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Engineering Mathematics - I (MATH ZC 161) : BITS Pilani
Engineering Mathematics - I (MATH ZC 161) : BITS Pilani
BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
Summary of lecture 14
9.8 Line Integrals
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Outline of lecture 15
9.9 Independence of Path 9.10 Double Integral
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Path of Integration
A piecewise-smooth curve C between an initial point A and a terminal point B is called as a path of integration or simply a path. Generally, the value of a line integral depends on the path of integration. In general,
Fidr
C2
C1
F i dr F i dr
C2
C1
Fidr = Fidr
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Example
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Solution
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Remark
we got different answers in part (a) and part (b) of last example even the two curves had same end points.
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Exercise 1
Evaluate
y dx + x dy
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Remark
y dx + x dy
has the same value 1 on each path C between ( 0, 0 ) & (1,1) This implies that
y dx + x dy
does not depend upon the path C joining the points ( 0, 0 ) & (1,1)
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In other words, F is conservative if a function such that F = . A conservative vector field is also called a gradient vector field.
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Example
In exercise 1,
y dx + x dy can be written as
F idr
Path Independence
If the value of a line integral is same for every path in the region connecting the initial point A and terminal point B, then the integral is said to be independent of the path.
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F idr of F along C
C1
F i dr = F i dr
C2
for any two paths C1 and C2 between A and B. The line integral given in exercise 1 is independent of path.
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Open Region
A region R is said to be open region if it contains no boundary points.
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If F is conservative and P, Q and R are continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives in some open region of 3space, then P Q P R Q R = , = , = . y x z x z y Conversely, P Q P R Q R if = , = , = holds throughout y x z x z y an appropriate region of 3-space, then F is conservative.
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f ( x, y )dA = lim
|| P|| 0
k =1
f ( xk * , yk * )Ak
|| P|| 0
k =1
integrable over R.
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Volume
Let V be the volume of the solid above the region R and below the surface z = f ( x, y ). If f is nonnegative on R, then V = f ( x, y )dA.
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Region of integration
If f is integrable over R, then R is called the region of integration. When f is continuous on R, then f is necessarily integrable over R.
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Area
When f ( x, y ) = 1 on R, then A = dA gives the area A of the region R
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Let f and g be functions of two variables that are integrable over a region R. Then i)
ii ) ( f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) ) dA = f ( x, y )dA g ( x, y )dA
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Regions of Type I
The region shown in the diagram where the boundary functions g1 and g 2 are continuous, is called a region of Type I .
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Regions of Type II
In the diagram the region R where h1 and h2 are continuous, is called region of Type II .
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f ( x, y)dA =
R
b g2 ( x )
f ( x, y ) dy dx.
a g1 ( x )
f ( x, y)dA =
R
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d h2 ( y )
f ( x, y ) dx dy.
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c h1 ( y )
Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Example
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Solution
e
R
x +3 y
dA =
y =1 x = y
5 y
x +3 y
dx dy =
e y =1
x +3 y
x = y dy
5 y
9 8 7 4 e e e e = ( e5+ 2 y e 4 y ) dy = + y =1 2 4 2 4 2
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Example
xe
R
y2
dA
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Solution
xe
R
y2
dA =
x =0
4 y=x
2
xe dy dx
y2
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xe
R 4
y2
dA =
2
y =0 x =0 y
xe dx dy
y2
x y2 = e dy y =0 2 0 4 1 y2 1 16 = ye dy = ( e 1) y =0 2 4
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Center of Mass
If a lamina corresponding to a region R has a variable density ( x, y ), where is nonnegative and continuous in R, then we define its mass m by m = ( x, y ) dA.
R
The coordinates of the center of mass of the lamina are then Mx , y= x= m m where M y = x ( x, y ) dA and M x = y ( x, y ) dA
R
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My
R
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Thanks
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus