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STATISTICS
o als w le No ilab p a av iAp on
S T
A T I S T I C S
administers a plan to guard member countries against the risk of a major disruption of oil supplies; coordinates national efforts to conserve energy and develop alternative energy sources, as well as to limit pollution and energy-related climate change; and disseminates information on the world energy market and seeks to promote stable international trade in energy.
SUPPLY TRANSFORMATION CONSUMPTION ENERGY BALANCES PRICES EMISSIONS OUTLOOK ENERGY INDICATORS CONVERSION FACTORS GLOSSARY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S U P P L Y
Coal/peat Hydro
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear Other*
2010
Biofuels Hydro and waste 10.0% 2.3% Nuclear 5.7% Natural gas 21.4% Other* 0.9%
Coal/peat 24.6%
Coal/peat 27.3%
Oil 32.4%
6 107 Mtoe
12 717 Mtoe
BY FUEL
OECD
OECD total primary energy supply* from 1971 to 2011 by fuel (Mtoe)
6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011
Coal/peat Hydro
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear Other**
2011
Biofuels Hydro and waste 4.9% 2.3% Nuclear 10.2% Other** 1.4%
Coal/peat 22.6%
Coal/peat 20.0%
Oil 52.6%
Oil 36.3%
3 740 Mtoe
5 305 Mtoe
*Excludes electricity trade. **Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.
S U P P L Y
OECD China
Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Asia* Africa Bunkers** Non-OECD Americas
2010
Non-OECD Americas Africa 5.4% 4.6% Asia* 12.0% China 19.1% Bunkers** 2.8%
OECD 61.4%
OECD 42.4%
6 107 Mtoe
12 717 Mtoe
*Asia excludes China. **Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers.
BY REGION
OECD
OECD total primary energy supply* from 1971 to 2011 by region (Mtoe)
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011
OECD Americas
OECD Europe
2011
OECD Europe 32.9%
3 740 Mtoe
5 305 Mtoe
S U P P L Y
5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
OECD China
2011
Non-OECD China Americas 5.1% Asia** 9.6% Non4.2% OECD Europe and Eurasia 16.5% OECD 23.9% Africa 11.0% OECD 21.4%
2 869 Mt
4 011 Mt
10
*Includes crude oil, NGL, feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. **Asia excludes China.
Producers
Mt
% of world total
12.9 12.7 8.6 5.4 5.1 4.2 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.5 36.6
Net exporters Saudi Arabia Russian Federation Nigeria Islamic Rep. of Iran United Arab Emirates Iraq Venezuela Angola Norway Mt 333 246 129 126 105 94 87 84 78 71 609 1 962 United States Peoples Rep. of China Japan India Korea Germany Italy France Others Total 2010 data Netherlands Singapore Others Total 513 235 181 164 119 93 84 64 60 57 483 2 053 Net importers Mt
517 510 346 215 203 169 149 148 144 139
Mexico
4 011 100.0
2010 data
11
S U P P L Y
3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
OECD China
2011
China Non-OECD 3.0% Asia* Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 9.6% Americas 25.7% 4.9% Africa 5.8%
OECD 71.3%
OECD 35.6%
1 226 bcm
3 388 bcm
*Asia excludes China.
12
Producers
bcm
% of world total
20.0 19.2 4.7 4.5 4.4 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.4 33.3 Net exporters Russian Federation Qatar Norway Canada Algeria Indonesia Netherlands Turkmenistan Nigeria bcm 196 119 99 63 49 46 33 29 26 22 152 834 Japan Italy Germany United States Korea Ukraine Turkey France Others United Kingdom Spain Others Total 116 70 68 55 47 44 43 41 37 34 279 834 Net importers bcm
Russian Federation United States Canada Qatar Islamic Rep. of Iran Norway Peoples Rep. of China Saudi Arabia Indonesia Netherlands Rest of the world World 2011 data
Malaysia
*Net exports and net imports include pipeline gas and LNG.
2011 data
13
S U P P L Y
8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971 1975
Coal Production
Coal* production from 1971 to 2011 by region (Mt)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2011
OECD China
2011
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 8.5% China 45.9%
OECD 56.2%
3 041 Mt
7 783 Mt
14
*Includes steam coal, coking coal, lignite and recovered coal. **Asia excludes China.
Producers
Mt
% of world total
45.9 12.9 7.5 5.3 4.8 4.3 3.3 2.4 1.8 1.5 10.3
Peoples Rep. of China 3 576 United States India Australia Indonesia Russian Federation South Africa Germany Poland Kazakhstan Rest of the world World 2011 data 1 004 586 414 376 334 253 189 139 117 795
Net exporters
Indonesia Australia Russian Federation United States Colombia South Africa Kazakhstan Canada Vietnam Mongolia Others Total 2011 data
Mt
309 285 99 85 76 70 34 24 23 22 14 1 041
Net importers
Peoples Rep. of China Japan Korea India Chinese Taipei Germany United Kingdom Turkey Italy Malaysia Others Total 2011 data
Mt
177 175 129 101 66 41 32 24 23 21 213 1 002
7 783 100.0
15
S U P P L Y
3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1971 1975
Nuclear Production
Nuclear production from 1971 to 2010 by region (TWh)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
OECD
Asia*
China
Other**
2010
Asia* China 2.6% 2.7% Other** 1.2% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 10.5%
OECD 92.8%
OECD 83.0%
203 TWh
2 756 TWh
16
*Asia excludes China. **Other includes Africa, Non-OECD Americas and the Middle East.
% of
Producers TWh world
total
United States France Japan Russian Federation Korea Germany Canada Ukraine Peoples Rep. of China United Kingdom Rest of the world World 2010 data 839 429 288 170 149 141 91 89 74 62 424 30.4 15.6 10.4 6.2 5.4 5.1 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 15.5 Installed capacity United States France Japan Russian Federation Germany Korea Ukraine Canada United Kingdom Sweden Rest of the world World 2010 data Sources: IEA, Commissariat lnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (France). 2 756 100.0 GW Country 101 63 49 24 20 18 14 13 11 9 53 375 France Ukraine Korea Japan Germany United States Russian Federation United Kingdom Canada Peoples Rep. of China Rest of the world* World 2010 data
(top-ten producers)
17
S U P P L Y
4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971
Hydro Production
Hydro* production from 1971 to 2010 by region (TWh)
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
OECD China
2010
Asia** 7.4% Non-OECD Americas 19.1% Africa 3.1%
1 294 TWh
3 516 TWh
*Includes pumped storage. **Asia excludes China.
18
Producers
TWh
% of world total
20.5 11.5 10.0 8.1 4.8 3.4 3.3 2.6 2.2 1.9 31.7
Peoples Rep. of China Brazil Canada United States Russian Federation Norway India Japan Venezuela France
Installed capacity
GW Country
Peoples Rep. of China 171 United States Brazil Canada Japan Russian Federation India Norway France Italy Rest of the world World 2009 data Sources: IEA, United Nations. 100 79 75 47 47 37 30 25 21 331 963
(top-ten producers)
Norway Brazil Venezuela Canada Peoples Rep. of China Russian Federation India France Japan United States Rest of the world** World 2010 data
3 516 100.0
19
T R A N S F O R M A T I O N
Refining by Product
World refinery production from 1971 to 2010 by product (Mt)
5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2010
Other products 14.2% LPG/ethane/ naphtha Motor 8.7% gasoline 23.0%
2 719 Mt
3 834 Mt
20
Producers
Mt
802 403 240 206 178 120 101 100 97 94
% of world total
20.9 10.5 6.3 5.4 4.6 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 39.0 Net exporters
United States Peoples Rep. of China Russian Federation India Japan Korea Germany Canada Brazil Saudi Arabia
Mt
Russian Federation 111 Saudi Arabia India United States Kuwait Venezuela Algeria Italy Netherlands Korea 50 42 30 29 25 19 16 15 13 122 Japan Hong Kong (China) Peoples Rep. of China Mexico France Germany Indonesia Brazil Others Singapore Australia Others Total* 2010 data Total* 2010 data 26 21 20 19 19 18 16 15 15 13 228 Net importers
Mt
*The discrepancy between total net exports and total net imports arises from different data sources and possible misallocation of bunkers into exports for some countries.
