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    2001 - Soil Behaviour - MIT

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    261 views355 pages

    2001 - Soil Behaviour - MIT

    Uploaded by

    Torpir
    2001 - Soil Behaviour - MIT

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    Suction Principal Direct/ Range: kPa Equilibrium


    Value# Usage Indirect Time

    Vacuum Desiccator Total Lab. Indirect 103-106 Months


    Psychrometer Total Field Indirect 300-7000 Months
    Filter Paper Total Field Indirect 1000-30000 Weeks
    Matrix Lab. Indirect 30-30000 1 week
    Porous Block Matrix Field Indirect 30-3000 Weeks
    Thermal Block Matrix Field Indirect 0-175 Days
    Suction Plate Matrix Lab. Direct 0-90 Hours
    Tensiometer Matrix Field Direct 0-90 Hours
    Pressure Plate Matrix Lab. Direct 0-5000 Hours
    Osmotic Tensiometer Matrix Field Direct 0-1500 Days

    # As defined by Aitchison and Richards (1965).

    High Air Pressure u


    b a

    Soil Sample
    S = - uw O Ring Seal uw
    1 Bar Pressure
    (Air Entry) Transducer
    Ceramic Flushing
    Negative 15 Bar
    Pressure (Air Entry) Ceramic Air Trap
    Pump
    Water Reservoir
    Water Reservoir
    Tensiometer-Suction Plate
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    Direct Measurement of Soil Suction: a) Tensiometer; b) Pressure Plate Apparatus

    Entran Ltd EPX series Scale of mm


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    Steel Sheath

    15 Bar Electrical
    The New Instrument
    Ceramic connection

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    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    Adapted from

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    Three Filter
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    Contact and noncontact filter paper methods for measuring matric and total
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    pF
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    100000 6

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    Calibration line
    Suction (kPa)

    1000 4 Saturated salt solutions


    Pressure membrane
    100 3
    Pressure plate
    10 2 Height above water table
    data points
    1 1
    0.1 0
    0 50 100 150 200
    Water Content of Filter Paper, wf (%)

    A typical calibration curve showing measured filter paper water contents for
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    Figure by MIT OCW.

    1000000 10000

    Log suction (kPa) = 5.327 - 0.0779 wf


    100000 1000

    Log suction (kPa) = 5.056 - 0.0688 wf 100


    10000
    Suction (atmospheres)
    Suction (kPa)

    1000 10
    Log suction (kPa) =
    100 2.412 - 0.0135 wf 1.0

    10 0.1
    Log suction (kPa) = 1.882 - 0.0102 wf

    1.0 0.01

    0.1 0.001
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    Filter Paper Water Content, wf (%)

    Whatman no. 42 (Fawcett and Collis-George, 1967)


    Schleicher and Schuell no. 589 (McQueen and Miller, 1968)

    Calibration Curves for Two Types of Filter Paper

    Figure by MIT OCW.


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    Primary Valence

    Figure by MIT OCW.


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    Symbol φµ Symbol φµ

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    8-15o Contaminated with oil
    Friction Force, T, kg 8 16o 24o Horn-type cleaning

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    (12o)
    (15o)
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    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
    Normal Force, N, kg Figure by
    Note:
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    Results of Atmospheric Friction Tests on Smooth Quartz Surface

    Dry Submerged
    Treatment
    Symbol φµ Symbol φµ
    Submerged
    25o Chemical Cleaning 35o
    Repeated Chemical
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    31o 28o

    8 Dry
    27o
    Friction Force, T, kg

    6
    21o

    0
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
    Normal Force, N, kg
    Note:
    Dashed curves are from Horn and Deere (1962)
    Geot. 12(4), 319-335 Figure by
    Results of Atmospheric Friction Tests on Rough Quartz Surfaces MIT OCW.

    Adapted
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    a
    λ
    eo 1 VCL

    Void Ratio, e
    B
    R: Current overconsolidated
    A stress state
    V: Stress state for "Virgin normally
    consolidated clay"
    Critical I: Image point
    state cone

    x s
    Boundary surface, f ~
    σB' σA' s
    Rc
    ~
    I
    V
    b λ R b)
    (2a', 2a' ~
    Rx
    R

    eo 1 VCL c c
    I) O'
    b+~
    (β~= ~
    B o
    B' σ' O
    2a'o
    Void Ratio, e

    A 2a'
    ∆P
    C Current load x'
    surface, fo

    Yield, Failure, and Load Surfaces used in MIT-E3 Model


    σB' σA' σC'
    Adapted from

    loge (mean effective stress, σ')


    Conceptual Model of Unload-Reload Used by MIT-E3 for
    Hydrostatic Compression:
    (a) Perfect Hysteresis; and (b) Hysteresis and Bounding Surface
    Plasticity.

    Measured Data: Ladd et al. (1971) O'Neill (1985)

    OCR: 1.0 2.0 4.0 4.0


    Compression/Extension C E C E C E C E
    Symbol

    MIT-E3 Predictions

    o
    .5
    0.4 = 42
    φ'

    0.2
    (σv' -σh' )/2σp'

    0.0

    -0.2
    φ'
    =3
    7.5 o
    -0.4
    0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4
    (σv' +σh' )/2σp'

    0.4
    1.0

    0.2 2.0
    4.0

    1.0
    Adapted from

    0.0
    4.0 2.0

    -0.2

    -0.4
    0.01 0.1 1 10
    Axial Strain, Iεa I (%)

    Evaluation of MIT-E3 Predictions of Undrained Plane Strain Shear Tests on


    Ko-Consolidated BBC

    Figures by MIT OCW.


    r. _ L ./.
    (. ZlZsIZ6
    . ft.
    f..JbZ
    I
    I
    '^Jt A AD~J AC
    .V,.L'.O f VWWvW-
    I'I

    h/Idkh (/9?3) Au , 43(), 28-31'

    Table 1. Average index properties of tree clays

    Property Boston blue Empire London


    clay day clay
    WL:% 42 76 75
    we: % 21 26 28
    Ip: % 21 50 47
    IL: % 95 36 5
    zzz
    4tq
    _ _ _,

    Table 2. Input parameter for the MIT-E3 model

    Test type Parameter/ Physical contribution/ Boston Empire London


    symbol meaning blue clay day clay
    One-dimensional eo Void ratio at reference stress on 1-12 1 26 1-21
    consolidation virgin consolidation line
    (oedometer
    CRS, etc.) A Compressibility of virgin normally 0,184 0274 0-172
    consolidated clay
    C Non-linear volumetric swelling 220 24.0 650
    behaviour
    n 1'60 1-75 1.50
    h Irrecoverable plastic strain 0'2 02 0.1
    KO-oedometer KONc KO for virgin normally consolidated 048 062 0.62
    or clay
    KO-triaxial
    2G/K Ratio of elastic shear to bulk 105 086 0.99
    modulus (Poisson's ratio for initial
    unload)
    Undrained Tc Critical state friction angles in 33.4' 23-6 ° 22.50
    triaxial triaxial compression and
    shear tests: r extension parge strain failure 459°t 21-60 22.50
    degrees criterion)
    OCR - 1; CKoUC
    OCR = 1; CKo UE c Undrained shear strength (geometry 086 075 0.80
    OCR - 2; CKOUC of bounding surface

    s, Amount of post-peak strain 4-5 3.0 3.9


    softening in undrained triaxial
    compression
    (O Non-lincarity at small strains in 007 020 0.20
    undrained shear
    Y Shear induced pore pressure for OC 05 0'5 0.5
    clay
    Resonant column* ao Small strain compressibility at load 0001 0.0035 0001
    reversal
    Drained triaxial %P
    o Rate of evolution of anisotropy 1000 100.0 100.0
    (rotation of bounding surface)
    * Alternatively use field data from cross-hole shear wave velocity type tests.
    t Recent data (Germaine, 1989) suggest q, m 40°.

    E2
    .

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    Vet IT I(kg/cmi)

    " Fro*r,M/ A&rArtc/ Sku AP


    Zn
    CoJod/aloloh
    TfIrtio/ A4ppcrQAlus A/# -,o Copnsf
    /-o Of
    4117djuried Sal Clqy
    Adapted from:

    LOAD CELL

    160 St. Hilaire Clay


    Hil - 2
    Hil - 1 Slope = KoNC
    Hil - 3 Slope = Kop =0.55
    120

    σp' = 129kPa
    ' = 83kPa
    σvo
    σh' , kPa

    80

    40
    . Figures by MIT OCW.
    Slope = dσh' /σv' = Kr

    0
    0 40 80 120 160 200 240
    σv' , kPa
    Specimens HIL-1 and HIL-2 subjected to laterally constrained (LC) compression
    from σs' , and specimen HIL-3 subjected to LC compression after consolidation
    under equal all around pressure to point a.
    I CC 3/f/A
    _ _ /,322 I I-a~a I _
    3/_ ·
    _I

    /
    3/s/9- 217
    2,4 Iorm11y rold/,?l ko
    I) Jody (144) F,>wpcbl Corrc/lobo: Z/-S, OX

    \1 / o/-sn)
    > ¢R
    . . Ko 0,66
    30 0,50
    -- __ __ ~40 0, 3

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    Ivo"E.
    000 I
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    Aroft O's,
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    o

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    = 0 .4s-0,7
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    SClns
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    2,; \9varcon/oc//cd Ao

    I) Gero/ rtnd-s : Clays -U,9D/G

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    IF9#/I, / aCK v,;OcR
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    Reeoldec C/*4

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    1,0
    /10K ' dcrqsu u x /ncr. p
    _ Xr-1/4l
    F 7
    A 52 (pv) kyo So4
    ..5
    / 27 °0,4 t0,05os
    I I I I I
    I 2 4 8
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    CcL 2lq /.32 I 3Z ,j3o4
    Aq4~

    %U
    i (-:

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    £Ce¢/'ot,' /,,? 7tMelr'

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    S0/AS OF VATV'1/G
    A&' L/nQdd
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    A44571C/rY
    I -
    ,e"-j '-- A I
    Symbol Reference Remolded Undisturbed Reference
    AI Hussaini &
    0.7 Brooker & Ireland (1965)
    Townsend (1975)
    R. Ladd (1965)
    Ko= (1-sin φ') Sherif et al. (1974) Bishop (1958)
    0.6 +_ 0.05
    Simons (1958)
    Campanella & Vaid (1972)
    0.5 Compiled by Wroth (1972)
    Ko
    Geot. Eng. Inc. (1976)
    0.4 Abdelhamid & Krizek (1976)

    0.3
    _ 0.05
    +
    20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
    0.8 _ 0.05
    Ko = (1 -sin φ') +
    Friction Angle, φ' (Degrees)

    Relationship between Ko and Friction Angle for Normally Consolidated Sands. 0.6 a
    Ko

    3.0 0.4
    Subangular to subrounded sand
    D50 = 0.125 mm Cu = 1.5 (m = 0.6) 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
    ' = 11.3 kg/cm2
    Data for σvm
    2.5 Friction Angle, φ' (Degrees)
    Dr = 100%
    Ko(OC) Ko(NC) = 0.43
    = (OCR)m
    Ko(OC) / Ko (NC)

    Ko(NC)
    2.0 (m = 0.4) 0.8
    Dr = 25%
    Ko(NC) = 0.55 0.6
    1.5 Ko
    b
    0.4 Ave. for Sands from top
    m≅n figure of previous page
    1.0
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    Plasticity Index, PI (%)
    ' / σv'
    OCR = σvm
    Effect of Overconsolidation Ratio on Ko of Reid-Bedford Sand. Ko of Normally Consolidated Clays vs. Friction Angle (a) and Plasticity Index (b).

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:

    Remolded Undisturbed Reference

    Brooker & Ireland (1965)


    R. Ladd (1965)
    Bishop (1958)
    Simons (1958)
    1.6 Campanella & Vaid (1972)
    Compiled by Wroth (1972)
    1.4 Geot. Eng. Inc. (1976)
    Unloading 0.8 Abdelhamid & Krizek (1976)
    1.2
    Note: m for OCR < 10
    Ko
    1.0
    0.6
    ?
    0.8 m 0.4

    0.6 Reloading
    from OCR = 10 0.2
    m≅n Ko(OC)/Ko(NC) = OCRm
    0.4
    1 2 4 6 8 10 20 0
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120
    ' / σvc
    OCR = σvm '
    Plasticity Index, PI (%)
    Ko vs. OCR for Haney Sensitive Clay During Unloading and
    Reloading. Coefficient m Relating Ko and OCR vs. Plasticity Index.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Figure by MIT OCW.
    Adapted from:
    Adapted from:
    Clays from the literature
    Soft clays from this study (Table 1)
    0.8
    The Jaky Equation
    Kop = 1 - sinφ '
    0.7
    7
    φ' NC
    0.6 2 5
    6 8 Mexico City Clay
    Kop 1 4a
    0.5 3b Diaz-Rodriguez
    4b 9 3a et al. (1992)
    0.4

    0.3 a

    0.2
    16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
    Kop = φ', degrees
    Ko(NC)

    0.8
    The Jaky Equation Loose Sands
    '
    Kop = 1 - sinφcv
    0.7
    The Terzaghi (1920)
    0.6 Data point
    Kop
    0.5 0.5 +
    - 0.1

    0.4

    0.3 b

    0.2
    20 24 28 32 36 40 44
    ' , degrees
    φcv

    ' . Vertical lines


    (a) Data on Kop of clays. (b) Data on Kop of loose sands for which φ' = φcv
    indicate values of φ'cv for granular soils assembled by Stroud (1988). Open symbols indicate Kop
    determined during increase in σv' ; closed symbols indicate Kop determined during decrease in
    σv' at σh' /σv' = 1.

    200
    1.7
    St. Alban Clay
    1.6
    160

    1.5
    120
    1.4
    σh' , kPa

    e
    33 days {
    80 σp' = 80 kPa 1.3
    ' = 33 kPa
    σvo
    1.2
    40
    1.1
    σs'
    0 1.0
    0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
    σv' , kPa
    Laterally constrained secondary compression and associated increase
    in σh' in triaxial cell.

    Figures by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    CC1 3141,q9
    -Gi /IR - -
    / ?,pp T In
    /
    4,
    5091 Jl 1.~ 2/97

    2) ,4yr. k/hwy, ( $,,/oo,


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    C/ys (ns82): no.ol 8*o,974?J/'(ro o,') =: - ko &C

    ' aSu ( /oT: q0.929-0.sz2 KoC , (r2.,Sz)


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    Test R-BM-AC-1 (Lacerda)
    Test R-BM-AC-2 R-BM-AC-2
    Test KC-3 KC-3
    0.6
    TX: San Francisco Bay Mud

    Ko

    0.55

    Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:


    0.5
    3.5 4 4.5
    LOG-Time (minutes)

    Comparison of Long-Term Ko Test Results


    x 0.001 x

    20

    10 Secondary Compression -10


    Strain Difference

    0 0

    -10 10

    -20
    2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
    LOG Time LOG.Minutes
    Strain Difference εo - εv vs. LOG-Time-Test KC-3

    2.0
    0.7 Saint Alban Clay
    σv' /σp' = 1.13
    1.8
    Void Ratio

    1.6
    0.6
    Ko

    1.4
    10 σ'v, kPa 100

    0.5

    0.04
    εv - εl, %

    0
    0.04

    1.0
    0.5
    u,' kPa

    0.2 1 4 10
    Time, minutes x 104

    Batiscan Clay Broadback Clay


    0.7
    σv' /σp' = 1.12 σv' /σp' = 1.12

    0.6
    Ko

    Atchafalaya Clay
    σv' /σp' = 1.07

    0.5

    0.04
    εv - εl, %

    0
    0.04

    1.0
    0.5
    Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:
    u,' kPa

    2 5 10 20 0.7 2 5 10 0.5 1 2 10
    Time, minutes x 104

    Observed Behavior of Ko during Secondary Compression


    0.8 1.7
    OCR =10
    0.7 1.6
    Panigaglia Clay

    Ko at OCR = 1.0

    Ko at OCR = 10
    0.6 1.5
    OCR =1
    0.5 Soil B 1.4
    OCR =1
    0.3 Soil A (T= 13.0 +- 0.1oC) 1.3

    0.3 1.2
    100 1000 10000 100000
    LOG Time (min)

    Soil A Soil B

    Panigaglia Clay Undisturbed Undisturbed


    WL= 138%, Ip = 78% WL= 56%, Ip = 32%
    WL= 65%, Ip = 40%, CT1/CR = 0.08 +- 0.01
    ' = 50 kPa
    σvc ' = 390 kPa
    σvc

    At OCR = 1 At OCR = 10 Remolded Remolded


    ' = 1000 kPa
    σvc ' = 475 kPa
    σvc WL= 84%, Ip = 30% WL= 56%, Ip = 17%
    T = 19.8 +- 0.5oC T = 21.5 +- 0.5oC ' = 245 kPa
    σvc ' = 390 kPa
    σvc

    TUT MIT
    Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest vs. Time for Undisturbed and Remoulded Clay

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:

    One-Dimensional Stress-Strain
    10 History of Special Ko Test
    Initial loading
    Vertical Strain, εv (%)

    Ip = 54%
    Reloading WL = 74%
    WN = 47%
    20 1 month

    30
    Block Sample

    10 100 1000 10000


    ' (kPa)
    Vertical effective consolidation stress, σvc

    24
    Temperature (oC)

    22

    20

    18

    0.8
    4 cycles after tp = 6 min
    0.6
    Ko

    0.4

    0.2
    0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

    Time (minutes)
    Figure by MIT OCW.
    Ko and Temperature vs. Time for Undisturbed Montalto di Castro Clay
    Adapted from:
    σv'

    ep tp

    e t
    EOP e-log σv'
    e
    -log Kop

    Kop = Ko(NC)
    EOP e-log σh'

    log σ'
    Soil Behavior Assumed in Formulation of ep, void ratio at the end
    of primary consolidation.

