Embedded System Designs (2003).

Peter Marwedel
(lc dch)

Chng 1: Gii thiu

1.1 Thut ng v phm vi
Cho ti cui thp k 1980, vic x l thng tin c cho l vic ca nhng h thng my tnh mainframe ln vi nhng a tape ln. Trong thp k 1990, xu hng chuyn sang cc my tnh c nhn. Xu hng thu nh tip din, v a s cc thit b x l thng tin s l nhng chic my tnh xch tay nh tch hp li thnh cc sn phm ln hn. S hin din ca chng trong nhng sn phm ln hn ny, chng hn nh cc thit b vin thng s khng d thy nh PC. Do , xu hng mi cn c gi l my tnh bin mt (disappearing computer) . Tuy nhin, vi xu hng mi ny, my tnh thc ra khng bin mt, tri li, chng s c mt khp ni. Loi ng dng mi ny ca cng ngh thng tin cn c gi l ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, v ambient intelligence. Ba thut ng ny ch tp trung vo cc kha cnh hi khc nhau ca cng ngh thng tin tng lai. ubiquitous computing ch trng vo mc tiu lu di "thng tin mi lc mi ni", trong khi pervasive computing tp trung vo mt kha cnh hi thc dng hn v vic khai thc cc cng ngh c sn. Cn ambient intelligence ly trng tm l cng ngh truyn thng cho nhng ngi nh tng lai v ta nh thng minh. Cc h thng nhng l mt trong nhng ngun gc ca ba lnh vc ny, chng cung cp phn ln cc cng ngh cn thit. H thng nhng l h thng x l thng tin m c nhng vo trong mt sn phm ln hn v thng ngi dng khng trc tip nhn thy. V d l cc h thng x l thng tin trong cc thit b vin thng, trong cc h thng vn ti, trong thit b ct kim loi v in t gia dng. Cc h thng ny c nhng tnh cht chung sau: H thng nhng thng c ni vi mi trng vt l qua cc thit b cm ng ( sensor) thu thp thng tin v mi trng v cc thit b hnh ng (actuator) iu khin mi trng . H thng nhng phi ng tin cy (dependable) Nhiu h thng nhng phi c an ton cao nn phi ng tin cy. Cc l phn ng ht nhn l v d ni bt v cc h thng c yu cu an ton cao m c qun l mt phn bi phn mm. Tnh ng tin cy cng quan trng i vi cc h thng khc nh t, tu ha, my bay... L do quan trng cho an ton l cc h thng ny kt ni trc tip vi mi trng v c nh hng trc tip ti mi trng. Tnh ng tin cy ca mt h thng bao gm nhng kha cnh sau: 1. Reliability tin cy: xc sut m mt h thng s khng gp s c 2. Maintainability kh nng bo tr: xc sut m mt h thng ang b s c c th sa c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh 3. Availability sn c: xc sut m h thng tnh trng sn sng phc v. C reliability v maintainability u phi cao c availability cao 4. Safety an ton: mt h thng b s c s khng gy thit hi 5. Security bo mt: d liu mt khng b l v lin lc c chng thc c m bo. H thng nhng phi c tnh hiu qu. Hiu qu ca cc h thng nhng c nh gi theo cc o sau:

