Development of a Hydrogen Fuel Vehicle

1 2

2






60 10-20

90

Abstract
The objective of this applied research is to modify hydrogen used in vehicle as a fuel. The
emphasis of this study is to design a high safety and practical fuel storage tank for the hydrogen. It is
found that the metal hydride is the safest material to be used. There are two stages in this experiment.
The first stage is an experimentation of charging and discharging the hydrogen from the tank to
supporting the design of the fuel and water cooling system. In the second stage, the testing was done
on the hydrogen car at various loads. The result can be concluded as the following : the metal hydride
tank is working well with the hydrogen car. It can release hydrogen to engine continuously both
when the engine being started while the temperature of both the engine and the cooling water are at
room temperature and when the engine is running at the various loads while the cooling water is
heated up. For road test,the hydrogen car can be accelerated rapidly as a normal gasoline car and kept
the speed up to 60 km/hr. The charging time of the metal hydride tank takes up approximately 10-20
minutes which is in the acceptable range of time. Although the metal hydrid tank is rather small
volume in comparison to normal high pressure tank, but its weight is comparatively not too much
different.

Mazda Familiar

1.
3

91

2.

( Stationary )

( Mobile )


(1)

2.1

2.1

CaH2

AlH3

NH3

MCH

2.1

92

2.1.1

50 65 kg
200 bar
795 g 16 g/l
16 kg/m3 8.9
Nm3

1.2%
TiAl16V4
3.5%

2.1.2

70kg/m3

4

2
20oK

2,000C



( Li )
( Na ) , ( K )
( Ba ) , ( Ca )

(1)
( exothermic reaction)
:
2H2O + 2Me 2MeOH + H2+ H

f
0

( 2.5 )

2H2O + 2Me Me(OH)2+ H2 + H

( 2.6 )

:
f
0

(CaH2) Ca H2

Ca (OH)2

2.2

CaH2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2H2 + H

2.2.1
18 g
2 g 11%
160

65 ( 50 kg )

f
0

( 2.7 )

50%
(242 kJ/mol H2)

93

10-20

2.2.2 (
)

-

()

3.
H2 + Metal

Metal Hydreide + Heat ( 3.1 )

( 3.1 )
(exothermic reaction)

(Stoichiometry) 3.1
PCI (Pressure-Composition-Isotherm

94

 1 bar

3.(Reaction
enthalpy, kJ/mol )
( Enthalpy of
formation ) ( H , kJ/mol )
vant Hoff

diagram)

1.
[kJ/kg]

PCI

120
MJ/kg
1 ( 2
100 ) 2%

0.02 120 = 2.4 MJ/kg

H2

0
f

H2

3.1


1 bar 1 bar

1 bar 3
1.
( 0C )
2.
(100- 200C )
3.
( 200C )

3.1 PCI [ 2 ]
2.

1 bar

95

3.1.1

-30 +50C
1 bar

-
( H )
30 kJ/mol 15%

-
(10-50 bar )
-
15%

40 - 80C

48 2.2%

20

-30C

3.1.2

100 - 200C 1 bar

- ( H )
15 - 25%

H2

96

-


MgH2
8%
10 MJ/kg

4

1 bar

( 99.99% )

( )

100C

5 bar
2.5%

3.1.3

1 bar 200C (
700C )

- ( H )
80 kJ/mol 30%


(
)

3.2

H2

97

 99 m3

5 10 bar

0.1 - 0.2%

1,000 - 2,000 kJ
20 - 50 cc
3.2 3.3

Dei am Denver Reserch Institute

Daimler Benz

-
( 300C )

( 20 - 30C )

100


4.5 kg/l 20%
450 kg
9 kg ( 2% ) 100 m3
1m3

0.25

98

( )

( ) 10
3.2 TiFe-Hydride [ 1 ]

99

( )

4. KW5

(> 5 bar)
(H)

( ) 10

3.3

100

KW5


Active

KW5

Solenoid Valve
Water Out

Metal Hydride
Storage Tank

Water In

Pressure Regulator

4.1 KW5
4.1.1
KW5

KW5

KW5
4.2

4.1 KW5
KW5
5 Nm3 30

4.1

101


KW5

Quick Conmector 9 4.2

V1
KW5
Pressure Gauge Pg1
V2 V2

3 4.2

4.2

102







0.6 bar

4.2


70C

15 % (lower heating
value)

4.1.2
KW5


Exothermic Endothermic



KW5

KW5

70C

60C
KW5

3 ( Coolant Jacket)

103

 30%

50C 1.4 m3/h
5.3

1,200 1,700 2,000 2,500
1,700
5.4
10 bar

(charge)
1.4, 2.0, 2.5 3.0

5.

1.35 m3/h 1200
rpm 65
o
C 5.1
1.4 m3/h 1200 rpm
70 oC
5.2

104

 32C
5.5

5.2

1700

5.1

1200

5.3

50C
1.4 m3/h

105

6.

60

5.6

5.4


1,700

5.6

5.5

32C

106

J. W. ( 1989 ) , An Outlook of Hydrogen

as an Automotive Fuel , int. J. Hydrogen
Energy vol. 14 , No.7 , P.449 474.
[4] Smith , W. F. , Principle of Materials
Science and Engineering , McGraw-Hill ,
Inc., New York , 1996.
[5] Ovonic Hydrogen Technology , Metal
Hydrides , http://www.ovonic.com/
hydrogen/hydrides. html .

[1] Buchner , H. , Energiespeicherung in

Metallhydriden , Springer-Verlag Wien
New York , 1982.
[2] Fischer , L., Hydrogen Storage Devices
Using Metal Hydrides , GFE Metalle und
Materialien GmbH , N u rnberg , 1999.
[3] Petkov , T. , Voziroglu T.N. and Sheffield
..

107