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Dry Symbol 36o 25o 8-15o

Submerged Symbol 37o

Treatment Chemical cleaning Chemical cleaning, then put in 110oC oven for 15 min. Contaminated with oil

8 Friction Force, T, kg

16o

24o

Horn-type cleaning

6 36o 4 25o

Submerged

27o

16o

Dry 9o (8o)

2 (15o) 0 2 4 (12o) 6 8 10 Normal Force, N, kg 12 14

16

Note: Dashed curves are from Horn and Deere (1962)

Figure by MIT OCW.

Results of Atmospheric Friction Tests on Smooth Quartz Surface

Dry Symbol 25o 31o 27o

Submerged Symbol

Treatment Chemical Cleaning

Submerged

35o

30o 21o

Repeated Chemical Cleanings Acid Etch

31o 27o

28o Dry

8 Friction Force, T, kg

21o

0 0

10

12

14

16

Note: Dashed curves are from Horn and Deere (1962) Geot. 12(4), 319-335

Normal Force, N, kg

Results of Atmospheric Friction Tests on Rough Quartz Surfaces

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted