Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
CONTROLLER
MINOR PROJECT REPORT
ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(7th SEMESTER)
SUBMITTED BY:
AANCHAL MANCHANDA
(UE5502)
SUNIL AGGRAWAL
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. Introduction
2. Circuit diagram
3. Components Used
a) Resistors
b) Capacitors
c) Diodes
d) Power Supply
f) Wiring Materials
g) Micro-Controller
4. Soldering
a) Soldering Tools
b) Process of Soldering
5. Keil
7. Program Code
9. References
Introduction
The traffic light, also known as traffic signal, stop light, traffic
lamp, stop-and-go lights, robot or semaphore, is a signaling
device positioned at a road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or
other location. Its purpose is to indicate, using a series of
colours (Red - Amber - Green), the correct moment to stop,
drive, ride or walk, using a universal colour code (and a precise
sequence, for those who are colour blind).
Technology
REASON
Power Supply:
C1 = 2200 uF
R1 = 1 Kohm
D3,D4 = 1N4007
Controller:
R1 = 10 Kohm
C1= 10 uF
C2,C3 = 33pF
Micro-Controller = 89S51
COMPONENTS USED
Resistor
Resistance value
Fixed Resistors
Thickness
(mm)
Length
(mm)
1/8
1/4
1/2
9
Resistor color code
Color
Value
Multi
plier
Example 1 Toler
(Brown=1),(Black=0),(Orange ance
=3) (%)
10 x 103 = 10k ohm
Tolerance(Gold) = ±5%
Black
Brow
n
±1
Red
±2
Oran
ge
3
Capacitor
Ceramic Capacitors
Diode
Although all diodes operate with the same general principle, there are different
types suited to different applications. For example, the following devices are best
used for the applications noted.
Light emitting
diode
The circuit
symbol is .
This type of diode
emits light when current flows through it in the forward
direction. (Forward biased.)
Rectification /
Switching / Regulation Diode
Diode bridge
LM7805
When assembling an
electronic circuit, a
board is needed on
which the
components can be
mounted and
wired together.
This board is
called a Printed Wiring Board (PWB).
In Japan, the printed wiring board used to be called a
"Printed Circuit Board." Nowadays in Japan the name
"Printed Circuit Board" is not used because the initials of
"Printed Circuit Board" are "PCB." PCB also stands for
"Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)," which is a poison. So in
Japan, we refer to the boards as "Printed Wiring Boards." In
other countries, they are still referred to as "Printed Circuit
Boards," or PCBs.
To use the board, the parts are mounted on the face of the
board, and the component leads are passed through the
nearest holes, to project through the bottom of the board,
Wiring materials
Description
General description
Features
Similar products
GND Ground
GND Ground
Applications
Flux
Methods
Soldering Tools
The only tools that are essential to solder are a soldering iron
and some solder. There are, however, lots of soldering
accessories available (see soldering accessories for more
information).
Soldering Irons
• Wattage
• adjustable or fixed temperature
• power source (electric or gas)
• portable or bench use
Temperature
Solder
Rosin core solder comes in three main types - 50/50, 60/40 and
63/37. These numbers represent the amount of tin and lead are
present in the solder,as shown below.
Solder % % Melting
Type Tin Lead Temp (°F)
50/50 50 50 425
60/40 60 40 371
63/37 63 37 361
Soldering Accessories
Solder Wick
Solder Suckers
Preparation
Step 1: Preparation
Once you have all the connector parts on that you need, you
will need to strip your cable. This means removing the
insulation from the end of the wire and exposing the copper
core. You can either use a wire stripper, side cutters, or a knife
to do this.
Tinning
Step 2: Tinning
To tin a wire, apply the tip of your iron to the wire for a second
or two, then apply the solder to the wire. The solder should flow
freely onto the wire and coat it (if it's stranded wire the solder
should flow into it, and fill the wire). You may need to snip the
end off afterwards, particularly if you have put a little too much
solder on and it has formed a little ball at the end of the wire.
The larger the copper core, the longer it will take to heat up
enough to draw the solder in, so use a higher temperature
soldering iron for larger cables if you can.
Once you have tinned both parts, you are ready to solder them
together.
Step 3: Soldering
Remove the iron and hold the wire still while the solder
solidifies again.
If it does not go so well, you may find the insulation has melted,
or there is too much stripped wire showing. If this is the case,
you should desolder the joint and start again.
Cleaning Your Soldering Iron
You should clean your tip after each use. There are many
cleaning solutions and the cheapest (and some say best) is a
damp sponge. Just rub the soldering iron tip on it after each
solder.
KEIL
5. Select the part you will be using to test with. For now we will
use the Dallas
8. Click OK
1. Select New
*.src)
7. Click on toggle.a51
Tree menu to ensure that the file was added to the project
11.0592
5.
