Col10810-1 1

Gio trnh chn on k thut t
By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng KS. Nguyn L Chu Thnh
Gio trnh chn on k thut t
By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng KS. Nguyn L Chu Thnh
Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col10810/1.1/ >
CONNEXIONS
Rice University, Houston, Texas
This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng, KS. Nguyn L Chu Thnh. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Collection structure revised: July 30, 2009 PDF generated: October 27, 2012 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 253.
Table of Contents
1 L thuyt ma st v hao mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Khi nim v hao mn, h hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 Hao mn, h hng mt s chi tit in hnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4 Kinh t vn hnh t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5 iu kin a t vo sa cha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6 Quy trnh cng ngh bo dng t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 7 Quy trnh cng ngh sa cha t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 8 Kim tra phn loi chi tit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 9 Tho v lp, chy r, th xe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 10 L thuyt chung v chn on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 11 Chn on trng thi k thut ng c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 12 Chn on trng thi nh la . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 13 Chn on cc h thng t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
iv
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10810/1.1>
Chng 1
L thuyt ma st v hao mn
Ni dung:
1.1 L THUYT CHUNG V MA ST V HAO MN

Khi nim v ma st
1.1.1 Quan im c in
Lc ma st Fms t l thun vi ti trng php tuyn N:
Figure 1.1
N- ti trng php tuyn. [U+F06D]-h s ma st, [U+F06D] =const. Cng thc trn ch c phm vi s dng nht nh.
1.1.2 Quan im hin i

Ma st l kt qu ca nhiu dng tng tc phc tp khc nhau, khi c s tip xc v dch chuyn hoc c xu hng dch chuyn gia hai vt th, trong din ra cc qu trnh c, l, ho, in...quan h ca cc qu trnh rt phc tp ph thuc vo c tnh ti, vn tc trt, vt liu v mi trng.
Figure 1.2
1 This
content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m30649/1.1/>. Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10810/1.1>
CHNG 1. L THUYT MA ST V HAO MN [U+F06D]- h s ma st, [U+F06D] = f(p,v,C) N-ti trng php tuyn C-iu kin ma st (vt liu, cng, bng, ch gia cng, mi trng) Cng ma st A chuyn ho thnh nhit nng Q v nng lng hp ph gia 2 b mt E. A=Q+
Figure 1.3
E.
1.1.3 Cc yu t nh hng n h s ma st
1.1.3.1 nh hng ca ti trng. Khi thay i p th [U+F06D] thay i theo. Nhng tn ti mt khong pth1< p <pth2 m trong [U+F06D] n nh v nh nht. Khi [U+F06D] vt ra ngoi khong th xy ra h hng v [U+F06D] tng cao.
Hnh1.1. nh hng ca ti trng n [U+F06D]
Table 1.1
Nhn xt: Khi thay i iu kin ma st C th dng ng cong khng thay i m ch thay i cc gi tr [U+F06D], pth1, pth2. 1.1.3.2 nh hng ca vn tc. Hnh 1.2 ng cong [U+F06D] = f(v,C) cng c qui lut tng t ng cong [U+F06D] = f(p,C). Hnh1.2. nh hng ca vn tc n [U+F06D]
Table 1.2
1.1.3.3 nh hng ca iu kin ma st. Hnh 1.3
3 Th nghim 1: cho cp ma st Fe-Fe lm vic vi ti trng p = const, vn tc v = const, c cho v khng cho bt mi vo gia hai b mt ma st.OA: khng c bt mi.AB: [U+F06D] gim do tc dng r trn ca bt miBC: [U+F06D] tng cao v khng n nh do s ph hoi ca bt mi.CD: khng c bt mi > [U+F06D] n nh v gim.
Hnh1.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st n [U+F06D]
Table 1.3
Nhn xt: [U+F06D] [U+F0B9] const khi iu kin ma st thay i Th nghim 2: Cho ba cp ma st Fe-Fe, Al-Al, Cu-Cu lm vic vi p = const, v =const, thay i ch gia cng t bng b mt khc nhau. Kt qu, [U+F06D] thay i nh bng 1.1 Bng 1.1. nh hng ca bng b mt n [U+F06D]
bng [U+F0D1]7 [U+F0D1]14 [U+F0D1]14
Phng php gia cng nh bng bng in gii nh bng bng in gii nh bng bng in gii c lp mng xt dy 300A0 Gia hai b mt c mng du bi trn
[U+F06D] Fe-Fe 2,08 1,32 0,8 Al-Al 4,05 3,00 1,08 Cu-Cu 1,7 1,08 0,37
[U+F0D1]14
0,06
0,05
0,07
Table 1.4
Kt lun: h s ma st ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. [U+F06D] = f(p,v,C) - [U+F06D] [U+F0B9] const. - Tn ti khong c [U+F06D] = const v nh nht. - Cho ta phng hng ch o thc tin thay i iu kin ma st C sao cho m rng c phm vi s dng m [U+F06D] = const v nh nht.
1.1.4 Phn loi ma st

- Da vo ng hc chuyn ng:
+ Ma st trt.+ Ma st ln.+ Ma st xoay. - Da vo s tham gia ca cht bi trn:+ Ma st t.+ Ma st kh.+ Ma st ti hn.
Table 1.5
- Da vo ng lc hc: + Ma st tnh. + Ma st ng
CHNG 1. L THUYT MA ST V HAO MN
- Da vo c tnh qu trnh ma st: + Ma st bnh thng l qu trnh ma st trong ch xy ra hao mn tt yu v cho php (xy ra t t, ch trn lp cu trc th cp, khng xy ra s ph hoi kim loi gc), trong phm vi gii hn ca ti trng, vn tc trt v iu kin ma st bnh thng. + Ma st khng bnh thng l qu trnh ma st trong p,v,C vt ra ngoi phm vi gii hn, xy ra h hng: trc loi 1, loi 2, mi mn... Ngi ta tm cc bin php thit k, cng ngh, s dng m rng phm vi cho php ca p, v, C theo hng tng hoc gim V d: Cn tng hp ma st. Cn gim . : m phanh, b mt ma st ca a ly
: trt, ln...
Chng 2
Khi nim v hao mn, h hng

Ni dung:
2.1 Khi nim chung

Hao mn: L s ph hoi dn dn b mt ma st, th hin s thay i kch thc dn dn theo thi gian. Trong qu trnh hao mn khng xy ra s ph hoi kim loi gc m ch xy ra s ph hoi trn lp b mt chi tit (gi l lp cu trc th cp).Ch tiu nh gi hao mn: nh gi hao mn ngi ta dng t s gia lng hao mn tuyt i vi chiu di ca qung ng xe chy gi l cng mn.
Hnh 1.5. Hao mn lp cu trc th cp
Table 2.1
- Cng mn I: I=
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
1 This
6 m/1000km) hoc I=
CHNG 2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG
Figure 2.3
(m3/1000km) hoc I=
Figure 2.4
(g/1000km). l1, l2-kch thc chi tit o theo phng php tuyn vi b mt ma st trc ma st v khi o, ( m). V1, V2-th tch chi tit trc v sau khi o. G1, G2-khi lng chi tit trc v sau khi o. L-chiu di qung ng xe chy, (1000km). - Tc mn V: V=
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
m/gi) hoc V=
Figure 2.7
(m3/gi) hoc I=
Figure 2.8
(g/gi) t-thi gian ma st (gi) H hng: l s ph hoi b mt chi tit xy ra khng c qui lut v mc v m. C th quan st c bng mt thng v c s ph hoi kim loi gc nh: trc, r, bin dng b mt, cong, vnh, co, xc, nt b mt (phng php tuyn), dp, ln, xm thc.
2.2 Phn loi hao mn, h hng

2.2.1 Phn loi hao mn
Hao mn xy ho loi 1: l hao mn m lp cu trc th cp l lp mng dung dch rn (c x lch mng). Hao mn xy ho loi 2: l hao mn m lp cu trc th cp l lp xt. V d: FeO, Fe2O3
2.2.2 Phn loi h hng

Trc loi 1: l dng ph hoi b mt, th hin s dnh cc b gia hai b mt do bin dng do gy ra v lc ln qu gii hn n hi. Trc loi 2: l dng ph hoi b mt, th hin s dnh cc b gia hai b mt do nhit gy ra. Mi mn: do tn ti ht mi gia hai b mt ma st, do ct bi hoc do trc Trc xi ho ng: l s cng ho qu trnh hao mn. n mn in ho, xm thc... Mi: xy ra khi ti trng thay i tun hon, xut hin v pht trin cc vt nt t vi, dn n gy t ngt.
2.2.3 Cc yu t nh hng n hao mn, h hng

Bt k cp chi tit no lm vic vi nhau u sinh ra ma st trong iu kin c trt tng i, chu lc, iu kin mi trng lm vic, cht bi trn, cht lng chi tit (thnh phn vt liu, tnh cht c l ho b mt ...) l dn n hao mn. 2.2.3.1 nh hng ca ti trng p
CHNG 2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG Th nghim: Cho cp ma st thp Y10A c nhit luyn lm vic vi nhau khi tng dn P, o I, hnh 1.6:ng 1: ng vi v = 3,11 m/sng 2: ng vi v = 2,59 m/sng 3: ng vi v= 1,78 m/sKt lun: vn tc trong gii hn no , cng hao mn l n nh v nh nht khi p[U+F0A3][p]. Nu p>[p] th hao mn xy ra mnh lit.
Table 2.2
2.2.3.2 nh hng ca vn tc trt v Vn tc trt cho php m rng kh nng chu ti nhng cha r m phi nghin cu nh hng ring ca tng chi tit nh th no:Th nghim: cho cp ma st thp C10 lm vic vi nhau, thay i v, o cng hao mn I, hnh 1.7.:Vng 1 v 3: c hao mn nh v n nh (ng vi hao mn xy ho)Vng 2: hao mn ln nht (trc loi 1)Vng 4: trc loi 2
Table 2.3
2.2.3.3 nh hng ca iu kin ma st nh hng ca tnh cht vt liu T hai th nghim i vi thp Y10A v thp C10 ta thy: - Thp Y10A khng c dng ph hoi do trc, cn thp C10 c ph hoi do trc. chng trc loi 1 phi dng vt liu khc nhau cho hai chi tit ma st vi nhau. V nu ging nhau th chng c mng tinh th ging nhau nn d khuch tn vi nhau. - cng cng cao th mn cng thp. nh hng ca cht bi trn - Tc dng ca cht bi trn: gim ma st lm gim hao mn, lm mt chi tit, bao kn b mt, bo v b mt khi b xy ho, lm sch b mt. - Yu cu i vi cht bi trn: + Phi bo m kh nng lm vic trong phm vi P,v, + Phi in y cc hm v l t vi, bm ton b vo b mt chi tit to thnh mng du bi trn. + To kh nng cn trt ln theo phng vung gc vi b mt ma st v nh theo phng tip tuyn vi b mt ma st. + Khng gy hi n chi tit (n mn). + Khng to cn, sinh bt nh... - C ch bi trn: + Ma st t (bi trn thu ng). Khi trc bt u quay, do du c nht, nn trong khe h gia trc v bc to thnh nm du c p sut, p sut cng tng khi tc quay ca trc tng ln. n khi ng vi tc no , tng p lc ca du sc nng trc ln, khng c s tip xc trc tip gia trc v bc, dn n khng hao mn. Thc t khi khi ng, tt my hoc thay i tc th trc v bc c tip xc nn c hao mn. Trong bi trn thu ng h s ma st [U+F06D] ph thuc vo nh th. Trong :
9 n-s vng quay/pht [U+F068]- nht p-p sut 1-vng ma st kh 2-vng ma st ti hn 3-vng ma st t, vng ny vn c [U+F06D] l do ni ma st trong du.
+ Ma st ti hn: xy ra khi lp mng du c chiu dy rt nh [U+F064] < 0,1[U+F06D]m. b dy ny, cc phn t du sp xp ng hng. Do , ccchi tit nh trt trn mt m n hi, [U+F06D] gim. Tuy nhin, y l mt qu trnh km bn vng d chuyn thnh ma st kh hoc t.- Ci thin tnh cht du bi trn: ngi ta pha vo du bi trn cc cht ph gia hot tnh ho hc hoc hot tnh b mt.+ Cht ph gia hot tnh ho hc, c gc l axit v c, lm tng kh nng chu ti ca mng du bi trn, ci thin bn lp cu trc th cp, m rng phm vi lm vic, gim hao mn.
[U+F06D] 123Thc tL thuytHnh 1.8. Anh hng ca n,[U+F068],p n h s ma st.
Table 2.4
+ Cht ph gia hot tnh b mt, c gc l cc axit hu c, gc ru, x phng, c tc dng lm mm lp rt mng trn b mt chi tit, lm tng kh nng r kht nhanh, gim p sut ring, gim lc ma st, cng ma st. nh hng ca cht lng b mt ma st Cht lng b mt ma st c th hin qua cc yu t: - Hnh hc b mt: v m, vi m v siu vi m: + V m: phn nh trn ton b, phm vi ln: cn, van, dung sai ch to, nhng sai s ny do dao ng ca h my-dao-chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng gy nn. + Vi m: phn nh tnh trng b mt phm vi kch thc tng i b + Siu vi m: l sai khc hnh hc trong phm vi rt nh do cu trc kim loi gy ra. - Trng thi ng sut b mt: do tc dng lc bin dng do nn trn b mt chi tit lun lun c ng sut d (trong qu trnh cng ngh v trong qu trnh s dng). Trng thi ng sut thay i d gy ra nt t vi, hng do mi. - Tnh cht c l ho b mt: + Sau khi gia cng ch to bc cui cng, ngi ta tin hnh ti, thm C,N, phun bi...Do thao tc nh vy, nn b mt chi tit c kh nng hp th ln, tnh cht b mt khc vi tnh cht kim loi gc. Mt khc, do thay i trng thi kim loi b mt nn n c nng lng t do ln, d hp ph cc nguyn t mi trng to thnh lp xt hoc lp dung dch rn. + Trong qu trnh lm vic: do bin dng do, lc, vn tc trt lp kim loi b mt b bin dng do nhiu ln, ng thi bn thn chng c hot tnh ln nn d hnh thnh lp mng dung dch rn hoc xt. Nh vy, b mt chi tit khc xa kim loi gc, c tc dng bo v chi tit, qu trnh hao mn ch xy ra trn b mt ny. Trong thc t lun lun tn ti qu trnh chuyn ho t b mt chi tit sau gia cng n b mt chi tit lm vic n nh. l qu trnh chy r tt yu, v vy nhanh chng r kht, gim hao mn trong qu trnh ny ngi ta phi: + Gia cng b mt chi tit c bng gn bng bng chi tit khi lm vic n nh. + Gii hn ch ti vn tc trong qu trnh chy r v lc mi s dng.
10
2.2.4 Mt s dng hao mn, h hng ch yu

2.2.4.1 Hao mn xy ho Khi nim: l dng ph hoi dn dn b mt chi tit ma st, th hin s hnh thnh v bong tch cc lp mng cu trc th cp, do tng tc gia b mt kim loi b bin dng do vi xy v cc phn t mi trng. + Hao mn xy ho loi 1: lp mng cu trc th cp l dung dch rn gia kim loi gc v cc nguyn t khc. + Hao mn xy ho loi 2: lp mng cu trc th cp l xt kim loi. iu kin hnh thnh: - Tc hao mn xy ho phi ln nht so vi cc qu trnh khc. - qu trnh hao mn l n nh th: V xy ho [U+F0B3]Vhao mn Qu trnh cn bng ng. s hnh thnh lp mng cu trc th cp phi nhanh hn s ph hoi xy ra trn n. Ngha l, chi tit lun lun c lp bo v. - Xy ra trong mi trng c xy, trong phm vi cho php ca ti trng v vn tc. - Xy ra ma st kh, ma st ti hn. V ma st t c mng du. Bng 1.2. c tnh b mt khi hao mn xy ha
Hao mn xy ho loi 1Dung dch rnKim loi gc+ bng: [U+F0D1] 10 [U+F0B8] 14+ Nhit b mt: < 1000C+ Chiu su ph hoi: [U+F064] = 100 [U+F0B8]300A0+ Tc ph hoi: 0,01[U+F06D]m/h
Hao mn xy ho loi 2 xtKim loi gc[U+F0D1] 9 [U+F0B8] 13< 2000C[U+F064] = 1000A00,05[U+F06D]m/h
Table 2.5
2.2.4.2 Trc loi 1 Khi nim: l mt dng h hng b mt, th hin s hnh thnh v bong tch cc mi lin kt cc b gia hai b mt ma st do bin dng do v lc (khng nhit). Nguyn nhn: do nh hng ca ti trng ln (p sut tip xc cc b cao) m hai b mt b bin dng do mnh, b mt dnh st nhau khong cch tinh th, nguyn t b mt ny khuych tn sang b mt khc v hnh thnh lin kt. * F1 < Flk < F2 [U+F0E0] trc v p vo * Flk > F1,F2 [U+F0E0] trc ri to thnh ht mi * Flk < F1,F2 [U+F0E0] khng trc iu kin hnh thnh:
- Tc trc l ln nht.- Ma st kh v gia hai b mt khng c lp trung gian ngn cch.- Vn tc trt nh (v < 0,1m/s) kp cho cc nguyn t khuych tn.
Hnh1.9. c tnh b mt trc loi 1
Table 2.6
- p sut tip xc p > [p], ng vi gii hn chy ca vt liu. Trc loi 1 rt nhy cm vi hai b mt c cng loi vt liu. Trc loi 1 chu nh hng ln ca cng b mt, cng b mt tng s gim trc loi 1. c tnh b mt: hnh 1.9
11 + + + + Chiu su ph hoi: [U+F064] = 0,5mm. Nhit b mt: <500C bng b mt: [U+F0D1]3 [U+F0B8] [U+F0D1]4 Tc ph hoi: 10 [U+F0B8]15[U+F06D]m/h.
2.2.4.3 Trc loi 2 Khi nim: l dng ph hoi do bin dng v nhit, lm mm nhn b mt khi nhit tng do vn tc trt tng. Nguyn nhn: do nh hng vn tc trt lm cho nhit cc b mt tng cao, xy ra s dnh kt gia hai chi tit ma st v s ph hu b mt hoc b mt b bin dng nh ln, nt... iu kin hnh thnh: - Vn tc trt ln. 25 30m/s. - Nu vn tc trt ln, ti ln th trc loi 2 cng mnh lit. - Nhy cm vi chi tit c nhit nng chy thp.
Bin php chng trc loi 2: - Ph ln b mt ma st 1 lp kim loi Bo, vanai, c kh nng chu nhit .- Dng vt liu chu nhit.c tnh b mt:- Chiu su ph hoi: < 0,1mm.Nhit tip xc: 15000C.- Tc ph hoi: 1 [U+F0B8]5[U+F06D]m/h.
Kim loi gcVng chu nh hng nhit Hnh1.10. c tnh b mt trc loi 2
Table 2.7
2.2.4.4 Mi mn Khi nim: l dng ph hoi b mt chi tit do tn ti cc ht cng gia hai b mt ma st t ngoi vo hoc t chi tit trc ra. Dng ph hoi: co xc, ct phoi t vi. C hai dng mi mn: mi mn c hc hoc mi mn c ho. iu kin hnh thnh: Vn tc mi l ln nht so vi cc qu trnh khc. Tuy nhin, iu kin ny khng cht ch trong trng hp c c trc. < 0,6: mi mn c ho (bin dng do tng, khng ct phoi) [U+F0B3] 0,6: mi mn c hc (ct phoi t vi) Nu b mt chi tit tip xc vi khi lng ln ht mi th xy ra mi mn c ho, v khi cc ht mi trt ln nhau v trt i m khng c lc ct. Bng 1.3. c tnh b mt khi mi mn.
Mi mn c hc + bng: [U+F0D1] 5[U+F0B8]10+ Nhit b mt: 50 0C+ Chiu su ph hoi: [U+F064] = 0,2mm+ Tc ph hoi: 0,550[U+F06D]m/h
Mi mn c ho [U+F0D1] 7[U+F0B8]1250 0C2000A0[U+F05B] 0,5 [U+F06D]m/h
Table 2.8
12 2.2.4.5 Mi
Do thay i ti trng tun hon trn cc chi tit, sinh ra cc vt nt t vi. Cc vt nt ny c pht trin t b mt chi tit vo kim loi gc dn n gy do mi. Chi tit in hnh l trc khuu. V d: trc khuu ng c D6-3D12 gy 40 50%. Kt cu trng ip bng khng. Nguyn nhn: trong qu trnh sa cha khng ch n kt cu trnh ng sut tp trung: gc ln, hoc trong lp ghp do sai lch tm cc trc, to ti trng lm hng trc bc. Bin php chng mi: tng cht lng b mt, mi ht cc vt nt, trnh tp trung ng sut, bo m ng tm lp rp, chng ti ph, hn ch ti trng ln t ngt. 2.2.4.6 Xm thc Hin tng r, h, su, sc cnh phng php tuyn, thng pht trin vng b mt sch do tc dng ca dng chy ti khu vc p sut nh hn p sut bay hi bo ha. Cc v tr thng gp: trn b mt cnh bm v v bm ti ca ra, b mt ngoi ca lt xi lanh... Bin php chng xm thc: m lp kim loi cng trn b mt.
2.2.5 Lun c bn ca l thuyt hao mn

2.2.5.1 Lun 1 C s: hao mn do nhiu qu trnh khc nhau gy ra, k hiu l P1,2..., tng ng tc qu trnh v1,2..., Trong bt k iu kin ma st no cng din ra qu trnh vi tc ln nht vP. Pht biu lun : Dng hao mn c quyt nh bi qu trnh P, din ra trn b mt ma st vi tc ln nht vP. H qu: khi s hao mn l n nh, tc ph hoi cc b mt lm vic (tc hao mn) khng th ln hn tc ca qu trnh quyt nh dng hao mn. Tc l: vph < vp ngha: - C s xc nh dng hao mn. - C s iu khin qu trnh hao mn. - Trnh h hng, iu khin ch tn ti hao mn xi ho (dng hao mn c tc nh nht) iu kin: vox >vph (vox = vp) 2.2.5.2 Lun 2 C s: nhng iu kin ca lun 1 mi ch gii quyt cc vn iu khin qu trnh hao mn, nhng khng cho php khc phc hao mn h hng, v vn cn tn ti hao mn xi ho. Vn l lm sao gim hao mn xi ho. Ni dung lun : "Tnh chng mn khi hao mn xi ho c quyt nh bi cng hnh thnh v tnh cht cc cu trc th cp xut hin trong qu trnh ma st." y c th hiu: cu trc th cp khng ch l cc lp mng hnh thnh do kt qu tng tc gia kim loi vi xi m cn l cc lp mng bo v c thnh phn, cu trc v tnh cht khc ngn b mt kim loi tip xc vi xi. ngha: lm c s phn tch nh gi, nghin cu tnh cht lp cu trc th cp [U+F0E0] quyt nh mc hao mn xi ho. iu kin: vox [U+F0E0] min
2.2.6 Bin php khc phc hao mn h hng

2.2.6.1 Bin php thit k: Chn loi ma st ln hoc trt:
13 + Ma st ln: chu ti c gii hn, kh m bo ng tm, d r, nhng vn tc trt nh, h s nh, trc ngn.
+ Ma st trt: ln, trc di, nhng ng tm tt, kh r, vn tc trt ln. Chn hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit: Hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit c nh hng n p lc ring, bn vng, chu mn, chu mi... Bi vy, khi thit k phi tng cng hon thin kt cu, kch thc, hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit, khe h ban u, (piston hnh van, sc mng khng ng p...). m bo chng hao mn th phi da vo iu kin: p sut b mt tip xc nh hn gii hn cho php. p=
Figure 2.9
< [p] p- p sut b mt tip xc. P-ti trong php tuyn trn b mt tip xc Stx-din tch b mt tip xc i vi trc khuu ng c, xu hng l tng ng knh trc d trc ngn li, trnh un, vng, ng c gn. Gim t s S/D tng s vng quay trc khuu m khng tng vn tc trt ca piston, Gim chiu cao tng chiu dy tng lc bung cho sc mng. Thit k kt cu, phng n lm mt tt: + Phn b trng nhit hp l (piston). + Phn b ng nc lm mt hp l n tng xi lanh. i lu t nhin c kt: dng cnh ngn gi to chnh lch nhit (c qut, khng c bm). Cng bc h 500C: tn hao nhit tng, cht n mn, tp cht d ngng t, dn n hao mn nhiu. Cng bc kn: n nh nhit. Lm mt bng gi: + Lm sch b mt tn nhit. (xe my) + Lm kn qut gi tng lng gi. Chn kt cu lc: + Khng kh: lc kh, t. + Bi trn: th, tinh, ly tm. + Nhin liu: ng c Diesel yu cu lc rt kht khe m bo lm vic cho b i. i vi ng c xng: hao mn zicl do bo dng khng ng k thut. Lc nhin liu khng cho php c van an ton. Chn phng n bi trn hp l. S dng la chn vt liu hp l. 2.2.6.2 Bin php cng ngh: Cht lng gia cng chi tit nh hng rt ln n hao mn h hng ca chi tit, m hoc ti cng b mt lm vic ca chi tit kt hp vi ph hp chng mn:
14
CHNG 2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG Tng bn b mt: + Bin cng ngui: phun bi, ln, p... + Nhit luyn: ti, ram, nhit ho, thm C, N, kim loi + M ph (khng dng vi chi tit chu ti trng ng) Bo v b mt: M ph b mt trch xy ho, trng thic, cht do. Nng cao cht lng gia cng: + bng gia cng gn bng bng lm vic. + chnh xc cn, van. + Lm cn cc cnh sc (tr mt s trng hp nh b i bm cao p).
2.2.6.3 Ch s dng: - Ch lm vic: phi cn c vo iu kin m bo ma st bnh thng: p<pth, v<vth. (trnh qu ti v vt tc). - Trnh v thi quen ca ngi iu khin xe. - Chm sc bo dng k thut kp thi: hng ngy nh k ng lc. Nu dng qu thi hn qui nh s gy ph hoi, h hng mnh lit. Khng cho php chy c khi chi tit t n kch thc gii hn. - S dng nguyn vt liu. + ng c xng yu cu dng xng ng chng loi. + Du bi trn phi m bo cht lng. + S dng dung dch lm mt thch hp. (xe TOYOTA dng dung dch lm mt mu , chng ng cn, chng ng).
Chng 3
Hao mn, h hng mt s chi tit in hnh

