Chương 1 - Tổng Quan

Trng i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin
Khoa in t - vin thng Thng Tin S

Bi 1 TNG QUAN H THNG THNG TIN S
Ni dung:
1. Qu trnh pht trin
2. H thng thng tin s
3. Tn hiu v phn tch tn hiu
4. Tn hiu ngu nhin
Ni dung:
1. Qu trnh pht trin
2. H thng thng tin s
3. Tn hiu v phn tch tn hiu
4. Tn hiu ngu nhin
1
1. QU TRNH PHT TRIN
S lc qu trnh pht trin cc h thng thng tin s:
- Nm 1837: Samuel Morse (1791-1872, American): pht trin h thng in bo
H thng ny s dng cc chm (dot) v gch (dash) biu din cc k t. y
c xem l h thng lin lc s ra i sm nht.
- Nm 1875: Emile Baudot (1845 -1903, French): a ra h thng m mi, m
Baudot, s dng cc t m c chiu di bng 5 m ha cc k t.
- Nm 1940 -> nay: Nn tng bt u h thng thng tin s hin i khi Nyquist
xc nh tc tn hiu ti a khi truyn qua knh truyn. Sau , Nyquist &
Hartley a ra kt lun: tn ti tc d liu ti a truyn thng qua knh c
tin cy xc nh. Shannon a ra nhng gii hn c bn ca h thng v
cng thc v dung lng knh truyn. Shannon & Hamming xy dng cc m
pht hin li v sa li -> kch thch vic nghin cu v c rt nhiu phng
php m ha ra i,
S lc qu trnh pht trin cc h thng thng tin s:
- Nm 1837: Samuel Morse (1791-1872, American): pht trin h thng in bo
H thng ny s dng cc chm (dot) v gch (dash) biu din cc k t. y
c xem l h thng lin lc s ra i sm nht.
- Nm 1875: Emile Baudot (1845 -1903, French): a ra h thng m mi, m
Baudot, s dng cc t m c chiu di bng 5 m ha cc k t.
- Nm 1940 -> nay: Nn tng bt u h thng thng tin s hin i khi Nyquist
xc nh tc tn hiu ti a khi truyn qua knh truyn. Sau , Nyquist &
Hartley a ra kt lun: tn ti tc d liu ti a truyn thng qua knh c
tin cy xc nh. Shannon a ra nhng gii hn c bn ca h thng v
cng thc v dung lng knh truyn. Shannon & Hamming xy dng cc m
pht hin li v sa li -> kch thch vic nghin cu v c rt nhiu phng
php m ha ra i,
2
2. H THNG THNG TIN S
S khi chc nng ca mt h thng thng tin tng qut:
3
S khi tng qut ca mt h thng thng tin s:
2. H THNG THNG TIN S
4
3. TN HiU V PHN TCH TN HiU
nh ngha tn hiu:
Tn hiu l mt biu din vt l ca thng tin, bin thin
theo thi gian, khng gian hay cc bin c lp khc.
V d:
5
2
( ) 10
( , ) 3 2 5
s t t
s x y x xy y
=
= + +
Phn loi tn hiu:
- Tn hiu a knh: c to t nhiu ngun tin khc nhau
- Tn hiu mt chiu: tn hiu l hm theo mt bin n
- Tn hiu M chiu: tn hiu l hm theo M bin
- Tn hiu thc hay phc
Phn loi tn hiu:
- Tn hiu a knh: c to t nhiu ngun tin khc nhau
- Tn hiu mt chiu: tn hiu l hm theo mt bin n
- Tn hiu M chiu: tn hiu l hm theo M bin
- Tn hiu thc hay phc
6
Tn hiu xc nh
- Bit r s bin thin ca tn
hiu theo thi gian
- Bit r gi tr ca tn hiu ti
tt c cc thi im
- M hnh ton hc: biu din
bng hm theo bin t hoc
th
Tn hiu ngu nhin
- Khng bit chc chn v s
bin thin ca tn hiu
- Khng bit chc gi tr ca tn
hiu trc khi n xut hin
bng xc sut hoc cc tr trung
bnh thng k
7
Tn hiu xc nh
- Bit r s bin thin ca tn
hiu theo thi gian
- Bit r gi tr ca tn hiu ti
tt c cc thi im
bng hm theo bin t hoc
th
Tn hiu ngu nhin
- Khng bit chc chn v s
bin thin ca tn hiu
- Khng bit chc gi tr ca tn
hiu trc khi n xut hin
bng xc sut hoc cc tr trung
bnh thng k
Tn hiu tun hon:
- Lp li theo mt chu k no
Tn hiu khng tun hon:
- Khng c s lp li
0
s(t) = s(t + T ) for - < t <
8
Tn hiu tun hon:
- Lp li theo mt chu k no
Tn hiu khng tun hon:
- Khng c s lp li
Tn hiu vt l v tn hiu ton hc:
9
Tn hiu lin tc, ri rc, lng t v s
10
Cc i lng c trng:
- di
- Tr trung bnh ca mt tn hiu:
- Tr trung bnh ca tn hiu tun hon:
- Tr trung bnh ca mt tn hiu vt l:
- Thnh phn DC
Cc i lng c trng:
- di
- Tr trung bnh ca mt tn hiu:
- Tr trung bnh ca tn hiu tun hon:
- Tr trung bnh ca mt tn hiu vt l:
- Thnh phn DC
11
Tn hiu nng lng: nng lng dng hu hn, cng sut TB=0
Tn hiu cng sut: nng lng v hn v cng sut dng hu hn
Tr hiu dng RMS (root mean square):
< < =
}

