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L( E $ : T ra n spo se ?
. K C a se s " ! 9 *
y 1 9 * # I * x1, x2, x3 " 1 - # #

4 C (
.6
:
2
: ( Da t a Ed i t o r , , # " " ( - %
x1
3
4
5
& . $ 4 & +
I 6 ( :
! .
A y ad
R az ak
M ah m ood
I m ad
S atar
1
M ah di
F al ah
S ab ah
K am al
S al im
Y as s in
S am e r
A h m ad
A b as
L oay
s al ary
8 5
7 0
7 7
8 0
8 2
9 0
5 5
5 7
5 9
6 2
6 6
3 5
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x2
6
7
8
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9
10
11
y
y1
y2
y3
y 1 - x #
( - L( 6
Da t a
: " 6 < 8 . .
T ra n spo se
2 E 6 ,
: ( 7 4 . T ra n spo se
: ( Da t a Ed i t o r , , # 3 #
9 (
ca se _ l b l
y1 y2
X 1
3
4
X 2
6
7
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9
10
N E ( 4 & 1 / ca se _ l b l - #
@ -
H
3 #
$
2 O K & E
y3
5
8
11
) - $ y1, y2, y3 ;
.
. ( M $ % #
@ -) E " 1 ) - $
" @ E SP SS 2 # N
34
M e rg e fi l e s " (
( 5 . / ( ? . / $
.7
: E 6 Y 0 2 -
A d d V a ri a b l e s " 1 # I * .L
A d d C a se s " ! # I *
.-
( " ! " 1 K ( F ? . / - : A d d C a se s " ! # I *
.-
; ( 7 , ; L , ( 6 " C ( < - , ( 6 " C ( N'

. (" ! ) , $ # ( 6 ; ( K
G ro u p2 C ( (v a ri a b l e s) - # ( ) 6 " 4 G ro u p1 C ( :

2
, , # ( $ 3 - # (" ! ' )L' 6 " 4

n a me
Sa mi r
L u b n a
ma t h
100
9 5
n a me
ma t h
Y o u si f
8 5
A mma r
9 5
Si n a n
9 0
: " 6 < ($
G ro u p1
ch e m
9 0
8 7
: Da t a Ed i t o r
ph ysc
9 5
9 0
mu si c
8 7
8 5
G ro u p2
ch e m
ph ysc
pa i n t
9 0
7 7
8 8
8 3
8 2
9 0
9 2
8 6
9 5
? C ( " ! 9 * C ( " ! # I * ) (
$ C ( 2 J C ( . / C G ro u p1 C ( (o pe n ? ) ( - F # -
H
3 # Da t a
M e rg e F i l e s
. w o rk i n g d a t a fi l e
- 2 E 6 ,
A d d C a se s
C ( C N E & G ro u p2 C ( 7 A d d C a se s : R e a d F i l e
C ( # mu si c / @ @ # ( ( - 3 ' R Ext e rn a l Da t a F i l e
: H

. C ( # pa i n t $ ?
3 A d d C a se s : R e a d F i l e H
# o pe n & E
: " H
$ ,
C ( # I C " 1 / : V ariab l es in N ew
ork ing Data F il e
1 > 2 ! H 6 ( ' " 1 # I 2 ; (
. C ( # 7 I 2 E 5 . / 1 4 - C . 7 - ; R (4 & 2 - 4 )
35
C ( # I C " 1 ) - E 5 . / 4 : U np aired V ariab l es

& W o rk i n g Da t a F i l e
+ & Ext e rn a l Da t a F i l e
. me rg e d F i l e (
$ C ( " 1 ( &
C ( " 1 ( &
: " 1 U n pa i re d V a ri a b l e s E $ ,
. 2 ! H 6 ! ( " 1
; ? C ( # & " 1 ( - # " 1 2 " 1
. ( ' # U n e q u a l W i d t h = $ 6 - & " 1
. & " 1 " 1 !
% G ro u p2 C ( # pa i n t G ro u p1 C ( # mu si c
1 - 3 ' $ . / #
. ( # - H 6 2 L E 5 . / # I
& E 2 ( ? K & 5 E ) 1 , J E 5 . / % 1 4 - 2 - 1 :1 3 '

# So u rce 01 2 J
.
. 1 .
2 - ) 6 * R e n a me
1 # I * 2 . / , J : I ndic ate C ase sourc e v ariab l e
C ( " ! 1 E $ C ( " ! 0 E . J C (
# C ( 3 ( 2 A d d C a se s F ro m H
# o k
& E
: (Sa v e A s ? ) L= 2 ! 7 6 * ; ( Da t a e d i t o r , ,
M e rg e d F i l e
n a me
ma t h
ch e m
Sa mi r
100
9 0
L u b n a
9 5
8 7
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8 5
9 0
A mma r
9 5
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9 0
9 2
V a ri a b l e s i n N e w % 9 * U n pa i re
ph ysc
9 5
9 0
7 7
8 2
8 6
d % # " 1 M & 4 - $ E :2 3 '
C ( ? $ C ( 1 - - 6 , 9 ( W o rk i n g Da t a F i l e
A d d ` H
# U n pa i re d % # 3 . ( pa i n t mu si c ( $ E ( # +

: " 6 < C a se s fro m
. ( 1 2 - 9 ( E < C T R L \ 6 1 I - 2 $ ? 1 E -) 1 ' .1
A d d C a se s H
36
3 ; mu si c &
pa i n t /
2 ( 1 $ E P a i r & E - .2
: (
fro m
n a me
Sa mi r
L u b n a
Y o u si f
A mma r
Si n a n
ma t h
100
9 5
8 5
9 5
9 0
V a ri a b l e s i n N e w
#
: ( ( 2 5 ' - H
= O K & E
M e rg e d F i l e
ch e m
ph ysc
mu si c
9 0
9 5
8 7
8 7
9 0
8 5
9 0
7 7
8 8
8 3
8 2
9 0
9 2
8 6
9 5
. ( 1 ( mu si c 2 - ) 6 * 2 7 - 3 '
.3
% # / ' - pa i n t mu si c 1 4 - I : 3 3 '
& E 2 ( ? K & 5 E ) L( 6 1 W o rk i n g Da t a F i l e
9 ( $
( 1 ' I = . -) O K
& E / A d d
C a se s F ro m H
1 4 ! 4 . C ( # I " ! ( @ E % 4 4 . C (
n a me
Sa mi r
L u b n a
Y o u si f
A mma r
Si n a n
ma t h
100
9 5
8 5
9 5
9 0
" ! K . (
M e rg e d F i l e
ch e m
ph ysc
9 0
9 5
8 7
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9 0
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8 6
: (
.
.
.
mu si c
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.
.
8 8
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A d d V a ri a b l e s " 1 # I - .L
C ( < ( ) $ C ( * ? . / F
. ( " 1
1
2
# 6 K " 4 Su b 2 C ( < I - # 6 " I G ro u p1 C (
: ( - I
37
n a me
Sa mi r
L u b n a
ma t h
100
9 5
G ro u p1
ch e m
9 0
8 7
ph ysc
9 5
9 0
mu si c
8 7
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su b 2
n a me
a ra b i c
e n g l i sh
Sa mi r
8 0
9 8
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8 5
9 5
: " 6 < ($ ? C ( " 1 9 C ( " 1 # I * ) (
3 # Da t a
. ($ C ( ) o pe n ? N E & G ro u p1 C ( F # -
M e rg e F i l e s
A d d
- 2 E 6 ,
V a ri a b l e s
C ( ) N E & Su b 2 C ( 7 A d d V a ri a b l e s : R e a d F i l e H
A d d
H
3 A d d V a ri a b l e s : R e a d F i l e H
. (

# o pe n & E
: ( V a ri a b l e s F ro m
: ( H
I
C ( # I C " 1 ) J % / : N ew W
ork ing data F il e
. ( ' # 2 ! 7 , ! " 1 # I 2
@ C ( " 1 ) J % / : Ex c l uded V ariab l es
G ro u p1 $ C ( " 1 ) - 7 , su b 2
C ( " 1 ) - I
. ( ' # 5 N 3 (+ 5 & ) Su b 2 C ( n a me 1 I E 3 '
6 ( > ? 2 3 . #
% E C $ . 2 3 L - F % :
Key Variables
# L 7 - N ( . @ E " ! - , = " ! D
9 ( ( ) N'
. K e y V a ri a b l e s # 6 ,
. 2 ! K ( ' # K e y V a ri a b l e I - L
38
.1
.K e y V a ri a b l e
L So rt i n g A sce n d i n g N
( L L
.K e y V a ri a b l e \ 1 9 * M ! $ .
( C ( 3 A d d V a ri a b l e s F ro m H
# O K & E
: (
M e rg e d F i l e
n a me
Sa mi r
L u b n a
ma t h
100
9 5
ch e m
9 0
8 7
ph ysc
9 5
9 0
mu si c
8 7
8 5
a ra b i c
8 0
8 5
.2
e n g l i sh
9 8
9 5
(K ey v ariab l e
* 5 6 ) : 2
2
C ( < (5 ' -1 $ ) 6 " 4 4 . G ro u p1 C ( - D

n a me
Y o u si f
A mma r
Si n a n
Sa mi r
L u b n a
n a me
Sa mi r
L u b n a
.
.
.
"
Su b 3
a ra b i c
9 0
8 7
8 5
8 0
8 5
ma t h
100
9 5
.
.
.
.
.
.
#
: ( L' 6 " 4 4 . Su b 3
e n g l i sh
8 5
9 2
9 1
9 8
9 5
: ( 3 K e y V a ri a b l e $ 2 #
ch e m
ph ysc
mu si c
a ra b i c
e n g l i sh
9 0
9 5
8 7
9 0
8 5
8 7
9 0
8 5
8 7
9 2
.
8 5
9 1
.
8 0
9 8
.
8 5
9 5
9 * Su b 3 C ( # ( 6 " C I 2 ;
= ( - 3 '
: " 6 L K e y V a ri a b l e $ L 7 ( R G ro u p1 C ( # ( 6 K
? 6 n a me 1 L So rt A sce n d i n g N
su b 3 G ro u p1 ( L
SSu b 3 SG ru o p1 2 ( & < Da t a
39
So rt C a se s
: (
SG ro u p1
n a me
ma t h
ch e m
ph ysc
mu si c
L u b n a
9 5
8 7
9 0
8 5
Sa mi r
100
9 0
9 5
8 7
SSu b 3
n a me
a ra b i c
e n g l i sh
A mma r
8 7
9 2
L u b n a
8 5
9 5
Sa mi r
8 0
9 8
Si n a n
8 5
9 1
Y o u si f
9 0
8 5
1 / (L 1 ) n a me 1 ? ? C L % ( - 3 !
H
3 # Da t a
M e rg e F i l e s
. SG ro u p1 L C ( F # -
. 4 &
- 2 E
A d d V a ri a b l e s
: $ , 9 ( 7 2 E 4 . A d d V a ri a b l e s F ro m

B o t h F i l e s < M a t ch C a se s o n K e y V a ri a b l e i n So rt e d fi l e s , J
9 *
n a me
A mma r
L u b n a
Sa mi r
Si n a n
Y o u si f
40
6 7 ( E - 2 @ , J n a me 1 E Excl u d e
V a ri a b l e s % #
: ( ( 2 5 ' - H
M e rg e d F i l e
ch e m
ph ysc
mu si c
a
.
.
8 7
9 0
8 5
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8 7
.
.
.
.
# o k & E
: $ , 9 ( A d d V a ri a b l e s fro m H
.
.
.
. P ro v i d e ca se s
ma t h
.
9 5
100
.
.
3 # K e y V a ri a b l e s
ra b
8
8
8
8
9
ic
7
5
0
5
0
e n g l i sh
9 2
9 5
9 8
9 1
8 5
; C a se s " ! @ 4 C ( / : K ey ed T ab l e T ab l e L ook up f il e 7
8
# . C ( @ ! ; - C ( # " ! @ (H 6 ) $ E - $ -
# - " ( @ / N' @ " ( 6

" - "
.@ ?
( 7
8 ) 3
2
$
R A g e R n a me 2 ! ) @ ? # - " ( 4 h o u se h o l d C (
: ( ( h o u sn o 2 % R Ed u
h o u se h o l d
A g e
20
35
30
15
17
40
36
n a me
A h ma d
Z e k i
Sa b a h
Z a in a b
I b ra h i m
Sa mi r
Se l ma
Ed u
Se c
B sc
se c
P ri m
Se c
M a
B sc
h o u sn o
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
( ?

1 0
( ?

1 2
< % R Si z e @ ? 2 I ( @ ? " ( 4 # h o u se C ( Si z e

4
3
k e y V a ri a b
h o u
L o ca
B a g h
B a g h
l e /
se
tio
d a
d a
4
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2 % RL o ca t i o n
h o u sn o
d
10
d
12
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5 ' - ( % - N (
. ( # 6 E 5 . / Da t a
so rt C a se s ?
# - # $ (h o u se C ( ) " ( % - ( 5 ' - ( -
: " 6 L 8 . . h o u se h o l d $ ? C ( # @ ?

W o rk i n g F i l e $ C ( F
4 . h o u se h o l d C ( F # -
C ( - 2 Da t a
M e rg e F i l e s
A d d V a ri a b l e s
Ext e rn a l F i l e 4 . A d d V a ri a b l e s : R e a d F i l e ` H
H
3 A d d V a ri a b l e s : R e a d F i l e ` H
Excl u d e d V a ri a b l e s % I
Ext e rn a l F i l e
2 E
h o u se
# o pe n & E
h o u sn o 1 9 ( 4 4 . A d d V a ri a b l e s F ro m
: ( )
J 2 E ;
< M a t ch C a se s o n K e y V a ri a b l e s i n So rt e d F i l e s , J
. T a b l e L o o k U p fi l e ; C ( /
41
C ( - i s K e ye d T a b l e
7 ( E 2 5 , J
H
C ( h o u sn o 1 E - Excl u d e d
3 ; \ 1 5 K e y V a ri a b l e s 9
: ( @ . " )
*
n a me
A h ma d
Z e k i
Sa b a h
Z a in a b
I b ra h i m
Sa mi r
Se l ma
A g e
20
35
30
15
17
40
36
M e rg e d F i l e
Ed u
h o u sn o
Se c
10
B sc
10
se c
10
P ri m
10
Se c
12
M a
12
B sc
12
.
$ ( D
# O K
& E
= ? " C ( ($
# ) &
L o ca t i o n
B a g h d a d
B a g h d a d
B a g h d a d
B a g h d a d
B a g h d a d
B a g h d a d
B a g h d a d
Spl i t F i l e s (" ( &
: K L G
D
) $
#
1 ? . / $
.8
1
2
, ? L $ $
g e n d e r
m
f
m
f
m
f
" 6 < f ;
? L $ m . L $ $ ? -&

Da t a
42
Si z e
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
6
A d d V a ri a b l e s F ro m
: ( ( 2 H H
w a g e
60
30
7 0
35
65
40
V a ri a b l e s % #
Spl i t F i l e
9 * C ( &

2 E 6 ,
:
: $ , 9 ( 7 % 4 . Spl i t F i l e
. C ( &
2
3
: - ;
: A nal y se A l l C ases, do not C reat G roup s
- 1 . / ) 1 " # L C ( &
E $ , 9 (
* ( D
H
2 : C omp are G roup s
2 ( G ro u ps B a se d o n # " 1
. &
1 ( <
2 C o mpa re G ro u ps E K / . / : O rg aniz e O utp ut b y G roup s
. / 2 $ . / # ) &
1 < $ ( E @
D
$
E 6 7 , . / L C ( $
# E 6 -. ( g e n d e r &
? N'
" ( D
(" 1 ) 1 <

1 ( %
E 6 # C ' ! C o mpa re
G ro u ps
. F re q u e n ci e s
L C ( L 2 : S ort T h e F il e b y G roup ing V ariab l e

. &

@
" - 9 5 ! L L 9 M ! C ( :F il e is A l ready S orted
9 ( So rt L ( 2 & ' " %

! / . / @ # . &
1 L
. ( So rt T h e F i l e b y G ro u pi n g V a ri a b l e ) H * . / 2 ! L( = ?
m . ( / - -&
9 * C ( &
2 Spl i t F i l e H
# O K
& E
: ( g e n d e r 1 ( ? C L So rt L 2 % f ; ] ?
w a g e
g e n d e r
30
f
35
f
40
f
60
m
7 0
m
65
m
43
H C o mpa re g ro u ps , J # L K 9 $
- N (
? w a g e 1 ( 6 L ( #
" ( " # 3
L $
< $
3 -)A n a l yz e
De scri pt i v e St a t i st i cs
F re q u e n ci e s
: " ( F re q u e n ci e s ? 6
Frequencies
G E N D E R = f
O rg a n i z e O u t pu t b y G ro u ps "
.1
: co mpa re g ro u ps "
.2
Statisticsa
WAGE
N
V a lid
M is s in g
M e a n
a . GEND ER = f
3
0
35 . 00
G E N D E R = m
Statisticsa
WAGE
N
V a lid
M is s in g
M e a n
a . GEND ER = m
3
0
6 5 . 00
Frequencies
Statistics
WAGE
f
M e a n
N
M e a n
V a lid
M is s in g
V a lid
M is s in g
3
0
35 . 00
3
0
6 5 . 00
H 6 L 2001 2000 # $
M ? $ : 2
2
pro d
800
600
1400
900
44
ye a r
2000
2000
2001
2000
re g i o n
N o rt h
So u t h
N o rt h
N o rt h
( R , )
1090
950
1350
1180
700
975
1290
1000
750
1310
1150
2001
2000
2001
2001
2000
2000
2001
2001
2000
2001
2001
So u t h
N o rt h
N o rt h
So u t h
So u t h
N o rt h
N o rt h
So u t h
So u t h
N o rt h
So u t h
. E 6 L (pro d M 1 ) C ( &
< $ I
H 6 L $
pro d 1 " ! - ; C ( &
2 E 4 . Spl i t F i l e
H
3 # Da t a
: $
pro d
8 00
9 00
9 50
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9 7 5
600
7 00
7 50
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1400
1350
129 0
1310
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
109 0
<
re g i o n
N o rt h
N o rt h
N o rt h
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
N o rt h
So u t h
So u t h
So u t h
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
N o rt h
N o rt h
N o rt h
N o rt h
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
So u t h
- 9 C ( &
45
, #
ye a r
2000
2000
2000
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2000
2000
2000
2000
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2001
2001
2001
2001
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2001
Spl i t F i l e
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1
: " 6
: $ , 9 ( 7
& E
1st G ro u p
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
D
- 2 E
2 5 ' - H
# O K
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
L( 6
2n d G ro u p
3rd G ro u p
4t h G ro u p
118 0
1000
1150
2001
2001
2001
So u t h
So u t h
So u t h
$ ( . / J # pro d 1 6 M ! fre q u e n ci e s ?
$ ( )
-
: ( O rg a n i z e O u t pu t b y G ro u ps ? < 9 ( &
F r e q u e n c ie s
Y E A R = 2 0 0 0 , R E IG O N
= N o rth
Statisticsa
PROD
N
V a lid
M is s in g
M e a n
4
0
9 06 . 2 5
a . Y E A R = 2 000, RE I G ON = No r t h
Y E A R
= 2 0 0 0 , R E IG O N
= S o u th
Statisticsa
PROD
N
V a lid
M is s in g
M e a n
3
0
6 8 3. 33
a . Y E A R = 2 000, RE I G ON = S o u t h
Y E A R
= 2 0 0 1 , R E IG O N
= N o rth
Statisticsa
PROD
N
V a lid
M is s in g
M e a n
4
0
1 3 3 7 .5 0
a . Y E A R = 2 001 , RE I G ON = No r t h
Y E A R
= 2 0 0 1 , R E IG O N
= S o u th
Statisticsa
PROD
N
V a lid
M is s in g
M e a n
4
0
1 1 05 . 00
a . Y E A R = 2 001 , RE I G ON = S o u t h
46

A g g reg ate Data

9
@ # ca se s " ! E ( " ( G
( ? . / $
L' 6 " ! 4 % " # . - $ $ 9 ( # .
.9
C (
- # L 6 N! (
@ / ) < $ # L= E # K

C ( # N' 4 C ! - $ # L' 6 " ! 6 D
4 ,
. K # L' 6 < " ! D

N!
? d e g re e 3 2 3 ) - 4 sa l a ry C (

2
: ( Da t a Ed i t o r , , # 3 sa l a ry
sa l a ry C (
n a me
d e g re e sa l a ry
A h ma d
3
40
Sa me r
3
35
L o a y
3
50
M a h mo o d
1
8 0
A ya d
1
7 0
Y a ssi n
2
66
Sa t a r
1
8 5
R a z a k
1
7 7
K a ma l
2
59
A b a s
3
45
M a h d i
1
9 0
Sa l i m
2
62
Sa b a h
2
57
F a la h
2
55
I ma d
1
8 2
.d e g re e 3 L ( 6 M ) L 1 < L( 6
A g g re g a t e ` H
47
3 # Da t a
: " 6 < 8 . .
A g g re g a t e
- 2 E 6 ,
: ( 7 4 . Da t a
(" ! ) < C $ b re a k d o w n V a ri a b l e (s) &
: - ;
(" 1 ) 1 / :B reak
. < d e g re e 3 1 ( $ . / #
" ! < # L= 4 . (" 1 ) 1 / : A g g reg ate V ariab l e(s)

. &
1 L
A g g re g a t e V a ri a b l e (s) % 9 7 ( E sa l a ry / 1 J # $ . / #
: 7 N ( 3 $ 4 ,
2 E N a me &
Q 6 $ sa l a ry_ 1 / I # 2 J 3 7 J #
L a b e l & $ 7 1 ( I # ! 2 ? 1
1 2 E F u n ct i o n & E ( M e a n 6 ) I # ! 1
. A g g re g a t e V a ri a b l e s % % 1
Su m R St a n d a rd De v i a t i o n $ Y - $ - ; A g g re g a t e V a ri a b l e s % %
. T N o . o f C a se s Ro f C a se s
2 7 < , J : S av e N umb er of c ases in b reak G roup as v ariab l e
9 ? 3 ( N' # $ " ! N _ B re a k / I # 2 J
1
. 4 ( 5 3 ( 6 E 1 . J
I # 2 J " ( 4
C ( F . / : C reat new
Data F il e
1 7 N ( .
:
( sa l a ry (
? C ( 7 # < E 4 . $ K # A g g r/
. F i l e & E 7 % C ( 2 -
8 . - N ( sa l a ry C ( $ C ( $ ' ! : R ep l ac e W
ork ing Data F il e
. 2 J 7 & 2 2 & ! C ( - (
? C ( & 1 ( !
? 7 # L 7 @ ) E R A G G R C ( & 2 O k & E

: ( C ( 3 F i l e
O pe n
Da t a
A G G R C (
d e g re e sa l a ry
1 8 0.67
2 59 .8 0
3 42.50
; " % K # " @ A g g re g a t e V a ri a b l e (s) % 9 * sa l a ry 1 $ *
L " ! < $ sa l a ry_ 1 1 N' sa l a ry_ 2 R sa l a ry_ 1 ( ( 2 % . J

. . / 4 C ? L < $ sa l a ry_ 2 1 6
48
$ ( # I " ! ) &

( ( D
# ? . / :Se l e ct C a se s " ! - .10
. " ? 6 , #
E ? O 3 K / .

. 2002 1990 @ $ ' , " $ &
B: " 6 < 8 . . R 2002B1997 " $ E " ! - # L=
Se l e ct C a se s H
3 # Da t a
Se l e ct C a se s
- 2 E 6 ,
B: (
C ( " ! # - A l l C a se s - ;
49
2 I f C o n d i t i o n i s Sa t i sfi e d E - 2002B1997 " $ E " ! ?

: ( 7 2 E 4 . H
3 # I F
& E-
# & ? $ ? K & 5 ' - H

# & ? 9 ( E 8
# " ! E - (2002B1997) ( 6 " ! 2 O K
" ! ( 1 E . J 4 . fi l t e r_ $
2 J C ( 9
.
& E
1 # I * 2 Da sh e d 6 ,
B: ( @ " ! ( 0 E @
% - ;
$ ( $ ! C ( C . 2 @ " ! - 3 !
- . * Se l e ct C a se s H
50
# U n se l e ct e d C a se s A re # F i l t e re d , J
B: 9 ( $
; De l e t e d , J 2 E N @ " ! C .
B a se d o n
, J N I - 2 (2002B1997 )" $ E " ! - -
@ " ! ; H
3 # R a n g e
" ! ( 1 E 6 ; C ( 9 fi l t e r v a ri a b l e
& E 2 T i me o r C a se R a n g e
. (13B8)
:
0 1
# I * $ ' " ! -
.1
2 % H $ ( # / # L= ! " ! ( 0 E / % L=
B: ( ( N' X ) 1 . /
51
B: ( Se l e ct C a se s H
i f co n d i t i o n i s sa t i sfi e d
L 2
(
. 9 ( $
;
8 . 2 " ! 6 , F R a n d o m N u mb e r o f C a se s
.2
. " ! ( F
- (" ! % 5 N' ) ( -
. Se l e ct C a se s H
# A l l C a se s , J 2 E " ! ) 1
C ( C a se s " ! & - ) 6 * * ? . / F : W e i g h t C a se s " ! F

6 , #
.3
.11
E ? O 3 K / / ? # ' ! N 3
. E " ?
/ - - N & $ - N ( )
@ # ( 6 - $ 2 E :
2
.SP SS Da t a Ed i t o r , , # " ( - % "
w e i g h t &
d e g re e
!
30
60

10
10
50
52
7 0
75
55
$ ?
;
<
: ( L( 6
. ? " ' 6 L
. ? " ' F
6 L
.1
.2
2 E 6 , 6 L .1
A n a l yz e De scri pt i v e St a t i st i cs
F re q u e n ci e s
9 ( $
; M e a n , J < (F re q u e n ci e s ? $ < $
< )
:
Frequencies
Statistics
DEGREE
N
V a lid
M is s in g
M e a n
4
0
6 5 . 00
: " 6 < < ? " ' w e i g h t 1 F
W e i g h t C a se s H
3 # Da t a
6 L
W e i g h t C a se s 2 E 6 ,
.2
: $ , 7 2 E 4 .
, , # 1 4 - 3 ' 8 - N ( ) w e i g h t 1 C ( " ! & 2 O K
& E
: 9 ( $
C F re q u e n ci e s ? 6 L
. ( Da t a Ed i t o r
Statistics
DEGREE
N
V a lid
M is s in g
M e a n
H
53
1 00
0
6 0. 00
# Do n o t w e i g h t ca se s , J 2 E C ( " ! F ) 1 : 3 '
.W e i g h t C a se s

" # # " < \ R o w

Data T ransf ormation
Da t a (
? " 9 ( $ &
. 6 , b
70 2 @
" ! 9 ( ! @
" 1 9 *
: ? 3 T ra n sfo rm % 2 I
" 1 L * ? . / F : C o mpu t e ?
. ( " & R
* R $ ) I
: ( Da t a Ed i t o r , , 9 * * 2 . ( x2 x1 1 $ $
x1
x2
60
9 0
8 7
8 8
7 0
43
9 0
8 0
57
55
7 3
47
9 5
9 0
66
50
40
55
55
8 0
8 5
7 5
8 8
8 6
35
7 0
2 % # x2 x1 1 " ! (
* ) M e a n 6 L L( 6
H
54
3 # Transform
.1
:
2
: " 6 < 8 . . . X 1, X 2 50
comp u te
2 E 6 ,
: $ , 9 ( 7 2 E 4 . comp u te variab l e
: " (
-%
. X2 X1 6 @ / 4 . Targ et Variab l e C 1 2
.-
.( X3 C 1 2 L - 2 Targ et Variab l e $ - $ 6 E - )
#
typ e &
H
& 6 1I
2 F u nctions % M ean /
.L
& E 2 @ 9 ( $ X2 X1 / ( " 1
. 5 ' - H
3 # Typ e &
# F I / @ < % # M ean
L ab el & E - C 1 >
: ( 5 % L ab el
."
.;
: - ;
- ) l ab el ( @ @ E X3 1 ( ) 6 * 7 ' : label

- M ean(x1, x2) % ( & 120 1 $ 6
u se exp ression @ @ E X3 1 / N u meric exp ression

. as l ab el
N & 1 # - nu meric 4 / 1 ( I # ! > -: t y p e

" ( ( Y
comp u te H
55
. w id th 1 $ 6 > L # S tring
cases "! ) &
! .continu e & E ) !
# if E ( x1, x 2 50 # "! L ) L !
if cases H
3 variab l e
incl u d e al l cases E "! # I
incl u d e if case satisfies cond ition E "! ) &
6 , $ * 2 ? E 2 E "! ) &
$ 6 , G
H
# O K
I
L -
$
C DF
$ 6 $ # @ & ? ! ( x 2 50 x1, )

: $ , 7 if C ases H
& 2 I f C ases H
3 ; @ #
# continu e & E
x3 / - 1 # I * 2 ; L ! 9 ( $
2 C omp u te Variab l e
x1
60
8 7
70
90
57
73
95
66
40
55
8 5
8 8
35
9 ( $

x2
90
8 8
43
8 0
55
47
90
50
55
8 0
75
8 6
70
*
.
.
.
: ( Data E d itor 9 * ( x2 x1 1 ( 6 )

x3
75
8 8
8 5
56
93
58
68
8 0
8 7
.
F S P S S # @ # ! " & $ : ' 0 1
2 1 # 8 . # ? " & 4 - 1 2 E ( E "! !

9 ( $
' # (T t < & R 6 < & $ ) " &
8 . p arameters 2 H 6 < & , 1 2 % % 4 ? ( E

: $ , # < &
56
CDFZ=CDFN O R M [Z]

CDFt=CDF.T[t,15]
CDFb i n o m =CDF.B I N O M [x , 10 , 0 .5 ]
b i n o m i a l r .v .

t-d i s t. r .v .
d f
: . Deg rees of F reed om " $ : d f
. , ? 6 I $ : R and om N u mb er S eed ?
: C ou nt ?
E K " L
" ! #
/ - ? . *
4 - # "'
1 ; ! / 2 $ O L ; E "'
. $ @ ) E "'
y2
8
3
7
1
1
10
7
6
9
1
6
9
3

# yes "
# ( Data E d itor # " $ * 2 ) y2 y1 1 D
57
.3
$ > ' 6 . $ $ 9 ( # . $ " 1
L 4 .
y1
1
15
14
9
1
4
6
11
15
9
6
20
16
.2
:
2
: $
25
22
8
5
7
7
# # 20 6 1 2 % ? " L 4 . y3 ; 1 # L=
Transform
B: " 6 H 6 8 . . . 1
C ou nt
2 E 6 ,
7 2 E 4 . C ou nt O ccu rrence of val u es w ithin cases
H
3
: (
: ( L( 6 ;
1 $ * y3 / Targ et variab l e C 1 2 $ *
.-
9 ( " 1 - ) " 1 % y2 y1 1
.L
3 Define val u es & E / " L 2 E C D
."
.( ) C
. N u meric variab l e $ 6 9 * ( E 2 ( & - ) > K
2 J # 1 6 20 2 E $ J L= - ; Val u es to cou nt 2 E G
# I A d d
1
H
: " 6 L 8 .
& E 2 1 E $ val u e ( $ 6 E 1 E $
E # I A d d & E 6 E $ val u e ( < E 6 E $
( $ $ 6 E 2 ( H
$ - ) R ang e @ E # 20 E $
. # val u e to C ou nt $ 6 9 * E
. # Val u es to cou nt % 9
: $ , 9 ( - 4 - 20 L R ang e
58
; . # Val u es to C ou nt % 9 * J # 20 Y # I A d d
: (
& E 2
val u es to C ou nt H
$ ,
K & / , J % C . R emove & % 1 $ C hang e & - N (

cou nt occu rrence of val u es w ithin H
. Val u es to cou nt % # ?
9 * > ( C ontinu e & E
y1
y2
y3
1 C I ? . / # O K & E 2 cases
1
8
1
: Da t a E d i t o r y3
15
3
0
14
7
0
9
1
1
1
1
2
4
10
0
6
7
1
11
6
1
15
9
0
9
1
1
6
6
2
20
9
1
16
3
0
25
22
2
8
5
0
7
7
0
; 1 2 % % $ (& ) cod e ) 6 * # ? . / : R ecod e ?
.4
@ 7 %
.
: & ? I " $ #
1 # ? . / : R ecod e into same variab l es ?