1
Ni dung
3.1 Hao mn xy lanh

3.1.1 Hnh 1.11. Qui lut phn b p sut kh th trn xi lanhMa st ti hnMa st tMa st kh iu kin lm vic
- Chu nhit cao v bin thin khng u:ng c xng: Tmax = 2800 0Kng c Diesel: Tmax = 2200 0KVng trn chu nhit cao hn vng di v thay i trong mt chu k.- Chu ma st ln, c bit i vi ng c cao tc. khu vc st bung chy thng phi chu ma st kh v ti hn, vng di ma st ti hn v ma st t.- Mi trng: sn vt chy cha cc cht n mn nh: CO2, NO, SO2...kt hp vi nc to thnh cc axit.- Chu ti trng ln v thay i theo chu k.
Table 3.1
1 This
content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m30364/1.1/>.
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CHNG 3. HAO MN, H HNG MT S CHI TIT IN HNH
Ma st gia sc mng v xi lanh ph thuc vo lc p ca sc mng ln xi lanh:Pxi = Px + ki.PktPxilc ca sc mng th i tc dng ln xi lanhPx-lc bung hng knh ca sc mngPkt-lc kh thk1 = 0,7 [U+F034] 0,8k2 = 0,1 [U+F034] 0,15k3 = 0,05 [U+F034] 0,08
pktkipktHinh 1.12. p lc sc mng tc dng ln xi lanh
Hnh1.13. Phng ca lc ngang tc dng ln xi lanh Piston p ln xi lanh theo phng vung gc b cht v 2 pha do lc ngang N. S bin thin ca lc ngang N theo chiu cao ca xi lanh v theo gc quay ca trc khuu c biu din nh hnh 1.14.
0180360180360540720540Hnh 1.14. p sut(do N) tc dng ln thnh xi lanh theo cc k
Table 3.2
Vn tc trt do tip xc gia sc mng v thn piston thay i ln. Hao mn ca xi lanh t l thun vi lc, vn tc trt, nhit . l hao mn c qui lut.
3.1.2 Hao mn xy lanh theo phng dc trc
Figure 3.1
pvtDng mnHnh 1.15. Dng mn hng trc ca xi lanh p_p sutv_Vn tct_nhit
Figure 3.2
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3.1.3 Hao mn theo phng hng knh

Theo phng lc ngang N xi lanh b mn nhiu nht dc theo chiu trc.
3.1.4 Hao mn khng theo qui lut

Trong vng nhiu bi, khong gia xi lanh mn nhiu do bi (ht mi t l vi vn tc trt). Bi cng nhiu qui lut mn cng tng v pha di. - Mn nhiu theo phng vung gc lc ngang N th l do l piston b nghing. - i vi ng c xng: vng i din xupp np thng mn nhiu, l do l kh np ra sch mng du bi trn hoc do ngng t sn phm gy mn.
3.2 Hao mn trc khuu

3.2.1 . iu kin lm vic
- Trc khuu lm vic trong iu kin bi trn ma st t, nhng c khi ma st kh hoc ti hn (lc khi ng hoc tt my, tng gim t ngt vn tc gc, khi khe h trc bc ln). - Chu nhit t 150[U+F0B8]2500C, do nhit truyn t bung chy qua piston thanh truyn hoc do bn thn ma st gia trc v bc - Chu ma st ln. - Ti trng bin thin, c tnh cht va p v phn b khng u. - Vn tc trt kh ln: 5 [U+F0B8]10m/s. - Chu mi mn: do lc du khng sch hoc do cc ht mi.
3.2.2 Hao mn trc khuu c qui lut

Hao mn, h hng bnh thng do qui lut lm vic ca trc khuu.
Theo th hnh 1.17 vng trn s ln tc dng t, vng di tc dng nhiu. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc c trc ca trc khuu nhiu xi lanh chu ph ti khng u.ng c xng lng hao mn khc ng c diesel, nhng nh tnh nh nhau.ng c 1 xi lanh mn c chnh bng 1/2 lng mn c bin.ng c nhiu xi lanh c gia thng mn nhiu hn.Tip xc trc bc, nu c ht mi th ht mi ng li gy hao mn gia nhiu hn.
ZTHnh 1.17. th lc tc dng ln cht khuu
Table 3.3
Gi s hao mn t l thun vi lc tc dng (p lc) v thi gian (s ln) tc dng ca n th qui lut hao mn ca cht khuu v c trc chnh ca ng c xng khc ng c diesel. S d vy, l v th ph ti tc dng ln cht khuu ca hai loi ng c ny l khc nhau: - ng c xng cao tc: phn u to lc qun tnh ln v tc dng nhiu ln, phn ui mc d c tr s ln hn, nhng ch mt ln tc dng. Do , cht khuu mn pha di nhiu hn v c trc chnh mn pha trn nhiu hn. - ng c diesel vn tc gc khng ln lm nhng p sut ln, nn th lc tc dng ln cht khuu c u nh ui to. iu b tr vi s ln tc dng lc. Do cht khuu v c trc chnh mn u hn
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3.2.3 Hao mn trc khuu khng c qui lut

Hao mn, h hng khng bnh thng, do cc dng kt cu c bit ca trc khuu. Dng hao mn Dng hao mn
Hnh 1.18. Hao mn trc khuu khng qui lut

Table 3.4
- Do thanh truyn ch to lch tm nn phn b lc khng u (dng hnh thang). Do , hao mn khng u. - Khoan l du khng hp l: do qun tnh ly tm m cc cn du bm vo thnh v em sang pha tri (hnh 1.18). V vy, pha tri cht khuu mn nhiu hn pha phi.
3.2.4 Hng do mi
Xut hin cc vt nt t vi ni tp trung ng sut: gc ln, cnh sc l du...Di tc dng ca ti trng bin thin v i chiu m cc vt nt t vi dn pht trin ln ln n lc lm gy trc, vt gy phng. Thng xy ra i vi cc trc khuu: - C kt cu khng hp l: [U+F065] = 0 (khng c trng ip). V d: ng c D6-3D12 (gy 40[U+F0B8]50%). - C qu trnh gia cng sa cha khng ng: khng c gc ln hoc gc ln khng ng, khng lm cn cc cnh sc ca l du. - Ch s dng khng tt: thay i ti t ngt. - Lp rp khng tt: cc c trc khng ng tm gy ti trng ph trong qu trnh s dng.
3.3 Hao mn sc mng

3.3.1 iu kin lm vic
- Chu nhit cao: trong qu trnh lm vic, sc mng trc tip tip xc vi kh chy, do piston truyn nhit cho xi lanh qua sc mng v do ma st vi vch xi lanh nn sc mng c nhit cao, nht l sc mng th nht. Khi sc mng kh b h, khng kht vi xi lanh, kh chy thi qua ch b h lm cho nhit cc b vng ny tng ln rt cao, c th lm chy sc mng v piston. Nhit ca sc mng kh th nht 623[U+F0B8]673K, cc sc mng kh khc 473[U+F0B8]523K, sc mng du 373[U+F0B8]423K. Do nhit cao, sc bn c hc b gim st, sc mng d b mt n hi, du nhn d b chy thnh keo bm trn sc mng v xilanh, lm xu thm iu kin lm vic, thm ch lm b sc mng. - Chu lc va p ln: khi lm vic, lc kh th v lc qun tnh tc dng ln sc mng, cc lc ny c gi tr rt ln, lun thay i v tr s v chiu tc dng nn gy ra va p mnh gia sc mng v rnh sc mng. - Chu mi mn: khi lm vic, sc mng ma st vi vch xi lanh rt ln. Cng ma st ca sc mng chim n 50[U+F0B8]60% ton b cng tn tht c gii ca ng c t trong. Sc mng s d ma st ln v mi mn nhiu (nht l sc mng kh th nht) l do p sut tip xc ca sc mng tc dng ln vch xi lanh ln, tc trt ln m bi trn li rt km, b n mn ho hc v mi mn bi cc tp cht sinh ra trong qu trnh chy hoc c ln trong kh np v trong du nhn.
3.3.2 Hao mn sc mng
19
Mn mingMn lngMn Hnh 1.19. Hao mn sec mng
P= 3 5 kgHnh 1.20. Kim tra lc bung ca sc mng
Table 3.5
- Sc mng hao mn phn ming v phn lng l nhiu nht, hnh 1.19. i vi sc mng t my ko khi khe h ming [U+F064] = 1,5[U+F0B8] 2mm th loi b. - Mn theo chiu cao ch yu mn cc gc. Khi mn nhiu lc bung gim kim tra nh hnh 1.20. Th b dy sc mng: ln trong rnh sc mng khng o l c.
20
Chng 4
Kinh t vn hnh t
Ni dung:
4.1 CC CH TIU KINH T VN HNH T

4.1.1 nh ngha
L t hp cc thng s c trng cho kh nng hot ng ca t. Nhng thng s ny c th hin di dng cc h s. Qu trnh vn chuyn: gm ton b cc cng vic a hng ho t ni ny n ni khc nh: cn ong, o m, bc d, vn chuyn... di vn chuyn: khong cch xe i c hng. Khi lng vn chuyn: o bng tch khi lng hng ho hoc hnh khch vi qung ng vn chuyn (T.km hay hnh khch.km).
4.1.2 Cc h s thi gian s dng

H s ngy xe tt [U+F061]T: i lng nh gi thi gian xe tnh trng tt c th hot ng c so vi s ngy theo lch thi gian. i vi mt xe: Dt- ngy xe tt. Dl- ngy xe theo lch. i vi c on xe .
Figure 4.1
Nhng yu t nh hng n [U+F061]T: - Khong cch vn chuyn. - iu kin ng x.

1 This
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CHNG 4. KINH T VN HNH T - Trnh li xe. - Cu to v cht lng xe, tin cy, bn ca xe. i vi xe ti [U+F061]T= 0.75 - 0.9, xe du lch [U+F061]T = 0.9 - 0.96 H s ngy xe hot ng [U+F061]hd: nh gi thc t s dng xe. i vi mt xe:
Figure 4.2
. Dhd-ngy xe hot ng. Dn-ngy xe ngh l. i vi mt on xe:
Figure 4.3
H s s dng phng tin [U+F061]sd:
Figure 4.4
= 0.5 - 0.9 H s s dng thi gian trong ngy [U+F072]: Th + Tn = 24 Trong Th , Tn l s gi xe hot ng trong ngy v s gi xe ngh trong ngy (gi). Th bao gm gi xe chy, t chc, bc xp.
Figure 4.5
i vi on xe:
23
Figure 4.6
H s s dng thi gian lm vic [U+F064]:
Figure 4.7
4.1.3 H s s dng qung ng

Qung ng xe chy c ti: LT (km) Qung ng xe chy khng ti: LKT (km) Qung ng xe chy sau mt khong thi gian: L (km) H s s dng qung ng: . i vi on xe: bi. H s chy khng: ni chung [U+F062] <1 v tu thuc kho
Figure 4.8
. i vi on xe: =
Pn L Pn KTi Li
4.1.4 H s s dng ti trng

T s gia khi lng vn chuyn thc t vi khi lng vn chuyn nh mc:
Figure 4.9
24 Trong : u l khi lng vn chuyn thc t (T.km). q l ti trng nh mc (T)
CHNG 4. KINH T VN HNH T
Figure 4.10
i vi xe khch tnh bng h s xp y: (t s gia s khch thc t v s khch nh mc).
4.1.5 Tc vn chuyn
Tc k thut:
Figure 4.11
(km/h) Qui nh: Trong thnh ph Ngoi thnh ph 19 - 22 km/h vi xe khng c mcDi 19 km/h vi xe c mc 30 - 40 km/h vi xe khng c mc25 - 35 km/h vi xe c mc.
Table 4.1
Tu theo c im ng x m qui nh tc k thut. Tc s dng l tc trung bnh sau thi gian xe lm nhim v:
Figure 4.12
ch rng
Figure 4.13
25
4.1.6 Nng sut vn chuyn

Khi lng hng ho hay hnh khch vn chuyn sau mt n v thi gian.
Figure 4.14
i vi on xe:
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
Mt khc
Figure 4.17
Tng s gi xe chy : Do :
Figure 4.18
Suy ra:
26
Figure 4.19
Ch rng: Thi = 24.sd .. Dli Do nng sut vn chuyn s l: W = . .vKT . .T .q (Tkm/h)
N T NH HNG N TUI TH T 4.2 CC NHA

4.2.1 nh ngha
- Tui th t: l thi gian gi c kh nng lm vic n mt trng thi gii hn no cn thit phi dng li bo dng k thut v sa cha. Gii hn c th xc nh c bng s mi mn ca cc chi tit chnh theo iu kin lm vic an ton v theo tnh cht cc thng s s dng c qui nh trc. Thi hn ny xc nh bng qung ng xe chy, t khi xe bt u lm vic n khi xe cn sa cha ln, ng c cng nh h thng truyn lc v cc cm khc. - Tui th ti u: tui th ng vi gi thnh 1 km xe chy thp nht.
Figure 4.20
Cc yu t lm gim tui th t: nguyn nhn c bn l s mi mn cc chi tit trong cc cm ca t, tc l s ph hy cc b mt lm vic ca cc chi tit, a kch thc chi tit n gi tri gii hn.. Nu iu kin bo dng k thut tt th s mi mn cc chi tit xy ra theo ng qui lut c qui nh ca nh ch to, tng thi hn gia hai ln sa cha (theo th mi mn) v ngc li. Khi mi mn xy ra mnh, c th xy ra s c trong s dng lm gim tin cy ca xe. Tuy nhin, s c ca xe cn do: - Cu to hp l ca t. - H s bn ca cc chi tit. - Cht lng cc nguyn vt liu ch to chi tit. - Phng php gia cng. i vi tng chi tit mi mn do nhng nguyn nhn:
- Tnh cht l ha ca cc vt liu ch to.- Cht lng b mt lm vic ca cc chi tit. - p sut ring trn b mt.- Tc chuyn ng tng i. - Nhit chi tit.- Khi lng, cht lng du bi trn, phng php bi trn.
Hnh 2.1. Qui lut hao mn trc, l.LTrc
Table 4.2
27
4.2.2 nh hng ca nhn t thit k ch to

- Cu to: bo m tnh hp l kt cu. V d: gc ln, mp vt, t van hng nhit khng ch nhit nc lc khi ng, ( nung nng gim 3 4 ln v mi mn tng 6 8 ln so vi khi khng c van). Chn kt cu hp l m bo iu kin bi trn (khi nhit < 800C mi mn tng l do: khng nng hnh thnh mng du bi trn, do c cht ngng t). Xupp t xoay, hoc trong c cha Natri tn nhit tt, con i thu lc t ng iu chnh khe h nhit xupp. - Chn vt liu: vt liu ch to phi m bo tnh nng k thut ph hp vi iu kin lm vic. Tng quan tnh cht vt liu ca hai chi tit tip xc nhau, phi ph hp vi kh nng thay th v gi thnh ch to. Phi s dng hp l ca cc yu t nh hng n chi tit s dng. V d: tm ma st li hp nu kh mn th s kh tn nhit dn n tng mi mn v nhit ln (vn tc trt). V d: + Dng gang hp kim c bn cao hoc vt liu Crm-Niken ch to phn trn ca ng lt xi lanh. + Dng vt liu ch to bnh rng c chng mn, chng mi cao. + Thay th mt s bc lt kim loi bng bc cht do khng cn bi trn. - Phng php gia cng: phi p ng c iu kin lm vic. V d: m, thm Cr, Ni...
4.2.3 nh hng ca nhn t s dng

- iu kin ng x: theo tnh trng mt ng, nghing, dc, mt xe c, bi bn... Khi ng xu xe phi chy vi nhiu tc khc nhau lm cho phm vi thay i tc quay ca cc chi tit ln, rung xc nhiu, tng s ln s dng cn, phanh, chuyn s lm tng mi mn, tng ti trng ng. Khi ng x xu, yu cu phi s dng tay s thp, tuy tc quay gim, gim kh nng bi trn, nhng nh hng mi mn t hn ca ti trng ng. Mt d, sut tiu hao nhin liu c tng ln. Trnh thay i ga t ngt v d lm xu qu trnh chy, nhin liu chy khng ht, to thnh nhin liu lng, ra sch mng du bi trn xi lanh lm tng mi mn xi lanh. Va p tng lm tng p sut ring phn, mi mn tng Bi bn nu lc khng tt, nhanh chng lm gim tui th cc chi tit ca ng c. Ct bi bm vo cc chi tit ca h thng truyn lc, gim chn (treo) lm mn nhanh. ng dc ni, tng s ln phanh, mn tng, hiu qu phanh gim (510 ln). Ngoi ra, ng nghing dc lm bin dng lp, tui th c th gim xung 3 4 ln. - iu kin kh hu: c trng: nhit trung bnh khng kh, m, gi, p sut kh quyn.
Nhit thp: kh khi ng, nht du bi trn tng, p sut phun nhin liu thay i, nhin liu chy khng ht, cng sut gim, mi mn tng.Van hng nhit c ngha quan trng vng nhit thp.
t0 mn85Hnh 2.2. nh hng ca nhit n hao mn
Table 4.3
i vi nc ta: nhit cao, m ln do thot nhit kh khn. Nc si khi xe chy ti ln, nng my, kch n, b my lm cho cng sut ng c gim r rt. nht du bi trn gim lm mi mn tng. m cao tng kh nng xi ha, tui th gim. Ch lm vic: c trng bi tc chuyn ng, s ln sang s, dng li, phanh. Tc chuyn ng: ph thuc ng x, ti trng. - Ti trng tng qu mc qui nh lm p sut ring tng, tng mi mn chi tit. c bit tui th lp, h thng treo gim nhanh. S ln chuyn i tc tng dn n tng mi mn , gim kh nng bi trn b mt ma st. Trnh li xe: li xe gii trnh c ti trng ng do iu kin ng, khong thay i tc khng ng k. Trnh li xe nh gi qua:
28
- Phng php tng tc sao cho ln trn nh qun tnh. - S dng tay ga hp l (ti ng c), kt hp s dng ga v qun tnh. Thc nghim cho thy, phng php th nht tit kim 5 6% nhng tc xe thng xuyn thay i (nht l khi ng c khng lm vic), mi mn tng 20 28% - Kh nng x tr cc s c trn ng, gi vng tc xe hp l, vic chuyn tay s, dng ly hp, phanh, ga t nht sao cho xe chy m th tiu hao nhin liu nh nht. Vi li xe gii phi kt hp chm sc bo dng tt th s ko di thi k gia hai ln sa cha v c th tit kim n 20%. Cht lng bo dng k thut v k sa cha trc: S dng tt cc bin php kim tra v t chc trong bo dng k thut nhm chun b tt iu kin lm vic ca xe, nng cao bn chi tit, tng tui th xe. Khi trong qu trnh s dng khng c chm sc du m, iu chnh kp thi th mi mn s tng nhanh t ngt, dn n ph hng: gy, v, mt an ton ko theo ph hng nhiu chi tit khc. V d: du nhn ti thi hn thay m vn dng th s dn n iu kin bi trn khng m bo, lt bc, cong vnh, thm ch p v c thn my. Trc then hoa khng bo dng tt lm mi mn, r, lch trc cc ng, sinh gy trc. m bo tin cy v tui th ng c, t nht thit phi tun th cc qui tc bo dng k thut. V d: trong qu trnh lm vic khe h m vt bch kim ca b chia in b thay i so vi tiu chun lm thay i gc nh la sm, tng tiu hao nhin liu, cng sut ng c gim. Khi gc nh la sm thay i 20 500 th tiu hao nhin liu tng 10 15% cng sut gim 7 10 %. Hn hp chy long th mi mn xi lanh tng 2,5 3 ln p sut lp khng , tng bin dng, mn nhanh. S dng nhin liu -nguyn liu: i vi nhin liu: tnh cht l ha ca nhin liu c trng cho kh nng s dng ca nhin liu . Khi s dng nhin liu khng ng s tng mc tiu hao nhin liu, cng sut ng c gim, tng mi mn ng c. i vi xng: nh gi qua thnh phn phn on (bay hi). Tr s c tan. i vi du diesel: nh gi qua thnh phn phn on. Kh nng t bc chy. nht nhin liu. Tr s x tan ca nhin liu. i vi nhin liu xng: - Thnh phn phn on X, tin cy khi ng, thi gian lm nng ng c, tnh kinh t v s mi mn ng c. Nhin liu bay hi km, ng c s kh khi ng, tng tiu hao nhin liu. Phn nhin liu khng bay hi s ra mng du, ph v kh nng bi trn lm mi mn nhm piston - xi lanh - sc mng d di. - Nu gim nhit bay hi cui cng ca xng, cp xng kh khn do c bt kh, ng c lm vic gin on. - Dng xng c tr s c tan sai tiu chun, s gy kch n, tng mi mn ng c, ng c nng ln d di. - Dng xng c thnh phn S ln th mi mn do xi ha tng. Nu S tng 0,05 0,35 th mi mn s tng ln 3 ln. i vi du Diesel: Khi nht nh th gc phun nhin liu s ln, qu trnh hnh thnh hn hp km lm qu trnh chy xu. Khi nht tng th gc phun nh, chy km, chy rt, cng sut gim. Tr s c tan nh hn qui chun s xu kh nng t bc chy, qu trnh chy ko di, nng my, cng sut gim. Thnh phn nhin liu nhiu hc n, gy bm mui, b kt sc mng, hao mn xi lanh, khng m bo kn, cng sut gim. i vi du bi trn: du duy tr iu kin ma st t, hn ch mi mn b mt lm vic ca chi tit tip xc nhau. Chiu cao nh nht ca mng du:
29
Figure 4.21
A-h s ph thuc kch thc chi tit tip xc. [U+F068]- nht tuyt i ca du. v-vn tc tng i ca chi tit. p-p sut ring trn b mt chi tit lm vic. Theo kinh nghim: hmin 1,5([U+F064]1 + [U+F064]2). [U+F064]1, [U+F064]2- g gh ln nht ca hai b mt ma st iu kin hnh thnh H s ma st t ph thuc nhiu vo mng du ng vi tng loi du. nh hng ch ti trng: Khi thng xuyn s dng ti trng ln, gy ra qu ti i vi cc chi tit trong cm, lm cho tui th cc chi tit gim nhanh. - Nu khng m bo tng quan gia ti trng v tc (t s truyn lc) theo nh c tnh ng lc hc t, th kh nng mi mn tng ln, tui th t gim. Do , phi thng xuyn bo m tc chuyn ng hp l ca t, va m bo tui th, va gim tiu hao nhin liu, tng tnh kinh t.
30
Chng 5
iu kin a t vo sa cha
Ni dung:
5.1 IU KIN BO HNG CHI TIT - CM MY

5.1.1 Qui nh i vi cm my
Mt cm my (tng thnh) phi a vo sa cha khi: + Do s mi mn cc cm chi tit chnh lm tnh nng kinh t - k thut ca cm my b h thp di mc qui nh. + Chi tit c bn b h hng phi a vo sa cha ln (thn my, v hp s, v cu...).
5.1.2 Qui nh i vi mt t a vo sa cha

i vi t, my ko phi a vo sa cha ln khi: - Cm my (tng thnh) chnh ca n b h hng khng m bo hiu qu kinh t cng nh cc tnh nng ng lc hc m t phi t c. - Vic xc nh kh nng lm vic tip tc hay phi sa cha 1 t phi da trn tnh trng k thut ca cc cm my chnh, chi tit chnh, mc h hng ca cc chi tit, cm my .
5.1.3 Qui nh i vi chi tit chnh- tng thnh chnh

Trong cm my c nhiu chi tit cn sa cha khi cc tnh nng kinh t, k thut gim xung di mc cho php. Tnh nng kinh t k thut ph thuc nhiu vo cc cp chi tit chnh, ngha l ph thuc nhiu vo s hao mn ca chng. Bng 3.1 Xc nh cm my chnh, chi tit chnh
1 This
31
32 Loi t Vn ti Cm my chnh ng c, hp s, cu ch ng, khung b, trc trc, bung li, b truyn cng sut, c cu nng (nu c) (Nh trn) tr hp truyn cng sut, c cu nng. (Nh trn) thm thn xe
CHNG 5. IU KIN A T VO SA CHA Loi cm ng c Chi tit chnh Np my, xy lanh, trc khuu, trc cam, bnh Chi tit c bn Thn
Xe khch
Hp s
Trc s cp, th cp, trc trung gian, np hp s. ng bc bn trc, v hp gim tc, v hp vi sai.
V hp s
Du lch
Cu ch ng
V cu
Table 5.1
5.2 TH MI MN CHI TIT

5.2.1 Ni dung th - phn tch
Xc nh s thay i kch thc chi tit l hm s ca thi gian. Trong thi gian s dng, ng vi dng hao mn xy ha n nh, cc chi tit u c dng c tnh mn theo thi gian nh sau. V d i vi chi tit dng l:
tcr -thi gian chy r.tgh -gii hn thi gian lm vic.Hcr -kch thc sau chy r.Hgh-kch thc gii hnH0-kch thc ban utg = Theo Kazasep Smin l khe h lp rp= Sb = 0,467d
213H gian)
Lng
mnt
(t
HghHcrH0tcrtlvtghHnh 3.1. th mi mn chi tit
Table 5.2
d- ng knh l. n-s vng quay chy r. [U+F068]- nht tuyt i p-p sut tip xc c-h s, c = , l-chiu di tip xc.
Smax = ,[U+F064]-tng cao nhp nh. Giai on 1: ng vi thi gian chy r chi tit, chi tit b mn mnh, kch thc b thay i nhanh t H0 Hcr (do nhng nhp nh ban u b san phng). B mt chi tit cha chun b chuyn sang giai on lm vic. Ht kim loi b bong tch, to thnh ht mi, lm tng qu trnh hao mn chi tit. Cho nn sau chy r phi thay du bi trn.
33 Do qu trnh gia cng c kh li m chi tit c nhng tnh cht c trng cho b mt cng ngh (c tnh c, l, ho, cn, van, bng). c tnh ny s c chuyn ho t b mt gia cng sang b mt lm vic. Qu trnh xy ra tng i nhanh, ng cong dc, hao mn nhanh. Giai on 2: sau khi chy r b mt chi tit tt hn v s n nh trong qu trnh lm vic: b mt tip xc ln, chu ti tng, qu trnh hao mn xy ra chm v n nh, ng c tnh t dc. Lng mn t l thun vi thi gian, cng mn I= tg
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
nh. Giai on 3: l giai on nu tip tc lm vic chi tit s b ph hng, do khe h ca cc cp chi tit tng ln, gy ra va p, hnh thnh mng du kh, nn hao mn tng, ng c tnh l ng phi tuyn.
5.2.2 ngha th mi mn chi tit