410
21
T R A N S F O R M A T I O N
Refining by Region
World refinery throughput* from 1971 to 2010 by region (Mt)
5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
OECD China
2010
China Asia** 10.8% 11.7% Non-OECD Americas 6.2% Africa 3.1%
2 738 Mt
3 889 Mt
22
*Includes crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons. **Asia excludes China.
Peoples Rep. of China** 10 137 Russian Federation 5 371 Japan India Korea Germany Italy Saudi Arabia Brazil 4 594 4 163 3 003 2 183 2 132 2 116 1 981
Mt
382 Net importers United States Peoples Rep. of China Japan India Germany Korea France Singapore
Russian Federation 357 Islamic Rep. of Iran Nigeria Venezuela 134 123 112
Mt
483 254 207 122 110 106 83 72 69 68 627 2 201
United Arab Emirates 101 Kuwait Iraq Norway Angola 99 86 86 81 611 2 172
93 389 100.0
Others Total 2010 data
*Crude oil and oil products. **Includes unlisted small teapot refineries which are estimated at 500 kb/cd (i.e. calendar day).
23
T R A N S F O R M A T I O N
Fossil thermal
Nuclear
Hydro
Other**
2010
Other** 3.7% Coal/peat 40.6%
Oil 24.7%
Oil 4.6%
6 115 TWh
21 431 TWh
24
*Excludes pumped storage. **Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuels and waste, and heat.
Coal/peat
TWh
Peoples Rep. of China 3 273 United States India Japan Germany South Africa Korea Australia Russian Federation Poland 1 994 653 304 274 242 219 181 166 138 Oil Saudi Arabia Japan United States Islamic Rep. of Iran Mexico Kuwait Indonesia Pakistan Egypt India Rest of the world World 2010 data
TWh
129 97 48 46 44 43 35 33 31 26 457 United States Russian Federation Japan Islamic Rep. of Iran United Kingdom Italy Mexico Thailand India Saudi Arabia 1 018 521 305 177 175 153 141 119 118 111 Natural gas
TWh
8 698
989
4 768
25
T R A N S F O R M A T I O N
OECD China
2010
China 19.8% Asia** 9.7% Non-OECD Americas 5.0% Africa 3.1%
OECD 73.1%
OECD 50.7%
6 115 TWh
21 431 TWh
**Asia excludes China.
26
Producers*
United States
TWh
43 31 26 17 15 15 14 8 8 8 50 Italy Brazil United States Finland Argentina Hong Kong (China) Norway Iraq 44 35 26 11 9 8 8 6 6 6 83 Net importers
Russian Federation 1 036 India Germany Canada France Brazil Korea 960 622 608 564 516 497
TWh
21 431 100.0
Others Total 2010 data
235
242
**Gross production minus production from pumped storage plants. 2010 data
27
C O N S U M P T I O N
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Oil Electricity
2010
Electricity 17.7% Other** 3.4% Coal/peat 9.8%
Oil 48.1%
Oil 41.2%
4 672 Mtoe
8 677 Mtoe
28
*Data prior to 1994 for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated. **Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.
BY FUEL
OECD
OECD total final consumption from 1971 to 2010 by fuel (Mtoe)
4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Oil Electricity
2010
Electricity 21.9% Other* 1.8% Coal/peat 3.5%
Oil 56.3%
2 815 Mtoe
3 691 Mtoe
Oil 47.9%
29
C O N S U M P T I O N
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
OECD China
Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Non-OECD Americas Africa Asia** Bunkers***
2010
Non-OECD Africa Bunkers*** Americas 5.8% OECD 4.1% 5.0% 42.5% Asia** 12.3% China 17.5%
OECD 60.3%
4 672 Mtoe
8 677 Mtoe
30
*Data prior to 1994 for biofuels and waste final consumption have been estimated. **Asia excludes China. ***Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers.
BY REGION
OECD
OECD total final consumption from 1971 to 2010 by region (Mtoe)
4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
OECD Americas
OECD Europe
2010
OECD Europe 34.5%
2 815 Mtoe
3 691 Mtoe
31
C O N S U M P T I O N
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Industry
Transport
Other**
Non-energy use
2010
Non-energy use 4.2%
Transport 5.1%
Industry 56.7%
Industry 79.5%
640 Mtoe
853 Mtoe
32
*Coal refers to coal/peat. **Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, residential, and non-specified other.
BY SECTOR
Oil
Total final consumption from 1971 to 2010 by sector (Mtoe)
4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Industry
Transport
Other*
Non-energy use
2010
Industry 9.0%
Other* 23.1%
Transport 45.4%
Other* 12.4%
Transport 61.5%
2 250 Mtoe
3 570 Mtoe
*Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, residential, and non-specified other.
33
C O N S U M P T I O N
Industry
Transport
Other*
Non-energy use
2010
Other* 46.4% Non-energy use 11.6%
Transport 2.7%
652 Mtoe
1 318 Mtoe
34
*Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, residential, and non-specified other.
BY SECTOR
Electricity
Total final consumption from 1971 to 2010 by sector (Mtoe)
1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Industry
Transport
Other*
2010
Industry 41.5%
Transport 2.4%
Industry 53.5%
Transport 1.6%
439 Mtoe
1 536 Mtoe
*Includes agriculture, commercial and public services, residential, and non-specified other.
35
E N E R G Y B A L A N C E S
SIMPLIFIED ENERGY
World
1973
SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Production Imports Exports Stock changes TPES Transfers Statistical diff. Electricity plants CHP plants Heat plants Blast furnaces Gas works Coke ovens(c) Oil refineries Petchem. plants Liquefaction plants Other transf. Energy ind. own use Losses TFC Industry Transport(d) Other Non-energy use Coal/ peat Crude oil Oil Natural products gas 407.65 -442.73 -16.40 -51.49 48.78 -6.77 -318.28 -28.26 -0.90 -2.72 -9.07 -0.68 -5.37 -0.12 -158.81 -0.27 993.10 73.40 -72.56 -15.09 978.85 4.78 -160.52 -50.84 -0.68 -6.21 -0.19 -0.03 -106.83 -6.03 652.29 356.95 17.72 259.26 18.37 Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other(b)
and waste(a)
(Mtoe)
Total
1 477.06 2 938.38 140.01 1 561.28 -129.98 -1 612.99 12.30 -19.68 1 499.40 2 866.99 8.61 -559.66 -86.32 -7.81 -81.68 9.87 -98.10 -0.73 -35.06 -8.86 639.67 362.08 32.93 238.65 6.01 -46.76 12.00 -22.91 -0.60 5.09 0.23 -2.59 -7.07
643.78 0.12 -0.19 0.06 643.76 -0.17 -2.61 -0.75 -0.80 -0.06 -0.02 -23.74 -0.20 -0.25 615.18 91.51 0.24 523.42 -
6.13 6 221.69 8.14 2 190.61 -8.27 -2 266.72 -38.82 6.00 6 106.76 -0.03 502.64 100.70 7.11 -57.68 -43.14 2.02 18.43 -724.47 -65.57 -3.08 -84.45 -6.01 -98.99 -20.92 -0.28 -0.50 -23.89 -361.16 -65.62
- -2 782.24 2 761.32
36
(a) Biofuels and waste final consumption has been estimated. (b) Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, electricity and heat, etc. (c) Also includes patent fuel and BKB plants. (d) Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers.