. 2 E 1 2 - K 1 . / . J 2 % 1 2 E &
2 E . J 4 . sal ary 1 D :
2
sal ary : 20 16 95 8 8 65 53 35 46 90 22 30 28 51 60 8 5
% $ C od e & ) 6 * / L( 6 . Data E d itor , , # 1 2 % "( - %
: L L 1 2 %
=
1
2
59
' <
$ % # 24
49-25
74 B50
# 75
4
Transform
R ecod e
: " 6 < 8 . .
into same variab l es
2 E
: ( 7 4 . R ecod e into same variab l es H
3 #
9 ( 1 7 N ( ) % & 4 . sal ary 1 E

H
.( & ) > K (
3 # 2 E & E 6 O l d and N ew Val u es & E
: 2 E 3 ' ; O l d and N ew Val u es
H 6 - @ E 2 % - @ % ) % & ) 6 * 2 E / : o ld
v alu e
.( 2 E
.@ E N % - E 2 E ( 9 6 & / : n ew v alu e
$ * 2 rang e @ @ E ol d
val u e % # $ % # 24 9 ? $
( $ % # 24) ( $ E & $ val u e $ 6 E N ew
ol d and new
6 0
. ol d
H
new
: ( "
Val u e % #
% 9 * $ E & < # I * 2 # A d d ` & E
.1 /
3 ; / - < " E $ * 2 E 6 K
: ( val u es
: " & * # , J 7 N (
E $ - O l d Val u e % # E E $ - / , J # 1 C hang e &

.N ew
F
; & &
O ld
. N ew Val u e % # @
% # / , J # C . R emove &
C ontinu e & E " $ * ) !
B: $ , 9 ( Data E d itor # sal ary 1

sal ary : 1
1 4 4 3 3 2 2
4 1 2
2
3 3
4
& ( $ Data E d itor E C & $ % S al ary (
? 1 2 % - 4
C ( 2 - K C ( 3 2 2 E (
? 1 4 4 . C ( - N ( R C od es
& 1 & ) 6 * ? . / : R eced e into d ifferent variab l e ?
. 2 E
K 9 * & < < 7 / L( ? 2 E 1 9 ( 3 < ^ 1 #
.>
. 1
& & @ . " L H $ # S al ary 1 & # L= :

2
. C ( 1 #
" 6 < C ( 1 9 * sal ary 1 &

Transform
R eced e
into d ifferent variab l es
2 E
: ( 7 4 . R ecod e in to d ifferent variab l es H
2 - ( - / N u meric Variab l e
3 #
O u tp u t % 9 S al ary 1 $ E % %
& E < sal cat 2 ! 2 N ame # $ 6 E H 6 1
. 8 . = 2 ? 1 E 6 K C hang e
E 6 K @ E 2 E $ * 2 O l d and N ew
$ R ecod e into d ifferent variab l es H
6 1
Val u es & E
3 " 1 K 9 * &
: (
H 6 ( 9 6 2 ) 1 ( E 2 E 3 ! : ' 0 1
.new val u e cop y ol d val u es ol d val u e A l l other val u es
s a la ry
2 0
16
9 5
8 8
6 5
5 3
35
4 6
9 0
2 2
30
2 8
5 1
6 0
8 5
R ecod e into H
Data # sal cat 2
s a lc a t
1
1
4
4
3
3
2
2
4
1
2
2
3
3
4
# C ontinu e E
1 C I d ifferent variab l es
: $ , # E d itor
(" 1 L ) categ oriz e variab l es ?
" $
9 1 $ 2 E )
6 2
. /
C
? ( " 1 ) 1 2 H
.5
L( 6
sal ary 1 ( 4 9 * " 2 . * ' # categ ories
$ % 2 E L ) $ ? < # 1 2 E 1 2 % G

2 #
.( % 25
% 50 9 % 25 ) 1 2 E 2 2 % G

.( % 75 9 % 50 ) 1 2 E 3 2 % G

.( # % 75 ) 2 E 4 2 % G
Transform

: " 6 < (sal ary 1 ) H $ K 5 . / .

C ateg oriz e variab l es
2 E
: ( 7 4 . categ oriz e Variab l es H
3 #
.(
: ( Data E d itor 9 nsal ary 1 # I * 2 O K

nsal ary
1
1
4
4
3
3
2
2
4
1
2
2
3
3
4
3 #
& E
. ! :
@ 7 %
A u tomatic R ecod e E ( &
1 E ( & # 2
.6
" 1 " ) ) 2 E 1 ( ( & -

) % ( & 2 -
1 ) name ( 4 1 ) sal ary 1 I C ( :

2
name
A hmad
S amer
L oay
M ahmood
A yad
Y assin
S atar
: ( ( 4 &
sal ary
40
35
50
8 0
70
66
8 5
: " 6 < 8 . . . E ( & # L 1 & L( 6
Transform
2 E
A u tomatic R ecod e
# name sal ary 1 $ 0 2 E ; A u tomatic R ecod e H
N' (& ) 1 - 6 2 Variab l e
N ew
N ame %
rname rsal ary
$ * 2 ? K & 1 , J H 6 1 2 ( 1 -) $ *
. N ew N ame & E 2 N ew N ame & $ 6 # 1 2
-
R ecod e starting from L ow est val u e

"
R ecod e starting from H ig hest val u e & "
H @ C - C ( ? $ ( L & " 1 & 2
. @ 1
C
6 3
: ( 3 Data E d itor 9 * 1 C I O K
name
sal ary
A hmad
40
S amer
35
L oay
50
M ahmood
8 0
A yad
70
Y assin
66
S atar
8 5
rname rsal ary

1
2
5
1
3
3
4
6
2
5
7
4
6
7
5 . / " 1 L @ / @
& E
R ank C ases: ?
" 1 5 . / 6
.7
. Y - " 1 6 1 L ) 6 * . &
L
reg ion E 6 g end er

reg ion g end er sal ary
1
2
30
1
1
70
1
1 100
1
1
50
1
2
45
1
2
36
1
1
70
1
2
25
1
2
22
1
1
42
2
2
15
2
1 100
2
1 110
2
1
8 8
2
1
92
2
2
55
2
2
32
2
1
47
2
2
20
K sal ary
? " 1 4 C ( :
2
: Data E d itor # 3
? 1
N ) 6 * - D
" # I
Transform
g end er K

" # I
sal ary
. reg ionE 6
: " 6 < 8 . .

C ases 2 E
7 4 . R ank C ases H
3 # R ank
: (
G end er 1 - Variab l es # S al ary N 5 O 6 * 4 . 1 $ 0 % E
# * 2 # G rou p ing Variab l es < " 1 # L 2 . ( reg ion

. N
L ) 6 S mal l est Val u e , - A ssig n R ank 1 to # B y
6 4
H
3 R ank cases H
# R ank Typ es & E > !
R ank L ( 6 > 7 R ank C ases:Typ es
9 * rsal ary 2 ( L 1 )
1 C I O K
reg ion g end er sal ary rsal ary

1
2
30
3
1
1
70
4
1
1 100
5
1
1
50
2
1
2
45
5
1
2
36
4
1
1
70
4
1
2
25
2
1
2
22
1
1
1
42
1
2
2
15
1
2
1 100
4
2
1 110
5
2
1
8 8
2
2
1
92
3
2
2
55
4
2
2
32
3
2
1
47
1
2
2
20
2
R eg ion " # I (; -R . ) G end er " # I
& 2 continu e & E
: $ # Data E d itor
sal ary 1 ( L ) 6 * 2 7 - 3 !
:" 3 '
& " 1 ( L ) 6 * ! 6 E # " 1 ( L ) 6 *

G rou p ing
. ^ # 4 1 ?
L ) 6 *
< " 1 $ 9 * 1 L ) 6 *
. (2 1 )
.1
.2
< 4 1 $ S al ary 1 ( L ) 6 * H $ # Variab l es
6 5
R ank C ases H
# B y 5 . / # reg ion g end er

. " 1
% 4 - ) (
? 1 ( 2 E K "! ( L 2 3 D
H
3 ; R ank
cases H
1
# Ties & E 2 ( " @ 1 (
.3
: @ 2 E ( " - 4 4 .
: , 2 E ( ? H 6 L G
$
Val u e M ean L ow
H ig h
seq u ential
10
1
1
1
1
15
3
2
4
2

15
3
2
4
2
15
3
2
4
2
16
5
5
5
3
20
6
6
6
4
R ank C ases : Typ es H
# / L > ?
I
7 1 2 % % $ ) 6 * 2 ; ) 6 / : R ank
.4
. (
. 9 ? < & L 1 2 E L 6 : S avag e S cores
& ? > 9 ( 1 2 E 6 % / : F ractional R ank
.( 9 * & 4 - & - 2 # "! - ) "! #
. 100 # E L I
$
5 . / 9 ( $
2 : F ractional R ank as %
"! # & ? > $ "! # : su m of cases w eig hts

. ( & - 2 # "! - )
) $ 9 6 < 9 * 1 2 % 2 E L ) 6 * 2 : N til es
2 E ( 1 ) 6 * 2 7 # (4
L ) 4N til es . 0 # ( & -

% 75 9 * % 50 2 E ( 3 % 50 9 * % 25 2 E ( 2 9 6 % 25 $ %
.H # # % 75 4
: > - - / " E : p rop ortion estimates
1
L 1 2 E ) 6 * 2 : B l om
(r 3 8) ( w + 1 4)
$ r "! & - > $ w
6 6
* ;
1
L ) 6 * 2 : Tu k ey
( r 1 3) ( w + 1 3)
( r 1 2) w
1
L 9 6 : R anK it
/ r " / , / w
;
1
L 9 6 : Vand er w aerd en
r ( w + 1)
$ r "! & - > / w
;
x 1 ( "! ) 2 E ( H 6 L F I $
X : Variab l e 1
rx : R ank (simp l e)
sx : S avag e S core
nx : N til es
rfr001 : F ractional R ank
p er001 : F ractional R ank as %
n001 : S u m of case W eig hts
p x : P rop ortion E stimate (B l om)
- ;
6/7= 0.8 571
( (N' ) L
0.8 571*100= 8 5.71
(6-3/8 )/(7+1/4) =0.7759

P ro001 : P rop ortion E stimate (Tu k ey)
(6-1/3)/(7+1/3) =0.7727
P ro002 : P rop ortion E stimate (R ank it)
(6-1/2)/7 = 0.78 57
P ro003 : P rop ortion E stimate (Vand er W aed en)
6/(7+1) = 0.7500
( L
( L
( L
( L
( L
1 2 % @ / N ormal S cores L - : N ormal S cores
E stimated C u mu l ative " E $ E Z S cores E 6
@ . ? H 6 " - H "! @ / P rop ortions

: ? H 6 N ormal S cores L $ $ ( R Tu k y R B l oom )
6 7
B lo m
T u k e y
R a n k it
V a n d e r W a e d e n
P rop ortion " E 9 ( ! B l om 1

N ormal S cores L - N'
"! @ / 1 . / 2 % - ; ( p x 1 ) B l om 1
E stimates
C u mu l ative p rob ab il ities
( "! ! ) 2 E 5 . ( E Z E 6 < & 1 2 % -

6 6 < & ( I DF 2 2 E 6 , Transform
C omp u te
9 ( $
; I DF .N O R M A L (p x, 0, 1) ( ( 4 4 C
( 4
. 5 ' - $ # nx 1 2 % K
: C reate Time S eries & $ '
- 2 ? & " # $ ' 1 2 % @ / Time S eries & ( (
.8
? $ ' & ( ( ) , * ( % . - , ?
Data

Define Dates

* $ @ $ ' & ( ( 9 (
" ( D ) * # c L=
" 6 R M oving A verag es 6 ? R Differences H B: I

. l ead fu nctionR l ag
& " 1 R ru nning M ed ians
O # , 17 $ ' & ( @ & - , " $ tv 1 * D
: 1 $
H # $ # L= ( Data Define Date ? & ( ( ( T ) , * 2 )

year_
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2003
2003
2003
6 8
. 1
month_
d ate_
1 J A N 2002
2 F E B 2002
3 M A R 2002
4 A P R 2002
5 M A Y 2002
6 J U N 2002
7 J U L 2002
8 A U G 2002
9 S E P 2002
10O C T 2002
11N O V 2002
12DE C 2002
1 J A N 2003
2 F E B 2003
3 M A R 2003
. 9 ? Differences
tv
274
207
255
350
38 2
38 3
351
268
38 0
409
445
455
460
48 2
449
2003
2003
4 A P R 2003
5 M A Y 2003
H
3 #
38 9
398
Transform
: " 6 < 8 . .
C reate time series 2 E
8 . N ew variab l es $ 6 # tv 1 2 $ 0 2 E ; C reate time series

. ( 9 ? " % 4 - ) ( O rd er Difference
t v _ 1% &

t v # $

o rd e r
(
? 1 2 9 ? L @ / 1 ( I # ! 2 ! *
.( tv_ 1 7 - 4 -) ( ( 2 % 7 ( ( u nd erscore )
year_
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2003
2003
2003
6 9
: ( Data E d itor 9 * tv_ 1 2

month_
d ate_
tv
tv_ 1
1 J A N 2002
274
.
2 F E B 2002
207
-67
3 M A R 2002 255
48
4 A P R 2002
350
95
5 M A Y 2002 38 2
32
6 J U N 2002
38 3
1
7 J U L 2002
351
-32
8 A U G 2002
268
-8 3
9 S E P 2002
38 0
112
10O C T 2002
409
29
11N O V 2002 445
36
12DE C 2002
455
10
1 J A N 2003
460
5
2 F E B 2003
48 2
22
3 M A R 2003 449
-33
1 C I O K
E
N tv
2003
2003
4 A P R 2003
5 M A Y 2003
38 9
398
-60
9
@ K # (
? 1 % @ / & @ # # H 1 % -

0 1
.1
H 4 - 1 4 " . * E @ ( (
? 1 % 7 N 6
1 / tv 9 ? H 1 / tv ) tvt = tvt tvt 1 $ ,
. * - . 9 ? # @ E % H 1 . ( & @ $ t (
?
N! 9 ? H 1 9 ( H 6 H J # 2 4 H "
. 9 ? # E % H 1 . (
? 2 E
& E 2 N ame # 2 ! H 6 tv _ 1 H 1 2 - 1
.2
F u nction # 2 E F u nction > 1 . C hang e

. O rd er 1 2 E 6 K C hang e & E 2 E
3 = c & * # M oving

(
year_
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
& (
A verag es 6 ? $
.S p an @ $ 6 E L( 6 6 E # 2 5 ! N
2000B1990 " ( P rod u ct M E & ( ( 9 ( 4 C (

d ate_
p rod u ct
1990
50.0
1991
36.5
1992
43.0
1993
44.5
1994
38 .9
1995
38 .1
1996
32.6
1997
38 .7
1998
41.7
1999
41.1
2000
33.8
( ( C entered M oving A verag es & 6 ? L L( 6
C reate H
7 0
: ( ' = ?
3 ) 2
2
: " 6 < 8 . . . S p an=5 @ $ 6 -
3 # Transform
C reate Time series 2 E
: 9 ( 7 4 . Time series
" 6 $ Data E d itor 9 P rod u c_ 1 2 J

year_
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
7 - 3 ' (S
1 C I O K
& E
: ( p rod u ct ( ( (
d ate_
p rod u ct
p rod u c_ 1
1990
50.0
.
1991
36.5
.
1992
43.0
42.6
1993
44.5
40.2
1994
38 .9
39.4
1995
38 .1
38 .6
1996
32.6
38 .0
1997
38 .7
38 .4
1998
41.7
37.6
1999
41.1
.
2000
33.8
.
p an @ $ 6 $ n ) n/2 / ( ( # @ E 2 E - ;
( 5= @ $ 6 - # ) 8 6 L . ? ? 8 2
M1 =
50 + 36.5 + 43 + 44.5 + 38.9 212.9

=
= 42.6
5
5
: (
36.5 + 43 + 44.5 + 38.9 + 38.1 201 212.9 50 + 38.1

=
=
= 40.2
5
5
5
@ $ 6 # L ( 6 E 8 6 $ E ;
M2 =
H 6 L 8 6 J # sp an is even
$
# U ncentered M eans & = " 6 M & $ 6 L

2 % 4 6
p rod u ct
50.0
36.5
43.0
44.5
38 .9
38 .1
32.6
38 .7
41.7
41.1
33.8
7 1
& @ $ 6 # - 4 #
4 & =
.
.
.
.
43.500
40.725
41.125
38 .525
37.075
37.775
38 .525
38 .8 25
p rod u ct_ 1
% 6
S p an=4
8 6
42.113
40.925
39.8 25
37.8 00
37.425
38 .150
38 .675
. ( S p an = 4 - # )
R ep l ace M issing Val u es @ E 2 E E

* L( - H 6 7 @ E N - " 1 D
.9
@ E 2 % -
. 5 . / S P S S # ; @ E E E 5 . / # L
: $
: ( E % income 1 4
in c o m e
9 5
10 0
11
12 0
10 0
14 0
: " 6 < 8 . . . 1 . E E E L( 6
Transform R ep l ace M issing Val u es - 2 E
: ' ( ) *
R ep l ace M i s s i n g V a l u e s H
Method

3 #
14 5
14 7
15 0
16 6
17 0
19 0
2 10
19 9
2 15
2 17
2 30
@ / 1 ( I # 2 - ) 6 0 2 E ;
( ( 2 % 7 ( ( u nd erscore )
N (
? 1 2 9 ? L
. C hang e & E 2 N ame # 2 ! 2 ! . / 1
: $ Q 7 2 E E > - - M ethod #
; @
. & ( ( ( ( 6 @ E 2 E E 2 : S eries M ean .1
2 E 6 9 ( ! @ E E E 2 : M ean of N earb y P oints .2
. @ E E $ - 9 ( - 6 L # @ 2 E $ 4 . S p an L
. @ 2 E ( 6 9 ( E : M ed ian of nearb y p oints .3
. @ E 2 E E # 6 $ ! L( - : l inear I nterp ol ation .4
(
P red icted Val u es O 2 E @ E 2 E E : l inear trend at p oint .5
( ( N % . J 4 . ($ E 1 ) 9 ( ( 1 ) @ # ( ( 2 %
. n 9 * 1
. E # M ean of nearb y p oints L( ? %
: I E # ( @ 2 E $ : S p an of nearb y p oints
7 2
. @ 2 E : N u mb er
$ $ @ % 8 / 7 - . / E # ( ( 2 % # $ : A l l
. & ( ( # @ E 2 E #
. S p an =2 2 $ . / #
2 J 1 C I R ep l ace M issing Val u es H
# O K
& E
: ( Data E d itor % 9 income_ 1
income
95
100
11
120
100
140
.
145
147
150
166
170
190
210
199
.
215
217
230
7 3
income_ 1
95.0
100.0
11.0
120.0
100.0
140.0
133.0
145.0
147.0
150.0
166.0
170.0
190.0
210.0
199.0
210.3
215.0
217.0
230.0
: 7 + .
+ , -
(100 + 140 + 145 + 147) / 4 = 133
.1
.2

T a l l
Tall
8 0
8 4
7 1
7 2
3 5
9 3
9 1
7 4
6 0
6 3
7 9
8 0
7 0
6 8
9 0
9 2
8 0
7 0
6 3
7 6
4 8
9 0
9 2
8 5
8 3
7 6
6 1
9 9
8 3
8 8
7 4
7 0
6 5
5 1
7 3
7 1
7 2
9 5
8 2
7 0
3 3
3 7
3 2
4 1
4 4
4 9
4 7
5 0
5 9
5 5
5 3
5 6
5 2
6 4
6 0
6 6
7 4
D e s c r i p ti v e S ta ti s ti c s
Frequencies ( 1 4 )
L 1 % $ D
D
? . / $
< " " " , & K E D

. " 6 6
: 1 $
" @ E 6 E " N 80 $ 6 - $ Tal l 1

D
< " / , " L # F req u encies ? 2
: " 6 L 1 .
K E
- 2 E 6 ,
A nal yz e Descrip tive S tatistics F req u encies
$ , 9 ( 3 4 . F req u encies H
3 #
K & 5 E H 6 Variab l es % # Tal l
& E 2 (
, J 4 $ D

1 $ *
9 E # ) ?
: - ;
: Display frequency table
L
" , O D
D
% S tatistics H
. 7 <
: S tatistics
3 5 E R
: ( D
( " , O
: - ;
B oxp l ots 6 6 < ) p ercentil es " Q u artil es " $ , P ercentile V alues

% . ( L ! E 6 $ K $
( 1 B 6) # " "(
< # 2 % L N' $ ? . R R K R $ ?
& $ P ercentil es $ - $ 6 9 * 1 2 % # I * 2 # A d d
& E 2 P ercentil es
. & R emove & % 1 C hang e
" 9 * " 2 E 2 E # C u t p oints for E q u al
G rou p s -
. " , K E D
: Dispersio n
. $ % $ 6 #
. & & K E D
:C entral T end ency
. F 6 ) ! $ , < & K E D
: Distributio n
2 E S P S S J # Val u es are g rou p mid p oints < , J # :3 '

" ( " & $ 1 " - P ercentil es Val u es M ed ian L
P ie R B ar " 6 6 D
: H
.
: ch art
3 5 E : fo rm at
: - ;
- val u es 2 E L N & - N
4 $ # " / , L : O rd ered by
. 2 E L 4
L $ . / # C ou nts "
7 5
variables

: Multiple Variables
: " # $
F req u en c ies

!
.
#
% " ! & % $ ' (
. # #
# % $ ' (
) : C o mp are variables
) :O rg an iz e o u t p u t by variables
. .

+ , - #
% " + #
/ 0 - :supress tables w ith m o re th an
c ateg o ries
. 0 # 12 ) 3 , 3 4
: 5 , 6 F req u en c ies

!
O K
4 3
Frequencies
Statistics
TALL
N
M e a n
S td . E rro r
M e d ia n
M o d e
S td . D e v ia
S k e w n e s s
S td . E rro r
K u r to s is
S td . E rro r
M in im u m
M a x im u m
S u m
P e r c e n tile
V a lid
M is s in g
o f M e a n
tio n
o f S k e w n e s s
o f K u r to s is
1
5
2 5
50
7 5
9 0
56
0
6 8 . 16
2 .2 9
7 0. 00
7 0
17 . 17
- . 3 14
. 3 19
-.6 3 9
.6 2 8
3 2
9 9
3 8 17
3 2 . 00
3 4 .7 0
55. 2 5
7 0. 00
8 1. 50
9 1. 3 0
Q u a r tile s ( 2 5 ,5 0 ,7 5 )
P e r c e n tile s ( 1 ,5 ,5 0 ,9 0 )
: 7
( 9
0 ) ! # : V alid
.
76
9
0 # : Missin g
TALL
V a lid
32
33
35
37
41
44
47
48
49
5 0
5 1
5 2
5 3
5 5
5 6
5 9
6 0
6 1
6 3
6 4
6 5
6 6
6 8
7 0
7 1
7 2
7 3
7 4
7 6
7 9
8 0
8 2
8 3
8 4
8 5
8 8
9 0
9 1
9 2
9 3
9 5
9 9
T o ta l
F re q u e n c y
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
5 6
P e rc e n t
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
7 .1
3. 6
3. 6
1. 8
3. 6
3. 6
1. 8
5 .4
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
10 0 . 0
V a lid P e r c e n t
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
7 .1
3. 6
3. 6
1. 8
3. 6
3. 6
1. 8
5 .4
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
3. 6
1. 8
1. 8
1. 8
10 0 . 0
C u m u la tiv e
P e rc e n t
1. 8
3. 6
5 .4
7 .1
8 .9
10 . 7
12. 5
14. 3
16 . 1
17 . 9
19 . 6
21. 4
23. 2
25 . 0
26 . 8
28 . 6
32. 1
33. 9
37 . 5
39 . 3
41. 1
42. 9
44. 6
5 1. 8
5 5 .4
5 8 .9
6 0 .7
6 4. 3
6 7 .9
6 9 .6
7 5 .0
7 6 .8
8 0 .4
8 2. 1
8 3. 9
8 5 .7
8 9 .3
9 1. 1
9 4. 6
9 6 .4
9 8 .2
10 0 . 0
. t all 2 ; < 3 ! % 1 2 #
% $ 6 =
77
?
#
% 3
0 !
/ ! & > (
Descriptives ( 2 4 )
3 0
. z sc o res ) % (
S P S S 5 1 D at a E d it o r , A
x1, x2, x3 % @ #

x1
x2
9 0
50
12
7 0
52
15
56
55
19
6 5
6 0
22
8 5
6 5
20
6 0
6 9
57
50
7 5
6 2
51
8 5
An aly z e
D at a C
: %
. ? 1 D esc rip t ives 1 0 !
> B (
D esc rip t ive st at ist ic s
D esc rip t ives

. $
: # $ C " 3 D 1 1
+ D esc rip t ives

!
2 #
x3
, 6
: 7
xx
) % @ & : S av e stan d ard iz ed v alues as v ariables
s
.
? 1 ( ) $ E 3 E d it o r
:

!
78

3
, 6 F 3 : O ptio n s
C " 3 # ) D isp lay
O rd er 1
G 0 !
% $ ' 7
: % ; % " 0 !
> (
variables
% # " ; 0 !
> (
3 ;
) : V ariable L ist
. D esc rip t ives

!
. % " 1 H ; ; 0 !
> (
. % " 1 .
I + 3 ! ; ; 0 !
> (
. % " 1 .
I 4 ; ; 0 !
> (
: B (
D e s c r ip tiv e s
) D esc rip t ives

!
) : Alp h abet ic
) :Asc en d in g mean s
) : D esc en d in g mean s
O K
4 3
Descriptive Statistics
N
X 3
X 2
X 1
V a lid N( lis tw is e )
5
5
1 3
5
M in im u m
1 2 .0 0
50
50 . 0 0
M a x im u m
2 2 .0 0
6 5
9 0 .0 0
M e a n
1 7 .6 0 0 0
56 . 4 0
6 7 .3 0 7 7
S td . D e v ia tio
4 .0 3 7
6 .1
1 3 .2 1 8
variables % ; ; 9 0 !
% $ ' (
: "
D at a E
x1
9 0
7 0
56
6 5
8 5
6 0
.
6 9
.
57
.
50
.
7 5
.
6 2
.
51
.
8 5
.
79
n
3
6
3 7
d it o r C A % " ) % @ A J D esc rip t ives

!
x2
x3
z x3
z x2
z x1
50
12
-1.38 7
-1.0 4 8
1.7 17
52
15
-.6 4 4
-.7 20
.20 4
55
19
.34 7
-.229
-.8 55
6 0
22
1.0 9 0
.58 9
-.17 5
6 5
20
.59 4
1.4 0 8
1.338
.
.
.
-.553
.
.
.
.128
.
.
.
-.7 8 0
.
.
.
-1.30 9
.
.
.
.58 2
.
.
.
-.4 0 2
.
.
.
-1.234
.
.
.
1.338

Pivot Tables
S P S S
Pivot Table

( 1 5 )
$ $ , 6
, " # S P S S 5 1 % #
6 )
= 3 9
! 1 +
#

#
) 0 5 V iew er
: %

. R o w s H
0!
.1
. C o lu mn s 9 3
. L ay ers % 1 .
+
-
<
0 !
.2
+
, " F = 3 %
+
#
+
+
@ >
.3
7 " 3 0 #

+
#
. , <

% 1 . +
2
> ) 1
9 3
% #
F E
D % 1 .
9 3 J H
0 ! ; 9 3 A

( @ ) #
% 1 .
9 3
H
0 ! 1 ; K

S P S S 5 1 )
5 1
#
J 0 , ! 1 (D 1 9 3 A ) #
9

,
K 1
0 # 1 2 <-
, ! ;" .
S P S S #
D 1 $ , E xc el
. <= 1

#
L # ) 0 S P S S
E d it P ivo t T a b l es

( 2 5 )
V iew er $ $ F 1 +
#
L
9 ! >
4 1 #
.
P ivo t T ables E d it o r
#
C " 3 9 3 % ) / 7
;
" . " ) An aly z e D esc rip t ives
S P S S P ivo t T able O bj ec t
E d it
. +

: 1
C ro sst abs 5
#

.S P S S V iew er $ $ , 6
( ? 1 # ! 0 #
# #

TREAT * RECOVER Crosstabulation

Count
T R E A T
T otal
8 0
a
b
a1
R E CO V E R
8
3
1 1
b1
2
9
1 1
T otal
1 0
1 2
22
: %
. ? 1 F = 3 #
L
. D " ) 0 #

9

! , 6 - P ivo t
P ivo t in g T ray s +
#

2 . $
: "
P ivo t in g T ray s
C o lum n ic o n
L ay er ic o n
C o lum n tray
L ay er tray
R o w ic o n
R o w tray

: = ) 1 +
#

.# , T reat %
H ! (%
)
C " 3 +

H
0 ! !
.# , R ec o ver %

) (%
)
C " 3 +

9 3 !
9
1 .
# 1 . (%
)
C " 3 +

L ay ers % 1 . !
E xp ec t ed 2 - #
) 2
# 1 .

O bserved 9 $
.1
.2
.3
# 7 . (? 1 # ! 0
1 # #
;
" . ) 1 5 2 6 = ? )
1 .
M
9
(9 3
H
0 ! ) ) 1 % 1 . 3 9 1 3 D E 1 #

P ivo t in g
.

" )
" 1
1 % 1 .
9 3
H
0 ! <=
3 , 6 A & 1 :
?
)
3 R ec o ver
) , 6 A " ) 5
<= # 0 C A ; ? t ray s
. # 0 I ;
: (#
# ) 0 ) 1 ) . 1 > ) 1
H
0 ! 1 9 3 # 1 1
4 1
) !
P ivo t
C H !
; P ivo t in g
T ran sp o se R o w s &
T ray s 9

!
. H ! !
C
)
;
>
"
C o lu mn s +
#

2 . $ : .
: #
. # 5


Count
R E CO V E R
T otal
8 1
a1
b1
T R E A T
8
2
1 0
1 : C
.
3
9
1 2
T otal
1 1
1 1
22
T ray s H ! !
P ivo t in g
C (T reat )
)
" A F = 3 #

: #
, 6

Count
R E CO V E R
a1
T R E A T
b1
T otal
T R E A T
T otal
T R E A T
T otal
T otal
a
b
8
3
1 1
2
9
1 1
1 0
1 2
22
a
b
a
b
( >
4 1 F 1 D " ) 0 ) 1 )#
" " ! % 3 & N A :
.S P S S V iew er $ $
. $ P ivo t
An aly z e
D esc rip t ives
R eset P ivo t s t o d efau lt s
C ro sst abs 5
#

: 2
.S P S S V iew er $ $ , 6
( ? 1 # ! 0 #
# ;
" . "
TREAT * RECOVER * GENDER Crosstabulation

Count
G E N D E R
f
T R E A T
T otal
T R E A T
T otal
a
b
a
b
R E CO V E R
a1
b1
2
1
3
6
2
8
1
4
5
1
5
6
T otal
3
5
8
7
7
14
: " #
, P ivo t in g T ray s , 6
9 3

% 1.

(R ec o ver )
(S t at ist ic s )
H
0!

(G en d er )
8 2
H
0!

(T reat )
; . T reat " M
G en d er " A H
0 ! "

6 =
G en d er
; 1
E f 7 O M
m
" A 1 . K
7 1 #

1 . !
L 1 ! % 1 . !
C H
0! !

1 .

G en d er
-
C o u n t 1 . 9
1 .

S t at ist ic s
: "
(D " ) 0 ) 1 )#
, 6 7 I M -

"
N 1 m
1 . <= ) 1 . , 6 & f 7 O #
, 6 1 .
: .
F = 3 #
G en d er " f 0 "
# 0 I D , : C
.
1 . # = # )
, , % 1 . !
(#

) 1 . C # - % 1 . !

. m 1.

# 6 = : .
G en d er
, ) M C
. ( 1 1 . C # = ,
= 1 . C # = , ) m

( #
# ) 0 ) 1
) S P S S
V iew er $ $
2 . $ : .
1
D
G o t o L ay e r C at e g o r y

!
( 1 . ) 0 f 7 & 1 .
< (
, 6 P i v o t
G o t o L ay e r
) ( 1 . ) 0 D @ 1
(G e n d e r )
. m
1 .
, @ 3 ;G
: #

F = 3 . + 5
: (#
# ) 0 ) 1 ) %
. ? 1 +
#

3
H !
/ 0 - :
#
" a
) @ + H ! <= D 0 P 1 ;G H !

) " 0
3
.<= F = 3
.
)
H ! # " 6 C t r l +A l t +C l i c k 1 .
8 3
. a 0" ? 1 H ! 0 . V ie w
H id e
+
#

2
. L 0
D e l Q 0 H ! H
: %
. ? 1 D 0 A 1 + H ! , 6 &
. T r e at " b
) 1 #
" . ( ) 1 ) > 0
3 +

. V ie w
S h o w A l l c at e g o r i e s i n T r e at +
#

2
+
#

2 J > 0
3
1 M .
V ie w
S h o w A ll
Book Marks
( 3 5 )
#
% 1 . 1 . 4 +
#
" 0 " N @
4 " ) % $ A 0
.
)
H ! @
5
! ) 1
9 3
H
0 ! " ) ;

: 3

x1, x2, x3 % = ! A % $ ' +
#

An aly z e d esc rip t ive st at ist ic s F req u en c ies
Descriptive Statistics
N
X 1
X 2
X 3
+
#
@
13
5
5
M in im u m
50 . 0 0
50
12 . 0 0
M a x im u m
9 0 .0 0
6 5
2 2 .0 0
M e a n
6 7 . 30 7 7
56 . 4 0
17 . 6 0 0 0
S td . D e v ia tio n
13. 2 18 6
6 . 11
4 . 0 37 3
1 . > % $ ' $ ' # # 7 1 #

9
1 2 2
: (K 0 1 K 0 #
) "
: %
. ? 1 Mean 1 . B o o k mark s " ) 9 $ A ? @

. S P S S V iew er $ $ #
1 +
#
# ) 0 1 2
: " Mean
8 4
# 1 . , 6 P 1 2

!
, 6 P i v o t
B o o k mark s S P S S V i e w e r $ $
2
- H @ A d d 4 (<= me an - ) " ) 9 $ - # J B o o k mar k s

: " bo o k mar k s
!
, 6
# 0 C me an

C 1 . F N
. mean 1 " ) 9 $ P Mean 1 . 4 2
K 1
. # $ + C #
9

: %
. ? 1 (mean 1 . ) " ) 9 $ A (N ) (
)
. S P S S V iew er $ $ #
1 +
#
# ) 0 1 2
. B o o k mark s

!
, 6 P ivo t
.

!

B o o k mark s
# mean " ) 9 $ A
.G O T O
. mean 1 . (
8 5
4
) 1 5 1

Explore
E x plore

( 1 6)
% 1 " ! A < ! "

, % 1 ? # ) C
9
. ) E xp lo re ;
"
. , ) ?
% - # % . . 3
1 J 0 !
> J 9 $ J S c reen in g % 1 R
0 ) D 7
<= - < = ! & K A # - - " ) F # = % @ 0

! & 6 % A T ran sfo rmat io n % 1 #
C C H $ - 1 $
. ; ! 7
1 % = ) 1 >
(

J % 1 " ) 1 . ? 4
(
# ! 0 (1S4) 1 " ? 1 #
> 0 ) T all (
0
0
:1 #
: %
. ? 1 7 C " 3 E xp lo re H $ - 1 .
(? 1
An aly z e
D esc rip t ive S t at ist ic s E xp lo re

. $
: " D 1 1
+ E xp lo re

!
, 6
: 7
. , " 3 ! & # " / ;G 9 ) (% )

:d epen d en t L ist
9 ) ! & # " / D .
1 B reak d o w n variable 4
:F ac to r L ist

. (< - D @
+ ) " 9
! 1
) % - ?

1
) 4 .

) , 4
)
4 # )
# 6 - . # # " 4 . #
< 3

. ! ? C , 4
1 T all 2 # "
; % - (
) 7 ) .
1 % - " H ) / . 3 A :L abel C ases by
"
3 / . 3 A
H ) (
8 6
. < 4

( 2 ) % 1 H " , " "
. B o x p lo t . . 9 $
.
:

!
, 6 F 3 :S tatistic s
: % 0 +

% 9 9
% 9 5 1 G ; 9
: C o n f id en c e I n terv al f o r Mean
J S k ew n ess J S t an d ard
D eviat io n J Mean 0 !
/ ! & % $ ' , 6 & :D esc riptiv es
R o bu st maximu m L ik elih o o d
. K u rt o sis
4 3 4 " ! %
: M-estim ato rs
K
. D 1 # 2 4
4 3 9 ) 1 / . 3 A 7 E st imat o rs
. T u k ey , H amp le, An d rew , H u ber
% N
) 1
E xt reme 1 , $
) 2 # 2
2 1 % - , 6 & :O utliers
. S P S S 5 1 B
<= > 5 10 25 50 7 5 9 0 9 5 (
V alu es
) 1
: P erc en tiles
% - % 9 5 , "
% - % 5 , 1 ) 2
5t h P erc en t ile
. < 3 ! 2 ; ) 1
. C h ec k B o xD
? 1 $ E 1
% $ ' F B 1 G 3
:

!
, 6 F 3 : P lo ts
: % 0 +

B o x plo ts .1
:
/ 4 = . .
bo x an d -w h isk er p lo t < @ D " 3 " .
: %
# $
: B o x
! .
. < 3 ! , 1 3 ) % $ % 25 , 1
: Q1 #
? 1
8 7
3 % $ % 50 , 1 +
2 C % 1
: Q2 ? 1
. Med ian
.
F
< 3 ! , 1
. < 3 ! , 1 3 ) % $ % 7 5 , 1
: Q3 7 ? 1
Q3-Q1
,
! #
. . h in g es
, " 3 " .

! = Q3
Q1
.
. . I n t er Qu art ile R an g e ) 1 M 1 H )
h sp read D " 3 " .
Med ian .

,
! #
. 9 $ G 2 # 2
C " 3 C
!
: W h isk ers
! B % - . .;
: E xt remes .
o u t liers 9 $ .B
.
! #
. 1. 5
! 3 ) 1 9 $ 7
: # $

! #
. 3
! 3 ) 1
E x tre m e s
o u tlie rs
Q 3 (h in g e )
w h is k e rs
M e d ia n
Q 1 (h in g e )
hspread
L a rg e s t V a lu e (n o t o u tlie r)
s m a lle s t v a lu e (n o t o u tlie r)
o u tlie rs
E x tre m e s
.
(S k ew n ess/
- ) % $ ? 4
3 9 . ) . .
C
" ? 4
E #
? 1 C ;2 .
A
" ? 4
E
! H !
(/
- ; ) C
" ? 4
E 7 ? 1 C ;2 .
A
(/
- ;
)
. ? 4
# #
. 3 9 . ) W h isk ers # $
8 8

" ?4

/
# ) ?4

" ?4

: % B o xp o lt s
. ) # 4 ? " . . (
. . @
3 : F ac to r L ev els to g eth er
. 4 3
# # 9 ) % " . . (
3 :D epen d en t to g eth er
. B o xp lo t . . (
3 3 :N o n e
F ac t o r 4

) K

#
+ $ E #
. V ariable
D esc riptiv e .2
: % . . (
3

(N ) S t em #
4 C 2 + 2 . . : S t em-an d -leaf . . S
% . / 4 leaf
/ 4 S t em #
( 2
) L eaf

% $ ) # + S t em #
4 C , E 5 7 12 15 16 20 21 23 30
. . 6 =
% 10 , # #
. % C 2 E
V # + L eaf
1 # 9 3 E 1 # H ist o g ram
% , 1 0
h ist o g ram . . D 1 $
. 9

) 1 . 3 %
" ) > ) D E K
S t em-an d -L eaf
VAR1 Stem-a n d -L ea f
F r eq u en c y
2 . 0
3 . 0
3 . 0
1. 0
8 9
Stem &
0
0
Stem w i d th :
E a c h l ea f :
.
1 .
2 .
3 .
P l o t
L ea f
5 7
2 5 6
0 13
0
10 . 0 0
1 c a s e( s )
. + B (
)
: H i s to g r a m
+ B S;
. % 1 " )1 . ?4

1 - % . . #3 : Normality Plots with Tests.3
<"3 . ; ! 1 >

L @
). F a c to r V a r i a bl e
1 - : sp read v s. L ev el with L ev en e Test .4
4 K
3 - (<. $ ) <- )
- -
: 5 , 6 E x pl o r e
E x p lo r e
. ( 3 # #! 0 1

!
OK 4 3
Case Processing Summary
T A L L
V a lid
56
P e rc e n t
1 00. 0%
C a s e s
M is s in g
N
P e rc e n t
0
. 0%
T o ta l
56
P e rc e n t
1 00. 0%
Descriptives
T A L L
M e a n
9 5 % C o n fid e n c e
In te rv a l fo r M e a n
L o w e r B o u n d
U p p e r B o u n d
5 %
T r im m e d M e a n
M e d ia n
V a r ia n c e
S td .D e v ia tio n
M in im u m
M a x im u m
R a n g e
In te r q u a r tile R a n g e
S k e w n e s s
K u r to s is
S ta tis tic
68.1607
63 .5 618
S td .E rro r
2 .2 9 4 8
72 .75 9 6
68.5 63 5
70.0000
2 9 4 .9 01
17.172 7
3 2 .00
9 9 .00
67.00
2 6.2 5 00
- .3 14
- .63 9
S ta nd a r d E r r o r
.3 19
.62 8
.
I + ) E .
Me a n = 6 8 .16 07 , S td .De v i a ti o n = 17 .17 27 , S td . E r r o r = SD / n = 17.1727/ 56 = 2.2948

. ( ) 1
1 .
I + ) H - ) + ) E .
S td . E r r o r 7
: " B : " # $ % 9 5
X m t.0.025,55 * Std .Error

( t 2 C ) 0.025 #- t ?4
#
B t 7
#= #
C N

S PS S
Co m pu te V a r i a bl e

!
5 1 9 $ 1 ,
n-1=5 5
I DF .T(p,d f ) Tr a ns f o r m
Co m pu te
I DF .T(0.9 7 5 ,5 5 ) = E D "3
d f = 5 5
p = 1-0.025 = 0.9 7 5 ) # # p 7
: " .
" % 95 9

D "3
= t.0.025,55 2
90
U ppe r Bo u nd = 6 8 .16 07 +2*2.29 4 8 =7 2.7 5

L o w e r Bo u nd = 6 8 .16 07 -2*2.29 4 8 =6 3.5 7
: 9
! C "3 9 ;
Pr ( 63.57 < < 72.57 ) = 9 5 %
% 95 +
7 2. 57
6 3. 57 1 ? .
N
2
# + #- # Pr 7
7 F = 3 De s c r i pti v e s
:
#
<= S PS S 5 1 % C "3 % )0 ) 4 A
J 1

D
F o nt . N
J De c i m a l s $ ) ; 3 J #

S PS S V i e w e r
;
". #
1 K
.. 9 3 (
3 J Al i g nm e nt ?2

C "3 % ) / F o r m a t Ta bl e Pr o pe r ti e s (% (
3 $ $ )
) " C "3 H

2
)1 #
) " % 0 !

# #

. F o r m a t Ce l l Pr o pe r ti e s

Trimmed Mean % & ' ( ) $ $
#0 % 5
C "3 % 5 H < 3 ! ; )1 B
. 9 $ 1 + 1 " .
;
; D + 2. 8 +
% 5
2 56
ta l l 2 3 #
2 5 6 *0.9 0= 5 0.4
, H )1 1 #0 2 2. 8

C "3 2 2. 8 H
: " ; $ .
2 B 7
68.1607* 56 99 95 32 33 0.8 * 93 0.8 * 35 3455.5992
TrimmedMean =
=
= 68.5635
50.4
50.4
C = 33
32
2 C "3 = 95
99
2 56 N
# 6 8 .16 07 *5 6 7
C "3 "! 2
. ; C "3
") "
") = 35
93
: #

E x tr e m e s . " S PS S 5 1 % F
Extreme Values
T A L L
H ig h e s t
L o w e s t
91

2
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
C a s e N u m b e r
28
38
6
16
23
43
41
5
42
44
V a lu e
9 9 .0
9 5. 0
9 3. 0
9 2. 0
9 2. 0
32. 0
33. 0
35. 0
37 . 0
41. 0
0
*+ , )

2 )1 C 3

Q1,Q2,Q3 2 = Qu a r ti l e s % )1

2 C 3
Pe r c e nti l e s % ( % )1 H ) #
Bo x pl o t . . ? )

% 1 % 95 D "
< 3 ! , 3 % 1 % 5 D 1 > +

.
% 1 % 90 D "
< 3 ! , 1 3 % 1 % 10 D 1 $ )
(25 th Pe r c e nti l e ) 25 #1 Q1 #
?1 <"3
(5 0th Pe r c e nti l e ) 50 #1 Q2 (.
) ?1
(7 5 th Pe r c e nti l e ) 7 5 #1 Q3 7 ?1
: % " 5 1 % # #

Percentiles
5
T A L L
2 5
P e r c e n tile s
50
75
9 0
9 5
W e ig h te d
T A L L
34.7000 43.1 000 55.2 500 70.0000 8 1 .5000 9 1 .3000 9 3.3000
A v e r a g e ( D e fin itio n 1 )
T u k e y 's H in g e s
1 0
55.5000 70.0000 8 1 .0000
Q1= 5 5 . 2 , Q2= M e d i a n = 7 0
I n t e r q u a r t i l e R a n g e = 8 1. 5 - 5 5 . 2 = 26 . 25
W e i g h te d Av e r a g e
Q3= 8 1. 5

4
.
. % ; )1 .
+ (n+1)*P = 5 7 *0.05 = 2.8 5 ! #) <= > ; ;" Me th o d
1 ? > 2 E D "3

. < 3 ! ; 3 2. 8 5
> ;
# ! D "3
( E x tr e m e
V a l u e s #
) 35
3 , 1
33
2 , 1
: "
1 I nte r po l a ti o n . # / E 1 2 C "3
5 th Pe r c e nti l e = 33 * 0.15 + 35 * 0.8 5 = 34 .7

D + ) E . C S k e w ne s s /
- #) 1 6 = )1 . ?4
1
F 1
0.314 / 0.319 = - 0.9 8
" 1 % #

( De s c r i pti v e s #
)
. )1 . ?4

?1 Ta l l E 1 " ) @ #1 E (-2,2) M @
? 1
#2 1 %
( C ) <1
</

" ?4
) , 2 1 1 %
. ( C ) <1 W /

" ?4
) ,
. )1 E 1 1

M-E s ti m a to r s 1 .
" ! % 1 B
. 1 ; .

. F ;
1 ; .
1 >

3 6 =
.ta l l " 3
92
M-Estimators
H u b e r 's
M - E s tim a to ra
69.1469
T A L L
a .T h e w
b .T h e w
c .T h e w
d .T h e w
T u k e y 's
B iw e ig h tb
69.3 8 5 9
e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 1.3 3 9.
H a m p e l's
M - E s tim a to rc
68 .97 5 4
A n d re w s '
W a v e d
69.3 7 49
e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 4.68 5 .
e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t s a r e 1.7 0 0 , 3 .40 0 , a n d 8 .5 0 0
e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 1.3 40 * p i .
? 4
? 1 # D
#
. S te m -a nd -L e a f
S t em-and-L eaf
. . # B
. .
#
<1 <=
1
, )1 .
TALL Stem-a n d -Lea f
P l o t
F r eq u en c y
Stem &
4 .
5 .
7 .
9 .
1 4 .
9 .
8 .
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
4
5
7
Stem w i d th :
E a c h l ea f :
8
.
.
.
Lea f
2 3
1 4
0 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
.
.
5 7
7 8
2 3
1 3
0 0
0 2
1 2
9
5 6
3 4
1 1
3 3
2 3
5 6 8
2 2 3 4 4 6 6 9
4 5 8
5 9
1 0 . 0 0
1 c a s e( s )
H is t o g ram - . /
+ )1 . ?4
C D H @ 2
#
. + B # . .
. ( + B #
#! 0 4 % . . #! ? ) .
#
<=
1
16
Histogram
14
12
10
8
Frequency
6
4
Std. Dev = 17.17
Mean = 68.2
N = 56.00
97
.5
.5
.5
87
77
.5
.5
67
57
.5
7.
-9
07
-1
7.
-8
7.
-7
7.
7.
-5
-6
7.
-4
7.
-3
93
.5
47
.5
37
.5
27
TALL
B o x p lo ts
9 $
. 2

3 6 = D
Ta l l " Bo x pl o ts . . # B
. ( /

3 ) <)1 . N 4
C $ <1
! .
.
?2

120
100
80
60
40
20
N=
56
TALL
1 % 1 " )1 . ?4

1 A L : N o rmal it y P l o t s w it h Tes t
3
1 % 1 " )1 . ?4
1 C @ & 1 Ko l m o g r o v -S e m i r no v
1
: % . .
N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t De tr e nd e d N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t )1 . ? 4
" ")= % 1 - )
: ( , ) " 0 K o mo g ro v -S mirno v ) .1
) % $ E 1 " ) @ 1 7 N o n-Pa r a m e tr i c G o o d ne s s o f F i t Te s t
B C "3 #
! 2
. <)1 . N 4
- % 1 E 1 " " 1 @ 0 @
)1 . ?4
?1
. ta l l % $ )1 . ?4

1 -
Tests of Normality
T A L L
K o lm o g o r o v - S m ir n o v a
S ta tis tic
d f
S ig .
.096
5 6
.2 00*
*. T h i s i s a l o w e r b o u n d o f t h e t r u e s i g n i f i c a n c e .
a . L illie fo r s S ig n ific a n c e C o r r e c tio n
?4
# Fs (x) 7 D = sup FS ( x ) FT ( x ) 1 - D ! & 7
x
?
(# )1 . ?4
) + 6 ?4
# FT (x)
)" )
6 =
. ( ) ) n %
) - M
1 Ko l m o g r o v #
D 6
M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-V a l u e = 0.20>0.05
D= .09 6 #
. )1 . ?4
?1 #
. ?4
+ % 5 -
N o rmal Q -Q
94
P lo t
.2
?4
2 #1
C "3 "! % 1 9 $ # . .
; . #
R a nk Ca s e s ? ) E x pe c te d Z S c o r e
, )2
)1 .
. ta l l " . . ( )2

Normal Q-Q Plot of TALL

3
2
Expected Normal
1
0
-1
-2
-3
20
40
60
80
100
120
Observed Value
? 4
% )2
.
1 # F = 3 . . . C "3 . #
C "3

C "3 % 1 " )1 . ?4
" ) % #1 +
)
C "3 )1 .
<)1 . N 4
? 1
) % .
(1.5 ,1.5 ),(0,0),(-1.5 ,-1.5 ) # $
, . 3 9 )1 ? % . 9 1 <1 ? $ - # $ . E
C $ . 9 1 F = 3 # $ . $ . )1 . ?4

?1 - % 1 )
. )1 . ?4
?1 ta l l % $

D et rended N o rmal Q -Q
P lo t
.3
E . 9 1 % $ $ 3 D 1 . . " 1 1
. 3 % -
M + C Q . + #'
)1 . ?4
?1 - % 1 5
. . (
) S PS S 5 1 . < )1 . N 4

- % $

C "3 "! % $ # 7 (
, De tr e nd e d N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t
., )2
)1 . ?4
2 3 % $ " ) % # 1 +
)

(-2,2) M @
? ( % 90
% 95 1 ) $ - # $ . 6 ) % P
. 3 (-2,2) M @
. L !
> )
% 1 " )1 . ?4

? Ta l l " % - 6 ) 6 =
F . .
< )4
N 4
#
. D "3
( % - % 90 ; + ) <1
. <)1 .
95
.2
Detrended Normal Q-Q Plot of TALL
.1
Dev from Normal
0.0
-.1
-.2
-.3
-.4
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Observed Value
! "3 . 1 Ch a r t E d i to r L i ne a r I nte r po l a ti o n #= . . . . 1
. >

41 . . 1 D #
+
% -
% 1 " % =
# 3 D E <)1 . N 4
- % $ E 1 B - :
tall
96
8 0
8 4
7 1
7 2
3 5
9 3
9 1
7 4
60
63
7 9
8 0
7 0
68
9 0
9 2
8 0
7 0
63
7 6
48
9 0
9 2
8 5
8 3
7 6
61
9 9
8 3
8 8
7 4
7 0
65
51
7 3
7 1
7 2
9 5
8 2
7 0
3 3
3 7
3 2
41
44
49
47
50
59
55
53
56
52
64
60
66
factor
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
. (3 # )1 . > 0 ) )1 . ?4

#) (
Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n
0 #
. # C
22 1 3
Ta l l " 1 #
2
;G
% 1 0 #
. # 34
% 1 C

# A ;
F 9 C "3 3
# ! A #" /
+ E x pl o r e
% 1

!

F a c to r L i s t 2 (F a c to r D ) 4
: # $ 1 D 1
: "
Da ta E d i to r % 1 ;
9
! 1 B
A 0 # (
D at a E dit o r ( * )
) % E E x pl o r e
: " (
0 3
) . <= "
Extreme Values
F AC T O R
A
T AL L
H ig h e s t
L o w e s t
C a s e N u m b e r
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
H ig h e s t
L o w e s t
:
Bo x pl o ts
6
16
7
15
22
5
21
9
19
10
28
38
23
30
24
43
41
42
44
45
V a lu e
93
92
91
90
90
35
48
60
63
63
99
95
92
8 8
8 5
32
33
37
41
44

120
100
80
60
TALL
40
20
N=
22
34
FACTOR
?1 3 )1 , 7 35 , 2
5 2
A 0 Ou tl i e r 9 $ 2

6 =

4 1 , 4
18 . 7 5
! #
. 3 3 #
1. 5 3 4 1 Q1=6 6 .7 5 C
L a be l

3 @ -

5 2 (
. ( E x pl o r e

!
1 +

>
L a be l Ca s e s by
) 4 ; 1
Bo x pl o ts . .
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
2 D A ) "

( 2 6 )

AN OV A 1 #" / 3
1 % @ 0
. % 2 C #!
" + ' H
K E . $ 3 0 (% = ) ) % )
. ( % ) .
+

) % = ) E +
1 ! @ 0 1 3
" ) @ 1 7 L e v e ne Te s t
1 >
1 S PS S 5 1

G % 1
3 <1 G
. 1 >
)1 " " 1 @ 0 @
# ) % =
F , 1
1 >
@ Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n % 1 C "3 % =

/
1 - +
@
% ) 1 >
1
. $
% ) # )1 . ?4
. $ 3 C + ' K E

;
F
. ~ N (0, 2 ) )1 . ?4
D
$ ) E . ( 0 7 % @ 0
97
. <@ ) # # )1 . ; ?4

>
% =
3 2 C #
!
" ! $ 9 Bo x &
Co x Q 2

; ) ) ,
% ) .
1 2 = 3

C "3 9 ) . % 1
G
# ; 7 . ( 1 >
@ + ) H - 3 " .

; % 1 " Po w e r Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n

% ) .
G
C "3 .
3 % -
% =
(
)1 F
Po w e r > # 1-b
"! % 1 # y 7 y1-b !
Trans f o rmat io n
P o w er
S
S q u a re
2
1
N o ne
S q u a re R o o t
1\2
0
L o g a r i th m
R e c i pr o c a l o f S q u a r e R o o t
-1\2
R e c i pr o c a l
-1
.
) , 1 +
# 2 % 2 C 1 Q
+ 1 >

<6
: #)- ) $
lo p b
-1
0
1\2
1
3\2
2
> 6 =
#
C % 1 B - 1
) , 3 " % )
E 0. 329
1-b > E 0. 6 7 1 C
# ") %
0 +
>
E 1 +
> V 1/2 1 2 0. 329 "! % 1 " )1 "

. 10 > I G

"
)1 . G
" #) 1
- D <"3 G
" "

1 >
1 A (< 1

. . .
1 1 >
S p read v s . L ev el w it h L ev en Tes t
Pl o ts

!
, 6 + ) L
1 C @ A L e v e ne S ta ti s ti c s 1 (% ) ) % = )
# 7 (. 1 1
? Bo x &
Co x ;
" > 0 # ) S pr e a d V e r s u s L e v e l Pl o t
M G
#
. . ,
C "3 (L e v e l M
) % )" .
G

1 2 = 3

3 0 (S pr e a d 3 1 ) +
)
C "3 I nte r Qu a r ti l e R a ng e )1
1 >
>
C $ + (S l o p=0) . ? . . . E 3 1
M

3 1
2 = 3

) Tr e nd 3 F . #
. ? E K > 3
% )
D < "3 . < 0

% =
#
; % 1 C "3 #
/ 4" % ) 1
3 % 2 #
"3 (
#
)1 . . 1
5 1 #) & 1
. (0 ! ;2
# + ) 1 >

12 ? A,B,C,D % ) )1 , % D "3 1 5 # #

:3
Tr e a tm e nts
O bs
98
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
: ) #
A
8 9 5
540
1020
470
428
620
760
1520
1610
1900
1350
980
1710
1930
43300
32800
28800
34600
27800
32800
28100
11000
8600
8260
9830
7600
9650
8900
8
9
10
11
12
. 4 9R
.>
537
845
1050
387
497
670. 75
1960
1840
2410
1520
1685
1701. 25
18900
31400
39500
29000
22300
30775
6060
10200
15500
9250
7900
9395. 83
Me a n
S td . De v i a ti o n 233.9 2
35 6 .5 4
6 6 8 8 .6 8
2326 .04
J 1 ) J ; #"
! J , $
"3 #
, $
. : !
3 % 1 " ; #

? % ) 1 >
1 ;
".
7 ( 0 ! )
S PS S 5 1 Da ta E d i to r 9 C % 1 # A
#
) " 4
tr e a t
( ) ) % $ # d e pe nd
: %
. ?1 % 1 >
E x pl o r e

!
1 - . A,B,C,D % )

, 6 7 Ana l yz e De s c r i pti v e S ta ti s ti c s E x pl o r e

!
Pl o ts 4
.
. ?1 ( Tr e a t 4

<6
: " D 1 )1 Pl o ts

!
: # $ C "3 D 1 1
+
s pr e a d v s . L e v e l w i th l e v e ne te s t
E x pl o r e
99

. $
<- )
+ )
, 6 7 Po w e r E s ti m a ti o n : 2 3
:
9
. F H ,
3 # " Da ta E d i to r % 1 ;

Treat
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D ep en d
8 9 5
5 4 0
1 0 2 0
4 7 0
4 2 8
6 2 0
7 6 0
5 3 7
8 4 5
1 0 5 0
3 8 7
4 9 7
1 5 2 0
1 6 1 0
1 9 0 0
1 3 5 0
9 8 0
1 7 1 0
1 9 3 0
1 9 6 0
1 8 4 0
2 4 1 0
1 5 2 0
1 6 8 5
4 3 3 0 0
3 2 8 0 0
2 8 8 0 0
3 4 6 0 0
2 7 8 0 0
3 2 8 0 0
2 8 1 0 0
1 8 9 0 0
3 1 4 0 0
3 9 5 0 0
2 9 0 0D 0 E P E N D
2 2 3 0 0
4 0 0 0
8 6 0 0
8 2 6 0
9 8 3 0
7 6 0 0
9 6 5 0
8 9 0 0
6 0 6 0
1 0 2 0 0
1 5 5 0 0
9 2 5 0
7 9 0 0
1 00
. L e v e ne
! A .
1 1 >
! & 1 - .1
? 1 #= $ -
M
1 2 = ) 1 .2
Po w e r Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n
. (>
% 1 " = #
N

G 1 + ) 2 = 3

: 5 C "3 #! OK 4. Co nti nu e 4
L ev ene + 4 $ ) 5 * # ( + 3 ) 3 .1
( 1 >
) ) @ 1 1 F B
L e v e ne ! A 1 ( 1 >
3 ) " 1 @ 0 @
Me a n .
C "3 1
! & F 2 7
C "3 1 ! O 1 1 ; $ .

Me d i a n .

.000<0.05 ) (p-v a l u e 3
)1
10. 7 8 3 % "1 .

" 1 @ 0 '
% 5 - M
1 ) @ (
3 , A #!
> 0
% 1 >
D "3
)1 "
. ; $ .

.
C "3 1 ! & 2 3
Test of Homogeneity of Variance
B a s
B a s
B a s
w ith
e d o n
e d o n
e d o n
a d ju s
M e a
M e d
M e d
te d d
ia n
ia n a n d
f
B a s e d o n tr im m e d m e a n
L e v e n e
S ta tis tic
10.783
10.6 2 1
d f1
3
3
10.6 2 1
10.779
d f2
4 4
4 4
15 .85 3
4 4
S ig .
.000
.000
.000
.000
S p read v s . L ev el P l o t ) 5 * # ) 4 .2
1 >
3 " $ R
$ . . #=
" $

# % 1 #
; > C @ & 1
: . . (Po w e r e s ti m a ti o n )
9.0
Spread vs. Level Plot of DEPEND By TREAT
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
Spread
6.5
6.0
5.5
10
11
Level
* Plot of LN of Spread vs LN of Level

Slope = .744 Power for transformation = .256
% )" .
G
1 2 = 3

$ - # $ ) F - #= L @ 7
% 1 #
4= >
b=0.7 4 4 #
, )1 M G

A,B,C,D
#
) 0 > 1 ? 0. 256 > 2
) $ % =
#
C N
1
1-b = 0.25 6
#
3
= 1 F
( )1 "
)1/2 > 1
( G

K 0 (
+
>
0 ! ;2 #) #@ 5 . ) + #
3
. ( 9
. ) Pl o ts

!
1 #) % 1 #
1
"3
>
Tr a ns f o r m e d .
1 9 $ 1
Trans f o rmed $ ) * ) : *
G % ) 1 C
9
. 5
L 1 ! Tr a ns f o r m e d E x pl o r e :Pl o t

!
: # $
N a tu r a l L o g
C 9
) 1 K

"
) Po w e r #

: ( " % G

" )
% 1 . . , 6 OK 4 Co nti nu e
1 01
4 3
.7
.6
.5
.4
Spread
.3
.2
.1
6
10
11
Level
* Data transformed using P =

Slope = -.087
. 4

% 1 " $ -
.
1 2 = )" 3 F

3 L @ 7
2
% 1 " 1 >
3 " $ /0 C $

. #

#
?. +
;2

1-b = 1.08 7
> E D "3
b=-0.08 7 #
. 1 >
3 " $ )-
% 1
: . . C "3 #! )1 "

18
16
14
12
10
Spread
8
6
4
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Level

Slope = .078
)

;2 D + 0. 922
> E D "3
0. 07 8 +
# 7
D "3
% =
3
= 1 5 % 2
. )1 1
% 1 " 1 >

. , + 3
1 02
C "3 3 - 1 . . 0 D E Pl o ts

!
U ntr a ns f o r m e d
" 1 1
% G

1 ( I QR ) )1 M
.
1 2 = ) 1 K
( % 1 #

1 ) "!
7000
: # $
6000
5000
4000
3000
Spread
2000
1000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
Level

Slope = .201
#) - . .
<"3 )1 M
.
1 2 = )" 3 F

6 =
.% )" )1 M G

.
G
1 2 = ) # - D #
N

!

( 3 6 )
Opti o ns 4 1 9
0 <2 +
% - )1 0
: O p t i o n s

!
C "3 +
% (% ) , " 1 )1 - #): E x c l u d e
, 6 E x p l o r e
: 7
C a s e s
L is tw is e

F a c t o r 4
D e p e n d e n t ) + 9
0 2
. @ -
% =
+ 9
0 2 , % - )1 : E x c l u d e C a s e s P a i r w i s e
@ & 0 F , 5 (
. ) ! ; #)
3
" 0 4 9
0 #) : R e p o r t V a l u e s
: D a t a E d i to r $ $ % " % 1 (
1 03
0 1 L @

d e p 1 d e p 2
1
10
2
11
.
.
4
13
5
14
.
6
.
7
8
A n a ly z e
D
fa c
1
1
1
2
2
2
e s c r ip tiv e S ta tis tic s
E x p lo r e
0
1
: " ?1 E x p l o r e

!

. F a c t o r L i s t C D "
f a c 0
. D e p e n d e n t L i s t C , "
d e p 2
d e p 1
. E x c l u d e C a s e s l i s t W i s e
O p t i o n s 4
: , 6 O K 4
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
1
2
1
2
V a lid
2
2
2
2
P e rc e
6 6
6 6
6 6
6 6
n t
.7
.7
.7
.7
N
%
%
%
%
C a s e s
M is s in g
1
1
1
1
P e rc e n t
33. 3%
33. 3%
33. 3%
33. 3%
T o ta l
3
3
3
3
P e rc
10
10
10
10
e n t
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .0
%
%
%
%
Descriptives
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
1
M e a n
S ta tis tic
1.50
M e a n
5.50
M e a n
10.50
M e a n
10.50
S td .E rro r
.50
.
.
1.50
.
.
.50
.
.
2.50
.
.
7 E x cl u d e Cases Listwise (# # 1 C " 3 ) %.

; 0 6-
Facto r List
D epend ent List 2 % + 9
0 2 C " 3 +
+ ) 1
C " 3
2
1 C " 3 3 -1 fac 4 1 " d ep1 " .
; <= .
; 4 1 " d ep2 .
1 1 4 2 " 7
4 %-
.
... 2
1 C " 3 3 -1
: " ; %.

E E x cl u d e Cases Pairwise
1 04
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
1
2
1
2
V a lid
2
3
2
2
P e rc e n t
6 6 .7 %
100. 0%
6 6 .7 %
6 6 .7 %
C a s e s
M is s in g
1
0
1
1
P e rc e n t
33. 3%
. 0%
33. 3%
33. 3%
T o ta l
3
3
3
3
P e rc e n t
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
Descriptives
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
1
M e a n
S ta tis tic
1.50
M e a n
5.6 7
M e a n
10.50
M e a n
10.50
S td .E rro r
.50
.
.
.8 8
.
.50
.
.
2.50
.
.
1 1 2
1 %- ; 2 fac 4 d ep1 .
6-
. d ep2 " / $ > 0

7
6
4 %- ; 4 2 " d ep1 .

? E x pl o re

!
Facto r List 2 fac

# ! V
Y E x cl u d e Cases Pairwise C " 3 / 1 &
# ! 7 " 9
! 1
# 9
0 2 C " 3
%- ) 1 1 F
. 1 %.
" C " 3
Descriptives
D E P 1
D E P 2
M e a n
M e a n
S ta tis tic
4.17
11.2 0
S td .E rro r
.9 5
1.0 7
11. 0 2
d e p 1 " 7
6
5
4
2
1 %- .
4. 17
. d e p 2 " 7
5
4
2
1 %- .

C fac ? . Repo rt V al u es 9
0 " 9 1 #

!
105
Repo rt V al u es $ E ? E x pl o re

!
: 5 C " 3 # ! E x pl o re

!
O K
Facto r List
4 3 . O ptio ns
D E P 1
D E P 2
F A C
. ( M is s in g )
1
2
. ( M is s in g )
1
2
V a lid
1
2
2
1
2
2
P e rc e n t
100. 0%
6 6 .7 %
6 6 .7 %
100. 0%
6 6 .7 %
6 6 .7 %
C a s e s
M is s in g
N
P e rc e n t
0
. 0%
1
33. 3%
1
33. 3%
0
. 0%
1
33. 3%
1
33. 3%
T o ta l
1
3
3
1
3
3
P e rc e n t
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
100. 0%
Repo rt V al u es
2
1 <= ! D Fac 4 6-
Repo rt " ( # # 1 C " 3 ) %.

; . 9
0 " M issing E 1 %0@
: " V al u es
Descriptives
D E P
1
D E P
2
F A C
1
M e a n
S ta tis tic
1.50
M e a n
5.50
M e a n
10.50
M e a n
10.50
S td .E rro r
.50
.
.
1.50
.
.
.50
.
.
2.50
.
.
7 E x cl u d e Listwise . > 0 1 2 .
;
9
0 ) 1 6=
. < 5 > 0 C " 3 " !
106

(
3
0!

Crosstabs

) 2 2 Tabl es 2 - #
# 3 Cro sstabs # )
% $ ' ; ? (

3
0!

