Object-Oriented Programming in ABAP

Presented by Pooja Nayak

OOPS in ABAP

SESSION OVERVIEW

What is Object Orientation? Attributes of Object Oriented Programming ABAP Objects How to implement classes,events... Advantages of OOP in ABAP SAP Business Objects Object Orientation tools in ABAP
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What is Object Orientation?

Type of problem-solving method in which the software solution reflects real-world objects. Emphasis is given to data rather than to procedures Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.

Merits Of Object Orientation Complex software systems become easier to understand. OO systems are easier to scale by using the concept of reusability.

OOPS in ABAP

Attributes of Object Oriented Programming

Objects Classes Data Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism

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OBJECTS

Is any real-time entity (eg. Employee, customer etc ) Contains data and behaviour. Operations are done through message passing. Format of message is message:[destination,operation,parameters] destination operation parameters receiver object stimulated by message method that is to receive the message information needed for operation to be successful.

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CLASS

Central element of object orientation. Abstract description of an object. Defines state and behaviour of objects.

Structure of Class Classes contain components. Each component is assigned a visibility section. Components implement methods.

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Data Encapsulation

Protective covering preventing data and code from being defined outside the covering. Each obj. has an interface, which determines how other obj. can interact with it. Objs restrict visibility of their resources to other users. Three visibility mechanisms.

Private section Public section Protected section

All components defined in public section are accessible to all users of the class, methods of the class and any inherited classes.
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Data Encapsulation contd..

All components declared in private section are only visible in the methods of same class. All components declared in protected section are visible to methods of the class and those classes that inherit from this class. Interfaces completely describes how the user of the class interacts with it. Attributes will be hidden and user will use methods of class to manipulate the data.

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INHERITANCE

Relationship in which a class (subclass) inherits the main features of another class (superclass). Subclass can add new components (attributes, methods, events) and replace inherited methods with its own implementation.

Types of Inheritance
1) 2) 3) 4)

Single level Inheritance Multiple Hierarchical Hybrid

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POLYMORPHISM

Comes from the Greek word many forms. Allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. When objects from different classes react differently to the same procedural call. User can work with different classes in a similar way, regardless of their implementation. Allows improved code organization and readability as well as creation of extensible programs.

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ABAP Objects

Complete set of Object-Oriented statements introduced in conventional ABAP. ABAP Objects was introduced with SAP Basis Release 4.5

Classes, Interfaces, Events

ABAP Objects was completed with SAP Basis Release 4.6

Inheritance, Dynamic Invoke

Some enhancements were added with SAP Web Application Server, Releases 6.10, 6.20. Friends, Shared Objects

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ABAP Objects contd..

Runtime environment ABAP Workbench allows you to create R/3 Repository Objects like programs, lock objects and so on. Using Function Modules, we can encapsulate functions in different programs with defined interfaces. Object Oriented enhancement of ABAP is based on models of Java and C++. Object References Used to access objects from ABAP program and contained in reference variables ( pointers to objects ).
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ABAP Objects contd

Class References Interface References. Class References are defined using the addition <cref> TYPE REF TO <class> in the TYPES or DATA statement. It allows the user to create an instance of the class. Interface References are defined using the addition TYPE REF TO <intf> in the TYPES or DATA statement. <intf> should be declared before actual reference declaration occurs.
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Two types of references -

ABAP Objects contd

After creating a reference variable for a class, you can create an object using the statement CREATE OBJECT <cref>. This creates an instance of the object and <cref> contains the reference to the object.

Addressing the components of objects Instance components

To access attributes <attr>: <cref> -> <attr> To access methods <meth>: CALL METHOD <cref>-> <meth>
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Static components To access attributes <attr>: <class> => <attr>. To access methods <meth>: CALL METHOD <class> => <meth>

Within a class, you can access individual components using the keyword ME. For example: ME -> <attr> CALL METHOD ME -> <meth> .

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Classes in ABAP
Types of Classes Local Classes Defined within ABAP program. Can be used only with that program. Global Classes Defined in class builder SE24. Stored centrally in class library in R/3 repository. Can be accessed from all programs in R/3 system. For eg. CL_GUI_ALV_GRID, CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER

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Defining local classes in ABAP

The main components are Attributes, Methods and Events. In ABAP, classes are defined between CLASS and ENDCLASS statements. Class definition consists of declaration and implementation parts. Syntax for class definition is CLASS classname DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. *declare public variables and methods. PRIVATE SECTION. *declare private data. ENDCLASS.
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Understanding Classes contd..

The syntax for class implementation is

CLASS class_name IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. *initialising the variables ENDMETHOD.

