MULTIMEDIA MULTIMEDIA

Lecturer: Nguyen Duy Nhat Vien July, 2006.

TI LIU THAM KHO

CMPT 365 Course Contents, Spring 2000, Website: http://www.cs.sfu.ca/CourseCentral/365/li/index.html Principles of Digital Audio, Ken C.Pohmanm Fourth Edition McGraw-Hill. Digital Video processing, A. Murat Tekalp, University of Rochester, Prentice Hall PTR. Multimedia processing, Andrew Calway, COMS72200. Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing., Anil.K.Jan, Prentice Hall, 1996. MPEG Home Page, http://www.cselt.it/mpeg/ Emerging Wireless Multimedia Services and Technologies, JohnWileySons, Aug 2005 Multimedia Content and the Semantic Web Standards Methods and Tools, John Wiley Sons, Jun 2005 Introduction To Digital Audio Signal Processing, Davide Rocchesso, 2003
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NI DUNG
TNG QUAN K THUT AUDIO K THUT VIDEO

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VIDEO ENGINEERING

C S VIDEO
Cc dng ca tn hiu Video mu
Tn hi u video thnh ph n:
Cc tn hiu video thnh phn c x l ring l. - Tp cc thnh phn RGB: L cc tn hiu c bn video mu c camera cung cp. Ba tn hiu mu c cng rng bng tn. - Tp cc thnh phn Y, R-Y, B-Y: L t hp ca cc gi tr mu c cn. Thng thng tn hiu Y c bng tn rng hn hai tn hiu R-Y v B-Y. Ti to hnh nh tt nht nhng yu cu bng thng v ng b tt cho cc thnh phn.

Tn hi u video t ng h p:
L tn hiu video m trong thng tin chi (luminance), mu (chrominance) v ng b (synchronization) c phi hp vi nhau (theo tn s, thi gian v bin ) to ra mt tn hiu duy nht. Ph nng lng tp trung vo hi ca tn s tn hiu qut dng. Cho php qut cch dng nhn c cm nhn tt hn. Yu cu bng thng nh, khng ng b nhng x l kh khn.

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C S VIDEO
Video tng t
Thng tin v cnh vt truyn i mang cc tnh cht v choi, mu sc v s thay i theo thi gian. Mt tn hiu video bao gm cc nh theo trnh t thi gian, mi nh bao gm im nh. Cc im nh mang thng tin v chi v mu sc ca vt th, cnh quan.

K thu t qut

Qut lin tc: Tn s qut ln. Qut cch dng: Gim c tn s qut dng nhng vn m bo c cm nhn lin tc, khng b tri, nhp nhy

Hnh 3-1 Qut lin tc v qut cch dng

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C S VIDEO
c im ca video tng t
Tn hiu n cc, mc 1 chiu (DC=0V) biu din mc en v 0.7V biu din mc trng. 25mV biu th mc xo.

Hnh 3-2 Tn hiu video tng t iu ch m

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C S VIDEO
Cc tiu chun video mu
NTSC Video:
525 dng trn mt khung, 30 khung hnh trong mt giy. Qut cch dng. Chia lm hai trng (mi trng 262.5 dng). C 20 dng d tr cho thng tin iu khin ti thi im bt u mi trng. Ph hp v phn gii ca Laser Disk v S-VHS l 420 v TV thng thng c phn gii khong 320 dng.

Hnh 3-3 Tn hiu video vi thng tin iu khin

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C S VIDEO
Biu din mu: NTSC s dng kiu mu YIQ. Thnh phn tng hp =Y+Icos(fsct)+Qsin(fsct). Trong , fsc l tn s ca sng mang ph ca mu. PAL Video: 625 dng trn mt khung, 25 khung hnh trong mt giy. Qut cch dng. Khung gm hai trng chn l, mi trng 312.5 dng. S dng kiu mu YUV. Di tn tn hiu chi Y rng 5MHz. Tn hiu U v V c xc nh theo cng thc: V=0.877(R-Y)=0.615R-0.515G-0.100B U=0.493(B-Y)=-0.147R-0.293G+0.473B

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C S VIDEO

Video s
Thun li:
Truy cp ngu nhin trc tip thun tin, Vic to, lu tr v ghi c nhiu ln khng nh hng n cht lng nh. Khng cn xung xo v xung ng b. X l thun tin, khng gp tr ngi v gii hn tn s, bng thng.