Giai on chy r l tn ti tt yu. Song nu nh c cc phng php chy r tt th rt ngn c thi gian chy r (tcr) v c th gim lng hao mn chy r. giai on tlv: (t kch thc chy r n kch thc gii hn) hao mn l ti thiu v n nh, c trng cho tnh cht s dng chi tit (phi m bo ch ti trng v vn tc...) Khi chi tit t n Hgh nu tip tc s dng th b mt lm vic s b ph hoi mnh. y l thi k khng cho php s dng. Ngi ta thng s dng Hgh , tgh lm thng s quyt nh a chi tit vo sa cha hay kim tra chi tit trong qu trnh sa cha. Thi gian lm vic ca chi tit chnh b hao mn l c s sa cha ln cm my. Cng c th dng th hao mn so snh cc chi tit cng loi trong nhng iu kin lm vic khc nhau.
5.3 CC TIU CHUN XC NH MN GII HN

Trong cc cm my khc nhau nhiu khi chi tit chnh ca n cha b mi mn n Hgh, nhng c tnh lm vic ca cm my thay i r rt, khng m bo tnh nng kinh t, k thut. V vy, xc nh tui th (thi gian lm vic n khi sa cha) ca cm my ngi ta cn c vo mn cc chi tit chnh m ng vi n cm my khng cho php s dng tip tc, v khng m bo cc ch tiu cng ngh, k thut, kinh t cn thit. mn y gi l mn gii hn [U+F044]Hgh ( [U+F0B9]Hgh). [U+F044]Hgh = Hlv - H0 (Hlv [U+F0A3] Hgh) Hlv-kch thc chi tit khng cho php vt qu m bo tnh nng cn thit ca cm my. H0-kch thc ban u.
34
CHNG 5. IU KIN A T VO SA CHA
V d: Cp piston-xilanh bm cao p phi to ra p sut ln phun nhin liu. Nu mn qu gii hn th chng khng lm vic c. Do , tiu chun Hgh khng p ng c m phi s dng tiu chun k thut, da vo kh nng lm vic (m bo c p sut lm vic). Trong thc t, nhng chi tit truyn lc (truyn m men xon), nu khe h ln s sinh ra va p, n, nhng khng nh hng n truyn lc v t s truyn. Kch thc lc cho php t n gii Hgh. Ngi ta s dng 3 tiu chun sau xc nh mn gii hn:
5.3.1 Tiu chun cng ngh

Theo tiu chun ny cc chi tit c php mn ti kch thc gii hn (Hgh). Cc b phn truyn lc (hp s, cu, hp truyn cng sut...) c php p dng tiu chun ny. V khe h khng lm nh hng n cng sut m n ch gy n. [U+F044]Hgh = Hgh - H0
5.3.2 Tiu chun k thut

Tiu chun ny ly yu cu k thut ca cm my hay cp ma st lm c s. Cc chi tit ch c mn n khi cc c tnh an ton v tin cy lm vic ca cc cm my gim xung di mc cho php. p dng tiu chun ny cho thit b an ton (phanh), thit b iu khin (li, h thng thy lc). [U+F044]Hgh = Hlv - H0 (Hlv < Hgh) Chi tit vn cha mn n kch thc sa cha nhng vn phi a vo sa cha. V d: cp piston-xilanh thy lc, ng knh [U+F046]5080 nu khe h qu 0,03mm phi em i sa cha v khng p sut. Cp bc trc khuu [U+F046]5080 cho php mn 0,2mm, nu qu gii hn ny phi em i sa cha.
5.3.3 Tiu chun kinh t

Cm my phi a vo sa cha khi cc ch tiu kinh t khng m bo: thng nh gi cho h thng nhin liu, h thng bi trn, nh la. V d: xt vi mt xe, cng s dng chi ph cho sa cha, qun l, tiu hao nguyn vt liu cng tng. Thu v do vn chuyn cng gim do xe t lm vic hn, h hng thi gian xe nm sa cha tng. Khi tin thu v chi cn bng xe phi a vo sa chaLlvng vi thi gian lm vic, khi m thu bng chiKch thc khi l kch thc gii hn theo tiu chun kinh t. TinL(Km)Llv ng vi tlvChiThuHnh 3.2. th thu chi theo tiu chun kinh t.
Table 5.3
Chng 6
Quy trnh cng ngh bo dng t

Ni dung:
6.1 KHI NIM CHUNG

Bo dng l hng lot cc cng vic nht nh, bt buc phi thc hin vi cc loi xe sau mt thi gian lm vic, hay qung ng qui nh. Mc ch: - Ch yu l kim tra, pht hin nhng h hng t xut, ngn nga chng m bo cho cm my, xe vn hnh an ton. - Chm sc cc h thng, cc c cu m bo chng lm vic an ton v khng b h hng. - Gi gn hnh thc bn ngoi.
6.2 CC CP BO DNG
Bo dng t, l cng vic d phng c tin hnh bt buc sau mt chu k vn hnh nht nh trong khai thc t theo ni dung cng vic quy nh nhm duy tr trng thi k thut ca t. Bo dng t cn l bin php gip ch phng tin hoc ngi li xe t thc hin trch nhim duy tr tnh trng k thut ca phng tin theo tiu chun quy nh khi tham gia giao thng ng b gia hai k kim nh nh quy nh ti Khon 5, iu 50 Lut Giao thng ng b. Tu theo cp bo dng m mc c khc nhau. Bo dng chia lm 2 cp.(theo quyt nh s 992/2003/Q-BGTVT ngy 09/04/2003). - Bo dng hng ngy. - Bo dng nh k.
6.2.1 Bo dng hng ngy

Bo dng hng ngy do li xe, ph xe hoc cng nhn trong trm bo dng chu trch nhim v c thc hin trc hoc sau khi xe i hot ng hng ngy, cng nh trong thi gian vn hnh. Nu kim tra thy tnh trng xe bnh thng th mi chy xe. Nu pht hin c s khng bnh thng th phi tm v xc nh r nguyn nhn. V d: Kh khi ng, my nng qu, tng tc km, h thng truyn lc qu n hoc c ting va p, h thng phanh, h thng li khng trn tru, h thng n, ci lm vic km hoc c trc trc... Phng php tin hnh kim tra ch yu l da vo quan st, nghe ngng, phn on v da vo kinh nghim tch lu c. Yu cu thi gian kim tra phi ngn.
1 This
35
36 6.2.1.1 Kim tra, chn on.
CHNG 6. QUY TRNH CNG NGH BO DNG T
1. Vic kim tra, chn on t c tin hnh trng thi tnh (khng n my) hoc trng thi ng (n my, c th ln bnh). 2. Quan st ton b bn ngoi v bn trong t, pht hin cc khim khuyt ca bung li, thng xe, knh chn gi, gng chiu hu, bin s, c cu nng h knh, ca ln xung, np ng c, khung, nhp, lp v p sut hi lp, c cu nng h (nu c) v trang b ko moc... 3. Kim tra h thng in: c qui, s lm vic n nh ca cc ng h trong bung li, n tn hiu, n pha, ct, n phanh, ci, gt nc, c cu ra knh, h thng qut gi... 4. Kim tra h thng li: Hnh trnh t do ca vnh tay li, trng thi lm vic ca b tr lc tay li, hnh thang li. 5. Kim tra h thng phanh: Hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh, trng thi lm vic v kn ca tng phanh, cc ng dn hi, du, hiu lc ca h thng phanh... 6. Kim tra s lm vic n nh ca ng c, cc cm, tng thnh v cc h thng khc (h thng cung cp nhin liu, bi trn, lm mt, truyn lc chnh, c cu nng h...). 6.2.1.2 Bi trn, lm sch. 7. Kim tra mc du bi trn ca ng c, truyn lc chnh, hp tay li. Nu thiu phi b sung. 8. Kim tra mc nc lm mt, dung dch c qui... 9. Kim tra bnh cha kh nn, thng cha nhin liu, bu lc nhin liu, bu lc du. 10. i vi ng c Diesel cn kim tra mc du trong bm cao p, b iu tc. 11. Lm sch ton b t, bung li, m v gh ngi, thng xe. Lau sch knh chn gi, gng chiu hu, n, pha, ct, n phanh, bin s. 6.2.1.3 Ni dung bo dng hng ngy i vi r moc v na r moc. 1. Lm sch, kim tra dng c v trang thit b chuyn dng ca r moc, na r moc. 2. Kim tra thng, khung, nhp, xch, cht an ton, p sut hi lp, c bt d bnh xe, cng, cht ngang, mm xoay ca r moc, na r moc. 3. Sau khi ni r moc, na r moc vi t phi kim tra khp, mc ko v xch an ton. Kim tra tc dng v phanh ca r moc, na r moc. 4. i vi r moc 1 trc kim tra cng ni chn chng, gi . 5. i vi na r moc kim tra chn chng, c cu nng v mm xoay. 6. Kim tra cc v tr bi trn. Chn on tnh trng chung ca r moc, na r moc.
6.2.2 Bo dng nh k
Bo dng nh k do cng nhn trong trm bo dng chu trch nhim v c thc hin sau mt chu k hot ng ca t c xc nh bng qung ng xe chy hoc thi gian khai khc. Cng vic kim tra thng thng dng thit b chuyn dng. Phi kt hp vi vic sa cha nh v thay th mt s chi tit ph nh sc mng, r li xupp, iu chnh khe h nhit, thay bc lt, m phanh, m ly hp... Tuy nhin, cng vic chnh vn l kim tra, pht hin ngn chn h hng. 6.2.2.1 Chu k bo dng: 1. Chu k bo dng nh k c tnh theo qung ng hoc thi gian khai thc ca t, ty theo nh ngch no n trc. 2. Bo dng nh k c thc hin nh sau: a. i vi nhng t c hng dn khai thc s dng ca hng sn xut th chu k bo dng nh k phi tnh theo quy nh ca nh ch to.
37 b. i vi nhng t khng c hng dn khai thc s dng th chu k bo dng nh k phi tnh theo qung ng t chy hoc theo thi gian khai thc ca t c quy nh trong bng.
Loi t
Trng thi k thut
Chu k bo dng Qung Thi ng gian (km) (thng)
t con
Chy r Sau chy r Sau sa cha ln
1.500 10.000 5.000 1.000 8.000 4.000 1.000 8.000 4.000
6 3 6 3 6 3
t khch
t ti, r moc, na r moc

Table 6.1
3. i vi t hot ng iu kin kh khn (min ni, min bin, cng trng, hi o...) cn s dng h s 0,8 cho chu k quy nh ti khon 2 iu ny. 4. i vi t chuyn dng v t ti chuyn dng (t cn cu, t ch xng du, t ng lnh, t cha chy, t thang, t cu h...), cn c vo c tnh s dng v hng dn ca nh ch to xc nh chu k v ni dung cng vic bo dng nh k cho nhng h thng, thit b chuyn dng ngoi nhng b phn ca thng thng ca t ni chung. 5. i vi t mi hoc t sau sa cha ln phi thc hin bo dng trong thi k chy r nhm nng cao cht lng cc b mt ma st ca cp chi tit tip xc, gim kh nng hao mn v h hng ca cc chi tit, nng cao tui th tng thnh, h thng ca t. a. i vi t mi, phi thc hin ng hng dn k thut v quy trnh bo dng ca nh sn xut. b. i vi t sau sa cha ln, thi k chy r c quy nh l 1500km u tin, trong phi tin hnh bo dng giai on 500km v 1500km. 6. Khi t n chu k quy nh bo dng nh k, phi tin hnh bo dng. Phm vi sai lch khng c vt qu 5% so vi chu k n nh. 6.2.2.2 Cc ni dung bo dng k thut nh k t, r moc v na r moc a. Cng tc tip nhn t vo trm bo dng 1. Ra v lm sch t. 2. Cng tc kim tra, chn on ban u c tin hnh nh mc 1 ca bo dng hng ngy, trn c s lp bin bn hin trng k thut ca t. b. Kim tra, chn on, xit cht v iu chnh cc cm, tng thnh, h thng trn t. Bao gm cc tng thnh, h thng sau: * i vi ng c ni chung: 1. Kim tra, chn on trng thi k thut ca ng c v cc h thng lin quan. 2. Tho bu lc du th, x cn, ra sch. Tho v kim tra ra bu lc du li tm. Thay du bi trn cho ng c, my nn kh theo chu k, bm m vo bi ca bm nc. Kim tra p sut du bi trn. 3. Kim tra, sc ra thng cha nhin liu. Ra sch bu lc th, thay li lc tinh.
38
4. Kim tra, xit cht cc bulng, gudng np my, bm hi, chn my, v ly hp, ng ht, ng x v cc mi ghp khc. 5. Tho, kim tra bu lc khng kh. Ra bu lc khng kh ca my nn kh v b tr lc chn khng. Kim tra h thng thng gi cacte. 6. Thay du bi trn cm bm cao p v b iu tc ca ng c Diesel. 7. Lm sch b mt kt nc, qut gi, cnh tn nhit, b mt ngoi ca ng c, v ly hp, hp s, xc ra kt nc. 8. Kim tra tm chn qut gi kt nc lm mt, tnh trng ca h thng lm mt, s r r ca kt nc, cc u ni trong h thng, van hng nhit, ca chn song kt nc. 9. Kim tra, iu chnh khe h nhit supp; cng dy ai dn ng qut gi, bm nc, bm hi. 10. Kim tra r trc bm nc, puli dn ng... 11. Kim tra p sut xi lanh ng c. Nu cn phi kim tra kn kht ca supp, nhm pittng v xi lanh. 12. Kim tra r ca bc lt thanh truyn, trc khyu nu cn. 13. Kim tra h thng cung cp nhin liu; Kim tra cc ng ng dn; thng cha nhin liu; xit cht cc u ni, gi ; kim tra s r r ca ton h thng; kim tra s lin kt v tnh trng hot ng ca cc c cu iu khin h thng cung cp nhin liu; kim tra p sut lm vic ca bm cung cp nhin liu... ng c xng: 1. Kim tra bm xng, b ch ha kh. Tho, sc ra v iu chnh nu cn. 2. iu chnh ch chy khng ti ca ng c. 3. i vi ng c xng s dng h thng cp nhin liu kiu phun cn kim tra s lm vic ca ton h thng. ng c Diesel: 1. Kim tra, xit cht gi bm cao p, vi phun, bu lc nhin liu, cc ng ng cp dn nhin liu, gi bn p ga. 2. Kim tra vi phun, bm cao p nu cn thit a ln thit b chuyn dng hiu chnh. 3. Kim tra s hot ng ca c cu iu khin thanh rng bm cao p, b iu tc, nu cn hiu chnh im bt u cp nhin liu ca bm cao p. 4. Cho ng c n my, kim tra kh thi ca ng c, hiu chnh tc chy khng ti theo tiu chun cho php, chng nhim mi trng. * H thng in Kim tra ton b h thng in. Bt cht cc u ni gic cm ti my khi ng, my pht, b chia in, bng iu khin, ng h v cc b phn khc. Lm sch mt ngoi c quy, thng l thng hi. Kim tra in th, kim tra mc, nng dung dch nu thiu phi b sung, nu cn phi sc, np c quy. Bt cht u cc, gi c quy. Kim tra, lm sch bn ngoi b tit ch, my pht, b khi ng, b chia in, b nh la bng bn dn, dy cao p, b bin, nu nh la, gt ma, qut gi. Tra du m theo quy nh. Kim tra khe h m vt, lm sch, iu chnh khe h theo quy nh. Kim tra, lm sch in cc, iu chnh khe h gia hai in cc ca nn nh la. iu chnh b cng dy ai dn ng my pht, kim tra, iu chnh s lm vic ca r le. Kim tra hp cu ch, ton b cc n, nu chy, h hng phi b sung. iu chnh chiu sng ca n pha, ct cho ph hp theo quy nh. Kim tra ci, bt cht gi ci, iu chnh ci nu cn. Kim tra cc cng tc, u tip xc m bo h thng in hot ng n nh. * Ly hp, hp s, trc cc ng
39 Kim tra, iu chnh bn p ly hp, l xo hi v v hnh trnh t do ca bn p. Kim tra cc khp ni, c cu dn ng v h thng truyn ng ly hp. i vi ly hp thy lc phi kim tra kn ca h thng v tc dng ca h truyn ng, xit cht gi bn p ly hp. Kim tra mn ca ly hp. Nu cn phi thay. Kim tra xit cht bulng np hp s, cc bulng ni ghp ly hp hp s, trc cc ng. Lm sch b mt hp s, ly hp, cc ng. Kim tra r trc then hoa, bi cc ng v bi trung gian. Kim tra tng th s lm vic bnh thng ca ly hp, hp s, cc ng. Nu cn khim khuyt phi iu chnh li. Cc vng chn du, m phi m bo kn kht. Kim tra lng du trong hp s, c cu dn ng ly hp. Nu thiu phi b sung. Bm m vo cc v tr theo s quy nh ca nh ch to. * Cu ch ng, truyn lc chnh Kim tra r tng cng ca truyn lc chnh. Nu cn phi iu chnh li. Kim tra kn kht ca b mt lp ghp. Xit cht cc bulng bt gi. Kim tra lng du v cu ch ng. Nu thiu phi b sung. * Cu trc v h thng li 1. Kim tra chm ca cc bnh xe dn hng, mn cc lp. Nu cn phi o v tr cc lp theo quy nh. 2. X du khung, bi trn cht nhp, cc ngng chuyn hng, b t. Bi m phn ch cho khe nhp. 3. Bm m bi trn theo s quy nh ca nh ch to. 4. Kim tra dm trc trc hoc cc trc ca bnh trc, r ca vng bi moay , thay m, iu chnh theo quy nh. Kim tra cht chuyn hng, cht cu (r tuyn). Nu r vt tiu chun cho php, phi iu chnh hoc thay th. 5. i vi t, s dng h thng treo c lp phi kim tra trng thi ca l xo, thanh xon v cc cao su , gi treo. 6. Kim tra kn kht ca hp tay li, gia trc, cc ng tay li, h thng tr lc tay li thy lc. Nu r r phi lm kn, nu thiu phi b sung. 7. Kim tra r cc ng tay li. Hnh trnh t do vnh tay li. Nu vt qu tiu chun cho php phi iu chnh li. 8. Kim tra ton b s lm vic ca h thng li, bo m an ton v n nh. * H thng phanh 1. Kim tra p sut kh nn, trng thi lm vic ca my nn kh, van tit lu, van an ton, cng ca dy ai my nn kh. 2. Kim tra, b sung du phanh. 3. Kim tra, xit cht cc u ni ca ng ng dn hi, du. m bo kn, khng r r trong ton b h thng. 4. Kim tra trng thi lm vic b tr lc phanh ca h thng phanh du c tr lc bng kh nn hoc chn khng. 5. Kim tra, xit cht ai gi bnh kh nn, gi tng bm phanh v bn p phanh. 6. Tho tang trng, kim tra tang trng, guc v m phanh, a phanh, l xo hi v, mm phanh, gi bu phanh, cht qu o, ta mm phanh. Nu lng phi xit cht li. Nu mn qu tiu chun phi thay. 7. Kim tra kn kht ca bu phanh trong h thng phanh hi hoc xi lanh phanh chnh trong h thng phanh du. Kim tra mc du bu cha ca xi lanh phanh chnh. 8. iu chnh khe h gia tang trng, a phanh v m phanh, hnh trnh v hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh. 9. Kim tra hiu qu ca phanh tay, xit cht cc gi . Nu cn phi iu chnh li. 10. Kim tra, nh gi hiu qu ca h thng phanh. * H thng chuyn ng, h thng treo v khung xe
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1. Kim tra khung xe (sat xi), chn bn, ui m nhp, cht nhp khung, b nhp, quang nhp, quai nhp, bu lng tm nhp, bu lng hm cht nhp. Nu x lch phi iu chnh li. Nu lng phi bt cht, lm sch, sn v bi m bo qun theo quy nh. 2. Kim tra tc dng ca gim sc, xit cht bu lng gi gim sc. Kim tra cc l xo v cao su . Nu v phi thay. 3. Kim tra vnh, bnh xe v lp, k c lp d phng. Bm hi lp ti p sut tiu chun, o lp theo quy nh ca s . G nhng vt cng dt, dnh vo k lp. * Bung li v thng xe 1. Kim tra, lm sch bung li, knh chn gi, cnh ca, ca s, gng chiu hu, m gh ngi, c cu nng lt bung li, tra du m vo nhng im quy nh. Xit cht bu lng bt gi bung li vi khung t. Kim tra h thng thng gi v qut gi. 2. Kim tra thng, thnh b, cc mc kha thnh b, bn l thnh b, quang gi b vi khung t, bu lng bt gi dm, bc ln xung, chn bn. Nu lng phi xit cht li. * i vi t t , t cn cu v t chuyn dng 1. Kim tra c cu nng, h thng t, an ton v kn ca cc u ni, ng dn du. S lm vic n nh ca h thng nng h thy lc. 2. Kim tra, xit cht cc ta, hp truyn lc, gi thng t, c cu nng h lp d phng. 3. Ra bu lc du ca thng cha du, x khng kh trong h thng thy lc. Kim tra mc du trong thng du. Nu thiu phi thm. Thay du theo quy nh. 4. Kim tra cp, c cu an ton i vi t cn cu. 5. Nhng ni dung bo dng i vi cc c cu, cm h thng c th phi tun theo hng dn k thut ca nh ch to. 6.2.2.3 Cc ni dung bo dng k thut nh k r moc v na r moc a. Cng tc lm sch, kim tra, chn on, bi trn. 1. Lm sch, x du v nc trong bu cha hi phanh. 2. Kim tra n, bin s, xch an ton, hiu qu n tn hiu v n phanh, thnh b. 3. Chn on trng thi k thut tng th r moc, na r moc. 4. Tra du, bm m vo tt c cc im cn bi trn theo s . X du cho khung v gm ca r moc, na r moc. Bi m cho nhp. b. Cng tc iu chnh, sa cha v xit cht. 1. i vi r moc c b chuyn hng trc trc: Phi kim tra b phn chuyn hng, tnh trng k thut ca trc trc. Xit cht bu lng bt gi b phn chuyn hng, cht, khp chuyn hng. Nu r vt tiu chun k thut phi iu chnh hoc thay th. 2. i vi r moc c mm xoay. Kim tra tnh trng k thut ca mm xoay, con ln, trc v mm xoay. Xit cht ai c bt gi tr mm xoay. iu chnh chm bnh trc, nu cn. 3. i vi h thng phanh r moc, na r moc. - Kim tra tc dng ca h thng phanh. Kim tra tnh trng v s r r ca cc ng dn, u ni v cc b phn ca h thng phanh. - Kim tra xit cht quang bt gi b, thnh b, vn sn v bn l thnh ca. - Tho ra moay v tang trng. Kim tra trng thi k thut moay , tang trng, m phanh, l xo hi v, bi, c trc. Thay m v iu chnh t yu cu k thut. - Xit cht ai gi, gi bnh cha kh nn, cc u ni dy dn, mm phanh, gi trc quay, bu phanh, bnh xe v cc cm chi tit ghp ni. - iu chnh khe h m phanh - tang trng v h thng phanh tay nu mn qu tiu chun, khng cn tc dng phi thay mi. 4. i vi na r moc - Kim tra, chn on tnh trng k thut trc chuyn hng, mm xoay, mm , cht an ton, c cu chn chng, c cu bt ni na r moc vi u ko. - Kp thi sa cha v hiu chnh ng theo tiu chun k thut quy nh.
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6.2.3 Bo dng theo ma

Tin hnh hai ln trong nm, lm nhng cng vic lin quan chuyn iu kin lm vic ma ny sang ma khc. Thng b tr sao cho bo dng ma trng bo dng nh k: - Xc ra h thng lm mt. - Thay du nhn, m. - Kim tra b hm nng nhin liu, b sy khi ng.
6.3 CC PHNG PHP T CHC BO DNG K THUT

Ty theo trnh t chc v kh nng th, tnh cht chuyn mn ha ca th m c nhng phng php sau:
6.3.1 Phng php t chc chuyn mn ha

-Tt c cc cng nhn ca xng c phn thnh t chuyn mn ha, v d: T 1: bo dng thng xuyn, (ch c trong x nghip vn ti) T 2: bo dng gm. T 3: bo dng ng c... - Cc cng nhn c tay ngh khc nhau. - Nng sut cao, nh mc thi gian lao ng d. - Thiu trch nhim vi hot ng ca xe trn tuyn. - Kt qu lao ng ch c nh gi bng s lng xe qua bo dng. Ch thc hin phn vic ca mnh, khng c s lin h vi phn vic ca t khc. Khng phn tch nh gi c nguyn nhn cc tng thnh b loi. - Khng thc hin khi gii quyt cng vic vi nhiu loi xe khc nhau (kim tra cng vic kh).
6.3.2 Phng php t chc ring xe.

