Nhng khi nim c bn v X L Tn Hiu S

by smiles Published on 07/12/2010 02:38 2 Comments Trong lot bi ny, ti s c gng h thng ha nhng kin thc v khi nim cn thit nht trong lnh vc X l tn hiu s (DSP). Ti hy vng y s l mt ni mi ngi c th tham kho nhng khi nim cn thit ca DSP nhm phc v cho cng vic v nghin cu ca mnh. Rt mong mi ngi ng gp nhm hn ch thiu st cng nh b sung kin thc m cc bn cho l cn thit nht trong qu trnh lm vic v nghin cu trong lnh vc ny. Mi s trao i lm r cc khi nim c a ra trong cc bi vit u rt c hoan nghnh. 1. Spectrum (Ph): Thc cht nn hiu l mt dng hm chuyn i. Vi mt dng sng lin tc, Ph l s chuyn i tn hiu t min thi gian sang min tn s. 2. Hm tng quan: V c bn, hm tng quan cho bit ging nhau ca 2 tn hiu. 2.1. Tng quan gia hai tn hiu lin tc: Gi s ta c hai tn hiu lin tc: x(t) v y(t) trong khong , tng quan gia hai tn hiu ny:

Trong , E[.] l hm k vng. 2.2. Tng quan gia hai tn hiu ri rc:

3. Fourier spectrum: (Ph Fourier) L 1 hm chuyn i rt hay c dng trong x l tn hiu s (DSP: Digital signal processing). N c th c hiu n gin l hm biu th s tng quan ca 1 tn hiu no vi 1 tp hp cc hm sin v cos. Ti sao phi cn tm s tng quan ny? C nhiu l do, nhng l do chnh c l l do sin v cos l nhng hm tun hon hay s dng nht trong thng tin bi kh nng mang thng tin ca chng. Mt tn hiu nu c chuyn thnh cc hm sin v cos th s c kh nng dng trong thng tin. Nh ta bit, cc hm sin, cos c c trng bi 3 thng s: bin , tn s v pha. Trong min thi gian, c 3 thng s ny u c biu din theo hm ca thi gian. Ph Fourier biu din cc thng s bin v thi gian theo thng s tn s. Nh vy mc ch chnh ca ta l chuyn i 1 tn hiu (t min thi gian) sang min tn s. Vic chuyn i ny cho php ta c th x l tn hiu 1 cch chnh xc v tin li hn nhiu do lm vic trc tip vi tn s, ti nguyn quan trng bc nht ca thng tin. 3.1. Dicrete Fourier: Dng chuyn i tn hiu ri rc (sau khi ly mu) t tn hiu trong min thi gian thnh tn hiu trong min tn s. 3.1.1.DFT (Dicrete Fourier Transformation):

3.1.2.FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation), mt phin bn khc ca DFT, gip lm gim khi lng tnh ton ca DFT:

(Vi ) 3.2. Continuos Fourier: Dng chuyn i tn hiu lin tc t tn hiu trong min thi gian thnh tn hiu trong min tn s.

4. Tn hiu: Chng ta ang sng trong 1 th gii tng t(analog). Mi thng tin chng ta nhn c v x l thng qua cc gic quan u lin tc theo thi gian. i vi 1 h thng s, tn hiu u vo cng l tn hiu lin tc, u ra ca n cng phi l lin tc theo thi gian. V sao vy? V ch c nh vy th h thng s ca ta mi c gi tr s dng trong thc t. Tuy u vo v ra l analog nh vy nhng vic x l trong h thng chng ta li phi c thc hin di dng s (digital). C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n vic phi s dng DSP(digital signal processing) nh yu cu v tc x l, kh nng chng nhiu, kch thc v bn ca thit b s so vi tng t...m ta khng nhc n y. T u vo analog, ta phi tin hnh bin i thnh tn hiu s trc khi thc hin DSP. Vic bin i ny gi l ri rc ha tn hiu, hay ly mu (sampling). Hiu 1 cch n gin, l vic ta o gi tr ca tn hiu sau mi khong thi gian no ri ghi li. Khong thi gian tin hnh o ny c gi l chu k ly mu. T chu k ly mu ny ta c th tnh c tn s ly mu (bng cch nghch o ). Tuy nhin, 1 cch rt t nhin ta cng thy, chu k ly mu ny phi tun theo 1 iu kin no y nu ta mun tn hiu sau khi ly mu phn nh c 1 cch chnh xc nht tn hiu analog gc.