Kh khn
Tuy nhin, tn hiu s gp mt s tr ngi xoay quanh vn v tnh hiu qu, chng hn b lc s c gi thnh tng i cao.

Tiu chun ly mu mu:

Thun li trong vic x l i vi tn hiu video thnh phn, nhng bng thng yu cu ln. im khc nhau ch yu ca cc tiu chun ly mu l t l gia tn s ly mu v phng php ly mu tn hiu chi v cc tn hiu mu. Tn s chun l 3,375MHz. Mu tn hiu c ly ch i vi phn t tch cc ca tn hiu video. Cu trc ly mu l trc giao.

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C S VIDEO
4:4:4: Tn s ly mu mu cho cc thnh phn Y, CR, CB l 13.5MHz. 4:2:2: Y: 13.5MHz, CR, CB l 6.75MHz. Khi gii m, mu im nh sau c suy t im nh trc. 4:1:1: Y:13.5MHz,CR, CB l 3.375MHz. 4:2:0: Y:13.5MHz,CR, CB l 3.375MHz. Ly mu mu xen k.

4:4:4

4:2:2

4:1:1

4:2:0

Ly mu Y, CR, CB Ly mu CR

Ly mu Y Ly mu CB

Hnh 3-4 Cc tiu chun ly mu mu

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C S VIDEO
Tn hiu video s
nh

t im nh Mang thng tin v chi, mu sc

Hnh 3-5 Video s

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C S VIDEO
Cc tiu chun video s ca CCIR (Consultative Committee for International Radio)
CCIR 601525/60 NTSC phn gii chi phn gii sc Ly mu mu S trng /s Cch qut 720x480 CCIR 601625/50 PAL/SECAM 720x576

CIF 352x288

QCIF 176x144

360x480 4:2:2 60 Cch dng

360x576 4:2:2 50 Cch dng

176x144 4:2:0 30,15,10,7.5 Lin tc

88x72 4:2:0 30,15,10,7.5 Lin tc

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JPEG
Khi nim
Chun JPEG m t mt h k thut nn nh cho tone lin tc (mc xm hay mu) ca nh. JPEG khai thc d tha sinh l th gic trong nh. JPEG c tin hnh vo thng 3 nm 1986, n thng 1 nm 1988 th JPEG c nht tr vi gii php DCT thch nghi ci thin v tng cng nh. DCT lin tc: nh c m ho t tri sang phi, t trn xung di da vo DCT. DCT lu tin: nh m ho qut phc hp theo ch phn gii khng gian cho cc ng dng bng hp Khng tn hao: Khi phc chnh xc, t l nn thp, ch loi b thng tin khng cm nhn c. Baseline Th bc (phn cp): M ho qut phc Th bc hp phn gii khng gian, hiu qu vi nhng nh c phn gii cao. Ti liu ny ch xt DCT lin tc. DCT DCT Khng
lin tc lu tin tn hao

Hnh 3-6 Cc kiu hot ng ca JPEG

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JPEG
M ho JPEG

Hnh 3-7 M ho JPEG

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JPEG
Chuyn i Cosin ri rc DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)

DCT thun:

Hnh 3-8 DCT

DCT ngc:

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JPEG

98 97 95 93 91 89 87 85 92 91 89 87 85 83 81 79

V d
95 94 92 90 88 88 84 82 80 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 75 74 72 70 68 66 64 62 82 81 79 77 75 73 71 69 68 67 65 63 31 59 57 55 50 49 47 45 43 41 39 37

DC
591 35 -1 3 -1 0 -1 0 106 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 7 7 F (0, 0) = f (i, j ) = 591 Thnh phn DC: 8 Cc gi tr cn li l thnh phn AC i =0 j =0 Nhn xt: DCT lm gim tng quan khng gian ca thng tin trong khi, biu din DCT c d tha thng tin t hn, ng thi, DCT cha thng tin v ni dung tn s khng gian ca thng tin trong khi, da vo c tnh sinh l th gic, ta ch m ho nhng h s DCT quan trng, nn.
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JPEG
Lng t ho
Lng t cc h s F(u,v) gim s bits. Cc h s tng ng vi cc tn hiu tn s thp l cc gi tr ln nn phi c lng t chnh xc. Cc h s tng ng vi cc tn hiu tn s cao (AC) c gi tr b nn cho php sai s, ta c th chia vi mt s ln hn. Lng t ho thay i theo khong cch t c hiu qu nn cao. q (u , v) F (u , v) + 2 F (u , v) Fq (u , v) = = round q (u , v) q (u , v) Trong , q(u,v) l gi tr trong bng lng t ho 8x8, tu thuc vo knh chi hay knh sc. Mt ngi t cm nhn c cc ni dung tn s cao v cng km i vi cc ni dung tn s cao ca knh sc

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JPEG
Ma trn lng t knh chi v knh sc:

tng

16 12 14 14 18 24 49 72

11 12 14 17 12 35 64 92

10 14 16 22 37 55 78 95

16 19 24 29 56 64 87 98

24 26 40 51 68 81 103 112

40 58 57 57 109 104 121 100

51 60 69 69 103 113 120 103

61 55 56 56 77 92 101 99

17 18 24 47 99 99 99 99

18 21 26 66 99 99 99 99

24 26 56 99 99 99 99 99

47 66 99 99 99 99 99 99

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

Ma trn lng t knh chi

Ma trn lng t knh sc

Nhn xt: H s lng t q(u,v) cng xa th c gi tr cng ln, kt qu ca cc thnh phn c lng t c tn s cng cao cng tin v 0. y l qu trnh tn hao thng tin duy nht trong nn nh khng tn hao.

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JPEG
Qut zigzag
nh x ma trn 8x8 thnh vector 1x64, y ca vector l gi tr EOB (End of Block). Mc ch: Nhm cc thnh phn tn s thp vo nh ca vector. 0 V d: Xt v d trn, vi cc thnh phn c lng t ho

40 10

DC
40 3 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AC(0,7)

3 0 0

Qut zigzag 7 AC(7,7) 64

-2 2 0 .. -1 .. EOB

AC(7,0)

Hnh 3-9 Qut zigzag

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JPEG
iu ch xung m sai bit trn cc thnh phn DC
Thnh phn DC l thnh phn u sau qut zigzag. Gi tr ca thnh phn DC l ln, thay i nhng gn vi gi tr ca block trc . iu ch DPCM cho thnh phn DC.

15 0,10 0,3 2,-2 0,2 7,-1 EOB

DPCM cho tp DC
Khng c bc chy 0 trc gi tr 10 C 2 bc chy 0 trc gi tr -2

M ho lot di cho thnh phn AC

Tr thnh phn DC, cc thnh phn cn li l AC gm nhiu gi tr 0 lin tip. M ho lot da gi tr 0 s mang li hiu qu rt cao. V d: Gi s block trc c gi tr ca thnh phn DC l 25. Kt qu nh hnh bn.

Kt thc khi

Hnh 3-10 M ho cc thnh phn DC v AC

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JPEG
M ho Entropy
M ho Entropy s dng k thut m ho Huffman vi cc bng m ho gm bng phn loi v bng Huffman da vo c tnh thng k ca tn hiu. M ho Entropy cho thnh phn DC:
Cc h s DC sai lch
-255-128; 128255 -127-64; 64127 -63-32; 3263 -31-16; 1631 -15-8; 815 -7-4; 47 -3;-2; 2;3 -1;1 0

Phn loi
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

T m (chi)
1111 110 1111 10 1111 0 1110 110 101 01 00 100

Hnh 3-11 Bng phn loi v bng Huffman cho thnh phn DC chi
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JPEG
S m ho

40
H s DC sau qut zigzag

=40-25=15

15 ~ loi 4 Bng phn loi 15 Bng Huffman

M ho DPCM
DC trc =25

loi 4 c m 110 110 1111

M ho nh phn 15 m nh phn l 1111

Hnh 3-12 M ho entropy thnh phn DC

M ho cc thnh phn AC Cc t m vi di thay i c tn sut xut hin cao c m ho ngn v ngc li. Qu trnh m ho nh vy gi l m ho di t m thay i VLC. Bng phn loi ging nh bng phn loi ca thnh phn DC nhng khc bng Huffman.