Cng nhn trong xng thuc cc t tng hp, thnh phn gm cng nhn c tay ngh trong nhiu cng vic. Thc cht cng vic l: bo dng k thut v sa cha vt ghp li: u im: qui nh c mc trch nhim. Nhc im: do phi phn chia dng c thit b, v vy s dng khng hiu qu v khng p dng dy chuyn c, kh khn trong vic s dng cc ph tng thay th.
6.3.3 Phng php t chc on tng thnh

y l phng php tin tin. Khi chun b k hoch ngi ta tch on sn xut chuyn mn ha. Mi on sn xut thc hin cc cng vic bo dng, sa cha cc cm tng thnh, c cu nh cho on y. S lng on sn xut ty thuc vo qui m ca ca x nghip, chng loi xe v tnh trng i tng a vo. Thng phn thnh 6 on chnh v 2 on ph: Ph G sn xutT trng, xng trngK thut viniu sn xutHnh 4.1. S t chc on tng thnh12345678 Su on chnh: 1. Bo dng v sa cha ng c. 2. Bo dng v sa cha h thng truyn lc. 3. Bo dng v sa cha cu trc, cu sau, phanh, li, treo. 4. Bo dng v sa cha in, nhin liu. 5. Bo dng v sa cha khung b, cabin, sat xi, v xe. 6. Bo dng v sa cha lp. Hai on ph:
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7. Sa cha c ngui. 8. Ra, lau chi, sn. Khi t chc theo phng php ny phi thng k ton b cc chi tit trong tng thnh, xt khi lng cng vic, sp xp cng nhn cho mi cng on (cng c th ghp cc cng on 1-2, 3-4, 5-6 gim bt c cu t chc). S dng cc phng php t chc ny cho php chuyn mn ha t ng ha.
6.4 TRANG THIT B C BN CHO TRM BO DNG

Nu xt theo v tr lm vic i vi xe th phn b cng vic nh sau: - Cng vic di gm xe 40 45%. - Cng vic trn 10 20%. - Cng vic xung quanh 40 45%.
6.4.1 Trang thit b cho bo dng k thut v sa cha gm:

- Trang b cng ngh: Thit b trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh cng ngh: bm, h thng ra, cc trang b kim tra, trang b bm du m, trang b sit cht. - Trang b c bn trn trm: Trang b ph gin tip tham gia vo qui trnh cng ngh: hm bo dng, thit b nng (kch, ti, cu trc ln...) cu ra, cu cn, cu lt. Yu cu chung: Kt cu n gin, d ch to v s dng, an ton, cho php ci thin iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn, din tch chim ch nh, s dng thun li mi pha. C tnh vn nng d s dng cho nhiu mc xe.
6.4.2 Hm bo dng.
Hm bo dngHm hpHm tn uHnh 4.2. Phn loi hmHm gia hai bnh xeHm hai bn bnh xeHm rngHm thng quaCu nngTreo bnh xe
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Trang thit b vn nng c kh nng lm vic mi pha. Theo chiu rng hm th c: hm hp, hm rng. - Hm hp: l hm c chiu rng nh hn khong cch 2 bnh xe, kch thc t 0,91,1m. - Hm rng: l hm c chiu rng ln hn khong cch 2 bnh xe, kch thc t 1,4 3m. chiu di ln hn chiu di t 12m. Kt cu phc tp, phi c bc ln xung su 12m.
43 Theo cch xe vo c hm tn u v hm thng qua. Trong hm bo dng phi c h thng tho du di ng hoc c nh, c h thng n chiu sng. Thnh hm phi c g chn cao t 15 20cm an ton khi di chuyn xe. B tr h thng ht bi, kh thng thong gi, h thng nng h xe. Cu cn. L b xy cao trn mt t 0,7 1m dc 20 25%. C th cu cn tn u hay thng qua. Vt liu g, b tng hoc kim loi, c th c nh hay di ng. u im: n gin. Nhc im: khng nng bnh xe ln c. Do c dc nn chim nhiu din tch.
6.4.3 Thit b nng.

- Di ng: cu ln, cu trc. - C nh: kch thu lc, kch hi... - Cu lt: nghing xe n 450 dng cho cc xe du lch.
6.4.4 Bng chuyn

Trang b bng chuyn khi t chc bo dng theo dy chuyn.
Figure 6.3
6.5 CC CNG VIC TRONG BO DNG

6.5.1 Ty ra:
6.5.1.1 Ty ra ngoi xe, cm my - Bm nc c p sut cao p = 5 [U+F0B8] 10 at bng bm ly tm nhiu cp, dng vi phun hoc h thng vi phun phun v ra sch. - Dng vi phun quay, b tr quanh theo xe, khi nc phun ra to thnh phn lc v lm quay u phun. - S dng khung ra xe to thnh mt khung bao quanh xe. C cu rung: + To cho cc tia nc c bin rung100 [U+F0B8] 150mm vi tn s f = 20 ln/pht . + Tia nc c hng tip tuyn d lm bong cc cht bn bm vo xe. Dung dch ra: C th s dng dung dch xt NaOH 5%, nhit 50 [U+F0B8] 700C. Sau ra li bng nc sch v thi kh. - Dng nh ra xe. i vi xe khch, xe du lch c th kt hp ra v chi: b tr cc chi quay xung quanh xe. 6.5.1.2 Ra h thng lm mt Kh cc cn bn t, cht bn ng li, cc cn kt ta ca nc cng: CaCO3, MgCO3 (Cn canke) Ra theo hai bc: - Kh cn bn t: + Dung dch:
44 NaPO4 150g NaOH25g KOH 20g pha vi 10 lt nc
}} + Tho b ton b nc c, 24 h cho chy ht. + dung dch ra vo. + Khi ng ng c v cho chy khng ti n nhit lm vic 75 [U+F0B8] 900C. + Dng my, tho dung dch ra. - Kh cn kt ta: Na2 CO3 100g Do u hoa 30g pha vi 10 lt nc } Hoc NaOH 100g Do u hoa 30g pha vi 10 lt nc } Nu h thng lm mt khng c chi tit bng nhm th c th dng dung dch HCl 4%. + Cho dung dch vo h thng lm mt. + Cho ng c lm vic n nhit lm vic v tho dung dch ra. 6.5.1.3 Ty ra h thng bi trn S dng h thng ra. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: - Tho ton b du c ra. - Ni ng c vi h thng ra. - Dung dch ra: 80% du diesel. 20% du bi trn. Ch : trong qu trnh ra, thnh thong phi quay trc khuu ng c vi vng trch ng bm cht bn. - Sau khi ra tho dung dch ra v thay du bi trn mi. * Nu ty ra nng (ng c lm vic) th trc tip dung dch ra l 80% du bi trn + 20% du diesel. Cho ng c chy chm trong thi gian 5 [U+F0B8]10 pht. Pha trn nh vy l nhm dung dch bi trn long ra c th ty ra v cun theo nhng cn bn. * i vi bnh lc du: - Loi lc th: tho tung tng tm v chi ra sch trong du diesel ri lp li - Loi lc thm: phi thay thnh phn lc (li lc)
6.5.2 Phng php kim tra trong bo dng

Quan st, chy th, nghe, o mt s thng s, ch tiu. 6.5.2.1 Phng php quan st + Kim tra tnh trng chung ca xe, ng c, kn kht ca cc ng ng, u ni, nhin liu, du, nc... + Kim tra s lm vic ca cc dng c o: nhit nc lm mt, nhit du, s vng quay... + Kim tra trng thi ca h thng truyn lc.
45 6.5.2.2 Phng php chy th - nghe- nhn + Khi ng ng c. + Nghe pht hin nhng rung ng, va p, ting g bt thng. + Kim tra dao ng ca xe, ng c. + Xc nh tnh trng lm vic ca ng c thng qua quan st kh thi. 6.5.2.3 Phng php o cc thng s, ch tiu lm vic Li dng cc ng h, dng c sn c trn xe o (ng h bng iu khin, thc thm du, nhin liu) kim tra cc thng s: + p sut du bi trn, p sut nhin liu, p sut khng kh bnh xe bng cc p k. + Nhit nc lm mt, nhit du. + o cc khe h: khe h nhit, khe h m vt, khe h gia cc bnh rng... + Kim tra sc cng ca b truyn ai, xch bng phng php kinh nghim: dng ngn tay n gia ai, xch nu c vng 10 [U+F0B8]15 mm l c hoc dng lc k. + Kim tra h thng phanh, li bng thc o r tng hp + Kim tra nghing, chm ca cc bnh xe dn hng. + Kim tra in p v t trng dung dch.
46
Chng 7
Quy trnh cng ngh sa cha t

Ni dung:
7.1 KCH THC SA CHA V S LN SA CHA

7.1.1 nh ngha ct sa cha:
Ct sa cha l bc tng (gim) kch thc ca chi tit l (trc) c qui nh gia nh ch to ph tng v ngi sa cha sau mi ln sa cha. Khi sa cha theo ct, cho php tiu chun ho trong cng tc sa cha v ch to ph tng thay th.
1 This
47
48
CHNG 7. QUY TRNH CNG NGH SA CHA T
7.1.2 Cch tnh ct sa cha:
Figure 7.1
Gi s chi tit trc v l c kch thc ban u l dH v DH nh trn hnh v: a. Tnh kch thc sa cha ca trc ds: Kch thc sa cha ln th nht ds1 = dH - 2([U+F064]1 + [U+F044])(5.1) Tnh theo kinh nghim: [U+F064]1 = [U+F072](dH - d1) =[U+F072][U+F064](5.2) [U+F064]_hao mn tng cng d1_kch thc trc sa cha [U+F072]_h s phn b lng mn [U+F072] = 0,5 [U+F0B8]1. Mi loi chi tit c [U+F072] ring, c xc nh bng phng php thng k. T (5.1) [U+F0E0] ds1 = dH - 2([U+F072][U+F064] + [U+F044])(5.3) t 2([U+F072][U+F064] + [U+F044]) = [U+F067] [U+F0E0] ds1 = dH - [U+F067] [U+F067]_ Lng kch thc thay i sau mi ln sa cha Ta suy ra:
49 - Kch thc sa cha ln th nht: ds1 = dH - [U+F067] - Kch thc sa cha ln th hai: ds2 = ds1 - [U+F067] = dH - 2[U+F067] - Kch thc sa cha ln th ba: ds3 = ds2 - [U+F067] = dH - 3[U+F067] - Kch thc sa cha ln th n dsn = dH - n[U+F067] b.Tnh kch thc sa cha ca trc l Ds1: Kch thc sa cha ln th nht Ds1 = DH + 2([U+F064]1 + [U+F044])(5.4) Tnh [U+F064]1 theo kinh nghim: [U+F064]1 = [U+F072]( D1 - DH) =[U+F072][U+F064](5.5) [U+F064]_hao mn tng cng [U+F072]_h s phn b lng mn 0,5 [U+F0B8]1. Mi loi chi tit c [U+F072] ring, c xc nh bng phng php thng k. T (5.4) [U+F0E0] Ds1 =DH + 2([U+F064]1 + [U+F044])(5.6) t 2([U+F064]1 + [U+F044]) = [U+F067] [U+F0E0]Ds1 = DH + [U+F067] [U+F067]_ Lng kch thc thay i sau mi ln sa cha Ta suy ra: - Kch thc sa cha ln th nht: Ds1 = DH + [U+F067] - Kch thc sa cha ln th hai: Ds2 = Ds1 + [U+F067] = DH - 2[U+F067] - Kch thc sa cha ln th ba: Ds3 = Ds2 + [U+F067] = DH - 3[U+F067] - Kch thc sa cha ln th n Dsn = DH + n[U+F067] Kch thc sa cha ph thuc vo: - Chiu su lp thm ti - bn ca chi tit - Kt cu v b tr chung ca chi tit v cm my V d: + i vi xi lanh, sc mng, piston: n = 4, [U+F067] = 0,5mm. + i vi trc khuu, bc lt: n = 6[U+F0B8]7, [U+F067] = 0,25mm.
7.2 QUI NH CNG NGH SA CHA T

7.2.1 Mc ch cng tc sa cha
Mc ch ca sa cha l nhm khi phc kh nng lm vic ca cc chi tit, tng thnh ca t b h hng.
7.2.2 Qui nh chung i vi cng tc sa cha nh

Nhim v: Khc phc nhng h hng t xut hay tt yu ca cc chi tit, cm my. C tho my v thay th tng thnh, nu n c yu cu phi sa cha ln. c im: - L loi sa cha t xut nn n khng xc nh r cng vic s tin hnh.
50
- Thng gm cc cng vic sa cha, thay th nhng chi tit ph c kt hp vi nhng k bo dng nh k gim bt thi gian vo xng ca xe; - Cng vic sa cha nh c tin hnh trong cc trm sa cha. V d: thay th li lc nhin liu, du nhn... - Cng c trng hp sa cha nh thay th c tng thnh gim thi gian nm ch ca xe. - Thng qua kim tra tnh trng k thut xe quyt nh c sa cha nh hay khng.
7.2.3 Qui nh chung i vi cng tc sa cha ln

7.2.3.1 Nhim v Tho ton b cc cm trong xe, sa cha thay th phc hi ton b cc chi tit h hng m bo cho cc cm my v xe t c ch tiu kinh t k thut gn ging ban u. 7.2.3.2 c im Tin hnh theo nh k qui nh i vi tng loi xe hoc khi c t nht 3 tng thnh chnh trong c ng c phi a vo sa cha ln. Bng 5.1 nh ngch sa cha mt s loi xe (1000km) Mc xe [U+F047]AZ 24 PAZ- 672 [U+F047]AZ 53A ZIL 130 Maz 500A KaMaz5320 Ton b xe 300 320 250 300 250 300 ng c 200 180 250 250 250 300
Table 7.1
Cu trc 300 180 250 300 250 300
Cu sau 300 180 250 300 250 300
C cu li 300 180 250 300 250 300
Cng vic sa cha ln thc hin trong cc nh my i tu. Ty theo phng php sa cha m cng vic sa cha theo mt qui nh nht nh. 7.2.3.3 Khi nim v cng tc sa cha ln - Qui trnh cng ngh sa cha: l mt lot cc cng vic khc nhau c t chc theo mt th t nht nh k t khi xe vo xng n khi xut xng. i vi tng loi cm my ring c qui trnh cng ngh ring, ph thuc phng php sa cha chng v c im kt cu. Cng c trng hp cng mt cm trn mt xe c cc qui trnh sa cha khc nhau. Cng vic sa cha c c th ha thnh cc qui trnh (qui trnh tho lp, ty ra...) - Cc phng thc t chc sa cha: + Sa cha theo v tr c nh. + Sa cha theo dy chuyn. - Cch t chc lao ng trong sa cha: ty theo qui m ca c s sa cha: + Sa cha tng hp. + Sa cha chuyn mn ha.
51
Figure 7.2
7.2.3.4 Cc phng php sa cha 7.2.3.4.1 a. Sa cha ring xe nh ngha: l phng php sa cha m chi tit ca xe no sau khi sa cha th hon ton lp vo xe . c im: c tnh cht t pht trong iu kin chng loi xe nhiu, nhng s lng mi loi t. Cc n v qun l xe c th t ng ra sa cha ring xe cho mnh. L phng php lc hu v khng cho php thay chi tit nn thi gian sa cha xe hon ton ph thuc vo thi gian sa cha cc chi tit trong cm v cc cm trong xe, thi gian xe nm ch lu. S chi tit phc hi sa cha s rt nhiu gy phc tp cho qun l, k hoch ha sa cha. Khng th p dng chuyn mn ha sa cha v hin i ha thit b. Nng sut lao ng thp, cht lng sa cha khng cao. Thch hp vi phng thc t chc sa cha theo v tr c nh vi t chc lao ng theo kiu sa cha tng hp (mt nhm cng nhn ph trch sa cha) iu kin p dng: - Chng loi xe nhiu, s lng tng loi t. - Qun l xe phn tn khng hp l.
52
CHNG 7. QUY TRNH CNG NGH SA CHA T - Khi cha c h thng sa cha trn qui m ln sa cha ton b xe hng hng nm. - Ch qun l, ng k xe cn kht khe.
Figure 7.3
7.2.3.4.1.1 b). Phng php sa cha i ln L phng php m cc cm, cc chi tit ca xe cng loi c th i ln cho nhau. iu kin i ln: - i ln cc chi tit hay cm cng ct sa cha. - Khng i ln cc chi tit trong cp ch to ng b nh: + Trc khuu - bnh . + Thn my - np my. + Np hp s - v hp s. + V cu - v hp vi sai. + Np u to - thn thanh truyn. Khng cho php i ln cc chi tit c bn nh thn my, v hp s, v cu, khung xe. Hai hnh thc i ln: - i ln cm: cc cm cng loi (cng ct sa cha) c th i ln nhau. - i ln chi tit, cc chi tit trong cm (cng ct sa cha) c th i ln nhau. Thc t thng phi hp i ln chi tit vi cm. c im: l phng php tin tin. - Rt ngn thi gian sa cha cm my hay xe. Thi gian sa cha xe ph thuc ch yu vo thi gian sa cha chi tit c bn, khung xe... - C th d dng t chc sa cha theo dy chuyn v chuyn mn ha thit b lao ng. Do gim bt chi ph sn xut, h gi thnh.
53
Figure 7.4
iu kin thc hin phng php sa cha i ln: - S lng xe, cm my cng loi nhiu; - Phi d tr mt lng nht nh cm my, chi tit ty theo: + Sn lng sa cha hng nm; + Thi gian sa cha phc hi; + Tc sa cha cm, xe. - H thng cc nh my sa cha kh nng p ng nhu cu sa cha, c bit thch hp vi quan h nh my sa cha bn xe sa cha v mua xe hng cng loi vi ch phng tin.
54
7.3 CC HNH THC T CHC SA CHA

7.3.1 T chc sa cha theo v tr c nh
Figure 7.5
7.3.2 Ton b cng vic sa cha c thc hin mt v tr c nh.c im:S lin quan gia cc khu rt t, thi gian sa cha mt xe hu nh khng ph thuc vo nhau.- Thch hp vi phng php sa cha ring xe, trong qui m xng sa cha nh;- S dng cng nhn vn nng, tay ngh cao;- Tiu hao nhin vt liu ph tng, do phi trang b, cung cp nguyn - nhin vt liu nh nhau cho nhiu v tr sa cha;- Thit b, ngh vn nng, kh p dng thit b chuyn dng hin i.- Nng sut lao ng thp, gi thnh cao, cht lng kh n nhT chc sa cha theo dy chuyn
Cng vic sa cha c tin hnh lin tc mt s v tr sn xut hay mt s dy chuyn sn xut. c im: c lin quan cht ch gia cc khu. - Thch hp vi phng php sa cha i ln trong qui m xng ln; - S dng lao ng chuyn mn ha nn gim c bc th v nng cao cht lng tng cng vic; - Gim tiu hao nguyn vt liu ph; - Thit b tp trung v c iu kin s dng thit b chuyn dng hin i. Nng sut cao, gi thnh h.
55
Figure 7.6
7.4 CC TRANG THIT B CHNH DNG TRONG CNG TC SA CHA

7.4.1 Dng c ngh
- Tua vt: gm tua vit dp v tua vt 4 chu.
Hnh 5.7 Mi tua vt dp
Tua vt dng m hoc sit cc con vt s rnh, s dng tua vt nn ch : chn tua vt ng c, khng c s dng tua vt lm cy xeo, cy c.Khi cn mi li phi mi ng k thut, hai bn li tua vt gn song song, ch khng nhn bn nh mi c, hnh 5.7.
Table 7.2
56 - Cc loi ba Hnh 5.8 Cc loi ba
Figure 7.7
Figure 7.8
Ba c mt lm vic mmBa nhaSaing
Figure 7.9
Trong sa cha ng c, ba thng dng tho lp cc chi tit. Ch phi chn ng loi ba khng lm hng cc chi tit, cc chi tit c b mt lm vic c gia cng chnh xc th khng c dng ba u kim loi m phi dng ba nha. - Cc loi km: Km thng dng, km m nhn, km rng... bo v rng trong ca km khng nn dng km km cp cc vt thp cng. Khng c dng km thay c l vn bu lng, ai c v s lm trn u lc gic ca ai c.
Figure 7.10
Figure 7.11
57 Hnh 5.9 Cc loi km - Cc loi c l C l ming dng ni lng hoc vn nhng bu lng vi lc nh, khi m hoc sit cht vi lc ln phi dng c l vng. Khi lc rt ln th phi dng tp. Ch phi s dng ng loi v c.
Figure 7.12
Figure 7.13
Figure 7.14
Figure 7.15
abHnh 5.10 Cc loi c l m ai ca_c l ming, b_c l vng, Cc loi typ Khi lm vic vi cc bu lng ai c chu lc ln hoc nm su bn trong ta phi s dng typ vi cc cn ni. i vi cc bu lng np my, bu lng c trc chnh, bu lng np u to thanh truyn... phi s dng typ vi cn sit o lc.
Figure 7.16
58
Figure 7.17
Figure 7.18
Figure 7.19
Hnh 5.11 Cc loi typ v cn sit
Figure 7.20
- M lch
Figure 7.21
Figure 7.22
Hnh 5.12. Cc loi m lchng Sai

59 - Cc loi c
Figure 7.23
Figure 7.24
Hnh 5.13 Cc loi c - Mi khoan ph bu lng gy
Figure 7.25
Hnh 5.14 Khoan ph bu lng gy - Cc loi di
Figure 7.26
Figure 7.27
Hnh 5.15 Cc loi di - Cc loi ca
60
Figure 7.28
Hnh 5.16 Cc loi ca
Figure 7.29
Ca to l - Dng c khoan ta r ren
Figure 7.30
Figure 7.31
Figure 7.32
Hnh 5.17. Dng c khoan v ta r l - Cc loi dng c kp
61
Figure 7.33
Hnh 5.18 Cc loi dng c kp
Figure 7.34
- Dng c ct v loe ng
Figure 7.35
Figure 7.36
Hnh 5. 19. Dng c ct v loe ng - Cc loi co
Hnh 5.20. Cc loi co bnh rng, bnh ai, vng bi.
Hnh 5.21 Dng c p l xo
Table 7.3
7.4.2 Dng c o kim

- Thc l c:
62
Figure 7.37
Hnh 5.22 Thc l c - Dng c o ng knh trc
Figure 7.38
Hnh 5.23 Dng c o ng knh trc
Figure 7.39
- Dng c o ng knh l kiu compa;
Figure 7.40
Figure 7.41
Hnh 5.24 Dng c o ng knh l Pamme
63
Figure 7.42
Figure 7.43
Hnh 5. 25 Cc loi panme - Cch c kch thc trn Panme
b). Hnh 5. 26 Cch c kch thc trn Panmea. D = 9,98mmb. D = 10,66mm
a).
Table 7.4
- Thuc cp v cch c gi tr
64
Figure 7.44
Figure 7.45
Gi tr c c l 13,45Hnh 5.27 Thc cp v cch c gi tr - Dng c kim tra o
Hnh 5.28 Kim tra o bnh
Hnh 5.29 Dng c o ng knh l

Table 7.5
- Dng c kim tra ng knh l. Hnh 5.29 - Dng c o chiu su l. - Dng c o ng knh ca nhng l nh.
65
66
Hnh 5.30 Dng c o chiu su l
Hnh 5.31 Dng c o ng knhnhng l nh

Table 7.6
- Dng c kim tra vung gc - Kim tra mt phng
67 Hnh gc Hnh 5.33. Thc kim tra mt phng

Table 7.7
5.32
Dng
kim
tra
vung
68
Chng 8
Kim tra phn loi chi tit

Ni dung:
N LOI 8.1 MC CH, NGHA CNG TC KIM TRA, PHA CHI TIT
- Qua kim tra phn loi cho php s dng li cc chi tit cn dng li c mt cch c hiu qu trnh lng ph, loi b nhng chi tit b h hng v xc nh nhng chi tit c th sa cha, phc hi dng li. - Vic kim tra phn loi tt s cho php nng cao cht lng v h gi thnh sa cha. - Nu kim tra phn loi khng tt s c hi cho vic sa cha v s dng sau ny. V d: dng li cc chi tit h hng. Cng tc kim tra phn loi chi tit c tin hnh sau khi chi tit c ty ra sch s, bao gm 3 loi cng vic: - Kim tra chi tit pht hin v xc nh trng thi, cht lng ca chng. - i chiu vi ti liu k thut phn loi chng thnh: + Dng c; + Phi sa cha mi dng c; + Loi b. - Tp hp cc ti liu sau khi kim tra phn loi ch o cng tc sa cha. Nguyn tc kim tra phn loi Da trn c s chc nng ca chi tit trong cm my m t chc kim tra k mc no. Kt qu phn loi.
1 This
69
70
CHNG 8. KIM TRA PHN LOI CHI TIT
Figure 8.1
8.2 8.3 CC H HNG V PHNG PHP KIM TRA

8.3.1 H hng
- Chi tit bin dng: cong, xon trc dn n s khng song song, khng vung gc gia cc b mt, cc c trc... - Thay i kch thc do hao mn: mn cn, van, gim chiu cao, mt tnh chnh xc ca bin dng lm vic. Nhng h hng ny n mt gii hn no s lm cho c tnh lm vic ca chi tit, ca cp ma st khng cn m bo dn n h hng cm my, xe. - Thay i v tnh cht: cng, n hi, trng thi ng sut. - H hng t xut mc v m: gy v, st m, nt, thng...
8.3.2 Cc phng php kim tra ch yu

