Arabic influence on the Spanish language

Arabic influence on the Spanish language

Arabic influence on the Spanish language has been significant due to the Islamic presence in the Iberian peninsula between 711 and 1492 A.D. (see Al-Andalus). Modern day Spanish language (also called castellano in Spanish) first appeared in the small Christian Kingdom of Castile in Northern Spain during this period of Islamic domination over most of the Iberian Peninsula. As a result, the language was influenced by Andalusi Arabic practically from its inception. Arabic Great Mosque of Crdoba, a Roman Catholic cathedral in Crdoba, Spain, was the imprint on the language increased as second largest mosque in the world in the 10th century. the Kingdom of Castile expanded into Muslim lands where the Castilian language had never been spoken and as arabized Christians (Mozarabs) from Al Andalus emigrated northwards during times of sectarian violence, and particularly as a result of the Almoravid conquest in the 12th century. Although the degree to which Arabic percolated the peninsula is the subject of academic debate, it is generally agreed that Arabic was used among the local elites and local Arabic-influenced Romance dialects, known collectively as Mozarabic were more prevalent as the vernacular language. Only the kingdom of Granada, under the Nasrid dynasty was totally arabized after many centuries of Muslim rule. Modern Spanish is thus a mixture of Old Castilian and the Mozarabic dialects which it absorbed. This fusion explains why Spanish has, in many cases, both Latin and Arabic derived words for the same meaning. For example, aceituna and oliva (olive), alacrn and escorpin (scorpion), jaqueca and migraa (migraine) or alcanca and hucha (piggy bank). The imprint of Mozarabic and Arabic is evidently more noticeable in the southern dialects of Peninsular Spanish than in the northern ones. A small number of words have also been borrowed from Moroccan Arabic both due to geographic proximity, but principally as a result of Spain's protectorate over Spanish Morocco in the 19th and 20th centuries. Although the influence of Arabic on Spanish is fundamentally lexical, other influences are briefly examined in this article.

Lexical influence
It is estimated that the Spanish language counts over four thousand Arabic loanwords (including derivations) and well over one thousand Arabic roots, which together make up around 8% of the Spanish vocabulary [1] . This makes Arabic the largest influence on Spanish after Latin. A majority of these are nouns, with a more limited number of verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions, thus not substantially changing the grammar or basic structure of the language. The exact number of words of Arabic origin in Spanish is not known and many words not included on this list are regionalisms: words which are used in certain parts of Spain and/or Latin America but are generally unknown elsewhere.

Arabic influence on the Spanish language

List of words of Arabic origin

This is an open list of Spanish words acquired directly from Classical and Andalusi Arabic, listed in alphabetical order. This list includes the Spanish meaning of the word as well as the Arabic etymology. Be aware that many words in the list are now obsolete or seldom used. No fixed standard of Arabic transliteration is used. Rationale for inclusion Due to the heavy influence of Arabic on Spanish, this list is relatively restrictive: This list has been edited to include only words which are considered to appertain to the Spanish language and the Hispanic culture and society. Arabic words which may be understood by Spanish speakers, but remain foreign to the Hispanic civilisation such as Ayatol, Jihad, or Chiita, are excluded from this list. Only words which have passed directly from Arabic are included. Arabic words which entered the Spanish language through other, non-Iberian, Indo-European languages (such as Ayatol, Beduino, Sof, or sorbete) are not included. Generally, only Spanish root words are listed, derivations not being included. For example, aceite (from az-zeit, oil) is included but not aceitera, aceitero, aceitn or aceitoso. On the other hand, aceituna (olive) is included since it derives not from az-zeit but from az-zeituna in Arabic, even though the root of the Arabic word is the same. Aceituno (olive tree), on the other hand, would not be included, since it shares the same root as aceituna. An exception to this rule may be made when the derived word is much more commonly used than the root word, when the meaning of the derivative has no evident connection with the root word or when it is not clear that one is derived from the other (e.g. horro and ahorrar). Words derived from Mozarabic are not included (Mozarabic being fundamentally a Romance language), unless the Mozarabic word is itself derived from classical or Andalusi Arabic. Words acquired from Berber or Hebrew (or other Afro-Asiatic languages) are not included. The etymology and meaning of most of these words can be verified on the site of the Real Academia de la Lengua Espaola [2], although a small minority are only available in other sources or past editions of this dictionary. A (Ababol to Alguaza) 1. ababol: Poppy. In Aragon, Navarre, Albacete and Murcia. From Andalusian Arabic Happapwr, a fusion of the Arabic word Hab (" )seed" and the Latin papver. 2. abacero: owner of an abacera, small food shop. From Andalusi Arabic SaHb azzd (" ) owner of the supplies." 3. abad: descendant/lineage of Mohammed ben Abad, founder of the Taifa Kingdom of Seville in the 11th century AD. From Andalusi Arabic abbadi (). 4. abalorio: cheap jewellery or jewellery beads. From Andalusi Arabic al balluri (" )made of glass."
Ababol, poppy

5. abarraz: stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), a medicinal plant. From Andalusi Arabic Hab ar-ras () "head seeds." 6. abas: pertaining to the Abbasid dynasty, which overthrew the Umayyads in the 8th century. 7. abelmosco: musk seeds, an aromatic plant. From Andalusi Arabic Hab el musk ( ) literally "musk seeds." 8. abencerraje: used in expression: "Zegres y abencerrajes", which means "partisans of opposite interests". The Abencerrajes (in Arabic aban as-sarr) was an Arabic family of the Kingdom of Granada, rivals of the Zegres in the 15th century.

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 9. abenuz: ebony. From Arabic abanus ( )of the same meaning. 10. abismal: screw in head of a spear. From Arabic al-mismar (" )nail." 11. abitaque: a cut of wood used in construction of a certain shape and dimension. From Arabic Tabaqa () "layer" or "intermediate chamber." 12. acebibe: raisin. From Arabic zabib ( )of the same meaning. 13. acebuche: wild olive tree, or wood from such a tree. From Andalusi Arabic azzabb. 14. aceche: copper, iron or zinc sulphate. From Arabic z. 15. aceifa: Muslim summer military expedition. From Arabic Sa'ifah "harvest" or "summer expedition." 16. aceite: oil. From Arabic az-zayt (" )oil." 17. aceituna: olive. From Arabic ( az-zaytun) "olive." 18. aceitun: precious cloth from the Orient. From Arabic az-zaytuni, a possible adaptation of the Chinese city Ts-Thung. 19. acelga: chard. From Arabic as-silqa of the same meaning. 20. acmila: beast of burden; tax formerly paid in Spain. From Arabic az-zamilah "beast of burden." 21. acemite: wheat husk; a type of wheat porridge. From Arabic as-samid (). 22. acenefa see cenefa. 23. acea: watermill. From Arabic as-saniyah "the lifter." 24. acequia: irrigation canal. From Arabic as-saqiyah (")the irrigator." 25. acerola: fruit of the trees Malpighia emarginata or M. glabra, generally found in the Americas, of the Malpighiaceae family. This should be differentiated from the European Service Tree (Sorbus domestica), family Rosaceae. From Arabic zu 'rrah (). Originally from Syriac zarr. 26. acetre: bucket or cauldron used to extract water from a well; small cauldron used to spray holy water in Christian liturgy. From Arabic as-saTl (). 27. aciar: (or acial): instrument used to keep farm-animals still by squeezing their ear or snout. From Arabic az-ziyr. 28. acbar: aloe (both the plant and its bitter juice); bitterness, grief, distaste. From Arabic aS-Sabr (). 29. acicalar: to clean or polish (Acicalarse in reflexive form); to make oneself look good by combing, shaving etc. From Arabic aS-Siqal, an instrument used for polishing things. 30. acicate: spurs or the spikes on spurs; incentive. From Arabic (Muzil) as-siqaT "what takes away weaknesses." 31. acidaque: Muslim dowry. From Arabic as-Sidaq, dowry in Islamic law. 32. acimut: azimuth, an astrological concept - the angle with which the meridian forms a vertical circle which passes through a point in the globe. From Arabic assumut plural of samt. 33. acin: handle on the stirrup. From Arabic suyr (), plural of sayr (" )strap." 34. acirate: line of soil used to separate different plots of land; path between two lines of trees. From Arabic SirT (). 35. acitara or citara: thin wall, normally on a bridge. From Arabic sitrah (), wall to avoid falls. 36. achacar: to blame. From Arabic tashakk (): to complain or to blame. 37. adafina: pot used by Hebrews to cook. It is buried in embers on Friday night, where it cooks until Saturday. From Arabic: dafina (" )buried." 38. adalid: leader; general of Spanish militia. From Arabic dalil (). 39. adaraja: each of the gaps made by the bricks in a horizonally unfinished wall. From daraja (). 40. adarga: leather shield. From Arabic daraqah. 41. adrgama:(rarely used today) flour. From Arabic darmaka. 42. adarme: small portion of something; type of measurement. From Arabic dirham (). 43. adarvar: to shock. From Arabic darb (" )blow." 44. adarve: wall of a fortress; protection, defense. From Arabic darb () 45. adaza: sorghum. From Arabic duqsah.

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 46. adefera: a small, square wall or floor tile. From Arabic add-ddafeera. 47. adehala: that which is granted or taken as obligatory with the price in the leasing or sale of a property. From Mozarabic ad ihala and originally from Arabic ihala "offering credit." 48. adelfa: oleander. From Arabic ad-difla ( )of the same meaning. 49. ademn: gesticulation which expresses the will to do something. From Arabic aD-Daman (), literally meaning legal guarantees. The change of meaning is due to the exaggerated promises and gesticulations which were offered in such a plea. 50. ademe: wooden structures used to strengthen tunnels in mines. From Arabic di'mah. 51. aderra: cord used to press grapes or olives in order to obtain their juice. From Andalusi Arabic ad-dirra a noose or cord used to punish those who were guilty of fraud. 52. adiafa: present or refreshment given to sailors when back from a voyage. From Arabic Diyafa (" )present of hospitality." 53. adivas: a disease provoking throat inflammation in animals. From Arabic aD-Dibbah "wolverine" - which is the old Arabic name for this disease. 54. adive: a type of canid similar to a fox. From Arabic di'b (). 55. adobe: brick made from clay. From Arabic at-tuba ( from Coptic tbe) of the same meaning, and from ad-dabba. 56. adoqun: paving-stone, cobble; block. From Arabic Dukkan bench of rock or wood. 57. ador: in regions where water for irrigation is restricted and shared out by local authorities, irrigation-time for each farm/field. From Arabic dawr. 58. aduana: customs house; customs. From Arabic diwan (). 59. aduar: semi-permanent rural settlement, normally used for Gypsies, bedouins or Amerindians in South America. From Bedouin Arabic duwwar. 60. adcar: type of silk made from the outside of the silk-worm's cocoon. From Andalusi Arabic Haduqa. 61. adufe:tambourine used by Spanish Muslims. From Arabic Duff (). 62. adul: in Morocco, asessor of the Cad. From Arabic adl "trustworthy person." 63. adula: see dula. 64. adunia: (adverb) lots. From Andalusi Arabic addunya, originally from classical Arabic duniya (" )the (whole) world." 65. adutaque: same meaning as adrgama. From Arabic duqaq (" )fine flour." 66. afn: effort; desire; zeal. From afanar. 67. afanar: to steal; to work with passion. From Arabic fanaa (" )extinction," "annihilation through passion." 68. aguajaque: the whitish resin of fennel. From Arabic aw-washaq "contaminated with water." 69. agela: Renta de los derechos sobre prstamos consignados en documento pblico. From Arabic Hawalah. 70. ajabeba: Moorish flute. From Classical Arabic sabbabah. 71. ajaquefa: Roof. Same origin as Azaquefa. 72. ajaraca: Ornamental loop in Andalusian and Arabic architecture. From Andalusi Arabic Ash-sharakah "loop". 73. ajarafe: terrace. From Classical Arabic saraf "commanding height." 74. ajebe: Alum; Para rubber tree. From Arabic as-Shabb. 75. ajedrea: plant in the genus Satureja (family Lamiaceae), about three decimeters in height, with many branches and dark, narrow leaves. It is cultivated as an ornamental in gardens. From Arabic assariyya or assiriyya, ultimately from Latin satureia.

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 76. ajedrez: chess. From Arabic ash shitrang ( )which is from the Sanskrit Chaturang (four armed) as was the shape of the original chess board in India 77. ajenuz: nutmeg flower or Roman Coriander (Nigella sativa). From Andalusi Arabic Shanuz and ultimately Classical Arabic Shuniz. 78. ajimez: bent; window divided in the center by a vertical divider; salient balcony done of wood and with lattice windows. From Arabic samis. 79. ajomate: pluricellular alga formed by very thin filaments, without knots, bright and of intense green color. It abounds in fresh waters of Spain. From Classical Arabic gumam.
Ajedrez, chess

80. ajonjol: sesame; herbaceous, annual plant of the family of the Pedaliaceae, a meter high, straight stem, serrate and almost triangular leaves, white or rosy corolla, and fruit with four delicate, yellowish, oily and edible capsules and many seeds. From Classical Arabic gulgulan "sesame." 81. ajorca: bangle; type of gold hoop, silver or another metal, used by the women to adorn the wrists, arms or the feet. From Classical Arabic shuruk, ultimately from the word shirk "strap." 82. ajorrar: To drag, to tow. See Jorro. 83. ajuagas: equine animal ulcers. From Classical Arabic shuqaq. 84. ajuar: a collection of household and personal items (clothes, furniture, jewelry etc...) which women in Spain traditionally prepare from a young age for the day in which they marry and move in with their husband. From Arabic Shawar. 85. alacena: cupboard. From Classical Arabic iznah (). 86. alacet: foundation of a building. From Classical Arabic asas (). 87. alacrn: scorpion. From Classical Arabic aqrab ( )of same meaning. 88. aladar: Tuft of hair which falls on either side of the head. From Arabic idar. 89. aladroque: Anchovy. From Andalusi Arabic Al Hatruk, "big mouthed". 90. alafa: wage; pay. From Classical Arabic alafah "subsistence allowance." 91. alafia: grace; pardon; mercy. From Andalusian Arabic al afya ultimately from Classical Arabic afiyah (" )health." 92. alahlca: tapestry to adorn the walls. Perhaps of alailaca from Andalusian Arabic ilaqa, and this of Classical Arabic ilqah ( )perhaps meaning "hanger." 93. alajor: Tax which was paid to owners of land where buildings were built. From Arabic Ashur, period of ten days before Easter when debts were paid and alms were given. 94. alaj: Andalusian cake made of almonds, nuts, pine nuts, bread, spices and cooked honey. From al Hashu "filling". 95. alamar: A type of decorative attachment which is buttoned on clothing. From Andalusi Arabic Alam, decoration (in clothes). 96. alambique: alembic. From Arabic al-anbiq "the cup/container holding water", in turn fr Greek. 97. alambor: Two meanings in Spanish with two different etymologies. 1)Embankment, from Andalusi Arabic Harabul "rim", from classical Arabic verb Hawwala, "to alter". 2) Type of Orange tree. From Catalan l'ambor, singular of els zambors, derived from Andalusi Arabic Azzambu.