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JPEG
Bc chy 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 EOB Phn loi 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 di m 2 2 3 4 4 6 5 8 6 6 7 7 4 T m 00 01 100 1011 1100 111001 11011 11111 000 111 010 111 011 1111 010 1111 011 1010

Hnh 3-13 Bng Huffman cc h s AC

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JPEG
10 ~ loi 4 Bc chy 0,2 Bc chy 2 ~ loi 2 Mc 10,-2 M ho RLC Bng phn loi Bng Huffman AC loi H s AC sau qut bc chy 0, loi 4 c m 1011 10,2 zigzag bc chy 2, loi 2 c m 11111000 V d trn: M ho nh phn 1011 1010 0,10 2,-2 10 m nh phn l 1010 2 ~10; -2~ 01
0,10 0,3 2,-2 0,2 7,-1 EOB

11111 000| 01
1011 1010 01 11

VLC

11111 000 01 01 10 11111 001 0 1010

Hnh 3-14 M ho entropy thnh phn AC

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CC CHUN NN VIDEO
H.261 H.263 MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-4 MPEG-7

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H.261
Khi nim
ITU (CCITT) H.261 c pht trin cho dch v truyn hnh hi ngh v video phone qua ISDN tc px64kbps (p=1..30). V d: Tc 64kbps truyn 48kbps video, 16kbps audio. Truyn hnh hi ngh yu cu cht lng nh cao hn, p6, tc 384kbps. L c s cho cc chun nn sau ny nh MPEG 1, 2. Cc c tnh:
- Tr m ho <150ms, truyn hnh hi ngh song cng, gy n tng tt cho khn gi. - Thc hin trn linh kin VLSI (gi thnh thp) m rng th trng cc dch v video phone, truyn hnh hi ngh.

Cc dng nh ng vo
Kh nng phi hp gia cc chun 625 v 525 dng ca TV, H.261 s dng dng thc trung gian chung CIF (Common Intermediate Format) vi cc tc bit thp hn, H.261 s dng dng c tc nh hn l QCIF (Quadrature). Vi tc 30 khung hnh/s th tc d liu ca CIF l 37.3Mbps, QCIF l 9.35 Mbps. Tc cng thp th cng gim s khung hnh/s

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H.261
Ghp tn hiu video
Mc ch: nh ngha cu trc d liu b gii m c th hiu c khi nhn dng bit. Tn hiu video c phn thnh cc lp. Mi lp nh vy u c header nh ngha cc tham s c s dng bi b m ho khi to ra dng bits. Lp nh c phn thnh cc nhm khi GOB (Group of Block). Cc GOB bao gm cc MB (Macro Block). MB l n v nh nht bao gm 4 khi 8x8 ca tn hiu Y v hai khi 8x8 ca tn hiu sc.

MB
Y1

Y2 Y4

Y3

CR

CB

Hnh 3-15 Macro block

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H.261
Lp GOB lun c kt hp ca 33 macroblock, hp thnh ma trn 3x11. Ch rng mi MB c mt header cha a ch MB v kiu nn, tip theo l d liu ca khi.
Kiu CIF QCIF S GOB/khung 12 3 S MB/GOB 33 33 Tng MB/khung 396 99

Cui cng, lp nh bao gm header nh theo sau bi d liu cho cc GOB. Mt header cha d liu l dng nh (CIF hay QCIF) v s khung. Ch rng nh CIF c 12 GOB cn QCIF ch c 3 GOB.
1 12 23 2 13 24 3 14 25 4 15 26 5 16 27 6 17 28 7 18 29 8 19 30 9 20 31 10 21 32 11 22 33

Cu trc MB
MBA MTYPE MQUANT MVD CBP Block Data

a ch MB Dng Intra, Inter

Vector chuyn ng D liu H s lng t Mu khi m ho

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H.261
Cu trc chui bit H.261
PSC TR Ptype GOB GOB GOB