    CCL questions:
    0.10 Really high Cα/Cc=0.055
    Clays with
    organic content

    0.08
    ∆Ko/∆logt, Computed = Eq. 7

    6 4a 6
    4b
    0.06
    9 Triaxial Oedometer

    1 B (Table 1) Present Study


    0.04 2 From Literature
    2 2 7
    3a
    3b 3a
    3a 3a 3a
    0.02

    0
    0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
    ∆Ko/∆logt, Measured

    Measured and computed increase in Ko during secondary compression in the NC


    compression range. Numbers refer to clays listed in Table 1.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


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    0.62
    0.72
    0.66
    0.79
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    Injection of water for membrane expansion

    Hydraulic
    engine
    Pressure

    Slim pilot
    gauge

    hole
    Reinforced Rubber Membrane

    Measurement cell Self Boring in stiff soils


    L ~ 26.4 or 52.8 cm

    Dia = 13.2 cm

    L/p = 2 or 4

    A Tool Cutting
    edge Guard

    Cutting Tool Self boring in soft soils


    Drawing of the autoforeure presuremeter (supplied by F. Schlosser).

    SBP Type Pafsor

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    1.0
    (*) Diameter = 8.4 cm
    Rod Weight = 90 N/m
    0.8
    Ground Water Level/Depth

    0.6
    0.4
    0.3

    0.2
    2.5

    1.0
    1.5
    0.6

    cu/σ'vo= 4.0
    d
    0.4 Cutter
    Cutting
    Shoe
    0.2

    0
    0 50 100 150 200 250
    Cutter Setting d (mm)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    {
    ν
    16 kN/m3
    20 kN/m3

    Cutter Setting for Clays, Applicable to


    Camkometer Type MK III*

    Flushing Water

    Slurried water and soil

    Cable and Gas


    Gas Return Line Pressure Tube

    Spring

    Rubber Membrane

    Feeler Pore Pressure Cell

    Fine Thread

    Clamp

    Camkometer

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    a In soft clay at the
    Panigaglia site

    Radial Pressure TP (mv)


    Depth = 7.5m
    Below Sea Bottom
    = 2mv
    TP: 1mv = 7kPa
    ST: 1mv = 0.0189mm

    Radial Displacement ST (mv)


    1

    b In hard clay at the


    M
    AR

    Taranto site

    Depth = 7.9m
    = 5mv
    Radial Pressure TP (mv)

    TP: 1mv = 7.3kPa


    ST: 1mv = 0.0169mm
    3
    A RM
    ST
    ge
    a
    Aver

    EXAMPLE OF LIFT-OFF
    ARM 2

    STRESS

    Radial Displacement ST (mv)

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    100

    Best fit
    80
    Total Pressure TP(mv)

    60 po for Best
    Fit Line po for 45oline

    40

    20

    0
    -400 -200 0
    Effective Pressure EP (mv)
    po Determined from Total vs. Effective Pressure Plot

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    Overconsolidation Ratio
    G.W.L. 10 20 30 40 50
    0 Fine to medium 0
    calcareous silty band }}σp' from Oedometer Tests
    4 occasionally cemented 4
    Depth Below G.L. (m)

    IL Oedometer
    8 Stiff to hard micro-fissured 8

    in
    weathered silty clay (*)

    Rm

    x
    12 12

    ma
    OC

    R
    OC
    16 Hard to very hard 16
    micro-fissured CRS Oedometer
    silty clay (*)
    20 20
    (*) High CaCO3 Content. Ranging from 15% to 30%
    (**) From Instrumented Oedometer Tests:
    K = K . (OCR)α with K = 0.58 and α = 0.47
    RB NC
    o o o

    Total In Situ Horizontal Stress


    0 0.40 0.80 1.20 σho(MPa)
    0
    Rankine
    4 passive state Po = Lift - off pressure
    Po
    } Average of three strain arms
    Range for each strain arms read
    Rang

    8
    individually
    e of

    12
    k om
    NC

    Total In Situ Horizontal Stress


    (OC

    16 _ at the Taranto Site as Measured


    ' .kp + 2c kp+uo
    R)

    σho = σvo During SBP Tests.


    20
    (**)
    ' ko (OCRmin)α + uo
    σho = σvo
    NC

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Adapted from:

    Total horizontal stress and hydrostatic pore pressure


    Uo; σh (kPa)
    0 100 200 300 400 500
    0

    4 Pafsor L/D = 4 σho }


    Pafsor L/D = 2 po = 1.051 + 0.117*

    p
    Camkometer: o = 1.017 + 0.059**
    σho
    8
    Depth Below G.L. (m)

    12 Best estimate
    of σho
    16

    20

    24 Uo
    Ko=0.56
    28
    Ko=0.48
    32

    (*) Tests performed in 1979


    (**)Tests performed in 1982 average of three
    strain arms readings

    Total Horizontal Stress as Obtained from SBPT at the Porto


    Tolle Site.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Adapted from:
    ,4ry -· I·Y ;~a /,?22
    r r·---- I
    /lroduton
    · --- r--- --- · I

    11
    L 3ct's t Q-

    tot
    V-?
    z
    44
    I-

    V3~
    -0
    I=:::

    1ea0
    _ > 3
    19 f ·~~~~~~~~~~f
    K~St
    t~'t O
    F· CJ' ·· illC
    u
    cu~~~~~C
    .- n

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    cno
    to

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    Qt ell

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    -7 04a · o

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    4,4
    VI.

    wc

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    q
    -
    -

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    &-
    1.
    vjr

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    o
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    14

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    V)
    a
    45
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    1W , I I

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    5.

    ;I
    .m ,I
    U.
    3

    2 a
    1.5 Materials Free of
    Cementation, Attraction etc.

    In Situ Ko
    1
    0.8 Ko = (KD/1.5)0.47- 0.5
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 15 20 30
    KD

    50
    40
    30 b .59
    Materials Free of Cementation,
    .64
    20 .58 Attraction etc. In sample unloading.
    .55
    .94
    10 1.19
    2
    OCR = σvm/σv
    _

    .9
    Cohesionless (ID > 2)
    _

    5
    4 Cohesive (ID < 1.2)
    OCR = (0.5 KD )2.56
    3
    .2 to .3 (Denotes ID)
    2

    5.5
    Figure by MIT OCW. 1
    5.2
    .25

    1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 Correlation between
    KD (a) Ko and KD; (b) OCR and KD
    Adapted from:

    Type

    3
    (Ko)0.47
    Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest, Ko

    Ko = - 0.6
    1.5
    2 (? crust)

    .54
    =0
    m
    1
    0.9 m
    0.8 Ko= 0.34KD
    0.7 (? crust)
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4 Holmen sand Holmen silty
    sand

    0.3
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
    Horizontal Stress Index, KD

    Symbol Site Reference Ko

    Halmen 1-sinφ' (φ' in CADC)

    Drammen Stress Cells


    Drammen Ko - oedometer
    Relationship between
    Haga
    horizontal stress
    Haga Field vane index, KD, and coefficient
    Onsay of earth pressure at rest Figure by MIT OCW.

    }
    Holmen at NGI sites.
    Haga Self-boring
    Onsay pressuremeter
    Adapted from:
    Onsay Hydraulic Fracturing
    FACINS NORTH
    LOCATIONsD-9 -: BLADE RIENTATEDEAST-NESTMEMBRANE U 7

    -
    - DATE:i 24 FEBRUARY
    PERFORMED 1987 ,
    /.322 ., BYi DR. CHARLESLADD, MARVINOOSTERIAAN,ALFRED YERS, JEFF GOODIIN,6ARYCLIFFORD;

    CALIBRATIONINFORMATIONt . i
    DELTAA ' .20- BARS DELTA ' .45 BARS · AGE0' .20 BARS GUt DEPTH"I.00 N

    3/8, IAR 1.019 .1 PSI ANALYSISUSESH2 UNIT EIT a . T


    I bAR ' 1.019 K6/CMI2L:i.0 TSF · 14.51 PSI . ANALYS15USES H20 UNIT EIST · 1.000 T/KS
    * ,

    Z TIUST A B ED ID KD UO GAHMA SV PC OCR KO CU. PHI N SOIL TYPE


    (t) (KS) (BAR).. (BAR) (BAR) (BAR) (TINS) (BAR) ' (BAR) IBAR) (DE)' (BARI
    i*l 0tti tit t* 1*44t **f# HH'** *t*tt it4l I*4*i t*f*i*Ht*H

    8.31 5.70 14.00 279. 1.75 9.20 .717 1.800 .500 11.33 22.67 1.47 30.6 674.7 SANDYSILT

    8.92 4.20 8.60 137. 1.22 5.90 .777 1.800 .546 3.02 5.52 1.15 27.7 270.7 SANDYSILT

    9.53 5.10 7.80 75. .52 6.98 .937 1.800 .596 4.19 7.03 1.46 .626 159.2 SILTY CLAY

    10.14' 5.00 10.80 18B.. 1.41 5.97 .897 1.800 .644. 4.50 6.99 1.14 28.3 375.1 SANDYSILT

    10.75 3.70 7.00 97. 1.07 3.79 .957 1.700 .689 1.87 2.71 .95 148,2 SILT

    11.36 4.80 11.80 231. 1.92 4.71 1.017 1.900 .736 6.07 8.24 .96 29.3 414.7 SILTY SAND

    11.97 6.80 15.80 304. 1.65 6.70 1.077 1.950 .792 9.04 11.41 1.20 29.4 644.1 SANDYSILT

    12.58 0.60 20.00 392. 1.63 0.16 1.136 1.950 .849 13.29 15.66 1.36 29.9 902.9 SANDYSILT

    13.19 5.50 7.80 60. .41 4.68 1.196 1.800 .901 3.40 3.77 i.11 .. 574 103.6 SILTY CLAY

    13.80 5.40 7.20 42. .30 4.32 1.256 1.700 .946 3.14 3.32 1.04 .545 68.7 CLAY

    14.41 5.80 7.80 49. .32 4.47 1.316 1.700 .98B 3.46 3.51 1.07 .594 82.4 CLAY

    15.02 5.80 7.50 38. .25 4.25 1.376 1.700 1.030 3.33 3.24 1.03 .590 62.0 CLAY

    15.63 5.80 7.50 38. .26 4.02 1.436 1.700 1.072 3.19 2.98 .99 .565 59.9 CLAY

    16.24., 6.00 7.60 35. '.22 4.00 1.496 1.700 1.114 3.29 2.25 .99 .583 54.0 CLAY

    TESTNO. D-9 (CONTINUED) PAGE

    P ./,os (A-z z
    4) -o.os (S-o.o 8)

    )/-
    _Tp (U-Ppo'-goi) -S 7yITpci4
    p ~(Pot-
    Po/ -0.476
    oce .:( kD) C AUIsr
    J sodi
    -> Coo o.22 (OCR) 8
    c32* . Co . :..'

    CCL 3/8 Co-ARS


    3i g jg9 GUNDRAINED SHEAR $PRECONSOLIDATION X-MODULUS FOR -D CONSOLIDATION () - ARS
    STRENGTH (CU)- BARS PRESSURE (PC) - BARS (LG06ARITHMIC
    SCALE)
    DEPTH 0 .S + 0....1 .... 2... 3.... 4 2- . . 5 ....
    10 20 . . 50....100 200 . .500
    8.00 ---- 4----t------------ . .......--...-- +--t---I --- t----
    -t------ ---
    i

    .+.
    -- -- .+26.2 FT
    8.10 i .I I I I I I I I 26.6 FT
    I
    8.201 1 1 I 1 I I a I I 1 26.9 FT
    P . . I'
    I
    I
    .
    I
    I -
    II 'I I
    .
    I, I
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    8.311 : F I. I a
    I a
    a-
    a'
    a1 1 I - 'I 1 27.3 FT .
    8.40 I I I I a a a I I 27.6 FT
    8.5011 I I I I I I -. I I
    I I 27.9 FT
    ·I I I : :
    I :. I .I I
    I.
    8.6011 I I I I 1 I I I I I I
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    I · I 28.2 FT
    .aI
    a aI~· . I I
    8.7011 1 1 1 I I
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    a
    a
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    a
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    a
    a
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    a-
    a
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    aI
    aI.
    a
    aaI
    a
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    a. I 28.5 FT
    I
    S.8011 I I I I
    ,
    1 a a a I I 28.9 FT
    a a a
    8.9211 i I X. I 29.3 FT
    9.00It - ----- +
    .---- 4- .+__+---+----, t-------
    - --
    t- + ------
    - t----- t 29.5 FT
    I
    9.101 I 1 1 II I I I I 29.9 PT
    9.2011 1' 1 I I II I 30.2 FT'
    9.3011 I
    9.4011
    9.53 :1: 1
    1 I

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    II I

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    :
    :
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    '
    I
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    : 30.5 FT
    30.8 FT
    ' I 31.3 FT
    al
    9.6011 I I I : II II a.II II
    I 31.5FT
    II I : : :
    9.70 1 1 I I1 .I I 31.8FT
    I
    980111
    9.80 N
    9.9011 1:
    1 11: 1.1
    :
    1
    : : I I
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    :
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    -a*-
    a + a*a
    I
    - aa*- - aa*
    I I
    a:
    I
    a:
    I
    a-
    32.2 FT
    : 32.5 FT
    II II III
    1 --
    10.00 ---------- - : I'
    I I I I I I I
    I
    a a a a : a :3
    32.8 FT.
    I a : : : : : : a: :
    10.14 1 ' ' : : II a
    I I I I a a aI( a a i ma I
    33.3 FT
    a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    III
    10.2011 I I II
    1 11 1 IA
    II a I
    I I a aX a a 33.5 FT
    I I I I. I I I
    I I I. I a| aI a.
    10.3011 I I : I I II I I I 33.8 FT
    I I I I
    t ,, t , t , a a tII a ti
    10.40 11 1 1 I I i a I : I a 34.1 FT
    I I I I ' II I I I I
    10.501 : I : : : II : I 34.4 FT
    10.60 N 1 I I I I II
    I
    a
    I
    I I
    I a
    I II
    34.8 FT
    10.7011 . I : II I I I v I 35.1 FT
    a a1 I I I I I I I' I
    10.751 :
    1 I I I II a I rI aI I* aI aI a 35.3 FT
    10.9011 I I , ' II I
    I
    I
    a
    a a a a a * . a a I FT
    a a a a a : : :.35.8
    11.00 N ----------- l-w +_ _ _------ - -t a a~
    II
    ~aa_ ~ ~aa ~ ~
    I
    ~ :I
    ~~~~~
    a .
    :I a:I :I 36.1 FT
    11.10 1 1 I ' 1 II I
    I I I I ,,,I I I IA 36.4 FT
    11.20 11 I 1 I I
    II
    a I I
    I
    I
    a t a t t a a X36.7 FT
    I · a : I :I :I :I :I :I : X:
    11.301 I i I I 1I I I
    I I II Ii 37.1 FT
    11.36K 1 , 1 I1 II I I
    I 37.3 FT
    II I I
    11.50 : . : 1 I I I I I I 37.7 FT
    II II a
    11.60 N Ia 'I
    I
    I