) M u l tiway Tabl es 9 ) #

<= 1 . 7
1 9 1 9 , . ! & % 1 -
#
F , .1 -
. ! & % 1 - " 9 ) #

2 - #
3 A " 3 # ,

) @
a B = )
) @ C @ " 9 $ 22 , 3 # #
: 1
3
a1 / 0$ " 4 (
/ 0$ # reco v er treat K 3 1 )

b B = )
$ $ % 1 %" 2
7 O f

" m (
treat
a
b
b
b
a
a
b
a
b
a
a
b
a
b
a
b
b
b
a
b
a
b
reco v er
a1
a1
b1
b1
a1
a1
b1
b1
b1
a1
a1
a1
a1
b1
a1
b1
b1
b1
a1
a1
b1
b1
>
# g end er b2 / 0$
g end er
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
: " D ata E d ito r
: " ;" .
1 = - 1 ? reco v er
treat 1 2 = ) " 2 #

.1
1 = - 1 ? reco v er
treat 1 2 = ) " 2 #

.2
: %
. ? 1 #
;
" . 0
.1
.(
/ 0$
B = ) .) 1
) 2 = 3

1 +

. g end er >
107
;

Anal y z e
D escriptiv e Statistics
. #
<
0!
Cro sstabs
: " D 1
+ Cro sstabs

!
D # ) ;G
. #
9 3 D # ) ;G
. $ E 3 1 . $ (

. $
, 6
: 7
+ @ : Row(s)
+ @ : : C ol u m n (s)
) : D i sp l a y C l u st e r e d b a r C h a r t s
. $ E 3 9 ) #

2 - #
/ 0 -: S u p r e ss t a b l e s
: " D 1
+ Statistics

!
, 6 Statistics 4 3
: 7
. 9 3 3 H
0! = 1 - , "
ch i-Sq u are ! A ; : C h i -S q a r e

; D <" 3 <) Pearso n
Spearman .1 - " ) ; : C or r e l a t i on
108
H
0! = 1 3 1 Spearman .1 # ) ; Nu meric 3 " % 2
$ $ M easu re
) O rd inal ) O rd ered V al u es 1 2 3 9 1 3 9 3
Pearso n . 1 # ) ; ( ;

J J ) " ) <= (V ariabl e v iew
Scal e 1 , 3 1 )
Q u antitativ e V ariabl es % 9 3
H
0! = 1 3 1
.I nterv al <@ , $
V ariabl e V iew $ $ M easu re
3
H
0 ! <=
(.1 ) 2 = %= ) ) 1 ; F L : N om i n a l
(7 A J
) >
<= % 1 ; A 3 C @ & 1 G #

3 9 3
. (9 ! 1 J # !
J 1 ) 6
9 3
H
0 ! =
2 = %= ) ) 1 ; F L : O r d i n a l
. 1 %
9 @
> ) 1 2 = E ta ! A ; : N om i n a l b y I n t e r v a l
Categ o ries % 0

3 D #
I nco me # # I nterv al Scal e
R
. g end er >
#
" ) , 6- >

4 1 1
! % ! A 1 C " 3 H ) K
No minal , ) No minal % # 9 3

H
0!
< 6
. , 1
1 - Ch i- Sq u are ! A ; 1 0 ( V ariabl e V iew $ $ M easu re

3
.No minal V ariabl es - % " 2 = Ph i and G ramers v > ? = -
Cro sstabs

!
o k Statistics

!
Co ntinu e 4 3
: % C " 3 # !

Count
T R E A T
T otal
a1
a
b
R E CO V E R
8
3
1 1
b1
T otal
2
9
1 1
1 0
1 2
22
Chi-Square Tests
P e a rs o n C
C o n tin u ity
L ik e lih o o d
F is h e r 's E
N o f V a lid
h iC o
R a
x a c
C a
S q
rre
tio
t T
s e
u a re
c tio n
e s t
V a lu e
6.600b
4 .5 8 3
6.9 9 4
2 2
d f
1
1
1
A s y m p .S ig .
( 2 - s id e d )
.010
.03 2
.008
a . C o m p u te d o n ly fo r a 2 x 2 ta b le
b . 0 c e l l s ( .0% ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e m i n i m u m
5 .00.
109
E x a c t S ig .
( 2 - s id e d )
E x a c t S ig .
( 1- s i d e d )
.03 0
e x p e c te d c o u n t is
.015
@
/ 0$ 3 B = ) = + 9 3 3 H
0! = 1 " ) @ 1
, Ch i-Sq u are ! A 1 / 0$

B = ) 1 2 = 3

1 " " 1 @ 0
: ! ;
9 3 3 c
H
0! 3 # r 7 (r-1)(c-1)
2
2 = (Oi Ei )
Ei

6. 6 ! & 2 % 2
? 2
# Ei
$ # Oi 7
1 2 = 3

+ %5 - M
1 ) @ (
C
3 p-v al u e= 0.010 < 0.05 2
.(
/ 0$
B = )
Symmetric Measures
N o m in a l b y
N o m in a l
N o f V a lid C a s e s
P h i
C r a m e r 's V
V a lu e
.548
.548
2 2
A p p r o x .S ig .
.0 1 0
.0 1 0
a . N o t a s s u m in g th e n u ll h y p o th e s is .
b . U s in g th e a s y m p to tic s ta n d a r d e r r o r a s s u m in g th e n u ll
h y p o th e s is .
C A $ p-v al u e =0.010 2 E
2
=
n
6 .6
= 0.548 Ph i = 2 >
22
1 = - 1 - 2 ! A # ) 7 J % 5 - M
1 2 -
)
. (r-1)(c-1)
Co ntinu ity Co rrectio n = Y ates L ! ; : 1

2
( Oi Ei 1 / 2) 2
.
=
! ; 2 2 #
+
+

Ei
> , )
2*2 2 - #
? # ) <1 G Ph i 2 > : 2

: 2 = ) r*c 9 ) #
; + Cramer Co efficient C 1 H )

C=
2
=
N ( L 1)
6 .6
= 0.548
22

#
9 3
H
0! 1 ! ) L
) # N 7
> 2 6=
(r-1)(c-1) 1 = - 1 - 2 ! A # ) 7
. Ph i 2 - > <

) Co nting ency Co efficient
# ) 1 H ) ; > K : 3

r*c
#
+ ;
(<0
Cro sstsbs:Statistics

!
110
No minal
: 2 = )
2
=
2
+N
C=
6.6
= 0.480
6.6 + 22
1 = - 1 - 2 ! A # )
) # N 7
F = 3 = %= ) " , 0 = - 1 P-V al u e 2 7 . (r-1)(c-1)
D ispl ay Cl u stered Bar Ch arts

Ch eck Bo x $ E 5 . 0. 010 +

: .. .) Cro sstabs

!
10
RECOVER
Count
a1
0
b1
TREAT

!
: 4

Cel l s 4 1 K
Cro sstab #
%
(
) 1
.1
: @ + Co u nts
: % = @ + Percentag es
: % +
+ Cel l D ispl ay

!
, 6 7 Cro sstabs
. Oi $ 1 #
= I 7 @ -

: O bserv ed
. Ei ? 2
1 #
= I ;
1 : E x pected
. H ! N
' ; 1 #
= I : Ro ws
.
) N
' ; 1 #
= I : Co l u mns
. " N
' ; 1 #
= I : To tal
: % = @
: Resid u al s
Oi Ei ? 2

$ 1 0 1 #
= I : U nstand ard ised
C " 3 <
? 2

$ 1 0 1 #
= I : Stand ard iz ed
. D + ) E .
. .
3 + ) H - %
1 D 3 < 1 ) 1 > 0 : Ad j .Stand ard ised

!
111
Fo rmat 4 1 < 4
< 3 ! #
H
0!
; : 5

Cro sstabs

Anal y z e
D escriptiv e Statistics
: %
. ? 1 ;
" . 0
Cro sstabs
: " D 1
9 . 1 H )
( 1 .) Lay er 2 @

. $
+ Cro sstabs

!
.2
, 6
g end er # A D 6=
# 3 D ) categ o rical V ariabl e +

Co ntro l V ariabl e
treat 1 2 = ) " Cro sstabs #

7 ( f
m 2 g end er "
m
"

D + 9 . 2 2 # > ;
reco v er
. f 7 O
: 5 C " 3 # ! Cro sstabs

!
O K
TREAT * RECOVER * GENDER Crosstabulation

Count
G E N D E R
f
T R E A T
T otal
T R E A T
a
b
a1
a
b
T otal
R E CO V E R
2
1
3
6
2
8
b1
T otal
1
4
5
1
5
6
3
3
5
8
7
7
14
Chi-Square Tests
G E N D E R
f
P e a rs o n C
C o n tin u ity
L ik e lih o o d
F is h e r 's E
N o fV a lid
P e a rs o n C
C o n tin u ity
L ik e lih o o d
F is h e r 's E
N o fV a lid
h iC o
R a
x a c
C a
h iC o
R a
x a c
C a
S q u
rre c
tio
t T e
s e s
S q u
rre c
tio
t T e
s e s
a re
tio na
s t
a re
tio na
s t
a . C o mp u t e d o n l y fo r a 2x 2 t a b l e
V a lu e
1.742b
.3 20
1.76 2
8
4.6 6 7c
2.6 25
5 .0 0 4
14
d f
1
1
1
A s y mp . S i g .
( 2- s i d e d )
.187
.5 72
.184
1
1
1
.0 3 1
.10 5
.0 25
E x a c t S ig .
( 2- s i d e d )
E x a c t S ig .
( 1- s i d e d )
.46 4
.286
.10 3
.0 5 1
b . 4 c e l l s ( 10 0 .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e mi n i mu m e x p e c t e d c o u n t i s 1.13 .
c . 4 c e l l s ( 10 0 .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e mi n i mu m e x p e c t e d c o u n t i s 3 .0 0 .
112
. ) 1 2 = 3

3 Pearso n Ch i-Sq u are ! & p-v al u e 2 # = 6=
1 1 2 = 3

C " 3 ! & ' 7 & C @ " 1 1 (
C " 3 R
/ 0$
/

. %5 - M

C @ "
2 2 N
#
Ch i-Sq u are 1 - %@ 0 M A
5 C
H
1 - E -
#
= + # + E 1 5 3 # - ; Ei ? 2

#
%100#
= 5 3 # ? 2
6=
#
" " 6
. 1 - 5 3
;
7 &
Symmetric Measures
G E N D E R
f
N o mi n a l b y
N o mi n a l
N o fV a lid C a s e s
N o mi n a l b y
N o mi n a l
V a lu e
.467
.467
8
.5 77
.5 77
1 4
P h i
C r a me r ' s V
P h i
C r a me r ' s V
N o fV a lid C a s e s
A p p r o x .S ig .
.1 87
.1 87
.0 3 1
.0 3 1
a . N o t a s s u mi n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
b . U s i n g t h e a s y mp t o t i c s t a n d a r d e r r o r a s s u mi n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
GENDER=f
GENDER=m
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
RECOVER
1.0
a1
a1
.5
b1
Count
TREAT
113
Count
RECOVER
1.5
TREAT
b1

Compare Means
Means
( 1 8 )
C @ & 1 ) su bg ro u ps 4 ? " %.

; # " 0
H - J #
J .
J 4 3
" %- 3 J N
) # M % $ '
Test o f %= ) " . E 1

) 1 # " / <@
(Z + )
. eta 2 - 1
Linearity
>
1
;
C J B J A 0" ? 3 C
; . 16 % ? 4
1 #

: : # $ C " 3 D ata E d ito r $ $ , A
G end er
d eg ree
70
90
8 8
8 6
6 8
6 4
76
8 3
79
5 5
97
100
6 4
5 9
90
73
g ro u p
A
B
A
B
C
C
B
A
B
C
B
A
C
C
A
A
g end er
Femal e
M al e
M al e
M al e
M al e
M al e
M al e
Femal e
Femal e
Femal e
M al e
M al e
Femal e
Femal e
M al e
Femal e
+ ) H -
%- 3
C J B J A 3 0 ? ; % .
;
S: %
. ? 1 3
#

!
114
, 6 Anal y z e
Co mpare means
M eans
. $
S: # $ C " 3 D 1 1
+ M eans

S: 7
F E < 6 Respo nse V ariabl e 1 - 1 H )

) : D epend ent List
# ) . I nd epend ent V ariabl e # 1

. D eg ree 1 " . %
! Treatments %= ) #

'
#

: I nd epend ent List
?
# # . ANO V A 1 # "
;
Stand ard
. 1 " . % 4 # ) + g ro u p 4
J No . o f Cases J M eans M eans

!
O ptio ns 4
? ; , 1 ;

" . % $ '
M eans:O ptio ns

!

D ev iatio n
S: " ; ) 1

! , 6 7 4
S: 5 , 6 O K
115
Co ntinu e 4
Report
DEGREE
GRO U P
A
B
C
T o ta l
M e a n
8 4 .0 0
8 5. 60
62 . 0 0
7 7 . 63
6
5
5
1 6
S t d . De v i a t i o n
1 1 .1 9
8 .4 4
5. 0 5
1 3 . 65
. 4 3
# ; D eg ree " 1
" . % $ ' ; D 6=
: 2 #
% + ) H -
%- 3
.
; ;" . 1 # % 1 > 0
9
%
. > 0 ? 1 K 0 . " 9
! 1 g end er >
;
g ro u p ? ;
: # $ C " 3 M eans

!
; 1
1 #
" ; 5 , 6

DEGREE * GROUP
DEGREE
GRO U P
A
B
C
T o ta l
M e a n
8 4 .0 0
8 5. 60
62 . 0 0
7 7 . 63
6
5
5
1 6
1 1 .1 9
8 .4 4
5. 0 5
1 3 . 65
DEGREE * GENDER
DEGREE
GENDER
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
116
M e a n
6 9. 0 0
8 4 .3 3
77. 6 3
7
9
1 6
S t d . De v i a
1 0
1 2
1 3
tio
.2
.4
.6
3 #
; d eg ree " + ) H -

%- 3
.
; ;" . 1 # > 0
1 .
1
K 0 . C J B J A 3 0 ? # # (7 A J
) >
@ 1 .
g ro u p @ C
1 . M eans

!
: # " ; M eans

!
Lay ers

, 6 3 % 1 . F # 3
g end er
. Lay er1 C
1 . I nd epend ent List C g ro u p #
. Lay er2 1 . C # = I nd epend ent List C " 3 Nex t 4
.Lay er2 1 . I nd epend ent List C g end er #

: 1 ." M eans

!
1 # $
5 , 6. I nd epend ent List C " 3 Prev io u s 4 C

1 . C N
"
: " O K
4 3 ;
Report
DEGREE
GRO U P
A
T o ta l
117
GENDER
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
F e m a le
M a le
T o ta l
M e a n
75.33
92.67
8 4.0 0
79.0 0
8 7.25
8 5.60
59.33
66.0 0
62.0 0
69.0 0
8 4.33
77.63
3
3
6
1
4
5
3
2
5
7
9
16
6.8 1
6.43
11.19
.
8 .77
8 .44
4.51
2.8 3
5.0 5
10 .28
12.43
13.65
.1
.2
.3
( Test o f Linearity . E 1 ) : 4 #
% ) .
+
) Linear trend . 3 F

H $ 0 1 -
% 1 " %= ) " . E 1 A .O ne-W ay ANO V A

: " M eans

!

!
Test fo r Linearity

) 1 # "
; 1
(1S9) 1 1 # 9

ANO V A and
eta $ E 1

: " 5 , 6 7 <0

M eans : O ptio ns

ANOVA Table
P R O D U C T * M E T H O B De tw e e n
G ro u p s
W ith in G r o u p s
T o ta l
( C o m b in e d )
L in e a r ity
D e v ia tio n fr o m
S u m o f
S q u a re s
402.000
86 .400
L i n e a r 315
i t y .6 00
15 2.000
5 5 4.000
d f
3
1
2
8
11
M e a n S q u a re
134.000
86 .400
15 7 .800
19 .000
F
7 .05 3
4.5 47
8.305
Measures of Association
P RO D U C T * M E T H O D
R
-.395
RS q u a re d
.1 56
E ta
.8 52
E ta S q u a re d
.7 2 6
. (F=7.05 3 ) % ) %.

1
)

C $ 1 # " #

: " . 3 % - %) 1 N

#
!
SS D ev iatio n Fro m Linearity = SS. (Co mbined ) SS. Linearity =402-8 6 .4=3 15 .6
: " Test fo r Linearity
1 - F 2 ;
F=M S. D ev iatio n Fro m Linearity / with in G ro u ps M S.=15 7.8 /19=8 .3 1
118
S ig .
.012
.06 6
.011
% ) .
E 1 " ) @ (
C A
3 0. 011 +

" 1 P-v al u e 2
. 3 H .
+ %5 - M
1 1 - / . C " 3 ?
. ( P-V al u e H ) #
2S8 1 6 )
) 1 M easu re o f asso ciatio n (.1 -) 2 = > E ta 2

$ 1
.1 - ) C $ 0 7 1 C 0 M @
?
#
0 (pro d u ct) ) " % 1 1 # E ta-Sq u are J .1 C
E ta-Sq u are = SS. between G ro u ps / SS. To tal = 7 (M eth o d ) #
402/5 5 4= 0.726 .

(pro d u ct) 1 Simpl e Co rrel atio n .1 .1 - # ) # R 2
#

4C 1 %
1 D 3 1 ) 1 3 1 (M eth o d )
B

9
>
, R-Sq u are M u l tipl e R ) .1 - # ) # R E
. Linear Reg ressio n C . -
O ne S am p l e T-Test

T ( 2 8 )
? .
Sig nificant D ifference +
) H =

H $ 1 - 0
? .
9 A C @ A .
Co nstant 1 2 3 ) D %1 +
. (n< 3 0) 9 ! % ) " 1 - # )

Co nfid ence I nterv al
# A 2
<
52 ) 1 B 4
10 , 3 # W eig h t
#
. D ata ed ito r $ $
W E I G HT
1.10
1.10
.90
.8 0
.8 0
1.20
1.20
1.00
.90
1.20
" ;" .
@ 0 @ 1. 25
) D %1 + ? " 1 .
E 1 " ) @ 1 .1
. %1
%5 - M
1 1. 25 +
- ? .
E 1 " " 1
. ? " 1 .
" %99 9 .2
S: " H1 " 1

H0 ) @ 1
#
H 0 : = 1.25 or - 1.25 = 0
H 1 : 1.25
t=
S: " 1 - t ! A

x
s/ n
n=10
) " + ) H - # S =.16 2
) " 1 .
# =1.020 x 7
? 1 ! & F
1. 25 +

) @ ;
1 ? " 1 .

)
119
. (5 1 # 1 2 S
x ! A ; ) v = n-1 = 9 1 t ? 4

: %
. ? 1 1 - 0

. $
Anal y z e Co mpare M eans
O ne sampl e T-Test
: " D 1 1
+ O ne sampl e t-Test

! , 6
: # $ D 1
+ O ptio ns

!
, 6 O ptio ns 4
1 1
7 ( # ;
" . ) 9 O ptio ns .
1
.Co nfid ence I nterv al # %99 9 0
T-Test / ) 9
0 ? # ) D 0 M issing V al u es #
@ O ne sampl e T-Test

!
Test V ariabl es + % 3

: $ E F
(
" M issing Cases 9

0 %- ) 1 : E x cl u d e Cases Anal y sis by Anal y sis
9
0 2 +
-

9
0 2 C " 3 D
T 1 D " 3 M +
% " < 0" )

D + T ! A ;- 2 E
. # " @
% . (9
0 G )V al id ! %- @ : E x cl u d e Cases List W ise
%
) % 1 6 2 ) 1 D E % 9
0 = 6 % P
. # " @ % " <
)
F
( % F , 9
0 G
-
9
0 2

) # " " , 5 C " 3 + ' - #
. <
C " 3 Test V ariabl es /
-
: # " " 5 , 6 O ne sampl e T-Test

!
12 0
O K
4 3
T-Te s t
One-Sample Statistics
W E IG H T
10
M e a n
1. 02 0
. 16 2
S td . E rro r
M e a n
5 . 12 1E - 02
One-Sample Test
T e s t V a l u e = 1 .25
W E IG H T
t
-4.492
d f
S i g . ( 2-ta i l e d )
.0 0 1 5
M e a n
D iffe r e n c e
-.23 0
99% C o n f i d e n c e
I n te r v a l o f th e
D iffe r e n c e
L o w e r
U p p e r
-.3 96
-6 .3 6 E -0 2
F
t = ( 1.020-1.25 )/ 0.05 12 = -4.492 ! ;
1 t ! A ; 7
M

v = 9 1 )
t(tab
t 1 , +
t(cal .) 1
t 1 H )
B )
t 2 7 t (cal.) t (tab.), v, / 2
H0 (
7 -
: ( Two Tail ed test . 1 -) / 2 - M

(t ? 4
#

t, 9, 0.025 = 2.26 2 ( = 5% )
t, 9, 0.005 = 3 .25 0
( = 1% )
E
) @ ( J
1 (4.492) 1
t " . 1
. %1
%5 -
1. 25 3 <
) H " ? " 1 .
+ " 1 @ 0
C
. C " 3 4
P-v al u e
C " 3 ) 1 - .
Sig .
SPSS 5 1 # 1 2 9 $ 1 , 1
%) 4
#
- B - ,

7 . ) @ 3 (
2 # 2 , E 1 P-v al u e H )

. F = 3 #

. P-v al u e ; . L @
.. . # 2 P-v al u e % ) @ (
T-d i s t r i b u t i o n
0.0007
5
0.0007
5
-4 . 4 9 2
4 .4 9 2
12 1

P-v al u e = Pr ( t 4.492 ) + Pr ( t 4.492 ) =0.0007 5 + 0.0007 5 =0.0015

Pr o babi l i ty # - # Pr
%1 %5 -
) @ (

P-v al u e <0.01
P-v al u e < 0.05
1
M e an Di f f e r e n c e ? .

) .
1 0 " %9 9 9 0 1 1
: " , 1
Pr ( 0.396 < x 0.23 < 0.0636 ) = 9 9 %

K <- 1
! & # " # ) - # " 2 .
1
0 " 9
: " ? .
%9 9 9 1
Pr ( x - t9 , 0.005 * (S/ n )< < x + t9 , 0.005 * (S/

Pr ( 0.8 5 3 6 < < 1.18 6 4 ) = 9 9 %
(

n) )=9 9 %
D " 3
%9 9 +
1.1864
0.8536 1 ? .
? # +
1 - . 1 ) F
9 B ? 1.25 %5 - M
1 ) @
. % @ 0
I n d e p e n d e n t s a m p l e s T-Te s t
T ( 3 8 )
/ T ! A # )
% - 3
.
1 " 1 - # )
H
. 1 -
# < 1 12 1 B
A . 0 !
B
9.4
8 .4
1 1 .6
7 .2
9.7
7 .0
1 0 .4
8 .2
6 .9
1 2 .7
7 .3
9.2
-
0 !
1 1
1
: 5 %
,
1 1
A
12.5
H 1 : A B
% 2
9.4
1 1 .7
1 1 .3
9.9
8 .7
9.6
1 1 .5
1 0 .3
1 0 .6
9.6
9.7
.
1 +
)

1 ;
" .
H 0 : A = B
122

1 1
#
: @ 0 1 + . %1
%5
Pr o te n
: %
. ? 1 K 0
7
# $ , 6 Data E d i to r
. 4
G r o u p
Proten G rou p
12.50
9 .4 0
11.7 0
11.3 0
9 .9 0
8 .7 0
9 .6 0
11.50
10.3 0
10.6 0
9 .6 0
9 .7 0
9 .4 0
8 .4 0
11.6 0
7 .20
9 .7 0
7 .00
10.4 0
8 .20
6 .9 0
12.7 0
7 .3 0
9 .20
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
% 1 # P 1

1 1
#

. $

An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s I n d e p e n d e n t
Sam p l e s T Te s t

+ I n d e p e n d e n t Sam p l e s T Te s t

! , 6
: " D 1
Te s t V ar i abl e s 2 Pr o te n
# P 1 2
G r o u p i n g V ar i abl e 2 ( 4 ) G r o u p
7 De f i n e G r o u p s 4 . 3 B
A ? H )
C ) B
A 4 2 D G r o u p

D < " 3 2
1 E
( d i c h o to m o u s V ar i abl e

!
. 4 % - 9 !
9 1 H
1 4 ;

C u t Po i n t # ! . # = ? M . K

4 10 # 2 2 , % - # ( 10 <= ) De f i n e G r o u p s

E F ) 3

10 +

1 2 , % -
9
3

. (N u m e r i c < 3
; 4
0 6
> 0 D " I n d e p e n d e n t s am p l e T Te s t

!
.
1 0 1 1
+ Te s t V ar i abl e s
O p ti o n s 4
. O n e Sam p l e T Te s t

!
2 # A : 6 =
. < ) % 9 ) 3

: 5 , 6 I n d e p e n d e n t s am p l e T Te s t

!
O K
Group Statistics
P R O T E N
123
G R O U P
A
B
12
12
M e a n
10 . 4 0 0 0
9 .0 0 0 0
1. 13 14
1. 8 7 4 2
S td . E
M e a
.3
.5
rro r
n
26 6
4 10
4 3
Independent Samples Test

L e v e n e 's T e s t
f o r E q u a l i ty o f
V a r ia n c e s
P R O T E N
E q u a l v a r ia n c e s
a s s u m e d
2.776
t- te s t f o r E q u a l i ty o f M e a n s
S ig .
.1 1 0
d f
2.21 5
1 8 .0 8
2.21 5
E q u a l v a r ia n c e s
n o ta s s u m e d
.0 3 7
1 .4 0 0
S td .
E rro r
D iffe r
e n c e
.63 20
8 .9 3 6E - 0 2
2.71 0 6
.0 4 0
1 .4 0 0
.63 20
7.267E - 0 2
2.7273
S ig .
( 2- ta i l e d )
22
D iffe r e n c e
L o w e r
U p p e r
M e a n
D iffe r
e n c e
) , 9
E ) 1 +
( 0 C
M 1 - 6 =
2 % 1 +
3 ( 0 2 = 2 +
E C
0 . 2A B
B
A

+ %5 - M
1 ) @ ( C ) P-V al u e = 0.03 7 <0.05 2
E %1 - M
1 1 - . 0 !
1 1
.
1
)
. %1 - M
1 ) @ # 1 ,
P-V al u e > 0.01
) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e = 0.11>0.05
E 1 >
L e v e n 1
. ) , 9
E ) 1 (+
) >
2
1 "
P a i r e d -S a m p l e s T-Te s t T
( 4 8 )
7 9
( 3 ) 3
.
1
0
) H $ - 1 - # )
. ) # 1 2 #

1
.
1 0
) 1 <= B
4 C " 3 ) % $

. < ! $ 12
3 F ) 1
) 3
% 3 4 . #
) . 2 %
. $ 3 / 0 ! 9 (B
A) 0 !
: ) . 2 # #
! # % 1
B H

A

B

! 1 M % 3 4
A H
N 4
! 1 A
10
127
135
195
200
162
160
170
182
143
147
205
200
168
172
175
186
197
194
136
141
. %5 - M
1
! " B & .
+
1 " @ 0 1 ;
" .
: %
. ? 1 1 - 0
An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s Pai r e d Sam p l e s T Te s t
. $
: # $ C " 3 D 1 1
+ Pai r e d Sam p l e s T Te s t

!
124
:
, 6
> 0 = # A ;
7 b
a 0 ! % $ = b
a
: %
. ;
4 % $ 1 3 1 Pai r e d v ar i abl e s 2 % 2

. F - >
4 1 a
. < ) - >
4 1 b ?
Sh i f t Q 0 . @ .2
2 C #
Pai r e d v ar i abl e s
.1
4 .3
: "
1 - 5 C " 3 #
! " O K
4
Paired Samples Statistics
P a ir
1
M e a n
167.80
171.70
A
B
10
10
S td .D e v ia tio n
2 6.5 8
2 4 .60
S td .E rro r
M e a n
8.4 0
7.78
Paired Samples Correlations

P a ir 1
A & B
10
C o r r e la tio n
.9 7 8
S ig .
. 000
Paired Samples Test

P a ir e d D iffe r e n c e s
P a ir 1
A-B
M e a n
-3.90
S td .
D e v i a ti o n
5 .7 4
S td .
E rro r
M e a n
1 .8 2
D iffe r e n c e
L o w e r
U p p e r
-8 .01
.2 1
-2 .1 4 7
d f
S ig .
( 2 -ta i l e d )
. %1
%5 - M
1 +
)

0.9 7 8 1 . 1 - # ) ; 7
.06 0
+ H 0 : A = B ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =0.06 0>0.05 2 E T 1 - 1 1
. . 0 ! B & .
1
) % =

3
125

Analysis of Variance
% 1 3
" % ) 1 N
1 ! @ % " ) 1 # " 1 !
. AN O V A Tabl e 1 # " #
1 H ) #
# " 5 R
"
0 " F ! C
% ) 1 H )
% ) 3
% .
+
@ 1
# " / H ,
@ 0 1 - # ) + t 1 - < )
1 )
, ,
9
) ( Tr e atm e n ts % = )
)
. . 3 .
+
1 !
One Way ANOVA

( 1 9 )
%
. # % = 1
\ ) N
B - 3 !
: 1#
. ) 1 %
: #
1
.

5 0
3
4 8
47
55
61
64
64
55
52
52
49
55
45
41
44
50

1

2
3
4
J 1 ) J ; # "
! J , $ #
, $
. : !
. 63R
J 19 89
: " ;
" .
.%5 - M
3 ! . % .
1 0
) 1
1 # " /
: " ;" . F 1 1 3 ! . 1
0
)
, 6
+
) 0 . 1 ( . ) ) # .
1
0
) 1
. %5 - M
L.S.D. !
. , @ 1 1 . .
1
4
3
2 . # .
1 0
) 1
@
. Du n n e tt . 1 (9 . )
.1
.2
.
.;
. % .
+
1 " ) @ 1
1 # " / H , .1
: @ 0 1 + # 2 C " 3 . .
+
3 C " 3 R
H 0 : 1 = 2 = 3 = 4
" 1 @ 0
H 1 : 1 2 3 4
) .
# F = 3 #

.
. " ? .
# 7
. . #
126
: %
. ? 1 1 # " /
: # $ C " 3 Data E d i to r 2
% 1 # A
m e th o d
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
p ro
5
4
4
5
6
6
5
4
5
5
4
4
5
d u c t
8
5

An al y z e
4
5
C o m p ar e M e an s
O n e -W ay N O V A

+ O n e -W ay AN O V A

!
9
: " D 1 1
2
0
4
1
, 6
: 7
< 1
;
# 1 #
) # : De p e n d e n t Li s t
F
Fac to r % ) > 0 (% ) ) - 1 D < " 3 . < 3
. De p e n d e n t @ % 3 1 1 # " #
3 C " 3 # !

# 3 ! . N
#
% 0 H ) # ) + # # : Fac to r
.N u m e r i c < 3 <
;
: 1 # " #
5 1 (
) O K
4 3
ANOVA
PRODUCT
S u m
S q u a
4 0 2
1 5 2
5 5 4
B e tw e e n G ro u p s
W ith in G r o u p s
To t a l
) @ (
127
? .
o
re
.0
.0
.0
s
0 0
0 0
0 0
d f
3
8
1 1
M e a n S q u a re
1 34 . 0 0 0
1 9 .0 0 0
F
7 .0 5 3
S ig .
.0 1 2
,
0.05 # 2 F ! & 1 ! P-V al u e =0.012 2
. ? 1 3 ! . % .
1
)

+ %5 - M

# 2 C " 3 . .
+
3 ) , . % .
1
)

< 6
M u l ti p l e
9 ) % C E " % ) B
4 # 0
) 1 -
Po s t H o c

!
: %
. N 1 E 1 Du n n e tt
L.S.D. . 1 C o m p ar i s o n s
, 6 O n e -W ay AN O V A

!
: " D 1
Po s t H o c 4
+ M u l ti p l e c o m p ar i s o n s
.2
9 I 1 1
Du n n e tt
LSD $ E 1 2 7 9 ) % " 9 3 .

6 =
. Fi r s t 2
( Fi r s t , Las t ) C o n tr o l C ate g o r y 9 . 3
;

.

H . ) 1 - N
? , 1 ;" . 9 . . C

. Si g n i f i c an c e Le v e l %5 ;
" .
) M
<
. Te s t
: % C " 3 # !
O K
4 C o n ti n u e
Multiple Comparisons
4 3
Dependent Variable: PRODUCT
( I ) M E TH OD
1
L S D
2
3
4
Du nnett t ( 2- s ided)
2
3
4
( J ) M E TH OD
2
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
4
1
2
3
1
1
1
*. Th e m ean dif f erenc e is s ig nif ic ant at th e . 0 5 lev el.
M ean
Dif f erenc e
(I-J )
- 11. 0 0
- 2. 0 0
5 .0 0
11. 0 0
9 .0 0
16 . 0 0
2. 0 0
-9 .0 0
7 .0 0
-5 .0 0
- 16 . 0 0
-7 .0 0
11. 0 0
2. 0 0
-5 .0 0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S td. E rro
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
3. 5
r
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
a. Du nnett t- tes ts treat o ne g ro u p as a c o ntro l, and c o m pare all o th er g ro u ps ag ains t it.
128
S ig .
. 0 15
.5 9 0
. 19 8
. 0 15
. 0 35
.0 0 2
.5 9 0
. 0 35
.0 8 5
. 19 8
.0 0 2
.0 8 5
. 0 37
.8 9 6
. 40 9
9 5 %
L o w er B o
-
Co nf idenc e I nterv
u nd
Upper B
19 . 21
10 . 21
- 3. 21
2. 7 9
.7 9
7 .7 9
- 6 . 21
17 . 21
- 1. 21
13. 21
24. 21
15 . 21
.7 5
- 8 . 25
15 . 25
al
o u nd
- 2. 7 9
6 . 21
13. 21
19 . 21
17 . 21
24. 21
10 . 21
-.7 9
15 . 21
3. 21
-7 .7 9
1. 21
21. 25
12. 25
5 . 25
% .
1 %5 - M
1
)
% , 6 LSD . # ) 1 D 6 =
=
3

? 0.05 # 2 Si g .
P-V al u e 2 % 7 (4
2)J(3
2)J (2
1) % )
. % .