BALANCE TABLE
World
2010
SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Production Imports Exports Stock changes TPES Transfers Statistical diff. Electricity plants CHP plants Heat plants Blast furnaces Gas works Coke ovens(b) Oil refineries Petchem. plants Liquefaction plants Other transf. Energy ind. own use Losses TFC Industry Transport(c) Other Non-energy use Coal/ peat Crude oil Oil Natural products gas - 2 719.10 817.02 -826.35 17.84 Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other(a)
and waste
(Mtoe)
Total
3 596.04 4 069.38
640.82 2 295.06 1 053.71 -681.28 -2 211.55 -1 111.80 -79.80 6.49 6.16 3 475.77 4 159.37 0.00 -49.50 -1 974.84 -161.19 -103.61 -168.50 -8.80 -51.08 -16.20 0.01 -86.22 -2.70 853.14 677.86 3.36 135.96 35.97 -156.64 11.30 -34.63 -0.01 -0.81 30.51 7.85 0.13 -10.10 -8.23
-51.93 2 727.61 179.33 -27.05 -201.57 -22.50 -12.92 -0.79 -3.53 -2.40 -31.35 -0.17 -210.37 -0.58 -1.68 -705.47 -304.76 -90.14 -0.11 2.81 -0.00 -0.80 -7.10 -2.22 -275.36 -24.63
295.62 1 278.03 -295.62 -0.40 -35.21 -10.42 -0.02 -0.01 -53.14 -13.27 -0.15
113.71 12 717.16 0.19 321.34 188.67 -0.39 -196.78 -175.98 22.69 -67.14 -205.45 -29.38 -169.40 -9.54 -53.49 -43.92 -0.84 -15.45 -55.77 -792.10 -212.27
- -3 964.42 3 921.30
34.34 3 535.48 1 318.16 12.51 6.75 15.05 310.02 435.64 593.93 463.87 89.06 612.83 152.40 0.04 2 195.89
- 1 102.01 1 833.49 8 676.63 195.83 57.56 762.85 2 422.94 23.91 2 369.81 797.35
(a) Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, electricity and heat, etc. (b) Also includes patent fuel and BKB plants. (c) Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers.
37
E N E R G Y B A L A N C E S
SIMPLIFIED ENERGY
OECD
1973
SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Production Imports Exports Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers Stock changes TPES Transfers Statistical diff. Electricity plants CHP plants Heat plants Blast furnaces Gas works Coke ovens(b) Oil refineries Petchem. plants Liquefaction plants Other transf. Energy ind. own use Losses TFC Industry Transport Other Non-energy use Coal/ peat Crude oil Oil Natural products gas 336.20 -172.72 -73.65 -24.64 -11.36 53.83 706.22 62.55 -50.38 -12.07 706.32 -5.61 -108.33 -11.64 -0.68 -6.37 -0.19 -0.03 -72.36 -2.63 498.48 250.44 17.00 225.47 5.58 Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other(a)
and waste
(Mtoe)
Total
819.25 710.51 121.92 1 277.47 -111.10 -63.58 14.52 -10.78 844.60 1 913.62
87.29 0.03 -0.01 0.06 87.36 -0.00 -1.43 -0.75 -0.80 -0.02 -0.07 84.30 42.26 0.00 42.04 -
6.13 2 457.55 7.55 1 805.73 -7.01 -404.80 -73.65 -24.64 -19.64 6.66 3 740.55 0.00 364.70 30.94 7.11 -33.38 -30.54 1.22 23.06 -509.81 -41.51 -3.08 -68.36 -4.68 -26.60 2.48 -0.28 0.02 -0.15 -260.20 -37.20
-41.28 42.49 14.82 11.29 2.56 -387.69 -20.61 -228.38 -52.07 -7.89 -7.81 -0.90 -65.64 -2.72 11.02 -0.60 -8.72 -25.71 -0.68 - -1 865.94 1 868.42 4.88 -5.16 0.02 -0.12 -24.53 -0.99 -128.88 -3.80 -0.23 303.19 182.69 7.34 110.07 3.10 0.39 1 583.63 0.39 312.91 665.68 393.09 211.95
38
(a) Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, electricity and heat, etc. (b) Also includes patent fuel and BKB plants.
BALANCE TABLE
OECD
2010
SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Production Imports Exports Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers Stock changes TPES Transfers Statistical diff. Electricity plants CHP plants Heat plants Blast furnaces Gas works Coke ovens(b) Oil refineries Petchem. plants Liquefaction plants Other transf. Energy ind. own use Losses TFC Industry Transport Other Non-energy use Coal/ peat Crude oil Oil Natural products gas 563.98 -501.46 -90.21 -85.88 1.29 965.11 636.80 -299.24 14.30 Nuclear Hydro Biofuels Other(a)
and waste
(Mtoe)
Total
258.50 10.12 -5.18 0.16 263.60 -0.03 -43.97 -32.56 -5.79 -0.02 -0.00 -0.30 -0.26 -0.03 180.62 72.09 40.28 68.25 -
63.83 3 879.21 33.19 3 149.95 -32.25 -1 478.38 -90.21 -85.88 31.17 64.77 5 405.87 13.61 -0.19 -19.14 787.54 -1 155.47 152.09 -96.70 16.34 -4.40 -49.97 -1.59 -8.95 -3.87 -0.49 -1.43 -0.39 -1.12 -76.89 -315.93 -64.48 -69.31 878.77 3 691.11 283.67 828.80 9.33 1 179.69 585.77 1 317.48 365.14
1 086.37 2 073.74 -112.28 1 316.96 -49.66 63.27 -8.20 -5.59 -6.55 -785.14 -4.13 -50.42 -85.22 - -15.40 -5.14 -1.46 -49.07 -0.79 -2.04 -2.99 -7.76 -1.19 - -2 033.89 2 030.82 26.84 -27.33 -0.79 1.30 0.02 0.13 -0.08 -14.09 -0.10 -117.47 -0.94 -0.01 128.00 102.11 0.14 23.57 2.19 8.65 1 758.12 2.21 113.47 0.03 1 107.23 0.73 210.10 5.67 327.31 1.43 -349.41 -112.85 -8.35 -0.11 3.47 -0.00 -0.80 -1.93 -0.49 -107.12 -3.84 736.95 255.25 22.67 429.06 29.97
(a) Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, electricity and heat, etc. (b) Also includes patent fuel and BKB plants.
39
P R I C E S
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jan-90 Jan-92
Crude Oil
Key crude oil spot prices in USD/barrel
Jan-94
Jan-96
Jan-98
Jan-06
Jan-08
Jan-10
Jan-12
North Sea
Dubai
WTI
Oil Products
Rotterdam oil product spot prices in USD/barrel
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jan-90 Jan-92 Jan-94 Jan-96 Jan-98 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08 Jan-10 Jan-12
monthly averages
HFO
Gasoil
Gasoline
40
Source for all prices: Based on Argus. Copyright 2012 Argus Media Ltd - All rights reserved.
Coal
Steam coal import costs in USD/tonne
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1Q1983 1Q1987 1Q1991 1Q1995 1Q1999 1Q2003 1Q2007 1Q2011
quarterly averages
EU member states*
Japan
Natural Gas
Natural gas import prices in USD/MBtu
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 yearly averages 2011
Japan**
USA***
Belgium***
Germany***
Spain***
*The weighted average for EU member states is based only on imports for which prices are available and may include different components in different time periods. **LNG ***Pipeline
41
P R I C E S
Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
.. 863.65 794.23 848.70 .. 508.43 972.81 .. .. 817.85 781.81 895.06 815.40 1 175.16 c 875.96 1 057.05 1 056.32 .. 624.96 760.84 684.43 .. 811.71 1 136.30 680.61 .. 792.10 1 493.97 .. 1 209.59 c 730.10
.. 1 326.57 1 186.29 1 176.27 1 263.99 1 284.86 1 961.68 1 370.45 1 489.18 1 302.60 1 178.72 1 319.72 x 1 440.01 .. 1 914.96 1 158.87 1 232.35 1 089.67 .. .. .. 1 795.55 1 324.77 1 682.62 .. 1 319.27 1 243.79 2 044.11 1 148.66 1 812.76 1 129.09 1 054.47
.. 1.079 1.665 1.295 .. 1.601 1.573 1.527 1.667 1.561 1.65 1.639 1.534 1.605 c 1.839 1.328 .. 1.436 0.679 1.583 1.082 1.869 1.443 1.731 1.569 1.446 1.507 1.763 1.761 2.201 1.871 1.048
1.666 1.872 2.226 1.371 1.594 1.897 2.219 1.778 2.125 2.081 2.144 2.266 1.879 1.987 .. 2.29 1.848 1.967 1.82 0.819 2.268 1.804 2.542 1.745 2.136 1.993 1.865 1.847 2.212 1.93 2.48 2.12 0.987
42
(a) Prices are for 1st quarter 2012 for oil products, and annual 2011 for other products. (b) Low sulphur fuel oil; high sulphur fuel oil for Canada, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Turkey and the United States. (c) For commercial purposes.