1. Nng lng: Nhiu h thng nhng l cc h thng di ng dng nng lng pin. Cng ngh pin tin b vi tc rt chm. Nhng cc yu cu tnh ton li tng vi tc cao, c bit i vi cc ng dng multimedia, v khch hng mun c pin chy lu ht. Do , nng lng in phi c s dng mt cch c hiu qu 2. Kch thc m: Ton b m chng trnh chy trong mt h nhng phi c lu trong h thng. Thng thng, khng c a cng lu chng trnh. Vic b sung m vn cn l ngoi l v ch gii hn trong nhng trng hp nh in thoi Java, in thoi thng minh, v set-top box (thit b gii m tn hiu truyn hnh). Do tt c cc hn ch khc, iu c ngha kch thc m nn cng nh cng tt. iu ny c bit ng cho systems on a chip - cc h thng m tt c cc mch x l thng tin u cha trong mt con chip. Nu b nh lnh cn c tch hp vo con chip ny, n nn c dng mt cch rt hiu qu. 3. Hiu qu khi chy: Ch nn dng lng ti nguyn ti thiu thc hin chc nng c yu cu. Ta cn tha mn rng buc v thi gian vi lng ti thiu ti nguyn phn cng v nng lng. gim mc tiu th nng lng, tn s ng h v hiu in th nn nh ht mc c th. Ngoi ra, h thng ch nn c nhng thnh phn phn cng thit yu. C th b cc thnh phn khng ci thin thi gian chy trong trng hp xu nht (chng hn nhiu cache hay n v qun l b nh). 4. Trng lng: Tt c cc h thng xch tay u phi c trng lng thp. Nh cn thng l mt iu quan trng khi cn nhc mua mt h thng no . 5. Gi: i vi cc h thng nhng thng dng, c bit l in gia dng, sc cnh tranh trn th trng l mt vn cc k quan trng, do cn s dng hiu qu cc thnh phn phn cng cng nh chi ph pht trin phn mm. Cc h thng nhng c dnh ring cho mt ng dng nht nh. V d, cc b vi x l chy phn mm iu khin t hoc tu ha s lun chy phn mm , v s khng ai nh chy mt tr chi in t hay chng trnh bng tnh trn b vi x l . C hai l do chnh: 1. Chy thm cc chng trnh khc s lm gim tin cy ca cc h thng 2. Vic chy thm cc chng trnh khc ch kh thi khi cc ti nguyn nh b nh ang ri. mt h thng hiu qu, khng c ti nguyn no trng thi khng c s dng. Hu ht cc h thng nhng khng dng bn phm, chut v mn hnh my tnh ln cho giao din ngi dng. Thay vo , c mt giao din ngi dng chuyn bit gm cc nt bm, bnh li, p-an, v.v.. Do , ngi dng hu nh khng nhn ra rng vic x l thng tin ang xy ra. Nhiu h thng nhng phi tha mn nhng rng buc thi gian thc (real-time constraint). Vic khng hon thnh tnh ton trong mt khong thi gian cho trc c th dn n vic gim st cht lng phc v ca h thng (chng hn nh hng cht lng audio hoc video) hoc c th gy thit hi cho ngi dng (chng hn khi t, tu ha hoc my bay khng vn hnh nh ngi ta trng i). Mt rng buc thi gian c gi l rng buc cng (hard) nu nh vic khng tha mn rng buc c th dn n mt tai ha. Tt c cc rng buc thi gian khc c gi l rng buc mm (soft). Nhiu h thng x l thng tin ngy nay dng cc k thut tng tc trung bnh cho vic x l thng tin. V d, cache ci thin hiu nng trung bnh ca mt h thng. Trong cc trng hp khc, lin lc ng tin cy cng c thc hin bng cch truyn i truyn li. V d, cc giao thc Internet thng da vo vic gi li thng ip phng trng hp thng ip gc b mt. V bnh qun, nhng vic lp li (hy vng l ch) lm gim nh hiu nng, tuy rng i vi mt

thng ip nht nh, tr lin lc c th cao hn tr thng thng. Trong ng cnh ca cc h thi gian thc, cc l l v hiu nng hoc tr trung bnh khng c chp nhn. p ng h thng c m bo phi c gii trnh m khng cn n cc s liu thng k. Nhiu h thng nhng l cc h thng lai theo ngha chng bao gm cc phn analog cng nh digital. Cc phn analog dng cc gi tr tn hiu lin tc trong thi gian lin tc, trong khi cc phn digital dng cc gi tr tn hiu ri rc trong thi gian ri rc. Thng thng, cc h thng nhng cng l cc h phn ng (reactive system). Chng c nh ngha nh sau: Mt h phn ng l h lin tc tng tc vi mi trng v thc thi theo nhp quyt nh bi mi trng. Cc h phn ng c th c xem l ang mt trng thi nht nh v i input. Vi mi input, chng thc hin tnh ton v sinh output v chuyn sang mt trng thi mi. Do , automat l loi m hnh rt thch hp cho cc h thng ny.

Thc ra, khng phi h thng nhng no cng c tt c cc c im trn. Ta c th nh ngha thut ng "h thng nhng" nh sau: cc h thng thng tin tha mn hu ht cc c im k trn c gi l h thng nhng. nh ngha ny hi m, Tuy nhin, c v khng cn hoc khng th loi b tnh m ny. a s cc tnh cht ca cc h thng nhng cn c th c thy trong lnh vc tin hc mi xut hin trong vng mt thp k ny: ubiquitous hoc pervasive computing, cn gi l ambient intelligence. Mc ch chnh ca lnh vc tin hc ny l lm cho thng tin sn sng mi lc mi ni. Do n bao gm c cng ngh truyn thng. Hnh di m t nh hng ca cc h thng nhng v cng ngh truyn thng i vi ubiquitous computing.