C " 3
C
. .
1 %5 - M
1
)

C $ Du n n e tt 1
. 9 . 3
1 3 1 C
. 1 3 .
:

!
, 6 O n e W ay AN O V A

!
: ! "
O p ti o n s 4 3
. + ) H - J 1 .
# 0 !
> (
1 (# . ) % ) 1 >
. 1 # " / , (
)1 (
: 7
) : De s c r i p ti v e
1 - : H o m o g e n e i ty -o f -V ar i an c e
0 1 >
1 ) 7 . Le v e n e ! A
. % ) .
# . . (
) : M e an s p l o t

$ % " 9
0 < 2 +
% - ) 1 : E x c l u d e C as e s An al y s i s by An al y s i s
. . # " 1
. %
+ 9
0 < 2 +
% - ) 1 : E x c l u d e C as e s Li s tw i s e
O n e -W ay
. 9
0 2 C " 3 % 1 /
) + $ E , - #

!
O K
4 F = 3

!
C o n ti n u e 4 3
: 5 (
3 AN O V A
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
>
PRODUCT
L e v e n e
S ta tis tic
.6 6 7
d f1
3 ) " 1 @ 0 @
d f2
( 1 >
S ig .
.5 9 6
) ) @ 1 1 F = 3 B
@ #
1 2 C
3 P-V al u e =0.5 9 6 >0.05 2 7 Le v e n e ! A 1 ( 1
. ( Le v e n e ! A #
E x p l o r e ? ).% 1 >
M e a n s Pl o t s
129
1 " )
: ) # 1 .
# . .
70
Mean of PRODUCT
60
50
40
METHOD
Orthogonal Comparisons

( 11 9 )
. G
% ) (
) 1 1 / E 1 7 1 , ; 6 )
C o n tr as t 1 H )
" % t-1
D E t 3 ( % 3
) % )
]Q = Ci Yi. w i th
: . 2 = ) E + (% = 1 )
Ci = 0
C o e f f i c i e n ts % = ) Ci
i ) N
# Yi. 7
O r th o g o n al ( ) ) "
, E Q2 = C 2i Yi.
Q1 = C1i Yi.

D + SSt% ) % ) 1 N

D " 3
C1i C 2i = 0
A
#
) 1 & 1

9
, #
" % t-1 C t-1
: # E 1 L @
. 9 C " 3 % F
:2 #
) 1 E 1
4
3 % 1 % "
^ 0
C " 3 = ) N
E 1 %
Yi.

16 8
18 8
16 8
17 2
144
40
42
46
43
36
W e i g h t

42
47
44
45
37
40
48
42
42
36
#
% 6
N
# %
46
51
36
42
35

1
2
3
4
5
:
. :
. 56
: " ;" .
. % ) % .
1 0
) 1 - 1 # " /
Q1 = 4Y1. Y2. Y3. Y4. Y5. = 0
13 0
: t-1 " ) 1 %
) 1
.1
.2
Q2 = Y2. + Y3. Y4. Y5. = 0

Q3 = Y2. Y3. = 0
Q4 = Y4. Y5. = 0
tr e at
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
: " Data E d i to r 2
C % 1 # A 1
w e ig h t
:

4 6
4 0

4 2
! " # A n a l y z e C o m p a r e M e a n s O n e -W a y A N O V A
4 0
: % & '
O n e -W a y A N O V A
$
5 1
4 8
4 7
4 2
3 6
4 2
4 4
4 6
4 2
4 2
4 5
4 3
3 5
3 6
3 7
3 6

!
, 6 O n e -W ay AN O V A

!
C o n tr as ts
4
# A C
" 1 1 M
" 9
% # P 1
7 C o n t r a s t s
: " , = )
4# ) @ A A d d 4 4 2 ; C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1
. # 0 # . C
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1 -1 2 ;
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1 -1 2 ;
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n t s "
? 1 -1 2 ;
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n t s "
? 1 -1 2 ;
. # 0 # . C 1
131
N e x t 4 % = ) # & . C
% = ) " 2
, 1
, 6 . % 1
. C
% = ) # A . > 0 1 % = ) # P 1 1
: " C o n t r a s t s

!
<= C
% = )
.P r e v i o u s 4 1 C 9
) "
N e x t 4 C # =
5 1
O n e -W a y
A N O V A

!
O K 4 C o n tin u e 4
: B (
)1
ANOVA
WEIGHT
S u m
S q u a
2 48
1 3 0
3 7 8
B e t w e e n Gr o u p s
Wi t h i n Gr o u p s
To t a l
o
re
.0
.0
.0
d f
s
0 0
0 0
0 0
4
1 5
1 9
M e a n S q u a re
6 2 .0 0 0
8 .6 6 7
F
7 .1 5 4
S ig .
.0 0 2
. %1
%5 - M
1 ( = ) ) % ) % .
1
0
) C $ F 1
Contrast Coefficients
C o n tra s t
1
2
3
4
4
0
0
0
-1
1
1
0
T R E A T
3
-1
1
-1
0
-1
-1
0
1
-1
-1
0
-1
%
) t 1 1 #
. ) 1 % % = ) 1 F = 3 #

1 P-V al u e =1 > 0.05 %5 - M

1 (Q1=0)
) G C
L @ D
P-V al u e < 0.05 %5 - M

1 ( 0 ! 3 <
H " )
) , %
: " B V al u e o f C o n tr as t 2 " ) ? . % 1 +
(
V al u e o f C o n tr as t = Ci Yi. / r
. 4

:
132

: r
Contrast Tests
V al u e of
Contrast Contrast S td . E rror
W E I G H T A ssu m e e q u al v ari anc e 1s
.00
6 .5 8
2
1 0.00
2 .9 4
3
5 .00
2 .08
4
7 .00
2 .08
D oe s not assu m e e q u al1
.00
6 .3 9
v ari anc e s
2
1 0.00
2 .9 7
3
5 .00
2 .8 6
4
7 .00
.8 2
7 1) J
3
2
3
3
1
8
t
.000
.3 9 7
.4 02
.3 6 3
.000
.3 6 5
.7 5 0
.5 7 3
d f
4 .7
6 .8
5 .8
4 .8
S i g . ( 2- tai l e d )
1 .000
1 5
.004
1 5
.03 0
1 5
.004
2 7
1 .000
2 3
.01 2
8 0
.1 3 2
00
.000
1 5
Trend Analysis

( 219)
J . % 1 C % ) % ) 1 N
4
# " 0
% ) 3 # t 7 t-1 +
Polynomial
)
0 " % <= # ) %
3 9 1 3 , % )
;

0! 1 3 9
(
0" % 1
) 1
H ,

)
. >
# ) # M
1
) M

D + 5-1=4 +

) E 1 # " % ) % ) 1 N
# "

7 . ) 1 J 1) J J . 1 C "3 #
! & 1
: " Contrasts

!

6 - . Contrasts % % 0 !

1
> 0 ,
, @ ) 1 3 "
% 1 F < " 3

)
Polynomial ) 1 Coef f icients % = ) 1 C B C "3 # !
133
O ne-w ay AN O VA

!
O K
4 Continu e 4 3 .4th
:
ANOVA
WEIGHT
B e tw e e n
Gr o u p s
( C o m b in e d )
L i n e a r Te r m
Q u a d r a tic
Te r m
Wi t h i n Gr o u p s
To t a l
S u m o
S q u a re
248 . 0 0
10 2. 40
C o n tra s t
D e v ia tio n
C o n
D e v
C u b i c Te r m
C o n
D e v
4t h - o r d e r Te r m C o n
tr
ia
tr
ia
tr
a s
tio
a s
tio
a s
n
n
f
0
4
1
M e a n S q u a re
6 2. 0 0 0
10 2. 40 0
145 . 6 0 0
9 2. 5 7 1
5 3. 0 29
1. 6 0 0
5 1. 429
5 1. 429
130 . 0 0 0
37 8 . 0 0 0
1
2
1
1
1
d f
15
19
F
7 . 15 4
11. 8 15
S ig .
.0 0 2
.0 0 4
48 . 5 33
5 .6 0 0
.0 0 9
9 2. 5 7 1
26 . 5 14
1. 6 0 0
5 1. 429
5 1. 429
8 .6 6 7
10 . 6 8 1
3. 0 5 9
. 18 5
5 . 9 34
5 . 9 34
.0 0 5
.0 7 7
.6 7 4
. 0 28
. 0 28
? ) 1 % 1 C " 3 Betw een Grou ps % ) 1 % ) 1 N

? 4
D 6 -
- M
1 1 3
) % , 6 % 1 ? 1 # 9
/ . 3
. Cu bic term 1 ) 1 3 % 5
Tw o W ay AN O V A

(29)
C @ A #
# ) % ) % .
+
1 ) 1 # " 0
R CB

$ ) " % 3 . ! ; B

# ) % .
+
1
. ; ! Desig n
: 3#
K 0 1 + #
C "3 #
!
$ 3 " % 3 . 2 1
(#
# ) ) % . & N
) 1 % 2
) ? . 2 ) 1 ( ) ) .
: !
(
)

(
# ) 1)
% 3 . ) % ) 1 %
-1
-1
-3
-4
1
1
0
-2
-2
-4
-5
1
0
0
(
)
1
2
3
4
" #

:
. 83 #
1984
! "
N
% .
1 0
) 1 - ) 1 # " #

7 1 ; G
. % 5 - M
1
car% N
1 0
) K
Tyre % . &
: "
Data E ditor 2 % 1 # P 1
1
134
car
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
tyre
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1 % @
th in
4
1
0
0
1
1
0
-5
-1
-1
-3
-4
0
-2
-2
-4
:

$ * %
:

+
Analyze G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e

:
% + & # '
U ni v ar i at e
$ !

" # ,
2 # ) % ) 1 3 C " 3 Fixed Factors " ) "
% 1 # ) 6 - . R andom Factors # ) E # ) % ) 3
; 7 O ne-W ay AN O VA D > ) C " 3 < 4 <

Fixed Factor
K
Fu ll Factorial <- 1 Cu stom J M odel

!

) (car*tyre) 1 # " #

: " D 1 ) 1 M odel

!
. < 3 < Factor

, 6 M odel 4
I nteraction # 3 0
, 6 ; G
-
, 6 7 1 E. " %
. B
% 1 @ C " 3 # ) I nclu de I ntercept in M odel $ E 7
. B
F 13 1 )
# " #
, 6 A E f f ects % E N
) # ) Bu ild Terms
1 M odel C Factors &
135
Cov ariates car

tyre # 1 2 7 1
E ) 1 ) M ain E f f ects % E , 6
.( M ain ef f ects @ Bu ild Terms
: B C "3 # !
Between-Subjects Factors
T Y R E
CAR
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
4 4 1 , #
U niv ariate

!
O K
Continu e 4 3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: THIN

S o u rc e
C o rrec ted M o del
Interc ept
TY R E
C A R
E rro r
To tal
C o rrec ted To tal
Ty pe III S u m
o f S q u ares
69. 37 5 a
14 . 0 63
30 . 68 8
38 . 68 8
11. 5 63
95 . 0 0 0
8 0 . 938
df
6
1
3
3
9
16
15
M ean S q u are
11. 5 63
14 . 0 63
10 . 2 2 9
12 . 8 96
1. 2 8 5
F
9. 0 0 0
10 . 94 6
7 . 962
10 . 0 38
a. R S q u ared = . 8 5 7 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 7 62 )
S S . Corrected M odel = S S . TYR E + S S . CAR

S S . Corrected Total = S S . Total S S . I ntercept
#
. 1
B

+ GL M ) . B
R
S ig .
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
9
7
: 6 #

: " Tw o-W ay AN O VA ) 1 1 # " #

(
#
# ! ? )
Dependent Variable: THIN

S o u rc e
TY R E
C A R
E rro r
C o rrec ted To tal
Ty pe III S u m
o f S q u ares
30 . 6 8 8
38 . 6 8 8
1 1 .5 6 3
8 0 . 938
. % 5 . /

df
M ean S q
1 0
1 2
1
u are
.2 2 9
. 8 96
.2 8 5
F
7 . 96 2
1 0 . 0 38
S ig .
.0 0 7
.0 0 3
car # % , - tyer # $ % & # ' (

) * +

0 ) # , F 2 C "3 # !
136
3
3
9
1 5
D < " 3 ) car

tyre
:
1 # 3 0 , 6 &
: %
. ? 1 ( %
.1

!
I nteraction
Bu ild Terms # 0

tyre 1 ) % 2
> 0 Factors &
D ,
Cov ariates car

tyre
.M odel
. (car ? S h if t Q 0 . @
. M odel C
#
. M odel

!
4
) . B
# )
.2
Fu ll Factorial 1 4 1 / $ > 0 < " 3
.
) 1 # " / GL M
( 1 9
# 9 $ # ? ) 1 # " ) : 4 #
S h elf L ocation H ? 2
; " " 3
1 % ) 1 # #

# $ % 2
( # ) ) S tore S iz e
( #
# ) )
S h elf L ocation H ? 2

D
48
53
60
57
7 1
7 5
# 3 % ) % .
1
C
65
7 1
7 3
8 0
8 2
8 9
0
)
B
56
63
69
7 8
7 5
8 2
1 ? )

S iz e
:
A_
45
S mall
50
57
M ediu m
65
7 0
L arg e
7 8
1 # " #

; ".
- M
1 S iz e*L ocation # 3 0
) 1
L ocation ? 2
% ) 1
S iz e
. < 1 K L @
? % 5
location
A
S
A
S
A
M
A
M
A
L
A
L
B
S
B
S
B
M
B
M
B
L
B
L
C
S
C
S
C
M
C
M
C
L
C
L
D
S
D
S
D
M
D
M
D
L
D
L
137
size
m all
m all
ed iu m
ed iu m
ar g e
ar g e
m all
m all
ed iu m
ed iu m
ar g e
ar g e
m all
m all
ed iu m
ed iu m
ar g e
ar g e
m all
m all
ed iu m
ed iu m
ar g e
ar g e
sales
4 5
5 0
5 7
6 5
7 0
7 8
5 6
6 3
6 9
7 8
7 5
8 2
6 5
7 1
7 3
8 0
8 2
8 9
4 8
5 3
6 0
5 7
7 1
7 5
: "
Data E ditor % 1 # P 1
1
:

- . $ -

Analyze
:

+
G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e
:
% + & # '
U ni v ar i at e
$ !

" # ,
I nteraction # 3 0 C " 3 #
! ; G
Fu ll Factorial
M odel 4
.
$ ) E. " % 3

< " 3 ( 1
" . % E
Cu stom % E / 4 ; G % A )
. Def au lt @ -
Fu ll Factorial
# = D " 1
C " 3 siz e % D # . . 3 Plots 4
Prof ile Plots

!
, 6 L ocation " ? 1 % .

6
B
) " % .
D 0 + I nteraction Plot
: "
: " F = 3
! % # A
.H oriz ontal Axis C Factors siz e #

Plot
. S eparate L ines C L ocation #
C siz e*location # 3 0 H @ F <- ) L 1 ! Add 4 6 =
.# 0
. 7 # 3 %
M
# 3 . . # 3 , 0 S eparate Plots 2
. U niv ariate

!
C N
" Continu e 4
# 3 0 " E stimated M arg inal M eans % .

(
: # $ 1 O ptions

!
138
) O ptions 4
6 7 location*siz e
. 5 C "3 # !
U niv ariate

!
O K
Continu e 4 3
Dependent Variable: SALES

So u rc e
I nterc ept
LO C AT I O N
SI Z E
LO C AT I O N * SI Z E
Erro r
T o tal
C o rrec ted T o tal
T y pe I I I Su m
o f Sq u ares
30 19 . 333a
10 8 27 2. 667
110 2. 333
18 28 . 0 8 3
8 8 . 9 17
25 8 . 0 0 0
1115 5 0 . 0 0 0
327 7 . 333
df
M ean Sq u are
27 4 . 4 8 5
10 8 27 2. 667
367 . 4 4 4
9 14 . 0 4 2
14 . 8 19
21. 5 0 0
11
1
3
2
6
12
24
23
F
12. 7 67
5 0 35 . 9 38
17 . 0 9 0
4 2. 5 14
. 68 9
Sig .
.0 0 0
.0 0 0
.0 0 0
.0 0 0
. 663
a. R Sq u ared = . 9 21 ( Adj u s ted R Sq u ared = . 8 4 9 )
B
? < =
D . 1 & 1
) . B
" - 5 # #

: "
1 # "

So u rc e
LO C AT I O N
SI Z E
LO C AT I O N * SI Z E
Erro r
T y pe I I I Su m
o f Sq u ares
1 1 0 2. 333
1 8 28 . 0 8 3
8 8 .9 1 7
25 8 . 0 0 0
327 7 . 333
df
M ean Sq
367
9 1 4
1 4
21
3
2
6
1 2
23
u are
.4 4 4
.0 4 2
.8 1 9
.5 0 0
% ) 1 K
L ocation # ) % ) 1
) % 2

F
1 7 .0 9 0
4 2. 5 1 4
. 68 9
Sig .
.0 0 0
.0 0 0
. 663
C A $ F 1
. p-Valu e = 0. 663> 0. 05 % 5 - M

1 # 3 0
) , 6 1 siz e # )
Esti m a te d M a r g i n a l M e a n s
LOCATION * SIZE

LO CAT I O N
A
B
C
D
139
SI Z E
Larg e
M ediu m
Sm all
Larg e
M ediu m
Sm all
Larg e
M ediu m
Sm all
Larg e
M ediu m
Sm all
M ean
7 4 .0 0
6 1 .0 0
4 7 .5 0
7 8 .5 0
7 3 .5 0
5 9 .5 0
8 5 .5 0
7 6 .5 0
6 8 .0 0
7 3 .0 0
5 8 .5 0
5 0 .5 0
0
Std. Erro
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
3 .2 7
9
9 5 % Co
Lo w er Bo u
6 6 .8
5 3 .8
4 0 .3
7 1 .3
6 6 .3
5 2 .3
7 8 .3
6 9 .3
6 0 .8
6 5 .8
5 1 .3
4 3 .3
nf idenc e I nterv
nd U pper Bo
5 6
8 1
5 6
6 8
5 6
5 4
5 6
8 5
5 6
8 0
5 6
6 6
5 6
9 2
5 6
8 3
5 6
7 5
5 6
8 0
5 6
6 5
5 6
5 7
al
u nd
.1 4 4
.1 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.1 4 4
.1 4 4
.6 4 4
.6 4 4
.
. 6 = 7 S iz e
L ocation " ) 1 # 3 0 1 . .
4
.
. 1 - ? 2

0 C $ < 1 4

. F 1 1 . 1 D " !
3
location
siz e " ) 1 # 3 0

3 $ '
P r o f i l e P l o ts
90
Estimated Marginal Means of SALES
Estimated Marginal Means
80
70
LOCATION
60
A
B
50
40
Large
Medium
Small
SIZE
Covariance Analysis

( 3 9)
( 1 ! ) " #
3 K ; !
1 # " D
# $
, 4
, "3 % ) E > 2 9 6 C "3 ' X
4 1 , 4 Cov ariates
(% ) ) G 3 E > 2 3 <= Dependent Variable )

Y 4 1
1
/ " D 1 M C "3 ' 1 1 X
4
E Y
4
9 4 C "3
)
" , 4
1 % = - % A ) ? . -
R
" (
1 , 7 1 E
. 1 1 4
3 / 3 ( 1 ,
. -
1 # " 1 ? ;
"

K $ 1 # "
X ; !
: 5 #
4
9 4 C " 3 0 " (% ) ) = 3 ) 1 E ^ C " 3 1 %
, Y ^ 4
9 4 1 #
. ) # % $
%
^
. 1 1 3 X ^ 4
1 1
140
O bserv ations

2 9
1 5 1
33
1 6 7
2 1
1 5 6
2 0
1 30
2 5
1 7 0
2 0
1 8 0
2 6
1 6 1
2 0
1 7 1
29
172
36
1 8 9
30
160
2 8
1 4 2
35
190
35
1 9 3
35
138
30
2 00
X 1 1 4
4 A ) 1 %
# 1

X
Y
X
31
2 4
1 6 9
1 8 0
Y
32
X
34
1
5
6
189
Y
X
32
4 1
1 7 3
2 01
Y
) % .
1
0
) 1 ;
2 7
1 7 0
30
1 6 5
141
X
30
27
20
21
33
29
24
31
20
26
20
25
34
32
35
35
30
29
41
32
30
35
28
36
Y
165
170
130
156
167
151
180
169
171
161
180
170
156
189
138
190
160
172
201
173
200
193
142
189
treat
T1
T2
T3
T4
".
. (K $ 1 # " ;
" )
: # $ 1 Data E ditor 2
#
% 1 ;
treat
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T1
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T4
T4
T4
T4
T4
T4
(

1
:

/ +

$ - .

Analyze G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e

: % & '
U ni v ar i at e
$ !
:
*
2 1 ! $ O K
0 1

" # ,

Dependent Variable: Y
T y pe I I I S u m
o f S q u ares
2 8 45 . 9
6 9 38 . 6
6 8 2 .8
16 0 9 . 5
5 2 5 5 .0
6 9 9 32 3. 0
8 10 0 . 9
S o u rc e
I nterc ept
X
T R E A T
E rro r
T o tal
5 6
df
0 2
31
9 5
0 2
0 0
5 8
4
1
1
3
19
2 4
2 3
a. R S q u ared = . 35 1 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 2 15 )
M ean S q u are
7 11. 48 9
6 9 38 . 6 0 2
6 8 2 . 8 31
5 36 . 5 32
2 7 6 .5 7 9
: "
K $ 1 # " 9
!
F
2 .5 7 2
2 5 .0 8 7
2 . 46 9
1. 9 40
S ig .
.0 7 1
.0 0 0
. 133
. 15 7

F = 3 #
. 1 2
S o u rc e
T R E A T
E rro r
T o tal+ E rro r
T y pe I I I S u m
o f S q u ares
1 6 0 9 .5 9 5
5 2 5 5 .0 0 2
6 8 6 4 .5 9 7
df
M ean S q u are
1 9
2 2
5 36 . 5 32
2 7 6 .5 7 9
F
1 .9 4 0
S ig .
.1 5 7
a. R S q u ared = . 35 1 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 2 1 5 )
% 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-Valu e= 0 . 157 > 0. 05 2 6 =
. X ; ! 4 A ) 1 = ) ) 1 N
% .
+
C "3 R
142

Correlation & Regression Analysis
Correlat ion ( 1 10 )
, 1 K = , -
# 1 2 = ) <= Correlation . 1 - 1 6 1 2 = ) C
) " ) N 0 ( . 2 = 3 ) %
? " D = , 9 4 C + ' 0 # 9 4
. G
L inear < .
2 . 1 - < " 3 ( 3 2 = 3 ) , " 3 ; " . C + '
Correlation . 1 - # ) 1 H ) . 1 - > + > . N on L inear

. (1 r 1) 1 C 1 1 D 2 Q

r D 4
Coef f icients
?
S im p le L inear Correlat ion

( 2 10 )
. % 1 . 2= 3

(
1 . 1 . . 1 - # ) ;
1 2 = 3

3 ) - # ) , ( 0 ! 1 2 ) 9 !
2 C "3 #
! ")
. ( . G . 1 ) 2= 3

% @ 1
L ang " 1 ; = . 10 , % # % 1
L ang
6 0
6 8
6 0
7 4
8 0
8 4
8 0
7 2
6 2
8 2
M ath
5 6
: " S PS S 5 1 Data E ditor 2

, 6
M ath
6 0
6 4
8 2
7 6
7 2
7 4
6 6
6 4
8 6
: " ;
".
. S pearman ; . 1 # ) J Pearson . 1 . . 1 - # )

. % 5 - M
1 . 1 - # )
) 1

!
143
:1 #
: %
. ? 1 F = 3 ; . 0
, 6 Analyz e Correlate Biv ariate

: " D 1

. $
.1
.2
+ Biv ariate Correlation
: % Correlation Coef f icients # @
. % " . 1 . . 1 - # ) B - : Pearson
R anks ; # ) 1
" ) = . 1 . 1 - # ) B - :K endalls Tau

# ) +
@ D . 1 9
! 1 . 1 - # ) 1G
4
3 ! < 1 , . 3 A
( % % ) G =
6 M A
. " ! <- 1 6 " 9 6 ; # A F
. K endall # ) 1 1 #
; " . 1 # )
: S pearman
. S pearman
Pearson $ 2
1 - . . @ 0 1 - Tw o Tailed $ Test sig nif icance #
. O ne Tailed $ '
H . @ 0
. ( S tar = 3 , 6 A )
) % . 1 - " ) : Flag S ig nif icance Correlation
: 5 , 6 O K
Correlations
L A NG
M A T H
P e a rs o n
S ig .( 2 - ta
N
P e a rs o n
S ig .( 2 - ta
N
C o r r e la tio n
ile d )
C o r r e la tio n
ile d )
L A NG
1.000
.
10
.7 7 6 * *
.008
10
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0.01 l e v e l
( 2 - ta ile d ) .
4 3
M A T H
.7 7 6 * *
.008
10
1.000
.
10
@ 0 1 - r = 0. 776 M ATH
L AN G 1
1 . . 1 - # ) 2
H 0: = 0
H1 : 0
144
: ( . 1 )
3 k
? # n 7 n-k 1 T ? 4
? 1 T ! A
T =r
P- C " 3
nk
1 r2
= 0.776
10 2
1 0.776 2
#
! K
"
T ? 4
) # ) Transf orm
. %
= 3.48
Compu te # = Valu e
1 . 1 - C $ P-Valu e=0. 008<0. 05 1 2 . (1 CDF .T (3.48,8)) * 2 = 0.008
+
) H = - ) % 5 - M
1 0 ! 3 <
) H " % @
"
. (< @ % 1 - M
1
: 1 ; . 1 # ) # B
Nonparametric Correlations
Correlations
S p e a r m a n 's r h o
L A NG
M A T H
C o
S ig
N
C o
S ig
N
r r e la tio n C o e ffic ie n t
.( 2 - ta ile d )
r r e la tio n C o e ffic ie n t
.( 2 - ta ile d )
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .01 l e v e l ( 2 - t a i l e d ) .
L A NG
1.000
.
10
.7 8 6 * *
.007
10
M A T H
.7 8 6 * *
.007
10
1.000
.
10
S pearman # ) H1 : 0 " 1 @ 0 @ H 0 : = 0 ) @ 1 S pearman . 1 # ) P-Valu e 1 2 . F = 3 Pearson 1 T ! A > 0
. % 1 K
% 5 - M
1 # )
) C $

!
O ne Tailed $ '
:

H . . 1 - # ) @ 1 -
: 1 I

Biv ariate Correlations
: @ 0 1 1 5 1
1
9 . 1 - # ) 2 %
H 0: = 0
H1 : f 0
:

! " 0.766

145
.1
Correlations
L A NG
M A T H
P e a rs o n
S i g . ( 1- t a
N
P e a rs o n
S i g . ( 1- t a
N
L A NG
1.000
.
10
.7 7 6 * *
.004
10
C o r r e la tio n
ile d )
C o r r e la tio n
ile d )
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0.01 l e v e l
( 1- t a i l e d ) .
#
!
3. 48
+

M A T H
.7 7 6 * *
.004
10
1.000
.
10
. 1 - , 0
T ! A ; 7
? 4
) # ) Transf orm Compu te # = P-Valu e C " 3
H . 1 - 2 ; @ - 6 -
(1 CDF .T (3.48,8)) = 0.004 "

T
% @
" 1 . 1 - C $ P-Valu e=0. 004<0. 05 1 2 .
. (< @ % 1 - M
1 +
) H = - ) % 5 - M
1 0 ! 1
: @ 0 1 1 5 1
1 9 . 1 - # ) 2 %
H 0: = 0
.2
H1 : p 0
2 C "3 # !
Partial Correlation

( 3 10 )
2 <= . 7 %
1 1 1 2 = ) 9
2 4 . 1 - # ) >
1 ") 2= 3
- /
"
/ @ 1
" ) 1 2= ) " . 1 . 1 - # ) 3
) M
) 1 ) I ) M

7 # ) 1 E =

# 2 2 C " 3 #
! /
/ @ 1
" ) 1 2 = ) > 2 3 (D 1
) ) I
> 2 3 % 3 + ) 1 D < " 3 . 4 . 1 - 1 H )
. 1 - # )
. 6 1 2= )
: " ; " . 13 ) ` " 1
( 3 4 S 10 ) 1 6 # 9
% 1 "
. X3 % 1 1 X2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # ) ;
. X4 X3 % 1 1 X2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # ) ;
:2 #
.1
.2
.% 5 - M
1 ( . ) . 1 - % = )
) 1 .3

!
146
, 6 Analyz e
Correlate Partial
: #
;
". " " D 1

. $
+ Partial Correlation
:#

J , 4 . 1 - # ) ; % # A Variables
. F ) 1 + (% ) # A Controlling f or
. C "3 # !
--- PAR TI AL
CO R R E L ATI O N
Controlling f or. .
CO E FFI CI E N TS
1 . 0 0 0 0
0 )
P = .
. 2 8 5 1
1 0 )
P = . 3 6 9
X 2
. 2 8 5 1
1 0 )
P = . 3 6 9
1 . 0 0 0 0
0 )
P = .
( C o e f f i c i e n t
"
i s
---
X 2
X 3
Y
"
O k 4 3
( D . F . )
p r i n t e d
i f
2 -t a i l e d
S i g n i f i c a n c e )
c o e f f i c i e n t
c a n n o t
> 0 # ) ( .
) 4 . 1 - # )
) 1 -
b e
c o m p u t e d
r yx 2.x3 = 0.285 7
F = 3 #
, 6 +

2 # 10 2 6 - . . 1 . 1 - # ) 1 - T ! A
2 T
df = n k = 13-3 = 10 7 T 1 - 4 = %
) # T =r
147
nk
1 r2
= (0.2851)
13 3
1 0.28512
: " % 1
= 0.941
0 ! 3 <
) H " > 0
? " ) E ,
P-Valu e=0. 369 >
: # $ C " 3 Partial Correlations

!
CO R R E L ATI O N
Controlling f or. .
X 3
CO E FF I
1 . 0 0 0 0
(
0 )
P = .
. 2 3 3 8
(
9 )
P = . 4 8 9
X 2
. 2 3 3 8
9 )
P = . 4 8 9
1 . 0 0 0 0
0 )
P = .
( C o e f f i c i e n t
i s
p r i n t e d
148
: " 5 , 6
C I E N T S
- -
( D . F . )
i f
2 -t a i l e d
c o e f f i c i e n t
S i g n i f i c a n c e )
c a n n o t
. % 5 - M
1 0 ! 3 <
) H "

!
;
1 %
.
X 2
"
;
X 4
Y
. % 5 - M
1
( ;
" . ) X 4 X 3 % 1 1 X 2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # )
--- PAR TI AL
-
"
0. 05 2
b e
c o m p u t e d
r yx 2.x3 x 4 , 6 D
:
O ptions 4 1 Pearson . 1 . 1 - # ) B
. Z ero O rder Correlations $ E Partial Correlations
R eg res s ion A naly s is ( 4 10 )

1
Dependent Variable ) 1 2 = 3 3 1 ) - B

# C " 3 B
M
R eg ressors
I ndependent Variables " %
# M

S imple R eg ression model . 1 - B

1 H )
L inear M odel

$ % & M u ltiple reg ression M odel ) - B

,
. N on L inear M odel . G

( 1 4 10)
Y = B0 + B1 X + e : ) ! E
: 7
) : Y
# : X
. I ntersection Parameter + !
? - . ? . " )
% 1 : B0
Y
S lop Parameter # " ) : B1
X
7 residu al 1 1 H )
Y
Y 1 0

$ ) E . :e
. e = Y Y
B1 =
M ! % ) 1 . B1
B0 - ) < 1 G ) 1 .
% @ 0 ; . 1 . - B
< " 3 (O L S ) L east S q u ares M eth od
. X
Y 1 . 2 = 3

E . 1 >
+
@
:
. 0! " +
.
1 N 4

$ ) / .
@ ) 2 +
% 1 1 ,
$ ) / .
D
O L S . 1 ) <
@
. B1
B0
. ( H omoscedasticity
$ )
> . $
< ) 1 . N 4
/ .
- % = ) 1 ") % @ 0 1 -
.
$ ) / . 1 Au tocorrelation . 1

3
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
y # 1 S catter plots . . # = . 1 . B
% @
1
S tandardiz ed R esidu als ) / .

e
$ ) E . D " 1 ( x
)
C " 3
. # $ L @

C " 3 es , 4
149
e o r es
e o r es

R es id u als
(a
(b
e o r es
e o r es
(c
. (
$ ) E . 1 >
(d)
. ( " $

3 ) # " % @
(a )
. y 9 4 1
$ ) E . 1 9 4 (b )
3 " $ )
$ ) E. 1 R
2
9 4 (c )
. ( B
<= M B # ) ;
) . 2 = ) = 3 (d)
2
R
$ 10
) ( 1 4 " ) Y
O bs.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Y
112
128
130
138
158
162
140
175
125
142
X
35
40
38
44
67
64
59
69
25
50
: 3 #
. @
X ) # % 1
: "
Data E ditor 2
% 1 # A
: " ; ".
. B
)
) 1
. 2 = ) < @ 0 Y/X ) B
. B1
B0 - " ) # % 9 5 9 B
15 0
.1
.2
. ANOVA 1 # " #
B

$ ) / . # " ? ( R2 # ) # ) 1 ) . B

9
1
. 1 1
. < 1
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4
1
L i n ea r An a l yz e
.3
.4
.5
: #
: %
. ? 1 F = 3 ; . 0
Reg res s i o n L i n ea r
5
:
Reg res s i o n
: 7
. ) # :D ep en d en t
# " % 3
# A . ( " %
) : I n d ep en d en t
Next 4 1 C Bl o ck
# -
" " 2 D Bl o ck @
# 3

? Z # D B

X #
. Prev i o u s
Z
Bl o ck 1 X # A F
= Y

)
. Bl o ck 2
. ( E n ter 3 - . ) - . N
: M eth o d
) 2 , % - ) 3
# " # ) : S el ecti o n
Va ri a b l e
(5 1 Ob s erv a t 2 ,
% - C " 3 - B
! 2 <= ) -
. Ru l e 4 .
1
. S ca tterp l o ts $ # $ .
) D 2 : Ca s e L eb el s
: " D 1
151
+ S ta ti s ti cs

!
, 6 S ta ti s ti cs 4
: % $ E 2
. t % 1
- B
) : E s ti m a te
. - " ) # % 9 5 9 : Co n f i d en ce I n terv a l
. ANOVA
R2 (
1 - No rm a l Pro b a b i l i ty Pl o t $ Pl o ts

!
) : M o d el Fi t
, 6 Pl o ts 4
, 6 S a v e 4
. (> ;
" . ) )
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4

: " D 1
152
+ S a v e

!
S ta n d a rd i z ed
K
y + U n s ta n d a rd i z ed Pred i cted Va l u es
6 -
? 1 ;
" . . $ " S ca tterp l o ts # ) es + Res i d u a l s
X % ; C D a ta
E d i to r 2
C (5 1 $ 3 ) @ A D < " 3 J
H @
Pre_ 1 E 1 U n s ta n d a rd i z ed Pred i cted Va l u es

H @ 7 Ob s erv a t
Y
. Zre_ 1 E 1 S ta n d a rd i z ed Res i d u a l s
Op ti o n s "
# $ % &
# '

( )
.L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
: ,

-
. + $ L i n ea r Reg res s i o n OK " +
5
Coefficientsa
U n s ta n d a r d i z e
d C o e f f i c i e n ts
M o d e l
1
( C o n s ta n t)
X
B
85.044
1.140
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
S td
E rro
9 .9 7
.19
.
r
0
5
S ta n
r d iz
C o e
ie n
d a
e d
ffic
ts
Be ta
.9 00
9 5%
t
8.53 0
5.846
S ig .
.00002 7
.0003 8
C o n f i d e n c e I n te r v a l
fo r B
L o w e r
Bo u n d
6 2 .052
.6 9 0
U p p e r
Bo u n d
108.03 6
1.589
: " B
1 F = 3 #
# =
1.140 1 . @
y = 85.044 + 1.140 x
(9. 97) (0. 195)
9 4 C + ' 9
) 9 4 C $ # ")
. " 1 " ) " + ) E . # >

2 # 2 . 1 4 "
: B1 # " ) @ 0 1 - T 1 # )
H 0 : B1 = 0
) @
H1 : B1 0
" 1 @ 0
H 0 : B0 = 0
) @
: B 0 (% 1 ) ? . " ) @ 0 1 - T 1 # )
H1 : B0 0
" 1 @ 0
: " 1 - " ) " T ! & P-Va l u e 2

. % 5 - M
1 ) @ (
. % 1 - M
1 ) @ (

P-Va l u e < 0. 05 %
P-Va l u e < 0. 01 %
. ) @ # 1 > 3
" ) P-v a l u e
0 . 0 1 # 2
0 . 0 0 0 38 +
# " ) P-v a l u e
= + ") # ) @ (

,
0 . 0 1 # 2
0 . 0 0 0 0 2 7 +
% 1
. B
) > )
) # " )
, 6 0 ! 3 <
H " " )
153
B
" # " ) , Beta 1 , $
S ta n d a rd i z ed Co ef f i ci en t " )
+
-
" ! # 1 )
# # ( X X ) / S ) # ) 1
. ) % x *
y * 7 y * = x * "
B0 ? . " ) C " 3 B

: " % 1 " % 9 5 9 1
Pr(62.052 B0 108.036) = 95%
: " # " ) % 9 5 9 1 # - # 1 Pr 7
Pr(.690 B0 1.589) = 95%

> 0 1 - F ! A C " 3 # $
ANOVA 1 # " #
1 H ) #

6 - ) # " ) T 1 - < a 1 -
B1 # " ) 1 ! @ 0
.F=T2 < " 3 ( 1 =
P-Va l u e 2
ANOVAb
M o d e l
1
R e g r e s s io n
R e s id u a l
T o ta l
S u m o f
S q u a re s
2661.050
622.950
3 284 .000
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X
b . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
d f
1
8
9
M e a n S q u a re
2661.050
7 7 .869
F
3 4 .17 4
S ig .
.0003 8a
Co ef f i ci en t Of # )

- B
$ ' @ #

1 # " #
;
. B

9
< 1 )
R2 D 4
D eterm i n a ti o n
R2 =
ExplainedVariations SSR 2661.05

=
=
= 0.81
Total Variations
SST
3284
: "
0 R2 1
+ . 2= ) 0 ( Y 2 " % - ) % 1 % 8 1 K 0
@ , % K
E
$ 3 #
3 C ? % 1 % 19
- B

. B

9
C " 3 K # % 10 0 R2 2 % 1 2 "
) C " 3
. B

. # ") 9 $ A > 0
r 9 $ A

1 . 1 . . 1 - # ) r 7
r = R2
Model Summary
M o d e l
1
R
RS q u a re
.900a
.8 10
A d ju s te d
RS q u a re
.7 8 7
S td .E rro r o f
th e E s tim a te
8 .8 2
K
C ? 0 D 2 E B
" # H @
D E 1 # ) H !
R2 9 4 C + ' - B
C # @ A 7 B
# "
154
,
S S T " % ) 1 N
% 1 ? S S R = 9 ) % ) 1 N
9 4 ; 1 1
% # ! ! 1 3 - 1 E + Ad j u s ted R S q u a re L ! # ) ;
#
,
% 7 9 # (L ! G ) # ) 2 # 2 < D 2

.
B

. 3 9 $ % $ > S ta n d a rd E rro r o f E s ti m a te " + ) E .