GOB Start

Grp#

Gquant

MB

MB

MB

MBA

Mtype

Mquant

MVD

CBP

B0 Skip,val

B5

DC

Skip, val

EOB

Hnh 3-16 Cu trc chui bits H.261

PSC: Picture Start Code Bt u mt nh. TR: Temporalo Reference S dng ng b audio Ptype: Kiu nh (khung P hay khung I). Grp# S group. GQuant: Lng t c nhm vi cng mt h s lng t.
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H.261
Cc khung

Intra Frame: Trong khung, khung I cho kh nng truy cp ngu nhin, kiu nn intra tng t nh JPEG da trn m ho DCT tng MB. Inter Frame: Lin khung, lin h vi cc khung I v P trc, MB u c th b chuyn ng MC (Motion Compensation) hoc khng. M ho DCT sai bit d on. Cung cp cc tu chn cho tng MB nh lng t vi cng h s lng t, s dng b lc b chuyn ng.

Hnh 3-17 Chui cc khung H.261

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H.261
M ho trong khung

Hnh 3-18 M ho trong khung H.261

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H.261
S m ho trong khung

Hnh 3-19 M ho khung I

Control iu khin tc bit v b m, nu b m y th gim tc bit. Memory dng lu hnh nh c khi phc li vi mc ch tm vector chuyn ng cho Frame P tip theo.
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H.261
M ho lin khung

Hnh 3-20 M ho lin khung H.261

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H.261
S m ho lin khung

Hnh 3-21 S m ho khung P

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H.263
Khi nim
Tiu chun ci tin H.261 cho video tc thp, c th truyn trn mng in thoi cng cng PSTN, c cng nhn nm 1996. Ging nh H.261, m ho DCT cho cc MB trong I Frame v DCT sai bit d on trong P Frame. Tc ti thiu

u im:
Chnh xc sai bit d on vi pixel. Khng hn ch vector chuyn ng. M ho s hc theo c php. D on thun li vi cc khung P. Ngoi CIF, QCIF, H.263 cn h tr SQCIF, 4 CIF v 16CIF vi phn gii tn hiu chi tun t l 128x96, 704x576, 1408x1152. phn gii tn hiu sc bng tn hiu chi.

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MPEG-1
Khi nim
MPEG-1 l mt chun c pht trin v tha nhn nm 1992 lu tr video dng CIF v kt hp vi audio khong 1.5Mbps trn nhiu mi trng lu tr s khc nhau nh CD-ROM, DAT, Winchester, a quang vi ng dng chnh l cc h thng a mi trng trc tuyn. Thut ton MPEG-1 tng t nh H.261 nhng vi mt vi c tnh b sung. Cht lng ca MPEG-1 nn v gii nn tn hiu CIF khong 1.2Mbps (tc video) tng ng vi cht lng video tng t VHS.

c tnh
L tiu chun tng qut c php, h tr c lng chuyn ng, d on b chuyn ng, DCT, lng t v VLC. Khng nh ngha cc thut ton xc nh c th m thit k b m ho linh hot. Kh nng phc v cc nh khc nhau, hot ng trn cc thit b, tc khc nhau. Truy cp ngu nhin da vo cc im truy cp c lp (khung I). Tm nhanh xem nh qut dng bit m ho, ch hin th cc khung c chn. Tr m ho v gii m hp l (1s), gy n tng tt cho truy cp video n cng.

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MPEG-1
Dng tn hiu ng vo
MPEG-1 ch xt tn hiu video lu tin. t c tc bit 1.5Mbps, video ng vo thng c chuyn i trc khi a vo dng ng vo chun MPEG SIF (Standard Input Format). Khng gian mu (Y, Cr, Cb) c tha nhn theo khuyn ngh CCIR 601. Trong SIF MPEG, knh ch l 352 pixel x 240 dng v 30 khung/s. - S pixel ln nht trn mt dng: 720. - S dng ln nht trn mt nh: 576. - S nh trong mt giy: 30. - S macroblock trn mt nh: 396. - S macroblock trn mt giy: 9900. - Tc bit ti a: 1.86Mbps. - Kch thc b m gii m ti a: 376.832bits. Ch : Rng buc trn khng c ngha l tn hiu video c nn vi tc ti a.