8.3.2.1 a. Quan st Ch yu da vo kinh nghim xc nh mc h hng ca chi tit. 8.3.2.2 b. o lng mn - Dng cc dng c o xc nh kch thc: thc kp, pam me, ng h o l, o chiu su, cn l, mi V, bn r. - S dng cc dng c chuyn dng: ca lp, cc loi dng, con ln, trc chun, cc loi vng chun... 8.3.2.3 c. Kim tra h hng ngm S dng cc dng c c bit pht hin h hng ngm hoc kim tra tnh cht chi tit: my o cng, bng, n hi, cc my cn bng tnh, cn bng ng, cc my d khuyt tt: t, siu m, quang tuyn... cc thit b o s dng quang hc, kh ng, cc loi dng c g kim tra cc v tr tng quan gia cc b mt, cc ng tm...
71
8.4 MN CHO PHP KHNG PHI SA CHA
72 HIttcrtlv1tgh1HIIttcrtlv2tgh2HIIIttcrtlv3tgh3Hnh 6.2 th hao mn chi tit HcrHcrHcrHgh1Hgh2Hgh3
CHNG 8. KIM TRA PHN LOI CHI TIT Trong mt cm my c nhiu loi chi tit, iu kin ma st ca tng loi cng khc nhau. Cc chi tit khc nhau v vt liu, gia cng ch to... V vy, trong qu trnh lm vic cc chi tit ca cm my c mn khng ng u. Khi cm my a vo sa cha c nhng chi tit c th dng li c, c chi tit phi sa cha. Tuy nhin, ngi ta ch quan tm n nhng chi tit ch yu quyt nh a cm my vo sa cha.Ni dung kim tra phn loi l pht hin v xc nh nhng chi tit cn dng li c, tc l ch mi mn mc no , cha vt qu gii hn cho php. l mn cho php khng phi sa cha ca chi tit. V d: c 3 chi tit cng lp ghp vi nhau trong mt cm my. Gi s tcr nh nhau, do kh nng lm vic khc nhau nn tlv1< tlv2 < tlv3. Trong , chi tit 2 l chi tit chnh, v vy ly tlv2 l thi gian s dng ca cm my gia hai k sa cha.
Table 8.1
Khi : - i vi chi tit 1 hoc l phi thay khi cha ti k sa cha (trong k bo dng) hoc l phi nng cao cht lng ch to chi tit cho tlv1= tlv2. Nh vy, n s c thay th hoc sa cha cng vi chi tit 2. - i vi chi tit 3 phi xc nh xem c tip tc s dng thm mt k sa cha ln na hay khng.
Httcrtlv2tgh3tlv3Hgh3HcpHcrABHnh 6.3 Cch xc nh thi gian tip tc lm vic ca chi tit
Cch xc nh c cn s dng thm mt k sa cha ln na hay khng:T tgh3 ly ngc li 1 khong bng tlv2 ca chi tit chnh im A. T A dng vung gc ct ng cong hao mn ti B, ng vi mn Hcp. o chi tit III trong thc t c Ho:- Nu Ho Hcp th kt lun l chi tit III c dng li thm mt k sa cha ln na m khng phi sa cha hoc thay th.
Table 8.2
- Nu Ho > Hcp th hoc l phi thay th chi tit III trong cc k bo dng k tip (trc khi sa cha ln) hoc l phi nng cao cht lng ch to chi tit 3 ko di thi gian s dng sao cho tlv3 2tlv2. Kch thc Hcp l kch thc gii hn cho php. [U+F044]H = [U+2502]Hcp - Hcr[U+2502] gi l mn cho php. i vi ng c thng chia chi tit ra lm 2 loi: - Loi khng cho php c lng mn khi lp ghp nh: piston-scmng, piston-xi lanh, piston-cht piston, trc khuu-bc, v bm-bnh rng bm du... - Loi cho php c lng mn: + mn t 0,01 0,03: l bu lng-bu lng bnh , trc-bc bm nc, trc-bc bm du. + mn t 0,03 0,15: con i-dn hng, xu pp-dn hng. + mn t 0,15 0,3: chi tit h thng truyn lc, cc bnh rng, then hoa-rnh then.
73
8.5 CC PHNG PHP O KCH THC V SAI LCH HNH DNG HNH HC
8.5.1 Kim tra chi tit dng l
Cc chi tit dng l nh xi lanh, l trc khuu, trc cam v.v... chu mi mn hoc bin dng trong qu trnh lm vic. V vy, phng php kim tra cc chi tit dng l ch yu l o lng mn v sai lch hnh dng. Nguyn tc: da vo c tnh mn v c tnh bin dng ca chi tit chn v tr kim tra. V d: i vi xi lanh cc v tr cn kim tra l: Vng I mn nhiu theo qui lut. Vng II mn nhiu nu c bi. Vng III v tr di ca xi lanh, t mn. Ti cc mt ct I-I, II-II, III-III kim tra theo cc phng 1-1 v 2-2.
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4
Hnh 6.4. V tr v phng php kim tra xi lanh Dng c kim tra: thng dng dng c o l vi ng h so c chnh xc 0,01mm hoc panme o l. Cch o: gi cho cn ng h v tr thng ng, bng cch lc qua, lc li sao cho kim ng h dao ng t nht. So snh: Vi D0_ng knh trc sa chaDI1, DII1, DIII1 DI2, DII2, DIII2 Chn Dmax quyt nh ct sa cha. i vi cc chi tit dng l khc, da vo c tnh hao mn, kch thc v yu cu chnh xc ca chng chn dng c o v phng php kim tra thch hp:
74
Figure 8.5
Hnh 6. 5 o kim tra chi tit dng l
Figure 8.6
Xc nh: lng mn, cn, van, lng mn khng u v mt pha (lch so vi ng tm).
8.5.2 Kim tra cc chi tit dng trc

Cc chi tit dng trc nh: trc khuu, trc cam, xu pp, a y...c im h hng ca chng l: - Mn cc b mt lm vic (c trc), lm tng khe h lp ghp gia trc v bc, gim p sut du bi trn v pht sinh ting va p khi ng c lm vic. - Bin dng: cong, xon gy sai lch gc cng tc (i vi trc khuu) hoc vi phm ch lp ghp gia trc v bc do cc c mt ng tm gy nn. - Kim tra vt nt trn b mt nhng vng chuyn tip gia c trc v m. Nhng ni c g cch sc hoc nhng rnh xc t vi trn b mt trc do mi. 8.5.2.1 a. Kim tra mn Kim tra cc c bin, c chnh, c lp bnh rng, c lp bi trc s cp hp s, chiu di c lp bc hn ch dc trc...
Figure 8.7
Figure 8.8
Hnh 6.6. Dng c o ng knh trc Da vo c tnh hao mn, kch thc v yu cu chnh xc ca chng chn dng c o v phng php kim tra thch hp:
75 V d kim tra mn trc khuu: hnh 6.7 - V tr kim tra: chn tit din I-I, II-II cch m khuu 5 10mm o lng mn. mi tit din kim tra theo cc phng vung gc nhau (1-1, 2-2)- Dng c o: pamme c chnh xc 1/100 1/1000mm, thc cp c chnh xc 1/100mm
Table 8.3
Hnh 6.7. Kim tra mn trc khuu
- Xc nh: lng mn, cn, van, lng mn khng u v mt pha (lch so vi ng tm). Trn mn nhiu hn, su hn so vi di (ng c diesel) v ngc li (ng c xng) 8.5.2.2 b. Kim tra cong, xon b1. Trc khuu: - Xc nh cong: Chng tm hai u trc khuu hoc t 2 c 2 u ln 2 khi V. Xoay trc khuu 1 vng, mi t ca ng h so t vo ch khng mn (t mn) st l du (v ch ng vi rnh ca bc nn khng c ma st) hoc vai trc. Dao ng ca ng h so s cho ta xc nh c cong ca trc khuu.
Figure 8.9
Hnh 6.8. S kim tra cong trc khuu bng ng h soa. S dng chng tm b. S dng 2 khi V xc Hnh 6.9 Kim tra cong trc khuu theo th . Hnh 6.9H1_kch thc gia hai m khuu o pha diH2_kch thc gia hai m khuu o pha trn
Table 8.4
cong nh
trc theo
khuu
cn th
c trc:
Hnh khuu
6.10
Kim
tra
xon
trc
- Xc nh xon trc khuu: trc khuu c gi ln 2 khi V, hnh 6.10. Dng ng h so kim tra cc c 1 v 4 (i vi ng c 4 xi lanh), hoc 1 v 6 (i vi ng c 6 xi lanh) ng sinh cao nht. Hiu s ca 2 ln o [U+F044]H chia cho bn knh khyu trc l xon ca trc.[U+F067] [U+F0BB] tg[U+F067] [U+F0BB] (rad)
76

Table 8.5
b2. Kim tra cong supap S kim tra nh hnh 6.11. Khi xu pp b cong s lm cho ng tm thn v nm supap khng vung gc, lm cho xu pp ng khng kn v gy b kt xu pp. khng vung gc (hoc khng ng tm) khng c vt qu 0,025mm. Xu pp phi loi b nu mn thn 0,1mm, b dy tn nm 0,5mm, hoc phi nn li nu cong thn 0,03mm.
Figure 8.10
Hnh 6.11. S v dng c kim tra cong xu pp1_gi dng c; 2_khi V; 3_gi ng h so; 4_bi t; 5_tm c; 6,7_cc ng h so
Figure 8.11
8.5.3 Kim tra thanh truyn

Cong theo x,y, xon theo z. Ly u to lm chun nh v, kim tra u nh
- Dng ng h so:+ Cong theo y: 1, 2 lch pha. 1 tng, 2 gim hoc 1 gim, 2 tng cng lng.+ Cong theo x: 3,4 cng pha. 3, 4 cng tng hoc cng gim v 1, 2 tng so vi chun.+ Xon theo z: 3 tng, 4 gim hoc 3 gim, 4 tng.
1 3 2 4Hnh 6.12 Kim tra cong, xon thanh truyn bng ng h so
Table 8.6
- Dng V ngn kim tra. Khi cong theo y c khe h a, khi xon theo z c khe h b. Hnh 6.13. Thng cng cong v xon lm cho kt qu o b bin i nn phi phn tch tr s o. cong cho php ca thanh truyn i vi my ko 0,03 0,05; i vi t 0,020,03 mm/100mm chiu di thanh truyn (tnh t ng tm l u to n ng tm l u nh) xon cho php i vi thanh truyn my ko l 0,050,08mm; t l 0,040,06mm trn 100mm chiu di.
77 Kim tra cc chi tit thn hpThn hp l nhng chi tit c hnh dng, kt cu phc tp. H hng thng do bin dng v ti, nhit. Dn n cong vnh, tng quan kch thc b sai lch: phng, ng tm, song song, vung gc.a. Kim tra phngC nhiu phng php kim tra phng nh:- Phng php sai lch ng: xc nh khe h gia dng c kim tra vi b mt chi tit bng cn l, c hoc ng h so. Hnh 6.14 Hnh xon ngn bab 6.13. thanh Kim truyn tra dng cong, V
Table 8.7
Figure 8.12
Chiu di thc 2/3 chiu di chi tit
Figure 8.13
Hnh 6.14 Kim tra phng - Phng php khe h sng: xc nh s lt nh sng qua khe h gia dng c kim tra mt v chi tit khi p ln nhau. - Kim tra bng bt mu: xc nh phng chi tit bng din tch b nhum mu khi xoa chi tit ln bn r mt phng c bi bt mu. - Phng php phn bc: o chuyn v ca cc im chun tinh c trn b mt kim tra so vi mt im ban u ty chn, bng cc dng c: cc chun, ni-v, knh ngm. - Phng php giao thoa nh sng: xc nh khng phng ca cc b mt nhn bng bng cch p thc thu tinh kim tra ln b mt, lc ny s xut hin vn giao thoa, vn thng nu b mt thng, vn cong nu b mt khng phng. Tr s khng phng xc nh theo t s gia cong v khong cch gia cc vn. - Phng php kh ng: o khng phng bng cch xc nh lng tiu hao kh nn lt qua khe gia u o v mt phng khi dch chuyn u o trn b mt kim tra. La chn phng php kim tra ph thuc vo kch thc chi tit v yu cu v chnh xc t c. V d: vi nhng chi tit nh nh thn b ch ho kh, c th dng bn r mt phng, nhng chi tit nh thn v np ng c t c th dng thc o phng vi ng h so. Nhng chi tit c bng b mt cao dng phng php giao thoa nh sng. Nhng chi tit ln nh nh khung xe c th s dng knh ngm vi cc chun. Trng hp thiu dng c o, nu khng i hi chnh xc cao, c th dng bin php cng dy. chnh xc ca cc phng php kim tra c gii thiu trong bng 6.1 Bng 6.1. Phng php kim tra phng
78 Chiu di chi tit (mm) n 250
CHNG 8. KIM TRA PHN LOI CHI TIT chnh xc (m) 1,2 2,5 12 12 120 Phng php v dng c kim tra Phng php giao thoa Phng php khe h sng Phng php sai lch ng Phng php giao thoa Phng php khe h sng Phng php phn bc Phng php sai lch ng Phng php khe h sng Phng php khe h sng Phng php sai lch ng Phng php phn bc Phng php sai lch ng
Table 8.8
250 400
1,6 38 8 60 25 200
400 1000
4 10 4 16 16 320
1000 1600
12 50 12 400
8.5.3.1 b. Kim tra ng tm S kim tra nh hnh 6.15 Hnh 6.15. Kim tra ng tm cc c trc ng c.a). Dng thc x mt phngb). Dng trc kim tra v ng h so: 1_Cn nh v. 2_ng h so. 3_Cc c trc cn o. 4_trc o
Figure 8.14
s hnh 6.15.a s dng cn l o khe h ti cc v tr a, b xc nh khng ng tm. s hnh 6.15.b dng ng h 2 xc nh khng ng tm. Trng hp ng c t xi lanh c th dng dy cng v thc kim tra khng ng tm ca cc c trc. 8.5.3.2 c. Kim tra song song v vung gc - Kim tra song song gia hai dy l: hnh 6.16. a) s dng hai trc kim v cn nh v lng vo cc u v cui ca hai hng l. o khong cch gia hai trc ti hai u bng dng, nu bng nhau chng t hai l tm cn kim tra song song v ngc li. V d cc l cn kim tra: l trc khuu v l trc cam.
Figure 8.15
79 21a)221b)c)Hnh 6.16 Kim tra song song v vung gc gia hai hng la). 1_dng o, 2_trc chun; b). 1_trc chun c l u, 2_trc chun c cht uc). 1_trc chun; 2_trc c u d.
- Kim tra vung gc gia cc hng l: hnh 6.16 b) s dng mt trc c l u v mt trc c cht u c ng knh va kht vi l trc khia. Nu cht trn trc th hai xuyn qua c l trn trc th nht th hai trc vung gc vi nhau. Hoc s dng trc c u d nh hnh 6.1.6c)- Kim tra vung gc ca cc cnh:hnh 6.17
Hnh 6.17 Kim tra vung gc ca cc cnh
Table 8.9
8.5.4 Kim tra l xo, vng bi, bnh rng 8.5.5 a. Kim tra l xo
L xo c kim tra v mn thn (trong trng hp thn l xo b ma st vi thnh l dn hng), kim tra cc hin tng nt mi, gy v kim tra n hi ca l xo khi chu ti. Vi cc h hng nh nt gy hoc mn vt qu 1/3 ng knh dy qun th phi loi b. kim tra n hi trc ht phi o chiu di l xo trng thi t do bng thc cp hoc l xo mu. Sau , kim tra chiu di khi chu ti.
Figure 8.16
L xo muL xo kim traHnh 6.18. Cc phng php kim tra l xo 8.5.5.1 b. Kim tra vng bi Vng bi b mn th hin r dc trc v r hng knh. Kim tra r dc trc:
Figure 8.17
Figure 8.18
80 Hnh 6.19 Kim tra r dc trc ca vng bi Kim tra r hng knh:
Figure 8.19
Hnh 6.20 Kim tra r hng knh ca vng bi 8.5.5.2 c. Kim tra bnh rng Bnh rng thng b mn hoc trc r b mt rng, lm tng khe h gia cc rng, v vy pht sinh ting n khi lm vic, hin tng nt chn rng do chn p du hoc do chu ti ln dn n nguy c gy rng cng thng xy ra. i vi cc bnh rng hp s, do thng xuyn thay i v tr n khp nn d b va p lm st m phn nh rng, lm gim kh nng chu ti. Nhng bnh rng cn nh bnh rng ch ng cu xe v bnh rng trn v hp vi sai, nu iu chnh n khp khng chnh xc s lm chn rng, lng rng hoc n khp lch... cng l nguyn nhn gy n hoc tng ma st, tng mi mn. Vic kim tra bnh rng khi sa cha ch yu l kim tra mn, nt, st m rng, kim tra ng tm ca vng trn chia v tm trc. Khi lp rp, c bit i vi hp s v cu xe, cn kim tra vt tip xc v iu chnh chnh xc n khp gia cc bnh rng. Kim tra mn: dng thc hoc dng o rng, hnh 6.21 nu y dng o t st c vo nh rng chng t rng mn n gii hn. a)b)Hnh 6.21 Kim tra mn rng bng dng o rng (a) v thc cp (b)1_c khe h gia dng o v nh rng th bnh rng cn dng c2_khng c khe h gia dng o v nh rng: bnh rng phi loi b
Figure 8.20
Figure 8.21
81 Hnh 6.22 o khe gia cc rng bnh rng tr C th kim tra mn rng khi cho bnh rng kim tra n khp vi mt bnh rng mu c bin dng rng chnh xc khng mn, sau o khe h gia cc rng bng mt ng h so hnh 6.22.t u t ca ng h o vo rng ca bnh rng th nht. Bnh rng ny n khp vi bnh rng th hai. Quay bnh rng th nht (hm bnh rng th hai li), la chn he h gia cc rng v ng thi theo di x dch ca kim ng h. Sai lch cc s liu do ng h ch bo l khe h gia cc rng ca cp bnh rng n khp vi nhau. Nu khe h khng ng u th phi xc nh xem bnh rng no hng.
Table 8.10
Mun vy, phi tch mt bnh rng ra v quay i 1800 ri lp vi nhau. Nu thy vn n khp nh c th bnh rng hng chnh l bnh rng c nh. Nu trc khi quay bnh rng, khe h l nh nht v sau khi quay, khe h l ln nht th bnh rng quay l bnh rng hng, phi thay th. Kim tra khng ng tm v o ca bnh rng: Sau khi nh v bnh rng trn khi V ln bng trc v cn nh tm, t vo gia cc rnh rng cht kim 1 c ng knh ph hp sao cho cht tip xc vi cc b mt rng vng trn chia. Khi quay bnh rng 1800, ng h 2 t ln cht kim s xc inh khng ng tm vng chia v ng h t ln mt u s xc nh o mt u bnh rng so vi ng tm trc.
Figure 8.22
Hnh 6.23 Kim tra khng ng tm v o ca bnh rng
N BNG TNH V NG CC CHI TIT 8.6 KIM TRA CA QUAY

Khi mn khng u v sau khi gia cng c sa cha, do kh bo m ng tm ban u nn cc chi tit quay nh trc khuu, bnh , bnh rng, trc cc ng... trn ng c thng mt cn bng tnh v ng. mt cn bng ny thng c kim tra v x l trc khi lp cm my, nhm bo m mc rung ng trong phm vi cho php ca nh ch to. Vic kim tra cn bng tnh p dng cho cc chi tit c ng knh kh ln so vi chiu di nh cc bnh rng, bnh ... Kim tra cn bng ng c bit cn thit i vi cc chi tit trc c hnh dng phc tp v c tc quay cao nh trc khuu, hoc cho cc trc c cch lp rp kh lng lo nh trc cc ng. Bnh xe t trong trng thi lp hon chnh, do lp kh t ng u khi ch to nn cng thng c kim tra cn bng ng.
8.6.1 Kim tra cn bng tnh

8.6.1.1 a. Cn bng tnh trn V ln. Mt trc v cn nh tm c lng vo moay ca chi tit kim tra m bo ng tm cn thit. t ton b khi chi tit ln cp V ln, nu vi v tr bt k, chi tit khng t ng quay c ngha l chi tit c
82
cn bng tt. Nu chi tit t quay v lun lun dng li ti mt v tr nht nh th c th khng nh chi tit b mt cn bng, im mt cn bng s nm trn bn knh pha di theo phng thng ng. xc nh khi lng mt cn bng, ta dn mt ming sp ti v tr thch hp bn knh pha trn, sau kim tra v thm bt khi lng sp dn cho n khi chi tit t cn bng theo yu cu. X l chi tit mt cn bng c th dng phng php hn thm kim loi pha dn ming sp hoc ly bt kim loi pha i din (ni c khi lng tha). Khi lng v v tr thm bt kim loi c xc nh theo cng thc: mr = msrs Trong : m, r_khi lng thm hoc bt v khong cch ti tm chi tit ms,rs_khi lng sp sau khi cn bng v khong cch ca n n tm. C th chn v tr r s hn thm hoc ly bt kim loi khng nh hng n kt cu cng nh bn ca n, t tnh ra khi lng m cn thm hay bt theo cng thc:
Figure 8.23
Nu hn thm kim loi phi ct ming kim loi hn thm sao cho t khi lng m tnh trn. Nu ly bt kim loi phi xc nh th tch ch ly:
Figure 8.24
[U+F072]- khi lng ring ca kim loi, vi st [U+F072] = 78g/cm3; vi ng [U+F072] = 89g/cm3 8.6.1.2 b. Cn bng tnh trn dao ln Hnh ln 6.24 Kim tra cn bng trn dao Dng c kim tra cn bng tnh dng dao ln, hnh 6.24 dng hai li dao t song song v c iu chnh nm ngang chnh xc. t khi chi tit cng trc nh tm ln trn hai li dao mt v tr bt k. Nu chi tit khng cn bng, khi chi tit s t ng ln trn dao cho ti khi im mt cn bng nm v tr thp nht th dng li. Sau khi xc nh c v tr mt cn bng, tin hnh cc bc kim tra iu chnh nh trn.
Table 8.11
8.6.1.3 c. Cn bng tnh trn mm xoay Hnh 6.25 Cn bng tnh trn mm xoay.1_chi tit; 2_qu cn; 3_thc o; 4_ tm; 5_mm g chi tit; 6_mi d thng bngDng c gm mt mm trn 5 t trn tm 4, chi tit c nh tm nh tr nh
83 tm trn mm. Nh kt cu ny, khi chi tit c khi lng khng cn bng pha no, mm s nghing v pha . Trn vnh mm c gn sn mt n cn v qu cn, ch cn xoay chi tit cho pha mt cn bng i din vi n cn, sau iu chnh qu cn n khi mm thng bng tr li. T khi lng qu cn v khong cch ca n ti tm bit, d dng tnh c m men mt cn bng x l.
8.6.2 Kim tra cn bng ng.

Trc khi cn bng ng, cc chi tit trc phi qua cn bng tnh. Do khng xc nh c khi lng mt cn bng nm trn mt phng no, nn khi lng cn bng Q thng c thm vo mt mt phng khc, cch khi lng mt cn bng mt khong l no , hnh 6.26. V vy, khi chi tit quay, cc lc ly tm do hai khi lng ny sinh ra s to thnh mt m men M, vi M = F.l. chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra rung ng cho chi tit. Trong trng hp , chi tit c gi l mt cn bng ng.
kh m men mt cn bng ny, phi t vo chi tit mt m men c cng gi tr nhng ngc chiu vi n. M men cn bng c to thnh nh vic thm hoc bt 2 khi lng kim loi m1, m2 hai mt phng cch nhau mt khong l1 to thnh cc lc ly tm F1 sao cho F1l1 = Fl. chnh l thc cht ca phng php cn bng ng trn hai mt phng chn trc.
Hnh 6.26 S nguyn tc cn bng ng chi tit trc trn 2 mt phng chn trc
Table 8.12
Hnh 6.27 Nguyn l thit b cn bng trn 2 mt phng chn trc1,2_cm bin bin dao ng khung a,b_cc t; A,B_cc trc trc trn khung dao ng.
Thit b cn bng ng c gii thiu trn hnh 6.27. Khi cn bng trc ht iu chnh a cho t vo khung dao ng cn b t do. Cho trc quay n mt tc thch hp, nu mt cn bng trc s rung lm khung dao ng rung theo. Do u pha a b khng ch nn khung ch rung ng ti u b, bin dao ng pha u b c ch th bi cm bin 2. Thm mt khi lng vo u b ti mt phng II-II sao cho dao ng u b gim thp nht trong phm vi cho php. Chuyn sang lm tng t vi u a, ta s xc nh c cp khi lng cn bng t ti hai mt phng I-I v II-II, t xc nh c m men mt cn bng v c phng n x l thch hp.
Table 8.13
Bng 6.2. khng cn bng cho php ca t [U+F047][U+F041][U+F033]-53 v Zin-130
84 Loi chi tit c im cn bng
CHNG 8. KIM TRA PHN LOI CHI TIT khng cn bng m.r cho php (g.cm) [U+F047][U+F041][U+F033] Zin-130 53
Trc khuu Trc khuu-bnh -ly hp Cnh qut gi Bnh Ly hp Cc ng lp y
Cn bng ng Cn bng ng Cn bng tnh Cn bng tnh Cn bng tnh Cn bng ng
15 70 15 35 35 50
Table 8.14
30 120 20 50 50 70
8.7 KIM TRA CC H HNG NGM

8.7.1 Th cng
G: gia hai lp kim loi b trc s c ting ku khc vi ch khng trc (dng m thanh). Xoa phn: thoa du ho ln b mt kim tra; lau sch, rc phn ln, ch c vt nt du cha li s thm ln, nh vy s cho ta xc nh c vt nt.
8.7.2 Dng kh nn hay nc c p sut

Dng kh nn bm vo bn trong, xoa x phng bn ngoi hoc nhng vo trong nc, nu c bt kh chng t ch b nt. Dng nc p lc 3 5 at a vo kim tra. Thng c p dng kim tra kt nc, bao kn ng ng...
8.7.3 Kim tra vt nt bng t trng

Phng php ny ch p dng c cho cc chi tit c kh nng nhim t (nhng chi tit lm bng st) pht hin nhng vt nt trn b mt. Thc cht ca phng php ny l t chi tit trong mt t trng ca nam chm in nhm to ra s nhiu t v hnh thnh cc t ph ti hai u vt nt, sau rc bt st hoc bt xt st (Fe3O4) ln b mt. Ti ch c vt nt, bt st s t li cc cc t nn rt d quan st, hnh 6.28. Hnh 6.28 Pht hin vt nt bng phng php t trng
Table 8.15
ng sc t ca nam chm phi t vung gc vi trc vt nt mi to ra c s phn cc r rt. V vy, cn b tr 2 ngun t trng vung gc nhau ln lt pht hin cc vt nt chy dc v vt nt chy ngang. i vi chi tit trc, thng c cc vt nt mi theo phng hng knh v cc vt nt dc trc do chu m men xon ln (khi b b bc). Khi kim tra vt nt mi s dng khung dy qun vo on trc, hoc dng ngay dy dn qun quanh trc mt vi vng ri cho dng in mt chiu chy qua to t trng
85 dc. Khi kim tra cc vt nt dc trc, cho trc dng in mt chiu chy t u ny sang u kia ca trc to t trng vng ct cc vt nt.
Vi cc chi tit c t thm yu (t nhim t), thng duy tr ngun nam chm in hoc nam chm vnh cu.Vi cc chi tit c t thm cao, gy nhim t ban u cho chi tit v s dng t d trn chi tit kim tra. Nh vy, khi kim tra xong, phi kh t d cho chi tit, nu khng kh t d, sau ny cc mt st do mi mn s bm vo b mt gy co xc bc v trc.Khi to t bng dng in mt chiu th phng php kh t l cho dng in ngc chiu vi dng in t ho ban u ri gim dn dng in ny xung khng, ch trong qu trnh kh t phi thay i thng xuyn chiu cc trnh chi tit b nhiu t mi. Cng c th dng dng in xoay chiu t ln chi tit v gim dn xung khng.
Hnh tit
6.29
Cch
trng
ln
chi
Table 8.16
8.7.4 Kim tra vt nt bng quang tuyn

S dng dung dch c cha cht pht quang vi thnh phn: 75% du ha +15% du bin th + 10% ben zn + (3 5)g/lt cht pht quang Fluorexein bi ln b mt. Sau lau sch v sy nng nhit 60 700C cho cht pht quang t vt nt tit ra, dng n tia cc tm chiu ln b mt, ch c vt nt, cht pht quang s tit ra s to thnh nh sng xanh lc rt d nhn thy. S kim tra bng quang tuyn gii thiu trn hnh 6.30.
Hnh 6.30 Kim tra vt nt bng quang tuyn. 1_hp n, 2_knh lc tia, 3_n chiu tia, 4_bin th cao p, 5_bin th ngun, 6_chi tit kim tra.
Table 8.17
8.7.5 Kim tra theo hiu ng xung (siu m)