    1..
    I I I I I I I I 11 38.1 FT

    .
    aI

    ,11.97
    I I
    11.70 1 I 1 II II II I 38.4 FT
    I I , I, I I
    11.80 N 11 1 I I a I I I I I lr 38.7FT
    I I I I I I
    11.9011 . I : I I 39.0 FT
    4- -- -i ---- I----
    39.3FT
    12.10 1 I I 1 I II I I aI I I I I I I I I 39.7FT
    12.20 1 1 1: 1 1 II I
    I
    I
    a
    I I I I
    I I I 40.0 FT
    II I I II . I I a I
    12.30 N 1 1 1 : a I I a I i1I iI .1
    I 40.4FT
    I . a
    6I I
    I I I I
    12.4011 1 . 1 II a X' 40.7FT
    I `
    12.50 I 1 I : I i II II I I I I aII I I II 41.0 FT
    IaI
    12.5911 : ] : : a a I I I I
    aa aI aa I 41.3FT
    A
    12.701 1 11 1 aI a I I
    I
    I
    Ia I I I I I X
    II aI. aI :
    a
    :
    a
    :
    a 41.7FT :
    .
    12.80 I 1 1 I 1 I
    I
    ,
    I aI a a aI
    I I
    .I
    I 42.0 FT
    25-..30...35..40.
    .45 0...1...2....3....4 2- . 5 ....10. .20 ..50... 100 200 ..500+
    F[FRICTION ANGLE #-VERTICALEFFECTIVE
    (PHI)- E6 STRESS SVI - BARS

    TEST NO. -9 (CONTINUED) PA6E 3


    /.322
    CCL 3/97 3s
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    Standard drilling rod

    Jetting tip height adjustment SBPT DATA IN


    & flow barrier BBC from CAIT
    Special test program

    Slurry Discharge
    Discharge fort

    Perforated pipe

    Clamp

    Chinese Lantern L = 25.5"


    Rubber membrane (L/D = 6) L= 19.4"
    U
    5.0" Membrane + Chinese
    µ Lantern D = 3.26"
    M
    5.0"
    Slurry
    25.7" L 18.0"
    Return

    16.0' Clamp

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    ID = 0.5"
    OD = 0.8" 0.50 + 0.25"

    Iner.distance with depth

    Sketch of the Jetting pressure meter (Adapted from Hughes, Jefferies


    and Morris, 1984)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    ,,

    1
    CCL
    el!Sq, 2/28/93 322 C/prsrip &4n
    B/. C/y .~c
    I
    CENTRAL ARTERY (I-93)/THIRD HARBOR TUNNEL (-90)
    SELF-BORING PRESSUREMETER TESTING
    I TOTAL HORIZONTAL STRESS

    {n
    ,11 _
    BoreholeSB2-PMTCh4x'T',¢r er/id /r; 3/(/c$ n t,)
    I

    ,ooo Arms 1
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    I -I I I I r I
    0 4000 8000 12000 16000 xuuuu
    cE,

    I Total Horizontal Stress (psf)


    "(orotcd'
    I Figure 6: ,Total Horizontal Stresses from Self-Boring Pressuremeter Tests
    (Fron VH f nal Rlpon' ~ttt, i6/1)
    I
    22 22Sr5TP-2
    I

    ect 8/q/ 12/132 /322 Ch/rr S5rp OOS76O&C Uev


    I
    CENTRAL ARTERY (I-93)/THIRD HARBOR TUNNEL (I-90)
    SELF-BORING PRESSUREMETER TESTING
    I COEFFICIENT OF EARTH PRESSURE AT-REST

    Borehole SB2-PMT C4AKM R6 (jih/lcl ,n; 33 Q¢/,Tc$I


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    -20- -r I I I I i i I I iI i I I I I I I I I I I I I
    0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
    I Coefficient of Earth Pressure At-Rest. (Ko)

    I
    Figure 7: Coefficents of Earth Pressure At-Rest

    I
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    S.ad

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    _
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    I
    logT- /0
    TABLEV SF 85 (6
    Preconsolidation Pressure Mechanisms (For Horizontal Deposits with eostatic Stresses)
    Stress In situ
    Category Description History Stress Remarks / References
    Profile Condition

    A) Mechanical 1) Changes in total vertical Uniform K o, but value Most obvious and easiest
    One Dimensional stress (overburden, with at given OCR to identify
    glaciers, etc.) constant varies for
    2) Changes in pore pressure ( axe rload vs.
    (water table, seepage with
    D= conditions, etc.) seepage)
    0.92
    = =
    B) Desiccation 1) Drying due to evaporation Often Can deviate Drying crusts found at
    ...
    OOO
    vegetation, etc. highly from Ko, e.g. surface of mostland depo-
    ==<--
    ooo
    ~o erratic isotropic sitsi can be'at depth
    2) Drying
    to freeing
    due capillary within deltaic deposits
    stresses
    C) Drained Creep 1) Long term Uniform Ko, but not Leonards and Altschaeffl
    ;. . (Aging) secondary compression with necessarily (1964); Bjerrum (1967)
    constant normally
    a
    a / Ovo consolidated
    value
    Vru Z1r
    D) Physico-Chemi 1) Natural cementation due Poorly understood and
    cal to carbonates, silica, often difficult to prove.
    etc. Not No Very pronounced in eastern
    2) Other causes of bonding Uniform Information (1972), ayBi, errgum
    greyCanad (1973San-
    due to ion exchange,
    thixotropy, "weathering"Quigley (1980)
    etc.

    43 ",chonical" aa-= .- A
    Consnf
    a) C/ ···/~~~~~~~--
    _
    I) Oeriurden
    2) rior s/ica kfu
    3) Gcia~ioi
    4) WoMc -EZ ( Qod/$,/9789,d)

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    --

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    IS~d~i

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    14 5/rscQ/on(Sryenisc#r )
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    2) /Frost

    0 t0 C- A
    K&t 5M
    Jo- sCvdu
    Koor t

    ". .. I -,s ,
    .W
    f(~en '- .-
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    0-.-
    T
    r ObservTc dt/Acu; f/oodIp/47,

    TTdad knd O /a dce/oo, (h,D/cr)


    6/ UIL.
    . P,,.wvnr .7

    Se y (/m4) p54
    0/(vz
    200
    Movement of a point 40
    located today at sea level

    Present-day Elevation (feet)


    29ft. 18ft. 2.3ft. 1.7 ft.
    27 ft.min. 0
    23 ft.min.
    5 ft.min. 55 ft.min. -40
    ? 95 ft.min. Sea-level curve -200

    meters
    ? ca. 30ft. from Fig1 -80

    -120 -400

    -160
    -600
    16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0
    Time, Years before Present
    Boston, Sea-level and Post-Glacial Crustal Movements

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    80o 75o 70o 65o 60o 55o 50o

    10,850 Y - 215
    10,630 Y - 216
    10,700 L - 604 A
    11,950
    50o
    10,550 L - 604 B
    50o 10,200 L - 604 D St. Lawrence River GSC-75
    Canada
    12,940
    GSC-B9

    9,570 Bersimis Gulf of


    5-100 St. Lawrence
    9,450 Champlain
    I(GSC)-3 10,870 Sea 12,720 12,410
    GCS-90 Quebec GSC-102 GSC-101
    North 13,325 45o
    45o Lake
    Bay Nicolet I(GSC)-7
    Huron Drummondville
    Ottawa
    11,370 11,950
    11,950 Y-233 W-947
    I(GSC)-29 Lake Ontario 10,600
    11,570 LEGEND
    Y-691 L-604C 12,100
    12,080 L-678
    W-883 14,240 ?
    Lake Erie 14,250 &13,800 Shell
    Li Y-950/51 Boston
    W-735 L-598A ? Gyttja
    13,280
    mi

    o f ic Peat
    40o
    t

    e Y-502
    40o Atlantic Ocean Wood
    U.S.A Advance
    12,100 date, yrs. B.P.
    L-678

    80o 75o 70o 65o 60o 55o

    Extent of the "classical" Wisconsin glaciation of North America

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    5o 0o 5o 10o 15o 20o 25o

    Finland
    60o 60o
    Oslo
    Norway

    Sweden

    Scotland Skagerak

    Denmark 55o
    55o
    Baltic Sea
    North Sea

    Poland

    England nce
    Germany dva
    Li m i t of i c e a 25o

    50o
    50o

    5o 0o 5o 10o 15o 20o

    Extent of the Weichsel Glaciation of Europe


    Figure by MIT OCW.
    (CL 3'/37
    -
    /,322 /-D %F( Par- Ir I :
    I
    61
    I
    4 7 /o ,I
    4.r ar4linec/Crc (Sc.GCo6r. qr)
    *4Alot: 5 oi'r, t c 4tIe Jp O i.iLK ,O PAysleche

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    M"

    mmo
    I -11
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    1-1 NA, cyc/es oce
    z"
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    1-14 2 /.23 1/3o

    C Mesri e C4so (J66 3/81) 3 . '


    t,4 7/

    . /6-,./,
    C,1r OlttR
    -A / /v) CRo (/:V6)
    . C/ICR

    OC(/) m
    Nf:or5^%rcufJ'3
    -1

    m-EC
    >
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    9 Ip

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    PLASTICITY INDEX, PI(%) rp 0y


    Yetl
    62 " " A
    AICr
    C A4,f oi-
    t IPWatclj
    t;
    Fig. 39 Precompression of late glacial
    and post glacial clays attributed
    to aging.
    ?s , $,. ,,
    8? /.322 _ -/, P,L
    V I 7 ff l
    71

    2/fPAscc7 -ec/

    PX Y.5/ C - C1encrll (3ec Tablev,o4)

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    a

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    '
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    on rO

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    cui'as of "o'ndn )

    ,~l

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    ,Xr
    ~p ~A4 t '/f7.
    r-

    71 2 ,i, <-~h~, Ahc


    · .a e,g,4
    2) 4aggep- JIs rdy -6 (p8)
    Sh, c av h /z r $yn4/ ta ?o
    I

    I-D07Tt$V > d"Op

    f/rx aIft s'O a c;


    Z, 0

    J.5cyj-/, 4 Vt.
    I

    160o 2 O/m
    b~roo
    acdr
    e*0O,- oo
    · clab da&
    /6 O200 '
    B4'77
    o41So avu..
    *0* v,v.Ic
    aMc+-eh~c~,
    80
    aG,alS o*, L
    c cndA dhirvcy
    ("3//is.j)
    sw-z + At' d 4
    ancg C/4 ko
    on3cie t~tr - L
    -;Cc~d: 5?dA27
    i/(tt 4 (W4p#
    nC °/,CGG
    - G~VLC~c C03
    ^lU~M/78/JrA'4ogr9 (D9a) frl,&/4)
    aL8
    Indices
    Profile 0 10 20 30 IP Stress History (kPa)
    0 1 2 3 IL 100 200 300
    0
    2
    4
    Crust
    } Frost

    6
    Marine
    8 Selected
    Depth, z(m)

    Clay
    IL profile
    10 '
    σvo
    12
    14 σp' on Block
    Lacustrine CKoU
    16 Clay IP(%) Test samples
    18 Locations
    a) Normalized Stress-Strain Data from CKoUC Tests
    20 Till
    0.5

    0.4
    Destructured
    Laboratory σvc'
    0.3 In situ σ'p
    Intact
    q/σp'
    0.34
    0.2 0.80
    1.33
    At z = 6.3m
    Ip = 16%, IL = 1.3
    0.1
    ' = 60 kpa, σp' = 145 - 150 kPa
    σvo

    0
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    Axial Strain, εa(%)

    b) Normalized Effective Stress Paths and Yield Envelopes


    a 0.5
    0 φ'= 35o
    σp' TC ESP at
    0.4 Intact
    in situ OCR
    yield
    4 envelope
    0.3 Large Strain TC
    B-6 0.36
    q/σp'
    at in situ OCR Kc =
    8 Destructured
    σp' 0.2 yield envelope
    Vertical Strain, εv(%)

    ' Probable
    σvo σp'
    12 0.1
    Min. Max.
    0
    16 ' /σp'
    σvo
    Min. Radius
    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
    20 Casagrande p'/σ'p
    Construction
    Triaxial Compression (TC)
    At in situ OCR:
    Triaxial Extension (TE)
    24
    ' < in situ σp' : Peak qp(TC)/σp'
    Lab σvc
    Normally Consolidated: TC and TE (Destructured)
    26
    10 20 40 100 200 400 1000
    (a) Normalized Stress-Strain, (b) Effective Stress Paths and Approximate
    ' (kPa)
    Log Scale σvc Yield Envelopes from CKoU Tests on James Bay B-6 Marine Clay.
    b
    0 Symbol Sample Ip(%) IL '
    σvo
    σp'

    James Bay B-5 9 2.8 95


    4 Marine:Block
    AGS CH 42 0.6 85
    8 MArine:Tube
    Vertical Strain, εv (%)

    Note:
    B-6 Most likely mechanism causing σp' > σvo
    '
    12
    James Bay: Cementation
    AGS CH: Mechanical and/or desiccation

    16

    20

    0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


    ' (kPa)
    Consolidation Stress, σvc

    Compression curves for clays having different preconsolidation pressure mechanisms


    (a) Semi-Log scale; (b) Natural scale. Figures by MIT OCW.
    Apparent Maximum Past Pressure vs. Log Calcium
    Carbonate Content for Pierre Shale Specimens

    300
    Apparent Maximum Past Pressure,

    25
    44
    76 38 20
    200
    σvm, kg/cm2

    57 70 42

    σvm, MPa
    69
    62 52 55 15
    2 tests 59 70
    50
    100 10
    61
    40 87 46 2 tests 3 tests
    104
    5
    σp' =70 +
    _ 15
    0
    0.1 0.5 1.0 5 10 50 100
    Calcium Carbonate Content, %

    LEGEND
    104 Plasticity Index, %
    Range of apparent maximum past pressure, casagrande
    construction (Data from Geotechnical Engineers, INC.)

    55 Data from this study and McKown

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adpated from:
    L 3/3/3 /,32Z
    2/27/97

    -
    1 I I I 1 I I~~~~~~~~~~~ (O U
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    O. U2

    CW
    0
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    6 <1
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    .. ....... ...... .... . ........... . .......W ... ..... . ... . ...... .... .. .. .........-- . ...............
    ......
    .....................
    . ...................-

    z
    O
    O O 0N 0
    r
    0 0 0 0 0
    I U°5 nfi I I I I

    4 >

    'I)
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    ozsumplion vs cchnistr;

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    5,2 Ecs of /Dl/rnce

    2) Ob5ct r Jsadly ower sf. p


    3) 5,gn;fance/ntr. rCOmorassovn ComrqSf,&,/h

    ,'. Jho3cu/d
    /¢C/ude ?

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    - Rconstrctl n of Ins/fu Compr.ss5/onO


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    9 chmnrt1monns M/lfhod
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    As/umed

    3hould b tymwactrol
    Obouf --r " I
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    trSX (10,q co/,Z

    -40- -It,,, P-L


    i~ ~ I .
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    i~M / 1V LC c / e z% Jh12A
    Add ,i/n -m. >

    ckten mnqn(Fn. 2-6


    6,3 , oAX/o0) E 0

    /Voltlhcciusc
    t 5inczs
    * /iClvn,7Lgge-, /fl/,lLCrv%.,7
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    gil 2u/e"r-I/td (/?7? Jed, Ao)

    ,---- /f vch hoaky


    - Mont
    /o ( t)- \ccit- ,WT
    y r /e ce nno vah/i
    'a~\'Ci-"'~~(e,9. -· 1zi.v4)
    ./,3(I/O(/-E)]
    I

    ' ,COrmend
    6,/ S~ran Frr y -- rk/jtn; Vodo (Cv& /31)

    Sat p /2 fp/e ( AmVCL)


    t; "o t, CR
    dd A W'eYdcA,4
    U d4oO Ce-'4
    .- .0
    · j, -la.ty 4c

    ,. ^6. ~5F ~ ~c ,o-'cj . ,~c


    r4~4 6/ y uLoau4i.*7 pt

    ) /c, SE PoV Zoci I t


    Cc 3 /1322
    1,322z i1-D rl A.a Pr
    /

    0 . Z

    N
    v~~
    -
    j
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    -)

    o t~ , '

    4
    o

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    =
    0

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    -

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    Y,~~~~~~1

    0 :ZEIC
    0 0 0 0 0
    = () e^
    //O,,/ it 757$ (laej) uoWIAe l30f0Jd

    11 Ladd et al. (I 9e?)


    80
    0.095

    EB Crust
    60

    SB Crust
    Project Elevation (feet)

    40

    20

    -20

    0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8


    Compression Ratio (CR)

    Oedometer - Disturbed
    Oedometer - Tube Virgin Compression Ratio
    Oedometer - Block vs. Elevation at SB and
    CRSC - Tube EB Test Sites
    CRSC - Block
    CKo - TX

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    OED 8 CRS 24
    5 EI.9.5 EI.55.1
    (0.48) OCR=3.20
    Possible curve
    Vertical Strain, εv (%)

    10 (0.19
    constant)

    15
    (0.2)
    CRS 19
    EI.4.0
    20 OCR=1.12
    '
    σvo σp' ( ) CR (0.18)

    25
    0.1 1 10 100
    Vertical Effective Stress, σv' (KSF)

    Typical 1-D Compression Curves for Boston Blue Clay at SB Site

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    CCZ
    _ - _
    /7,/Qc
    , ,

    I I
    ,
    /I ? 2
    ,
    ..
    {- I -D cf PK ,f
    4
    ,

    Y" S79RA/#1 IER -'Woey PEa uAIr


    4'c/w Voiu7E6

    () Crobs Gronn (/le7), eyfc (6(2)


    (2) 4vVenac, f (7f), of. 2()
    (3) ¢ckr, Crooks, een , getr-aes (/e87), Con.,o-7,, 4(4)

    e >9
    CCO

    w2-7 v2
    i v; 'r
    FhQrg
    Sir,- work'
    'rd,
    ,O/zum d,,
    ,( , ;e, 3)
    td,
    1.u~
    f kO0dnomflSiAr Wvf/Vd, = (CA ev) ora , no
    V-1

    II
    R'41' 3) 'rVCA, Jts0T6e tqfurgt

    14'c
    OCI'
    7Qcihniwae'A WRa4): o64
    1 60fa YED / /51/7u skAsscs,
    TY
    (Jee p l2e)
    _
    --
    -"
    _

    I I
    I

    I /I

    TO
    /
    W
    I
    10PJ

    II -- ,--O---
    4wl
    ~4J
    Fno/ a,
    bt
    ,I
    1C1
    - 0-
    'II

    (/)

    ,/ - o/,-,,IU
    Se I -- I
    I
    / /_ 0

    'O/O
    0
    n/i ,loccllJr
    I

    J or ~ ~ c~~~~~
    I'P b b,:~~~~~~~~
    '-O-O -=

    Fl"n
    / c- -
    120 W (kJ/m3)

    16

    100 12 '
    σho
    8
    4
    80 A
    0
    0 200 400 600 800
    W (kJ/m3)

    Stress (kPa)
    60

    Beaufort Sea Clay

    40 Depth = 25.8m below Seabed


    See detail
    above
    Vertically trimmed
    {

    σh'
    '
    σhy oedometer sample
    20
    A
    B
    0
    0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800
    Horizontal Effective Stress (kPa)

    Work per unit volume interpretation of VTO test on overconsolidated


    Beaufort Sea clay.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    N#MP

    CCt I"/#/df

    CCt3sr/
    ct'It e/26'

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    11322 L

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    tRs4s on B8C (flac/pzstdn smO/c 16o s Oawo4)
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    /arff3
    2/?9 3/9

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    Ivvs<P4 /

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    fLd -;+cplto~ ~~fcIr
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    'YLYi
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    6e~ Hui 1rC ht~(~y.·, t/3c

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    &a 14

    U4 P
    , dh .Gc -re 4(deVd,
    *4cda~QOA]4L~o
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    4)7PPm('9)
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    ~
    0 σvm=1.35 σ
    vo

    σvm=2.75
    5
    2nd test
    OCR = 1.15
    10 CR = 0.36
    Vertical Strain, εv (%)

    1st test
    "OCR" = 0.56
    15 CR = 0.25
    Symbol Test No. wN (%) TV (TSF)

    20 2nd 18 66.5 0.51


    1st 12 64.8 0.30

    25

    30
    Coefficient of Consolidation

    12
    cv (10-4 cm2/sec)

    8 Effect of Disturbance on
    Oedometer Test Data:
    Sample F1S57 (Depth = 128 FT)
    4

    0
    0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
    Consolidation Stress, σvc (kg/cm2)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Adapted from:
    Markings su (kg/cm2)
    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
    Tube
    Engineering Tests
    Wax
    E

    127.0
    Note: Torvane
    Z -

    1) Stresses in kg/cm2 UUC


    Void 2) EST. σvo = 2.40
    3) Onboard TV = 0.48
    Y
    V W X
    Depth (ft)

    127.5
    UUC no. 4
    su = 0.14
    wN = 72.2% Torvane
    S T U

    Onboard
    OED no. 12, wN = 64.8%
    σvm = 1.35, CR = 0.25
    R

    128.0 OED no. 18, wN = 66.5%


    Q

    σvm = 2.75, CR = 0.36


    P
    N

    Comparison of Oedometer and Strength Data with Radiograph for


    Push Sample of Orinoco Clay

    Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from:


    1.2
    Recompression Strain vs. Preconsolidation
    Pressure from Oedometer
    1.1 Tests in the Soft Orinoco Clay

    1.0
    B

    Measured σp' /Best Estimate σp'


    0.9

    Adapted 0.8

    0.7

    0.6
    Figure by MIT OCW.
    0.5
    A

    0.4
    2 4 6 8 10 12
    Measured εv at σvo
    ' (%)

    Boring Symbol z(ft) OCR Ip (%)

    E1 56-134 _ 0.03
    1.05 + _5
    37 +
    F1 27-128 _ 0.07
    1.20 + _ 10
    55 +
    Note: A and B Denote Tests in Fig9-a

    SOIL PROPERTIES PROFILE

    Preconsolidation, kPa Pore Pressure, kPa


    0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300 400
    20
    12
    Fill Average effective Pore water pressure if soil
    0 overburden stress is not underconsolidated 0
    Sand
    5

    -20 Marl

    -30
    10
    -40
    Elevation, Feet

    Elevation, Meters
    -60
    20

    -80
    Varved
    Clay
    -100 30

    Apparent consolidation
    -120 profile from 1st and
    2nd series of tests
    40
    -140

    -160
    0 20 40 60 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
    Water Content, % Preconsolidation, TSF Pore Pressure, TSF Compression Ratio

    Plastic limit Liquid limit 1st series of tests Piezocone Cc / (1+eo)


    2nd series of tests Piezometer
    CRS tests
    Natural water content

    Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from


    I

    I
    /3d
    CC 3/r2 /32t eConso/,c3r4id
    ,2/97
    4/)X
    ? Ad r S Mdtk eV " i" 1
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    I
    q-, 3ksf 60

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    40
    . 2

    ,,0 2 0
    a).

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    -40
    (
    Axial Strain at Overburden Stress (%)

    ® &Ds.o4dqo"vr: m1Al ocratJ


    u c/drs ex*,ro; - n ec.AnoI;
    4erte L4UQd
    piano warei ct bos bt hreed6
    B6C I sktIy f;e

    Figure 5-14: South Boston Elevation vs. Axial Strain at Overburden Stress from CKo
    and Typical Oedometer Tests

    119
    CCL 3lB
    CcL_- 3 /3
    1, 322a
    3
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    .1 1 4'?7 i

    er CAN./983)
    C H . . VOL. 20. 19
    806 CAN. GEOTECH.J. VOL. 20, 1983

    TABLE 1. Geotechnical properties of clays Chyo/wn /


    Number Cu
    and Depth w St field vane Ko rpo.v
    Site symbol (m) (%) WL Ip IL fall cone (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) Reference

    Berthierville 11 3.7 72 59 34 1.4 15 14 21 47 Samson et al. 1981


    Morin et al. 1983
    St-Cesaire 2+ 4.2 89 68 42 1.5 22 25 55 80 Samson etal. 1981
    St-Cdsaire 2+ 6.8 85 70 43 1.3 19 27 68 90
    -::v Gloucester 3x 3.7 88 52 28 2.3 70 20 35 65 Samson etal. 1981
    . .
    Leroueil et al. 1983
    .
    Gloucester 3x 4.1 76 53 29 1.8 35 20 38 67
    Gloucester 3x 7.5 93 53 29 2.4 88 25 58 87
    c
    : Varennes 4* 8.9 62 65 39 0.9 28 60 64 216 Samson et al. 1981
    .
    Joliette 5* 6.7 65 41 19 2.3 108 29 40 110 Samson et al. 1981
    Ste-Catherine 60 3.8 88 60 35 1.8 30 18 20 60 Samson et al. 1981
    Morin et al. 1983
    il< Mascouche 7V 3.8 65 55 30 1.3 52 70 34 270 Leahy 1980
    Marchand 1982
    St-Alban 8A 3.9 60 40 18 2.1 13 25 55 Leroueil etal. 1978a
    Leahy 1980
    Fort Lennox 90 6.1 60 45 22 1.7 30 30 54 105 Leahy 1980
    Paquin 1983
    Louiseville 100 9.2 75 70 27 1.1 22 45 58 160 Leahy 1980
    Leblond 1981
    Batiscan 110 7.3 80 43 21 ' 2.7 85 25 60 88 Bouchard 1982
    Other sites Authors' files

    I-V VERTICA STRAIN RATE ;, ,l /0-'-


    las
    l6f litr IvrS ia4
    V -4
    -
    OTTAllWA
    ,CRAM;ORD,1
    .i| x /
    OTHER SITES ANDSYMSOU ,
    SE. TABLE I x

    X
    0 -~~~,o .
    XI
    'no
    'r
    U
    b -. - 0 - __'__ O _O. _ )b~/__ __
    U
    - -
    v
    ri:,

    0.7 -

    . .. , , ,
    FIG. 7. Normalized preconsolidation pressure - strain rate relationship.

    me7on/ ra.e 'gyoicoe .af /day


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    CONSOLIDATION STRESS o\c (KSC)

    Sample No. MP - B2 -S7 WN(%) 52.1 Estimated


    Depth 16.3' WL (%) 66.3 oaCo 0.402 op 1.7 KSC
    Soil type Gray Clayey Wp (%) 31.3 CR 0.168 RR 0.027
    Silt (MH) Ip (%) 35.0 Gs 2.78 eo 1.494
    o At tp S(%) 97.0
    *At f Remarks Corrected for apparatus
    compressibility.
    COMPRESSION CURVE TEST NO. OED- B2 S7TC -I

    Figure 4-14 Compression Curve for Temperature Controlled


    Oedometer Test (OED-B2S7TC)

    ,XarEn: Akcr/c s/C7


    /M/ Ce,n'7/- cI, 7,'; fXcC/ensc /,n O
    t/rso' say, 41akf
    so rheis -(85s)
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    -
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    4*7
    . .,...

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    60 0

    *
    I

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    so
    - so _ IS

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    t 30

    ...
    < cs
    ,in
    20 30 40 50 60
    0 o
    Temperature C
    M==
    OCO
    (Aj> FIG. 6-Preconsolidation pressure as a function of test temperaturefor
    <41. specimenstaken at 7 m depth at Bllckebol. Full line showsresults of linear
    ooc resressionanalysis.
    ,
    wroo
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    /4

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    FIG. S-CRS test with varying temperature. Clayfrom Blckebol.

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    7d IS'//f14r4(l8) SdvThCI4ys

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    t` I
    IQ

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    0

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    l, oi .'A
    4) 4
    S0~~~~~~~~
    t0 I/o , V
    . 810

    U1, (11/0
    Temperature, oC
    0 20 40 60 80 100
    1.40

    1.30
    Note:
    1.20 For symbols, see table 2
    σp' / σp' (T = 20oC)

    1.10

    1.00
    5% per 10oC
    0.90

    0.80

    0.70
    10% per 10oC
    0.60

    Variation of the Normalized Preconsolidation Pressure


    (σp' /σp' (20oC)) with Temperature

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    -
    CCL- 3/87
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    f~J

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    r_
    -
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    6·
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    E > 4EOP

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    I

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    r~~~

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    I
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    ( )
    >

    .IF
    I. F

    I I
    -,0 -9 -s -7 -6 -5
    I I I I -

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    I
    [
    I
    II
    I
    [
    i
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    I ·

    /og , (/S)
    .
    εv, s-1
    10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 .
    100 εv, s-1
    Berthierville (3.0 - 3.9 m)
    10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4
    80 70
    Berthierville (3.0 - 3.9 m)
    60
    50
    130
    Berthierville (3.9 - 4.8 m)
    110 30
    80
    90 Berthierville (3.9 - 4.8 m)

    σp' , kPa
    60
    σv' , kPa

    70
    100
    40
    Saint-Alban (3.1 - 4.9 m)
    80
    80
    Saint-Alban (3.1 - 4.9 m)
    60 60
    80
    Vasby (4.3 - 7.3 m) 40
    60
    CRS
    40 Preconsolidation pressure - strain rate
    Creep
    MSLp relations observed in the laboratory
    CRS MSL24 and in situ.
    Effective stress - strain rate relations
    Creep observed in the laboratory and in situ at a In situ
    MSLp vertical strain of 10%.
    MSL24
    In situ
    εv= 10%

    σv' , kPa σv' , kPa


    0 40 80 120 0 40 80 120
    0
    '
    σvF
    σ'vF
    4
    εv, %

    8
    Berthierville Gloucester
    EOP (4.4 m) EOP (3.6 m)
    In situ (3.9 - 4.8 m) In situ (2.4 - 4.9 m)
    12

    ?
    Vasby
    2 EOP (5.9 m)
    ? In situ (4.3 -
    7.3 m)
    σ'vF
    6
    ?
    εv, %

    1960
    10

    1968
    σ'vF
    14
    Saint-Alban
    EOP (3.8 m)
    1979
    In situ (3.1 - 4.9 m)
    18

    Comparison of in situ stress-strain curves & laboratory end-


    of-primary compression curves

    Figures by MIT OCW.


    1.2
    Liquidity Index, LI = (W-PL)/(LL-PL)

    20
    0.8 10
    1 2 4 6 8 Sensitivity
    contours
    0.4

    -0.4
    0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
    Preconsolidation Pressure (TSF)

    Preconsolidation Pressure vs. Liquidity Index

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    -
    Pr, /,1a EI
    ,fI 13
    I 7 I I I
    rD;)
    P11, /

    3/j3 3/% 3/f9 715


    // Arocctol)

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    Values of natural water content and compression index Values of Ck for peats as compared to those of soft clay
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    deposits.

    Figure by MIT OCW. Figure by MIT OCW.


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    J F M A M J J A S O N D
    Month
    Malaysia

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    P and EA:mm

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    Month
    Melbourne, Australia
    400
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    J F M A M J J A S O N D
    Month Johannesburg, SA

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    400
    P and EA:mm

    EA Water Deficit EA
    Water Deficit
    Water Surplus
    200

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    J F M A M J J A S O N D
    Month Cape Town, SA

    Illustrations of different types of atmospheric water balance: (A) Kuala Tahan, Malaysia, 1984; (B) Melbourne,
    Australia, 30-year average; (C) Johannesburg, South Africa, 1987; (D) Cape Town, South Africa, 1992.
    Figures by MIT OCW.
    EA, A-pan evaporation; P, precipitation.

    Adapted from:
    ftlk / 321 114v*" b06 1
    31;431VI

    'a

    0-
    o
    0E
    U)

    dC
    0t)

    zw

    -
    'adjZ4s
    &nAh 1;

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    sa'5
    .e Acp P/&,l
    *A
    FIG. 1 Climatic Ratings (C.) for Continental United States

    S i
    ;

    C
    ~ A,*~ figu,,,
    , av

    I
    (ARCte wri/f )

    Ail O + it
    VJ--- #e~ 24,
    off

    f/
    /
    /

    I ?~ 4 CA
    ~
    Eucalyptus
    Maize
    Elevation above datum:m

    1445
    1440 WT

    Dry

    Dry
    1435 Dry
    18m
    1430 Dry
    1425
    1420
    14150 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
    A Horizontal distance: m

    WT
    Maize
    Elevation above datum:m

    1445
    1440 4m Dry
    1435 10m 7 Dry
    1430
    1425
    1420
    14150 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
    B Horizontal distance: m

    Approximate limit of
    Position of Original tree area Power
    piezomters ground
    station
    1470 level
    terrace
    Elevation above datum:m

    1460

    1450 Base of Alluvium


    Piezomatric Piezomatric
    1440 level Weathered silt stone
    level in in residual WT
    1430 sandstone silt stone
    and shale
    1420
    Top of sandstone
    0
    0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001100 12001300
    C Horizontal distance: m

    Water table depression beneath eueatyptus plantations: (a, b) near Johannesburg;


    (c) at the site of a power station near Johannesburg.

    Plazometers
    Bedrock

    Water cable Figure by MIT OCW.


    Adapted from:
    Heave: mm
    0 100 200 300 400 500
    0

    10
    Depth: m

    South Africa
    za 30m!
    20

    Measurements of heave with depth,


    Site I: Heave after 9-8 yrs.
    indicating a depth of active zone of
    Site II: Heave after 3-6 yrs.
    about 30m.
    30

    Water content: %
    15 30 45
    0

    1 March (end wet season)

    2
    Depth: m

    Oct./Nov.
    4 (end day Israel
    season) za = 5m

    5
    Seasonal changes in water content observed under
    the shoulders of an airport pavement in Israel.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    c) Long time to reach maximum swelling
    (than seasonal effects)
    Note significant rise in WT
    Heave Movement (mm)

    60

    40

    20 Road Surface
    (SA?)
    0

    3
    Water Table Depth

    4
    (m)

    6
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    Year

    Surface heave movements and a rise of the water table that occurred
    as a new water balance was established in a recently urbanized area

    d) Seasonal effects on movement


    and depth to WT
    20
    Movement (mm)

    0 1"

    -20
    Water Table Depth

    6
    10'
    (m)

    10
    Rainfall (mm)

    200

    100

    0 FMAM J JA SOND JFMAM J J A S OND JFMAMJ J A SOND


    Month

    Seasonal variations in surface movement and water table depth


    for an old building in Cap Town
    Figures by MIT OCW.
    CO 3n,19P.
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    TROPICAL RESIDUAL SOILS*

    C.C. Ladd 1.322 3/82

    1.0 DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL COMPOSITION


    1.1 Tropical = ±220 N-S
    Residual soil = in situ weathering of rock to produce soil.
    1.2 Composition of Tropical Residual Soils in Warm-Wet
    Climates
    (1) Crystalline rock and poor drainage + smectite
    (2) Crystalline rock and good drainage + Red Laterites
    (also called Oxisols)
    · Kaolinite plus Fe/Al. oxides (reddish color)
    · Low "activity" with a lot of cementation
    · Considered "good" MH soil
    (3) Weathering of volcanic ash/rock + Andisols
    Halloysite (tubes + spheres) plus amorphous.
    alumina & silica (very high SSA but low surface
    charge) and maybe smectite (usually dark color)
    · Generally high wN and P.I.
    · Considered "poor" MH soil

    2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF RED RESIDUAL SOILS (LATERITES) WHICH


    OFTEN REQUIRE DIFFERENT ENGINEERING PRACTICE (Compared to
    saturated sedimentary clays).
    2.1 Index Testing and Correlations with Atterberg Limits
    (See Mitchell & Sitar, 1982, for examples).
    (1) Halloysite
    · Tubular structure very low dry density
    · Dehydration when dried
    (2) Fe & Al. oxides plus silica gel act as strong cementing
    agents.
    · Decreases effective SSA
    · Highly variable in situ

    Panel discussions and Proceedings ASCE GED Spec. Conf. on


    Engr. and Construction in Tropical and Residual Soils,
    Honolulu, Hawaii, Jan. 1982 (Availab.e from ASCE).
    - 2 -

    (3) Drying soil generally increases amount of cementation


    and reduces plasticity.
    (4) Amount of mechanical remolding can greatly affect
    measured Atterberg Limits (more remolding + increased
    plasticity).
    (5) Conclusions
    · Can't use empirical correlations developed for
    temperate clays
    . Any correlation with index properties likely to be
    very scattered
    2.2 Heterogeneity
    (1) Profile characterized by differential weathering and
    cementation. See Brand (1982) for classification
    system for Hong Kong.
    (2) Because of above, properties highly variable and
    · Undisturbed sampling difficult to perform
    · Conventional size samples don't reflect mass properties
    (3) Conclusions

    Base design on local experience and/or large in situ


    testing
    2.3 Saturation - Rainfall
    (1) Strata'ofmain interest usually occur above the water
    table and are characterized by:
    · Partial saturation
    · Generally high in situ permeability
    (2) How to define a in partially saturated soils?
    · If S > 80%, a = a-uw probably reasonable (discon-
    tinuous air voids)
    . Otherwise, must consider two components, i.e. a =
    fl(a-ua) + f 2 (ua-uw)
    (3) Variation in uw greatly affect slope stability
    . Seasonable variations
    . Effect of heavy rainfalls
    Influence of modifying drainage pattern
    CCl
    - _
    3/3o/Rn
    I, IV U

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    I I I -- I I I I iI II II
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    1 I I
    I Z -4 S /o 20 40o0 8c/Oo 2OO 460 6o /1
    A/ (/ovs/f/: Aor- -/2,;.)
    1.2
    155 Tests, 50 Sites Southeastern USA
    1.0
    Sowers 94% Range

    Compression Index, Cc
    0.8
    Sowers, 1963 Best Fit

    0.6

    0.4
    DIB 1985
    0.2

    0
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
    Void Ratio
    A. Gneiss, Schist, Granite: Sowers 1963

    1.0
    62 Tests in One Site Northern (Tropical) Brazil
    0.8

    Compression Index, Cc
    Sowers 1963
    0.6

    0.4

    0.2

    0
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
    Void Ratio
    B. Basalt, Quartzite, Schist Gneiss: DIB 1985

    Relationship Between the Void Ratio and Compression Index in Residual Soils Derived from
    Crystalline (Igneous and Metamorphic) Rocks.

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    N
    0 25 50 75
    Residual Soil
    Pedalogic H.

    Dome Cavity Figure by MIT OCW.


    Pinnacle Slot

    Adapted from:
    Soft
    Rock

    Residual Soil Profile in Limestones

    Residual Soil Settlement Related to the Weathering Profile


    N N
    0 25 50 0 25 50

    Foundations and Embankments deformations


    Pedalogic Horizon

    Pedalogic Horizon
    Saprolite

    Saprolite
    Weathered

    Weathered
    Partly

    Partly
    Rock

    Rock
    Gneiss to Schist Grant to Gabbro
    Never Block ρ problem ∆v due to swelling & shrinkage
    See Fig.3 Compressibility Butean be collapsible Highly plastic

    Weathering profiles in crystalline Rock: Gneiss to Schist, Granite to Gabbro

    N
    N
    0 25 50 0 25 50
    Mainly agricultural rather then geotechnical

    PED
    Pedalogic
    Partly Weathered Fully

    Residual Soil Settlement


    Weathered
    Rock
    Rock

    Sandstone, Conglomerate Mudstones, Shales

    Weathering Profiles in Clastic Sedimentary Rock: Sandstones and Shales

    Figures by MIT OCW.


    Adapted from:
    i I I

    C 4LA/2/B4 /. 2 Y"A*VED CLAYV I

    Co/t

    (<<
    See Y3 (Fg,2) See V8 (¢l. )
    300 A
    X=

    1.7.
    ooc
    _-,
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    4!-f. 4,t., = ,d.C
    C

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    X'cb44I"'y

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    (- 4
    fe~aA?BESt drpyn at-Va

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    BEs; dryin"
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    Irnol ;vt f',.fr)

    Gn/n ci4- (vs) S JC -o p. -/s


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    .- o30-

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    C_ 4/ib .322 I v/f'VFD C;,s-- ----
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    J

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    e;kh - r- ,

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    's~ v( y. 2) Cork'/kc too 96 pt) - k-:
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    s

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    ,. - r 1

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    4*L&6tfAd - r 3 / b
    06Lkloc to i a
    * C." V t /< tY .NJ ta
    t A-_
    >> 4
    } A
    Northeastern US Varved Clays

    V8

    10 V7 10

    }
    Vertical Distance (cm)

    V6 Gradual

    V5

    5 V4
    } 5

    Fairly
    V3
    Abrupt
    V2

    V1
    0 0
    30 40 50 60 70 80
    Natural Water Content WN (%)
    Notes:
    1) V1, V2, etc. refer to separate varves
    2) Sample from Northampton, Ma., WN = 56.7%
    3) Data from Ladd and Wissa (1970)

    Water Content Variation within a Varved Clay from the


    Connecticut Valley

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    60
    Plasticity Index, PI %

    40
    Upper limit line
    "Clay" layers

    20 A Line

    "Silt" layers

    0
    0 20 40 60 80 100
    Liquid Limit, wL %
    Note:
    Range shown for varved clays having wL >30 % for bulk material
    Plasticity Chart for Typical varved clays from Northeastern United States.

    Type III (Small L.I.R.)


    Vertical Strain εv

    Type I
    (Large L.I.R.)

    Cα= ∆εv/∆log t
    ∆u = zero tp t

    IOt
    Log Time t
    Strain vs. Log Time from Incremental Consolidometer Test Showing
    Effect of Load Increment Ratio (N.C. Clay)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    0

    A
    8
    Vertical Strain εv, %

    A B Haley & Aldrich (72)


    12
    C D M.I.T. Test Program
    B

    16

    C
    20
    D

    24

    0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20


    Consolidation Stress σvc, TSF
    1 TSF = 95.8 kN/m2

    CR
    Curve Type of Test WN (%) σvm TSF Max. Min. Location

    A 24 hr. 36.2 8* 0.11 Chicopee-


    B Incremental 50.2 6 0.23 Holyoke
    C 61.9 2.5 0.30 0.20 Northampton
    CRSC
    D 65.4 2 0.25 0.19 Amherst

    Typical Compression Curves for Connecticut Valley Varved Clays

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Adapted from:
    ..
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    nOKPRE.55OH:
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    t j.it~
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    /.l ALIIf&C .J.Lt LINC 10 641
    10
    8
    6

    2
    Coefficient of Consolidation cv, ft2/day

    1
    0.8
    0.6

    0.4

    0.2

    0.1 Cv vs. WL
    0.08 DM-7

    0.06

    0.04
    30 40 50 60 70 80
    Natural Water Content WN, %

    Location* Type of Test Symbol

    Amherst, MA. CRSC &


    Increm. Coefficient of Consolidation
    Northampton, CRSC & (Vertical Drainage)
    ** vs. Natural Water Content for
    MA. Increm.
    E. Windsor, CT. Increm. Normally Consolidated Varved Clays
    Jersey City, N.J. Increm.
    Secaucus, N.J. CRSC * See Ladd (1975) for data sources
    ** From square root time method
    New Jersey Increm. by **
    GZA 1 ft2/day = 0.093 m2/day

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Kv

    Kc
    Kh Ks hs "Silt" Layer
    Kc hc "Clay" Layer
    Ks

    500

    200

    100

    50
    rk = Kh/Kv

    20
    Case A
    10

    2 Case B

    1
    1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
    Ks/Kc
    Kc Kc
    Case Ks Case
    H H
    A hs=0.5H B Ks

    Relationship Between Kh/Kv Ratio and Permeability of the Silt


    and Clay Layers

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    1.5
    Lacasse et al. (1975) }
    Christian et al. (1972) Biot Theory Elastic
    Soil

    1.0
    t50(Terzoghi)

    Davis & Poulos (1972)


    t50(2-D)

    Diffusion Theory

    0.5 Strip B

    H=2Hd
    0
    0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
    H/B
    (a) Effect of Lateral Drainage on Rate of Consolidation from Different Theories with
    Isotropic Permeabilities

    Strip Load
    H/B = 1 Double Drainage
    0.75 Note:
    t50 = Time required for U = 50% at the
    centerline of the load
    t50(Terzoghi)
    t50(2-D)

    0.50

    0.25

    0
    0 10 20 30 40 50
    Kh/Kv
    (b) Effect of Anisotropic Permeability Ratio on Rate of Consolidation for H/B =1
    with Double Drainage

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Vertical drainage only
    Uv for cv = 0.1 ft2/day
    12 in. Dia. Sand Drains
    Uh for ch = 1.0 ft2/day
    Average Degree of Consolidation Uv and Uh, %

    0
    1 in. = 2.54 cm
    1 ft. = 0.305 m
    1 ft2/day = 0.093m2/day
    20

    40 15' 20' Hd = 25' 50'

    S = 10'
    60

    80

    1yr 5yr 10yr 50yr 100yr


    100
    5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 5000 20000
    Time (days)

    Effect of Sand Drains on Rate of Consolidation of Normally Consolidated


    Varved Clay with ch/cv = 10

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    -

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    O r-Io% '-i -01,r
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    e-
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    >1 r

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    an u) U)U) El) u U) 4-)
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    ID M
    a) *- QH 4)
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    04 to 4)0 4 0_ 4 : 3>
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    E _ .j g*4 -*HN
    4 - Ei
    1 00 00) 0 0) H- H O... 0 4
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    44 *H0O%*4 *HtU *H(~.H .QO 0) 4)
    En*H
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    a
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    4) H H O H cO 4) 0 i
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    N* U UH N
    p t . ..o *P . 4
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    NO N N *H N0)H N: g' '0 .. *.
    0:-. 0 - 0 4 > 0 H4)
    .0 4 Qv4- 4 AV k ... A 4) V w
    C; roO (-H O (H 0 ) (d0 (O i
    *HH * 0)
    H O - A 0 M OLA 0 3 >

    _-I CY V u
    Ln WD .t
    o

    Table C-1

    -
    _,&
    .L -
    Z/add/ Foof (/977)
    a'
    0[*
    rl
    ,-I
    z
    u
    aW
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    %
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    -
    0

    .o
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    .
    CO

    0
    .

    r2
    02

    Pro

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    +1
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    0

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    ;-~

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    4+,
    '
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    f .31yr
    _R _ __ 3 P flOAbL~fd4Wti?
    4tJJ4WrY
    C~D

    Afi' - Rupturesurface not formed


    P - Rupturesurfaceat
    peak L -r
    - -- Rupturesurfacebetween peak and residual
    R Rupturesurfaceat residual

    Fig. 21. Rupture surfaces predicted by the analyses on 3:1 slopes, 10 m high,
    with surface suction 10 kPa and varying Ko
    Note:
    Accumulated deviatoric plastic
    strains during excavation εoP < 5%.
    Note:
    t = 9yr Strain-softening starts when
    εoP = 5%. It is complete when
    Rupture Surface εoP = 20%.

    εoP = 20% εoP = 5%

    a 9 years After Excavation

    t = 14.5yr

    Rupture Surface

    Peak
    εoP = 5%
    εoP = 50% εoP = 20% Between
    Residual

    0 Scale 25m

    b 14.5 years After Excavation - Just Before Collapse

    Typical Analysis (S3): 3:1 slope, 10 m high, Ko = 1.5, Surface Suction 10 kPa. Contours of
    Accumulated Deviatoric Plastic Strain, εoP

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    I

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    Residual
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    sEffectlve

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    -<~~~
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    E 400 t`.\ j
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    strength

    IC er ' kN/m 150 2


    chYI;~200
    ISO - strength
    Residual

    0 I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9
    Displacement: mm
    (b)

    Fg. 5S. Typical shear stress-displacement curves and strength envelope for direct drained shear tests on Lower
    Oxford Clay specimens sheared parallel to the bedding
    }
    Homogeneous
    Stratified and
    Along scarp
    /or fissured
    At residual
    Reactivated slide
    40

    30 φ's
    σn' = 50 kPa

    20
    φ'r
    10

    0
    Secant Friction Angle, degrees

    40

    30
    φ's σn' = 100 kPa
    20

    φ'r
    10

    40

    30
    φ's
    20 150 σn' = 400 kPa

    10 φ'r

    0
    0 50 100 150 200 250
    Plasticity Index, Ip, %
    Mobilized friction angles back-calculated from reactivated and
    first-time slope failures compared to the range from empirical information.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Adapted from:
    Pct
    - -
    .-
    4, / 9, /. 3 2
    F.. -.
    Tc ~~~~~~~~~~~~~r
    ....'.F
    -- % - -- I

    bO Ifb 3/8 43/0


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    Z·IU
    STRENGTHTESTSON MIXTURES.
    TABLEII. RESULTSOFRESIDUAL

    Mineral
    &
    Content ResidualState
    m dry wt. - k1.0kg/cms
    '

    Miture

    I,•gtn .. w a t
    .1}CY

    A. MIXTURESCONTAINING
    MONTMORILLONITE
    I tt"4
    344ep
    Montmorillonite- Na
    andQuartz
    0 50/50
    25/75
    10/90
    25
    10
    75
    90
    200
    96
    44
    92
    s0
    60
    0.09
    0.11
    0.42
    l ~/cppcnsdid4w
    44a*
    6/95 5 95 39 54 0.01
    Moatmorillonite- Na 30 50/50 60 50 72 84 0.24
    and Quartz 25/76 2S 75 51 69 0.36
    10/90 10 90 34 64 0.56
    Montmorillonite- Na 30 50/50 50 50 150 90 0.21
    and AmorphousSiO. 25/75 25 75 87 78 0.24
    Bentoniteand Quartz 0 75/25 44 56 61 84 0.12
    50/50 62 38 52 75 0.26
    .4 26/76
    15/85
    81
    89
    19
    11
    42
    82
    63
    53
    0.40
    0.64
    Bentoniteand 0 91/9 32 68 70 89 0.10
    AmorphousSiO 82/18 39 61 A6 84 0.11

    Z
    68/32
    47/53
    26/7
    10/90
    49
    65
    S81
    92
    51
    35
    19
    8
    68
    60
    47
    51
    81
    76
    66
    61
    0.13
    0.18
    0.27
    0.49
    n17- /o,,-,e/
    4
    *1
    B. MIXTURESCONTAININGKAOLINITEAND GRUNDITE
    Kaoliniteand Quart 0 75/25
    50/50
    25 ' 75
    50 50
    40
    30
    88
    73
    0.32
    0.49
    00
    ID- I---
    Conentto
    80
    minen t