Alacrn, scorpion

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 98. alamn: Village judge who decided on irrigation distribution or official who measured weights. From Arabic al amin. 99. alamud: Steel bar used to close windows. From Arabic amud. 100. alaqueca: A type of blood-coloured quartz. From Arabic 'aqiq. 101. alrabe: Arab. From Andalusi Arabic (maintaining the definite article al arabi. 102. alarde/alardear: To boast/to show off. From Arabic ,show (Alaard ) 103. alarife: 1)Architect 2) Builder (in mining) 2) Astute or quick witted person (in Argentina and Uruguay). From Arabic al 'arif: The expert. 104. alarije (uva): A type of grape. From Arabic al'aris. 105. alaroz: Crossbar which divides a window or a door. From Arabic al'arud: Obstacle placed to block entry. 106. alaroza: Fiance or newly wed wife. From Arabic Andalusi Arabic al arusa. 107. alatar: Drug, spice or perfume dealer. From Arabic al attar. 108. alatrn: Nitrate foam. From Arabic nattrun. 109. alazn/alazano: Reddish cinnamon coloured. (Used commonly to describe horses). From Arabic al ashab. 110. alazor: safflower. From Arabic al usfur. 111. albacara: Wall around a fortress (within which cattle were normally kept. From Arabic bab al-baqqara The cattle door. baqara ( )means "cow" in Arabic. 112. albacea: executor (of a will). From Andalusi Arabic Sahb al Wassiya (" ;) the owner of the will". 113. albacora: Albacore. From Arabic al-bakura "premature" or al-bakrah "young camel." 114. albadena: Type of tunic or silk dress. From Arabic badan: Type of shirt which covers the torso. 115. albahaca: Basil. From Arabic habaqah. 116. albaho: Pale yellowish colour (used commonly for cattle). From Arabic bahi: Shining. 117. albal: Official document. From Arabic al bara'ah. 118. albaida: Anthyllis cystoides (Flowering plant). From Arabic al baida: "The white one". 119. albanega:1) Net used for hair. 2) Rabbit trap. From Arabic al baniqa. 120. albaal: Sewer. From Andalusi Arabic al ball: "Swallower". 121. albail: Construction worker. From Andalusi Arabic al banni. Originally from classical Arabic banna. 122. albaqua: The remainder. From Arabic al-baqi ( )of the same meaning. 123. albarn: Invoice. From Arabic al-bara'ah. 124. albarazo: Vitiligo. From Andalusi Arabic Al-Barash. 125. albarda: Pack-saddle. From Arabic al-barda'ah. 126. albardn: Clown or fool. From Andalusi Arabic albardn: "insolent". Originally from Classical Arabic bardan: "Idiot (Cold headed)". 127. albardn: Plant endemic to the Spanish steppes, similar in nature and use to Esparto. From Arabic "al-bardi": "papyrus". 128. albaricoque: Apricot. From Arabic al-barqouq (" )plum" or "early-ripe." 129. albarrada: 1) Same meaning as alcarraza (Clay vase). 2) Stone Wall. From Arabic al-barradah: "the cooler". 130. albarrn: 1) Farm boy 2) Shepherd 3)Person with no fixed residence. From Andalusi Arabic al-barrani: "Outsider". 131. albatoza: Small, covered boat. From Arabic al-gattosha: grebe (Due to the Arabic custom of giving names of birds to vessels. 132. albayalde: Cerrusite. From Arabic al-bayad. 133. albitar: Vet. From Arabic al-baytar. 134. albenda: Decorated white linen. From Arabic al-band. 135. alberca: Water deposit for irrigation. From Arabic al-birka. 136. albrchigo: Apricot tree. From Andalusi Arabic albershiq.

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 137. albihar: Mayweed. From Arabic Al-Bahar. 138. albitana: 1)Fence to protect plants in gardening. 2) Prolongation of the keel or stern post of a ship. From Arabic al-bitana. 139. alboaire: 140. albogue: Single-reed clarinet used in Spain. From Arabic al-bq (): The horn or the trumpet. 141. alboheza 142. albohol 143. albolln 144. albndiga: meatball; ball. From Arabic al-bunduqa (" )the ball." 145. albrbola 146. alborga: matweed sandal. From Arabic albla 147. alborna 148. albornoz: Bath-robe. From al-burnos (" ;)bathrobe". 149. alborona 150. alboroque 151. alboroto: Riot, joy. Comes from arabism alborozo (joy), from andalus-arab al-burz derived from Classical Arabic al-burz, "military parade previous to a campaign". 152. alborozo 153. albotn 154. albricias 155. albudeca 156. albufera 157. albur 158. alcabala: A tax. 159. alcabor 160. alcabtea 161. alcacel 162. alcachofa: Artichoke. From al-arshoof of the same meaning. 163. alcaduz: Water pipe. From Arabic Qds ( )meaning "water-wheel scoop" 164. alcafar 165. alcahaz: Birdcage. From Arabic qafa ( )of the same meaning 166. alcahuete: Accomplice, a person who helps another in a love affair, specially an illicit one; gossipy person. Alcahuete comes from hispanic arabic alqawwad (the messenger), and this from Classical Arabic qawwad. This "messenger" carried messages to a married woman's lover. By extension it became commonly known as any person who sets up a love affair, generally illicit. 167. alcaicera 168. alcaide: 169. alcalde: Mayor. From Arabic al-qadi (the judge). Qadi comes from the verb qada (to judge). 170. lcali: alkali. From Arabic qalawi ( )of the same meaning. 171. alcaller 172. alcamiz 173. alcamonas 174. alcana 175. alcan 176. alcanca: Clay money box, penny or piggy bank. From Andalusi Arabic alkanzyya, derived from classical Arabic kanz: treasure. 177. alcndara

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 178. alcanda 179. alcandora 180. alcanera 181. alcanfor 182. alcntara/alcantarilla: drain; From Arabic al-qantarah meaning bridge. 183. alcaparra: caper. From Andalusian Arabic al-kaparra. Via Latin and Greek. 184. alcaravn 185. alcaravea 186. alcarcea 187. alcarraza 188. alcarria: 189. alcatanes 190. alcatara (or alquitara) 191. alcatifa 192. alcatraz: a bird of the Sulidae family, from arabic al-qars, meaning sea eagle. 193. alcaucil, artichoke. From Spanish Arabic: alqabsl[a], that comes from mozarab diminutive kapia, and this from Spanish Latin: captia, head. (Standard latin, Caput-itis) 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. alcavela alcazaba alczar: citadel; palace. From Arabic al-qasr (" )the citadel." alcazuz (or orozuz) alcoba: alcove. From Arabic al-qubba "the vault" or "the arch." alcohela alcohol: from Arabic al-kuhul ( )fine powder of antimony sulfide used as eye makeup. alcoholar alcolla alcor alcora alcorc alcorque alcorza alcotn alcotana alcrebite alcuacil alcubilla alcua alcuza alcuzcuz alchub aldaba aldea/aldeano: Village/Villager. aldiza alefriz aleja

222. alejija 223. alema

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. alerce aletra aleve/alevoso/alevosa aleya alfaba alfbega alfada alfaguara: Geyser. From Arabic fawwra (): spout, fountain, jet d'eau alfahar/alfaharera alfaida alfajeme alfajor: Sweet almond shortbread. From Spanish Arabic far, and this from Persian afor (juice). alfalfa: alfalfa. From Arabic al-fafaa literally "the best kind of fodder" alfaneque (two meanings, a type of bird, from Arabic al-fanak and a tent from Berber afarag) alfanje: A type of sword. From The Arabic al-janyar "dagger" alfaque alfaqueque alfaqu alfaqun alfaraz alfarda (two meanings from al-farda and from al-fardda) alfarero: potter alfardn alfareme alfarje alfarrazar alfaya alfayate alfazaque alfizar: Window ledge. From Arabic al-Hayzar "the one which takes possession". alfeique alfereca alferez alferraz alferza alficoz alfil: bishop, in chess. From Arabic al-feel (" )the elephant." alfilel/alfiler alfinge alfitete alfiz alfol alfombra (two meanings from al-jumra and al-humra) alfndega alforfn

269. alforja: saddlebag. From Arabic al-khurj ( " ) saddle-bag," portmanteau 270. alforre

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. alforrocho alforza alfstigo alfoz: Neighborhood, district. From Arabic hauz ( )meaning "Precinct" or "City limits" algaba algadara algaida algalaba algalia algalife algar algara algarada algaraba: incomprehensible talk; gabble; gibberish. From Arabic al-'arabiya: "Arabic". algarivo algarazo: Short rainstorm. From Arabic al 'ard: "cloud". algarrada

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288. algarrobo: carob. From Arabic al-kharouba "the carob." 289. algavaro 290. algazafn 291. algazara 292. algazul 293. lgebra: algebra. From the name of al-Khwarizmi' book Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala "The Calculus of Subtraction and Equality." 294. algecireo 295. algodn, "cotton", from Arabic "al-qun ("), meaning "the cotton" 296. algorfa 297. algoritmo, algorithm, that comes from the name of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, , famous mathematician. 298. algorza: 299. alguacil, "Sherrif", from Arabic "al-wazr ()," meaning "Minister" 300. alguaquida: fuel for a fire. From Arabic waqda ( )meaning "Fuel" 301. alguaza: Window or door hinge.From Arabic wasl "juncture". A (Alhadida to Azumbre) 1. alhadida: Old Spanish term for Hadith. 2. alhaite: jewel. From Arabic al hayt "string". 3. alhaja: jewel. From Arabic al-hagah "the valuable thing." 4. alhamar: Red matress or bed cover. From Arabic hanbal: fur bedcover. 5. alhamel: (Andalusian Spanish) Beast of burden or human porter. From Arabic hammal. 6. alham: Stone bench normally covered with azulejos. Refers to the Grenadine town of Alhama. 7. alhandal: Colocynth. From Arabic Alhanzal. 8. alhana: 1) Bedroom 2) cupboard 3) A type of small mattress. From Andalusi Arabic al haniyya: Alcove. 9. alhaqun: Weaver. From Arabic plural Al Hayikeen. Weavers. 10. alharaca: Violent reaction to a small issue. From Arabic haraka. 11. alhavara: Flour. From Arabic huwara. 12. alhel: Aegean Wallflower. From Arabic hiri.

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 13. alhea: Spanish word for Henna and the plant from which it is derived. 14. alholva:Fenugreek. From Arabic hulbah15. alhor: Same meaning and etymology as more commonly used term Alfol. 16. alhorre: 1) Feaces of newly born child. From Arabic hur: feaces. 2)Skin rash common in babies. Commonly used in expression yo te curar el alhorre when threatening to beat a child. From Arabic Shakatu el hurr, skin infection. 17. alhorra: (or ahorra): Expression used for when a slave is freed. From Arabic al-hurriya: Freedom. 18. alhucema: Lavender. From Arabic: huzama. 19. alhucea 20. alhurreca 21. aliacn 22. aliara 23. alicante 24. alicatar 25. alicate 26. alidada 27. alifa 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. alifafe (two meanings from an-nafakh and al-lifah) alifara alijar alimara alioj alirn alizace alizar aljaba aljabibe aljama aljama/aljamiado: Medieval Romance Spanish or Mozarabic written in Arabic script. aljaraz aljarfa aljbana aljerife aljez aljibe aljfar/aljofarar aljofifa aljor (or aljez) aljuba aljuma aagaza almacabra almacn: deposit, dry goods store. From Arabic al-majzan of makhzan (" )the storage" or "the depot." almacera almciga

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56. almadn 57. almdena

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 58. almada 59. almadraba: Tuna fishing in Andalusia and particularly in Cadiz province. From Andalusi Arabic Al-madraba, "place where one beats something or fights", in reference to the fishing technique. 60. almadraque 61. almagazn 62. almagra 63. almahala 64. almaizar 65. almaja 66. almajaneque 67. almajar 68. almajara 69. almalafa 70. almanaque: almanac (see etymology section in the article for further discussion). From Arabic al-manakh (" )the climate." Or possibly from Greek almenichiakon "calendar." 71. almacebe 72. almarada 73. almarbate 74. almarcha 75. almarjo 76. almarr 77. almarraja or almarraza 78. almrtaga (two meanings, from al-marta'a and al martak) 79. almstica 80. almatroque 81. almazara 82. almazarrn 83. almea (two meanings, from almay'a and 'alima) 84. almeja 85. almenara (two meanings, from al-manara and al-minhara) 86. almez 87. almbar 88. almicantarat 89. almijar 90. almijara 91. almijarra 92. almimbar 93. alminar 94. almiraj/almiraje/almiral 95. almirez 96. almizate 97. almizcle/almizque 98. almocadn 99. almocafre 100. almocrabe 101. almoceda 102. almocrebe

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Arabic influence on the Spanish language 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. almocr almodn almfar almofariz almofa almofrej/almofrez almogama almogvar almohada: Pillow, from Arabic al-makhada with the same meaning. almohade almoharrefa almohaza almojbana almojama (see mojama) almojarife almojaya almona almoneda almoraduj/almoradux almorvide: almor almorona: See alborona. almorzar almotacn almotalafe almotazaf/almotazn almozala/almozalla almud almudano almuerzo almunia alpargata alpechn alquera: farmhouse. From Arabic al-qaria "the village." aloque aloqun alpargata alquequenje alquera alquermes alquerque (Two meanings from al-qirq and al-qariq) alquez alquezar alquibla alquicel

13

148. alquilar: Rent. 149. alquimia

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. alquinal alquitira alquitrn alrota altabaca altama altramuz alubia: pea bean aludel aluquete/luquete alloza amn mbar mel amn amir anacalo anacora anafaga anafalla/anafaya anafe anaquel andorra andrajo anea anejir anfin anorza anteba aacal aacea/aacear aafea aafil aagaza aascar aazme aicos ail (ultimately from Sanskrit nilah "dark blue") arab arancel arbelln/arbolln arch argadillo argamandel argamula

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195. argn 196. argel

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. argolla arguello/arguellarse arije arimez arjorn arnad arrab arrabal arracada arrez arrayn arrecife arrejaque/arrejacar arrelde arrequife arrequive arriate

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214. arrics 215. arroba 216. arrobda 217. arrocabe 218. arrope 219. arroz: Rice. 220. scar/scari 221. asequi 222. asesino: assassin. From Arabic hashshshin "someone who is addicted to hashish (marijuana)." Was originally use to refer to the followers of the Persian Hassan-i-Sabah () , the Hashshashin. 223. atabaca 224. atabal 225. atabe 226. atacar : to tie, to button up. From Andalusi Arabic tkka, originally from classical Arabic tikkah, ribbon used to fasten clothes. Not to be confused with atacar with the meaning of "to attack", of Italian origin. 227. atacir 228. atafarra/ataharre 229. atafea 230. atahona 231. atahorma 232. ataifor 233. ataire 234. atalaya 235. atalvina 236. atambor 237. atanor 238. atanqua 239. ataracea 240. atarazana 241. atarfe

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. atarjea atarraga atarraya atad: Coffin. atauja ataurique atifle atijara atncar atoba atocha atracae atoque atraca/atriaca atn: Tuna. atuta auge: Surge/rise.

16

259. aulaga 260. avera 261. ayatol 262. azabache 263. azabara 264. azacn 265. azacaya 266. azache 267. azafate/azafata 268. azafrn: saffron. From Arabic za'firan of the same meaning. Perhaps from safra "yellow." 269. azahar: White flower, especially from the orange tree. From Spanish Arabic azzahr, and this from Classic Arabic zahr, flowers 270. azal 271. azamboa 272. azndar 273. azaque 274. azaquefa: Covered portico or patio. From Andalusi Arabic assaqifa, portico. 275. azar: luck; chance. From Arabic az-zahr "the dice." or North African Arabic az-zhar "luck". 276. azarbe 277. azarcn 278. azarja 279. azarnefe 280. azarote 281. azfar 282. azofra/azofrar 283. azogue (two meanings: from az-za'uq and from as-suq) 284. azolvar 285. azor 286. azorafa 287. azote: Smacking, beating, scourge. From Arabic Sawt.

