Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin Khoa Cng ngh thng tin B mn Cng ngh phn mm

NHP MN LP TRNH

ThS. ng Bnh Phng

dbphuong@fit.hcmus.edu.vn

CC KHI NIM C BN V LP TRNH

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Ni dung

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Cc khi nim c bn

Cc bc xy dng chng trnh

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Biu din thut ton

Ci t thut ton bng NNLT

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc khi nim c bn

Lp trnh my tnh Gi tt l lp trnh (programming). Ngh thut ci t mt hoc nhiu thut ton tru tng c lin quan vi nhau bng mt ngn ng lp trnh to ra mt chng trnh my tnh. Thut ton L tp hp (dy) hu hn cc ch th (hnh ng) c nh ngha r rng nhm gii quyt mt bi ton c th no .
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc khi nim c bn

V d Thut ton gii PT bc nht: ax + b = 0 (a, b l cc s thc).

u vo: a, b thuc R u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0 Nu a = 0 b = 0 th phng trnh c nghim bt k. b 0 th phng trnh v nghim. Nu a 0 Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = -b/a

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc tnh cht ca thut ton

Bao gm 5 tnh cht sau: Tnh chnh xc: qu trnh tnh ton hay cc thao tc my tnh thc hin l chnh xc. Tnh r rng: cc cu lnh minh bch c sp xp theo th t nht nh. Tnh khch quan: c vit bi nhiu ngi trn my tnh nhng kt qu phi nh nhau. Tnh ph dng: c th p dng cho mt lp cc bi ton c u vo tng t nhau. Tnh kt thc: hu hn cc bc tnh ton.
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Cc bc xy dng chng trnh

Biu din bng: Ngn ng t nhin Lu - S khi M gi

Xc nh vn - bi ton La chn phng php gii Xy dng thut ton/ thut gii Ci t chng trnh
Li c php Li ng ngha

Hiu chnh chng trnh Thc hin chng trnh

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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S dng ngn ng t nhin

vo: a, b thuc R ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0 Nhp 2 s thc a v b. Nu a = 0 th 2.1. Nu b = 0 th 2.1.1. Phng trnh v s nghim 2.1.2. Kt thc thut ton. 2.2. Ngc li 2.2.1. Phng trnh v nghim. 2.2.2. Kt thc thut ton. 3. Ngc li 3.1. Phng trnh c nghim. 3.2. Gi tr ca nghim l x = -b/a 3.3. Kt thc thut ton.
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

u u 1. 2.

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S dng lu - s khi
Khi gii hn Ch th bt u v kt thc. Khi vo ra Nhp/Xut d liu.

Khi la chn Ty iu kin s r nhnh.

Khi thao tc Ghi thao tc cn thc hin. ng i Ch hng thao tc tip theo.
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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S dng lu - s khi
Bt u

Nhp a, b (h s ca phng trnh bc nht)

x b / a

Sai

a = 0?

ng

Xut "Phng trnh c nghim x"

Xut "Phng trnh v nghim"

Sai

b = 0?

ng

Xut "Phng trnh v s nghim"

Kt thc

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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S dng m gi

Vay mn ngn ng no (v d Pascal) biu din thut ton.

u vo: a, b thuc R u ra: nghim phng trnh ax + b = 0 If a = 0 Then Begin If b = 0 Then Writeln Phng trnh v s nghim Else Writeln Phng trnh v nghim End Else Xut Phng trnh c nghim x = -b/a
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Ci t thut ton bng C/C++

#include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int nA, nB; printf(Nhap a, b: ); scanf(%d%d, &nA, &nB); if (bA == 0) if (nB == 0) printf(Phng trnh VSN\n); else printf(Phng trnh VN\n); else printf(x = %.2f\n, (float)-nB/nA); }
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Bi tp

1. Thut ton l g? Trnh by cc tnh cht quan trng ca mt thut ton? 2. Cc bc xy dng chng trnh? 3. Cc cch biu din thut ton? u v khuyt im ca tng phng php? Cho v d minh ha.

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Bi tp

4. Nhp nm sinh ca mt ngi. Tnh tui ngi . 5. Nhp 2 s a v b. Tnh tng, hiu, tnh v thng ca hai s . 6. Nhp tn sn phm, s lng v n gi. Tnh tin v thu gi tr gia tng phi tr, bit: a. tin = s lng * n gi b. thu gi tr gia tng = 10% tin

Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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Bi tp

7. Nhp im thi v h s 3 mn Ton, L, Ha ca mt hc sinh. Tnh im trung bnh ca hc sinh . 8. Nhp bn knh ca ng trn. Tnh chu vi v din tch ca hnh trn . 9. Nhp vo s xe ca bn (gm ti a 5 ch s). Cho bit s xe ca bn c my nt? 10. Nhp vo 2 s nguyn. Tnh min v max ca hai s .
Cc khi nim c bn v lp trnh

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