    (0)
    25/75 75 25 23 54 0.65
    Kaoliniteand 0 75/25 25 75 44 89 0.32
    AmorphousSi 50/50 50 50 31 74 0.41
    Grundite- Na 0 75/25 25 75 67 91 0.25
    and Quatz 50/5 0 50 49 79 0.40 08
    25/75 76 25 36 62 0.62
    Grundite- Na 0 75/25 25 75 63 91 0.22
    andQuartz 50/50 50 50 40 77 0.40
    25/75 75 25 36 62 0.62
    C. MIXTURESCONTAININGHYDROUSMICA i 06 A KooliniteI
    IydrousmicaI -N 0 75/2 48 52 30 74 0.35 I Grundtem
    and Quaurt 50/50 65 35 31 65 0.44
    mica I - Na
    IHydrous 30 76/25 48 52 32 75 0.38
    and Quatz 50/50 66 35 33 66 0.46
    mia I - K
    Hydrous 0 75/25 48 52 30 74 0.41
    and Quart 50/50 6s 35 30 65 0.47
    Hydrousmica I - K 30 75/25 48 52 41 78 0.49
    and Quartz 50/50 6 35 35 67 0.50
    Hydrousiica It- Na 0 75/25 33 67 31 80 0.32 02 , Montmorillc
    mixtures
    50/50 65 45 22 66 0.46 Symbols-s
    Hydrousmica II - Na 30 75/25 33 67 41 83 0.45
    ao/so 55 45 27 67 0.47
    Hydrous micaI - Ns 0 7/ 33 67 54 85 0.44
    65/5 45 40 74 0.48
    n O I- - -(C)
    O
    o|6P 20
    Hydrousmica III - Na 30 75/25 33 67 52 85 0.44
    50/50 65 45 46 76 0.50 UonTenT Ofr mcoi ilnruld U
    urw ulr.
    W ur.N
    --- Fig. 4. Relative residual strength
    DRAINED RESIDUAL STRENGTH OF COHESIVES SOILS

    40o Vaughan et al. (1978) σn' = 130 - 180 kPa


    Bucher (1975) σn' = 72.5 - 269.5 kPa
    Kanji (1974) σn' = 147 kPa
    Residual Friction Angle, φR
    '

    30o Seycek (1978) σn' = 300 kPa


    Fleischer (1972)
    Voight (1973)
    20o

    10o

    0o
    0 20 40 60 80 100
    Plasticity Index Ip %
    Residual Strength : Correlations with Plasticity Index

    40o

    30o

    '
    φres
    20o

    10o

    0o
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
    P.I. %

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Soil Number
    (Table 1)
    400
    3 19 LL Ag

    Drained Residual Shear


    9 28 35 0.39
    11 32

    Stress (kPa)
    12

    liquid limit
    Increasing
    52 0.51
    200
    62 0.44
    68 0.86
    98 0.90
    184 1.54
    288 2.77
    0
    0 200 400 600 800 1000
    Effective Normal Stress (kPa)
    Effect of Clay Mineralogy on Drained Residual Failure Envelopes

    22

    20

    18 CF < 45%
    (φr' )50 / (φ'r)700

    16

    14
    25% < CF < 45%

    12
    CF < 20%
    10
    0 50 100 150 200 250 300
    Liquid Limit (%)

    Reduction in Secant Residual Friction Angle from Effective Normal Stresses


    of 50 kPa to 700 kPa

    Effective Clay size


    normal stress fraction
    (kPa) (%)
    100 < 20
    400
    32 700
    100
    Secant Residual Friction Angle

    28 400 25 < CF < 45


    700
    24 100
    400 < 50
    (Degrees)

    20 } CF < 20% 700

    16
    12
    } 25% < CF < 45%
    8
    4 }CF < 50%

    0
    0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
    Figures by MIT OCW.
    Liquid Limit (%)
    Adapted from:
    Relationship between Drained Residual Friction Angle
    and Liquid Limit
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    .2 Clay Organic Clay

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    Mean

    '
    0.165 m = 0.96
    0.74 m = 0.83
    .1

    1.0
    .8
    .6
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    James Bay
    Connecticut Marine Clay
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    Overconsolidation Ratio, OCR

    Undrained strength ratio vs. OCR from Field Vane Tests


    a) Boston Blue Clay, I-95 Saugus; MA
    b) Connecticut Valley Varved Clay, Amherst, MA;
    c) Organic Clay with Shells, Fore River, ME;
    d) Jmaes Bay B-2 and B-6 marine Clays.

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    1.4

    cu (Field) = µ x cu (Vane)
    1.2
    Correction Factor, µ

    1.0
    Bjerrum's (1972)
    Recommended Curve
    0.8

    0.6

    0.4
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120
    Plasticity Index, PI (%)

    Symbol Reference Figure by MIT OCW.


    # Bjerrum (1972) Adapted from:
    # Milligan (1972) Fields vane correction
    Ladd & Foott (1974) factor vs. plasticity index derived
    Flaate & Preber (1974) from embankment failures.
    LaRochelle et al. (1974)
    # Layered & varved clays
    CHANDLER ON UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLAYS
    (1988)
    Empirical correlation
    established from
    embankment failures, µ

    1.0

    Estimated effect of
    0.8 anisotropy
    Correction Factor, µ

    0.6 Estimated time


    effect, µR

    0.4 Modified µ Figure by MIT OCW.


    (cu)field = (cu)vane . µA . µR Azzouz et al., 29
    (1983)ASCE JGE Adapted from:
    0.2
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120
    Plasticity Index, Ip, %

    Factors Relating Field Vane and Field Failure Strengths

    Adapted from:

    CHANDLER ON UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF CLAYS PROBLEMS WITH NEW NGI FV CORRECTION
    (1988)
    1.2
    1.2

    }
    For Ip > 5% : µR = 1.05 - 0.04 (Ip)0.5
    1.0
    A Estimated effect, µR, relating B6
    SEBJ Data
    vane strength to field failures Roy & Leblanc2 1.0 11 m
    µR 0.8 (tf = 10,000 mins), Bjerrum 19 Wiesel 18 B2
    Correction Factor, µ

    Torstensson 16
    7m
    0.8
    0.6
    "NC" = Young,
    Aged & Cemented
    0.4 0.6
    Ckou τave

    0 20 40 60 80 100 120
    Su(FV)

    Plasticity Index, %
    0.4 OC = Mechanically
    µ=

    1.2 OC

    For Ip > 5% : µR = 1.05 - 0.03 (Ip)0.5


    1.0 0.2
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
    µR B Field vane correction '
    cu(Fv) / σvo
    0.8 factor, µR to give cu at
    tf = 100 mins Field Vane Correction Factor

    0.6
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120
    Figures by MIT OCW.
    Plasticity Index, %

    Factor µR to Correct Field Value Strength for Strain-Rate Effects


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    and Pore Pressure (u) (kPa)
    0 200 400 600

    2
    Bq
    c uB

    A
    qc
    Depth (m)

    6
    uA

    10

    14

    Corrected Cone Resistance,


    qT (kPa)
    0 200 400 600

    2 Piezocone A
    B
    qT Piezocone B
    Depth (m)

    6
    qTA Effect of Pore Pressure
    A B on Cone Resistance in Emmerstad
    Quick Clay
    10
    60o 60o

    14

    Figures by MIT OCW.


    25

    20
    Cone Factor, NK

    15

    10

    5 qc - σvo
    NK =
    corr. su(Fv)

    0
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
    Plasticity Index, Ip (%)

    Scandinavian sites
    Sites in U.S.A. Example of NK - Ip Correlation
    Canadian Sites as Proposed by Different Workers
    Italian Sites Data are Inconsistent since the different cones
    Other Clays used had different area ratios.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    70

    60 1

    3
    50 2
    3
    cu (Conv. or DSS)

    2
    Cone Factor, Nkt

    40
    qct - σvo

    30

    2
    20
    Nkt =

    1
    3

    10

    0
    1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40
    Overconsolidation Ratio, OCR

    Mukluk Proximal } ML- MH Ip ~ ~ 10-30% Note:


    Smith Bay, Site T CL - Ip ~
    Smith Bay, Site W CH
    ~ 25% } Numbers designate areas in
    table 6.1
    Solid : Cu = Cu(conv.)* * Mainly lab UUC & Mv
    Open : Cu = Cu(DSS)** ** Via SHANSEP with well
    Ice Gouged defined OCR

    Cone Factor vs. OCR. Collective Evaluation for Harrison Bay and Smith
    Bay Arctic Silts. (In situ temp ~ o
    ~ -1 C)

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    Yc•4/'/9it ,222 I1 __-

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    Drill Pipe

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    Pressuremeter Head

    Protective Strips
    Cutting Shoe

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Push Head Electro/Hydraulic Hose

    Controle Unit
    + Read out

    Cone rods conducting hose

    Standard cone rod

    Cone rod adaptor

    Amplifier housing 720

    Contraction ring

    Pressuremeter module
    705

    Contraction ring
    Cone sapper 400

    Dummy cone

    Full Displacement or Cone Pressuremeter

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Flushing Water

    Slurried water and soil

    Cable and Gas


    Gas Return Line Pressure Tube

    Spring

    Rubber Membrane

    Feeler Pore Pressure Cell

    Fine Thread

    Clamp

    Camkometer

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    B/2 B/2
    t t

    2 2

    Outer
    Centerline

    1
    Soil Inner Soil Outer Soil
    Inner Soil

    10
    1 1
    Centerline
    E = 5%
    2

    z/R
    z/R

    Cutter Location
    2
    20 20
    0 0
    1
    10

    Extracted 5
    Soil 2
    1
    2 E=
    5%
    -1 -1
    0 1 2 0 1 2
    r/R r/R
    Push-in pressuremeter Ideal self-boring pressuremeter

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    2.0
    Membrane expansion pressure, (p-u0)/σ'

    1.5
    2
    FDPMT
    PIPMT 0.0 12
    40

    1.0

    0.875 MIT - E3 Predictions


    BBC: OCR = 1.0
    0.5 INTACT
    Aspect ratio B/t
    Extraction ratio f
    1.0
    Ideal
    SBPMT
    0.0
    0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
    Volumetric strain, ∆V/V (%)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    5.0
    Membrane Expansion Pressure, (p-u0) σv' 0

    4.0

    3.0
    f=0
    2.0
    Predicted su/σv' 0

    Intact PIPMT (f = 0) 0.65


    1.0
    SBPMT (f = 1) 1.01
    f=1 Intact 0.66
    0.0
    0.01 0.1 1 10 100
    Equivalent Volumetric Strain, ∆V/V = {(1+ε0)2 -1}/(1+ε0)2 (%)

    Measured su/σv' 0
    Arm 1 1.35
    Arm 2 0.68
    Arm 3 0.68

    Measured Data South Boston Test Site


    (Ladd, 1991)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Ideal
    FDPMT PIPMT PIPMT Undercutting SBPMT Overcutting

    0.4 0.4

    PSA PSA

    Undrained strength ratio. su/σ'vo


    0.3 0.3
    su/σ'vo

    PM PM
    0.2 0.2
    TE TE

    0.1 0.1
    Peak Undrained shear strength
    Expansion test = PMT OCR =1
    OCR =1
    Contraction test
    Houlsby
    0.0 0.0
    1 10 50
    0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
    Aspect ratio, B/t Extraction ratio, f

    Figure by MIT OCW.


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    Above Below
    Field Cu/σ'p: Larsson (1980)
    Lab CKoU τave/σ'vc: Table 3
    Lab CKoUDSSτh/σ'vc: MIT

    0.40
    Undrained Strength Ratio

    0.35
    cu/σ'p
    0.30

    τh/σ'vc
    0.25

    0.20 τave/σ'vc

    0.15
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    Plasticity Index, Ip (%)
    Comparison of field and laboratory undrained strength ratios for non-varved sedimentary soils
    (OCR = 1 laboratory CKoU testing)
    Note : Linear Regression lines for clay data

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Triaxial compression (TC) : qf
    Direct simple shear (DSS) : τh
    Triaxial extension (TE) : qf
    0.40
    Undrained Strength Ratio, cu/σ'vc

    0.35
    TC
    0.30
    DSS
    0.25
    TE
    0.20

    0.15

    0.10

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
    Plasticity Index, Ip (%)
    Undrained strength anosotropy from CKOU tests on normally consolidated clays and silts.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


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    DIRECTION OF otf DURING. SHEAR, $

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    ( 20t) (- 32)
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    Mexico city clay this
    investigation
    Undrained strength ratio, qf /σ'vc (OCR=1)

    Approx. collective Boston blue clay (BBC)


    Barman (1993)
    0.40 Resldemenled BBC
    Unpublished data
    Brazil
    Talpel

    0.35

    RBBC

    0.30

    Natural BBC
    0.25
    0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
    Lateral stress ratio. Ko (Nc)

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    In situ OCR > 2


    In situ OCR < 2 (crust)
    Leak Ko too low
    0.20
    Se = qf (E)/σ'vc

    SAANSEP CKOUE Data natural BBC

    0.15

    Se = 0.049 + 0.178 Ko (r2 = 0.39)

    0.10
    0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
    Ko

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    CCL4/27/47 /I32 -

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    7 Linear Regression
    (r2 = 0.8515) L.R. (r2 = 0.7862)
    26
    0.3
    Test#

    Φ'r at qr (Degrees)
    25 7
    USR, qf/σ'vc

    0.29
    17 24
    0.28
    23
    17
    0.27
    22

    0.26 21

    0.25 20
    0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
    Kc Kc
    SB TC
    EB TC
    B.S TC USR and Φ'r at Peak vs. Kc from NC SHANSEP CKoUC Triaxial tests
    Leakage* * During "Ko" consolidation too low values of Kc

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Adapted
    0.34

    ' (OCR=1)
    ?
    0.32 Linear regression line; r2-0.535
    ? Bldg 55 and S/E Boston Data

    Undrained Strength Ratio, qf (C)/σvc 0.30

    _ SD lines
    +

    0.28

    TX B101
    0.26 TX B102
    CAES
    S/E Boston

    0.24
    0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
    Lateral Stress Ratio, Ko (NC)

    NC Undrained Strength Ratio vs. Lateral Stress Ratio for SHANSEP CKo UC
    Triaxial Tests: Collective Data
    Pore Pressure Parameter, At

    1.2
    r2 = 0.551
    1.0

    0.8

    0.6
    0.4
    Strain at Friction, εat (%)

    0.6
    r2 = 0.460
    0.4

    0.2
    Peak Friction Angle, φ't (o)

    24 r2 = 0.870

    22

    20

    18
    0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60
    Lateral Stress Ratio, Ko (NC)

    Lateral Stress Ratio vs. Pore Pressure Parameter, Strain at Failure


    and Peak Friction Angle: Building 68

    Figures by MIT OCW.


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    2.0

    1.8

    1.6
    σ'p (kg/cm2)

    1.4

    1.2

    1.0
    5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
    Storage Time (days)

    Effect of thixotropy on preconsolidation pressure of resedimented BBC (O' Neill, 1985)

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    .
    DSC Test Ψ ts (day) Sym.
    6 0 48
    12 0(ss) 91
    9 25 169
    14 40 79
    0.20

    0.15

    0.10
    Normalized shear stress, q/σ'p

    0.05

    0
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    Shear Strain, γ (%)
    0.20

    Notes
    0.15
    (1) Data normalized to σ'p = 1.00ksc
    (2) Solids symbols indicate failure
    0.10
    q = 0.5 (σ1 - σ3)
    0.05
    p' = 0.5 (σ'1 - σ'3)

    0
    0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
    Normalized effective stress, p'/ σ'p
    Normalized stress-strain and effective stress paths from CU DSC proof tests on BBC at
    OCR =4 (Corrected data from O'Neill, 1985).

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    δ=0o
    0.25
    δ=0o Range from
    δ=20o
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σ'p

    Isotropic tests
    0.20
    δ=40o

    0.15 δ=65o δ=75o


    δ=90o
    0.10
    δ=75o Note
    1) Data normalized to σp' = 1.00 ksc
    0.05
    2) Solid symbols indicate failure

    0
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Shear Strain, γ (%)

    o
    DSC Test ts(days) δ Symbol

    1 29 0
    3 60 0(SS)
    15 92 20
    13 39 40 Normalized Shear Stress vs.
    8 157 65 Strain from CU DSC Anisotropic
    11 71 75 Tests on BBC at OCR = 4.
    16 105 75
    2 44 90

    Increasing
    δ angle
    0.10
    Normalized Pore Pressure,

    0.05
    us/σp'

    -0.05

    -0.10
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    Shear Strain, γ (%)
    o
    DSC Test δ Symbol

    0.25 1 0
    Isotropic tests 3 0(SS)
    0.20 15 20
    Normalized Shear Stress,

    δ=0o δ=0o 13 40
    8 65
    0.15
    11 75
    δ=90o
    q/σp'

    16 75
    0.10 2 90

    0.05 ESE from δ=90o


    OC tNC data
    0
    0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
    ' p'
    Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ Figures by MIT OCW.
    Normalized Pore Pressure and Effective Stress Paths for CU DSC Anistropic Tests
    on BBC at OCR = 4.
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    -
    45.
    CO 60°

    0.2 75

    90.
    0

    i
    -- o.0.
    o.0o 1 ' .v A .-
    0.2 n
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    NormalizedMean EffectiveStress, _;
    .'

    U.O A~
    0.0

    u tbL
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    0.4 to 0.4
    A
    W
    r%

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    4
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    8
    0
    z
    i
    0
    0.
    8
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    0.0
    Marimum Shear Strain, (%)

    U.0
    IEA ':L
    5 APPll-rlo 5- I
    ' 0.4
    0.4
    .0
    4),

    0.
    : 0.2
    8

    0.0
    0.0
    ._
    O.
    Maximum Shear Strain, (%) Maidmar Sear Strain, 7
    Adapted from:

    0.4
    Undrained Shear Strength su /σp'

    MIT-E3
    a
    0.3
    1.0

    0.2 Measured Data

    4.0 Symbol OCR

    0.1 1.0
    4.0
    0.0

    1.6
    b Af = (∆u-∆σ3)/(∆σ1-∆σ3)
    Pore Pressure Parameter, Af

    1.2
    1.0

    0.8 MIT-E3

    4.0
    0.4

    0.0
    0 20 40 60 80
    Direction of Major Principal Stress, δf (o)

    Evaluation of MIT-E3 Predictions of Peak Strength Conditions in


    DSC Tests: (a) Undrained Shear Strength; and (b) Pore Pressure
    Parameter, Af

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Triaxial compression (TC) : qf
    Direct simple shear (DSS) : τh
    Triaxial extension (TE) : qf
    0.40
    Undrained Strength Ratio, cu/σ'vc

    0.35
    TC
    0.30
    DSS
    0.25
    TE
    0.20

    0.15

    0.10

    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
    Plasticity Index, Ip (%)
    Undrained strength anosotropy from CKOU tests on normally consolidated clays and silts.

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    0.35

    0.30
    TC (qr)
    Undrained strength ratio

    0.25
    TX & DSS tests
    DSC (qr)
    0.20
    DSS
    (τh)
    0.15

    TE(qr)
    0.10
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    Major principal stress direction, δ (0)
    Bishop (1966) Equation:
    q(δ) = q0(1- a sin2δ )(1-b sin22δ)

    Undrained strength Ratio vs. Stress direction.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    7t-2 _4 tL
    u!~ w . Va*wd ksSpv.4, /7

    LoUuj.

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    gs9
    0
    .... I.

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    CCL #5$
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    54k,
    2.0 SHANSEP Ip = 43%, IL = 0.6

    1.5 a Undrained Strength Ratio


    Undrained Strength Ratio, Cu/σvc
    '

    1.0
    0.8
    Test Symbol S m
    0.6
    TC 0.325 0.78
    0.4 DSS 0.255 0.78
    TE 0.200 0.86
    Note:
    0.3 Cu = qf for TC and TE
    Cu = τmax for DSS
    0.2
    1 2 4 6 8 10
    Shear Strain at Failure,

    30 b Strain and Pore Pressure


    Parameter at Failure
    TE
    γf (%)

    20

    DSS
    10
    TC
    0
    1 2 4 6 8 10

    Test Symbol
    1.2
    TC
    Pore Pressure
    Parameter, Af

    (a) Undrained Strength Ratio and


    0.8 DSS
    (b) Strain and Pore Pressure
    TE
    TE Parameter A at Failure vs. OCR from
    0.4 SHANSEP CKoU Tests on AGS
    TC CH Marine Clay.
    0
    1 2 4 6 8 10
    Overconsolidation Ratio, OCR = σp' /σvc
    '

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from
    Recompression Ip = 13%, IL = 1.9

    a Undrained Strength Ratio


    2.0
    Undrained Strength Ratio, Cu/σvc
    '

    1.5
    Intact Destru.
    Test
    1.0 S m S
    0.8 TC
    TC 0.45 0.865 0.335
    0.6
    DSS 0.29 0.695 0.25
    0.4 DSS TE
    TE 0.235 0.82 0.20

    Note:
    0.2 Cu = qf for TC and TE
    Cu = τmax for DSS

    b Strain and Pore Pressure Parameter


    at Failure
    Shear Strain at Failure, γf (%)

    20
    Condition OCR TC DSS TE

    10 In situ
    Intact
    >
    _
    4 DSS
    Destructured 1
    2 TE
    TC & TE
    0

    1.2
    Pore Pressure
    Parameter, Af

    TE
    0.8

    0.4
    TC
    0
    1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
    Overconsolidation Ratio, OCR = σp' /σvc
    '

    (a) Undrained Strength Ratio and (b) Strain and Pore Pressure Parameter A at Failure vs.
    OCR from CKoU Tests Run on Intact and Destructured James Bay B-6 Marine Clay.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Adapted from
    Pr)11116
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    d Ao 444;. ham-ti, g Il SX. rcgncv, ca
    .127..
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    Aretic Structure Ice Load

    100' W

    Arctic soil 15-25'


    Permafrost

    Shear stresses on soil at structure Interface (Top of foundation soil)


    T1: Weight structure Consolidation shear stress
    T2: Ice load Undrained shear stress
    Tf: Final = f(r, θ)

    o
    θ = 90
    Tf T1
    T1 T2 Tf
    Tf T1 0
    T2 T2

    r
    Tf T1 Tf
    T2 T2 T1
    o o
    θ = 180 θ=0

    Shear stresses on soil at structure Interfae due to gravity and ice loading.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Y

    A
    τ1 Pneumatic
    cylinder
    Sample
    Linear
    bearings τ1= Consolidation
    Water bath
    θ shear stress
    A
    X
    τ2
    Circular cage
    τ2 = Undrained
    τ2 Thrust
    shear stress
    shaft
    Circular brass disc
    Main bearing plates

    a) Plan View Below Top Cap

    σv

    Vertical stress
    Linear pneumatic cylinder
    bearings
    Vertical shaft

    Top cap Plexiglas water bath


    τ2 thrust shaft Sample Circular brass disc
    τ1 pneumatic
    τ2 τ cylinder
    1
    Linear bearings Circular cage
    Main bearing plates

    Linear bearings Bottom pedestal

    b) Cross Section A-A

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Peak Strength Vs Ice Loading Direction

    0.35
    MDSS

    Geonor DSS
    Maximum Normalized Shear Stress, τx/σ'vc
    τx/σ'h in direction of Ice loading ) /σ'vc

    0.3 Adjusted Geonor


    DSS

    τf = τx2 + τf2
    0.25

    CKOU
    0.2 Geonor Dss
    MDSS

    0.15

    0.1
    0 30 60 90 120 150 180
    Test Angle, θ (.)
    Maximum normalized shear stress τx/σ'vc versus test angle q for CAUMDSS and Geonor
    CAUDSS tests on BBC. (Degroot, 1989)

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    Stress vs. Strain as f(θ)
    0.4

    0o
    Normalized Shear Stress, τx /σ'vc

    30o
    0.2 60o C8 150o C13
    C17
    o
    90 C9
    C15120o C16

    -0.2
    0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
    Shear Strain, γx' (%)

    Shear Stress-Strain Curves for CAUMDSS Tests on BBC.

    Image by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from
    310
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    CCL o/89 /q1


    4/10

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    0 30 60 90 120 150 180


    TEST ANGLE, 0 (') I,.

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    e/ hwcIjj ce /ood/Ig dricton

    FIgUre 6.13: Measured and Predicted Maximum Shear Resistance


    rdvc Versus Test Angle 0 for CAUMDSS Behavior of BBC With
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    0.35

    o
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    0.30
    Undrained strength ratio

    TC (qr)

    0.25
    TX & DSS tests
    DSC (qr)
    0.20
    DSS
    (τh)
    0.15

    TE(qr)
    0.10
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    Major principal stress direction, δ (0)

    Bishop (1966) Equation:


    q(δ) = q0(1- a sin2δ )(1-b sin22δ)

    Undrained strength Ratio vs.Stress direction.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Line Fig. 3 Data cu = α=
    A DSC qf 45 − δ

    B TX & DSS qf 45 − δ

    C DSC qf cosφ' θ−δ

    φ' = 34o θ = 62o


    0.40

    0.35
    A
    Undrained strength ratio, cu/σ'vc

    B
    0.30
    cu assuming
    C "φ = 0" for
    shear surface
    0.25

    0.20
    cu assuming shear
    A
    surface = failure surface
    0.15
    C B

    0.10
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    Inclination of shear surface, α (0)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


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    Start of Shear
    Figures by MIT OCW.
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    Figure by MIT OCW.


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    5 σ'vc = 72 to 75kPa
    120 σ'vo = 40 kPa
    CAUC Triaxial Tests
    kPa = Depth
    0.5
    100
    σ1-σ3

    80
    0.05
    60
    0.5
    Test Symbol Strain Rate
    40 (%/m)
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    CAUC2 08 0.50
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    CAUC4 08 0.05

    0
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    .
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    30
    ∆u

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    10

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    Stress strain and pore pressure strain curves for B6 Clay

    Figures by MIT OCW.

    Ps CLAY (cm/7.1m Depth)


    Test Symbol Strain Rate σ'vc(%) σ'vc(%)
    (%/t)
    CAUCv-07 5.00 72.1 40
    CAUCv-08 0.5 73 40
    0.5 72.3 40
    CAUCv-08A
    0.05 72.1 40
    CAUCv-05

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    5

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    50

    40
    Unique!
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    20

    10

    0
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    p' (σ'1 - σ'3)


    2
    Stress Paths for Structured B6 Clay
    OLGA CLAY
    12
    σ'vc = 72 to 75kPa
    140
    σ'vo = 40 kPa
    2.5
    CAUC Triaxial Tests
    120

    0.5
    100
    σ1-σ3
    80
    0.1

    60
    Test Symbol Strain Rate
    (%/m)
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    φL-P 08 0.11
    φL-P 10 2.48
    20 φL-P 11 0.10

    0
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    .
    Axial depthpressure ε%/hr

    30
    ∆u

    20

    10

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    Stress strain and pore pressure strain curves for OLGAClay

    Figures by MIT OCW.

    OLGA CLAY
    .
    Test Symbol ε1 (%/m)
    50
    φL-P 06 12.30
    φL-P 08 0.11
    40
    q' (σ'1 - σ'3)

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    2.5 12 φL-P 11 0.10
    2

    30 0.5
    20 0.1

    s'vc = 17.7 kPa


    10 CPUC Traxial Tests

    0
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
    p' (σ'1 - σ'3)
    2
    260
    240
    220
    200
    180
    160
    σ1-σ3 140
    120 Ps CLAY (cm/16.7m Depth)

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    80 (%/t)
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    60 CAUCv-08 0.5 275 140
    40 CAUCv-08 0.05 287 144

    20
    0
    Axial depthpressure ε%/hr
    200
    180
    160
    140
    120
    ∆u

    100
    80
    60
    40
    20
    0
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    Stress-strain and pore pressure strain for normally consolidated B6 Clay

    Ps CLAY (cm/7.1m Depth)

    240
    Test Symbol Strain Rate σ'vc(%) σ'vc(%)
    (%/t)
    200 CAUCv-04 5.00 269 144
    CAUCv-08 0.80 275 140
    160
    p' (σ'1+σ3')(%)

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    120
    2

    5
    0.5
    80
    CAU Triaxial Tests
    0.05
    40

    0
    0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
    Figures by MIT OCW.
    p' (σ'1+σ3')(%)
    2
    Stress paths for normally consolidated B6 clay
    OLGA CLAY

    Test Symbol Strain Rate (%/t)


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    p-14 0.5 c/u Triaxial test
    p-13 2.5
    100 p-12 12.3

    p' ( 1 3 ) (kPa)
    80

    σ' +σ'
    60

    2
    40

    20

    0
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
    σ' +σ'
    p' ( 1 3 ) (kPa)
    2
    Stress paths for Normally consolidated Olga Clay

    140

    120

    100

    80
    σ1-σ3

    60
    Test Symbol Strain Rate
    (%/m)
    40 φ-18 0.1
    φ-14 0.5
    φ-13 2.5
    20 φ-12 12.0

    0
    Axial depthpressure ε%/hr
    .
    Figures by MIT OCW.
    180
    160
    140
    120
    100
    80
    60
    ∆u

    40
    20
    0
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    Stress-strain and pore pressure-strain curves for normally consolidated Olga clay

    1.6

    1.4 ρ ILC 1.4


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    Expermential Sound
    .
    1.0 1.0

    0.8 0.8

    0.6 Same Intact & Destructured 0.6

    0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0


    .
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    CHANGE OF UNDRAINED STRENGTH RATIO, NORMALIZED TO UNDRAINED STRENGTH
    .
    RATIO AT ε1 = 1.0%/h, WITH STRAIN RATE FOR ALL INVESTIGATED CLAYS.
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    43
    .
    Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.

    0.40 0.051 38
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc

    0.50 40
    '

    50 5.0 42
    51 41
    5 54 60
    0.6 50
    0.5

    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc


    5

    '
    0.30 0.5 0.5
    0.05
    0.05
    0.4
    ∆us= ∆u-∆σat = ∆u- 1 ∆σa

    0.3
    3

    0.20
    . 0.2
    Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.
    0.1
    0.051 21
    0.4 0.051 23
    0.50 13
    Normalized Shear-Induced Pore

    5.0 33 0.2
    0.3

    Normalized Shear-Induced Pore


    49 18
    49 52
    Pressure, ∆us/σvc

    . 0.1
    '

    ε εf
    0.2

    Pressure, ∆us/σvc
    '
    0.0
    εf
    0.1
    0.0
    0.0 .
    -0.2 ε
    -0.1
    0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 -0.3
    0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
    Axial Strain, εa (%) Axial Strain, εa (%)
    Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain, Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,
    OCR = 1 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC OCR = 2 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

    .
    Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.

    0.051 21
    0.051 23 0.6
    0.50 13
    5.0 33
    50
    49 52 5
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc

    Peak Shear Stress 0.5 0.5


    '

    Corresponds to 0.05
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
    '

    0.40 Avg. φ'min = 32.9o +


    _ 0.9SD
    50 0.4 .
    Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.
    5
    0.051 38
    0.50 40
    0.30 0.3 Corresponds to
    5.0 42
    0.05 Avg. φ'max = 32.9o +
    _ 0.4SD 51 41
    54 60

    0.2 Peak Shear Stress


    0.20

    0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.2


    0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 ' vc
    Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ '
    ' vc
    Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ '
    Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 2 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
    Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 1 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

    Figures by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    a
    0.6
    50
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
    '

    0.5
    0.05 | 5 5 .
    0.4 Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.
    1.0
    50
    0.051 35
    0.3 5
    0.50 29 Corresponds to Mean ESE at Peak,

    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc


    '
    5.1 39 0.8 OCR = 4 & 5
    0.2 5.0 49 ' = 0.038
    C'/σmin 0.05 | 5
    52 27 φ' = 26.1o .
    0.1 0.6 Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.

    0.051 35
    0.0 0.4 0.50 29
    Normalized Shear-Induced Pore

    5.1 39
    -0.1 b 5.0 49
    52 27
    Pressure, ∆us/σvc

    0.2
    '

    -0.2
    Peak Shear Stress
    -0.3
    0.0
    εf 0.05 | 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
    -0.4
    ' vc
    Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ '
    -0.5 5 50
    Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 4 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
    -0.6
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
    Axial Strain, εa (%)

    Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,


    OCR = 4 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

    a
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc

    50
    '

    1.5

    0.05,0.5 | 5 .
    Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.
    1.0 1.5 50
    Corresponds to Mean ESE at Peak,
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σvc
    '

    0.051 44 OCR = 4 & 5


    0.5 0.51 47 ' = 0.038
    C'/σmin
    5.1 46
    φ' = 25.1o 0.05,0.5 | 5
    51 43 1.0
    50 45 .
    0.0 Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.

    0.5 0.051 44
    Normalized Shear-Induced Pore

    0.51 47
    0.0 5.1 46
    51 43
    Pressure, ∆us/σvc

    0.0
    '

    50 45
    -0.4 b
    Peak Shear Stress
    -0.8 εf 0.05,0.5 | 5
    -0.5
    0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
    -1.2
    ' vc
    Normalized Effective Stress, p/σ '
    50 Normalized Effective Stress Paths, OCR = 8 CKoUC Tests,
    -1.6
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Resedimented BBC
    Axial Strain, εa (%)
    Normalized Shear Stress and Shear-induced Pore Pressure vs. Strain,
    OCR = 8 CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC

    Figures by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    .
    Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.