METHOD method_name. *write code for the defined methods ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
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Understanding Class Components

Attributes They are internal data variables in a class and can take any ABAP data type. Can be classified into instance attributes and static attributes. Instance attributes are declared using DATA keyword and determine the state of the instance. Must create an object before working with instance attributes. Static attributes are declared using CLASS-DATA keyword and determine the state of the class. Need not create an object before working with static attributes.
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Methods( Procedures) They can access all class attributes and have parameter interface similar to the Function Modules (IMPORTING, EXPORTING, CHANGING). Like Attributes, there are instance methods and static methods. Instance methods are declared using METHODS keyword and can access all the attributes of the class. Static methods are declared using CLASS-METHODS keyword and can access only static attributes of the class.

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The syntax of using methods is

METHODS <met> IMPORTING : [VALUE(] <ii> [)]TYPE type] [OPTIONAL] EXPORTING : [VALUE(] <ei> [)] TYPE type] [OPTIONAL] CHANGING : [VALUE(] <ci> [)] TYPE type] [OPTIONAL] RETURNING VALUE(<r1>) EXCEPTIONS: <ei>.

The additions like IMPORTING, EXPORTING etc define attributes of interface parameters like pass-by-value (VALUE), its type (TYPE) and if it is optional (like OPTIONAL).
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Implementing methods The syntax for implementation of a method is METHOD methodname. *enter the code here ENDMETHOD. The interface parameters neednt be specified in implementation. To handle error situations, statements like RAISE <exception> , MESSAGE RAISING etc can be used. Calling Methods The way of addressing a method depends on the method itself and from where you are calling it. The basic form of calling a method is CALL METHOD methodname.
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Class Definition -> An Example

CLASS CL_EMPLOYEE DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. TYPES: BEGIN OF T_EMPLOYEE, NO TYPE I, NAME TYPE STRING, END OF T_EMPLOYEE. METHODS: CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING: IM_EMPLOYEE_NO TYPE I IM_EMPLOYEE_NAME TYPE STRING, DISPLAY_EMPLOYEE.
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METHODS: DISPLAY_NO_OF_EMPLOYEES. PROTECTED SECTION. DATA: G_NO_OF_EMPLOYEES TYPE I. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA G_EMPLOYEE TYPE T_EMPLOYEE. ENDCLASS. CLASS CL_EMPLOYEE IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. G_EMPLOYEE-NO = IM_EMPLOYEE_NO. G_EMPLOYEE-NAME = IM_EMPLOYEE_NAME. G_NO_OF_EMPLOYEES = G_NO_OF_EMPLOYEES + 1. ENDMETHOD.
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Class Implementation -> An Example

CLASS CL_EMPLOYEE IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD CONSTRUCTOR. G_EMPLOYEE-NO = IM_EMPLOYEE_NO. G_EMPLOYEE-NAME = IM_EMPLOYEE_NAME. G_NO_OF_EMPLOYEES = G_NO_OF_EMPLOYEES + 1. ENDMETHOD. METHOD DISPLAY_EMPLOYEE. WRITE:/ Employee Number,G_EMPLOYEE_NO. WRITE:/ 'Employee Name', G_EMPLOYEE-NAME. ENDMETHOD. METHOD DISPLAY_NO_OF_EMPLOYEES. WRITE:/ 'Number of employees is : ', G_NO_OF_EMPLOYEES. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.

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DATA : G_EMPLOYEE1 TYPE REF TO LCL_EMPLOYEE. START-OF-SELECTION. CREATE OBJECT G_EMPLOYEE1 EXPORTING IM_EMPLOYEE_NO = 1 IM_EMPLOYEE_NAME = 'John Jones'. CALL METHOD G_EMPLOYEE1->DISPLAY_EMPLOYEE. CALL METHOD G_EMPLOYEE1->DISPLAY_ NO_OF_EMPLOYEES.

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CLASS COMPONENTS contd

Events Events are used to trigger event-handler methods in objects or classes. When an event is triggered, any no: of handler methods can be called and the handler determines events to which it want to react. Events of a class can be triggered in the methods of same class using RAISE EVENT statement. A method of same or different class can be declared as an event handler method for the event <evt> of class <class> by giving the addition FOR EVENT <evt> OF <class>. The link between handler and trigger is established at runtime using the statement SET HANDLER.
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Handling and Triggering Events

To trigger an event, a class must a) declare the event in declaration part b) trigger the event in one of its events. Declaring Events To declare instance events, EVENTS <evt> EXPORTING.. VALUE(<ei>) TYPE type [OPTIONAL]. To declare static events, CLASS-EVENTS <evt>..

