4.1 4.10 The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 4.1 - 4.

10 in
the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.

4.11

a.

0.12 rem
1 cancer death
(70 yr )
Denver risk =
= 1.05 10 -3
yr
8,000
rems

0.04 rem
1 cancer death
(70 yr )
Sea level risk =
= 0.35 10 -3
yr
8,000 rems

b. Denver deaths due to cosmic radiation exposure:

0.12 rem
1 death

0.57 10 6 people
= 8.6 deaths yr

person
yr
8
,
000
rems

189 deaths

yr
deaths
Expected = 0.57 10 people
= 1,077
yr
100
,
000
people

c.

1 cancer death
Incremental risk = 10 -6 = 0.12 - 0.04 rem (N yr )

yr

8,000 rems
N=

8,000 10 -6
= 0.1 yr (Table 4.3 suggests 2 months)
0.08

d.

(300 10

0.04 rem 1 cancer death

people)
= 1,500 deaths yr
person yr 8,000 rems

4.12

Radon exposure of 1.5 piC/L equivalent to 400 mrem/yr (0.4 rem/yr):

a.

0.4 rem 1 cancer death

(300 10 6 people) = 15,000 deaths yr
person yr 8,000 rems
b.

0.4 rem 1 cancer death 70 yr

-3

Risk =

= 3.5 10 cancer death lifetime

yr 8,000 rems lifetime

4.13-4.14
The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 4.13 - 4.14
in the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.
4.15

Data is taken from Tables 4.9 and 4.10

a. conc =

(risk )(body wt )(lifespan ) 365 d yr

(PF)(intake rate)(freq )(duration )

(10 ) (70 kg ) 70lifeyr 365yr d

-6

b. freq =

= 4.93 10 -4 mg/m 3
3
2.9 10 kg d 20 m 250 d 25 yr

mg

d yr life
-2

(risk )(body wt )(lifespan ) 365 d yr

(PF)(intake rate)(conc)(duration )

(10 ) (70 kg ) 70lifeyr 365

yr
-7

= 25 d/yr
-4
2.9 10 kg d 20 m 4.93 10 mg 25 yr

mg
m3

d
life
-2

4.16

a.

Use Table 4.11 oral RfDs and Table 4.10 for other factors
HItotal = HIarsenic + HImethylene chloride
1 L 0.070 mg kg d 0.560 mg kg d

d
+
= 3.5
HI =

70 kg
L
L
0.0003 mg
0.060 mg

b. No, this is not a safe level, since the HI > 1.

c.

Use Table 4.9 for PFs and Table 4.10 for other factors
risk = riskarsenic + riskmethylene chloride

1 L 250 d 10 yr

d yr life 1.75 kg d 0.0700 mg 0.0075 kg d 0.560 mg

risk =
+

L
mg
L

70 yr 365 d mg

(70 kg )

life yr
risk = 1.8 10 -4

Since this risk is 10-6, it would probably not be considered

acceptable

4.17

a.
50 kg d 0.00002 mg 20 m 3 250 d 25 yr

3
d
yr
mg
m

life

risk =
= 7 10 -5

(70 kg ) 70 yr 365 d
life yr

b.

(220,000 workers ) (7 10 -5 ) = 15 workers

c. The 2006 U.S. cancer rate of 24% taken from text in Section 4.2 is the same
as the 1992 rate given in Table 4.1

(220,000 workers)(0.24) + 15 workers = 52,815 workers

d.

From Table 4.11 RfDs for both arsenic and mercury are 0.0003 mg/kgd

20 m 3

0.00002 mg + 0.0001 mg = 0.11

HI =

0.0003 mg

m3
m3

(70kg )

kg d

Since the HI is less than 1 the non-cancer hazard is acceptable, despite

there being a cancer risk greater than 10-6.

4.18 4.26 The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 4.15 - 4.23 in
the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.
4.27 260 million people, 2L/day, 360d/yr, 30yr, find risk and incremental cancers for,
a. trichloroethylene at 0.005 mg/L:

Risk = CDI x Potency

Risk =

2L/d x 0.005 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr 1.1x10-2

x
= 6.6x10 7
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

cancer =

260x106 people x 6.6x10 -7 cancer / person life

= 2.5 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime

b. benzene at 0.005 mg/L:

Risk =

2L/d x 0.005 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr 2.9x10 -2

x
= 1.75x10 6
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

260x106 people x 1.75x10 -6 cancer / person life

cancer =
= 6.5 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime
c. arsenic at 0.01 mg/L:
2L/d x 0.01 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr
1.75
Risk =
x
= 2.11x10 4
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

260x10 6 people x 2.11x10 -4 cancer / person life

cancer =
= 785 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime
d. carbon tetrachloride at 0.005 mg/L:
Risk =

2L/d x 0.005 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr

0.13
x
= 7.9x10 6
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

cancer =

260x106 people x 7.9x10 -6 cancer / person life

= 29 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime

e. vinyl chloride at 0.002 mg/L:

Risk =

2L/d x 0.002 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr

2.3
x
= 5.6x10 5
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

cancer =

260x106 people x 5.6x10 -5 cancer / person life

= 206 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime

f. PCBs at 0.0005 mg/L:

Risk =

2L/d x 0.0005 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr

7.7
x
= 4.6x10 5
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

cancer =

260x106 people x 4.6x10 -5 cancer / person life

= 172 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime

4.28 4.33 The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 4.25 - 4.30 in
the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.