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 288. azotea: Flat roof or terrace. From Andalusi Arabic assutyha, diminutive of sath, terrace in classical Arabic. 289. azoya 290. azcar: sugar. From Arabic ( )sukkar of the same meaning. 291. azucar 292. azucena 293. azuche 294. azud 295. azufaifa/azufaifo 296. azul: Blue. Derived from Arabic Lazaward. 297. azulaque (or zulaque) 298. azulejo 299. azmbar 300. azumbre: Measurement for liquids equivalent to around two litres. From Del Andalusi Arabic aTTmn, and this from classical Arabic: Tum[u]n, "an eighth". B 1. babismo: Babism. From Arabic " door." 2. babucha: Slippers. From Arabic Baboush, itself from Latin pede[m], "foot". 3. badal: Cut of meat from the back and ribs of cattle, close to the neck. From Andalusi Arabic bad'a "Calf muscle" derived from classical Arabic bad'ah "piece". 4. badn: Trunk of an animal. From Arabic badan. 5. badana: 1) Sheepskin, 2) hat lining 3) Lazy person. From Arabic bitana, "lining". 6. badea: 1) Watermelon or Melon of bad quality. 2) Insipid cucumber 3) Weak person 4) Unimportant thing. From Arabic battiha: "bad melon". 7. badn: Dip in land, road, sidewalk or ford. From Arabic batin: Sunken (land). 8. bagarino: Free or hired sailor, as opposed to a press-ganged or enslaven one. Same origin as bahar. 9. bagre: a freshwater fish that has no scales and has a chin. From Arabic baghir or baghar. 10. bahar: Bird of prey. From Arabic bahri: "from the sea". 11. baja: pasha, Turkish officer or governor of high rank. From Arabic basha ultimately from Turkish pasha of the same meaning. 12. balad: 1) Unimportant thing or matter. 2) Something of the land our country. From Arabic baladiy "From the country". 13. balaj/balaje: Purple ruby. From Arabic Balahshi: From Balahshan (region in central Asia where these stones are found). 14. balate 15. balda (and baldo) 16. baldar 17. balde: 1)Free. 2) without cause or 3) in vain. from Arabic batil "false" or "useless." 18. bancal 19. bao 20. baraka 21. barbacana 22. barcino 23. bardaje 24. bardoma/bardomera 25. barragn 26. barrio-area or district

17

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. C 1. cabila: tribe of Berbers or Bedouins. From Arabic qabila "tribe." 2. cachera 3. cad 4. cadira 5. caf: coffee. From qahwa of the same meaning. 6. cfila 7. cafiz (or cahiz) 8. cafre 9. caftn 10. cid (same origin as alcaide) 11. caimacn 12. cala 13. calabaza: Pumpkin or squash. From Arabic qerabat, plural of qerbah, meaning wineskin. 14. calafate/calafatear 15. calahorra bata (either from Arabic batt of French ouate) batn batea baurac bayal baza (either Arabic or Italian origin) bazar-bazaar belez bellota: acorn, the fruit or seed of the oak tree. From Arabic balluta of the same meaning. ben benimern benjui berber berbers bereber berenjena/berenjenal bezaar/bezoar biznaga bocac bodoque/bodocal bfeta brax born borona botor buja bulbul burche buz buzaque

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Arabic influence on the Spanish language 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. cal (same root as lcali) clibo/calibre cambuj camocn canana-cartridge belt cncana/cancanilla cncano cande (in azcar cande) canfor caraba crabe crabo: owl; dog. Taken from qaraab and kalb "dog," respectively. caracoa caramida caramuzal caravana caravasar carcajada/carcajear carcax carmen/carme: From Spanish Arabic krm, and this from Classic Arabic karm, vine. carmes: crimson. From quirmizi carmn carraca carrafa crtama/crtamo catn catifa cazurro cebiche cebt ceca cedoaria cegatero cegr ceje celem/celemn/celeminero cenacho cendolilla cenefa ceneque cen cenia cenit cequ cerbatana

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61. cero: zero. From sifr of the same meaning. 62. cets

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. ceut chafariz chafarote chaleco charrn chifla chilaba (from Moroccan Arabic) chiquero chiriva chisme chivo choz chupa chuzo cian cibica cica

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80. cicalar 81. cicatear 82. cicatero (cicatero has a different root to cicatear) 83. cicln 84. ciclar 85. ciclatn 86. cid 87. cifaque 88. cifra/cifrar 89. cmbara 90. cimboga 91. cimitarra 92. circn 93. citara 94. civeta/civeto 95. coba/cobista 96. cofa 97. coima 98. coime 99. colctar 100. cora 101. Corn 102. corbacho 103. corma 104. cotona 105. cubeba 106. crcuma 107. curdo 108. cuscuta

Arabic influence on the Spanish language D,E 1. dado: die (cube or stamp). From Classical Arabic a'dad "numbers." 2. daga - dagger 3. dahr 4. daifa 5. dante 6. darga (or adarga)-shield 7. drsena-dock/basin 8. daza 9. derviche 10. descafilar 11. destartalado 12. dey 13. dnar 14. dirham 15. divn-divan/couch 16. droga-drug 17. druso 18. dula/dular 19. edris 20. ejarbe 21. elche 22. elem 23. embelecar/embeleco 24. emir (or amir) 25. encaramar 26. enchufar/enchufe: To plug in/plug; To connect, to offer a job or a post through personal connections. From Andalusi Arabic Juf derived from Classical Arabic Jawf: stomach; internal cavity. 27. engarzar-to set/thread 28. enjalma 29. enjarje 30. enjeco 31. escabeche: Pickle or marinade. From Arabic as-sukbaj. Originally from Persian Sekba. 32. escafilar (see descafilar) 33. escaque/escaquear 34. espinaca-spinach 35. exarico

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Arabic influence on the Spanish language F,G 1. faca 2. falagar 3. falca 4. falleba 5. faltriquera-pocket 6. fala/faluca 7. fanega/hanega 8. fanfarrn 9. faranga (or haragn), lazy, idler, loafer 10. farda 11. fardacho 12. farfn 13. frfara 14. farnaca 15. farota 16. farruco 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. fels fetua fez fideo filel foceifiza fondol fondac/fonda foz fulano, "any one" without naming, X of people. Arabic: Fulan. fustal fustete gabn gabela gacel/gacela gafet galacho galanga galbana glibo galima gandula/gandula gaan garama garbino gardacho garfa grgol

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45. garra 46. garrafa

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. H, I 1. habiz 2. habs 3. hachs 4. hacino 5. hadruba 6. hafiz 7. hlara 8. hlara 9. hamud 10. haragn 11. harambel 12. harbar 13. harn 14. harma 15. harn 16. Hasan 17. hasta: Until. From Arabic hatta (same meaning). Influenced by Latin phrase 'ad ista'[3] 18. hataca 19. hazaa 20. he: Adverb used in following manner: "he aqu/ah/all": Here it is/there it is. From Arabic haa.[3] 21. hgira 22. hobacho/hobacha 23. holgazn: Lazy person. From Arabic Kaslan. Influenced by Holgar. 24. holgar 25. hoque/oque 26. horro/horra 27. imam, imn 28. imela 29. islam garrama garroba gazpacho gil gomer granad grisgrs guadamac gujara gujete guala guarismo guifa guilla guma gurapas

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Arabic influence on the Spanish language J, K 1. jabal : Wild Boar. From Arabic jebeli: From the mountains. Perhaps originally from Khanzeer Jebel: Mountain Pig. 2. jabaln 3. jabeca 4. jabeque 5. jab : A type of apple and type of grape. From Andalusi Arabic shab, a type of apple. 6. jcara 7. jcena 8. jacerino 9. jadraque 10. jaez 11. jaguarzo 12. jahar 13. jaharral 14. jaharrar 15. jaima 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. jaique jalear jalma (or enjalma) jaloque jametera jmila japuta jaque jaqueca: Migraine. From Arabic Shaqiqa, with same meaning. jquima jara jarabe jaraz jarcha jareta jaricar jarifo/jarifa jarqua jarra: Pitcher or other pot with handle(s). From arrah, same as english jar. jatib jazarino/jazarina jazmn: jasmine. From Arabic yasmin then from Persian word the same word jebe jeliz jemesa jeque: From Arabic shaikh or sheikh, older jerife: From Arabic sharif, noble, respected. jeta: Snout, face, cheek (in both literal and figurative sense). From Arabic khatm: "snout".

24

44. jifa 45. jinete

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. jirafa: giraffe. From ziraffa of the same meaning. jirel jofaina: a wide and shallow basin for domestic use. From ufaynah. jofor jorfe joroba jorro juba/aljuba/jubn jurda jurel kermes

25

L,M 1. laca: resinous substance tapped from the Lacquer Tree. From Arabic lak, taken from Persian lak, ultimately from Sanskrit laksha literally meaning "one hundred thousand" referring to the large number of insects that gather and sap out all the resin from the trees. 2. lacre 3. lapislzuli: lapis lazuli, a deep blue mineral. From Arabic lazaward ( )from Persian lagvard or lazward, ultimately from Sanskrit rajavarta literally meaning "ringlet of the king." 4. latn: brass. From Arabic latun from Turkish altin "gold." 5. lad: lute. From Arabic al 'ud (" )the lute." 6. lebeche: Southeasterly wind on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. From Andalusi Arabic Labash. 7. leben: a Moorish beverage prepared from soured milk. From Arabic labani (" )dairy." 8. leila: from Arabic layla (" )night." 9. lelil: Shouts and noise made by moors when going into combat or when celebrating parties. From la illaha ila allah( ) : There is no god but Allah; Ya leil ( ): Night of mine; ya 'ayouni ( ) : My eyes. 10. lima: lime. From Arabic limah of the same meaning. 11. limn: lemon. From laymoon ( ), derived from the Chinese word limung. 12. loco: crazy. From Arabic lawqa "fool." 13. macabro 14. macsura 15. madraza 16. magacn 17. magarza/magarzuela 18. maglaca 19. maharon/maharona 20. maharrana/marrana/marrano 21. mahozmedn 22. maimn 23. majareta 24. majzn 25. mamarracho 26. mameluco 27. mamola 28. mandesmo 29. mandil

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. maquila marab maraved marcasita marchamo mrfega marfil marfuz/a margomar marjal marlota marojo maroma marrano pig; cf. Arabic muharram "forbidden". marras mrraga

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46. masamuda: (adj) Individual from the Berber Masmuda tribe, from which originate the Almohades, a movement which ruled Spain and North Africa in the XII century. From Arabic: Masamuda. 47. matafala 48. mrtaga 49. mscara 50. matarife 51. mate 52. matraca 53. matula 54. mauraca 55. mazapn 56. mazar 57. mazarrn 58. mazmodina 59. mazmorra: Dungeon. From Arabic matmura "silo". 60. mazorca: corn cob; roll of wool or cotton. From Andalusi Arabic: Masurqa, derived from classical Arabic Masura ( ): a tube used as a bobbin (sewing) . 61. meca: Place which is attractive because of a particular activity. From Arabic Mekkah(). 62. mechinal 63. mejala 64. mejunje 65. mendrugo 66. mengano/mengana: Expression of similar meaning as fulano or zutano, used always after the former but after the latter, meaning "whoever". From Arabic man kan meaning "whoever". 67. mequetrefe: Nosy or useless person. From Andalusi Arabi qatras meaning person of boastful demeanor. 68. mercal 69. metical 70. mezquino 71. ma: A military term, formerly designating a regular native unit composed of 100 men in the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco; by analogy, any colonial army. From Arabic Mi'ah: one hundred(). 72. mihrab:

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 73. miramamoln 74. moaxaja 75. mogataz 76. mogate 77. moharra 78. moharracho 79. mohatra 80. mohedal 81. mohino 82. mojama (originally almojama): Delicacy of phoenician origin from the region of Cadiz. It consists of filleted salt-cured tuna. From the Arabic al mushama: "momified or waxed". 83. moj 84. momia 85. mona 86. monf 87. morabito 88. moraga 89. morapio 90. mozrabe 91. mudjar 92. muft 93. mujalata 94. mulato: Likely from Muwallad, as with the Muladi. Walad ( ) means, "descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one". According to DRAE, from mulo (mule), in the sense of hybrid. 95. mulqua 96. muslim/muslime: (Adjective) Muslim. From Arabic Muslim (). N, O,P, Q 1. nab: Prophet among arabs. From Arabic nabiy. 2. nacar: Innermost of the three layers of a seashell. From Catalan nacre, derived from Andalusi Arabic naqra, small drum. 3. ncara: Type of small metallic drum used historically by the Spanish cavalry. Same etymology as nacar. 4. nadir: Nadir, the point on the celestial sphere opposite the zenith directly below the observer. From nadheer. 5. ndir: In Morocco, administrator of a religious foundation. 6. nagela: Small hut for human habitation. From Andalusi Arabic nawalla: hut. 7. naife: High quality diamond. From Andalusi Arabic nayif. Originally from classical Arabic na'if: excellent. 8. naipe: Playing card. From Catalan nap. Originally from Arabic ma'ib. 9. naranja: from Arabic nranja, fr Persian nrang, fr Sanskrit nranga, fr a Dravidian language akin to Tamil nau "fragrant". 10. narguile 11. natrn 12. nazar: Related to the Nasrid kingdom or dynasty of Granada. 13. nenfar: Water-lily. From Arabic naylufar from Persian nilofer, niloofar, niloufar. 14. nesga 15. noria: Watermill, Ferris wheel. From Arabic na'urah. 16. nuca: Nape of the neck. From Arabic nu' , via Medieval Latin nucha. 17. ojal: "I hope"; "I wish that...". From law ha allh "God willing." [4]

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Arabic influence on the Spanish language 18. ole! (or ol): The most famous expression of approval, support or encouragement, possibly comes from wa-llah , by Allah! 19. omeya: adj. Related to the Ummayyad. 20. orozuz 21. ox 22. papagayo 23. quermes 24. quilate/quirate 25. quilma 26. quina 27. quintal: weight unit of about 46kg. R,S,T 1. 2. 3. 4. rabadn rabal rabazuz rabel

28

5. rbida 6. rafal 7. rafe 8. ragua 9. rahez 10. ramadn 11. rambla 12. rauda 13. rauta 14. real: Military encampment; plot where a fair is organized; (in Murcia region) small plot or garden. From Arabic rahl: camping. 15. rebato 16. rebite 17. recamar 18. recua 19. redoma 20. rehala 21. rehal 22. rehn: Hostage or captive. From Arabic , captive, ransom. 23. rejalgar: realgar. From Andalusi Arabic reheg al-ghar: "powder of the cave" 24. requive 25. resma 26. retama 27. rincn: Corner. From Andalusi Arabic rukan, derived from classicar Arabic Rukn. 28. robda 29. robo (or arroba) 30. roda 31. rom/rum 32. ronzal 33. roque

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. sajelar salema sanda: Watermelon. From Arabic Sindiya "from Sindh (province in India)". sarasa: Homosexual or effeminate man. From "Zaraza". sarraceno sebestn seccul serafn siroco sof sfora soldn soltan suf sura tabal (or atabal) tabaque

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51. tabefe 52. tabica 53. tabique 54. taca 55. tafurea 56. tagarino/tagarina 57. tagarnina 58. taha 59. tahal 60. tahona 61. tahr 62. taifa: Refers to an independent Muslim-ruled principality, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Crdoba in 1031. Used in numerous expressions. Can also mean 1) a faction 2) a group of people of ill judgement. 3) un reino de Taifas (a kingdom of Taifas) can also refer to a chaotic or disorderly state of affairs. From classical Arabic Ta'ifah: faction. 63. tajea 64. talco 65. talega 66. talvina 67. tmara 68. tamarindo 69. tambor 70. tara 71. taracea 72. taraje 73. taras 74. tarbea 75. tarea 76. tareco

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. tarida tarifa tarima tarqun tarraya taza: cup. From Tasa. trtil tbar tochib tomn toronja toronjil trafalmejas truchimn/na trujamn/na tuera tumbaga Tunec turbit turqu (in Azul Turqu) tuta (or atuta)

30

V,X,Y,Z 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. vacar: from Arabic baqari(" )bovine." velmez: from Arabic malbas(" )clothing." visir: vizier. From Arabic wazir (" )minister." ybel: from Arabic jabal; "mountain" zabalmedina: in the Middle Ages, judge with civil and criminal jurisdiction in a city. From Arabic Sahib al Medina "Chief of the City." 6. zabarcera: women who sells fruits and other food. Same origin as abacero 7. zabazala: imam who leads Islamic prayer. From Arabic SaHb aS-Salah "Leader of prayer." 8. zabazoque: same meaning as almotacn. From Arabic SHb as sq "Leader of the Market." 9. zbila: aloe vera (used mainly in Latin America) From Andalusi Arabic sabra, originally from classical Arabic Sibar. 10. zabra: type of vessel used in the Bay of Biscay in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age. From Arabic zauraq. 11. zacatn: in some villages, a square where clothes are sold. From saqqatin, plural of saqqat: seller of clothes. 12. zafar: a number of meanings in Spain and Latin American countries: To free, to untie, to ignore, to unknit among others. From Arabic azaHa: to take away. 13. zafar: Granada zafar: a type of pomegranate. Higo zafar: a type of fig. From Arabic Safr. 14. zafariche: Structure used for placing clay urns. Same etymology as jaraz (see above). 15. zafio: Uncouth. From Andalusi Arabic Fellah safi: "Mere peasant". 16. zafrn: See Azafran. 17. zaga: Backside of something. Cargo on the back of a truck. From Arabic Saqah: Rear, rearguard. 18. zagal: boy. From Andalusian Arabic zal, traditional Arabic zull. Same meaning. 19. zagaya (or azagaya) 20. zagua