Da trn hin tng phn x xung siu m, khi cc xung pht ra v c ghi li trn dao ng k in t c hnh dng u n, chng t chi tit khng b r. Khi gp phi ch r, xut hin trn mn hnh cc xung phn x s xc nh c chiu su v kch thc ca khuyt tt, hnh 6.31.
Hnh 6.31 Kim tra r theo hiu ng xung1_chi tit, 2_cc pht siu m, 3_b khuch i xung phn x, 4_ng dao ng k, 5-6-7_cc b iu bin xung, 8_ chm tia siu m, 9_vt r ngm.
Table 8.18
86
Chng 9
Tho v lp, chy r, th xe

KHI NIM V THO V LP XE
9.1 Yu cu tho v lp
9.1.1 a. Tho
- Quy trnh tho xe, tho cm phi hp l nht nhm m bo nng sut v cht lng tho; - Phi m bo an ton cho chi tit tho, tng tnh kinh t sa cha; - Phi c gii ho, t ng ho, ci tin dng c tho gii phng lao ng nng nhc v tng nng sut lao ng.
9.1.2 b. Lp
Quy trnh lp cht ch hn quy trnh tho. - L khu quyt nh cht lng cm my, xe v n phi m bo chnh xc lp ghp, v tr tng quan gia cc b mt lp ghp (khe h, di, song song, vung gc...); - Phi m bo quy trnh lp hp l, t chnh xc cao, nng sut cao. - Phi c cc nguyn cng kim tra cht ch tng cng on lp, s dng nhiu dng c kim tra; - Khi lng lao ng nhiu hn khi tho, vi trnh tay ngh, kinh nghim cao hn; - S dng nhiu dng c, thit b, g... Nu lp khng tt cht lng ca cm my, xe s thp, tng hao mn. Thm ch c trng hp phi tho ra lp li.
9.2 Cng vic tho v lp

9.2.1 a. Tho
Nguyn tc tho - Nhng thit b bao che, thit b in phi tho trc; - Tho t ngoi vo trong; - Dng c tho phi c qui nh cho tng bc tho; - Qu trnh tho nn tin hnh phn loi ngay chi tit c tho ra, v nu khng t chc tt th sau rt mt thi gian tm kim;
1 This
87
88
CHNG 9. THO V LP, CHY R, TH XE
- Cm khng dng ba, c tho chi tit. Nu cc chi tit b han r kh tho th tm du ho, du Diesel ngm mt thi gian mi tho. Cc bc cng ngh trong dy chuyn tho: - Tho s b: + i vi ton xe: cabin, thng b, che chn, thit b in... + i vi cm,v d: ng c: tho my nn, bm nc, qut gi, bm tr lc li, bu lc du, ccte du, bm du, np che dn xu pp, np bnh ... Hp s: np hp s, nt du. Cu sau: np ccte du, bn trc, nt du. Trc trc: np moay bnh xe. Mc ch ca vic tho s b l ra sch trc khi tho chi tit. - Tho chi tit: tho cm ra khi xe, tho chi tit ra khi cm. Cng vic c tin hnh cc b phn tho.
9.2.2 b. Lp
Nguyn tc lp: - Lp t trong ra ngoi (ngc vi quy trnh tho); - Qui nh dng c lp, dng c kim tra v kim tra cho mi bc lp. V d: cc khe h ghp ni, khe h xu pp, khe h cm truyn ng, khe h bc trc... - Theo ng mmen sit bu lng c qui nh. V d: bu lng thanh truyn, trc chnh, np my, trc khuu - bnh ... - Kim tra kn kht cc mi ghp (xu pp - ), trn tru ca cc mi ghp (piston- xi lanh...). - Theo ng qui nh cc bin php an ton mi ghp: m vnh, cht ch, dy buc... - Phi m bo v sinh sch s trc mi cng on lp rp: ra, x nc, x kh nn; Cc bc cng ngh trong dy chuyn lp: + Chun b-sp b: la sn nhng chi tit s lp cho cm my ; + Cn bng tnh, ng cc chi tit quay: trc khuu, bnh , qut gi, puli... + Cn bng khi lng nhm piston. + Chn lp: la chn nhng chi tit c s dng li m khe h nh + Chun b dng c lp v dng c kim tra + Nhng nhm chi tit c th lp trc th lp trc, v d: nhm piston- sc mng- thanh truyn.
9.3 LP NG C
9.3.1 Cng vic chun b
Cc cng vic chun b lp ph thuc vo phng php sa cha ring xe hay i ln, cch t chc sn xut theo v tr c nh hay theo dy chuyn...Nhng ni dung chnh ca cng vic chun b gm: - Sp b chi tit; - Kim tra iu chnh khi lng v cn bng tnh, ng cc chi tit; - Lp trc mt s nhm chi tit c yu cu lp ring. 9.3.1.1 a. Sp b chi tit - Thng k v giao nhn y cc chi tit s c a vo lp cho mt ng c. Ch rng, nu khng c iu g c bit th cc chi tit chnh ca ng c no lp li cho ng c (v d: thn my, trc khuu, bnh , trc cam, thanh truyn...) do trong khi tho ra v kim tra chng thng c nh du bng sn khi ln vi chi tit cng loi ca ng c khc.
89 - Chn lp nhng chi tit c php dng li m khng qua sa cha (khi p dng cch sa cha i ln chi tit), v d: chn cc con i xu pp vi l dn hng con i, bu lng bnh vi l bu lng trn bnh m bo khe h lp ghp gia chng. Chn chiu dy m np my mi theo nh ca piston trong xi lanh c t s nn theo thit k. - Ch to cc giong m, thng thng bng ba cctng hoc aming. - Nhn cc ph kin trong h thng nhin liu, bi trn, lm mt, khi ng... c sa cha hon chnh ti cc b phn sa cha ring. - Sp xp ton b cc chi tit trn mt khay hoc bn lp bn giao cho th lp my. 9.3.1.2 b. Kim tra iu chnh khi lng v cn bng tnh, ng cc chi tit Cc chi tit chuyn ng quay nh bnh , trc khuu trong qu trnh sa cha phi mi c trc nn cn c kim tra cn bng tnh v cn bng ng trong trng thi lp ghp chng. khng cn bng ng cho php tu thuc vo kt cu v kch thc ca trc c nh ch to qui nh c th. i vi ng c nhiu xi lanh, nhm cc chi tit piston - scmng - thanh truyn cn phi c cn bng khi lng. Khi c s chnh lch vt qu gii hn cho php c th ly bt kim loi bng cch khoan hay phay nhng vng khng quan trng (nh phn chn piston...) 9.3.1.3 c. Lp trc mt s nhm chi tit c yu cu lp ring. Mt s chi tit i hi c x l c bit trc khi lp nh luc, dng my p... c lp trc ti khu chun b. Cng vic ny thng l: lp cht piston - thanh truyn, lp xu pp vo np my, p bnh rng trc khuu, lp b ly hp. Cn lu trong khi gia cng c cc chi tit ny c ly kch thc theo tng xi lanh hoc c trc hay c r thnh b nn phi chn lp ng theo du.
9.3.2 Trang thit b tho-lp

Trang thit b dng cho lp rp c nh hng trc tip n nng sut v cht lng ca vic lp. Nhng thit b ny bao gm: - Cc gi lp ng c; - Bn hoc gi chi tit lp; - Cc loi vam hoc dng c chuyn dng tho lp nhng mi ghp di; - Cc dng c kim tra khi lp; - Cc loi dng c lp vn nng v c bit nhng dng c dnh cho nhng v tr lp kh... 9.3.2.1 Gi lp ng c. Do yu cu phi xoay tr c ng c cc t th bt k (lt nghing tri, nghing phi, lt nga...) to thun tin cho vic lp, cc gi lp u c thit k theo nguyn tc ng. Vi cc ng c c khi lng ln (ng c diesel lp trn xe ti), gi lp ng c c kt cu rt n gin song rt hiu qu, hnh 7.1. Gi lp gm hai khung ghp t hai na vnh trn 2 v 4, c lin kt bng cc thanh ging ngang 10 to thnh mt cp bnh xe vng chc. Khung ny c ln trn cc con ln 9 gn trn khung 1 v c hm li ti mt s v tr bng cht hm 7. ng c c t trn n ngang 10, kp cht ng c bng c cu kp 5. Do khung c th ln trn, v vy to c cc v tr bt k ca ng c thun tin cho qu trnh lp. i vi ng c t du lch, gi lp gm 1 hp s kiu trc vt 2, gn trn tr ng ca bn lp, hnh 7.2. Trc ra ca bnh vt c ghp cht mt bch 4 c khoan cc l vi hp che bnh ng c (mt lp ghp vi hp s t). Khi quay trc vt bng tay quay 3, s xoay c ng c ti mi v tr m khng cn phi c vt nh v do tnh t hm ca cp bnh vt trc vt. V ng c lp trn gi theo kiu cng sn nn phi lp y cc c bt vi mt bch ca gi v cn thn trng khi dng lc ln. ***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.*** Hnh 7.1. Gi lp ng c c khi lng nng1- khung; 2-na khung di; 3-bu lng kp; 4-na khung trn; 5-gi di ng kp ng c; 6-vt kp; 7-cht hm trc con ln; 9-con ln t; 10-thanh ngang.
90
Hnh 7.2. Gi lp ng c nh1-bnh xe; 2-hp trc vt; 3-tay quay; 4-bch lp ng c; 5-tay hm ng c
Hnh 7.3. Vam p xi lanh t1-Bch p; 2-tay n p; 3-u lp bch p; 4-vt bt g p ln thn
Table 9.1
Bch p 1 ca vam c ch to vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau thay i ph hp vi xi lanh cc ng

91 c. Trc khi p lt cn kim tra di ca giong nc so vi rnh lp giong (khong 0,5mm l va ) ng thi bi mt lp m ln b mt giong cho an ton v d p. 9.3.2.2 Dng c kim tra di lt xi lanh Sau khi p xong cc lt xi lanh, cn kim tra di v song song ca mt u lt xi lanh vi mt phng thn my. g kim tra c gii thiu trn hnh 7.4.
92
Hnh 7.5 Cn lt xi lanh
Hnh 7.4 g kim tra di ca lt xi lanh t
93
Table 9.2
g gm mt mt bch phng c bc nh v vo l xi lanh, di y mt bch c tin rnh su 2mm khng chm vo phn nh ln ca vai lt. Pha trn l rnh lp hai ng h so c chn t vo vai lt o di, chnh lch tr s ca hai ng h cho ta khng song song ca mt u lt xi lanh so vi thn. Khi di khng m bo, cn phi iu chnh bng cch thm bt cn di vai lt. Hnh 7.5 gii thiu m iu chnh di vai lt xi lanh.
94 9.3.2.3 g lp trc khuu - bnh Trc khuu, bnh trn ng c t l cc chi tit nng, cn m men sit ln, thng thng 2 chi tit ny c lp vi nhau sau lp c khi ln thn my. i vi ng c diesel ca xe ti nng, c trng hp trc khuu li c lp trc ln thn ri mi lp bnh ln trc. bo m an ton v thun tin khi lp nhm trc khuu-bnh , nn s dng gi lp nh hnh 7.6. B phn g trc ca gi c th xoay trc c th v tr thng ng hoc v tr nm ngang, iu ny rt cn khi tho lp cc nt bt trn ng du cht khuu. Trc khuu c nh v v kp cht trn gi bng khi V 1 v 4 trn c chnh hai u. Ngoi ra c c cu t 2 c iu chnh bng tay quay 10 t st vo mt cht khuu chng xoay cho trc. Gi lp c h thng chn 9 cho php lp c nh trn sn xng bng bu lng chn chm.
Hnh 7.6 G lp trc khuu v bnh 1,4-cc khi V nh v v kp trc; 2-c cu t chng xoay; 3- t mt u; 5-dm xoay; 6-thanh dm; 7-bu Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10810/1.1> lng hm dm v tr thng ng; 8- t cao su; 9-chn ; 10-tay quay iu chnh c cu chng xoay; cht hm dm v tr nm ngang.
95
Table 9.3
Sau khi lp hon chnh, trc khuu bnh c a ln lp vi thn my. pht hin nng nh ca cc c trc, ln lt lp t c gia ra v sit cht tng c, sau quay th trc vi vng. Nu c no b nng phi tho bc r li. Trc khi lp cn bi du nhn sch ln b mt bc. V nguyn tc cc khe h gia trc v bc c m bo khi gia cng c, tuy nhin do nh hng ca cong trc v khng ng tm dy l khi doa, mi, nn c th xut hin hin tng chm st b mt trc vi thnh (c bit c gia hay c u) mt d khe h ring tng c vn c. Trong trng hp ny nn dng phng php kp ch kim tra khe h cc trc khi lp rp. kim tra, trc khi lp np s t ln tng c trc mt on dy ch hoc dy cht do c ng knh ln gp 2 ln khe h cho php. Sau lp tt c cc np v sit cht n m men qui nh. Tho cc np, g si dy b cn mng ra o b dy ca tng si ng vi cc bng pan-me, ghi li kt qu nh l mt h s theo di trong qu trnh ng c lm vic sau ny. ng thi vi vic kim tra khe h trc chnh, cn phi kim tra khe h dc trc bng cn l hay ng h so. Dng tay n by trc dch dc kim tra khe h. Nu khe h khng t phi x l cn r dc (mi bt cn nu khe h qu b hoc hn p thm nu khe h qu ln). 9.3.2.4 Dng c tho lp nt du Nt du trn trc khuu l mt chi tit kh tho lp do c m men sit ln v khng dng cl vn c, ngoi ra v tr cc nt cng khng thun li thao tc. g tho lp nt du trnh by trn hnh 7.7 gii quyt c kh khn trn. g c 7 kp cht vo c trc ni c nt du cn tho lp. Gi tho 5 c hn cht vi 7, trn gi lp vt tho 1 cng vi c tho 4 c tay quay 2, tm chn 3 gi cho c tho ch xoay ch khng tut ra khi gi. Khi tho t u vn 1 vo rnh x trn nt du v quay tay quay 2 cho u 1 tin vo p cht vi nt du, dng c l vn vt tho 1 theo chiu ra hoc vo, vt tho s xoay nt du ra theo.
Hnh 7.7 Dng c tho lp nt du trn trc khuu1-vt tho; 2-tay vn c tho; 3-tm hm c tho; 4-c tho; 5-gi tho; 6,7-hai na kp.
Table 9.4
9.3.2.5 Dng c p cht piston
96 Khi lp cht piston vo thanh truyn v b cht theo kiu lp bi, mt bin php ph bin l luc piston trong nc si cho b cht gin n, sau dng tay y cht xuyn qua l. Lm cch ny kh mt thi gian un nu. Kiu dng c chuyn dng gii thiu trn hnh 7.8 cho php p cht nhanh hn.Dng c gm mt ng bao c cong m ly b cht. Trong ng lng trc rt 2 c ng knh xuyn qua l cht piston. Mt u trc rt c ren lp vi vt 3 khng cho cht tut ra. Phn u xuyn qua ng bao c ren lp vi ai c 1 c chiu di ren ln hn chiu di cht piston khong 20mm. Khi lng y cht piston vo trc rt
Hnh 7.8 Dng c p cht piston1-ai c; 2-trc rt; 3-vt hm

Table 9.5
v lng trc rt qua l b cht cng nh ng bao, dng cl sit c 1 rt trc vo ng bao, nh vy cht piston cng c ko xuyn qua l b. 9.3.2.6 g kim tra thng ca nhm pistonthanh truyn Sau khi lp nhm pistonthanh truyn, cn kim tra vung gc ca piston vi ng tm l u to thanh truyn v n s nh hng trc tip n thng ca piston trong xi lanh, nu khng vung gc vt qu gii hn phi thc hin vic nn li trnh lm nghing piston trong l xi lanh gy ma st v mi mn ln. g kim tra gii thiu trn hnh 7.9. u to thanh truyn c lng vo cht kp nh v 4 ca dng c.
97 Thn piston t vo khi V c nh 3, khi V di ng 2 c gn ng h so s ch khng vung gc ca thn piston vi l u to thanh truyn. Nhiu trng hp khng c g c th kim tra trc tip bng cch lp piston thanh truyn (khng c sc mng) vo xi lanh v trc khuu. Sit cht np thanh truyn vi m men qui nh, sau dng cn l kim tra khe h hai bn ca piston vi xi lanh theo phng dc trc khuu. Yu cu khe h hai pha ca piston v xi lanh chnh lch nhau khng qu 20%.
Hnh 7.9 g kim tra thng nhm pistonthanh truyn1-ng h so; 2-khi V di ng; 3-khi V c nh; 4-cht inh v v kp cht u to thanh truyn
Table 9.6
98 9.3.2.7 Dng c lp sc mng ln piston
99 Trong b ngh tho lp t, thng c trang b mt km lp sc mng nong tng sc mng t vo rnh piston. Nhiu khi th ch cn 4-5 l cn mng ci quanh chu vi sc mng hay dng tay banh ming sc mng cng lp c. Tuy nhin cc phng php ny c nng sut thp hoc d dn n s c gy sc mng (khi lp bng tay). Di y gii thiu mt kiu chp lp n gin cho php lp nhanh v an ton hn, hnh 7.10Chm c dng nh mt chic cc, phn u chp c lm cn lng sc mng mt cch d dng, phn di chp c tin va kht vi ng knh u piston. Khi lp, t chp ln piston, lng cc sc mng theo th t v rt chp t t ln cao y cc sc mng tt vo rnh ca n.
Hnh 7.10 Chp lp secmng1-piston; 2-chp lp secmng

Table 9.7
100 Trong cc x nghip sa cha vi s lng ln, s dng g bng thu lc kp cc sc mng khi lp vo piston theo hnh 7.11. C hai kiu g vi cng mt nguyn tc hot ng, hnh 7.11 a l g dng c cu p thu lc, g hnh 7.11 b s dng c cu p bng tay. Thao tc g nh sau: lng cc sc mng theo ng v tr lp ln piston gi 3, c ng knh bng ng knh piston tht. Xoay ming ca tt c cc sc mng xung di ci vo gia rnh cc tm kp 6. Dng xi lanh thu lc 8 hay quay tay n p cc tm 6 kp cht ming sc mng. Sau ko piston 3 ra ngoi bng tay hay bng xi lanh thu lc 1 v y piston tht th ch, cui cng nh c cu kp gii phng cc sc mng vo rnh piston. Vi g ny cho php nng cao nng sut lp nhiu ln.
Hnh 7.11 g sc mnga- g dng c cu p thy lcb- g dng c cu p bng tay1,8-cc xi lanh thu lc; 2-scmng lp; 3-piston gi; 4-piston lp; 5-thanh c; 6-cc tm kp; 7- n kp; 9-l xo
Table 9.8
101 9.3.2.8 Vng kp sc mng lp nhm piston-sc mng vo c xi lanh, cn mt dng c n gin song rt hiu qu l vng kp sc mng. Trc khi kp phi xoay ming 2 sc mng k nhau lch mt gc t 120 1800 v khng c ming nm trn pha b cht nhm trnh lt kh. Lng vng kp quanh trn ton b cc sc mng mt cch cn i. Dng tay bp cht kp ng thi dng ba cao su g quanh chu vi, cho sc mng kht ming. Cui cng ly chy g g cho piston t t vo xi lanh. Trc nn dng du nhn sch bi ln b mt xi lanh cho d lp v gim nh ma st khi quay my.
Hnh 7. 12 Vng kp lp piston-sc mng vo xi lanh1-xi lanh; 2-vng kp sc mng; 3-piston
Table 9.9
Hnh 7.12 gii thiu cch lp piston vo xi lanh bng vng kp scmng (hnh v m t xi lanh ri, lm mt bng gi nn n c lp t trn xung, piston-thanh truyn c lp trc vo trc khuu)
9.3.3 Mt s g, vam tho, dng c tho lp vn nng

Cc dng c, g chuyn dng c tc dng rt ln ti an ton v nng sut lp rp. Nhiu trng hp khng c dng c chuyn dng s khng th tho lp c nhng chi tit lp di hay nhng v tr lp kh. Di y gii thiu mt s loi dng c g tho lp ph bin dng trong sa cha ng c:
102
9.3.3.1 Vam tho chi tit ghp di (Hnh 7. 20)
Hnh 7.20 Cc loi vama-vam tho puli u trc khuu; b-vam tho vnh chn du; c-vam tho bnh rng.
Hnh 7.21 Lp vng bia-lp vng bi vo trc;b-lp vng bi vo trc vi u p;c-Lp vng bi vo l v trc vi u p
Table 9.10
9.3.3.2 Dng c lp vng bi (Hnh 7.21) 9.3.3.3 Dng c vn c bng in v kh nn (Hnh 7.22 v hnh 7.23)
103
Figure 9.1
Hnh 7.22 Cl in1-v u vn; 2-u vn thay i; 3-u iu chnh mmen vn; 4-l xo; 5-trc; 6-7-khp ni; 8-9-cc bnh rng gim tc; 10-tay cm; 11-cng tc in; 12-13-khp va p Cc loi u vn cl in hay kh nn lm gim nhiu sc lao ng ca cng nhn, cho nng sut cao, song quan trng hn c l m bo mmen lp chnh xc. Mmen lp u vn in c iu chnh bng tng gim sc cng l xo 4 ca khp va p 12-13. Khi lp nu t n m men qui nh, khp va p s b trt, song mi ln ra khp, l xo li y na ch ng vo n khp vi na b ng v tip tc b trt, mi ln trt khp nh vy s to nn s va p ngi cng nhn bit m ngng vn. Ngoi vic khng ch m men vn, khp va p cn c tc dng vn cht hn hoc to xung lc d tho c hn.
104
Figure 9.2
Hnh 7. 23 Cl kh1-u vn thay i; 2-cht hm; 3-trc; 4-v u vn; 5-khp va p; 6-bnh truyn lc; 7-trc ch ng; 8-thn u vn; 9-ng c kh; 10-vt tra m; 11-tm chn; 12-ng dn kh nn; 13-van bi; 14-vt iu chnh; 15-nt cng tc.
9.4 9.5 MT S NGUYN TC CHN LP CHI TIT

9.5.1 Nguyn nhn phi chn lp chi tit theo nhm kch thc
d gia cng, mi loi chi tit ch to u cho php c sai lch kch thc trong mt phm vi nht nh so vi kch thc danh ngha, cn gi l dung sai kch thc. Khi kch thc chi tit c s dao ng trong phm vi dung sai ca n, th khi ghp mt cch ngu nhin cc chi tit thnh nhng cp lm vic, khe h
105 lp ghp cc cp chi tit s khng bng nhau: mi ghp c th qu cht hoc qu lng. Nhm trnh tnh trng ny, nh sn xut ph tng phn cc chi tit sau khi ch to xong thnh cc nhm, vi iu kin cc chi tit trong mt nhm c kch thc tuyt i dao ng trong phm vi kh nh so vi khong dung sai cho php khi ch to. V d in hnh l vic phn nhm kch thc ca b i bm cao p, mi nhm c sai lch kch thc tuyt i ch t 0,002 0,003mm trong khi dung sai cho php ch to chi tit piston hay xi lanh bm cao p ti 0,1mm. bit c chi tit nm trong mt nhm, tc l bit kch thc thc ca chng, t chn c kch thc chi tit s lp vi n theo nhm no, cho ta mi ghp c khe h ph hp vi iu kin k thut qui nh. Lm c iu , khi lp cp chi tit mt ln l xong ngay, cng vic sa cha rt thun li. Nhng cp chi tit quan trng trong nhm chi tit truyn ng c phn nhm kch thc gm: - Lt xi lanh v l trn thn my. - Bc lt v l trc chnh cng nh vi c trc. - Bc lt v l u to thanh truyn cng cht khuu. - Cht piston v l b cht piston. - Piston v xi lanh. - Bc cam v c trc cam... Ngoi vn phn nhm kch thc, mt s b mt lm vic chi tit c ghp t hai na nh: l u to thanh truyn, l chnh trc khuu...cng khng th lp ln bo m chnh xc v hnh dng hnh hc ca chng, v vy cc na ny u c nh du tng ng vi nhau cho d nhn bit khi lp. i khi cc chi tit cng loi trong mt ng c cn c nh s th t theo xi lanh phc v cho vic chn lp thun li nh nh s th t thanh truyn, hoc nh du ch chiu lp nh nh du lp pha trc trn piston v thanh truyn...
106
9.5.2 Phng php chn lp mt s chi tit in hnh

9.5.2.1 a. Chn lp xi lanh v l trn thn Hnh 7.24 th hin s trn lt xi lanh biu th nhm kch thc ng knh ngoi, c nh s 1, 2 hoc 3 (v tr 1), trn thn my mi l lp lt cng nh mt s ch nhm kch thc ca l (v tr 2). lp ng cn chn s trn lt ging vi s nh trn l thn, tt nhin s c ti a 3 lt xi lanh c nhm kch thc khc nhau lp trn mt thn my. Mi tn trn hnh ch pha trc ng c
Hnh 7. 24 Chn lp xi lanh vi thn my

Table 9.11
9.5.2.2 b. Chn lp bc vi trc khuu Chn bc c chnh phi ch iu kin lp vi l trn thn v lp vi c chnh trn trc khuu, vi bc cht khuu l l trn u to thanh truyn v cht khuu v chng s quyt nh chnh xc khe h gia trc v bc. Thc cht l l c chnh v c chnh c kch thc c th, c nh du theo nhm (thng c 3 nhm, nh s t 1 n3), phi hp hai kch thc l v kt hp vi khe h lm vic theo qui nh s cho ta chiu dy bc cn thit, nh vy t hp hai b kch thc ca l v trc s phi c s lng nhm kch thc b dy ti a l 5. Cch nh s trc, l v chn bc c th nh sau: hnh 7.25. Trn thn my c nh du 5 ch s: V d: ng c 4 xi lanh, c 5 c chnh, 4 cht khuu. Tnh theo th t t pha trc ra sau, cc s ny ch th nhm kch thc (s ct) ca 5 l chnh s 1 n s 5. S ct ca tng l c th t 1 n 3 (do ch phn lm 3 nhm kch thc)
107 Trn m u tin ca trc khuu ng c , c nh 2 hng s ch th nhm kch thc ca 5 c chnh t u cho n cui theo th t t tri sang phi (hng trn) v 4 cht khuu (hng di), chng cng c s ct l 1,2 hoc 3. Tng t nh trn mi thanh truyn ca ng c cng c mt s ct (t 1, 2 hoc 3) nh mt phng bn ca u to, ch rng cn c s ch v tr thanh truyn (t 1 n 4) nh trn thn v np hoc nh chnh gia mt lp ghp hai na khng th lp ln, nhng s ny thng c kch thc kh ln. 9.5.2.3 c. Lp np my m bo ng dung tch bung chy, cn kim tra di ca piston khi nm im cht trn so vi mt u thn my, t c cn c chn m np my dy hay mng cho ph hp. Dng ng h so t trc tip ln thn my kim tra di ca piston.Sau khi c di c th s chn c m theo qui nh. m np my c nh du bng cc l khoan hay cc khc mp m nh hnh 7.13. S lng l khoan hay khc s ch th dy hay mng ca m tng ng theo lng di nhiu hay t ca piston. Hnh 7. 13 Khc ch th dy m np
Table 9.12
108 Trc khi lp np my, cn quan st k xem c d vt hay cht bn trn np, thn v trn l xi lanh hay khng, t m np ng chiu sau t np my v ln lc sit c np my theo trnh t t u n n u kia hoc t gia ra hai bn nh hnh 7.14. Trnh t ny do cc nh ch to qui nh c th cho cc ng c khc nhau. Nn chia m men sit ra lm mt s khong ri ln lt sit theo th t cho n khi cht hn. i vi np my dng hai loi gu jng c ng knh khc nhau bao gi cng sit loi c ln trc ri mi n sit loi c nh.
Hnh 7.14 Th t sit np my