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MPEG-1
Cu trc d liu v cc kiu nn
Cu trc d liu gm 6 lp, cho php b gii m hiu c nhng tn hiu cha xc nh. 1) Cc chui c nh dng bi mt vi nhm nh GOP. 2) Nhm nh to nn nh. Nhm nh c xc nh bi hai thng s m v n. Thng s m xc nh s khung hnh P v khung hnh B xut hin gia hai khung hnh I gn nhau nht. S n xc nh s khung hnh B gia hai khung P. 3) nh bao gm cc phn (slice). C 4 dng nh tng ng vi cc kiu nn, l nh I, nh P, nh B v nh D. nh I l nh c m ho DCT trong khung s dng thut ton ging nh JPEG. Chng cho php cc im truy cp ngu nhin n chui. C hai dng nh c m ho lin khung l nh P v nh B. Cc nh ny m ho DCT b chuyn ng sai bit d on. Ch c vic d on ti l c s dng trong kiu nh P, l cc nh c m ho lin quan n nh I v P trc . S d on trong nh B c th l ti hoc li hoc lin h hai chiu ti cc nh I hoc P khc. Cc nh D ch cha cc thnh phn DC trong mi khi vi mc ch cho cc tc bit rt thp. S khung I, P v B trong mt GOP c p dng mt cch ph thuc, v d tu thuc vo thi gian truy cp v cc tc bit yu cu.

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MPEG-1
V d: Mt GOP nh hnh v c kt hp bi 9 nh. Ch rng khung u ca mi GOP lun l mt nh I. Trong MPEG, trt t trong cc nh khng cn thit ging nhau theo th t lin tip. Ngha l th t truyn nh v th t nh hin ln mn hnh l khng ging nhau. nh trong hnh v c c th c m ho trong mt trt t nh sau: 0, 4, 1, 2, 3, 8, 5, 6, 7 hay 0, 1, 4, 3, 8, 5, 6, 7 Khi d on vi cc nh P v B nn da trn cc nh c truyn

Hnh 3-22 Nhm nh trong MPEG-1

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Nhm nh

MPEG-1
4) Cc phn (slice) c to bi cc macroblock. Chng c a ra vi mc ch khi phc li. 5) S kt hp cc macroblock MB l tng t nh H.261. Mt vi tham s nn c th c mang trong MB c s. Cc dng MB nh bng bn. I: Ni suy(hai hng); B: Li A: Thch ng; F: Ti D: Sai bit d on. 6) Cc khi l cc mng 8x8 pixels. Chng l mt n v DCT nh nht. Cc tiu c nh ngha cho cc chui, GOP, nh, phn v cc MB xc nh c nht d liu sau n. nh I Intra Intra-A nh P Intra Intra-A Inter-D Inter-DA Inter-F Inter-FD Inter-FDA Skipped nh B Intra Intra-A Inter-F Inter-FD Inter-FDA Inter-B Inter-BD Inter-BDA Inter-I Inter-ID Inter-IDA Skipped
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MPEG-1
Kiu nn trong khung
Cc gi tr cng ca im nh c m ho DCT theo cch tng t nh JPEG v kiu intra ca H.261. Vic nn t c bng s kt hp ca lng t ho v m ho chiu di thay i ca cc h s 0. MPEG cho php lng t ho khng gian thch ng bng vic a ra t l lng t MQUANT trong c php. C hai kiu MB trong cc nh I: - MB Intra c m ho vi ma trn lng t ho hin thi. - MB Intra A th ma trn lng t ho c t l bi h s MQUANT c truyn trong header. Ch rng MQUANT c th thay i trong MB c bn iu khin tc bit hoc vi mc ch lng t. MPEG c chng minh rng kiu nn Intra cung cp 30% nn tt hn so vi JPEG v tnh lng t thch ng. M ho cc h s DCT sau lng t ging nh JPEG.

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MPEG-1
Kiu nn lin khung
Trong cc kiu nn lin khung, s d on thi gian c tin hnh v kt qu sai bit d on c m ho DCT. C hai dng kiu d on thi gian c cho php trong MPEG-1, l d on ti (khung P) v d on hai hng (khung B).