x
2
x
0 , | ) ( | lim E dt t s E
T
T
T
< < =
}

x
2 /
2 /
2
x
0 , | ) ( |
1
lim P dt t s
T
P
T
T
T
12
Tn hiu nng lng: nng lng dng hu hn, cng sut TB=0
Tn hiu cng sut: nng lng v hn v cng sut dng hu hn
Tr hiu dng RMS (root mean square):
< < =
}

x
2 /
2 /
2
x
0 , | ) ( |
1
lim P dt t s
T
P
T
T
T
x rms
P V =
Ph ca tn hiu tun hon Chui Fourier:
Tn hiu tun hon s(t) chu k T
0
:
n
A j
n
T
T
T t n j
n
T t n j
n
n
e A dt e t s
T
A
e A t s
Z
=
= =
=
}
2 /
2 /
/ 2
0
/ 2
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) (
13
n
A j
n
T
T
T t n j
n
T t n j
n
n
e A dt e t s
T
A
e A t s
Z
=
= =
=
}
2 /
2 /
/ 2
0
/ 2
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) (
) ( 2
) ( ) ( ) (
f S j ft j
e f S dt e t s f S
Z

= =
}

Ph bin : chn
Ph pha: l
Mt ph:
Mt ph nng lng ESD (Energy Spectral Density):
) / ( ) ( ) (
2
Hz J f X f G =
df f G df f G dt t x E
x
} } }

= = =
0
2
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
Mt ph cng sut PSD (Power Spectral Density):
14
df f G df f G dt t x E
x
} } }

= = =
0
2
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
Mt ph cng sut PSD (Power Spectral Density):
{ }
0 0 0
2
2 /
2 /
/ 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
) / ( ) ( ) (
1
lim ) ( ) (
f T period with signal periodic a is t s if nf f A f S
Hz W dt t s t s
T
FT R FT f S
n
n
T
T
T
= =
)
`
+ = =