# 9
1

$ ) / . !
C "3
) $ ' , 9 !
2 C " 3 #
!
-
. $ - # $ . - .
y # 1 S ca tterp l o ts $ - # $
< 1
$ ) / . # "
: ( 1 % . . # ! ? ) "
+
)
C " 3 e s ) / .

! , 6 G ra p h s S ca tter
S i m p l e
. $ 5
. S ca tter

!
. S ca tterp l o ts
Y C D & Zre_ 1
. S PS S Vi ewer $ $ . . , 6 OK 4
. X C D & Pre_ 1
. S PS S Ch a rt E d i to r $ $ C # = . .

C Ref eren ce L i n e @ & Ch a rt Ref eren ce L i n e
. $
: " . . , 6 . 0 ! #

1.5
1.0
.5
Standardized Residual
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
Unstandardized Predicted Value
# " % @
C " 3 # 0 ! #
+
. $ # $ 1 N 4
. 6 =
-
-

$ ) E . 1 >
155
3 " $ B
) - 7 3 9
! 1
. C "3 % 2= 3
:
C "3
y ) " # 1 , 1 $ . 1 < 1
$ ) / . # "
D 1
+ Pl o ts

!
. . " ; . . C # !
7 +
)
C " 3 e s ) / .

: "
1
, 6 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n

!
Pl o ts 4
: "
) , % 2 ) + D E PE ND E NT # 1 2
) ( 2
1 ) / . " X & C (< " ; % F

!
O K 4

! Co n ti n u e 4 3
Y & C Z R E S I D
" !
+ B - > 0 C
+
$ - # $ . . (
Scatterplot
Regression Standardized Residual
1.5
: 1 . . # = D
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
110
156
3 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
C
: . 1 (> ;
" . )
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4
1
N 4
/ . E (-2, 2) M @
C "3 #
/ . % 95 % ) 2
) / . ! # =
D
(-1. 5, 1. 5) M M ) - ) / . 6 =
+ No rm a l p ro b a b i l i ty Pl o t . . (
. . J < ) 1 .
3 # . . ) 1 . N 4
/ .
: 5 1 0 3 . . (
) 7 P l o t

!
F $
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual

1.00
Expected Cum Prob
.75
.50
.25
0.00
0.00
.25
.50
.75
1.00
Observed Cum Prob
/ . I ) 1 . ? 4
C " 3 #
. ; 2 ? < 1 . 6 ) 6 =
.
$ )
Weighted Least Squares Method

( 2 4 10 )
H o m o s ced a s ti ci ty
$ ) E . 1 >
@ 3 . F
% 1 , 6 <
Cro s s -S ecti o n D a ta @ ) ? . % 1 " $ F , 6 < 1 G
. 4 # =
Y Q # 4 ? 4 C K = , - 1 9 4 7
1 <= 6

1 !

7 Y # ? 1 ? < 1
;
< 1
- E . 1 E D " 3
Wei g h t 4
# W = 1 / y 2 1 3 var e = 2Y 2 "
$ ) E .
C = 0 + 1Y + e
: ! E - B
W = 1 / Y 1 ) . L 1
$ ) E . 1 % 1 & 1

: B
1
7
C B0
e
=
+ B1 +
Y
Y
Y
" ; B
"
$ ) E . 1
e
1
1 2 2
;
.
$ ) E . " % 1 1 C " 3 " ! + var =
var e =
Y =2
Y Y2
Y2
157
" ) ? . # " ) % 1 ! 2 B0
B
< 1 < % 1 ! 2
B1 6 =
B - " ! B
) F B
) ; 1
S PS S 5 1
H ) . F . % G
S E E , R 2 ;
1 # " #

2
1
. G L S ) M ! % ) 1 . 1 < @
(
4
M ! % ) 1 . C " 3 ) : 4 #
# 2
.2 9 30 3 ) y Q #
c K = , - # #

: ( ) 1 ; w ) " S PS S 5 1 D a ta ed i to r $ $ C

c
y
w
10600
108 00
11100
114 00
117 00
12 100
12 3 00
12 600
13 2 00
13 000
13 3 00
13 600
13 8 00
14 000
14 2 00
14 4 00
14 9 00
15 3 00
15 000
15 7 00
164 00
15 9 00
165 00
169 00
169 00
17 5 00
18 100
17 2 00
17 8 00
18 5 00
1 >
12 000
12 000
12 000
13 000
13 000
13 000
14 000
14 000
14 000
15 000
15 000
15 000
16000
16000
16000
17 000
17 000
17 000
18 000
18 000
18 000
19 000
19 000
19 000
2 0000
2 0000
2 0000
2 1000
2 1000
2 1000
6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
5 . 9 17 2 E-09
5 . 9 17 2 E-09
5 . 9 17 2 E-09
5 . 102 0E-09
5 . 102 0E-09
5 . 102 0E-09
4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
3 . 9 063 E-09
3 . 9 063 E-09
3 . 9 063 E-09
3 . 4 602 E-09
3 . 4 602 E-09
3 . 4 602 E-09
3 . 08 64 E-09
3 . 08 64 E-09
3 . 08 64 E-09
2 . 7 7 01E-09
2 . 7 7 01E-09
2 . 7 7 01E-09
2 . 5 000E-09
2 . 5 000E-09
2 . 5 000E-09
2 . 2 67 6E-09
2 . 2 67 6E-09
2 . 2 67 6E-09
: " ; ".
1 OL S 3 - M ! % ) 1 . 1 Y C " 3 C ) B .1
var e = 2Y 2 2 = ) 1 Y ? . 1
>
. 1
$ ) E .
G
$ ) E . 1 (
1 .2
. - B

4
M ! % ) 1 .
. 217 .
158
1982

: #
2
1 # ) 1 %
. > 0 1 OL S . 1 . 1 . - B
.1
: B
C # !

R 2 = 0.97
C = 1408.0 + 0.788Yd
(4 4 9. 6) (0. 27)
E . 1 > 3 " $

1 - . ) " + ) E . # >
2 # 2
/ .
$ - # $
C " 3 C ) " ' 1 # 1
< 1
$ )
: %
. ? 1 K 0 J S ta n d a rd i z ed Res i d u a l s +
)
C " 3 )
L i n ea r
!
L 0
. $ An a l yz e Reg res s i o n
$
! S a v e
!
" 5 1 (
L i n ea r

L 0
! S a v e 4 Reg res s i o n
) Pred i cted Va l u es # U n s ta n d a rd i z ed
S ta n d a rd i z ed $ ( Pre-1 E 1 $ $ , 6 ) D a ta ed i to r $ $ C )

!
. ( Zre-1 E 1 , 6 ) ) / . 5 1 (
) Res i d u a l s #
, 6 G ra p h s S ca tter S i m p l e
. $
: "
! ; S ca tterPl o ts
. Y-a xi s # C Zre-1 #
. X-Axi s # C Pre-1 #
. OK 4
: "
D A Ref eren ce L i n e @ A ) 1 . . , 6
3
Standardized Residual
-1
-2
-3
10000
12000
14000
Unstandardized Predicted Value
16000
18000
20000
E . 1 9 4 < 3 K
0 ! #
6 1 N 4
- $ - # $ . 6 =
. , ) ;

E . 1 > 3 " $

C $ Y % 4 "
$ )
159
1.
" var e = 2Y 2 2 = ) 1 Y # ? . 1 E . 1 ( 1 .2
; 1

W = 1 / y 2 1 ;
"

4

4
M ! % ) 1 .
F = 3 #
D a ta E d i to r $ $ C D @ A
Tra n s f o rm
) 1 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n

!
Co m p u te 1
, 6 7 . - / %
. > 0 1 .

: " D 1
. WL S 4 ) 1 WL S Wei g h t W 4
# P 1 2 6 : B , 6 OK 4 3
Coefficientsa,b
M o d e l
1
( C o n s ta n t)
Y D
U n s ta n d a r
C o e ffic ie
B
S
1421.278
.79 2
d iz e d
n ts
td . E r r o r
3 9 5 .49 6
.0 25
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
C o e ffic ie n
ts
Be ta
.9 86
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : C
b . W e i g h te d L e a s t S q u a r e s R e g r e s s i o n - W e i g h te d b y W
t
3 .5 9 4
3 1.5 11
S ig .
.0 0 1
.0 0 0
: "
4
M ! % ) 1 . 1 9 ) 1
C = 1421.278 + 0.792Yd
R 2 = 0.97
(3 95. 4 96) (0. 25)
N 4
% 1 E " ) / . 1 2 = ) $ - # $ #

.
$ ) E . 1 % 1 1
0 ! #
. $ # $ 1

( 3 4 10 )
: ! ) . B
E
y = 0 + 1X 1 + 2 X 2 + ... + k X k + e
16 0
7
. % 1 # : 0
. 4 #

Pa rti a l reg res s i o n Co ef f i ci en ts 4 - % = ) : 1, 2 ,..., k
.
$ ) E . : e
" % 3 # K) P = K+1
) . B
) 3
7
. (B

3 @ K C H @ . 1 B
% @ , 0 ) . B
% @
. (M u l ti co l l i n ea ri ty) " % 1 ) . . 1

1 ) x1 3 4 " ) 9
1
D a ta
y
6
8
8
7
7
12
9
8
9
10
10
11
9
10
11
? ( -
H ) y 0 # @ #

: 5
$ $ % 1 % " 2
.19 8 13
15 x2 " " ) %
.

(

x1
9
10
8
7
10
4
5
5
6
8
7
4
9
5
8
: #
E d i to r
x2
8
13
11
10
12
16
10
10
12
14
12
16
14
10
12
: ;
" .
. 5 0
x2
x1 C " 3 y ) ;
. % = )
) 1
ANOVA 1 # " #

. D W ! A 1 # " . 1 - " $ 1

!
, 6 An a l yz e
: %
. ? 1 9
; . 0
Reg res s i o n
L i n ea r

. $
: ; + L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
. D ep en d en t C D "
Y
. I n d ep en d en t C , "
X1, X2 $
. E n ter 3 - . - . N
E M eth o d
. 17 2
16 1
.1
.2
.3
5
1982

7 Statistics

!
, 6 L ine ar
Re g r e ssio n

!
Statistics
: " # $ E 1

. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate
: 5 (
.D W
.A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit
! A ; : D u r b in - W atso n
3 L ine ar r e g r e ssio n

!
O K
4 3
Model Summaryb
M o d e l
1
R
.833a
RS q u a re
.6 9 3
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 2 , X 1
A d ju s te d
RS q u a re
.6 4 2
S td .E rro r o f
th e E s tim a te
1.0 1
D u r b in - W
a ts o n
.9 4 6
Coefficientsa
M o d e l
1
( C o n s ta n t)
X 1
X 2
U n s ta n d a r d i z e d
C o e f f i c i e n ts
B
S td . E r r o r
6.203
1.8 62
- .37 6
.133
.4 5 3
.120
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
C o e ffic ie n
ts
Be ta
- .4 61
.615
t
3.331
- 2.8 34
3.7 8 6
S ig .
.006
.015
.003
: " ) - B
1 )
y = 6.203 0.376 X 1 + 0.453 X 2
R 2 = 0.64
(1.862) (0.133)
(0.120)
%1 1 3 4 " ) M
1 9 4 C $ X1 " )
9 4 X2 % 1 (
J X1 % 1 (
1 -
37 6 1 0 # ! C + ' " ) M

1 -
453 1 0 # 9 4 C + ' 9
" ) %
.

. B
" .

9
C A $ R 2 2
SST " % - % ) 1 N
# "
1 # " #
; (
E .

% ) 1 N

SSR = 9 ) % ) 1 N
C ( y y ) 2 )
: @ 0 1 , 0 F ! A ; . SSE
H 0 : 1 = 2 = 0
H1 : 1 2 0
: 1 # " #
C " 3 #
! . B0 ? . " ) # $ - F 1 6 -
162
ANOVAb
M o d e l
1
Re g r e s s i o n
Re s i d u a l
T o ta l
Su m o f
Sq u a r e s
(SSR)27.728
(SSE )12.272
(SST )4 0
a . P r e d i c t o r s : (C o n s t a n t ), X 2, X 1
d f
(p - 1) 2
(n - p ) 12
(n - 1) 14
P-V al u e = 0.001< 0.05 2 . )
M e a n Sq u a r e
(M SR) 13 .86 4
(M SE ) 1.0 23
F
13 .5 5 7
F = M SR/ M SE
Si g .
.0 0 1a
# n
) 3 #
P = 3 7
"
+
) - + %5 - M
1 ) @ (
C
3
H " B2
B1 - " ) # 2 C " 3 9

- C " 3 +
) E , )
. 0 ! 3 <
)
#
) t 1 C E " 0 9
! 1 ) C " 3 # # E )
D " 3
%5 - M
1 X2
X1 # # " )
) L @ D
(C " 3 C o e f f icie nts
. - B
, 1 P 1 C !

' =
1
%5 - M
1
$ ) / . I . 1 -

1 3
.
$ ) / . ;
. 1

C $ 1
D W
! A p = 3
n =15
( B
# @ ? / . ) " $

1 ) :6 #
2
% "
X1, X2, X3 " %
Y ) @ 4 #

Y
43
63
71
61
81
44
58
71
72
67
64
69
68
X1
5
9
10
8
11
12
9
7
8
13
4
10
11
X2
3
5
7
4
6
5
4
7
5
8
5
9
10
X3
18
27
34
24
33
22
28
32
23
20
21
36
30
: " D ata E d ito r
X4
12
9
11
10
6
8
9
7
8
5
4
10
11
. ) . - )

. " % 1 M u l tico l l ine ar ity . ) " $

1
. Ste pwise Re g r e ssio n ;
" E 1 ) # @

: %
. ? 1 #
#
1
" . 0
.2 7 7 "
163
1988

.1
.2
.3
.1
!

.

!
, 6 A nal y ze Re g r e ssio n

. $
L ine ar
: ; + L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
. D e pe nd e nt C D "
Y $
. I nd e pe nd e nt C , "
X1, X2, X3 % $
. E nte r 3 - . - . N
E M e th o d
Statistics

!
, 6 L ine ar Re g r e ssio n

!
Statistics 4
" # $ E 1
7
. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate
.A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit
. . 1 - % = ) : Par t &
. . ) " $ R
: 5 (
Par tial C o r r e l atio ns
$ : C o l l ine ar ity D iag no stics

!
O K
4 3
Model Summary
M o d e l
1
A d ju s te d
RS q u a re
.4 84
R
RS q u a re
.810a
.6 5 6
a . P r e d i c t o r s : ( C o n s t a n t ) , X 4 , X 1, X 3 , X 2
S td .E rro r o f
th e E s tim a te
7 .7 2
Coefficientsa
U n s ta n d a r d i z
e d
M o d e l
1
( C o n s ta n t)
X 1
X 2
X 3
X 4
47.06
- .43
1.19
1.15
- 2 .03
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r i a b le : Y
0
9
3
8
S td .
E rro r
13 .0
1.010
1.48 6
.476
.9 5 0
S ta n
d a rd
iz e d
C o e f
fic ie
n ts
Be ta
- .104
.2 3 2
.63 1
- .462
S ig .
- .42 5
.8 07
2 .42 3
- 2 .1
.68 2
.443
.042
.064
3 .611
.007
Z e ro o rd e r
C o lli n e a r i ty
S ta ti s ti c s
C o r r e la ti o n s
.2 10
.5 40
.63 4
- .3 3 1
P a r ti a
l
- .149
.2 74
.65 1
- .604
P a rt
Tolerance
- .08 8
.167
.5 02
- .445
.713
.5 2 0
.63 3
.9 2 8
: " ) - B
) 1
y = 47.06 0.43 X 1 + 1.199 X 2 + 1.153 X 3 2.038 X 4
R 2 = 0.48
(13)
(1.01)
(1.486)
(0.476)
(0.950)
! , 3 E $ 2 9
9
2 9 4 C $ X1 " )
1 0 . > 0 1
. X3
X2
164
% 1 (
1 9
0.430 1 )
. B
)
V IF
1.403
1.9 2 5
1.5 8 0
1.077

) % , 6 2 . X3 " ) t ! & P-v al u e 2 # =
6 =
< 1
@ 0 L ! # ) 2 . (% 1 " ) C @ & 1 ) %5 - M
1
. 9 9
! 1 . 2 = ) 3 1 ) - B
C $
: "
% . 1 - N
= B
. )
# 1
1 . 1 . 1 - # ) : Z e r o -o r d e r C o r r e l atio n
% % 1 1 ) #
) 1 4 . 1 - # ) : Par tial C o r r e l atio n
. (M "
% ) 1 1 #
) 1 / 4 . 1 - # ) :Par t C o r r e l atio n
. . # 3 "
)
" % # 1 4 % . 1 - ) ) - B

D " t ! & 2 C " 3 D

D " 3
) ? 4 . 1 # ) C " 3 D X3 6 =
. )

# 1 . 1 . 1 - # ) . 1 - B
) X4
# To l e r ance # ) ; 1 ) . . 1 - " $ R $ (
To l e r ance = 1- 7 " %
# ) ? 1 # R 2
7 R2
X i .others
X i .others
# # V I F # ) B . " % 1
i # 1 ) . 1 -
1
E < # ) 1 ) . VIF =
7 (V ar iance I nf l atio n Facto r )
Tolerance
N 0 1 . ) " $ 4 ) # " ) 1 9 4 C " 3 " % 1 . 1 -
G 1 t ! A 2 (
0
) " )
, 6 3 1
B
) 1
5 3 4 " % V I F # ) 2 C " 3 #
! . (B
< ,
2
$ B
% V I F 2 , . ) " $ 1 E " ) C $ 10

0 ! X ) . ) " $ R
, . ) " $ 1 , + E 3 C
$ X X
0 ! 9 4

) " $ C " 3 # , 0 ! 1 2 9 4
9 3

0 ( " %
C o nd itio n # 1 H ) # ) " % 1 . . 1

1 - . .
<= 9 4
# C " 3
4 1 2 # ! ) 1 3 9 1 3

I nd e x
: " % 1 " # ;
Condition Index =
4.813
=1
4.813
: " ; X1 " 1 1
condition Index =
165
4.813
= 7.020
0.09868
3 % 4 A . . ) " $

A C " 3 $ ' , 15 3 # 2 % 4

A + 16 # " 2 1 6 =
1 1
#
. " $ 9
. C " 3 $ ' , 30
. " $
#

V ar iance Pr o po r tio n 1 H )
" $ " >
" $ 1 ) 7 4 # Pr incipl e C o m po ne nt
.
1 0
< 1
? 0 C o nd itio n I nd e x #
A 9 ' . )
>
# . " %
1 9
! 1
C " 3 1 # $ 1 9 ' . ) " $ 1 ) - ,

. X3 1 9 1 9
! 1
: #
L @

% 1
Collinearity Diagnosticsa
M o d e l
1
D im e n s io n
1
2
3
4
5
E ig e n v a lu e
4.813
9 .7 6 8E - 0 2
4.345E - 0 2
2.9 0 7 E - 0 2
1.6 6 9 E - 0 2
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y

!
C o n d itio n
In d e x
1.0 0 0
7 .0 20
10 .525
12.86 8
16 .9 83
V a r ia n c e P r o p o r tio n s
(C o n s ta n t)
X 1
X 2
X 3
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 1
.0 6
.17
.0 0
.0 1
.7 1
.29
.0 8
.30
.0 5
.26
.22
.6 8
.18
.28
.7 0
X 4
.0 0
.35
.0 1
.6 3
.0 1
: "
) = 3 - %
. ? 1 # 7 ;
" . 0
, 6 A nal y ze
Re g r e ssio n
L ine ar

. $
: ; + L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
. D e pe nd e nt C D "
Y $
. I nd e pe nd e nt C , "
X1, X2, X3 % $
B
# @ - % , 6 # 0 I D , M e th o d
:
. ( - 0 + 3 - ;
" ) - B
C " % # A : E nte r
) 1 ? B
C A " " %
. 1 ) 1 <
% # A : Ste pwise
. % 1

1 9 ' G L 1 ! %
. B
9
9
. 1 , G % ) 1 : Re m o v e
. " " %
. 1 ) 1 <
9 ' G % ) 1 : Back war d
L 1 ! % ) 1 -
B
C ) 1 <
% # A : Fo r war d
. B
) 1 9 ' G
. ( . # @ 1 ) ) Ste pwise - . N

166
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
Statistics

!

!
Statistics 4
" # $ E 1
7
. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate

O ptio ns

!
. A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit

!
O ptio ns 4
: "
) 1
# A , 1
1 F 2

) M
C Ste pwise . B
: ;
1 K
Ste pping M e th o d cr ite r ia # . B
%
# & 9
. # +
) M
: U se Pr o b ab il ity o f F
) 1 - M
# 2
; % # & - M

% ) 1
1 3 ) 1 - . E ntr y 2 4 B
% @ . D

%
. Re m o v al 2 # " 2 B
%

% ) 1
# & 9
. # + F 2 : U se F V al u e
% @ . % ) 1 - F 2 C " 3
; % # & F 2
2 4 B
% 1 3 ) 1 - . E ntr y 2 # " 2 B

. Re m o v al
+ Par tial F Te st 4 F 1
% ) 1
# 1 -
. 9
" )
) 1
B
) / 4
) 1
E $ 1 2 C # !
B
C # , 0 @ % ) 1 N

) 1 -
1 # ) t 1 - < <
F 1 - " 3 J B
D 1
F ) 1
. . 9
" )
) 1 - F
0.10
# O 0.05 + U se Pr o b ab il ity o f F #
" @ - 3
. ) 1 =
167
: 5 (

!
O K
4 3
Variables Entered/Removeda
M o d e l
1
V a r ia b le s
E n te re d
V a r ia b le s
R e m o v e d
X3
2
X4
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
S te
P ro
< =
P ro
e >
S te
P ro
< =
P ro
e >
M e
is e ( C
b ility - o
0 ,
b ility - o
= .10 0 ) .
p w
b a
.0 5
b a
th o d
r ite r ia :
f-F -to -e n te r
f-F -to -re m o v
p w
b a
.0 5
b a
is e ( C r ite r ia :
b ility - o f- F - to - e n te r
0 ,
b ility - o f- F - to - r e m o v
= .10 0 ) .
< " 3 B
C ) 1 <
) 1 % # Ste pwise
. ;
1
. M %

1 D
) 3 % 1 A = %
. ) 1 = @ 3 #
) ? . 1 . 1 # ) 1 D B
C " % #
X3
2 6 =
C o e f f icie nts = #
. t ! & 2 1 1
,
( E ntr y # O - M
) 0.05 # 2
0.02 +
t ! & P-V al u e
D " 3
( 4 F 1 < a F " ) + t 1 6 - ) B
C X3 # P 1 L
: " C
9
. B
L 1 !
y = 33.007 + 1.158 X 3
% 1 1 ) ? 4 . 1 # ) C " 3 D + # A 9
.
#
) D T ! A ; 1
) E <-
;
X4

X3
( E ntr y # O - M
)0.05 # 2
0.033 +
t ! & P-V al u e =
: # $ C " 3 L 1 ! B
C X4 # P 1 L ,
y = 46.152 + 1.345 X 3 2.147 X 4
1 + X4
X3 " t ! & # 2
- M
) 0.10 # 2
0.033 +

F = 3 B

X4 " % 2
t ! & P-V al u e
. B
= C 1 ,
( Re m o v al ) 1 =
X2
X1 @ -
B
# @ #
, B

F = 3 B

. 0.05 - M
1 ) 1 . 1 C " 3 D +
) , 6 7
. , B
C #
!
1 B 1 #

168
Coefficientsa
M o d e l
1
2
( C o n s ta n t)
X 3
( C o n s ta n t)
X 3
X 4
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
C o e ffic ie n
ts
Be ta
B
S td . E r r o r
33.007
11.6 4 8
1.15 8
.4 26
4 6 .15 2
11.011
1.34 5
.36 0
- 2.14 7
.8 71
.6 34
.737
- .4 8 6
( , ) B
(2)
t
2.8 34
2.720
4 .19 1
3.735
- 2.4 6 6
S ig .
.016
.020
.002
.004
.033
#
B
(1)
t2 1 E Ste pping M e th o d C r ite r ia U se F V al u e : 6 =
#
1 L
t2 > F (E nte r ) %
. B
/ 1 1 L
A # A ) ) 1 -
# O F ! & 9
t2 > F(Re m o v e ) % A B A 3 . B
C
:
#

# ) 1 % 1 #

Excluded Variablesc
M o d e l
1
2
X 1
X 2
X 4
X 1
X 2
B e ta I n
.027a
.26 7a
- .4 8 6 a
- .012b
.175 b
.108
.9 4 1
- 2.4 6 6
- .05 8
.721
S ig .
.9 16
.3 6 9
.03 3
.9 5 5
.4 8 9
a . P r e d i c to r s i n th e M o d e l : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 3
b . P r e d i c to r s i n th e M o d e l : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 3 , X 4
c . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
P a r ti a l
C o r r e l a ti o n
.03 4
.28 5
- .6 15
- .019
.23 4
C o llin e a r it
y
S ta ti s ti c s
T o le r a n c e
.9 15
.6 8 2
.9 5 5
.9 09
.6 6 3
. = 9
. B
C #
" ) " ) # Be ta in 7
169

Factor Analysis

( 1 11)

3
'
Facto r s #
) 3
C " ) # " . H ,
Re spo nse
V ar iab l e s 1 - % 1 3
3
V ar iatio ns % = -
3 1 ) < 1 G
Facto r s 9 #
) 3 9 $ % 3 1 ) 7
1 2 = )
7 . 9 #
) L ine ar C o m po u nd s . ; 1 - %
. M #
3 % ? 2 = ) M
2
# ) # %
# " 2 3 # = K $ 1
. 1 -
0 ! ; , C " 3 3 " ) # "
. #
)
Principal Components Method

( 211)
. E
" ) # " . 9
%
.
Re spo nse
. , . 1
1 - % . ; 3 9 1 3
(# )
)

: " D 3 1 ) #

E 1 - % p 1 3 1 . V ar iab l e s
Z1 = a11 X 1 + a 21 X 2 + ....... + a p1 X p

. #
# ) 1 1 - % L o ad ing s % ) 1 $ # aij 7
Z 2 = a12 X 1 + a 22 X 2 + ....... + a p 2 X p
( 1 - % % 1 # 1
: " D 3 1 )
1 0 ) V ar iance 1 6 3 D #

O r th o g o nal , 1 9 )
%
F
.
..
D "
: . 1 %
;

1 - % V ar iance -C o v ar iance M atr ix
K $ 1
0 ! # )
.1
% . 1 -
0 ! # )
.2
. X X 1 .
3 % - 1 D
% E F
# ) F
1 - % C o r r e l atio n M atr ix
> %
H = <
@
K

Stand ar d ize d
V ar iab l e s ) %
. 1 - %
: 1 #
17 0
r e g io ns . ; $ ) M
3 - % (
) 1 # % 1
5 1 D ata E d ito r $ $ , A ) 1 " , 6

19 7 7 ) (% 6 )
Re g io n
g d p
D o h o k
17.2
N ine v e h
24.0
A r b il
22.2
Su l ay m an
16.2
Ta' m e e m
32.3
Sal ah A L -D e e n
98.4
D ial a
23.1
A nb ar
22.7
Bag h d ad
75.0
W asit
19.5
Bab y l o n
22.8
K e r b al a
21.5
N aj af
18.7
Q ad isia
21.0
M u th ana
21.3
Th i-Q ar
18.1
M ay san
20.4
Basr ah
19.0
# l ite r acy
3 -
l ite r acy
30.1
44.2
35.2
33.5
49.4
37.9
44.1
44.3
61.6
36.7
44.1
47.7
46.2
35.2
33.5
33.8
34.4
53.6
%
h ig h e d u c
1.09
1.85
1.18
1.01
1.85
1.32
1.93
1.58
4.04
1.11
1.82
1.53
1.59
.95
.84
.73
.90
2.24
0 ; ! #
d o cto r s
17
14
13
10
18
15
10
16
36
28
18
24
27
9
18
12
11
25
) # g d p
h o spb e d
139
172
163
115
143
80
153
144
280
199
145
173
190
195
178
144
301
219
7
: SPSS
" 3 9 , $ C " 3 " ! "

1 # h ig h e d u c
1 " ) "
1
9 3 # h o spb e d
100000 # / 1 . 3 # d o cto r s
. 100000 # % 0 $
. %
. 1 9
% " % . 1 - # # " ; " .

!
, 6 A nal y ze
D ata Re d u ctio n
: %
. ? 1 K 0
Facto r

. $
: " D 1 + Facto r A nal y sis

.
17 1
Re g io n

:

!
, 6 D e scr iptiv e s 4 3
: 2 @ +
Stand ar d
: " @
Statistics
J M e an # % " . 1 % ! & (
)1 (
.1
)
: u niv ar iate d e scr iptiv e s
(
)
J C o m m u nal itie s % $ =
(
D e v iatio n
)
: I nitial so l u tio n
. 0 1 "
1
E ig e n V al u e s
9 J
) M
J % . 1 - % = )
0 !

!
, 6
) : C o r r e l atio n M atr ix
.2
E x tr actio n 4 3
.I nv e r se % . 1 -
0 ! >
)
Facto r A nal y sis

!
: " D 1 +
: # ! 0
! @
@ ) %
. # # " 1
" . . - : M e th o d
. ( " ) # " . . ) 1 5 1
<
@
17 2
: " @
: A nal y se
K

% " % . 1 -
0 ! # " : C o r r e l atio n M atr ix
.
$ % " > %
H =
3

% " K $ 1
1
0 ! # " : : co v ar iance
M atr ix
. > %
> 0 ,
% K
: "
(#
)
) %
R
= - 1
" @
: E x tr actio n

1 ) < @ H )

, %
R
= : E ig e nv al u e s O v e r
. (
+
; " G C " 3 ) 0 ) 2 3 4 ( 9 4
. 0 # 1 2 3 (#
) )%
) 3 R
4 = 4
%
. ) C " 3 : M ax im u m

Facto r M atr ix 9
G #
) 1 % % ) 1 $ (
. %
. # )
= : N u m b e r o f Facto r s
I te r atio n f o r C o nv e r g e nce
. # C #
!
"
: " @ : D ispl ay
3 U nr o tate d f acto r so l u tio n

C o m po ne nt M atr ix #

# + !

2
# . . (
Ro tatio n

!
, (
, 6 Facto r A nal y sis

!
3 : Scr e e Pl o t
. E ig e n V al u e s
Ro tatio n 4 3
.

7

. C " 3 +

.
# 1 2 D " 3 ! 9 ! % ) 1 $
1 9 1 (L o ad ing s)% ) 1 $ # )
. 0 K
- % - 0 ! % ) 1 $ 4
1 % ) 1 $ # "
J D ir e ct O b l im in J V ar im ax )

" . 5 1

. ? 1 $ " 1 9 $ O

3 + N o ne - $ # . ( Pr o m ax J E q u am ax J Q u ar tim ax
Facto r Sco r e s

!
, 6 Facto r A nal y sis

!
.

Sco r e s 4 3
: "
: % 0
! @
) Facto r Sco r e s#
) ; 1 5 1
$ E 3 : Sav e as V ar iab l e s
D ata E d ito r $ $ 9

% C %
F H @
( %
#
. ; 3 9 1 3
#

Facto r Sco r e # ) < " 3

" #
) 3 ) i 2 (
) # ) ;
Z Sco r e s ) %
: ) ;
1 ( p +

% 3 1
17 3
p
Fi = wij z j
j =1
( j = 1,2,... p )
: 7
Facto r Sco r e s C o e f f icie nts #

) % = )
4
# : w J ) % # : z
: $ E 3 , " 3 # !
. ! " #
) (
) 5 1 < " 3 D ispl ay Facto r Sco r e C o e f f icie nt M atr ix
. , = )
1 1 (A nd e r so n-Ru b in J Bar tl e ttJ Re g r e ssio n) . = 1 #

) ; :

. % = ) "
D K 7 $ E 3 5 > 0 . ) = . E %
"

% - ) 1 6 Facto r
) C o m po ne nts M atr ix
A nal y sis

!
O ptio n 4 .
1
%

0 ! % ) 1 $ ; K
9
0 2 C " 3
. 0 # 1 2 2 3 " . , 2 # % = ) , 6 A 3
; (< : 5 C "3 # !
Facto r A nal y sis

!
O K
4 3
Communalities
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
In itia l
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
E x tr a c tio n
.7 9 7
.8 4 3
.8 9 6
.7 04
.7 7 2
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : P r in c ip a l C o m p o n e n t A n a ly s is .

7 C o m m u nal itie s % $ = ! "

# F = 3 #

% . 1 -
0 ! 3 %
.
C
' % $ =
R 2 # ) . 1 % 1
0 ! 3 # 1
% $ - '
. $ - ) C " 3 % 5
2 % 1 0.7 9 7 C $ <= G D P $ - ! "
1 )
1 C 0 Q
$ - 2 ( " 3 R
= ) $ #
) 0 G D P
(#
) )%
? G D P " Sq u ar e M u l tipl e C o r r e l atio n ) . 1 - # ) ? 1 3
1
# 2 7 % 1 3 1
3 C $ , % $ - 9 !
0 $ #
) 6 =
3 9
! 1
2 C " 3 #
! . D o cto r s 0.7 04
. # " F ) 1 1 C !

1 +
, 3

(%
1 ) % . 1 -
0 !
1 #

1
) 1 D #

7 % 3 1 5 +

0 !
: 7 3 - % " % 1
17 4
%58 0
2.9 00 +

(

. %58 =
2 .9
= 100 *
N
/ = #

" 0 1 1
5
% 1 # %80.2 1

0
% 1 %22.2 0

.
3 # 0

< 6
%
1 5 1 # 2
J % "
Total Variance Explained

In itia l E ig e n v a lu e s
C o m p o n e n t
T o ta l
% o f V a r ia n c e C u m u la tiv e %
1
2.900
58 .009
58 .009
2
1.110
22.207
8 0.216
3
.523
10.457
90.6 7 3
4
.393
7 .8 6 4
98 .537
5
7 .313E - 02
1.46 3
100.000
E x tr a c tio n S u m s o f S q u a r e d L o a d in g s
T o ta l
% o f V a r ia n c e C u m u la tiv e %
2.900
58 .009
58 .009
1.110
22.207
8 0.216
L o ad ing s % ) 1 $ @ C o m po ne nts M atr ix
%

0 ! # B

1 . 1 . 1 - # ) 3 9 1 3
? 1 $ , ! =
#

H I G H E D U C ) " )
#
# ) 1 . 1 % M
2 .
(# )
)
3 L I TE RA C Y " ) D " 0.941

#

1 ? 1 $ 7
9 3
G D P + #
# ) 1 . 1 % H ) @
D O C TO RS / 1 .
G D P
,
1 . 1 % M
2 . H O SPBE D
. % 1 1 0 ) @
% 0$
2 = ) 1
. 1
, > ) F 1
H O SPBE D S
Component Matrix a
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
1
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
C o m p o n e n t
.477
.9 18
.9 41
.8 29
.5 0 8
.75 4
1.8 9 9 E - 0 2
.10 2
- .13 1
- .717
a . 2c o m p o n e n ts e x tra c te d .
:

$ ! " #
) 1 % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
$ .1
. % 2 1
0.477 2 + 0.754 2 = 0.797 +
G D P
# !
17 5
<=
" +
(# ) )
1 % % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N

: " #
(# ) )
" C " 3
0.477 2 + 0.918 2 + 0.9412 + 0.829 2 + 0.508 2 = 2.9
. ; % " 3 ; 1 5 . 1 H = # ! 2 D 6 -
.2
;
C o m po ne nt Sco r e s C o e f f icie nts (#
) ) %
% = ) # B
#

" G D P # ) <= C o m po ne nts M ar tix 1 %

0 ! % = ) F
0.477
= 0.165
2
2
2
2
2
0.477 + 0.918 + 0.941 + 0.829 + 0.508
: " ;
Component Score Coefficient Matrix
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
1
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
C o m p o n e n t
.165
.3 16
.3 24
.28 6
.17 5
.67 9
.0 17
.0 9 2
- .118
- .64 5
C o m p o n e n t S c o re s .
: <= #

" . ;
1 ; (#
) ) %
2
f ac_ 1 =
0.165*G D P+ 0.316*L I TI RA C Y+ 0.324*H I G H E D U C + 0.286*D O C TO RS+ 0.175*H O S
PBE D
+ ) . ; Stand ar d ize d v ar iab l e s ) % # ) D < " 3
% C #
) H @
(... J L ite r acy J G D P % )
Re g io n
g d p
Dohok
1 7 .2
N in e v e h
24 . 0
A rb il
22. 2
S u la y m a n
1 6 .2
T a 'm e e m
3 2. 3
S a l a h A L -De e n 9 8 . 4
Di a l a
23 . 1
A n b a r
22. 7
B a g hd a d
7 5 .0
W a s it
1 9 .5
B a b y l on
22. 8
K e rb a la
21 . 5
N a ja f
1 8 .7
Q a d is ia
21 . 0
M u t ha n a
21 . 3
T hi -Q a r
1 8 .1
M a y sa n
20 . 4
B a sra h
1 9 .0
l ite r acy
3 0
4 4
3 5
3 3
4 9
3 7
4 4
4 4
6 1
3 6
4 4
4 7
4 6
3 5
3 3
3 3
3 4
5 3
.1
.2
.2
.5
.4
.9
.1
.3
.6
.7
.1
.7
.2
.2
.5
.8
.4
.6
,
0 + , > ( 6
: "
D ata E d ito r $ $ 9

h ig h e d u c d o cto r s h o spb e d
f ac_ 1
f ac_ 2
1 .0 9
1 .8 5
1 .1 8
1 .0 1
1 .8 5
1 .3 2
1 .9 3
1 .5 8
4 .0 4
1 .1 1
1 .8 2
1 .5 3
1 .5 9
.9 5
.8 4
.7 3
.9 0
2. 24
1 7
1 4
1 3
1 0
1 8
1 5
1 0
1 6
3 6
28
1 8
24
27
9
1 8
1 2
1 1
25
1 3 9
1 7 2
1 6 3
1 1 5
1 4 3
8 0
1 5 3
1 4 4
28 0
1 9 9
1 4 5
1 7 3
1 9 0
1 9 5
1 7 8
1 4 4
3 0 1
21 9
-. 8 4 8 7 3
. 0 5 26 5
-. 6 5 4 5 8
-1 . 1 0 9 3 9
.3 7 0 9 7
-. 1 1 3 6 2
-. 1 4 0 1 4
-. 0 8 3 0 3
3 . 227 4 8
. 0 4 7 21
. 0 9 229
.4 1 8 3 9
.5 3 7 0 8
-. 8 1 0 1 3
-. 6 28 6 9
-1 . 0 3 0 5 2
-. 4 4 1 3 9
1 .1 1 4 1 5
)
% %
< " 3
.0 0 8 6 2
-. 0 1 0 9 1
-. 0 4 0 9 5
.3 7 6 5 7
.5 4 5 0 1
3 . 3 25 0 0
. 26 3 9 1
. 223 1 4
. 21 8 5 0
-. 8 0 4 5 7
. 21 0 6 6
-. 29 1 3 3
-. 6 27 7 1
-. 4 29 0 6
-. 3 7 4 23
. 0 20 27
-1 . 7 6 8 8 6
-. 8 4 4 0 6
%
9 &
J - B . ) " $ ) <= ! % - )
17 6
0 ! "
.
1 ) % (#
) ) %
. 9 $ % - (#
) )
? # ) 2 1 ) D " ) ) 1 . ? 4
? 1 #
) F %
"
+ ) H
. 9 $ < 2 (-2, 2) M B
% - 3 # ! "
" Scatte r Pl o t $ - . .
Scatte r

!
: %
. ? 1 . . . 9 $
, 6 G r aph s
Scatte r (Sim pl e )
. $
. Y A x is : f ac_ 2 H 3
. L abe l C as e s by : R e g io n
. Pl o t
. X A x is : f ac_ 1 H3
C h ar t $ $
2 . $ C h ar t
. OK 4
F
, 6 3)
R e f e r e n ce L in e
: . . , 6 ( 0 ! 3 Y A x is X A x is # Ed it o r
Salah AL-Deen
REGR factor score 2 for analysis
3
2
1
Ta'meem
Sulayman
Diala
Anbar
Babylon
Thi-Qar
Dohok
Arbil Nineveh
Kerbala
Muthana
Qadisia
Najaf
Wasit
Basrah
0
-1
Baghdad
Maysan
-2
-3
-4
-4
-3
-2
-1
REGR factor score 1 for analysis
$ - # $ . E ) 1 . ? 4
; (#
) ) %
" - ? 4

@
?
. 6 =
9 $ ! . (0, 0) . #
+ # $ 1 N 4

(3 ; ) #
# ) " 9 $ 2 , 1 6 C
. 3 (-2, 2) M
% (

(< @ 3 ; ) # ) " 9 $ 2 , Q = !
6
.
? 6 % 1 1

( ) 6 " 9 $ 3
'
% = K E 1 6 1 1 J # ) 9 1 % ) 1 $ % % " % 6
6 % 2 % 2
d o ct o r s
h ig h e d u
l it e r acy #
# ) 1 3 1 ? 1 $

#
K 1 . % 6
) % F .

1 C " 3 1
.(3. 227 )#
# ) " 1 6 9 1 2 C " 3 #
! ; 1
17 7
Case Summaries
Statistics: Mean
L IT IR A C Y
6 1 .6 0
4 1 .4 2
B ag h d ad
T o tal
H IG H E D U C
4 .0 4
1 .5 3
D O C T O R S
3 6 .0 0
1 7 .8 3
+ ) G D P ) C ? Q = !
6 (3. 325) 9 $ ; 1
0 G C " 3
% 6 .
? 1 (
1 3 1 ? 1 $

1 3 1 ? 1 $ - . .
1 1 6 HOSB ED
: #
, @
. ( C o mpo n e n t s M at r ix %

0 ! 6 ) 1 9 $ 1
Case Summaries
Mean
S al ah A L - D een
T o t al
G D P
9 8 .4 0
2 8 .5 2
H O S P B E D
8 0 .0 0
1 7 4 .0 6
P 1 " Eig e n

0 !
#
V =
: % 6 =
V e ct o r ( 4
) D C " 3 #
!
X 12 + X 22 + ... + X n2 ) ; NOR M
.1
D #
.
#
! " No r m
#
. C " 3 (? 1 $ )
2 2 # 1 K
C o mpo n e n t s M at r ix
Un iq u e

D

D
.
+ No r mal iz e d V e ct o r + ) D C " 3
: " #
# ) 1 G D P ? 1 $ #
D " C
; <= V e ct o r
0.477
= 0.280
2
2
2
2
2
0.447 + 0.918 + 0.941 + 0.829 + 0.508

(2.9) #
"
#
, # #

G D P
L I TER A C Y
HI G HED UC
D OC TOR S
HOSPB ED
Eig e n V e ct o r 1
Eig e n V e ct o r 2
0.538845
0.018025
0.280278
0.552474
0.486656
0.29 83 7 8
. % . 1 -
0 ! (1.11)
0.715757
0.09 6 4 7 4
-0.12474
-0.68007
; @ # ! + Or t h o g o n al , 1 9 )
%

# ! N
+
178
fac _ 1, fac _ 2 = fac _ 1 * fac _ 2 = 0 0 !
.2
+
, D o t Pr o d u ct
%
% = ) , # ; @ # ! E K .
" " 1 ; @
. 0 !
+
,
C o mpo n e n t s Sco r e C o e f f icie n t s
Factor Analysis Methods

( 3 11 )
/ 1 . 1 )
" ) # " . 9
%
.
. ; - @ < 1
" ) , E 1
. 1 1 4
M . E 1 " ) # "
" ) # " B
, 3 1 ) 3 9
! 1 " ) # " .
F act o r A n al y s is

#
) 3
X1, X2.Xp 1 - % # 3 1 ) + M o d e l
. K 1 R

# 3
C o mmo n F act o r s ( 1 - % ) $
: " " ) # " B

1 - % ) 1 . ? 4
(
X 1 = a11Y1 + ............. + a1mYm + e1
1
.........................................................
X p = a p1Y1 + ........... + a pmYm + e p
7
. ( p 1 - %
3 # 2 m
#
) 3) j K $ # ) : Y j
. i 1 - ; j # ) > ) )
L o ad in g s % ) 1 $ : aij
. ( Spe cif ic F act o r ) Xi 1 R
(M ax imu m L ike l ih o o d

# ) : e i
M e t h o d 6 3 & . C " 3) : 2#
, . 1 ) 6 3 & . 1 " ) # " / #

1 # % 1
. N

. %
.
. F 1 H= - D
" ) # "

3 #
#
, $ , 0 %
. 1 1
% , 6 7 F act o r A n al y s is : Ex t r act io n

!
M ax imu m L ikl e h o o d
:
F a c to r A n a ly s is
Communalities
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
In itia l
.350
.8 52
.8 7 0
.503
.2 8 6
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : M a x im u m
E x tr a c tio n
.9 9 9
.9 03
.9 35
.4 8 7
.2 2 7
L ik e lih o o d .
<
%
. 1 1 in it ial C o mmu n al it ie s
+

% ) 1 $
) . 1 - # ) ? 1
+
? 1 $ E " ) # " . 2 1
I n d e pe n d e n t ) % 1 C " 3 ( D e pe n d e n t V ar iabl e ) D " 3 # !
0
#
! " " ) 1 G D P 1 - 0.9 9 9 . (V ar iabl e s
. G D P " " % = - 0. 9 9 9
179
Total Variance Explained

F a c to r
1
2
3
4
5
T o ta l
2.900
1.110
.523
.393
7 .313E - 02
In itia l E ig e n v a lu e s
o f V a r ia n c e
C u m u la tiv e %
58 .009
58 .009
22.207
8 0.216
10.457
90.6 7 3
7 .8 6 4
98 .537
1.46 3
100.000
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : M a x im u m
L ik e lih o o d .
, " 3 " ! , 0
I n it ial
R
Eig e n v al u e s

1 F = 3 #

" % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
6 =
1 1
E x tr a c tio n S u m s o f S q u a r e d L o a d in g s
T o ta l
% o f V a r ia n c e
C u m u la tiv e %
1.413
28 .254
28 .254
2.138
42.7 56
7 1.009
%
.
%
.
M
K
I n it ial e ig e n v al u e s D 0
Ex t r act io n Su ms Sq u ar e d L o ad in g s
0 1 1
#
R

! "

1 H=
6 3 & . 0
" # ) % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
; <= F = 3 #
L @

: " F #
)
0 !
0.999 2 + 0.333 2 + 0.469 2 + 0.275 2 8.71E 02 2 = 1.413
1.413 / 5*100 = 28.254% #
# ) F 0 1
Factor Matrixa
G D
L IT
H IG
D O
H O
IR A
H E
C T
S P
C Y
D U C
O R S
B E D
F a c to r
.999
.3 3 3
.4 6 9
.27 5
- 8 .7 1E - 0 2
2
- 9.4 9E .8
.8
.6
.4
0 3
90
4 6
4 1
6 8
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : M a x im u m L ik e lih o o d .
a . 2 f a c t o r s e x t r a c t e d . 14 i t e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d .
1 # %

0 ! R

> 0 ,
! " #
)
0 ! F = 3
0 !
Goodness-of-fit Test
C h i- S q u a r e
1.337
d f
S ig .
.2 4 7
% 1 # # ! " #
) 1 " ) @ 0 1 # F = 3 #

2
. % 1 # # ! " #
) 0 ) 1 " " 1 @ 0 @ (% . 1
)
) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =0.247 2 7 2 ! ( , %
180
% % 1 # # ! " " ) 0 1 " + % 5

% 1 - M
1
. %
.

G 1 - . 1 -
:6 =
% . %
" 1 1 #

F act o r Sco r e s #
) %
%
. 9
. 1 ; F act o r s co r e s C o e f f icie n t s % = )
) 1 -
. 3 K , 6 3 & . 1 1
(# 3
)
K , ,

3 . F , 6 ) " . F

# ) " # 1 = C " 3 # !
: ( F act o r A n al y s is

!
#
) 1 ) . 1 - # ) ? 1 +
1
0 !
. # 2 ! #
) % ) 1 N

0 !
0 !
181
,
#
) % = )
Sco r e s 4
.
, #
) : R e g r e s s io n
. # )
9
+
.
, #
) : B ar t l e t t
+
.
, #
) 7 1 B ar t l e t t .
: A n d e r s o n -R u bin s
. ( . 1 G ) " #
)

+
+ ) H

Non Parametric Tests
" ) ? ) C " 3 , 1 - ! A ) - % 1 " ) = % 1 -
@ H ) , ,
% 1 " ? 4
(
0 - , V ar ian ce 1
M e an
.

C
) " ) = % 1 - # ) ; 1 . D is t r ibu t io n F r e e t e s t s ? 4
% 1 1
? 4
< 1 2 ? % 1 N 4
;
<= " ) % 1 - 1 ! % @ 0
3
E " . $
3 3
# ) - ) $ " ) % 1 -

T 1 1 . 3 ) 1 .
.
$ 1 # , ,

; .
$ , 9 F < " 3 " ) = % 1 - C
,
, 1 ! .
$
" ) % 1 - # ) ; D " ) % 1 -
"
" ) = 1 - . < < 1 < 3 SPSS 5 1 . . " ) = % 1 - 2
. % 1 - F (
Obs e r v e d
) 1 0 0 L @

C h i -Square ( 1 12 )
f r e q u e n cie s % 0 " $ 1 " C h i-Sq u ar e 1 # )
% E . ) @ > C " 3 ; Ex pe ct e d F r e q u e n cie s , ? 2

+

: " C . ) 1 - " ) C h i-Sq u ar e ! E K 3

k (Oi Ei ) 2
2
=
Ei
i =1
1 -
? 2
# Ei
$ # Oi 7
: % 0 ! C " 3 #
! ) $ 0 ! , 1
Oi
t y pe

439
16 8
133
6 0
. 3 75
8 0 0

2
4
1979

: % 5 - M
1 ) @ 1 ;
" .
H 0 : P1 =
182
9
3
3
1
, P2 = , P3 = , P 4 =
16
16
16
16
. k-1
:1 #
0 ! 1
# P1 <= ) ; F 3 H" 5 C " 3 R

: %
. ;
C h i-Sq u ar e 1 1 .
t y pe
1
2
3
4
4
H1 " 1 @ 0
.
( 0
1
C

9
@ 0 1 -
: " D at a Ed it o r 2
% 1 ;
Obs e r v e d
439
168
133
60
% ? # ) A ) Ty pe + ) 1 % 0 ! 3 @ ) 6 -
C V al u e
Obs e r v e d
L abe l
3 @ A & 1 D " ) ? % 0 ! / A 3 +
. " " 2 <- 1 % #

3 (
) Ty pe
. 3 K
% - " 4
E 2 # )
# $ #

!
W e ig h t C as e s by $ ' ) 1
. $
D at a
W e ig h t C as e s
. (W e ig h t C as e s by ) C Obs e r v e d # A W e ig h t C as e s

, 6 A n al y z e
No n par ame t r ic Te s t s
C h i-Sq u ar e

. $
: " D 1 + C h i-Sq u ar e Te s t

!
. t e s t V ar iabl e L is t C Ty pe " 6 -
:
Ex pe ct e d V al u e s
. 1 > 0 ,
? 2
> 0 , % 0 ? : A l l cat e g o r ie s e q u al
C ( ; H" 1
) ? 2
H" 3 $ E : V al u e s
: "
) @ 9 ; % " # #
M
9
; V al u e "
# . P1 =
= 0.5625 C
#
16
. ( 2 1 / $ > 0 ) v al u e " # 0 H @ A d d 4 ) 1 0. 5625
: 5 C "3 # !
183
OK 4 3
.1
.2
TYPE
1
2
3
4
T o ta l
O b s e rv e d N
439
16 8
133
6 0
8 0 0
E x
n p
n p
n p
n p
p e c te d N
1 45 0
2 15 0
3 15 0
4
5 0
R e s id u a l
- 11. 0
18 . 0
- 17 . 0
10 . 0
" #
N
" ) 2
; <= ) 2

9 $ # F = 3 #

D 0
) 2
" ) E D " 3
1 +
; N
6 - n P1=800*0.5625=450
9 $ "
Test Statistics
C h i- S q u a r e a
d f
A s y m p .S ig .
T Y P E
6.356
3
.0 9 6
a . 0 c e l l s ( .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c i e s l e s s t h a n
5. T h e m i n i m u m e x p e c t e d c e l l f r e q u e n c y i s 50 .0 .
P-v al u e 2
6. 356 +
C h i-Sq u ar e ! A 2 E F = 3 #

) @ 9
; #
1 2 + % 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 0.096
!
< 1
1 3 1
? 4
# ) Tr an s f o r m
C o mpu t e P-V al u e B K .
: + ? 1
1-C D F .C HI SQ (6.356, 3) =.096
: 2 #
5 %
He ad
! 3 % 1 9 #
9 1 0 0 0
? . 2 %
: ( D at a Ed it o r 2
, A ) 1 )
h e ad n o o bs e r v e d
0
38
1 144
2 342
3 287
4 164
5
25
? 4
? 1 9
!
, 6 % 3 E 1 " @ 0 1 C h i-Sq u ar e 1 1
. % 5 - M
1
B in o mial
# 1 . G o o d n e s s o f F it 1 . 1 1 H) C h i-Sq u ar e 1
: %
. ? 1 1 # ) 1 . > 0 1 Obs e r v e d 1 % - ( 4
)
A n al y z e No n par ame t r ic Te s t s
C h i-Sq u ar e

. $
: " D 1 + ( 1 # " D 0 ) C h i-Sq u ar e Te s t

!
184
, 6
. Te s t V ar iabl e L is t C h e ad n o #
%
C 0 !
9
!
, 6 # ; bin o mial ? 4
# )
: " 5
No . o f h e ad s
0
1
2
3
4
5
9
F = 3 (% - - ) ; # Ex pe ct e d
Pr o babil it y
0.03125
0.15623
0.3125
0.3125
0.15623
0.03125
v al u e s v al u e s
: 5 C "3 # !
. M ) 1
OK 4 3
HEADNO
O b s e rv e d N
38
144
342
287
16 4
25
1000
0
1
2
3
4
5
T o ta l
E x p e c te d N
= 1000* P r
31. 2
156 . 2
312. 6
312. 6
156 . 2
31. 2
1000. 0
R e s id u a l
6 .8
- 12. 2
29 . 4
- 25. 6
7 .8
-6 .2
: " (0 ! +

! 3) <= C
0 " ? 2
B
Ex pe ct e d F r e q u e n cy .= 1000*0.03125=31.25
Test Statistics
C h i- S q u a r e a
d f
A s y m p .S ig .
H E A D N O
8.920
5
.1 1 2
a . 0 c e l l s ( .0% ) h a v e e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c i e s l e s s t h a n
5. T h e m i n i m u m e x p e c t e d c e l l f r e q u e n c y i s 3 1 .2.

! 3 + % 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =.112 2
. B in o mial ? 4
? 1 $
0 # , 1 # 0 % 0 <- 1 % 0 M
:6 =
0 F
(5S1=
! 3) 1 > % 0 1 0
(0 =
! 3)C

C h i-s q u ar e

!
Ex pe ct e d V al u e s (5S1) . % 0 F , % - -
4 1
# - H 1 -
1 # (6S0)
! ) " 1 % - - " 2 Te s t
185
4 Ex pe ct e d
V al u e s 0. 03125 +

# - $ E 1 0=
! ) # 1
. R e mo v e
% 0 M 1
(5S1) % 1 % 0 1
Ex pe ct e d
Uppe r 2
1 +

L o w e r 2 # A Us e Spe cif ie d R an g e $ E 1 R an g e
: C "3 # !
OK 4 3
J 5 +

Frequencies
C a te g o ry
1
2
3
4
5
T o ta l
1
2
3
4
5
H E A D N O
O b s e rv e d N
E x p e c te d N
144
155. 1
342
310 . 4
28 7
310 . 4
16 4
155. 1
25
31. 0
9 6 2
9 6 2
R e s id u a l
- 11. 1
31. 6
- 23. 4
8 .9
-6 .0
Two Independent Samples tests

( 2 1 2 )
T 1 # ) 7 " 3 .
T 1 - 1 % 1 - F
? 4
. $
) 1 - # ) - K 3 T ? 4
? 1 1 - ! A
% 1 - SPSS 5 1
7
" ) = % 1 - C E " K
) ) ) 1 .
: ") =
M an n -W h it n e y U 1
.1
M o s e s Ex t r e me R e act io n s 1
.3
Ko l mo g o r o v -Smir n o v Z 1

(1 , 4 )/ ! R
D < " 3 G r o u p , @ R
W al d -W o l f w it z R u n s 1
.2
.4
$ I 8 1 C
" 3 # % 1 : 3#
$ 3

(24 )C @ R
$ I 10 1
d s e as e
) , " 1 2
He al t h y
) , " 1 1 ) , V al u e L abe l @ A
, R
% 2
> 2 2
( B & #
3 <- 1
) , 6
D at a Ed it o r $ $ " % 1 , 6
) R
t im e
10 14
6 8 4
8 10
9 9 0
8 4 0
9 7 8
10 0 2
1110
8 6 4
6 3 6
6 3 8
7 0 8
7 8 6
6 0 0
13 20
7 5 0
5 9 4
7 5 0
186
g ro u p
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
$ # ( Time )
: SPSS 5 1
% 5 - M
1 ? > 0 1
) E 1 " ) @ 1 ; " .
" 1 @
1 = 2 ) @ 0 1 C ) 1 ) M an n -W h it n e y 1 1
. ( 1 2
: %
. ? 1 K 0
A n al y z e No n Par ame t r ic Te s t s 2 I n d e pe n d e n t s ampl e s

. $
:
!
2 I n d e pe n d e n t s ampl e s Te s t , 6
Te s t V ar iabl e L is t ( ) % $ # + ) Time " 6 3

H ) 4

G r o u pin g
C @
V ar iabl e G F " g r o u p
3

G r o u p1 : 1 / ! 3
H3 D e f in e G r o u p 4
. M an n -W h it n e y U 1 $ E < . G r o u p2 :2
: 5 , 6 OK 4 3
Ranks
T IM E
G R O U P
h e a lth y
d s e a s e
T o ta l
N
1 0
1 8
M e a n R a n k
1 2 .6 3
7 .0 0
S u m
o f R a n k s
1 0 1 .0 0
7 0 .0 0
9
3 (C @
/ ! ) ) 5 7 R an ks ; C " 3 1 - )
; N
) 3 # ; N
2 # 1 / . 3
< 3 ! ) 2 ;
;
187
F = 3 #
( 7 0 C @ ; N

101 / !
: ! 1 M an n -W h it n e y U ! A
N ( N 1)
U = N1 N 2 + 1 1+ T1
2
M - ) # N2
( N1=8 C
, ) ) + # N1 7
#
.( T1=101) Su m o f R an ks C
) ; N
# T1
(N2=10 )
! A C @ & 1 C
) % . ) C " 3 3- 1 1 U ! A 2 +

U ) ? 4
) ; Z 2 B - .U ! &
W il co x o n W
: " ? 4
" + ) H -
.
B 7
N1 N 2
= 40
2
N1 N 2 ( N1+ N 2 + 1)
= 11.25
12
B D " 3
< 1 ) " ) 1 . ? 4
; U ) ? 4

" ) 1 . ? 4
" )
P-V al u e 2 B K
Z = (U ) / = (15 40 ) / 11 . 25 = 2 .222
# ) 1
Tr an s f o r m
C o mpu t e 1 Z ! &
- M
1 ) @ (
C
3 1 ) 1 . ? 4
" P-v al u e =0.026 2 7
( . 1 - ) 2*C D F NOR M (-2.222)=0.0263
"
) 1 . ? 4

% 2
.

? > 0 1 ) + # 1 (
. C @ R
$ I % 2
.
3 <
H" / ! R
0 1
% 5
$ I , R

Test Statisticsb
M a n n -W h
W ilc o x o n
Z
A s y m p .S
E x a c t S ig
S i g .) ]
itn e y U
ig .( 2 - ta ile d )
. [ 2 * ( 1- t a i l e d
T IM E
15.000
7 0.000
- 2 .2 2 2
.02 6
.02 7
a . N o t c o r r e c te d fo r tie s .
b . G r o u p in g V a r ia b le : G R O U P
U # - 1 . # 2 / U # - . ( / 0 T2 # & # ' ( ) * * + , : # $ %
: "
N 2 ( N 2 + 1)
T2
2
1 - /
U ! & ) B 1
9 1 ) # N2
U = N1 N 2 +
. 1 > 0 C # !

K- Related Samples Tests

K ( 3 12 )
1
" ) T 1 - " ) -
. On e - W ay A NOV A
M an n -W h it n e y 1

) 1 # " " ) - 1
Kr u s kal l -W al l is

T 1 - 4 = .
$ 3
K T 1 # ) G 3 1
188

" ) = % 1 - / F R an ks ; 3 9 1 3 % 1
: SPSS 5 1
. F r ie d man 1
. Ke n d al l s W
. C o ch r an s Q
1 ) c
b
a 1 , % 4 0 " B = ; R
D at a Ed it o r $ $ , 6
.3
: 4 #
b
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
)
c
: SPSS 5 1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
2
1 " ) @ 1 ;
" .
. % 5 - M
1
F r ie d man 1 1
: %
. ? 1 K 0
No n par ame t r ic Te s t s K-R e l at e d s ampl e s

. $
: " D 1 + Te s t s f o r s e v e r al R e l at e d Sampl e s

!
D an ie l W .W .(1978) , B io s t at is t ics : A
Scie n ce s , 2nd Ed it io n , pp.398 .
189
1
.2
! 1 Th e r apis t s ! ) 2
: 5 C "3 # !
1
5 %
( 3
2 1 , " C
# @ 0 C 1 $ 1
Th e r ap
a
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
1
5
3
6
1
7
2
8
1
9
1
= B " # @ 0
) % 2

A n al y z e
.1
F o u n d at io n
, 6
OK 4 3
f o r an al y s is in
Th e
He al t h
N P a r T e s ts
F r ie d m a n T e s t
Ranks
A
B
C
M e a n R a n k
1.67
2 .78
1.5 6
# " D 1 $ F = 3 1 . = B # ; .
# M e an R an k 7
R an d o miz e d

$ ) % 3 . ! 1 H )
Tw o - w ay A NOV A
) 1
# H
0 !
Tr e at me n t s % ) (B
) 9 3 # 7 B l o cks Ex pe r ime n t
; ; ) 1 # " / < = F r ie d man 1 1 ) 7
B l o cks % 3 .
? 1 F r ie d man ! A
# 2 Or d in al 1 % 1
; " .
R an ks
: " ;
J-1 1 2 ? 4

2 =
12
T 2 3K ( J + 1) = 8.2
KJ ( J + 1) i
# Ti
(9 3 ) % ) 3 # J
(%3. ) H
0 ! 3 # K 7
. J=3
K=9 + ) # ; N

C
3 P-V al u e 2
F r iedm an ! A 2 1 F #

. = B " # @ 0
) <2
K + % 5 - M
1 ) @
Test Statisticsa
N
C h i- S q u a r e
d f
A s y m p . S ig .
a . F r ie d m a n T e s t
190
9
8 . 222
2
.0 1 6

(

CHARTS
3 , .
1
0 !
/ ! & %
, 9 1 %.. 1 )
.
.
B ar s 1 9 3 , %.. . 9 1 )
. 1 .1 ! & % 1
%= ,
% & (
)
# ! 0 #
dPies 1

Lin es 1
. 1
) # S PS S 5 1

Bar Charts

( 113)
: 1 #
y ear
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
: Y ear %
; % ' M & S al es %) 1 1 #

s al es
5 0
5 2
5 5
6 0
6 5
. B ar C har t 1 9 3 .. 3 ;" .
2
B ar C har t

!
: %
. ?1 K 0
, 6 .G r ap hs B ar
. $
: F 1
F # # 1
Data in C har t ar e 2 V al u es o f in div idu al cas es 2
. %- . 1

S im p l e 2
S tack edJ C l u s ter ed J S im p l e
% =
Defin e S im p l e B ar

!
191
, 6 1

!
Defin e 4 3
: D 1 +
: 7
. .. . $ 1 # D 2 2 # + 3 : B ar s R ep r es en t
: " @
(
) 1 .. " % 0
3

: C atego r y Label s
.
C " 3 "
) 2 (
) : C as e n u m ber
)
C " 3
) F

2 (
) : V ar iabl e
. ( Y ear s #
. F o o tn o te , s u btitl e,d Titl e ..