Khung P (d on b chuyn ng)

Hnh 3-23 D on b chuyn ng ti S dng cc MB thch hp nht trong khung trc (tham chiu) d on b chuyn ng trong khung hin hnh. Thch hp nht da vo trung bnh bnh phng ti thiu hoc trung bnh tuyt i ti thiu. S dng thut ton c lung chuyn ng na pixel vi hai bc th v tinh.
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MPEG-1
Khung B (d on hai hng, ni suy)
L c trng ca MPEG.

D on MB cho khung hin hnh da vo: Khung trc; khung sau v trung bnh MB ca khung trc v khung sau. u im: Hiu qu trong vic nn nu dng khung B d on chu khung sau, trung bnh MC qua hai khung cho SNR tt hn. Nhc: Cn t nht hai khug tham chiu I, P; nu s dng khung B qu nhiu th khong cch gia cc khung tham chiu I, P tng tr m ho ln.

Hnh 3-24 D on hai hng

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MPEG-1
M ho MPEG-1

Hnh 3-25 M ho MPEG-1

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MPEG-1
Gii m MPEG-1

Hnh 3-26 Gii m MPEG-1 Tng quan, b m ho MPEG-1 tin hnh cc bc sau: - Quyt nh nhn ca cc khung I, P v B trong mt GOP. - nh gi chuyn ng cho mi MB trong cc nh P, B. - Xc nh kiu nn MTYPE cho mi MB. - t t s lng t MQUANT nu lng t thch ng c chn. B gii m MPEG-1 hot ng theo hng ngc li.
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MPEG-2
Khi nim
Cht lng MPEG-1 tc 1.2Mbps cho thy khng th chp nhn c vi cc ng dng gii tr. MPEG-2 l mt phin bn m rng ca MPEG-1 cung cp phm vi rng ca cc ng dng vi cc tc bit v cc phn gii khc nhau (2-20Mbps).

c trng ca MPEG-2: - Cho php ng vo kt hp (interlace), phn gii cao, ly mu ph thay i ca cc knh sc. - Cung cp dng bit co dn. - Cung cp cc tu chn lng t ho v m ho.

Dng nh trong MPEG-2

Video lu tin

Video kt hp

Khung nh I, P hoc B

Khung nh I, P hoc B

Trng nh I, P hoc B

Hnh 3-27 Dng nh trong MPEG-2

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MPEG-2
Cc hnh thi ca MPEG-2
Hnh thi n gin: S bc nn thp nht, ch cho php m ho cc nh loi I hoc P, khng cho php m ho cc nh loi B. Tc ti a ca hnh thi ny l 15Mbps. Hnh thi chnh: Cho php s dng tt c cc loi nh nhng khng to ra cc mc bt k. Cht lng nh tt hn hnh thi n gin nhng tc bit khng i. Hnh thi phn cp theo SNR: Tnh phn cp theo SNR c ngha l c s tho hip v cht lng hnh nh vi t s tn hiu trn tp m. H tr cho cc tc 4 v 15Mbps. Hnh thi phn cp theo khng gian: Tnh phn cp theo khng gian l c s tho hip v phn gii. H tr tc bit 60Mbps. Hnh thi cao: Bao gm cc cng c ca cc hnh thi trc cng vi kh nng m ho cc tn hiu mu khc nhau cng mt lc. L h thng hon ho c thit k cho ton b cc ng dng m khng b gii hn bi tc cao.

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MPEG-4
Phin bn 1: 8/1998. Phin bn 2: 12/1999. Pht trin cho tc bit rt thp: 4.8 n 64kbps, tuy nhin, sau nng tc ln ng k.
Video: 5kbps n 10Mbps. Audio: 2kbps n 64 kbps.

H tr cc pht trin ring cho cc i tng khc nhau to kh nng thch nghi, linh ng ci thin cht lng ca cc dch v nh digital television, animation graphics, World Wide Web v cc m rng ca chng.
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MPEG-7
MPEG-7
c tha nhn thnh tiu chun quc t vo thng 7/2001. xut cho vic tm kim, chn la, qun l v phn tch thng tin a phng tin. c gi l Giao tip m t ni dung a mi trng. Khng tp trung vo mt ng dng c th, khng phi l mt tiu chun m ha thc s cho audio, video hay multimedia. Bao gm: Tp cc s m t v cc b m t. Ngn ng xc nh cho cc s ny gi l Description Definition Language (DDL) S m ha m t.
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