    0.051 21
    0.051 23
    0.50 11
    0.50 13
    5.0 33
    50 17
    49 18
    1.2 49 52 OCR = 1 OCR = 2
    Applied Stress Level, ∆q/∆qmax

    1.0
    0.05
    0.8 50
    0.5 .
    Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.
    5
    0.6
    0.051 38
    0.4 0.50 40
    5.0 42
    51 41
    0.2 54 80

    0.0
    0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 0 1 2 3 4 5

    1.2
    OCR = 4 OCR = 8
    Applied Stress Level, ∆q/∆qmax

    1.0
    .
    0.8 Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.
    .
    Symbol εa(%/hr) Test No.
    0.6 0.051 26
    0.051 35 0.051 44
    0.50 15 0.51 47
    0.4 0.50 29 5.1 46
    5.1 39 51 43
    0.2 5.0 49 50 45
    52 27
    0.0
    0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
    Axial Strain, εa (%) Axial Strain, εa (%)

    Axial Shear Stress Level vs. Strain, CKoUC Tests, Resedimented BBC
    Norm. shear-induced pore press, at peak, ∆u3/σ'vc

    0.05

    OCR = 1
    0.00

    -0.05
    OCR = 2

    -0.10 OCR = 4

    -0.15 OCR = 8

    -0.20
    30

    28 OCR = 2
    Friction Angle at peak, φ'a ( )
    .

    26

    OCR = 1
    24

    22
    0.01 0.1 1 10 100
    Axial Strain Rate, εa (%/hr)
    Summary plots of Mechanisms: (a) Normalized Shear-induced pore pressure and Figures by MIT OCW.
    (b) Friction angle at peak versue strain rate, CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC
    Adapted from:
    10-1
    12

    q = 0.594

    0.526
    0.564

    0.508
    0.500
    0.550
    Rupture
    Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute

    10-2

    0.492
    10

    10-3
    q = (σ1-σ2)/σ'3

    Axial Strain, Percent ε


    8
    CIUC
    ε vs. t
    10-4
    Conventional Isotropic Triaxial
    6 q = 0.566
    CKoUC Em = 0.3%
    10-5
    100 101 102 103 104 105
    Elapsed Time, l, Minutes 4 Primary 8Secondary Tertiary
    (a) Consolidated Triaxial Rupture
    10-1
    CIUC εm = 2.8% Plane Strain
    q = 0.630

    0.566

    0.542
    0.592
    0.619

    2 q = 0.596
    CKoUC
    0.515

    CKoUPSC
    0.525
    0.570

    Triaxial
    Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute

    10-2
    ko q = 0.550
    Log ε (% / min)

    0
    0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
    10-3
    .

    Elapsed Time, t. Minutes

    10-4
    Figure by MIT OCW.
    10-5
    100 101 102 103 104 105
    Elapsed Time, l, Minutes Log t (min)
    (B) Isotropically consolidated Triaxial
    100
    q = 0.662

    0.630
    0.621
    0.598
    0.588

    0.574

    0.562
    Axial Creep Rate, % / Minute

    10-1

    10-2

    10-3
    CKoUPSC

    10-4
    100 101 102 103 104 105
    Elapsed Time, l, Minutes
    (C) Ko consolidated Plane Strain
    Creep rate behavior of normally consolidated undisturbed Haney clay.

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    6
    % Axial Strain Until εmin

    4
    .

    Isotropic Triaxial

    2
    Ko Triaxial Ko Plane Strain

    0
    0.48 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.72

    D q = (σ1 - σ3)/σ'vc

    Axial strain until minimum strain rate as a function of creep stress.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    10-3

    -4
    10 6 2
    Frozen MFS
    3
    Minimum Strain rate εm (S-1)

    . 4
    -5
    10 7
    CIUC HANCY CLAY
    .
    ε

    ICE
    .

    5
    10-6

    CKoUC HANCY CLAY

    10-7

    .
    Note: εm = Βtmγ
    10-8
    100 101 102 103
    Time (min)
    o
    No.
    No. Material Testing Reference Bo γ r2 Tests εm (%)
    -4
    1 20% S MFS Uniaxial Martin 2.8 x 10 -1.2 0.987 7 2.1
    i -4
    2 40% S MFS Uniaxial Ting & Load 4.2 x 10 -1.2 0.993 40 2.7
    i
    100% S MFS (1981) -4
    3 i Uniaxial 8.1 x 10 -1.2 0.991 28 4.6
    -5
    4 Ice Uniaxial kuo (1972) 7.9 x 10 -0.8 0.987 7
    ~
    ~1
    Jacka, in -5
    5 Ice Uniaxial Lue (1979) 6.5 x 10 -1.0 0.996 8
    -4
    6 Unfrozen CIUC Campanella & 1.3 x 10 -0.9 0.997 8 2.8
    7 Haney Clay CKoUC Void (1974) 1.5 x 10
    -5
    0.3
    -0.8 0.987 7 6.55 Frozen Hanchester Fine Sand
    10-4 7.08
    6.50
    Si = 40% Dr= 55%
    Summary of minimum creep rate: Correlations of time to minimum for 5.91
    various materials 6.24

    σ =5.57 MPa
    1
    Strain rate ε (S-1)

    -5
    10 . 5.26
    εm-tm
    5.17
    .

    4.92
    4.87

    -6
    10

    .
    εm ~
    ~ 2.7 + 0.5% 3.98
    -7
    10

    100 101 102 103


    Time (min)
    Results of unconfined (uniaxial) compressive creep testing of 40% saturated,
    55% relative density Manchester fine sand at - 18.8oC
    (data from Martin et al. 1981)
    Figures by MIT OCW. o
    -6 -10 , 1.0 -10o, 1.2
    10 Polycrystalline ICE
    o .
    -10 , 0.6 εm ~
    ~ 1%
    Strain rate (a-1)

    -7 o
    10 tm-5 C σ =0.5 MPa
    1 o
    -10 , 0.6
    o
    -5 , 0.2
    -8
    10 o
    -10 , 0.5
    .
    εm-tm
    -9 o
    10 -10 , 0.1

    -10
    10 2 3 4 5 6
    10 10 10 1010
    Time (min)
    Results of unconfined (uniaxial) compressive creep testing of polycrystalline ice.
    (data by Jacka, see Lile 1979).
    Figures by MIT OCW.
    0.64 φ = 1.1 x 100 % / min
    Adapted from:
    1.8 x 10-1
    0.56

    1.4 x 10-2
    0.48
    2.0 x 10-3
    8.4 x 10-4

    "q" = (σ'1 - σ'3) /σ'c 0.40

    0.32

    0.24

    0.16

    0.08

    0
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12
    Axial Strain, %
    Influence of rate strain on undrained stress-strain behavior in constant rate of strain shear.

    0.80

    0.60 Upper yield


    σ'm = (σ'1 - σ'3)max /σ'c

    0.40 Const. rate at strain shear


    Const. stress rate at 5 min
    ~ 2.5%
    0.20
    -0.1 cm/day for 7 cm high sample

    0
    10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
    Rate at strain, % / min.
    Strain rate dependence of undrained strength in constant rate of strain Shear and constant stress creep

    101
    0.600
    0.618

    0.638
    0.586
    0.572

    0.552

    0.530

    0.516

    100
    Axial strain rate, percent/min

    10-1

    10-2

    10-3

    10-4
    0.500

    0.374 0.446
    10-5
    100 101 102 103 104 105
    Elapsed time, t - min.
    Variation of creep rate with time in constant stress creep
    0.40

    Normalized Effective Stress, p'/σ'vc


    0.30

    0.20
    CTX- Loading (e,%/hr) Relaxation
    25 (50)
    28 (0.05)
    52 (50)
    23 (0.05)

    0.10
    0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
    Axial Strain, εa (%)
    Stress-strain curves, relaxation versus constant strain rate CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC: OCR =1

    0.4 CTX- Loading (e,%/hr) Relaxation

    28 (0.05)

    23 (0.05)
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σ'vc

    0.3

    0.2 (1%) (0.1%)


    (10.12.6%)

    ( ) = Relaxation Strain Level


    End -of-Relaxation State
    0.1
    0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
    Normalized Effective Stress, p'/σ'vc
    Effective stress paths, relaxation versus constant strain rate CKoUC tests, resedimented BBC.OCR = 1,0.05%/h

    Figures by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    .
    0.40 CTX- ε (%/hr) Relaxation Strain, %
    25 50 0.1 1 10 15
    0.35 28 0.05 0.1 1 10 12.5

    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σ'vc


    0.30

    0.25
    q/σ'vc AT t = 0

    0.20

    0.15

    0.10
    0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
    Relaxation Increment Time, t(min)
    Shear stress decay with time, CKoUC relaxation tests on resedimented BBC: OCR =1

    .
    CTX- OCR ε (%/hr)
    0.6
    25 1 50
    28 1 0.05
    0.5 30 4 0.05
    32 1 Varies
    Normalized Shear Stress, q/σ'vm

    0.4 Solid Symbols: εa < 1.5%


    o
    Open Symbols: εa < 2.5% AVG. φ' = 25.3
    k = 0.40
    0.3

    0.2

    o
    AVG. φ' = 19.3
    0.1
    k = 0.50

    0.0
    0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
    Normalized Effective Stress, p'/σ'vm

    Stabilized stress states at the end of relaxation phases, CKOUC relaxatin tests on resedimented BBC.

    Figures by MIT OCW.

    Adapted from:
    tr,
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    o
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    TC (qr)

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    TX & DSS tests
    DSC (qr)
    0.20
    DSS
    (τh)
    0.15

    TE(qr)
    0.10
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    Major principal stress direction, δ (0)

    Bishop (1966) Equation:


    q(δ) = q0(1- a sin2δ )(1-b sin22δ)

    Undrained strength Ratio vs.Stress direction.

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    Line Fig. 3 Data cu = α=


    A DSC qf 45 − δ

    B TX & DSS qf 45 − δ

    C DSC qf cosφ' θ−δ

    φ' = 34o θ = 62o


    0.40

    0.35
    A
    Undrained strength ratio, cu/σ'vc

    B
    0.30
    cu assuming
    C "φ = 0" for
    shear surface
    0.25

    0.20
    cu assuming shear
    A
    surface = failure surface
    0.15
    C B

    0.10
    60 40 20 0 -20 -40
    Inclination of shear surface, α (0)
    Slection of design strengths from experimental data in fig. 3.
    Figure by MIT OCW.
    1 I

    2ff L/0/ 1322


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    ,vS.t
    5 4 3 2 1
    Surcharge
    180
    175 o Final Grade
    φ' = 35 EL.160
    160 γt = 125 pcf γt = (pcf)
    γt = 120 pcf
    Elevation (ft)

    145 141 o
    110 120
    140 Silty Sand φ' = 30
    135
    116.5
    120
    Medium - Soft
    104.5
    100 Vertical Drains Varved CLAY
    80 108.5
    60 55
    Glacial Till
    -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
    Distance From Centerline (ft)
    Design problem for highway embankment on connecticut valley varved (1 ft = 0.305 m;
    1 pcf = 0.157 kN/m3)

    E SA FS = 2.80 (Bishop)

    200 USA
    180 EL.175 FS = 1.50 (M-P)
    Elevation (ft)

    160
    140
    120
    c' = 0.05 ksf
    100
    Varved Clay
    80 o
    φ' = 25
    60

    0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350


    Distance (ft)
    ESA and USA factors of safety for embankment on Connecticut valley varved clay at U = 100%
    [from Ladd and Foott (1977)] (1 ft = 0.35 m; 1 ksf = 47.9 kpa)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    130
    Initial
    120 (1)
    Elevation (ft)

    110
    (2) (3) (5)
    100 σ'vc
    90
    σ'vo
    80
    70 σ'p
    60
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    Stress History (ksf)

    130
    120
    110
    Elevation (ft)

    100 (3) (5)


    90 τc τc
    80 (1)
    70 τc
    60
    τd τe
    0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
    Undrained Shear Strength (ksf)

    UUC Field Vane Shansep Cu


    qf Peak PSC τc
    Remolded DSS τd
    PSE τe

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    Indices
    Profile 0 10 20 30 Ip Stress History (kpa)
    0 1 2 3 IL 100 200 300
    0

    2 CRUST

    Depth, z (m) 4
    6
    Marine CLAY Selected Profile
    8
    10 IL
    σ'vo
    12 σ'p on Block
    Lacustrine
    14 Samples
    Ip (%) CKoU
    16 CLAY Test Locations
    18
    Till
    20

    Soil profile, Index properties, and stress history at James Bay Site B-6

    Crust + Mean su (FV) from 8 profiles


    4
    6
    Marine
    8
    CLAY
    10 τe τd τc τd τc
    Depth, z (m)

    12
    Locust.
    14
    16 CLAY
    τe τd τc τd τc
    18
    Till Initial Strength for Intact Clay For U = 100% Under
    20 12m Upper Berm
    10 20 30 40 50 75 100 175
    Undrained Shear Strength (kPa)
    Field vane and anisotropic undrained strength profiles at James Bay Site B-6

    ESA FS = 4.6 + 0.7 (Bishop)

    160
    Relative Elevation (m)

    140

    EL.121
    120 EL.112
    EL.106 USA FS = 2.2 (M-P)
    o
    φ' = 30 γ1 = 20 kN/m3
    100
    Figures by
    o
    Sensitive CLAY φ' = 24 + 4
    80 MIT OCW.
    ESA FS = 5.5 + 1(M-P)
    0 50 100 150 200

    Distance (m)
    -
    ESA and USA Factors of safety for Embankment Dam on James Bay sensitive clay at U= 100%
    Note: For Circular arc from crest to toe of berm, FS = 5.2 + 0.7

    Adapted from:
    400 USA FS = 1.25 + 0.1
    cu/σ'vc = 0.275 + 0.025

    300

    Refrence Elevation (ft)


    ESA fs = 2.4 + 0.4
    B1 B2 Tailings Sand
    φ' = 30 + 4o
    φ' = γt = 122 pcf
    200
    20 B3
    40
    40 SLIMES
    100
    30
    Starter DAM

    0
    Pressure Head (ft) Sand and Gravel
    Figure by
    400 600 800 1000 1200
    MIT OCW.
    Distance (ft)
    ESA and USA Factors of safety upstream tailings Dam (1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 pct = 0.157 kN/m2)

    Undrained Shear Strength (ksf)


    Stress History (ksf)
    0
    UUC σ'p from EOP odometer
    20
    Nilcon field vane u from piezometers
    40

    60
    Depth, z (ft)

    80 σv

    100
    u
    120
    σ'vo = σ'p
    140 cu/σ'vo = 0.25 & 0.30

    160
    1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 Figure by
    Undrained strength and stress history data at Boring B1 of Upstream fallings Dam (1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 ksf = 47.9 kPa)
    MIT OCW.
    0.30
    1.5
    0.25

    Normalized Shear Stress, τh/ σ'vc


    Strength Ratio: cu (CAU)/cu(CKoU)
    1.4
    0.20
    1.3 Resedimented BBC III
    0.15
    Ip = 23.5% IL = 0.8
    1.2 1.5 0.10
    1.1
    0.05
    1.0
    0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0
    Stress Ratio: τhc 0 2 4 6 8
    Shear Strain, γ (%)
    (CAU)/cu(CKoU)
    CKoU Sym
    Soil cu/σ'vc τhc/σ'vc Symbol
    I 0.201
    BBC 0
    III 0.203
    0.10
    Toilings 0.223
    0.20
    EABPL 0.235

    Effect of consolidation shear stress on undrained direct simple shear behavior


    of normally consolidated clay: (a) Increases in peak strength for Boston blue clay,
    Copper tailing and Atchafalaya clay; and (b) Shear stress versus shear strain for Boston
    blue clay.
    Note: Copper Tailing data by R.S. Ladd; Other data by MIT

    qf sin φcu
    = ( Terzoghi & Peck 1967)
    σ'c 1- sin φcu
    Shear Stress

    φcu
    cu = σ'fc tan φcu

    qf

    σ'c σ'c + 2qf σ'fc


    Normal Stress
    Angle of shearing resistance φ'fc from isotropically consolidated - undrained triaxial compression
    (CIUC) tests as defined by A. Casagrande
    Undrained strength ratio, cu = σ'fc

    0.30

    tan φcu = 0.25


    0.25 Low Anisotropy

    0.20
    tan φcu = 0.20
    High Anisotropy
    0.15
    o o o o
    60 30 0 -30
    Failure surface inclination, α (degrees)

    QRS computed cu = σ'fc tan φcu (Bishop circle, FS = 1.3)


    Simplified trends from CKOU data on natural clays

    Undrained strength ratios from QRS methodology compared to trends from CKOU testing for normally
    consolidated clay.

    Figure by MIT OCW.


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