Triggering Events Instance events can be triggered by any method in the class while static events can be done using only static methods. RAISE EVENT <evt> EXPORTING <ei> = <fi>..
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Handling Events To handle an event, a method must a) be defined as an event handler method for that event. b) be registered at runtime for the event.

To declare an event handler method, use following statement. METHODS <meth> FOR EVENT <evt> OF <cif> IMPORTING <ei> = <fi> (for instance method). To register event handler method, use the following statement. SET HANDLER.. <h>.. FOR.. After the RAISE EVENT statement, all registered event handler methods are executed before the next statement is processed. Handler methods are executed in the order in which are registered./

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Event Handling -> An example

REPORT ZGAS_NEW . CLASS counter DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS increment_counter. EVENTS critical_value EXPORTING value(excess) TYPE i. PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: count TYPE i, threshold TYPE i VALUE 10. ENDCLASS. CLASS handler DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS handle_excess FOR EVENT critical_value OF counter IMPORTING excess. ENDCLASS.
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CLASS counter IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD increment_counter. DATA diff TYPE i. ADD 1 TO count. IF count > threshold. diff = count - threshold. RAISE EVENT critical_value EXPORTING excess = diff. ENDIF. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS.
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CLASS handler IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD handle_excess. WRITE: / 'Excess is', excess. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. DATA: r1 TYPE REF TO counter, h1 TYPE REF TO handler. START-OF-SELECTION. CREATE OBJECT: r1, h1. SET HANDLER h1->handle_excess FOR ALL INSTANCES. DO 20 TIMES. CALL METHOD r1->increment_counter. ENDDO.
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Constructors
Special methods called automatically by the system to set the starting state of an object or class. Called when a class is instantiated. Types of Constructors

Instance constructors Declared using keyword METHODS CONSTRUCTOR Used to initialize instance attributes. Static Constructors Declared using CLASS-METHODS CLASS CONSTRUCTOR. Used to initialize static attributes. Constructor implementation is similar to a method implementation.

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Inheritance

The statement is CLASS <subclass> DEFINTION INHERITING FROM <superclass>. A class can have more than one subclass, but may have only one superclass(single inheritance).
OBJECT C1 C2

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Inheritance contd

When subclasses inherit from superclass, which itself a subclass of another class, all classes form inheritance tree.

Redefining Methods

Use the addition REDEFINITION in METHODS statement to redefine public or protected instance method in a subclass.
The method retains the name and interface, but with a new implementation.
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Interfaces

Exclusively describes the external point of contact, but dont contain any implementation part. Has only declaration part, in the public section of classes.

A class can implement any number of interfaces and interface can be implemented by any number of classes. Interface resolution operator(~) enables to access interface components using an object reference belonging to the class implementing the interface.
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Defining Interfaces

Use the statement INTERFACE <intf> ------------------------ENDINTERFACE. Can be defined either globally in R/3 repository or locally in ABAP program. You can define the same components in an interface as in a class. Components dont have to be assigned individually to a visibility section. Interfaces dont have an implementation part, since their methods are implemented in the class that implements it.
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Implementing Interfaces

Use in the declaration part of the class (public section), INTERFACES <intf>. During implementation, components are added to other components in the public section. The class must implement the methods of all interfaces implemented in it . The implementation part of the class must contain a method implementation for each interface method <imeth>: METHOD <intf~imeth> -----------------------------ENDMETHOD.
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Advantages of OOPS in ABAP

The implementation of object-oriented elements in ABAP language has considerably increased response times. Use of OOPS in ABAP helps to have a better control of development complexity, a better means for encapsulation and extensibility. Reusability of the objects will reduce the coding effort and helps in utilizing the existing code for other programs.

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Object Orientation Tools in ABAP

ABAP Class Builder Transaction Code: SE24. Allows you to create and maintain global classes and interfaces. Features Display an overview of global data types and their relationships. Create and specify attributes, methods and events of global classes and interfaces. Create internal types in a class. Implement methods.
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HOW TO USE ALV USING OOPS

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Tcode: SE38
Create a program

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Goto Flow Logic and click on layout

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Add a Custom Control on the screen

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Give a name to custom control

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Declare Gobal variables to be used for ALV Grid

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Fill internal table with list data to be displayed

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In PBO of the flow logic, write a module and inside the module write the code

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If ALV Grid instance not exist.

Creating custom container instance

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Creating ALV Grid instance

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Call the method for data display

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If ALV Grid instance already exists

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Output

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If we assign values for layout structure fields

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Output

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THANK YOU

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