Technical seminar on

Hydrogen Fueled Vehicles

GUIDED BY : H.RAGHAVENDRA( ASSOC. PROF.) PARMESHWAR S (LECT.) DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

PRESENTED BY: RAVI KUMAR SHARMA (4JN09ME072)

CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN AS A FUEL PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND STORAGE HYDROGEN FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM HYDROGEN ANCILLIARY SYSTEM VALVE TIMING TRAIN DRIVE

IGNITION SYSTEM
ENGINE PERFORMANCE AIR POLLUTION ECONOMICS OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

Hydrogen is widely regarded as a promising transportation fuel. It is clean, abundant, and renewable. In a gaseous state, it is colorless, odorless, and non-toxic. When hydrogen is combusted with oxygen, it forms water as the by-product. It can be completely combusted over a wide range of air/fuel ratios. Unfortunately, the use of excess air also lowers the power output of the engine.

PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN AS A FUEL

Hydrogen is eco-friendly and a clean fuel with products of combustion causing no severe environmental degradation. It has high specific energy per unit weight. Hydrogen also posses higher thermodynamic conversion efficiency as compared to petrol. Hydrogen rapidly disperses in air which prevents its concentration from reaching lower limits of flammability and detonability in air.

PRODUCTION
Hydrogen can be produced by: Biophotolysis (Production by Cyanobacteria and Green Microalgae) . Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Electrolysis of water. Photoelectrolysis. As a byproduct in petroleum refineries or chloralkali industries. With the help of photochemical cells which require a liquid electrolyte sandwiched between cathode and anode.

Fig.1 : hydrogen pathways

STORAGE

High-pressure storage tanks. Cryogenic storage. Metal hydrides. Carbon nanotubes.

HYDROGEN FUEL INJECTION SYSYTEM

Pre -ignition occurs when the cylinder charge becomes ignited before the ignition by the spark plug. Port injection systems that inject the fuel into the air stream near the intake valve; and direct injection systems that inject the fuel directly into the combustion chamber. Precisely timing the injector opening and closing times (tuning the system), can virtually eliminate pre-ignition from occurring.

CONTINUED.

Direct injection systems also require higher fuel pressure and tend to be a little more complicated than the other two methods. The fuel injectors used to meter the fuel are solenoid operated, pulse-width modulated, sonic flow injectors especially designed for gaseous fuels. Since the design of this system allows the flow of hydrogen and air to each cylinder to be independent of each other, any occurrence of pre-ignition in one cylinder would not influence (ignite) the air/fuel mixture of another To supply fuel to each injector, a single fuel rail was designed and fabricated. This fuel rail contains a port for each of the fuel injectors.

CROSS SECTION OF INJECTOR

Fig.2: injection system

Fig.3: cross section of injector

HYDROGEN ANCILLARY SYSTEM

The hydrogen ancillary system consists of a high flow capacity pressure regulator, a manual shut-off valve, a solenoid operated on/off valve, three pressure gauges and a fuel line.

VALVE TIMING

It was ground to have 48 degrees of valve overlap and 268 degrees of duration with a 0.74-inch valve lift at .050-inch tappet lift.

TRAIN DRIVE
If 5-speed manual transmission was installed, this transmission has the following gear ratios: 1st gear: 3.27:1 2nd gear: 1.98:1 3rd gear: 1.34:1 4th gear: 1:1 5th gear: .68:1

IGNITION SYSTEM
Magnetic Breaker less distributor that uses mechanical weights for timing advance (maximum of 32 degrees). This system is mechanically linked to the engine through a gear on the camshaft

Fig.4: Distributor vanes

ENGINE PERFORMANCE
The maximum output for a hydrogen engine can be

either 15% higher or 15% less than that of gasoline if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is used The engine would be producing a large amount of nox emissions. Thermodynamic efficiency

Where rv = the compression ratio and , k = the ratio of specific heats

CONTINUED...

Fig.5: Compression ratio Vs Air/Fuel mixtures

AIR POLLUTION
Since no carbon is present in a hydrogen fuel system, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollution do not exist However, when the air, consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, is heated inside the engine, nitric oxide pollution is formed Using water induction technique, peak combustion temperatures inside the hydrogen engine can be maintained at levels below the threshold for nitric oxide formation

CONTINUED..

This results in a substantial decrease in nitric oxide formation, as shown in Figure

Fig.6

ECONOMICS

Only 2 ways to reduce our dependence on foreign oil

Increase production Decrease demand

The push for hydrogen fuel technology in cars represents the second

Fig.7

OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Preignition Backfiring Engine Knock Water Formation And Engine corrosion.

Fig.8 equivalence ratio v/s spark advance

ADVANTAGES

High specific energy of hydrogen per unit weight. In several respects superior to other fuels. Easy ignability of hydrogen. Wider flammability range. It is less hazardous than other fuels. Engine can be run on leaner mixtures. In certain respects hydrogen is safer than other fuels. Many heavy and bulky items.

DISADVANTAGE
Easy diffusability and lack of visibility make detectivity of leaking gas difficult. The equipment for storage is costly. Production may be polluting and costly. Preignition, backfiring and knock may occur.

DEVELOPMENTS
The Highway Hydrogen

Worlds first hydrogen refueling station opened in Iceland in 2003 California & Florida have both approved funding BC Hydrogen Highway link Vancouver & Whistler since start of 2010 Winter Olympic Games.

ENVIRONMENT
Why we are pursuing Hydrogen FCVs(?) Emissions free There are costs associated with environmental damage

So Where Are We At?

The BMW Hydrogen 7 is the world's first production-ready hydrogen vehicle. 100 cars have been put on testing. Toyota and Nissan motors are working on consumer production of hydrogen cars. But like manned space flight in early 60s, hydrogen fuel cells are proven but primitive

Do we need a 5 year goal ?

Currently several expensive.

times

(5x?)

more

CONCLUSION

Hydrogen is a very clean fuel which hardly leaves any deposits on engine parts. Emissions from hydrogen engine are practically non-existent although some problems of nitrous oxide formation are encountered. Hydrogen is an ideal fuel for certain types of mobile applications. Hydrogen as a vehicular fuel may help to reduce independence on fossil fuels in future.

REFERENCES

Stewart, Ben (4 April 2008). "Chevy Volt Plug-in Car Batteries Ready for 2010 - GM Technical Center". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 19 September 2009. "Light Weight Hydrogen 'Tank' Could Fuel Hydrogen Economy". Sciencedaily.com. 2008-11-05. Retrieved 2010-12-12. Stewart, Ben (4 April 2008). "Chevy Volt Plug-in Car Batteries Ready for 2010 - GM Technical Center". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 19 September 2009. "Honda Civic GX Natural Gas Car Earns Top Spot on ACEEE's "Greenest Vehicles of 2008" List for the Fifth Straight Year". World.honda.com. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2011-01-31. Kreith (2004). "Fallacies of a Hydrogen Economy: A Critical Analysis of Hydrogen Production and Utilization". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 126: 249257.