.. .. 36.41 15.41 .. 50.82 .. .. 45.19 51.52 54.37 56.00 43.63 43.91 c .. .. 60.21 50.03 .. 38.53 23.76 x 42.57 50.19 50.22 58.34 37.72 69.56 72.37 33.83 35.51 16.96
.. 93.11 90.58 37.10 137.84 82.97 .. .. 62.18 84.65 92.63 108.06 63.73 80.65 .. .. .. 64.98 73.53 36.54 96.84 102.43 x 72.20 96.32 68.90 98.83 89.27 163.93 107.21 42.40 64.84 35.94
.. 243.11 .. .. .. c .. .. 315.32 .. .. .. .. .. x 140.26 153.61 .. .. x .. c .. 109.65 234.86 .. .. .. .. 200.25 86.55 144.27 68.71
.. .. 138.51 .. 154.31 159.94 115.17 .. 113.64 121.54 157.23 125.57 134.21 152.39 97.06 279.31 179.03 .. 117.30 117.06 120.56 73.72 71.17 121.77 139.14 178.48 126.38 148.77 104.20 131.62 138.64 127.39 69.57
.. 272.85 264.37 .. 210.74 210.71 409.17 .. 213.61 187.09 351.95 173.09 233.07 259.47 148.79 278.88 260.93 88.64 220.26 95.20 237.90 212.10 170.70 198.50 245.67 241.72 201.85 295.31 248.18 222.24 169.35 204.92 117.84
Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
(d) Unleaded premium gasoline (95 RON); unleaded regular for Japan. (e) Gross calorific value. (f) Brown coal for Turkey. .. not available x not applicable c confidential
43
E M I S S I O N S
Coal/peat
Oil
Natural gas
Other***
2010
Other*** 0.4% Coal/peat 43.1%
Oil 50.6%
Oil 36.1%
15 637 Mt of CO2
30 326 Mt of CO2
44
*World includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. **Calculated using the IEAs energy balances and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. CO2 emissions are from fuel combustion only. ***Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.
OECD
Africa
Non-OECD Americas
Asia***
China Bunkers
Middle East
Bunkers 3.6%
Africa 3.1%
OECD 41.0%
15 637 Mt of CO2
30 326 Mt of CO2
*World includes international aviation and international marine bunkers, which are shown together as Bunkers. **Calculated using the IEAs energy balances and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. CO2 emissions are from fuel combustion only. ***Asia excludes China.
45
O U T L O O K
NPS 1990
NPS 2010
Coal/peat Nuclear
NPS: New Policies Scenario (based on announced policy commitments and plans)
Oil* Hydro
Fuel shares of TPES in 2035 for New Policies Scenario and 450 Scenario
NPS 2035
Hydro 2.8% Nuclear 7.1% Other** 15.3% Coal/peat 24.2% Hydro 3.5% Nuclear 11.2%
450S 2035
Other** 23.4% Coal/peat 15.6%
Oil* 27.4%
Oil* 24.7%
16 961 Mtoe
14 870 Mtoe
46
*Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. **Other includes biofuels and waste, geothermal, solar, wind, tide, etc. ***Based on a plausible post-2012 climate-policy framework to stabilise the concentration of global greenhouse gases at 450 ppm CO2-equivalent.
TO 2035
OECD+*
OME*
OC*
Intl. bunkers**
NPS: New Policies Scenario (based on announced policy commitments and plans)
Regional shares of TPES in 2035 for New Policies Scenario and 450 Scenario
NPS 2035
OC* 26.4% Intl. bunkers** OECD+* 2.7% 34.0% OC* 26.6%
450S 2035
Intl. bunkers** OECD+* 2.8% 35.5%
OME* 36.9%
OME* 35.1%
16 961 Mtoe
14 870 Mtoe
47
*Please refer to the geographical coverage section for definitions of the regions. **Includes international aviation and international marine bunkers. ***Based on a plausible post-2012 climate-policy framework to stabilise the concentration of global greenhouse gases at 450 ppm CO2-equivalent.
E N E R G Y I N D I C A T O R S
World OECD Middle East Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia China Asia Non-OECD Americas Africa Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana
6 825 1 232 205 338 1 345 2 229 455 1 022 3.20 35.47 19.08 40.41 3.09 22.55 8.39 9.05 1.26 148.69 9.49 10.88 8.85 9.93 3.76 2.01
12 717(c) 19 738 30 326(d) 5 406 10 246 606 1 132 2 431 1 524 583 682 2.08 40.37 13.67 2.45 33.84 11.84 9.78 31.05 27.73 60.86 3.65 7.32 6.40 2.26 715 1 492 3 980 1 796 907 603 5.67 36.40 4.73 4.97 70.11 14.52 12.38 41.47 33.82 91.39 0.88 6.12 11.69 3.18 12 440 1 547 2 606 7 311 3 331 1 065 930 3.76 98.57 16.62 170.24 4.04 383.48 69.34 24.67 23.62 52.98 65.33 106.43 4.50 14.06 19.91 4.60 387.66 8.21
48
(a) Gross production + imports exports losses. (b) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEAs energy balances and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines.
TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) cons./pop. TPES (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (t CO2/ 2005 USD) 2005 USD) capita) toe) 1.86 4.39 2.96 3.35 1.81 0.68 1.28 0.67 0.65 1.14 0.72 1.85 0.79 5.53 4.03 1.31 7.75 0.21 2.92 5.59 0.41 0.74 1.70 1.13 1.36 8.31 0.25 0.14 0.51 0.74 0.60 0.47 0.27 0.54 0.19 0.35 0.25 0.29 0.41 0.14 0.10 0.42 0.55 0.38 0.65 0.15 0.70 0.61 0.51 0.19 0.24 0.33 0.19 0.15 0.26 0.32 0.26 0.17 0.14 0.25 0.08 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.37 0.14 0.23 0.17 0.29 0.17 0.23 0.09 0.14 0.18 2 892 8 315 3 493 4 414 2 958 806 1 992 591 1 771 1 026 248 2 904 1 606 10 063 8 358 1 605 9 813 279 3 563 8 397 99 616 3 110 1 586 2 384 8 757 2.38 2.30 2.55 2.30 3.01 2.19 1.83 1.36 1.81 2.44 1.22 2.28 1.65 3.07 2.05 2.08 2.41 1.71 2.36 1.75 1.23 1.92 3.11 2.03 1.46 2.48
CO2/ CO2/ CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) (t CO2/ (kg CO2/ (kg CO2/ capita) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 4.44 10.10 7.56 7.71 5.43 1.49 2.34 0.91 1.17 2.78 0.87 4.21 1.31 17.00 8.27 2.73 18.71 0.36 6.88 9.78 0.51 1.42 5.29 2.29 1.99 20.58 0.60 0.33 1.29 1.70 1.80 1.04 0.48 0.74 0.35 0.85 0.31 0.67 0.68 0.44 0.21 0.87 1.33 0.65 1.52 0.27 0.86 1.18 1.58 0.39 0.35 0.82 0.44 0.34 0.66 0.78 0.37 0.25 0.34 0.15 0.37 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.46 0.23 0.31 0.88 0.24 0.55 0.30 0.36 0.33 0.72 0.18 0.20 0.45
World OECD Middle East China Asia Non-OECD Americas Africa Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darrussalam
(c) TPES for world includes international aviation and international marine bunkers as well as electricity and heat trade. (d) CO2 emissions for world include emissions from international aviation and international marine bunkers.
