eicosenoate, methyl 13(Z)-docosenoate (methyl erucate).

nd = not determined

In a homologous series of compounds, viscosity increases directly with the molecular weight. Thus, viscosity increases with higher contents of high molecular compounds like unreacted glycerides or polymers, which can be found in used frying oil (Gunstone, 2002). The presence of hydroxyl groups in the molecule, as in castor oil, also increases the viscosity. This is of significance for the production of castor oil-based biodiesel, a fuel that in its neat form exceeds all kinematic viscosity specifications in biodiesel standards due to its high content of ricinoleic acid (Knothe and Steidley, 2005a). There are several reports in the literature on the kinematic or dynamic viscosity of fatty acid esters at various temperatures. The viscosity of oil is temperature dependent; rate of flow increases as the temperature increases (Gunstone, 2002). Wang and Briggs (2002) studied viscosity