Table 9.13
Ch s trn hnh ch th t sit c, khi tho phi lm theo th t ngc li vi lp.
109 Cc bnh rng, bnh ai dn ng chi tit c ln quan n thi im lm vic nh bnh rng dn ng trc cam, b chia in bm cao p... u phi lp chnh xc theo nh du ca nh ch to. Thng chn v tr ca piston my s 1 im cht trn thi k cui nn u chy lm chun lp cc bnh rng n khp hoc bnh ai dn ng. Mt cp bnh rng n khp bao gi cng c du ring nh chn rng bnh n v nh rng bnh rng kia, nn khi lp ghp ch cn t cc du ny hng ng vo nhau l c. i vi cc bnh ai rng, cc du lp c nh trn bnh ai v thn my. Hnh 7.15 trnh by mt v d c th khi lp dy ai cho h thng bnh ai dn ng trong ng c t.
Hnh 7. 15 Lp dy ai1-2, 5-6- du trn cc bnh ai trc cam v np my; 8-9-du trn bnh ai trc khuu v thn my; 4-bnh ai bm nc; 3-7-bnh ai trc cam;
Table 9.14
Quay bnh ai trc khuu 10, bnh ai trc cam 3 v 7 sao cho du nh trn mi bnh trng vi du khc trn thn hay np my; ni lng c cu bnh cng ai, sau lp dy ai chong qua cc bnh. Khi iu chnh c cu cng dy ai, phi m bo sao cho dy cng v cc du khng x dch l c. 9.5.2.4 d. Kim tra cng dy ai cng dy ai c kim tra bng lc k l xo nh hnh 7.16. t dng c ln mt nhnh dy ai v n trc ca dng c cho t vo gia dy ai, vng ca dy di mt lc nn nht nh phi ph hp vi yu cu ca nh ch to. V d vng dy ai ca ng c 4B lp trn t Landcruiser bng 12mm di lc nn 100kN
110 9.5.2.5 e. Xc nh im cht trn ca piston
Nhiu trng hp du ca im cht trn (CT) khng r rng nn buc phi xc nh li CT my 1 lm chun cho vic kim tra iu chnh. S dng c gii thiu trn hnh 7.17. Dng c gm mt ng 8 trong lng kim, c y bng l xo 7. Kim d xuyn qua l lp bu gi hay l lp vi phun lun t ln mt im c nh ca nh piston. Khi kim d di ng s lm quay kim ch th v tr 6 trn vnh chia 5.
Hnh 7.16 Kim tra cng dy ai1-c cu cng dy; 2-puli bm nc; 3-puli trc khuu; 4-thanh t; 5-cht t; 6-ui cht t
Hnh 7.17. Xc nh im cht trn1-v tr by bnh ; 2,3-bnh v thn my; 4-du nh trn thn; 5-vnh khc ; 6-kim ch th; 7-l xo; 8-ng; 9-; a-c-cc im nh du
Table 9.15
nh du v tr u tin trn bnh (im a, hnh 7.17a) ng vi mt im trn thn (im 4), lc ny v tr ca kim 6 trn vnh 5 s ch ti mt vch chia no . Quay trc khuu cho piston qua CT, y kim d dao ng ln xung. Khi kim 6 li tr v v tr ban u, nh du im th hai trn bnh (im c) trng vi im 4 trn thn. Chia i khong cch gia hai im a v c ta s c CT cn tm.
111 9.5.2.6 f. Lp bm cao p Bm cao p c lp vi vi khp dn ng bng mt bch hnh 7.18. L lp bu lng trn bch dn ng li c dng cung di iu chnh chnh xc gc phun sm ca ng c. Khi lp bm, cn t v tr my 1 ang ng im phun sm (du phun sm trn bnh trng vi du ch th trn thn my) cc xu pp np thi u ng kn. Sau quay trc cam bm cho piston nhnh bm cao p 1 im bt u phun (du trn khp trc bm trng vi du ch th trn v bm) ri sit cht cc vt kp 2 mt bch li l c. m bo chnh xc, sau khi lp xong nn dng dng c thi k kim tra im phun sm ln cui.
Hnh 7. 18 Du lp bm cao p1-du lp trn v bm; 2-du trn khp ni bm
112

Table 9.16
9.5.2.7 g. iu chnh khe h nhit Khe h gia n by v ui xu pp (khe h nhit) c iu chnh khi ton b ng c c lp hon chnh, cc mi ghp c sit cht.Thi im iu chnh khe h nhit ca tng my l cui nn u chy, lc c hai xupp u ng kn. Nhn bit thi k n ca my no c th cn c vo v tr con quay ca b chia in ang hng v cc in ca my (i vi ng c xng) hoc piston bm cao p va chm dng ln (i vi ng c diesel), cng c th cn c vo du CT trn puly u trc khuu hay trn bnh ca my 1 ri t suy ra cc my khc.
Hnh 7.19 Chnh khe h nhit xu pp

Table 9.17
Mt phng php khc cho php xc nh nhanh v chnh xc l nhn my c hnh trnh piston tng ng vi n (my song hnh). V d: ng c 4 xi lanh thng hng, c th t n 1-3-4-2 th my 1-4, my 2-3 song hnh. Nu my 4 u k np, xu pp np chm m th my 1 ang u k chy v ngc li. Nu my 3 y k np, xu pp np chm m th my 2 ang u k chy v ngc li. S dng cl v tut n vt vn vo c iu chnh trn ui n by chnh ln lt cc xupp, khi chnh a cn l c chiu dy ng bng khe h nhit ci vo ui xu pp kim tra v sit cht vt hm, kt thc iu chnh, kim tra bng cch a cn l vo khe h ny phi va st song cn l vn di trt c mt cch d dng. Vi loi xu pp c cc dn hng l xo v cam tc ng trc tip, khe h nhit c iu chnh bng cch thay i tm m t trn cc c chiu dy ph hp.
113 Sau khi chnh nhit bnh thng, khe h nhit cn c kim tra trong tnh trng ng c c nhit lm vic qui nh.
114 Vic chn bc ph hp vi l chnh, l cht khuu v c trc khuu theo nguyn tc sau:Ly s ct ca l cng vi s ct ca c trc tng ng s l ct ca bc cn lp. Nh vy nu c trc v l c 3 nhm kch thc, nh s t 1 n 3, s c 5 nhm kch thc ca bc, c nh du t 2 n 6.T v d cho trn hnh 7. 25 vi c chnh ta c:Dy l trn thn: 11123Dy l trn c: 21111S ct ca bc: 32234Ngha l bc lp cho c chnh s 1 c nhm kch thc 3, cho c 2 c nhm kch thc 2, cho c cui c nhm kch thc 4...i vi bc bin ta cng lm tng t.
Hnh 7. 25 Du nh trn thn, trn trc khuu v thanh truyn chn lp bc
115
Table 9.18
9.6 CHY R, TH XE
9.6.1 CHY R
9.6.1.1 ngha ca vic chy r Sau khi gia cng c, cc chi tit u c mt cht lng b mt nht nh c nh gi bi mt s tham s nh: bng b mt, cng, trng thi ng sut, sai lch hnh dng hnh hc... Chng l hu qu ca cc tc nhn ha l trong qu trnh gia cng (c bit l cc nguyn cng cui) li. Do c im ny, tnh trng tip xc ban u gia hai b mt lp ghp cha th hon ho, din tch tip xc thc kh thp, dn n p sut phn b ti cc im tip xc cao hn nhiu so vi p sut trung bnh, kn kht gim ng thi kh nng truyn nhit cng b gim rt mnh. Trong mi ghp trc bc, do khe h lp ghp kh nh cha iu kin hnh thnh qu trnh bi trn ma st t, nn c kh nng xy ra s tip xc trc tip gia hai chi tit gy mi mn v sinh nhit ln. V vy, thun li cho cp chi tit ma st bc vo giai on lm vic chnh thc, cn c mt thi k chuyn tip gi l chy r sau khi sa cha mt cm my, nhm ci thin cht lng b mt theo hng san phng cc nhp nh, lm tng din tch tip xc thc. T nng cao c kh nng chu lc v truyn lc ca chng, cho php cc chi tit lm vic vi ti trng cng nh vn tc trt theo ng thit k m khng b h hng. Vic chy r mang tnh tt yu v d mun hay khng s thay i tnh cht b mt cng xy ra, nu t chc tt, qu trnh chuyn ha din ra mt cch hon ho nh phn tch trn, ngc li nu t chc khng tt rt c kh nng chi tit s b hng ngay sau khi chy r. 9.6.1.2 Mt s yu t nh hng n cht lng chy r thc hin vic chy r ng c, cn phi la chn mt qui trnh hp l, qui trnh ny bao gm nhiu bc chy r hp thnh, trong mi bc c qui nh c th cc ch ti trng, vn tc, thi gian chy cng nh cc iu kin bi trn, nhit ... s c p dng. nh hng ca ti trng: Bt u t chy khng ti, sau tng dn theo tng bc hoc tng ti v cp. i vi ng c t my ko, bc chy r khng ti u tin l ch chy r ngui khng c p sut (cc bugi hoc vi phun c tho ht, ng c t trong c mt ng c in ko). Sau l chy r ngui c p, ri n chy r nng khng ti v chy r nng vi ti tng dn, thng thng khong cch mi ln tng ti t 10 n 15%, n 75% ti trng nh mc th dng li. Cui cng l chy r vi 100% ti trng trong thi gian ngn, ch yu l nh gi kh nng pht huy cng sut ti a ca ng c, c bit i vi ng c diesel cn nhm pht hin v x l nhng sai lch do iu chnh bm cao p khng tt gy nn hin tng non ti hoc qu ti cho cm my. nh hng ca vn tc: Vn tt chy r trong mi bc c chn t thp n cao, khong iu chnh nhanh hn so vi ti trng. Tc chy ln u thp nht khong 100v/ph l ti u v ma st khng gy ra nhit ln, mt khc vn m bo h thng bi trn hot ng hiu qu v trnh xy ra hin tng dnh kt b mt do tc trt qu chm gy nn. T ch chy chm ban u, ng c c nng dn tc theo tng bc vi khong cch mi bc l 300 n 500v/ph, kt thc giai on r ngui, tc ng c c th tng ln 75% tc nh mc. Ch bi trn: Vi cc ng c c h thng bi trn cng bc, cn s dng du bi trn sch v c nht thp (M8M10 tng ng vi SAE10SAE20), do nht du thp nn du d in y vo cc khe h hp ty ra cc ht mi d dng v truyn nhit tt hn. C th s dng cc cht ph gia hot tnh ha hc v
116
hot tnh b mt pha vo du nhn tng nhanh tc r kht ng thi chng trc cho cc chi tit ma st. Sau khi chy xong, du c x ht v sinh cc-te, lc du v thay vo loi du m ng c yu cu. Vi ng c s dng xng pha du nhn, tng t l pha khi chy ra cao hn so vi thng thng (c th pha n 56%). nh hng ca thi gian chy r mi bc: Thi gian chy r ban u nh hng n tnh cht b mt ma st rt ln, cng v sau nh hng cng t. Ta ch s dng thi gian chy r hiu qu, loi b thi gian chy r khng hiu qu, tp hp li ta c c mt qui trnh chy r nhanh, cho php rt ngn thi gian chy r m vn pht huy c cht lng chy r v gim c lng mn cho chi tit. bit c khi no l giai on chy r khng hiu qu, phi da vo cc php o gin tip thng qua nhng thng s nh: tn tht ma st, nhit ca ng c, cng ca dng in ng c in ko ng c t trong... Nhng thng s ny u phn nh trng thi b mt chi tit, lc mi chy r chng s c gi tr ln, n mt lc no chng s bng hng s th tnh cht b mt chi tit ma st khng thay i na, nu tip tc chy r th cng khng c hiu qu. 9.6.1.3 Thi k sau chy r Sau khi chy r, ng c c lm v sinh h thng bi trn gm: tho ra cc te du, ra hoc thay th li lc, thay mi du bi trn theo ng loi du qui nh ca nh ch to. Cc mi ghp quan trng c kim tra, sit cht li nh: bu lng thanh truyn, bu lng np trc chnh, c np my...cc thng s lm vic ca h thng nhin liu, nh la cng c kim tra iu chnh ln cui. Trong phm vi khong 15002000km ln bnh u tin ca t sau khi xut xng, ch c php s dng ti a 75% cng sut my cc b mt ma st c iu kin lm vic an ton nht. l ch chy r trn (chy rt-a) ca t. Thc hin iu ny thng qua vic hn ch tc v ti trng ca xe. Mt s nh sa cha c bin php phng an ton nh iu chnh vt khng ch hnh trnh cp nhin liu ln nht ca thanh rng bm cao p hoc lp tm c thu hp hng np ca ng c xng my khng th pht huy c cng sut nh mc cho d ngi s dng c p ht cn ga, sau khi kt thc thi k r trn cc bin php ny s c loi b. 9.6.1.4 Cc ch tiu c trng a. Cng sut c ch Ne Cng sut c ch Ne ca ng c c pht ra t ui trc khuu t truyn nng lng ti cho my cng tc. Ne = Ni - Nm (kW) Ni-cng sut ch th (kW) Nm-cng sut tn hao c gii (kW) Ne = pe-p sut c ch trung bnh (MPa) Vh-th tch cng tc ca mt xi lanh (lt) i-s xi lanh n-s vng quay trong mt pht (vng pht) b. Mmen Me . Ne(W), n(vng/pht) c. Hiu sut v tnh kinh t ca ng c - Hiu sut c ch [U+F068]e
Gnl-nhin liu cp cho ng c trong 1 giy (kg/g). Qtk-nhit tr thp ca 1kg nhin liu (j/kg)
117 - Sut tiu hao nhin liu ge(g/kW.h)
9.6.2 TH XE
Sau khi lp rp xe hon chnh ngi ta tin hnh th xe. Mc nh th xe l: - Kim tra ton b v cht lng lp rp cc cm, cc h thng. - Kim tra s lm vic bnh thng ca cc cm, cc h thng. - Kim tra kn kht, thao tc nh nhng. 9.6.2.1 Th xe trong nh
Figure 9.3
Trng phanhHnh 7.1 S th xe trong nh Trc xe c th c qut to sc cn gi ging nh ang chy trn ng. S mt bng th xe
Figure 9.4
Hnh 7.2. S mt bng kim tra xe I-v tr kim tra tng th. II-v tr kim tra ng c v h thng in. III-v tr th phanh. IV-cn bng xe, trang b li cc khu. 1-bn ngui. 2-bn iu khin thit b o lc. 3-thit b ty ra h thng bi trn v cc te. 4-thit b ty ra h thng lm mt. 5-thit b kim tra in. 6-thit b kim tra n pha. 7-bn iu khin thit b kim tra phanh. 8-thit b kim tra cn bng xe. 9-dng c kim tra cn bng xe. 10-cn lc k. 11-bn iu khin thit b kim tra tng hp bnh xe (va kim tra va trang b li v cn bng bnh xe). 9.6.2.2 Th xe ngoi ng - Cht ti 75% - Vn tc 30km/h (ng bng) Kim tra trc khi i ra ng - Tnh trng ng c: d khi ng, ting n trn u, s vng quay nh, v ga d bc my, gim ga t ngt khng cht my, nghe ting g, va p, cc mi ghp, kim tra cc thng s, nhit du, nhit nc, s vng quay ca ng c. - Kim tra s lm vic bnh thng ca cc h thng: n, ci. - Tnh trng cc cm truyn lc, khp ni: cho xe i chm, thay i s nghe ngng v pht hin cc ting g, kt, h hng...
118
- Tnh trng h thng li: khng r, nh nhng, u xe phi quay ti gc gii hn. - Tnh trng h thng phanh: c p sut, khng r r. - Cc thao tc khc: ng m ca bnh thng Kim tra khi chy trn ng Cho xe chy tc khong 1520km/h. Thay i s, kim tra s tng tc , chy chm, th phanh. Yu cu khi th phanh: - Hoa lp: + Bnh trc in hoa lp. + Bnh sau lt trn ng. + Hai bn ging nhau. - Qung ng phanh: Loi xe Xe du lch khng ti Xe ti di 9 tn- Khng ti- y ti Xe ti trn 9 tn- Khng ti- y ti Xe khch khng ti Qung ng phanh (m) 7,2 1012.5 1113 11,5
Table 9.19
Gia tc phanh cho php (m/s2) 5,8 4,83,8 4,23,5 4,0
Chng 10
L thuyt chung v chn on

Ni dung
10.1 KHI NIM CHN ON TRNG THI K THUT

10.1.1 nh ngha:
L cng tc k thut nhm xc nh trng thi k thut ca cm my d bo tui th lm vic tip tc m khng phi tho my.
10.1.2 Cc loi thng s dng trong chn on:

Mt tng thnh bao gm nhiu cm chi tit v mt cm bao gm nhiu chi tit to thnh. Cht lng lm vic ca tng thnh s do cht lng ca cc cm, cc chi tit quyt nh. Cc thng s kt cu l tp hp cc thng s k thut th hin c im kt cu ca cm chi tit hay chi tit. Cht lng cc cm, cc chi tit do cc thng s kt cu quyt nh: Hnh dng, kch thc. V tr tng quan. bng b mt. Cht lng lp ghp. Trng thi tt hay xu ca cm chi tit th hin bng cc c trng cho tnh trng hot ng ca n, cc c trng ny c gi l thng s ra v c xc nh bng vic kim tra o c. V d: cng sut, thnh phn kh thi, nhit nc, du, p sut du bi trn, lng mt kim loi trong du bi trn, ting n, ting g, rung ng, tnh trng lp, qung ng phanh... Mi mt cm my u c nhng thng s ra gii hn l nhng gi tr m khi nu tip tc vn hnh s khng m bo tnh kinh t k thut hoc khng cho php. Khi i chiu kt qu kim tra vi cc gi tr gii hn, cho php xc nh, d bo c tnh trng ca cm my. Cc thng s ra gii hn do nh ch to qui nh hoc xc nh bng thng k kinh nghim trn loi cm my . Ch cn mt thng s ra t gi tr gii hn bt buc phi ngng my xc nh nguyn nhn v tm cch khc phc. Cc iu kin mt thng s ra c dng lm thng s chn on C ba iu kin: iu kin ng tnh: Thng s ra c dng lm thng s chn on khi n tng ng (t l thun) vi mt thng s kt cu no . V d: hm lng mt kim loi trong du bi trn t l thun vi hao mn cc chi tit ca cm my nn tho mn iu kin ng tnh.
1 This
119
120
CHNG 10. L THUYT CHUNG V CHN ON
iu kin m rng vng bin i: Thng s ra c dng lm thng s chn on khi s thay i ca n ln hn nhiu so vi s thay i ca thng s kt cu m n i din. V d: - Hm lng mt kim loi s thay i nhiu, trong khi hao mn thay i t nn n c dng lm thng s chn on hao mn. - Cng sut ng c Ne thay i t khi c hao mn nn khng c dng lm thng s chn on hao mn. iu kin d o v thun tin o c. Mt thng s c dng lm thng s chn on khi n phi ng thi tho mn ba iu kin trn. L THUYT C BN V CHN ON Khi nim tin cy Khi nim v tin cy rt phc tp, v n ph thuc rt nhiu vo tham s ngu nhin, ch c th p dng l thuyt xc sut mi c th phn tch mi tng quan ca chng nh hng ca chng n tin cy trong s dng.
Khi nim c bn ca l thuyt tin cy l khi nim s c, thi im pht sinh s c l bin c ngu nhin. Cc s c ny pht sinh ng vi nhng xe a vo s dng vi cng iu kin sau nhng qung ng hot ng khc nhau v c xc nh bng phn tn. S c c chia thnh s c tc thi (t xut) hoc s c tim tin (din bin t t theo thi gian s dng). i vi t, trong cc cm my, tng thnh th h hng v s c din ra mt cch t t do qu trnh thay i ca cc thng s kt cu.
Hnh 8.1 th trnh by khi nim s c
Table 10.1
V d xt mt thng s kt cu S no , (hnh 8.1) ty theo iu kin s dng thng s ny s thay i theo cc ng cong khc nhau (ng gch gch), gi tr trung bnh ca s thay i biu din bng ng nt lin. Nu tm thng s kt cu S sau mt qung ng l th tr s s nm trong vng S - S v s phn b tun theo qui lut Gauss (ng 1). Ta gi gi tr gii hn ca thng s kt cu l Sn th hnh trnh pht sinh s c s l l - l, s phn b cng theo qui lut Gauss (ng 2). Hnh trnh khng pht sinh s c s l l vi khuch tn l (-[U+F044]l1,+[U+F044]l2). c im c bn ca bn xe t t khi s dng n khi bt u xut hin s c u tin l xc sut ca s lm vic tt trong qung hnh trnh cng tc hoc trong iu kin vn hnh c th no , c ngha l bn c xc nh nh xc sut trong hnh trnh khng h pht sinh ra mt h hng, mt s c no c tr s ln hn tr s cho trc no . Xc sut ca hnh trnh hot ng tt ca phng tin cho ti khi pht sinh s c u tin c biu th bng biu thc: p (l) = p (L > l) l- l hnh trnh hot ng ca phng tin. Hnh trnh khng pht sinh s c ngu nhin L l hnh trnh hot ng cho ti khi c biu hin h hng. V d vi mt tng thnh no vi mt hnh trnh xc nh khi p(l)=0,8 c ngha l ch c 80% tng thnh gi c khng h hng trong khong hnh trnh . Xc sut p(l) c gi l hm tin cy v c cc tnh cht sau: 0[U+F0A3]p(l)[U+F0A3] 1 sau mt thi gian s dng do thng s kt cu thay i, bn gim i. p(l=0) = 1, khi bt u s dng phng tin cn tt. p(l) = 0, khi s dng qu lu (l tin ti [U+F0A5]), tng thnh h hng hon ton, ht tin cy.
121 p(l) l hm gim u theo thi gian s dng hay qung ng (tr trng hp xy ra tai nn hoc khi khng chp hnh ng cc qui nh bo dng k thut). hm tin cy c th c th biu din bng cng thc ton hc nh sau: P
i p (l) = 1 i=1 (8.1) No N0 - l s lng t, tng thnh hot ng khng xy ra s c trong gii hn hnh trnh qui nh. [U+F044]ni - s tng thnh b h hng trong khong hnh trnh [U+F044]li. l - hnh trnh lm vic khng c xy ra s c. i - s th t qung kho st. i vi cc cm tng thnh ca t cn tip tc c s dng sau khi c sa cha ht cc h hng th tin cy ca n c nh gi bng khong hnh trnh hot ng gia hai ln pht sinh s c, khi xc nh ngi ta thng ly tr s hnh trnh trung bnh gia hai ln s c Lcp theo s liu thng k ca tng loi xe. Cn khng nh rng tng cm, tng thnh ring bit th c tin cy khc nhau. Hnh trnh trung bnh gia hai ln s c c th tnh ton theo cng thc sau: i=N 1 L Lcp = N i=1 ni (8.2) N- Tng s i tng c kho st. [U+F044]ni - S lng cc h hng ca i tng th i pht sinh ra trong hnh trnh L. i=li
10.1.3 L thuyt c bn v chn on