49
E N E R G Y I N D I C A T O R S
Population (million)
GDP Energy Net (PPP) prod. imports (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 32.95 8.69 19.20 1 203.89 138.70 3 837.73 446.36 183.19 7.85 9.28 24.77 18.33 46.90 54.98 19.18 148.58 256.13 47.90 44.02 121.04 18.35 1.06 13.90 20.15 205.30 2 208.62 9.87 8.25 2 945.78 14.75 86.65 10.57 27.83 3.62 40.34 8.41 1 202.02 397.83 232.68 9.21 9 122.24 2 208.96 742.34 12.96 392.93 105.46 15.40 17.32 20.53 24.08 48.35 2.44 33.63 10.45 71.32 4.22 62.31 5.28 20.87 0.09 248.64 31.62 178.81 23.33 83.26 1.94 104.16 27.37 449.70 88.38 37.04 2.26 2.57 0.58 22.27 4.93 77.46 31.43 168.93 17.31 1 923.46 135.57 20.32 14.30 20.26 1.31 2 732.53 131.35 35.97 6.73 7.27 1.44 -1.48 -149.72 22.27 335.74 100.42 -71.75 -15.64 -0.17 2.39 -0.90 4.49 5.87 2.93 11.41 -3.65 6.48 -14.18 -14.06 2.02 0.16 0.85 2.12 18.03 132.09 -12.55 1.85 203.11 2.82
GDP
TPES (Mtoe)
Elec. CO2 cons.(a) emissions(b) (TWh) (Mt of CO2) 43.83 3.76 5.03 536.63 69.71 7 269.85 270.22 60.67 1.66 3.07 6.54 5.81 19.03 30.03 7.22 114.48 47.02 18.55 30.10 177.60 5.87 0.49 18.47 5.37 62.92 357.81 2.65 4.94 761.58 9.49
Bulgaria 7.54 Cambodia 14.14 Cameroon 19.60 Canada 34.11 Chile 17.09 Peoples Rep. of China 1 338.30 Chinese Taipei 23.18 Colombia 46.30 Congo 4.04 Dem. Rep. of Congo 65.97 Costa Rica 4.66 Cote dIvoire 19.74 Croatia 4.42 Cuba 11.26 Cyprus 0.80 Czech Republic 10.52 Denmark 5.55 Dominican Republic 9.93 Ecuador 14.47 Egypt 81.12 El Salvador 6.19 Eritrea 5.25 Estonia 1.34 Ethiopia 82.95 Finland 5.36 France 64.85 Gabon 1.51 Georgia 4.45 Germany 81.76 Ghana 24.39
17.86 33.73 5.02 2.07 7.11 5.32 251.84 516.59 30.92 56.43 2 417.13 3 937.92 109.28 237.33 32.24 46.87 1.47 0.59 23.76 6.28 4.65 8.64 9.57 4.14 8.54 16.85 10.98 14.63 2.44 5.16 44.11 66.50 19.25 35.10 8.34 14.32 12.10 15.26 73.26 130.44 4.19 5.30 0.74 0.27 5.57 8.66 33.20 4.50 36.40 88.40 262.29 502.94 2.13 1.51 3.12 7.76 327.37 590.06 9.32 7.26
50
(a) Gross production + imports exports losses. (b) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEAs energy balances and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) cons./pop. TPES (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (t CO2/ 2005 USD) 2005 USD) capita) toe) 2.37 0.36 0.36 7.38 1.81 1.81 4.71 0.70 0.36 0.36 1.00 0.48 1.93 0.98 3.04 4.19 3.47 0.84 0.84 0.90 0.68 0.14 4.16 0.40 6.79 4.04 1.42 0.70 4.00 0.38 0.54 0.58 0.37 0.21 0.22 0.63 0.24 0.18 0.19 2.56 0.19 0.52 0.18 0.20 0.13 0.30 0.08 0.17 0.27 0.61 0.23 0.70 0.40 1.65 0.18 0.12 0.22 0.38 0.11 0.63 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.13 0.26 0.15 0.08 0.10 1.16 0.10 0.28 0.12 0.18 0.12 0.18 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.16 0.11 0.29 0.25 0.43 0.22 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.26 4 471 146 271 15 145 3 301 2 942 10 237 1 012 145 95 1 855 210 3 808 1 299 6 426 6 323 6 329 1 442 1 055 1 608 855 52 6 465 54 16 484 7 756 1 005 1 743 7 217 298 2.45 0.75 0.71 2.13 2.25 3.01 2.47 1.88 1.13 0.13 1.41 0.61 2.23 2.73 2.95 2.60 2.44 2.22 2.49 2.42 1.40 0.66 3.32 0.16 1.73 1.36 1.24 1.58 2.33 1.02
CO2/ CO2/ CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) (t CO2/ (kg CO2/ (kg CO2/ capita) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 5.81 0.27 0.26 15.73 4.08 5.43 11.66 1.31 0.41 0.05 1.40 0.29 4.30 2.67 8.99 10.89 8.48 1.87 2.08 2.19 0.95 0.09 13.79 0.06 11.73 5.52 1.76 1.11 9.32 0.39 1.33 0.43 0.26 0.45 0.50 1.89 0.61 0.33 0.21 0.33 0.26 0.32 0.41 0.55 0.38 0.77 0.18 0.39 0.68 1.47 0.32 0.47 1.33 0.27 0.31 0.16 0.27 0.60 0.26 0.64 0.51 0.13 0.12 0.45 0.30 0.80 0.36 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.17 0.27 0.48 0.35 0.46 0.26 0.22 0.29 0.39 0.16 0.19 0.83 0.07 0.37 0.19 0.13 0.24 0.28 0.26
Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile Peoples Rep. of China Chinese Taipei Colombia Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo Costa Rica Cote dIvoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana
51
E N E R G Y I N D I C A T O R S
Population (million)
GDP Energy Net (PPP) prod. imports (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 1.05 243.23 32.54 4.32 11.58 215.62 109.27 16.40 1 246.73 377.28 230.67 38.84 202.33 164.14 1 765.29 11.14 4 578.55 16.74 77.25 23.45 1 017.57 27.56 4.83 90.04 3.03 15.50 29.99 54.52 27.35 41.30 0.91 273.92 61.76 9.96 26.74 294.83 169.58 10.42 3 762.86 930.65 773.05 102.34 161.05 198.17 1 637.93 18.60 3 895.26 31.19 178.18 60.01 1 320.93 103.45 12.12 123.07 10.94 29.02 53.35 100.19 51.11 34.85 0.00 9.45 7.54 1.61 2.22 0.05 11.05 4.43 518.67 381.45 349.12 126.05 1.98 3.85 29.79 0.46 96.79 0.27 156.75 15.78 44.92 20.70 1.86 133.93 1.18 2.11 0.21 88.55 1.52 0.13 2.61 21.30 3.05 0.70 2.40 31.68 15.11 1.09 181.44 -172.61 -135.38 -87.48 13.04 20.18 148.21 2.81 409.22 7.43 -79.79 4.28 221.05 -2.17 0.54 -99.66 2.15 1.99 6.51 -69.05 5.64 4.51
GDP
TPES (Mtoe)
Elec. CO2 cons.(a) emissions(b) (TWh) (Mt of CO2) 0.52 84.28 10.31 2.13 7.30 41.47 48.95 1.92 1 625.79 410.94 509.00 104.50 38.66 68.06 398.47 7.96 1 143.07 18.63 232.12 10.89 563.08 62.99 8.47 87.39 6.98 8.08 18.62 51.61 13.35 10.61
Gibraltar 0.03 Greece 11.31 Guatemala 14.39 Haiti 9.99 Honduras 7.60 Hong Kong (China) 7.07 Hungary 10.00 Iceland 0.32 India 1 170.94 Indonesia 239.87 Islamic Rep. of Iran 73.97 Iraq 32.32 Ireland 4.48 Israel 7.62 Italy 60.48 Jamaica 2.70 Japan 127.38 Jordan 6.05 Kazakhstan 16.32 Kenya 40.51 Korea 48.88 DPR of Korea 24.35 Kosovo 1.82 Kuwait 2.74 Kyrgyzstan 5.37 Latvia 2.24 Lebanon 4.23 Libya 6.36 Lithuania 3.32 Luxembourg 0.51
0.17 0.18 27.62 59.32 10.26 8.16 2.29 0.24 4.57 5.10 13.79 41.87 25.67 38.77 5.37 16.36 692.69 754.61 207.85 153.83 208.37 196.20 37.80 37.90 14.40 26.96 22.91 52.27 170.24 325.65 3.05 3.30 496.85 1 069.84 7.20 13.46 75.01 77.17 19.56 6.32 250.01 481.47 18.53 18.25 2.44 4.71 33.40 50.14 2.92 7.49 4.41 6.78 6.45 15.09 19.15 27.14 6.93 10.75 4.23 8.53
52
(a) Gross production + imports exports losses. (b) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEAs energy balances and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines.
TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) cons./pop. TPES (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (t CO2/ 2005 USD) 2005 USD) capita) toe) 5.51 2.44 0.71 0.23 0.60 1.95 2.57 16.88 0.59 0.87 2.82 1.17 3.22 3.01 2.81 1.13 3.90 1.19 4.60 0.48 5.12 0.76 1.34 12.20 0.54 1.97 1.53 3.01 2.09 8.36 0.16 0.11 0.32 0.53 0.39 0.06 0.23 0.33 0.56 0.55 0.90 0.97 0.07 0.14 0.10 0.27 0.11 0.43 0.97 0.83 0.25 0.67 0.50 0.37 0.96 0.28 0.22 0.35 0.25 0.10 0.19 0.10 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.05 0.15 0.52 0.18 0.22 0.27 0.37 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.16 0.13 0.23 0.42 0.33 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.27 0.27 0.15 0.12 0.19 0.14 0.12 5 710 5 245 567 24 671 5 923 3 877 51 447 644 641 2 652 1 172 6 023 6 858 5 384 1 222 8 399 2 226 4 730 156 9 851 749 2 592 18 318 1 396 3 021 3 569 4 270 3 237 16 866 3.06 3.05 1.01 0.93 1.60 3.01 1.91 0.36 2.35 1.98 2.44 2.76 2.69 2.97 2.34 2.60 2.30 2.59 3.09 0.56 2.25 3.40 3.47 2.62 2.39 1.83 2.89 2.70 1.93 2.51
CO2/ CO2/ CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) (t CO2/ (kg CO2/ (kg CO2/ capita) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 16.86 7.45 0.72 0.21 0.96 5.87 4.89 6.04 1.39 1.71 6.88 3.23 8.64 8.93 6.59 2.94 8.97 3.08 14.23 0.27 11.52 2.59 4.66 31.93 1.30 3.60 4.40 8.12 4.02 20.98 0.50 0.35 0.32 0.49 0.63 0.19 0.45 0.12 1.30 1.09 2.21 2.69 0.19 0.41 0.23 0.71 0.25 1.11 3.00 0.46 0.55 2.29 1.75 0.97 2.31 0.52 0.62 0.95 0.49 0.26 0.58 0.31 0.17 0.21 0.27 0.14 0.29 0.18 0.43 0.44 0.66 1.02 0.24 0.34 0.24 0.43 0.29 0.60 1.30 0.18 0.43 0.61 0.70 0.71 0.64 0.28 0.35 0.52 0.26 0.30
Gibraltar Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong (China) Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea DPR of Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Luxembourg
53
E N E R G Y I N D I C A T O R S
Population (million)
GDP Energy Net (PPP) prod. imports (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 7.06 18.95 1.62 171.82 375.29 85.88 6.67 9.48 0.00 920.02 1 406.83 226.36 3.50 9.94 0.10 3.45 9.98 14.97 2.80 6.42 0.70 75.55 137.29 0.89 9.35 19.77 12.49 20.53 839.06 22.53 8.89 13.26 0.32 10.07 32.22 8.98 685.08 614.73 69.76 2.68 2.40 0.00 121.30 112.23 16.86 5.82 15.13 1.73 155.22 338.31 258.36 316.69 229.33 205.51 41.41 68.52 72.14 134.80 418.51 64.30 22.37 42.93 0.84 9.74 30.00 7.10 112.19 248.76 19.40 131.13 332.06 23.42 382.76 662.57 67.39 196.13 230.46 5.58 102.56 135.99 174.10 114.35 234.35 27.44 905.23 2 010.38 1 293.05 359.75 559.24 538.05 1.27 -11.11 2.39 -43.70 2.48 -11.14 0.12 16.43 -2.22 -8.64 1.33 1.32 31.16 3.56 2.85 1.33 -145.39 -172.31 -53.08 20.30 5.60 -2.38 -2.39 18.52 32.09 18.83 -150.29 7.49 -579.10 -391.35
GDP
TPES (Mtoe)
Elec. CO2 cons.(a) emissions(b) (TWh) (Mt of CO2) 7.40 116.94 1.73 225.76 3.74 4.22 3.50 24.96 10.38 6.29 3.38 2.78 116.47 1.08 41.78 2.74 21.62 123.09 16.51 79.27 6.44 7.32 32.15 59.94 144.45 52.43 26.38 51.29 915.65 218.68 8.21 185.00 2.47 416.91 6.11 11.87 2.09 45.95 2.50 8.00 3.33 3.65 187.00 3.82 30.86 4.46 45.90 39.17 40.27 134.64 8.40 4.69 41.94 76.43 305.10 48.15 66.09 75.56 1 581.37 445.95
FYR of Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mexico Republic of Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia
2.06 28.40 0.41 108.29 3.56 2.76 0.63 31.95 23.39 47.96 2.28 29.96 16.61 0.20 4.38 5.79 158.42 4.89 2.78 173.59 3.52 6.46 29.08 93.26 38.19 10.64 1.76 21.44 141.75 27.45
2.89 72.65 0.84 178.11 2.60 3.28 0.82 16.51 10.20 14.00 1.60 10.22 83.43 1.68 18.20 3.14 113.05 32.45 20.00 84.59 3.77 4.79 19.40 40.48 101.45 23.54 22.51 34.99 701.52 169.30
54
(a) Gross production + imports exports losses. (b) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEAs energy balances and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines.
TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) cons./pop. TPES (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (t CO2/ 2005 USD) 2005 USD) capita) toe) 1.40 2.56 2.03 1.64 0.73 1.19 1.30 0.52 0.44 0.29 0.70 0.34 5.02 8.36 4.15 0.54 0.71 6.64 7.19 0.49 1.07 0.74 0.67 0.43 2.66 2.21 12.80 1.63 4.95 6.17 0.41 0.42 0.13 0.19 0.74 0.95 0.29 0.22 1.09 0.68 0.18 1.02 0.12 0.63 0.15 0.54 0.73 0.10 0.48 0.63 0.17 0.49 0.17 0.31 0.27 0.12 0.22 0.31 0.77 0.47 0.15 0.19 0.09 0.13 0.26 0.33 0.13 0.12 0.52 0.02 0.12 0.32 0.14 0.70 0.16 0.21 0.33 0.14 0.29 0.20 0.09 0.16 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.10 0.17 0.15 0.35 0.30 3 590 4 117 4 182 2 085 1 049 1 530 5 552 781 444 131 1 479 93 7 011 5 388 9 531 473 136 25 177 5 934 457 1 832 1 134 1 106 643 3 783 4 929 14 995 2 392 6 460 7 967 2.84 2.55 2.95 2.34 2.35 3.62 2.54 2.78 0.25 0.57 2.07 0.36 2.24 2.27 1.70 1.42 0.41 1.21 2.01 1.59 2.23 0.98 2.16 1.89 3.01 2.05 2.94 2.16 2.25 2.63
CO2/ CO2/ CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) (t CO2/ (kg CO2/ (kg CO2/ capita) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 3.99 6.51 5.99 3.85 1.72 4.31 3.31 1.44 0.11 0.17 1.46 0.12 11.26 18.99 7.04 0.77 0.29 8.01 14.47 0.78 2.39 0.73 1.44 0.82 7.99 4.53 37.57 3.52 11.16 16.25 1.16 1.08 0.37 0.45 1.75 3.44 0.75 0.61 0.27 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.27 1.43 0.25 0.77 0.30 0.12 0.97 1.00 0.38 0.48 0.37 0.58 0.80 0.25 0.64 0.66 1.75 1.24 0.43 0.49 0.26 0.30 0.62 1.19 0.33 0.33 0.13 0.01 0.25 0.11 0.30 1.59 0.27 0.29 0.14 0.17 0.59 0.32 0.20 0.16 0.17 0.23 0.46 0.21 0.49 0.32 0.79 0.80
FYR of Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mexico Republic of Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia
55
E N E R G Y I N D I C A T O R S
Population (million)
GDP Energy Net (PPP) prod. imports (billion (billion (Mtoe) (Mtoe) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 2.06 5.23 77.77 11.36 3.58 -17.07 106.84 4.10 -17.19 19.68 14.95 -4.38 0.83 1.52 51.45 0.53 -23.58 1.70 73.91 -24.66 42.17 -97.09 60.63 533.57 2.56 -11.36 -116.30 -7.28 -11.98 0.64 1.00
GDP
TPES (Mtoe)
Elec. CO2 cons.(a) emissions(b) (TWh) (Mt of CO2) 5.47 46.05 62.93 35.00 15.32 346.84 268.32 13.34 13.70 47.57 43.83 57.76 2.73 5.98 248.45 1.17 42.79 21.95 265.88 52.68 266.59 154.00 483.52 5 368.63 6.45 100.22 183.04 130.46 21.65 1.94 9.07
Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan United Rep. of Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
12.43 10.32 21.58 1.62 7.29 27.86 70.04 10.60 5.08 168.35 263.83 0.40 5.43 60.06 109.26 6.20 2.05 39.03 51.32 3.71 49.99 288.46 473.77 162.41 46.07 1 181.88 1 242.46 34.24 20.86 33.25 95.02 5.54 43.55 38.96 88.13 34.94 9.38 400.03 318.76 33.50 7.79 411.66 294.12 12.64 20.45 36.61 96.93 27.67 6.88 3.19 13.35 1.51 44.84 19.71 56.24 18.68 69.12 210.09 530.37 70.56 6.03 2.46 5.40 2.23 1.34 18.76 30.96 44.96 10.55 40.50 90.37 8.08 72.85 564.32 912.80 32.23 5.04 13.41 37.42 46.29 45.87 90.58 276.55 76.00 7.51 211.22 318.14 176.29 62.18 2337.59 2020.94 148.77 310.11 13 017.00 13 017.00 1 724.51 3.36 23.49 43.31 2.04 28.16 21.49 78.65 55.15 28.83 174.55 316.40 192.71 86.94 74.29 249.92 65.87 24.05 20.73 57.12 19.77 12.93 9.80 18.11 7.48 12.57 4.95 3.35 8.60
3.38 2.43 15.61 31.78 32.77 42.17 17.81 28.04 7.21 13.36 136.87 240.09 127.74 283.56 9.87 9.28 16.15 6.13 51.28 140.10 26.21 63.97 21.73 38.96 2.31 13.79 20.08 3.49 117.43 155.07 2.69 0.68 21.35 7.91 9.63 14.24 105.13 180.21 21.31 12.12 130.50 162.83 62.13 82.96 202.51 356.96 2 216.32 4 143.40 4.17 9.28 43.79 47.08 76.95 94.77 59.23 89.94 7.17 5.98 8.12 8.06 9.60 12.85
56
(a) Gross production + imports exports losses. (b) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only. Emissions are calculated using the IEAs energy balances and the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines.
TPES/ TPES/ TPES/ Elec. CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) cons./pop. TPES (toe/capita) (toe/000 (toe/000 (kWh/ (t CO2/ 2005 USD) 2005 USD) capita) toe) 0.27 2.14 6.46 3.28 3.52 2.74 2.77 0.47 0.37 5.47 3.37 1.06 0.34 0.45 1.70 0.45 15.92 0.91 1.44 4.23 2.84 8.27 3.26 7.15 1.24 1.55 2.67 0.68 0.30 0.63 0.76 0.33 0.56 0.19 0.30 0.18 0.47 0.11 0.30 0.41 0.13 0.06 0.59 0.72 1.02 0.56 1.09 1.14 0.24 0.19 1.59 1.44 0.29 0.09 0.17 0.18 2.04 0.44 0.80 0.35 0.83 1.94 0.16 0.22 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.29 0.10 0.10 0.18 0.16 0.09 0.22 0.17 0.36 0.22 0.50 0.69 0.11 0.12 0.57 0.47 0.20 0.10 0.17 0.10 0.56 0.24 0.24 0.13 0.45 2.87 195 4 358 8 306 5 164 6 520 4 803 6 155 445 141 14 939 8 216 1 905 2 004 78 2 243 113 5 896 1 350 2 474 2 403 3 550 11 044 5 741 13 361 2 763 1 672 3 287 1 035 249 623 1 022 1.62 2.95 1.92 1.97 2.12 2.53 2.10 1.35 0.85 0.93 1.67 2.66 1.18 0.30 2.12 0.44 2.00 2.28 2.53 2.47 2.04 2.48 2.39 2.42 1.55 2.29 2.38 2.20 3.02 0.24 0.94
CO2/ CO2/ CO2/ pop. GDP GDP (PPP) (t CO2/ (kg CO2/ (kg CO2/ capita) 2005 USD) 2005 USD) 0.44 6.31 12.39 6.45 7.48 6.94 5.82 0.64 0.31 5.07 5.63 2.82 0.40 0.13 3.59 0.19 31.91 2.08 3.65 10.45 5.81 20.50 7.78 17.31 1.92 3.56 6.35 1.50 0.90 0.15 0.72 0.53 1.65 0.37 0.58 0.39 1.20 0.23 0.40 0.35 0.12 0.11 1.58 0.86 0.30 1.18 0.48 2.28 0.54 0.47 3.93 2.94 0.73 0.21 0.41 0.27 4.66 1.05 1.76 1.04 0.20 1.83 0.25 0.66 0.24 0.32 0.30 0.73 0.22 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.60 0.20 0.11 0.47 0.22 1.38 0.24 0.29 1.41 0.96 0.48 0.24 0.41 0.15 1.27 0.58 0.52 0.38 0.11 2.71
Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan United Rep. of Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
Sources: Energy data: IEA. Population: OECD/World Bank. GDP and GDP(PPP) (in 2005 USD): OECD/World Bank/CEPII (Paris).
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C O N V E R S I O N F A C T O R S
Gcal
Mtoe
MBtu
GWh
4.1868104 1.055110
3
3.6
8.6105
4.54104 4.46104
58
35.3147 1000.0
Crude oil**
toe/tonne 1.016 1.005 1.033 1.019 1.000 1.022 1.018 1.069 1.117 1.021
*Defaults for OECD Europe were also applied to non-OECD Europe and Eurasia countries.
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C O N V E R S I O N F A C T O R S
*for the top-ten producers in 2011. Note: to calculate the net calorific value, the gross calorific value is multiplied by 0.9.
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GLOSSARY
Coal/peat
Coal/peat includes all coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, BKB, gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered gases). Peat is also included in this category. H ard coal comprises anthracite, coking coal and other bituminous coal. S team coal comprises anthracite, other bituminous coal and subbituminous coal. rude oil comprises crude oil, natural gas liquids, refinery C feedstocks and additives as well as other hydrocarbons. il products comprises refinery gas, ethane, LPG, aviation O gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and other oil products. Natural gas includes both associated and non-associated gas. uclear shows the primary heat equivalent of the electricity N produced by a nuclear power plant with an average thermal efficiency of 33%. ydro shows the energy content of the electricity produced H in hydro power plants. Hydro output excludes output from pumped storage plants. Biofuels and waste comprises solid biofuels, liquid biofuels, biogases, industrial waste and municipal waste. Biofuels are defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into fuels (e.g. charcoal) or electricity and/or heat. Included here are wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), ethanol, animal materials/ wastes and sulphite lyes. Municipal waste comprises wastes produced by residential, commercial and public services, that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location for the production of heat and/or power. ther includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean O energy, electricity and heat. Unless the actual efficiency of the geothermal process is known, the quantity of geothermal energy entering electricity generation is inferred from the electricity production at geothermal plants assuming an average thermal efficiency of 10%. For solar, wind and tide/wave/ocean energy, the quantities entering electricity generation are equal to the electrical energy generated. Direct use of geothermal and solar heat is also included here. Electricity is accounted for at the same heat value as electricity in final consumption (i.e. 1 GWh = 0.000086 Mtoe). Heat includes heat that is produced for sale and is accounted for in the transformation sector.