3 (
) :Titl e
. M %.. 3 3 <9 $ 1 , 1 . ) %0 !

+
; 2 # ) :Tem p l ate
: " S PS S V iew er .. (
T itle L in e 1
Line2
Subtitle
F o o tn o te
192
3 O K 4 3
1 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
for Period 1990-1994
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)

. . (
) 7 >
4 1 F 1 .. C " 3 %= ) /
S PS S C har t E dito r

: " S PS S C har t E dito r
C har t E dito r $ $ - M %= ) ) %= ) / 7
: ( >
4 1 .. ) 1 +
C har t E dito r $ $ + %= ) ) " K 0 : 9 3

: (F = 3 # $

F o r m at C o l o r
193
. >
4 1 9 3
C har t E dito r $ $
. $
.1
: " C o l o r s

!
, 6 %
. $
: 7
. . $ / = A
: F il l
. . $ "

: B o r der
>
4 1 F 1 4
" <= 4
" C . $ / = A

9 3
) 1 .. , 6
. C o l o r s

!
. 9 3
A p p l y 4 F il l $ E E ) 1
" C l o s e
4
: "
2 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
:
0 " 1
7 C
9
. 3) 1 %
. > 0 1 <= 0 "

. (9 3 <- 1 ..
: " ?1 K 0 : B ar S ty l e 9 3 .

F o r m at B ar S ty l e C har t E dito r $ $
. $
:

!
194
, 6 %
. $

.2
+ 3- ..
# 6 ? ..
) 1 = ..
) 1 = E
# 6 3
= 9 3 , 6 A p p l y A l l 4 >
4 1 F 1 3-D effect 3
: " ) 1
3
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
:6 =
H @ ; 2 3
. $ C E @ A Dep th ;
2 3
. . $ C E

: %
. ?1 K 0 :B ar Label S ty l e 9 3
3 .

F o r m at B ar Label S ty l e %
. $

195
2
3
.A ?
3
.3
. . C " 3 # ! A p p l y
:

A l l 4 >
4 1 F 1 F r am ed
:
4 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
65
Value SALES
60
60
50
50
40
1990
52
1991
55
1992
1993
1994
YEAR

" .&
.&
: %6 =
. $ C har t .. " .& 4 &
.
. $ C har t .. " " .& 4 &
.;
. , = ) 4 & O u ter F r am e
S cal e A xis
. , = ) 4 & I n n er F r am e

1 ! % 3&
: " % 3& %

.

C har t E dito r $ $ .. " (J40 50 60)

3 C " 3
: " S cal e A xis

!
196
, 6
.4
, " 1 2 ;

4 & )
. 4 A
(
: 7
3:Dis p l ay A xis Lin e
. (I n n er F r am e C har t 1 " .& 4 A
.a
. ( V al u e S al es )

3 ?2
:Titl e Ju s tificatio n
.b
. % :Maj o r div is io n s
.d
. ( G
J . ) > N
:S cal e
.
% :Min o r div is io n s
Maio r I n cr em en t Min o r I n cr em en t <" 3 1 :I n cr em en t

. 1 $ .
. (
. Tick Mar k s (
. (J40 50 60) %

3 4 A
(
3:G r id
) :Tick s
3 :Dis p l ay Label s
.c
.e
.f
.g
.h
.i
: 4 2 .. C " 3 % ) 0 / A

. C en ter .
(V al u e S al es
+ )

3 ?@
% = 3 , 6 A ? 10 <- 1 5 Min o r I n cr em en t

% 1 # )
.Tick Mar k s

. % C G r id Lin es 1 $ .
. @ A

3 1 D " 3 # ! ) ; S cal e A xis

!
E
: ( 4 = %= ) 1

197
: O K 4 ) 1 " , 6 ..

5 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
Value SALES
70
65
60
60
50
50
40
1990
52
1991
55
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
Axis Title
Axis Label
: % ) 0 1 D =
Label s

!
, 6 4 3 : Label s
; 3

) $ ) ; 3 : Decim al Pl aces

3
3 # 1 C H @ 4

: Leadin g C har acter

3
3 # , C H @ 4

: Tr ail in g C har acter
9
C o m m a 9 4 ) # !
0 1 1000 3 4 (
. 70. 0J 60. 0J 50. 0J 40. 0: "

) (
)
+
$ )
. D70 J D6 0 J D50 J D40 : "

) , 6 D 2 ) 4 @ A
. % 70J6 0 % J 5 0 %J 4 0 %: "
) , 6 %
= 3 @ A
) :10 0 0 S S ep ar ato r
. (Per io d
.J
3 1 .. , 6 .

O r igin Lin e # ! . : B ar O r igin Lin e .K
.
H
# ! . 2 C " 3 < 2 # 9 3 7 1 9 2
B ar O r igin Lin e 2 A. D H
. 2 # 2 2 # 9 3
( ) 1 = E 4 A ) 1 ) 4 2 .. " S cal e A xis

!
57 +

: .. C " 3 # !
198
H

6 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
Value SALES
70

65
60
60
52
50
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
. 57 . 3 O r igin Lin e .
. 7

" # 1 F - @ A
(

!
) : Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis
Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis $ E 1 K

H " > D

" !
: " Der iv ed A xis

!
, 6 Der iv ed A xis 4 S cal e A xis
Der iv ed A xis
# 1 S cal e A xis " !
9
# # )
R atio
Match
: " ; F = 3

! Defin itio n 2 E 1 2 .. "
S cal e A xis
Der iv ed A xis
U n its E q u al
U n its
1
2
0
V al u e E q u al
: .. C " 3 # !
199
.L
V al u e
O K 4 C o n tin u e 4 3
7 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
140
65
Value SALES
60
60
50
50
40
120
110
55
52
130
100
90
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
80
YEAR

C " 3 2 # 6 = . L @
(
1 $ K
Label s
) 0 @ 2
. Der iv ed A xis $
C " 3 H ) @ , " 1 " !
" !
# C " 3 (

) 0 " 2 1 L Match
70 # 1 " !
C " 3 50 # ) . ?2
> 0 , 6 7 1 $
: " Der iv ed A xis

!
S cal e A xis
R atio
Match
Defin itio n 2 ; 1 .. " $

C " 3
U n its E q u al
Der iv ed A xis
V al u e E q u al
50
: .. C " 3 # !
U n its
70
V al u e
O K 4 C o n tin u e 4 3
8 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
90
65
Value SALES
60
60
50
40
1990
55
52
50
1991
1992
70
1993
1994
YEAR
. # $ %
2 0 0
8 0

80
! 6 0
7 0

! 50

60
C atego r y A xis
1 ! % 3& .5
S PS S

!
>
4 1 . . 1
1 ! % 3&
, 6 C har t E dito r $ $

.. "

3 V iew er
: ( <= 1 2 .. " )

: % ) 0 1 7
4 A , " 1 2 ;

4 & ) Dis p l ay A xis Lin e
4 A
(

) 1 A xis
3
Titl e
# .
) # " 6 1

3
Titl e j u s tificatio n
) ?2
. (I n n er F r am e C har t 1 " .&

.

3 (
. 1 $ .
.
% 4 A
, 6 A
3 D
Label s

!
, 6 Label s 4 3

) ? 2

=
4 1 J 9

) J , / 4
, )
S tagger ed J Diago n al J V er tical J H o r iz o n tal : %

7 O r ien tatio n
: " .. , 6 1 .. "

3 (
) Diago n al ) .
9 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
Value SALES
70
60
50
40
19
19
19
19
19
94
93
92
91
90
YEAR
, 1
) K 1 $ <1 . F , 1 "
.
) (
3 +
@

. F V er tical
S tagger ed 9 0 -
2 0 1
> ) 1
.$ C 9 3 .. #
+
;" : S w ap
; " 2 3 <= %
. $
A xis
;" 2 .6

F o r m at S w ap A xis

. $
: " , 6 D E 1 2 ..

10 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
1990
1991
1992
YEAR
1993
1994
40
50
60
70
Value SALES
:
$ $
3) ..
3 + S iz e D
F o n t . N

S PS S

. $ F o r m at Text
) 1 (C har t E dito r
.

S PS S C har t $ $ C #
" .. 1 ) " 1 1
, 6 3
F o n t 2
>
4 1 ;
" . R
) 1

E dito r
. ....A r abic Tr an s p ar en t
A n dal u s
A r ial (A r abic) . N
.
.;
C har t $ $
3) .. .$ 1 .$ I / = & .
.%
$ $
. $ C har t Legen d 1 Legen d Q @ A "
@ A
.7
.. " " .& 1

#

) # 1
9 3 1 % 1
.B
S PS S

. $ F o r m at
. Legen d

!
F il l Patter n
(E dito r
Dis p l ay C har t Legen d $ E C har t E dito r
. $ C har t B ar S p acin g 1 C l u s ter 2 ) 1 K

I n n er F r am e
: # $ %

. .
1 .$ (
2 0 2
) 1 D 1
.. C " 3 0 " % " 3 0
L @
: Chart Template

(213)
" " C " 3

% " ) > 0 0 ;" . (
) 1
, D " $ E C

F
% 1 3 K A !
. " 3 1 ) F
%
D 1 . 7 #
.. C " 3 % % " ) @ Tem p l ate ; 2 # 3 & 1
J .P 1 9 3
3 J ) 1 = ) 0 " % " 3 @ 4 2 .. <= . M % C " 3
E + ) x C " 3 % " ) F > 0 1 . (
: %
. ?1
" . ( 30
" !
)
(94S90 %
" 80 88 110 90 77
C har t $ $ F il e S av e C har t Tem p l ate 1 ; 2 ! 1 4 .. 4
. cht ;
s ct . - ; E 7 E dito r
G r ap hs
B ar
. $
; L 0 F il e 4 C har t S p ecificatio n fr o m
$ E 1 2 tem p l ate
V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es
. F V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es

!
y ear
x % # (s im p l e)
: " V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es

!
: x " .. C " 3 # !
; 7 cht
O k
Establishment Sales
by Years
120
110
110
100
Value X
90
80
70
1990
77
1991
YEAR
2 0 3
90
88
80
1992
1993
1994
4 3
11 2 ..
L i n e
B ar ( 3 13)
: %
. ?1 Lin e .
. C B ar 9 3 1 2 ..
Lin e

!
, 6 G al l er y
. C har t E dito r $ $
..
S im p l e
. $
Lin e
" "

S al es . 9
" @ .. - S im p l e ) C har ts
. ( Mu l tip l e
, ) , @
(
)
: " Lin e C .. #

R ep l ace
12 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
%
. $
: %
. ?1 1 . C " 3 Mar k er s

F o r m at
: " I n ter p o l atio n

!
%= ) (
I n ter p o l atio n

)
, 6 ( C har t E dito r $ $ ..

3)
A p p l y 4 F $ E Dis p l ay Mar k er s
C heck B o x ! ?1
: # $ .. C %= ) H @ A l l
2 0 4
13 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR

!
: " ?1 = ) # $
. $ E %= ) C har t E dito r $ $

..
, 6

F o r m at
Mar k er s

. ,
= ) N

: Mar k er s
: " = ) A p p l y 4
14 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
Value SALES
60
50
40
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
.A
2 0 5
p p ly A ll
! " # ( )
:
P i e
B ar ( 4 13 )
: %
. ?1 Pie 1 9 C B ar 9 3 1 2 ..
Pie C har ts

!
. C har t E dito r $ $
..
, 6 G al l er y Pie
. $
: " Pie C .. #

R ep l ace S im p l e
15 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
1990
1994
1991
1993
1992
$ $ (
C "3 # !
: %
. ?1 <= 1994 R
9 ?. # ! 0
) . . E ) 1 F 1994 1 R
?.

F o r m at E xp l o de S l ice
. $
. C har t E dito r
: ..
Establishment Sales
16 2 ..
by Years
1994
1990
1991
1993
1992
>
4 1 ? . D " 3 C #
! 0 ?. 9 3
.
2 0 6

F o r m at E xp l o de s l ice
: %
. ?1 I n s ide S l ice ?. # # # "
1 (
, 6 ( C har t E dito r .. E ) 1 ) C har t
O p tio n s

)
: " D 1 + Pie O p tio n s

!
. ?. # Text

1 (
) Label s Per cen ts $ 6 -
: " ; + Label F o r m at

!
, 6 F o r m at 4
in s ide O u ts ide Ju s tified) Text

V al u e 2

1 (
: 7
3 ?2
# : Po s itio n
;G I n s ide 2
. ( n u m ber s in s ide Texts O u ts ide
. .
)
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. (
J B es t fitJ O u ts ideJ
. ?. #

1 (
3
) : C o n n ectin g Lin e fo r O u ts ide Label s
. > , .
. # ) : A r r o w head o n Lin e
.
"
) #
.A (
) : Dis p l ay F r am e A r o u n d
.. " $ ) ; 3

1000 3 4 3I # !
@ & : V al u es
: .. C " 3 # !
2 0 7
O k 4 C o n tin u e 4 3
17 $ % & & '
Establishment Sales
by Years
1994
23.0%
1993
21.3%
1990
17.7%
1991
1992
18.4%
19.5%
y ear
1998
1999
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
2 0 0 2
E xp o r ts
190
2 2 0
2 19
2 4 5
2 5 0
. 2002S8199 %
" " 1 %
% !
I m p o ts
180
2 0 0
2 15
2 30
2 4 4
: 2 #
# #

: " ;" .
. C l u s ter ed B ar s 3. ( .$ - ) 9 3 .. 3
. S tack ed B ar s 9 3 .. 3
D
B ar C har t
!

!
2 0 8
: %
. ?1 3. 9 3 3
, 6 G r ap h
B ar
. $
.1
.2
, 6 Defin e 4 V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es / C l u s ter ed

: " D 1 + C l u s ter ed B ar / V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es
.1
: .. C " 3 # !
260
O k 4 3
18 2 ..
240
220
200
Value
180
EXPORTS
160
# 1 S tack ed
2 0 9
IMPORTS
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
YEAR
7 2 2 9
. 3 , 0 1 %
. ?1 S tack ed B ar .. 0 .2
: .. C " 3 # !
7 B ar C har ts

!
C l u s ter ed
19 $ % & & '

600
500
400
300
200
Value
100
IMPORTS
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
EXPORTS
YEAR
< (
) E xp o r ts " "
( # 0 ) <-
(
) I m p o r ts " " # ) (
0 1
.. K 0 .. 1998 4 A ;G K C @ & 1 (C " 3 )
+
S er ies Dis p l ay ed
. $ C har t E dito r $ $

:

!
2 10
, 6 " "
( < 1 ) (C " 3 )Dis p l ay E xp o r ts " "

(. .
# = ) O m it C , "
( @
) # = ) Dis p l ay
C D "
C O m it E xp o r ts " " N &
4
4
. Dis p l ay # = ; G 2
, 1
4 F (# 0 ) Dis p l ay
1998
)
. O m it H
: "
) 1

!
: .. (
, 6
) , 6 O K 4 3
20 2 ..
600
500
400
300
200
Value
100
/ , -
, . $
: & & ' (
2 11
EXPORTS
1999
2000
2001
2002
IMPORTS
YEAR
B ar + * " # ) * I m p o r ts Lin e & ' " # ) * E xp o r ts (

: B ar /Lin e/A r ea Dis p l ay ed Data
O K * E xp o r ts Lin e I m p o r ts B ar ' 0
2 1$% & & '

260
250
240
230
220
210
Value
200
EXPORTS
190
1999
2000
2001
IMPORTS
2002
YEAR
:
C " 3 # ! # ) 1 . 1
B ar . . P ie
Line . . C " 3 " !
: "
B ar . . C " 3 " ! " 9
! 1 % . . F
Line . . C " 3 #
! "
G r ap h
Line
Ar ea . . C " 3 #
! "
G r ap h
Ar ea
P ie . . C " 3 #
! "
G r ap h
P ie
(Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es C " 3 ) 3 #
Dat a E d it o r $ $ % 1 % " 2
g
x2
x1 # #

x1
10 0
20 0
30 0
4 0 0
50 0
x2
10
20
30
4 0
50
: " SP SS 5 1
g
a
b
a
b
b
: " ; " .
. x2
x1 .
B ar . . 3 .1
. x2
x1 " ( b
a) % .
Cl u st er ed B ar 3 . 2 . . 3 .2
: %
. ? 1 x2
x1 .
B ar . . 0 .1
D
B ar Ch ar t s

!

!
2 12
, 6 G r ap h
B ar

. $
, 6
! Def ine 4 3
. Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es / Simp l e
: " D 1
+ Def ine Simp l e B ar : Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
-
.
7 x2
x1 # .
# 9 3 6 =
% $ ' L + Ch ange Su mmar y 4 1 .

N
@ -
. M ed ian, M o d e, No .o f Cases , M in. Val u e, M ax. Val u e # M
: B C "3 # ! O K
400
300
4 3
22 2 . .
300
200
Mean
100
30
X1
X2
.

x2
) N 0
300 +

" 1 .

x1
) N 0
. 30 +

" 1
? 1 x2
x1 " ( b
a) % .
Cl u st er ed B ar 3 . . . 0 .2
D
B ar Ch ar t s

!
: " D 1
213

!
, 6 G r ap h
: %
.
B ar

. $
. Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es / Cl u st er ed
, 6
! Def ine 4 3
+ Def ine Cl u st er ed B ar : Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
: . . C "3 # ! O k
4 3
23 2 . .
400
367
300
200
200
Mean
100
20
37
X1
X2
Su mmar ies o f G r o u p s o f Cases ' ) * ) : 4
gend er 3 d eg 2 1
2
* sal ar y 1 " "
d eg
gend er
sal ar y
F ir st
M al e
9 0
F ir st
F emal e
70
T h ir d
M al e
56
Seco nd
M al e
65
F ir st
M al e
8 5
Seco nd
F emal e
60
Seco nd
M al e
69
T h ir d
M al e
57
T h ir d
F emal e
50
F ir st
F emal e
75
Seco nd
F emal e
62
T h ir d
F emal e
51
F ir st
M al e
8 5
214
: " ;
" .
. 7 &

0 ; .
# B ar s 1 9 3 1 . . 3
.1
# ; 7 &

# ; .
# B ar s 1 9 3 1 . . 3
.2
. 0 6

D
B ar Ch ar t s

!
Def ine Simp l e B ar :

!
: %
. ? 1 #
;
" . 0
, 6 G r ap h s B ar

. $
Def ine 4 3
. Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases/Simp l e
, 6 F = 3

!
: " ; + Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
: & & ' ) * " -

74
72
72
70
68
Mean SALARY
66
64
62
61
60
Female
GENDER
215
.1
Male
O K *
24 $ % & & '

D
B ar Ch ar t s

!
: %
. ? 1
, 6 G r ap h s B ar
;
" . 0

. $
.2

C " 3 0 6
# 7 Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases/Cl u st er ed
. Cl u st er s 7 ;
.

;
.

3 0 6
# # 1

!
, 6 F = 3

!
Def ine 4 3
: " ; + Def ine Cl u st er ed B ar : Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
: & & ' ) * " -
O K * 5
25 $ % & & '
90
87
80
73
70
67
Mean SALARY
60
61
57
50
51
40
First
DEG
216
Second
Third
GENDER
Female
Male
-
SP SS 5 1 % . . , 1 ? , 9 4 6 =
# =
B 7 % 1 " ! & )
E XCE L # M % 1 . % . .

, " ! )
< 1 , "
) % 0 <= 1 % .
! & % $ '
% 1 - % < 1 % 1 A !
% 1 ; 4 = % 2

. ! &
B Ro w Dat a % 1 (
% 1 # P 1

Histogram
( 5 13 )
) # ) p ie
Line
B ar 1 % . .
G C " 3 G r o u p ed Dat a 1
1 % 1 (
) # ) +
? 4
#
C % 1 H ! 1 5 1
7 SP SS 5 1 C U ngr o u p ed , ! 1
% 3 A 7 #
, + B
< " F r eq u ency T abl e +
. # ( J 0 #
. J % 0 3 ) . .
5 #
> 0 ) Dat a E d it o r $ $ < 1 # +

t al l " + B ; " .
. (? 1 # ! 0 (1S4) 1 " ? 1 #

H ist o gr am

!
217
, 6 G r ap h
: %
. ? 1 + B
H ist o gr am
. $ 5
: " D 1
+
: 5 6 (
* $
O K *
26 $ % & & '
10
Std. Dev = 17.17

Mean = 68.2
N = 56.00
30.0
35.0
TALL
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
Cl asses 7 8 2 " . 1 ; < ) * M id p o int s 7 8 2 " $ 9 :

: 7 & ' > . ? @ @ 2 . 1 0 , . I nt er v al Wid t h 8 2 " & = 7 8 2
* = * <
. Ch ar t E d it o r # # ) "
H ist o gr am & & '

: / - !
<
*
) *
218

!
, 6 F 3
Def ine 4 4 0 I nt er v al s Cu st o m 4
: " D 1
2 1
30 @
) 2 # 2 " )
I nt er v al
+ Def ine Cu st o m I nt er v al s
wid t h
10 1 0 #
.
: 2 = ) ; + 7 +
% 0 3 E D " 3
100 @
)
Range
70
No. of Classes =
=
=7
Class (Interval) Width 10
Label s 4 I nt er v al axis

!
: " D 1

C " 3 % 0 (
3 ; G
C N
" co nt inu e 4
+ Label s

!
, 6
!
: % " ) 1 2 7
T yp e M id p o int <- 1 Range
.1
. Decimal P l aces % 0 "

" )
" 0 ! 1 $ ) ; 3
.2
. % 0 4 <- 1
. , 1 % 0
K 1 $ - Diago nal O r ient at io n
. . (
) O K
4 I nt er v al axis

!
.3
C N
" Co nt inu e 4
27 2 . .
219
:
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
Std. Dev = 17.17

Mean = 68
N = 56.00
90
80
-1
-9
00
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
TALL
70
60
50
40
30
> .& ) (
No r mal Ch ar t E d it o r $ $ . .
3
H ist o gr am

!
Ch ar t
O p t io ns
Disp l ay No r mal Cu r v e $ E K
Disp l ay cu r v e
. # ) 1
! ; 3
B ox P l ot
( 6 13)
? ) M ed ian .
#
% $ 3
? 4
H !
. . # )
. ( . . %
#
# ! 0 4 1 6 1
Dat a E d it o r $ $ C % " % 3
@ #

x
30
20
31
35
10 0
8 0
79
55
50
60
9 5
4 5
39
y
4 7
66
77
9 0
55
62
8 0
9 9
4 3
8 7
9 2
70
4 0
cat
a
a
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
z
20
60
50
8 0
10 0
70
8 9
35
65
4 0
55
69
4 0
g
a
b
a
b
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
b
a
: "
SP SS 5 1
gend er
f
f
m
m
m
m
m
f
f
f
f
m
m
. x " B o x P l o t s . . ; " .
.1
. y
x " B o x p l o t . .
.2
. g (b
a) z 0 B o x P l o t . .
.4
. cat b
a 0 ; y
x " B o x P l o t . .
220
: 6 #
.3
0 # < " 3 g ( b
a ) z 0 B o x P l o t . .
. f 7 O M
m
" A
1 @
.
:
.5
: " ? 1 #
;
" . 0 .1
B o xp l o t / - ! G r ap h s B o x p l o t
. $
- 7 ) Simp l e ? su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es 6 Def ine Simp l e bo xp l o t :

!
. ( x " %

) Cl u st er ed
, 6 F = 3

!
: " D 1
Def ine 4 3
+ Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
Label Cases by 2 # A B o xes Rep r esent # A
3 (. .
) , 6 ) 9 $
. " Label
3 1 G 3
. ,
) 9 $
. , @
? 2 # ) # A
: . . C "3 # ! O K
221
4 3
28 $ % & & '

120
80
M a x . = 1 0 0
Q 3 = 7 9
IQR=Q3-Q1 =4 4
100
60
40
M e d ia n = 5 0
20
Q 1 = 3 5
M in . = 2 0
0
N=
D 1
+ B o xp l o t

!
13
, 6 G r ap h s
: " ? 1 ;
" . 0 .2
B o x p l o t
. $
: "
Def ine Simp l e B o x p l o t : Su mmar ies o f

!
, 6 Def ine 4 3
: D 1
: . . (
222
+ Sep ar at e Var iabl es

)O K
4 3
29 2 . .
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
N=
13
13
, ' $ 8 ,

,
G r ap h s
Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es

!
: " D 1
: 7 & ' > . : 1 & @ 2 .3
, 6

!
D
B o x P l o t

!
Def ined
, 6 B o xp l o t
4 3
Cl u st er ed ?
+ Def ine Cl u st er ed B o x P l o t : Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es

Cat ego r y Axis
# 2 @ ; B o x Rep r esent 6 -
.
C " 3 D # +
: . . (
)O K
4 3
30 $ % & & '
120
100
80
60
40
20
N=
6
a
223
CAT
7
b

!
D
B o x P l o t

!
Def ined
: %
. ? 1 ? 1 ;
" . 0
, 6 G r ap h s B o xp l o t
.4

4 3
Simp l e ? Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
Def ine Simp l e B o x P l o t : Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f

!
, 6

: " D 1
: . . (
)O K
+ Cases
4 3
31 $ % & & '
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
N=

!
D
B o x P l o t

!
Def ined
: %
. ? 1 > ;
" . 0 .5
, 6 G r ap h s
B o xp l o t

4 3
Cl u st er ed ? Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
Def ine Cl u st er ed B o x P l o t : Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f

!
, 6

: D 1 +
224
: & & ' (
O K *
32 $ % & & '
120
100
80
60
40
GENDER
20
N=
3
a
S c atte rp l ot
( 7 13)
9 . 3
1
1 2 = ) # % . . N
# )
. $ - # $ N
) 1 @
SP SS 5 1 Dat a E d it o r 2
% "
%
225
: 7 #
3 @ #

: "
79
74
10 4
8 7
9 5
10 9
10 2
72
9 3
115
8 3
113
10 9
x1
26
29
56
31
52
55
71
31
54
4 7
4 0
66
68
x2
6
15
8
8
6
9
17
22
18
4
23
9
8
: $ -
x3 mar k er
60
a
52
a
20
a
4 7
a
33
a
22
a
6
b
4 4
b
22
b
26
b
34
b
12
b
12
b
# $ ) 1 N
l abel
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
c7
c8
c9
c10
c11
c12
c13

3 0 L @
" #

Simp l e . 1 $ - # $
D +
)

# $ "
# . 1 2 = ) # )
.1
1 2 = ) " . 1 $ - # $ 3 J C " 3 ) # $ . # % A
: Scat t er p l o t

!
: %
. ? 1
, 6 G r ap h s Scat t er
. $
x1
y
Simp l e / - ! Def ine $ A . Simp l e ' A * / -

: 9 . 5 @ scat t er p l o t
: 7
. $ - # $
# + F @ : Y Axis
. $ - # $
# + F @ : X Axis
226
, 1 ! M ar k er = ) 1 # #

D F @ : Set M ar k er by
. $ - # $
D 7 $ - # $ . Label s
) D 2 # ) F @ : Label Cases by
. , 0 A

) , 6 A & 1
3 & 1 + O p t io nal l abel Cases by

Set M ar k er s by < " 3
: . . (
. , + # A
)O K
4 3
33 2 . .
120
110
100
90
MARKER
80
b
70
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
X1
Label 2 " ) G C " 3 . . , 6 % -

3 6 -
: " ? 1
) , 6 &
J % - "
)

!
227
. Ch ar t E d it o r $ $ C . . #
>
4 1 . .
, 6 Ch ar t
O p t io ns
. $ Ch ar t E d it o r $ $
: " D 1
+ O p t io ns
: % = +

Case Label s% -
3 (
3 6 Case Label s 7
. % -
3 4 & : o f f
Ch ar t $ $
, 1 R

) (
. % -
3 (
. H )
% - / 4
3 (
) :o n
) : As is
) . . . + 3

I < , 1 $ >
# $
L 1 ! E d it o r
. ( 9
# 3 / , & ) .

. o n % -
3 (
3 ; G
1
: ; % -
3 ! 1 So u r ce o f Label s

) ) # #

) #

# ) : I D Var iabl e
. Simp l e Scat t er p l o t

!
F " 2
Label

. % -
)

3
) 2 # ) : Case Nu mber
: " % -
3
) F = 3

!
O K
4 3
34 2 . .
120
c10
c12
c6
110
c13
c3
c7
100
c5
90
c9
c4
c11
c1
80
MARKER
c2
c8
70
a
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
X1
Simp l e

!

!
O p t io ns 4 1 9 $ 1 % -
3 (
3 : 1 6 =
Disp l ay Ch ar t Wit h Case Label s $ E Scat t er p l o t
. O p t io ns
) Sh o w Su bgr o u p s Scat t er p l o t : O p t io ns

!
a 3
# ) 3 0 ? (
228
: 2 6 =
3 < $ ' ( Disp l ay O p t io ns
(
1 ? 1
b
? 1 ) F = 3 . . , # 0 "
. . . 9
= ) 1 3
(
% = ) 1 ( b
3 $ E 3 3
( a
35 2 . .
120
c10
c12
c6
110
c13
c3
100
c5
90
c7
c9
c4
c11
c1
80
c2
70
20
MARKER
c8
30
40
50
60
70
80
Total Population
X1
= B + B X C
- . @ & : 3 6 =

Y 1 3 1 Y
0
1 1
( E(Y0 ) = B 0 + B1X 0 ) Y .
% 9 5 9 ? #
X1
)

!
: %
. ? 1 1 . . "
, 6 Ch ar t O p t io ns (Ch ar t E d it o r $ $ )
. $
: " D 1
+ Scat t er p l o t O p t io ns
# $ . #
. @ A ) + F it Line T o t al $ E 1 2 6 -
. M ar k er . b
a 4 3
1 3 - 1 E + $ -
229
D 1
+ F it Line

!
, 6 1

!
F it O p t io ns 3
: "
1 ) J ) 1 ) . Linear
9 ; G
Regr essio n 6 -
1
( - C
4
M ! % ) 1 .
I nd iv id u al 3 ) Regr essio n P r ed ict io n Line M ean .

" % 9 5
. ( Y0 = B 0 + B1X 0 + e0 " " 9 5 1 ( )

: (Case Label s 4 A ) 1 ) . . ( ) O K 4 co nt inu e 4 3
5
36 2 . .
120
+ 2 ) * <
& % 95
110
100
90
+ 2 ) <
& % 95
80
70
20
30
40
50
60
70
MARKER
Total Population
80
Rsq = 0.6648
X1
Scat t er p l o t : O p t io ns

!
F it Line Su bgr o u p s $ E : 6 =
; F
( M ar k er # . ) . (
) 5 1 E
. < $ ' Disp l ay O p t io ns Sh o w Su bgr o u p s

230
O v er l ay $ # $
Y " $ # $ # # 2 C " 3 %
4 $ - . # # )

: %
. ? 1
. . X3
X2 " K
X1
D
Scat t er p l o t

!
: " D 1
, 6 G r ap h
+ O v er l ay Scat t er p l o t

!

Scat t er

, 6 Def ine 4 3
O v er l ay
: ( X1
Y = ) Y-X P air s % B
4 # A
. F - Y
. F - X1
. Y-X P air s C #

. X3
X2 # A . > 0 1
. % -
3 (
. F ) 1 % B
4 +
> ) # ) : Swap P air
) Disp l ay Ch ar t wit h Case Label s O p t io ns 4
: . . (
) O v er l ay Scat t er p l o t

!
120
c10
c5c9
c4
c1
80
c2
c12
c13
c6
c3
100
O K
4 3
37 2 . .
c7
c11
c8
60
40
c12
c13
0
c11
c9
c7
20
10
c3c6
20
c8
c4
c5
c10
30
40
X2
c2
X3
c1
50
60
Y
70
80
X1
J
C " 3 # X1 +
)
C " 3 D " Y 7
231
.2
M at r ix $ - # $
M at r ix. . <=
.

# # )

D
Scat t er p l o t

!
: " D 1
.3
: %
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M o d e l
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1.140
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( C o n s ta n t)
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G ra p h
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
20
30
40
50
60
70
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كتاب دليلك ال برنامج spss

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كتاب دليلك ال برنامج spss

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