Communication Technology
Optical networking Network management Distributed applications Service provision UMTS, DECT, Hiperlan, ATM

Embedded Systems
Robots Control systems Feature extraction and recognition Sensors/actuators A/D-converters

foy til au Q ec i vr es

Pervasive/Ubiquitous computing Distributed systems Embedded web systems

V d, ubiquitous computing phi tha mn cc yu cu thi gian thc v tin cy ca h thng nhng trong khi p dng cc k thut nn tng ca cng ngh truyn thng chng hn nh mng.

c h t na i gi h T y c n i t gn

1.2 Cc lnh vc ng dng

Danh sch di y bao gm cc lnh vc quan trng s dng n cc h thng nhng in t t: t hin i ch bn c nu chng c mt lng ng k cc thit b in t. Trong c cc h thng iu khin ti kh, h thng iu khin ng c, h thng phanh, iu ha nhit , h thng GPS, cc tnh nng an ton, v nhiu na. in t my bay: Mt phn quan trng trong tng gi tr ca my bay l do cc thit b x l thng tin, trong c cc h thng iu khin bay, h thng chng va chm, h thng thng tin phi cng, v.v.. tin cy mang tm quan trng ti cao. Tu ha: i vi tu ha, tnh hung tng t nh vi t v my bay. Mt ln na, cc tnh nng m bo an ton ng gp phn quan trng trong tng gi tr ca tu ha, v tin cy l cc k quan trng. Vin thng: in thoi di ng tr trnh mt trong nhng th trng pht trin nhanh nht trong nhng nm gn y. i vi in thoi di ng, thit k tn s radio, x l tn hiu s v thit k tit kim nng lng l cc kha cnh quan trng. Y t: C mt tim nng rt ln cho vic nng cp dch v y t bng vic x l thng tin ngay trong cc thit b y t. Qun s: x l thng tin c dng trong cc thit b qun s t nhiu nm. Thc t, trong s nhng my tnh u tin l nhng my tnh phn tch cc tn hiu radar qun s. Cc h chng thc: dng chng thc ngi dng. V d SMARTpen l mt thit b hnh ci bt, c chc nng phn tch cc tham s vt l khi ngi dng k tn. Cc tham s vt l gm nghing, lc n v gia tc. Cc gi tr ny c truyn cho mt PC ni n c so snh vi thng tin c sn v ngi dng. Kt qu l n c th so snh nh ch k cng nh cch k vi thng tin lu tr. Ngoi ra cn cc h thng nhn dng khun mt hoc nhn vn tay. in gia dng: cc thit b audio v video, TV, my chi in t.... Ta nh thng minh (smart buildings): C th dng tin hc tng mc tin nghi trong ta nh, gim tiu th nng lng, v tng an ton v bo mt. Cc h thng con vn khng lin h vi nhau phi c kt ni phc v mc ch ny. C mt xu hng ti vic tch hp iu ha nhit , nh sng, kim sot truy nhp, k ton v phn phi thng tin vo mt h thng n nht. V d, c th tit kim nng lng lm mt, si m, chiu sng ti cc phng trng. S dng mnh ca s mt cch thng minh c th ti u ha n v iu ha nhit .... Robotics: y l lnh vc truyn thng ca cc h thng nhng. Cc kha cnh c kh rt quan trng i vi robot. Hu ht cc c im c m t cng p dng cho robotics.

1.3 Tm quan trng ngy cng cao ca cc h thng nhng

Tm vc ca th trng h thng nhng c th c phn tch t nhiu gc nhn. Xt s lng vi x l ang c s dng (2003), ngi ta c tnh c khong 79% ang c dng trong cc h thng nhng. Nhiu b v x l nhng l loi vi x l 8 bit, mc d vy, 75% cc b vi x l 32bit c tch hp vo cc h thng nhng. Nm 1996, c tnh hng ngy mt ngi M lm vic vi trung bnh 60 b vi x l. Mt s t cao cp c ti hn 100 b vi x l. Nhng con s ny ln hn nhiu so vi hnh dung, do hu ht mi ngi khng nhn ra rng h ang dng cc b vi x l. Ngi ta d bo rng th trng h thng nhng s sm vt th trng ca cc h thng dng PC. Ngoi ra, s phn mm dng cho cc h thng nhng cng c d on l s tng. Cc h thng nhng to thnh nn tng cho ci gi l thi k hu PC, trong vic x l thng tin ngy cng chuyn dch ra xa cc h thng ton PC tin v cc h thng nhng. S lng ng dng ngy cng tng dn n nhu cu cc cng ngh thit k h tr cc h thng nhng. Cc cng ngh v cng c hin ti vn c nhng hn ch quan trng. V d, vn cn cc ngn ng c t tt hn, cc cng c sinh m t c t, cc b kim chng cc iu kin thi gian, h iu hnh thi gian thc, cc k thut thit k tit kim nng lng, v cc k thut thit k dnh cho cc h thng c tin cy cao.