Hydro
Other
10
61
G L O S S A R Y
Production
roduction is the production of primary energy, i.e. hard P coal, lignite, peat, crude oil, NGLs, natural gas, biofuels and waste, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar and the heat from heat pumps that is extracted from the ambient environment. Production is calculated after removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur from naturalgas).
Imports and exports comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place.
a) Oil and natural gas Quantities of crude oil and oil products imported or exported under processing agreements (i.e. refining on account) are included. Quantities of oil in transit are excluded. Crude oil, NGL and natural gas are reported as coming from the country of origin; refinery feedstocks and oil products are reported as coming from the country of last consignment. Re-exports of oil imported for processing within bonded areas are shown as exports of product from the processing country to the final destination. b) Coal/peat
Imports and exports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied to other countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the relevant countries. Coal in transit is not included.
c) Electricity mounts are considered as imported or exported when they A have crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country.
nternational marine bunkers covers those quantities delivered to I ships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vessels and by military forces is also excluded.
62
nternational aviation bunkers covers deliveries of aviation fuels to I International aviation bunkers aircraft for international aviation. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. For many countries this incorrectly excludes fuel used by domestically owned carriers for their international departures.
Stock changes
Stock changes reflects the difference between opening stock levels on the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries and large consumers. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock draw as a positive number. otal primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production T + imports exports international marine bunkers international aviation bunkers stock changes. For the world total, international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers are not subtracted from TPES. ransfers includes both interproduct transfers, products transferred T and recycled products. tatistical differences includes the sum of the unexplained S statistical differences for individual fuels, as they appear in the basic energy statistics. It also includes the statistical differences that arise because of the variety of conversion factors in the coal/ peat and oil columns. lectricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produce E electricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs can not be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Both main activity producers and autoproducer plants are included here. ombined heat and power plants refers to plan C ts which are designed to produce both heat and electricity, sometimes referred as co-generation power stations. If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis. However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the convention for defining a CHP plant noted above is adopted. Both main activity producers and autoproducer plants are included here. eat plants refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric H boilers) designed to produce heat only, which is sold to a third party under the provisions of a contract. Both main activity producers and autoproducer plants are included here. last furnaces contains inputs to and outputs of fuels from blast B furnaces. as works is treated similarly to electricity generation, with the G quantity produced appearing as a positive figure in the coal/peat column or the natural gas column after blending with natural gas, inputs as negative entries in the coal/peat and oil products columns, and conversion losses appearing in the total column.
Electricity plants
Heat plants
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63
G L O S S A R Y
Coke ovens
oke ovens contains losses in transformation of coal from primary C to secondary fuels and from secondary to tertiary fuels (hard coal to coke and patent fuel, lignite to BKB, etc.). Oil refineries shows the use of primary energy for the manufacture of finished oil products and the corresponding output. Thus, the total reflects transformation losses. In certain cases the data in the total column are positive numbers. This can be due to either problems in the primary refinery balance or to the fact that the IEA uses regional net calorific values for oil products. Petrochemical plants covers backflows returned from the petrochemical industry. Note that backflows from oil products that are used for non-energy purposes (i.e. white spirit and lubricants) are not included here, but in non-energy use.
Oil refineries
Petrochemical plants
Liquefaction plants L iquefaction plants includes diverse liquefaction processes, such as coal liquefaction plants and gas-to-liquid plants. Other transformation Energy industry own use
Other transformation covers non-specified transformation not shown elsewhere, such as the transformation of primary solid biofuels into charcoal. nergy industry own use contains the primary and secondary E energy consumed by transformation industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC 05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721]. osses includes losses in energy distribution, transmission and L transport.
Losses
Total final otal final consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption by the T consumption (TFC) different end-use sectors. Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final consumption. Industry
Industry consumption is specified in the following subsectors (energy used for transport by industry is not included here but reported under transport): Iron and steel industry [ISIC Group 241 and Class 2431]; Chemical and petrochemical industry [ISIC Divisions 20 and 21] excluding petrochemical feedstocks; n Non-ferrou s metals basic industries [ISIC Group 242 and Class2432]; n Non-metallic minerals such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc. [ISIC Division 23]; n Transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 29 and 30]; n M achinery comprises fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment other than transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 25 to 28];
n n
64
Industry (ctd.)
n n n
n n n
ining (excluding fuels) and quarrying [ISIC Divisions 07 M and 08 and Group 099]; Food and tobacco [ISIC Divisions 10 to 12]; Paper, pulp and printing [ISIC Divisions 17 and 18]; Wood and wood products (other than pulp and paper) [ISIC Division 16]; Construction [ISIC Divisions 41 to 43]; Textile and leather [ISIC Divisions 13 to 15]; Non-specified (any manufacturing industry not included above) [ISIC Divisions 22, 31 and 32].
Transport
Transport includes all fuels used for transport [ISIC Divisions 49 to 51]. It includes transport in industry and covers domestic aviation, road, rail, pipeline transport, domestic navigation and non-specified transport. Fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing (included under fishing) and military consumption (included in other non-specified) are excluded from transport. Please note that international marine and international aviation bunkers are also included here for world total. Other covers residential, commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-99], agriculture/forestry [ISIC Divisions 01 and 02], fishing [ISIC Division 03] and nonspecified consumption.
Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in the different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel. Non-energy use also includes petrochemical feedstocks. Non-energy use is shown separately in final consumption under the heading non-energy use.
Other
Non-energy
use
Unit abbreviations
bcm Gcal GCV GW GWh kb/cd kcal kg kJ billion cubic metres gigacalorie gross calorific value gigawatt gigawatt hour thousand barrels per calendar day kilocalorie kilogramme kilojoule kWh MBtu Mt Mtoe PPP t TJ toe TWh kilowatt hour million British thermal units million tonnes million tonnes of oil equivalent purchasing power parity metric ton = tonne = 1 000 kg terajoule tonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal terawatt hour
10
65
G L O S S A R Y
OECD*
GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, theSlovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, theUnited Kingdom and the United States. ahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, B Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. lbania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and A Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Gibraltar, Kazakhstan, Kosovo**, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro**, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia**, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Peoples Republic of China and Hong Kong (China). angladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Chinese Taipei, B India, Indonesia, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Other Asia. rgentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, A Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and Other Non-OECD Americas. Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cte dIvoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa. ECD countries and those EU countries that are not members O of the OECD (i.e. Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Romania). Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russian Federation and Middle East. World excluding OECD+ and OME.
Middle East
China Asia
Non-OECD Americas
Africa
OECD +
66
* OECD includes Estonia and Slovenia starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for these two countries are included in Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia. ** Serbia includes Kosovo from 1990 to 1999 and Montenegro from 1990 to 2004. Note: The countries listed above are those for which the IEA Secretariat has direct statistics contacts. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication country refers to country or territory, as the case may be.
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the Iraqi energy sector, examining its role both in satisfying the countrys internal needs and in meeting global oil demand; hat unlocking the potential for energy efficiency could do, w country by country and sector by sector, for oil security, the climate and the economy; he cost of delaying action on climate change, as more and more t carbon-emitting facilities are built; he water-energy nexus, as water resources become increasingly t stressed and access more contentious; easures of progress towards providing universal access to modern m energy services; and ecent developments in subsidies for fossil fuels and renewable r energy.
No-one can be sure today how the future energy system might evolve; but many decisions cannot wait. The insights of WEO-2012 are invaluable to those who must make them.
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NOTES
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NOTES
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OECD/IEA, 2012
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