
68/32
47/53
26/7
10/90

25
10
5
60
2S
10
50
25
44
62
81
89
32
39
49
65
S81
92

75
90
95
50
75
90
50
75
56
38
19
11
68
61
51
35
19
8

200
96
44
39
72
51
34
150
87
61
52
42
82
70
A6
68
60
47
51

92
s0
60
54
84
69
64
90
78
84
75
63
53
89
84
81
76
66
61

l ~/cppcnsdid4w
44a*

0.09
0.11
0.42
0.01
0.24
0.36
0.56
0.21
0.24
0.12
0.26
0.40
0.64
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.18
0.27
0.49

n17-

B. MIXTURESCONTAININGKAOLINITEAND GRUNDITE
Kaoliniteand Quart

Kaoliniteand
AmorphousSi
Grundite- Na
and Quatz

*1
0
0

Grundite- Na
andQuartz

75/25
50/50
25/75
75/25
50/50
75/25
50/5
25/75
75/25
50/50
25/75

25 ' 75
50
50
25
75
25
75
50 50
25
75
0
50
76
25
25
75
50
50
75
25

C. MIXTURESCONTAININGHYDROUSMICA
IydrousmicaI -N
0 75/2
48 52
and Quaurt

IHydrous
mica I - Na
and Quatz

mia I - K
Hydrous

and Quart
Hydrousmica I - K
and Quartz
Hydrousiica It- Na
Hydrousmica II - Na
Hydrous micaI

- Ns

Hydrousmica III - Na
---

30

0
30
0
30

0
30

50/50
76/25
50/50

65
48
66

50/50
75/25
50/50
75/25
50/50
75/25
ao/so
7/

6s
48
6
33
65
33
55
33

35
52
35
52
35
52
35
67
45
67
45
67

75/25
50/50

33
65

67
45

75/25

48

65/5 45

40
30
23
44
31
67
49
36
63
40
36

88
73
54
89
74
91
79
62
91
77
62

0.32
0.49
0.65
0.32
0.41
0.25

30
31
32
33
30
30
41
35
31
22
41
27
54
40
52
46

74
65
75
66
74
65
78
67
80
66
83
67
85
74
85
76

0.35
0.44
0.38
0.46
0.41
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.32
0.46
0.45
0.47
0.44
0.48
0.44
0.50

0.40

0.62
0.22
0.40
0.62

Conentto

ID-

minen

I---

00

/o,,-,e/

80

(0)

08

i 06

A KooliniteI
I Grundtem

02 , Montmorillc
mixtures
Symbols-s

n O

I-

O
o|6P

UonTenT Ofr

Fig. 4.

-(C)

20
mcoi

ilnruld

U
urw

ulr.
W

ur.N

Relative residual strength

DRAINED RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF COHESIVES SOILS

Vaughan et al. (1978) n' = 130 - 180 kPa

Bucher (1975) n' = 72.5 - 269.5 kPa
Kanji (1974) n' = 147 kPa
Seycek (1978) n' = 300 kPa

'
Residual Friction Angle, R

40o

30o

Fleischer (1972)
Voight (1973)

20o

10o

0o

20

40

60

80

100

Plasticity Index Ip %
Residual Strength : Correlations with Plasticity Index

40o

30o
'
res

20o

10o
0o

10

20

30

40

50

P.I. %

Figure by MIT OCW.

60

70

80

Soil Number
(Table 1)
3
9
11
12

19
28
32
Increasing
liquid limit

Drained Residual Shear

Stress (kPa)

400

200

0
0

200

400

600

LL
35

Ag
0.39

52

0.51

62
68
98
184
288

0.44
0.86
0.90
1.54
2.77

800

1000

Effective Normal Stress (kPa)

Effect of Clay Mineralogy on Drained Residual Failure Envelopes

22

(r' )50 / ('r)700

20
CF < 45%

18
16
14

25% < CF < 45%

12

CF < 20%

10
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Liquid Limit (%)

Reduction in Secant Residual Friction Angle from Effective Normal Stresses
of 50 kPa to 700 kPa

Effective
normal stress
(kPa)
100
400
700
100
400
700
100
400
700

Secant Residual Friction Angle

(Degrees)

32
28
24
20

} CF < 20%

Clay size
fraction
(%)
< 20

25 < CF < 45
< 50

16
12

} 25% < CF < 45%

}CF < 50%

4
0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

Liquid Limit (%)

Relationship between Drained Residual Friction Angle
and Liquid Limit

Figures by MIT OCW.

Adapted from:

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cCL 4/,Gq

,:
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67,

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