Arabic influence on the Spanish language 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. zagun: hall. From Andalusian Arabic istawn, traditional Arabic usuwn(ah). zaga zaharrn zahn zahn zahora zahor zaida zaino zala zalamel zalea/zalear zalema/zalama zalmedina: Same meaning and origin as zabalmedina. zalona zamacuco

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37. zambra: Traditional festivity of the Moriscos in Spain which is maintained by the Gypsy community of Sacromonte, Granada. From Andalusi Arabic Zamra, originally from classical Arabic Zamr. 38. zanahoria: carrot, presumably from Andalusi Arabic. The only Arabic dialect with a cognate form is Tunisian with sfinaria. 39. zaque: Leather recipient for wine or extracting water from a well. Drunken person. From Andalusi Arabic zaqq. Originally from classical Arabic ziqq. 40. zaquizam 41. zaragelles 42. zaranda/zarandillo/zarandaja 43. zarandear: To shake vigorously / push around / toss about. From Zaranda. 44. Zaratn: Breast Cancer. From the Arabic Saratan: crab. 45. zarazn: 46. zarco 47. zarracatn 48. zarzahn 49. zatara 50. zjel 51. zoco (or azogue): market. From Arabic souk of the same meaning. 52. zofra 53. zorzal: Thrush, intelligent person. From Andalusi Arabic Zurzal, originally from classical Arabic zurzur. 54. zubia: Place where a large amount of water flows. From Arabic Zubya. 55. zulaque 56. zulla 57. zumaque: sumac. From Arabic simaq of the same meaning. 58. zumo: fruit juice. From Arabic zum. 59. zuna: Sunnah, from Arabic Sunnah 60. zurriaga or 'zurriago: Refers to a type of whip and to a lark. From Andalusi Arabic Surriyaqa

Arabic influence on the Spanish language

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Words with a coincidental similarity to Arabic

el. The Spanish definite articles el / la / lo / los / las, like most definite articles in the Romance languages, derive from the Latin demonstratives ille / illa / illud. The similarity to the Arabic article al seems to be a mere coincidence. usted. The formal second-person pronoun usted is derived from a shortening of the old form of address Vuestra merced, as seen in dialectal Spanish vosted, Catalan vost, etc. The possibility of a link with the Arabic word ustdh ('professor'/'doctor') seems very remote.

Other Influences
1. The suffix . Arabic has a very common type of adjective, known as the nisba or relationship adjective, which is formed by adding the suffix - (masc.) o -iyya (fem.) to a noun. This has given Spanish the suffix - (both masc. and fem.), creating adjectives from nouns which indicate relationship or belonging. Examples are Marbell, Ceut, Maghreb, Zaragoc, Andalus or Alfons. 2. Expressions. A number of expressions such as "Ole!" (sometimes spelled "ol" ), possibly from wa'llah, or ojal, from law sha'a Allah, have been borrowed directly from Arabic. Furthermore, many expressions in Spanish might have been calqued from their Arabic equivalent. Examples would be si Dios quiere, que Dios guarde or bendito sea Dios. The generally accepted etymology of hidalgo 'nobleman' Old Spanish fijo d'algo is composed of Latin roots (cf. Modern Spanish hijo 'son' + algo 'something'), but it might be a calque of an Arabic phrase using ibn 'son' to mean simply 'person characterized by (the idea expressed by the following noun)'. In Old Spanish, algo could mean 'wealth, property'. 3. Phonetics: Although the phonetic influence of Arabic on standard peninsular Spanish is considered to be negligible, Arabic influence is thought to have influenced the phonetics of the Andalusian dialect of Spanish (and indirectly certain Latin American dialects). For example, the use of the fricative H, or the substitution of the sh for the ch sound is considered to be a result of contact with Arabic.

Toponyms (place names) in Iberia of Arabic origin

There are hundreds if not thousands of place names derived from Arabic in the Iberian peninsula including provinces and regions, cities, towns, villages and even neighborhoods and streets. They also include geographical features such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys and rivers. Toponyms derived from Arabic are common in all of Spain (including much of the North of the country) except for those regions which never came under Muslim rule or where it was particularly short-lived. These regions include Galicia and the Northern coast (Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque country) as well as northern Catalonia and Aragon. Regions where place names of Arabic origin are particularly common are the Eastern Coast (Valencia and Murcia) and the region of Andalusia. In Portugal, the frequency of Arabic toponyms increases as one travels south in the country. Those toponyms which maintained their pre-Islamic name during the Muslim period were generally Arabized, and the mark of either the old Arabic pronunciation or the popular pronunciation from which it derived is noticeable in their modern names: e.g. Hispalis - Ishbiliya - Sevilla.

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Major towns, cities and regions

Albarracn City of Aragn. Derived from Al Ban Razin, name of the Berber governor of the town. Axarqua Eastern region of Mlaga province, From Arabic Ash-sharqua(): The eastern/oriental (region). Andaluca Most populated and 2nd largest autonomous community in Spain. Derived from , Al Andalus, the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia. Albacete city and province of Castilla-La Mancha. Derived from Arabic Al Basit (( )the plain). Algarve Region of southern Portugal. From Arabic al gharb(), the west. Algeciras City and port in Cadiz province. Derived from Al Jazeera Al Khadra ( ) meaning the green island. Almera City and province of Andaluca. From Al Meraya, the watchtower. Alpujarras (originally Alpuxarras) Region extending South of Granada into Almera. From Arabic Al-Busherat: The grasslands. Badajoz City and province of Extremadura. Badajoz was called Pax Augusta by the romans and most likely the current name is derived from an Arabic corruption of the original Latin name. Calatayud City of Aragn. Derived from Qal'at Ayyb (Arabic ) meaning "(Ayyb) Jobs Fortress". Guadalajara City and province of Castilla la Mancha. From Wd al-ijrah (Arabic ) , River or canyon of Stones. Jan City and province of Andalusia From Arabic Jayyan, crossroads of caravans. Lisboa (Lisbon). Capital of Portugal. Derived from Arabic name: al-'Ishbnah in Arabic ( from Latin Olisippo, ultimately Celtic) Madrid Capital of Spain. Derived from original Arabic name: al-MagrT, : "Source of water", which pertains to Rio Manzanares that flows through it. La Mancha Wide arid steppes covering much of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Cuenca and Albacete provinces. Derived from original Arabic name: la'a Ma-anxa : "No water". Medina Sidonia: Town and municipality in Cadiz province, from madina, city. Tarifa town in Cadiz province, Andalusia. Originally Jazeera Tarif () : the island of Tarif. Derived form the first name of the Berber conqueror Tarif ibn Malik. La Sagra, an arid region between Toledo and Madrid. Name derived from arabic Sahra " desert". Valladolid, a town and province of Castilla y Leon region in northern Spain. Name derived from Balad al-Walid in Arabic, meaning 'Land of Walid'. Ubeda, a town in Jaen province, Andalusia. From the Arabic Ubadat el Arab.

Geographical features
Guadiana river. Meaning "River Anae" (from the original Latin name Fluminus Anae, "River of Ducks"). Guadalquivir river. Derived from Arabic: al-wd al-kabir , "the big river". Javalambre. Mountain in southern Aragon, Jabal 'Amr, meaning "Mountain of 'Amr". Mulhacn. Highest mountain in peninsular Spain. Named after 15th century Arabian Sultan of Granada Ali Muley Hacn Abu al-Hasan. Pico Almanzor. Mountain in the Gredos Mountains of Central Spain. Named after "Almanzor" Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, defacto ruler of Al Andalus in late 10th - early 11th centuries. Cape Trafalgar. From Andalusi Arabic Taraf-al-ghar.