7. Click OK Button
8. Click on Project Menu and select
30 seconds
2 seconds
8 seconds
PROGRAM CODE
#include <reg51.h>
void delay(void);
void main(void)
unsigned int i;
while(1)
P1=0xF3;
P3=0xF6;
for(i=0;i<160;i++)
delay();
P1=0xED;
P3=0xF6;
for(i=0;i<40;i++)
delay();
P1=0xDE;
P3=0xF6;
for(i=0;i<160;i++)
delay();
P1=0xEE;
P3=0xF5;
for(i=0;i<40;i++)
delay();
P1=0xF6;
P3=0xF3;
for(i=0;i<160;++i)
delay();
P1=0XF6;
P3=0xED;
for(i=0;i<40;++i)
delay();
P1=0xF6;
P3=0xDE;
for(i=0;i<160;++i)
delay();
P1=0xF5;
P3=0xEE;
for(i=0;i<40;++i)
delay();
void delay(void)
TMOD=0x01;
TL0=0x33;
TH0=0x47;
TR0=1;
while (TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
1 #include <reg51.h>
3 void delay(void);
6 void main(void)
7 {
8 1
9 1 unsigned int i;
10 1 while(1)
11 1 {
12 2 P1=0xF3;
13 2 P3=0xF6;
14 2 for(i=0;i<160;i++)
15 2 delay();
16 2
17 2 P1=0xED;
18 2 P3=0xF6;
19 2 for(i=0;i<40;i++)
20 2 delay();
21 2
22 2
23 2 P1=0xDE;
24 2 P3=0xF6;
25 2 for(i=0;i<160;i++)
26 2 delay();
27 2
28 2 P1=0xEE;
29 2 P3=0xF5;
30 2 for(i=0;i<40;i++)
31 2 delay();
32 2
33 2
34 2 P1=0xF6;
35 2 P3=0xF3;
36 2 for(i=0;i<160;++i)
37 2 delay();
38 2
39 2
40 2 P1=0XF6;
41 2 P3=0xED;
42 2 for(i=0;i<40;++i)
43 2 delay();
44 2
45 2 P1=0xF6;
46 2 P3=0xDE;
47 2 for(i=0;i<160;++i)
48 2 delay();
49 2
50 2
51 2 P1=0xF5;
52 2 P3=0xEE;
53 2 for(i=0;i<40;++i)
54 2 delay();
C51 COMPILER V6.14 MINI
10/11/2008 22:23:08 PAGE 2
55 2 }
56 1
57 1 }
58
59 void delay(void)
60 {
61 1 TMOD=0x01;
62 1 TL0=0x33;
63 1 TH0=0x47;
64 1 TR0=1;
65 1 while (TF0==0);
66 1 TR0=0;
67 1 TF0=0;
68 1 }
:10401000E50970020508C394A0E508940040EC751A
:1040200090ED75B0F6E4F508F5091240FF0509E5D5
:104030000970020508C39428E508940040EC7590C7
:10404000DE75B0F6E4F508F5091240FF0509E5094B
:1040500070020508C394A0E508940040EC7590EE4A
:1040600075B0F5E4F508F5091240FF0509E509709A
:10407000020508C39428E508940040EC7590F67595
:10408000B0F3E4F508F5091240FF0509E5097002EF
:104090000508C394A0E508940040EC7590F675B04F
:1040A000EDE4F508F5091240FF0509E50970020580
:1040B00008C39428E508940040EC7590F675B0DECE
:1040C000E4F508F5091240FF0509E5097002050845
:1040D000C394A0E508940040EC7590F575B0EEE44B
:1040E000F508F509C3E5099428E5089400400302A2
:0F40F00040001240FF0509E50970E9050880E569
:1040FF00758901758A33758C47D28C308DFDC28CD2
:03410F00C28D223C
:03000000024112A8
:0C411200787FE4F6D8FD758109024000BA
:00000001FF
M51 FILE
mini.obj (MINI)
C:\KEIL\C51\LIB\C51S.LIB (?C_STARTUP)
-----------------------------------------------------
SEGMENT DATA_GROUP
----------------------------------------------
+--> ?PR?MAIN?MINI
+--> ?PR?DELAY?MINI
SYMBOL TABLE OF MODULE: minproj (MINI)
----------------------------------
D:0090H PUBLIC P1
D:00B0H PUBLIC P3
B:00B0H.4 PUBLIC T0
B:00D0H.6 PUBLIC AC
B:00B0H.5 PUBLIC T1
B:00A8H.7 PUBLIC EA
B:00B0H.7 PUBLIC RD
B:00A8H.4 PUBLIC ES
B:0098H.0 PUBLIC RI
B:00D0H.7 PUBLIC CY
B:0098H.1 PUBLIC TI
B:00D0H.2 PUBLIC OV
B:00B0H.6 PUBLIC WR
B:00D0H.0 PUBLIC P
B:00D0H.5 PUBLIC F0
------- DO MAIN
D:0008H SYMBOL i
------- ENDDO i
C:4000H LINE# 6
C:4000H LINE# 7
C:4000H LINE# 10
C:4000H LINE# 11
C:4000H LINE# 12
C:4003H LINE# 13
C:4006H LINE# 14
C:400BH LINE# 15
C:401FH LINE# 17
BL51 BANKED LINKER/LOCATER V4.14
10/11/2008 22:23:08 PAGE 3
C:4022H LINE# 18
C:4025H LINE# 19
C:402AH LINE# 20
C:403EH LINE# 23
C:4041H LINE# 24
C:4044H LINE# 25
C:4049H LINE# 26
C:405DH LINE# 28
C:4060H LINE# 29
C:4063H LINE# 30
C:4068H LINE# 31
C:407CH LINE# 34
C:407FH LINE# 35
C:4082H LINE# 36
C:4087H LINE# 37
C:409BH LINE# 40
C:409EH LINE# 41
C:40A1H LINE# 42
C:40A6H LINE# 43
C:40BAH LINE# 45
C:40BDH LINE# 46
C:40C0H LINE# 47
C:40C5H LINE# 48
C:40D9H LINE# 51
C:40DCH LINE# 52
C:40DFH LINE# 53
C:40F2H LINE# 54
C:40FFH LINE# 59
C:40FFH LINE# 60
C:40FFH LINE# 61
C:4102H LINE# 62
C:4105H LINE# 63
C:4108H LINE# 64
C:410AH LINE# 65
C:410DH LINE# 66
C:410FH LINE# 67
C:4111H LINE# 68
• http://en.wikipedia.org/
• http://www.8051projects.net/
• http://www.8051projects.info/
• http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc
2487.pdf
• http://www.trafficlights.com/
• http://www.national.com/mpf/LM/LM78M05.html