5. Ly mu Nh ni phn trn, mun x l s tn hiu tng t, ta phi o tn hiu theo chu k ly mu. Mun phn nh tn hiu cng chnh xc, chu k ly mu cng phi nh (khi n tin ti 0 th tn hiu ri rc s li tr thnh tn hiu lin tc). Tuy nhin, h thng s chu gii hn ca thi gian x l v dung lng b nh

nn ta khng th ly mu qu nhiu c. Nhng th no l ? Gii quyt vn ny, Nyquist a ra 1 nh l ly mu ni ting: Mt tn hiu c ph gii hn x(t) c th c biu din (v sau khi phc) 1 cch chnh xc bng(t) tn hiu ri rc nu chu k ly mu Ts tha mn iu kin Ts<= Tmax/2 (vi Tmax l chu k ln nht) ca tn hiu. Hay ni mt cch khc, tn s ly mu ca tn hiu phi m bo Fs >= 2Fmax vi Fmax l tn s ln nht ca tn hiu cn ly mu. Ch :

Fs = 2Fmax cn gi l tn s Nyquist. Fmax cn gi l bng thng (bandwidth) ca tn hiu.

y l mt nh l rt ni ting v c bn bc nht i vi ngnh DSP v n cung cp 1 nguyn tc chuyn i gia 2 th gii digital v analog. Ti xin gii thch thm cho d hiu hn 1 cht v nh l ny.

Hnh bandwidth1 Trong hnh "bandwidth1", bn c th thy 1 tn hiu khng b gii hn trong min thi gian (hay ni cch khc l chu k v cng), khi chuyn sang min tn s, n s c bng thng xc nh (xem cng thc phn 3.2, vi hay =limited).

Hnh bandwidth2

Trong hnh "bandwidth2", ngc li, khi T = const, tch phn s l v cng, ngha l ta phi cn dng v s hm sin/cos vi nhiu tn s khc nhau mi c th biu din c tn hiu trong min tn s.

(Tin th y cng xin m ngoc tr li cu hi ca bn nvqthinh lun l v sao tch phn li t 0>infinity trong cc cng thc Fourier ti trnh by trn?. ng ra theo l thuyt l tch phn phi c ly t , tuy nhin do nhiu l do m mt trong s l thc t, cc b DSP ch c th x l cc tn hiu trn trc thi gian dng vi mc l thi im tin hnh ly mu (t=0) nn ti vit 0-inf y.) Trng hp 1 l trng hp mong mun ca chng ta v mi th trong min tn s l rt r rng, tuy nhin, tn hiu khng h c chu k, hon ton ngu nhin v khng xc nh trong min thi gian rt phi thc t vi cc h thng thng tin. Do vy, iu ny l khng tng.

Trng hp 2, thc t hn, tuy nhin, nu nhn vo ph tn s ta s thy rt kh xc nh u l bng thng(Fmax) ca tn hiu ny. C nhiu nh ngha gip xc nh bng thng da trn ph tn hiu. ph bin nht l xc nh theo nullto-null ngha l da vo 2 im 0 (null) gn nht trn ph tn s. Sau khi xc nh c bng thng, ta s xc nh c tn s ly mu theo Nyquist. Tuy nhin, nu bn mun tin hnh m phng, th nn ch chn tn s ly mu t 8-16 ln bng thng trnh ci gi l S/Na(signal aliasing noise). Reference: 1. M.C.Jeruchim et. al - Simulation of com. sytems. 2. B.Skar - Digital coms. 6. X l tn hiu bng gc (base-band) - complex envelope: Trong qu trnh m phng h thng vin thng, ta thng phi lm vic vi cc tn hiu c iu ch a ln 1 tn s sng mang no . Nh chng ta bit, mun x l s tn hiu, iu u tin chng ta phi lm l ly mu tn hiu . Theo nh nh l ly mu trnh by phn 5, tn s ly mu phi bng t nht 2 ln tn s max ca tn hiu. C ngha l, nu 1 tn hiu c di tn fc-B/2 -> fc+B/2 th phi ly mu t nht vi tn s ly mu l 2fc + B. Vic ly mu ny va khng cn thit li yu cu ti nguyn x l rt ln. Cch thc thng c s dng l x l tn hiu bng gc (ngha l trong di tn t -B/2 -> B/2), nh vy tn s ly mu s nh hn rt nhiu (B). Nhng vic ny c th thc hin c khng v nn tng ton hc ca n th no? Cu tr li l hon ton c th v y l cch ph bin nht m phng v x l s 1 h thng vin thng. Phng php c s dng l ng bao phc (complex envelope). u tin ti mun nhc n 1 tn hiu hay c dng trong h thng vin thng l tn hiu m phc (complex exponential signal):

Nh vy, vi 1 tn hiu c iu ch bi sng mang bt k x(t) no , ta cng c th vit thnh:

Vi r(t) l bin , l pha v fc l tn s sng mang. Ta thy mang y thng tin v tn hiu cn x l li bng gc. N c gi l ng bao phc ca tn hiu c iu ch. Nh vy, vic x l tn hiu c iu ch c qui v x l tn hiu r(t) hon ton bng gc.
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