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Given Names and Surnames

Male given names Omar. Ismael, but also a Biblic name, corresponding to the Hebrew Ishmael. Ibrahim. Female given names Almira. Almudena, from al-mudayna, citadel, fortress. From the Virgin of Almudena, patroness of Madrid, Spain. Ftima, derived from Our Lady of Ftima. Soraya, probably popularized after the late Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari. Yasmine, meaning "Jasmine Flower". Zahira, popular in Latin America.

Surnames A few given names taken from Arabic, or with indirect Arabic etymology, are commonly used in the Spanish-speaking world. Surnames of indirect Arabic origin, such as Medina, Almunia, Guadarrama or Alcaide are much more common, often referring to toponyms or professions. Few, if any, Arabic surnames names remain as a result of Muslim descendence. The reason being that it was common practice, throughout Spanish history for ethnic and religious minorities to change their surnames to escape persecution by the Catholic Church. Furthermore, Spanish Muslims were compelled to adopt Christian surnames by a series of royal decrees in the 16th century. 17th century Morisco leader Muhammad Ibn Ummaya, for example, was born to the Christian name Fernando de Crdoba y Valor. Alcaide, meaning governor or commander of a Spanish fortress or prison. Alfonso, transliterated from the name "Alfonsh"[5] Guadarrama, taken from the from the name of the mountain range between Segovia and Madrid. In Arabic: "wd al-ramah".[6] Medina, meaning Dweller at or near the market or one who had returned from the market also from the city of Medina in western Saudi Arabia, the second most holy city of Islam. According to the Instituto Genealgico e Histrico Latino-Americano, the Medina surname originated principally in the Spanish areas of Burgos and Andalusia.[7]

See also
Influence of Arabic on other languages List of Arabic loanwords in English List of French words of Arabic origin List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

Suggestions for further research

In the English language, search the online catalogs of United States university libraries using the Library of Congress (LC) subject heading, "Spanish language foreign elements". When searching Spanish language Web sites, use the subject term, "arabismos".

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Selected reference works and other academic literature

These works have not necessarily been consulted in the preparation of this article. Abu-Haidar, J. A. 1985. Review of Felipe Mallo Salgado, Los arabismos del castellano en la baja edad media (consideraciones histricas y filolgicas). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 48(2): 353-354. University of London. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/ sici?sici=0041-977X%281985%2948%3A2%3C353%3ALADCEL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X [8] Cabo Pan, Jos Luis. El legado del arabe [9]. Mosaico 8:7-10. Revista para la Promocin y Apoyo a la Enseanza del Espaol. Ministerio de Educacin y Ciencia del Reino de Espaa, Consejera de Educacin y Ciencia en Blgica, Pases Bajos y Luxemburgo. [Article with convenient, short word lists, grouped by theme. In PDF. Refer to Mosaico's portal page. [10] ] Corriente, Federico. 2003. Diccionario de arabismos y voces afines en iberorromance. (2nd expanded ed.; 1st ed. 1999) Madrid: Gredos. 607 p. Real Academia Espaola (Royal Spanish Academy). Diccionario de la lengua espaola (DRAE) [2], online. Mallo Salgado, Felipe. 1991/1998. Los arabismos del castellano en la Baja Edad Media : consideraciones histricas y filolgicas. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. 554 p. [2nd ed., corrected and enlarged; 1st ed. 1983] Ibid. 1996. Vocabulario de historia rabe e islmica. Madrid: Akal. 330 p. Pezzi, Elena. 1995. Arabismos: estudios etimolgicos. Almera: Universidad de Almera. 160 p. Sola-Sol, Josep Mara. 1983. Sobre rabes, judos y marranos y su impacto en la lengua y literatura espaolas. Barcelona: Puvill. 279 p. Toro Lillo, Elena. La invasin rabe. Los rabes y el elemento rabe en espaol. In the Cervantes Virtual Library [11] . Includes a brief list of historical sound changes. Useful bibliography.

Selected resource pages of universities and research institutes

Instituto de Estudios Islmicos y del Oriente Prximo. Search results consisting of Institute publications whose entries contain the word "arabismos" [12] Universidad de Granada. Holdings under the subject "arabismos" [13]

External links
La invasin rabe. Los rabes y el elemento rabe en espaol [11], by Elena Toro Lillo; Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes Arabic Influences in Various Languages [14]

References
[1] ENSEANZA DEL ACERVO LXICO RABE DE LA LENGUA ESPAOLA (http:/ / cvc. cervantes. es/ ensenanza/ biblioteca_ele/ asele/ pdf/ 13/ 13_0697. pdf) "El lxico espaol de procedencia rabe es muy abundante: se ha sealado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total". [2] http:/ / www. rae. es [3] The Diccionario de la Lengua Espaola (http:/ / buscon. rae. es/ draeI/ SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3& LEMA=hasta) of the Real Academia Espaola [4] http:/ / buscon. rae. es/ draeI/ SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3& LEMA=ojal DRAE entry [5] baheyeldin.com/.../portuguese-and-spanish-names-and-their-arabic-equivalents.html [6] http:/ / www. answers. com/ topic/ guadarrama-1 [7] http:/ / genealogy. about. com/ library/ surnames/ m/ bl_name-MEDINA. htm [8] http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0041-977X%281985%2948%3A2%3C353%3ALADCEL%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-X [9] http:/ / www. sgci. mec. es/ be/ media/ pdfs/ articulos/ Mosaico083. pdf

Arabic influence on the Spanish language

[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] http:/ / www. sgci. mec. es/ be/ publicaciones/ mosaico/ articulos. htm http:/ / www. cervantesvirtual. com/ servlet/ SirveObras/ scclng/ 01350531966682286190680/ p0000001. htm http:/ / www. ieiop. com/ publicaciones/ buscador. php http:/ / adrastea. ugr. es/ search*spi/ dArabismos/ darabismos/ -3%2C-1%2C0%2CB/ exact& FF=darabismos& 1%2C14%2C http:/ / www2. ignatius. edu/ faculty/ turner/ arabicspanish. htm

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Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

Arabic influence on the Spanish language Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=369379987 Contributors: Aeusoes1, Ahmad2099, An--egyptian--girl, Asterion, Aziz1005, Belchman, BorgQueen, Burgas00, Cbdorsett, CultureDrone, DH85868993, Davecrosby uk, Dbachmann, Dividing, Drmaik, Dwo, Echuck215, Eekerz, Egypt42, Epf, Eric Shalov, FayssalF, FilipeS, FordPrefect42, Garcilaso, Gibmetal77, Gobonobo, Gonbal2, Grafen, Gundisalvo, Guzman ramirez, Hameryko, Harriherrihorri, Hempfel, Hippietrail, Hraefen, Hurmata, Hussam al-Hariri, Hussam ksa, Inahet, Izmir2, J Di, Jagged, Jagged 85, Jeff3000, Jidan, John, John254, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jotamar, Karimobo, Khaled hosny, Kotabatubara, Kwamikagami, LilHelpa, Locos epraix, Louanna007, MK8, Madler, Marquez, Martin253, MartinezMD, Mboverload, Mellamoandres, Misheu, Nordisk varg, Not home, P.4.P. No. 1, Pradiptaray, R9tgokunks, Ramirez72, Randomlychaotic, Richard Ye, Rofl, Sahfrei, Sebatianalfar, Severo, Sirmylesnagopaleentheda, Sobreira, Suirea, Szfski, TDogg310, Tabletop, Thiseye, TrueColour, Wachowich, WereSpielChequers, 185 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Mosque of Cordoba Spain.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mosque_of_Cordoba_Spain.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Steven J. Dunlop, Nerstrand, MN Image:Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Corn_Poppy_(Papaver_rhoeas).jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Midimacman Image:ChessSet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ChessSet.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Andrew69., BrokenSegue, Dbenbenn, Interpretix, Roberto Cruz, 2 anonymous edits Image:Black scorpion.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Black_scorpion.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Dbenbenn, EugeneZelenko, Inductiveload, Kilom691, Santana-freitas, 1 anonymous edits

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/