} } }

= = =
0
2 /
2 /
2
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
1
lim df f S df f S dt t s
T
P
T
T
T
s
Bng thng ca tn hiu:
- 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0
0
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
0 . 6
0 . 7
0 . 8
0 . 9
1
PSD
Bng thng -3dB
Bng thng null-to-null
Bng thng -35dB
15
- 5 0 - 4 0 - 3 0 - 2 0 - 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0
0
0 . 1
0 . 2
0 . 3
0 . 4
0 . 5
0 . 6
0 . 7
0 . 8
0 . 9
1
f
0
Bng thng -50dB
T tng quan (Autocorrelation):
}

t + = t dt ) t ( x ) t ( x ) ( R
Tn hiu nng lng & thc:
16
}

=
t
s t
t = t
) t ( x ) 0 ( R . 4
) f ( G ) ( R . 3
) 0 ( R ) ( R . 2
) ( R ) ( R . 1
2
F
T tng quan (Autocorrelation):
}

t + = t
2 / T
2 / T
T
dt ) t ( x ) t ( x
T
1
lim ) ( R
Tn hiu thc tun hon:
Tn hiu cng sut:
17
Tn hiu thc tun hon:
}
t + = t
2 / T
2 / T
0
0
0
dt ) t ( x ) t ( x
T
1
) ( R
4. TN HiU NGU NHIN (RANDOM SIGNAL)
Cc hm phn b v mt xc sut:
Ti thi im t
1
, cc gi tr ca tn hiu ngu nhin l cc bin
ngu nhin c th ly mt trong cc gi tr sau:
Hm phn b xc sut CDF (cumulative distribution func.)
cp 1:
) t ( ),..., t ( ), t (
1 i 1 2 1 1

) t (
1
18
Ti thi im t
1
, cc gi tr ca tn hiu ngu nhin l cc bin
ngu nhin c th ly mt trong cc gi tr sau:
Hm phn b xc sut CDF (cumulative distribution func.)
cp 1:
{ } x ) t ( p ) t , x ( F
1 1 1
s =
Hm mt xc sut PDF (probability density func.) cp 1:
x
) t , x ( F
) t , x ( f
1 1
1 1
c
c
=
Tr trung bnh theo tp hp:
Gi tr k vng:
Tr trung bnh bnh phng:
Phng sai:
lch chun: cn bc 2 ca phng sai
Moment hn hp cp 2:
}

= dx ) t , x ( xf ) t ( m
1 1
}

= dx ) t , x ( f x ) t ( m
1
2
2
19
Gi tr k vng:
Tr trung bnh bnh phng:
Phng sai:
lch chun: cn bc 2 ca phng sai
Moment hn hp cp 2:
}

= dx ) t , x ( f x ) t ( m
1
2
2
| | ) t ( m ) t ( m dx ) t , x ( f ) t ( m x ) t (
2
1 2 1
2
1
2
= = o
}

2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
dx dx ) t , x , t , x ( f x x ) t , t ( m
} }

=
Nhiu trong h thng thng tin :
Nhiu: tn hiu khng mong mun c mt trong h thng
Nguyn nhn sinh ra nhiu: nhn to v t nhin
Nhiu nhit: do chuyn ng hn lon ca cc e
-
trong cc vt
dn
M t nhiu nhit:
20
Nhiu: tn hiu khng mong mun c mt trong h thng
Nguyn nhn sinh ra nhiu: nhn to v t nhin
Nhiu nhit: do chuyn ng hn lon ca cc e
-
trong cc vt
dn
M t nhiu nhit:
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
o
t o
=
2
x
2
1
exp
2
1
) x ( f
Phn b Gausse
Nhiu trng & AWGN:
Nhiu trng: nhiu nhit c PSD nh nhau ti tt c cc tn s
(khong t DC n 10
12
Hz)
S
n
(f)
) ( R
n
t
21
2
N
) f ( S
0
n
=
f
t
) ( R
n
t
Nhiu Gauss trng cng - AWGN: nhiu phn b Gauss, nhiu
nh hng n mi k t truyn mt cch c lp nhau, nhiu nh
hng n tn hiu bng cch cng vo tn hiu
2 /
0
N

Chương 1 - Tổng Quan

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Trng i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin

Khoa in t - vin thng Thng Tin S

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