Chn on l mt qu trnh lgc nhn v phn tch cc tin truyn n ngi tin hnh chn on t cc thit b s dng chn on tm ra cc h hng ca i tng (xe, tng thnh my, hp s, gm v.v. . .). Trng thi k thut ca t, ca tng thnh cng nh triu chng h hng ca chng kh phc tp, trong khi lng thng tin li khng y lm. V vy vic chn cc tham s chn on (triu chng chn on) c trng cho trng thi k thut ca i tng phi c tin hnh trn c s s lng tin tc nhn c i vi tng triu chng c th. Trong chn on thng s dng l thuyt thng tin x l kt qu. Trong qu trnh s dng, trng thi k thut ca xe t thay i dn kh bit trc c. Tin hnh chn on xc nh trng thi k thut ca t da trn c s s liu thng k xc sut ca cc trng thi k thut . Th d, trng thi k thut ca bng n pha t c th hai trng thi: tt (sng), khng tt (khng sng). Ta gi thit rng, xc sut ca trng thi k thut tt l rt ln - 0,9, cn xc sut ca h hng - 0,1. Bng n nh mt h thng vt l c rt t bt nh - hu nh lc no cng u thy bng n trng thi k thut tt. Mt th d khc, b ch ha kh do c th c nhiu h hng nh mc tc cc gicl, mn cc c cu truyn ng, cc h hng khc v.v. . . nn c th ri vo nhiu trng thi k thut khc nhau. bt nh ca mt h vt l ( di dng i tng chn on l t, tng thnh, cm v.v. . .) trong l thuyt thng tin c th hin bng entrpi. i=m Entrpi (X ) = i=1 pi log2 pi ,(8.3) trong : m - s trng thi k thut ca i tng X; pi - xc sut ca i tng X ng vi trng thi i. Trong l thuyt thng tin entrpi o bng n v nh nguyn v s dng lgart c s 2. n v o entrpi l bt. Bt l entrpi mt lit s nh nguyn nu nh n c ng xc sut c th bng 0 hoc bng 1, ngha l: 1 1bt = log2 p = log2 01 ,5 = 1 i
Figure 10.1
122
Ngy nay ta cha th cung cp mt cch y tr s xc sut ca cc trng thi k thut khc nhau ca tt c cc tng thnh my. V vy n gin bi ton trc tin l cho ng xc sut tt c cc trng thi k thut ca i tng chn on. Khi cng thc (8.3) c dng nh sau: (X ) = log2 m Trong trng hp ny entrpi l ln nht. Th d i vi mt i tng no c 4 trng thi k thut (m = 4) th entrpi bng 2 bt. Nu nh xc sut ca 4 trng thi k thut c tr s khc nhau, th d 0,5; 0,3; 0,1; 0,1 th entrpi ca n lun lun bng 1,68 bt. bng 8.1 l tr s entrpi ca i tng c cc trng thi k thut khc nhau. Bng 8.1 S trng thi k thut m Entrpi [U+F027](X), bt 2 1 3 1,585 4 2,0 5 2,322 6 2,585 7 2,807 8 3,0 9 3,17
Table 10.2
Nh vy l nh chn on ta bit c mt phn no trng thi k thut, do bt nh (v trng thi k thut ca t) s gim i. Nh vy cng hiu bit nhiu, nm chc trng thi k thut ca phng tin ang s dng th entrpi cng gim i. Khi trng thi k thut ca i tng hon ton xc nh th entrpi ca n s c tr s bng 0. Do trong trng hp ny s lng tin tc v i tng X bng entrpi ca n. Ux = (X ) = log2 m. Nu mt i tng no (my, hp s v.v. . .) c trng thi k thut c th cng xy ra mt lc v xc sut ca trng thi ny bng xc sut ca trng thi khc (cc trng thi k thut c ng xc sut) th phn tin tc Uxi xut pht t mt ngun no cng bng: Uxi = log2 pi = log2 m, 1 trong : pi - xc sut tnh trng th i ca i tng X trong trng hp ny pi = m (v cc trng thi k thut c cng mt tr s xc sut). Phn tin tc s tng ln ty theo gim ca tr s xc sut ca trng thi k thut ca i tng. Gia entrpi ca i tng v hm tin cy ca i tng c mt quan h xc nh. Th d, ta kho st mt cm n gin sau: Trong bt k thi im no ph hp vi hnh trnh ca t L hm tin cy p(l) c biu th bng xc sut ca trng thi tt ca cm my. Gi thit rng p(l) = 0,85 th xc sut v trng thi khng tt ca cm my s bng 1 - p(l) = 0,15. Nh vy i vi hai trng thi k thut ca cm my c th xy ra ta c th xc nh c entrpi ca cm theo cng thc (8.3). Ta ly p1 = p(l): ng vi trng thi k thut tt; p2 = 1 - p(l): ng vi trng thi k thut xu. V trong trng hp ny m = 2 nn entrpi ca cm bng (X ) = p (l) log2 p (l) [1 p (l)] log2 [1 p (l)] (8.4) cng thc (8.5) l mi quan h gia hm tin cy ca cm my khi c m =2 vi entrpi ca cm ny. Quan h gia entrpi vi tin cy gii thiu hnh 8.2.
Figure 10.2
Hnh 8.2. Quan h gia entrpi ca cm (X) vi hm tin cy Nu trong mt tng thnh c n cm, mi cm c m = 2 th entrpi ca tng thnh ny l:
123 [U+E09E]X [U+E09F] = i=1 log2 [pi [U+E09E]l[U+E09F]] i [1 pi [U+E09E]l[U+E09F]] Nh vy ta c hai h thng lin quan: h thng trng thi k thut (H) - khng tt v h thng triu chng ca trng thi k thut (C). Trong qu trnh tin hnh chn on ta cn c vo cc triu chng C, ngha l da trn h thng trng thi C. Nhng tin tc m ta nhn c lc s lm gim entrpi ca h thng H. Ta k hiu nhng tin tc nhn c do kt qu quan st trn h thng C, bng ch U vi ch s C [U+F0AE] H. Nh vy ln ca tin tc l: UC H = [U+E09E]H [U+E09F] [U+E09E]H/C [U+E09F], trong : [U+F027](H/C) - tng entrpi ca h thng H tng ng vi h thng C. ln no c trng ln bt nh ca h thng H trong khi h thng C hon ton xc nh. Sau khi c kt qu chn on th tr s entrpi cn li bng [U+F027](H/C). Nhng gi tr thc cht ca cng vic chn on nm phn tin tc (triu chng Ci) chng t h thng H nm trong mt trng thi k thut c th - ngha l c nhng h hng Hj . Phn tin tc c k hiu bng UCi[U+F0AE]H v c tnh bng cng thc sau y: P [U+E09E]Hj Ci [U+E09F] m ,(8.6) UCi H = j =1 P [U+E09E]Hj Ci [U+E09F]log2 P [U+E09E]H j [U+E09F] tnh ton trc tip phn tin tc nhn c t h thng Ci d dng, ta thay tr s xc sut c iu kin P(Hj/Ci) bng tr s xc sut khng c iu kin P[H[U+F0B8]Hj)(C[U+F0B8]Ci)] v k hiu bng Pij th cng thc (8.6) c dng: Pij Pij m UCi H = j =1 P [U+E09E]C log2 P [U+E09E]Ci [U+E09F]P [U+E09E]Hj [U+E09F] ;(8.7) i [U+E09F]
ij P [U+E09E]Hj /Ci [U+E09F] = P [U+E09E]C , i [U+E09F] trong : Pij - xc sut khng c iu kin. Nh vy h thng H s nm trong trng thi Hj, ngha l H [U+F07E] Hj, cn h thng C nm trong trng thi Ci, ngha l C [U+F07E] Ci; P(Hj) - xc sut ca h hng xut hin Hj hoc xc sut h thng H trong trng thi k thut Hj; P(Ci) - xc sut ca triu chng r rng Ci, ngha l xc sut ca h thng C trong trng thi Ci. Gi thit rng tt c cc h hng c cng xc sut cn cc triu chng c trng cho cc h hng c cng xc sut th nu mt cm c ba h hng (m = 3) xc sut ca mt trong ba h hng P(Hj) = 1/3. Nu cho mt h hng c th no c trng bi ba triu chng (nj = 3) th xc sut khng iu kin ca mt trong cc triu chng bng: P [U+E09E]Hj [U+E09F] 1 1 Pij = 1 9 v Pij 33 = 9 = nj
i=n
p [U+E09E]l[U+E09F]
1pi [U+E09E]l[U+E09F]
Nh vy l trong trng hp cc h hng c cng xc sut ta c th vit: m 1 1 ; P [U+E09E]Ci [U+E09F] = j =1 Pij = P [U+E09E]Hj [U+E09F] = m ; Pij = mn j Do cng thc (8.7) vit di dng sau: m 1 Pm UCi H = j n Pm m 1 log2 1 (8.8) n
j j =1 nj j j =1 nj
1 m
m 1 j =1 nj .
Gi thit rng h thng H c ba trng thi k thut H1, H2, H3 v cc h hng c c trng bng bn t hp triu chng khc nhau C1, C2, C3, C4. Ta thnh lp ma trn chn on C nh bng 8.2. Bng 8.2
Ci(triu chng)
Hj (trng thi k thut) H1 H2 H3

continued on next page
124 C1 C2 C3 C4 1 1 1 0
CHNG 10. L THUYT CHUNG V CHN ON 1 0 1 0

Table 10.3
0 1 1 1
T bng trn ta thy: trng thi k thut H1 c triu chng n1 = 3; trng thi k thut H2 c triu chng n2 = 2; trng thi k thut H3 c triu chng n3 = 3. Da trn c s ma trn chn on ta lp c ma trn xc sut v tin tc (bng 8.3). UCi[U+F0AE]H l tr s phn tin tc tnh theo cng thc (8.8) ng vi tng triu chng. Bng 8.3
Ci C1 C2 C3 C4 P(Hj)
Pij H1 1/9 1/9 1/9 0 1/3 H2 1/6 0 1/6 0 1/3 H3 0 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/3
Table 10.4
P(Ci) 5/18 4/18 7/18 2/18 1,0
UCi[U+F0AE]H 0,614 0,585 0,028 1,585
Kt qu thu c hon ton ph hp vi l thuyt thng tin l: tin tc nh nht nhn c t tr s xc sut ln nht. Nh ta thy (bng 8.3) gi tr thng tin ln nht c triu chng C4, tr s ny hon ton ph hp vi entrpi ca i tng v bng: [U+E09E]H [U+E09F] = log2 m = log2 3 = 1, 585bt Tr s thng tin nh nht ng vi triu chng C3. Thc t chng t rng vi triu chng c thng tin nh nh vy s khng cho ta tin tc xc nh mt h hng c th ca i tng. Khi lng thng tin ca triu chng C3 ch bng 1,77% so vi ton b thng tin UH bng 1,583 bt. Triu chng C1 v C2 c tr s thng tin gn bng nhau. Triu chng C3 l mt triu chng tng trng tng hp. N chng t rng trong b phn my ny c c ba h hng H1, H2, H3 cng xy ra mt lc. Nhng khi xut hin triu chng C3 th b phn my ny n lc phi thay mi.
10.2 CC PHNG PHP CHN ON CH YU

10.2.1 Cc phng php chn on n gin
Cc phng php chn on n gin c thc hin bi cc chuyn gia c nhiu kinh nghim, thng qua cc gic quan cm nhn ca con ngi hay thng qua cc dng c o n gin. 10.2.1.1 Thng qua cm nhn ca cc gic quan con ngi Cc thng tin thu c qua cm nhn ca con ngi thng di dng ngn ng ( dng m): tt, xu, nhiu, t, va, t c kh nng cho bng tr s c th. Cc kt lun cho ra khng c th nh: hng, khng hng; c, khng c. . .
125 a. Nghe m thanh trong vng con ngi cm nhn c Tin hnh nghe m thanh cn phi t c cc ni dung sau: V tr ni pht ra m thanh. Cng v c im ring bit m thanh. Tn s m thanh. phn bit cc trng thi k thut, yu cu phi nm chc m thanh chun khi i tng chn on cn trng thi tt. Cc yu t v: cng , tn s m thanh c cm nhn bi h thnh gic trc tip hay qua ng nghe chuyn dng. Cc sai lnh so vi m thanh chun thng qua kinh nghim ch quan ca chuyn gia l c s nh gi cht lng. Vi cc b phn n gin, c hnh th nh gn ca i tng chn on c th nhanh chng kt lun: ch h hng, mc h hng. Vi cc cm phc tp, hnh th a dng (chng hn nh cm ng c) c th chn on ng, phi tin hnh nhiu ln cc v tr khc nhau. b. Dng cm nhn mu sc i vi t c th dng cm nhn mu sc chn on tnh trng k thut ca ng c. Thng qua cm nhn mu sc kh x, bugi (ng c xng), mu sc du nhn bi trn ng c. c. Dng cm nhn mi Khi t hot ng cc mi c th cm nhn c l: mi chy t sn phm du nhn, nhin liu, vt liu ma st. Cc mi c trng d nhn bit l: Mi kht do du nhn r r b chy xung quanh ng c, do du bi trn b chy thot ra theo ng kh x, cc trng hp ny ni ln cht lng bao kn b suy gim, du nhn b lt vo bung chy. Mi nhin liu chy khng ht thi ra theo ng kh x hoc mi nhin liu thot ra theo cc thng p ca bung trc khuu. Mi ca chng mang theo mi c trng ca nhin liu nguyn thy. Khi lng mi tng c th nhn bit r rng th tnh trng k thut ca ng c b xu nghim trng. Mi kht t trng t vt liu ma st nh tm ma st ly hp, m phanh. Khi xut hin mi kht ny chng t ly hp b trt qu mc, m phanh b t nng ti trng thi nguy him. Mi kht c trng t vt liu cch in. Khi xut hin mi kht, tc l c hin tng b t chy qu mc ti cc im ni ca mch in, t cc tip im c vt liu cch in nh: tng in, cc cun dy in tr, cc ng dy. . . Mi kht c trng t vt liu bng cao su hay nha cch in. Nh tnh c trng ca mi kht c th phn on tnh trng h hng hin ti ca cc b phn t. d. Dng cm nhn nhit S thay i nhit cc vng khc nhau trn ng c l khc nhau. Kh nng trc tip s, nm cc vt c nhit cao l khng c th, hn na s cm nhn thay i nhit trong mt gii hn nh cng khng m bo chnh xc, do vy trn t t s dng phng php ny chn on. Trong mt s hn hu cc trng hp c th dng cm nhn v nhit nc lm mt hay du bi trn ng c. a s cm nhn nhit thc hin trn cc cm ca h thng truyn lc: cc hp s chnh, hp phn phi, cu xe, c cu li. . .Cc b phn ny cho php lm vic ti a ti (75 800C). Nhit cao hn gi tr ny to cm gic qu nng l do ma st bn trong qu ln (do thiu du hay h hng khc). e. Kim tra bng cm gic lc hay mmen Trong phn ny ch cp n vic xc nh trng thi ca i tng chn on thng qua cm nhn ca con ngi. iu ny thc hin bng vic phn bit nng nh ca dch chuyn cc c cu iu khin, cc b phn chuyn ng t do nh: Pht hin r dc ca hai bnh xe nm trn trc ca n, kh nng quay trn bnh xe trong khong r bnh xe trn h thng truyn lc. Kh nng di chuyn t do trong hnh trnh t do ca cc c cu iu khin nh: bn p phanh, bn p ly hp, cn s, vnh li. Pht hin r theo cc phng ca bnh xe dn hng khi nng bnh xe ln khi mt ng. chng ca cc ai cao su bn ngoi nh: dy ai bm nc, bm hi, bm ga my lnh, my pht in. . .
126
Pht hin r ca cc mi lin kt, c bit cc khp cu, khp tr trong h thng treo, h thng li. Trn hnh 8.3.a m t v tr kim tra r khp cu bng cch nm tay, lc nh v cm nhn r trong khp. Trn hnh 8.3.b m t v tr kim tra r vnh li bng cch nm tay, xoay nh v cm nhn gc xoay t do vnh li.
Figure 10.3
Hnh 8.3. Dng cm gic lc kim tra r 10.2.1.2 Xc nh thng s chn on qua dng c o n gin Trong cc iu kin s dng thng thng, xc nh gi tr ca thng s chn on c th dng cc loi dng c o n gin. a. i vi ng c a.1. Nghe ting g bng ng nghe v u d m thanh Khc phc mt phn cc nh hng ting n chung do ng c pht ra, c th dng ng nghe v u d m thanh. Cc dng c n gin, mc chnh xc ph thuc vo ngi kim tra. Mt s dng ca chng trnh by trn hnh 8.4.
127
Figure 10.4
Hnh 8.4. Mt s dng c nghe m thanh a.2. S dng ng h o p sut ng h o p sut kh nn: trng thi mi mn gii hn ca piston xi lanh sc mng p sut cui k nn pc gim khong (15 20%). S gim p sut pc cho php kt lun v tnh trng mi mn ca nhm chi tit rt quan trng trong ng c: piston xi lanh sc mng, cht lng bao kn ca khu vc bung chy. ng h o p sut chn khng trn ng np ng h o p sut chn khng trn ng np dng o chn khng trn ng np sau b ch ha kh hay ti bung cha chn khng trn ng c hin i. Cc loi t ngy nay c mt l chuyn dng c ht ca ng c, do vy vi ng c nhiu xi lanh thc cht l xc nh chn khng trn ng np ca ng c. Nh gi tr p sut chn khng o c c th nh gi cht lng bao kn ca bung chy. Cc ng h dng ny thng cho bng ch s milimet thy ngn hay inch thy ngn. Mc d thng s p sut ny khng c kh nng chuyn i trong tnh ton thnh cng sut ng c nh vic o pc, nhng thun li hn nhiu khi cn chn on tnh trng k thut ca bung t, n l phng php d dng khi chm sc v sa cha ng c t ti cc gara. Loi ng h o p sut chn khng thng c s dng c tr s ln nht l: 30 inch Hg (750mm Hg) ng h o p sut du bi trn Vic xc nh p sut du bi trn trn ng du chnh ca thn my cho php xc nh c tnh trng k thut ca bc thanh truyn, bc c trc khuu. Khi p sut du gim c kh nng khe h ca bc, c trc b mn qu ln, bm du mn hay tc mt phn ng du. p sut du bi trn trn ng du chnh thay i ph thuc vo s vng quay ng c, cht lng h thng bi trn: bm du, li lc trong y du, bu lc th, tinh. Khi kim tra c th dng ngay ng h ca bng iu khin. Nu ng h ca bng iu khin khng m bo chnh xc cn thit, th lp thm ng h o p sut trn thn my, ni c ng du chnh. ng h kim tra cn c gi tr ln nht n 800KPa, chnh xc ca ng ho o mc 10kPa. ng h o p sut nhin liu diesel ng h o p sut nhin liu diesel dng o p sut nhin liu thp p (t bm chuyn nhin liu n bm cao p). Loi ng h o p sut thp c gi tr o p sut ln nht n 400kPa v c lp sau bm chuyn. Loi ng h o p sut cao ca h thng nhin liu thuc loi chuyn dng. a.3. o s vng quay ng c a s cc trng hp vic xc nh s vng quay ng c cn thit b sung thng tin chn on cho trng thi o cc gi tr mmen, cng sut (mmen s vng quay xc nh, cng sut s vng quay xc nh).
128
Cc ng h o c th dng thng dng vi ch s v chnh xc ph hp: Vi ng c diesel ch s ti (5000 6000) vng/pht Vi ng c xng ch s ti (10000 12000) vng/pht Mt loi ng h o chuyn dng l ng h o s vng quay t tn hiu p sut cao ca nhin liu ng c diesel, hay bng cm ng in t cp trn ng dy cao p ra bugi. b. i vi h thng truyn lc b.1. S dng cc loi thc o o khong cch: o hnh trnh t do, hnh trnh lm vic ca bn p phanh. o qung ng tng tc, qung ng phanh. o gc: Dng kim tra r ca cc c cu quay: r ca trc cc ng, r ca bnh xe. Cc gc ny gi l cc gc quay t do. Gc quay t do biu th tng hp mn ca c cu trong qu trnh lm vic nh: bnh rng, trc, . . . ng thi nu ln cht lng ca cm nh cc ng, hp s, cu, h thng li. . . Cc thng s ny em so vi thng s chun (trng thi ban u, hay trng thi cho php) v suy din tm ra h hng, nh gi cht lng ca c cu hoc cm. b.2. o bng lc k Nhiu trng hp khi xc nh hnh trnh t do, cn thit phi cn lc k, chng hn trn t c ti trng ln cc gi tr gc quay t do trn bnh xe phi dng lc k xc nh chnh xc, trn h thng c cng ha, cm gic nng nh khi b cng ha lm vic khng nhng ch thng qua thng s hnh trnh m cn cn o lc tc dng trn c cu iu khin. c. i vi h thng in Cc thit b thng dng l: ng h o in (vn nng k) dng o cng dng in, in p trn mch (mt chiu, xoay chiu), in tr thun. . . ng h o cch in (mogommet). ng h o in p c qui (ampe k km). Cc loi dng ny ny thuc dng c dng ph bin ti cc trm, ga ra v c th s dng o bit kh nng thng mch, in p v cng trn cc bo mch chnh trong h thng, cun dy, linh kin in. Vi dng in hnh trnh by trn hnh 8.5.
Figure 10.5
Hnh 8.5. Mt s dng c o in thng dng
129 Trong nhng iu kin kh khn v trang thit b o c, cng tc chn on c th tin hnh theo phng php i chng. Trong phng php ny cn c mu chun, khi cn xc nh cht lng ca i tng chn on, chng ta em cc gi tr xc nh c so vi mu chun v nh gi. Mu chun cn xc nh l mu cng chun loi, c trng thi k thut ngng ban u, hay ngng gii hn s dng ca i tng chn on. Cng vic ny c tin hnh nh khi nh gi cht lng du nhn bi trn, nh gi cng sut ng c theo th nghim leo dc. . .
10.2.2 T chn on
10.2.2.1 Khi nim v t chn on T chn on l mt cng ngh tin tin trong lnh vc ch to v sn xut t. Khi cc h thng v c cu ca t hot ng c s tham gia ca cc my tnh chuyn dng (ECU) th kh nng t chn on c m ra mt cch thun li. Ngi v t c th giao tip vi cc thng tin chn on (s lng thng tin ny ty thuc vo kh nng ca my tnh chuyn dng) qua cc h thng thng bo, do vy cc s c hay triu chng h hng c thng bo kp thi, khng cn ch n nh k chn on. Nh vy, mc ch chnh ca t chn on l m bo ngn nga tch cc cc s c xy ra. Trn t hin nay c th gp cc cc h thng t chn on: h thng nh la, h thng nhin liu, ng c, hp s t ng, h thng phanh, h thng treo, h thng iu ha nhit ,. . . 10.2.2.2 Nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on Nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on da trn c s cc h thng t ng iu chnh. Trn cc h thng t ng iu chnh c cc thnh phn c bn: cm bin o tn hiu, b iu khin trung tm (ECU), c cu chp hnh. Cc b phn ny lm vic theo nguyn tc iu khin mch kn (lin tc). Yu cu c bn ca thit b t chn on bao gm: cm bin o cc gi tr thng s chn on tc thi, b x l v lu tr thng tin, tn hiu thng bo. Nh vy, ghp ni hai s tng qut l: cm bin o c dng chung, b x l v lu tr thng tin ghp lin vi ECU. Tn hiu thng bo c t ring. Hai s ca h thng t ng iu chnh c t chn on c m t trn hnh Do nhng hn ch v gi thnh, khng gian trn t do vy cc b phn t chn on khng phi l h thng hon thin so vi thit b chn on chuyn dng, song s c mt ca n l mt yu t tch cc trong s dng. u vit c bn ca h thng t chn on trn t l: Nh vic s dng cc tn hiu t cc cm bin ca h thng t ng iu chnh trn xe, cc thng tin thng xuyn c cp nht v x l, bi vy chng d dng pht hin ngay cc s c v thng bo kp thi, ngay c khi xe ang hot ng. - Vic s dng kt hp cc b phn nh trn to kh nng hot ng ca h thng chn on rng hn thit b chn on c lp, n c kh nng bo h hng, hy b chc nng hot ng ca h thng trong xe, thm ch hy b kh nng lm vic ca t, nhm hn ch ti a h hng tip sau, m bo an ton chuyn ng. Nhng mt khc thit b cng khng cng knh, m bo tnh kinh t cao trong khai thc
130
a. H thng iu chnh t ng
b. H thng iu chnh t ng c t chn on
Hnh 8.6. S nguyn l hnh thnh h thng t chn on

Table 10.5
T chn on l mt bin php phng nga tch cc m khng cn ch ti nh k chn on. Ngn chn kp thi cc h hng, s c hoc kh nng c th mt an ton chuyn ng n ti a. Hn ch c bn hin nay l gi thnh cn cao, cho nn s lng cc t nh trn cha nhiu, mt khc h thng t chn on khng s dng vi mc ch nh gi k thut tng th. 10.2.2.3 Mt s s nguyn l h thng t ng iu khin c t chn on Vic s dng nhiu h thng t ng iu khin trn t to nn nhiu kh khn trong chn on v c th lm gim tin cy ca h thng. Nhng thi quen v kinh nghim khng th ph hp vic s dng thit b chn on chuyn dng hay tng hp cng khng m bo chnh xc v tnh thch ng khng cao, v vy h thng c t chn on ngy cng m rng. Ty thuc vo mc s dng cc b phn t iu chnh m c cc thng tin t chn on khc nhau. Cc h thng t ng iu khin thng t hp kt cu v cng dng chung nhiu cm bin (CB), khi ECU c nhiu mnh ghp to nn nhng hp iu khin in t phc tp. Phn tch cc cm t hp ny c th thy c cc s nguyn l ca h thng t ng iu khin c t chn on nh phn di y: a. S in hnh ca h thng iu khin t ng chuyn s (EAT) EAT c hnh thnh trn c s ca b bin m men thy lc (BMM), hp s hnh tinh, h thng iu khin thy lc in t. Trong trng hp ny h thng t chn on c hiu qu r nt v chnh xc ca thng tin. Ngoi cc thng tin bo s c trn mn hnh cn c cc thng s chuyn i ci sn ti ch ang hot ng, nh cc phn mm chuyn i. S in hnh ca h thng iu khin t ng chuyn s (EAT) m t trn hnh 8.7.
131
Figure 10.6
Hnh 8.7. S khi h thng in ca EAT b. S in hnh ca h thng in iu khin ABS S in hnh ca h thng in iu khin ABS m t trn hnh 8.8. Cc b iu khin ABS thng c tin cy cao, do vy cm bin bnh xe c th cn c thm cun dy d phng. Khi cm bin b h hng, n bo trn tp l sng, sau t tt, hay gim sng nhm thng bo cho ngi s dng bit s c xy ra v h thng chuyn sang ch lm vic d phng, mun tm hiu k hn cn thit phi xc nh qua m nh sng bo li.
132
Figure 10.7
Hnh 8.8. S khi ca h thng in 10.2.2.4 Cc hnh thc giao tip ngi - xe a. Bng tn hiu n, m thanh (chung hay ci) Dng n gin nht trong giao tip l s dng n, tn hiu m thanh, hoc c hai. Thng thng cc b phn bo hiu ti v tr d thy, d nghe nh trn bng tp l, mu n c mu l bo nguy him, cn mu xanh, vng l bo an ton. Khi cc gi tr o t cm bin cn nm trong ngng s dng th n bo an ton (khng sng). Khi tn hiu vt ngng n bo sng (nguy him). Dng bo hiu bng m thanh xut hin ch khi c s c, m thanh vng nghe thy c tn s cao lin tc hay t qung. Cch giao tip nh trn ch thng bo dng tt, xu, m khng cho bit dng s c, cm c s c. b. Bo m bng bng giy c l Tng t nh vic bo m bng n nhy, trn mt s xe dng bng giy c l. Khi c s c, my t ng y ra mt bng giy c l bo s c. c m s c theo ti liu s dng km theo t. c. Bo bng m nh sng T thp k 90 li y, cc thng s bo dng m nh sng c dng ph bin hn. Cc dng bo ny c gi l m chn on v c to nn trn c s ngn ng ASSEMBLY. Nhp n sng tng ng nh hot ng ca mch c hai ngng ON, OFF v lm vic ko di 0,15 giy mt nhp, lin tc hay t qung ty theo m li cn thng bo. n thng bo thng dng loi n LED mu xanh chi hay mu d thy, t ngay trn ECU, hay bng tp l. Mt vi v d v m chn on trnh by trn hnh 8.9
133
Figure 10.8
Hnh 8.9. Cc v d v m chn on Thng thng cc thng tin giao tip dng ny ch xut hin khi thc hin ng mch bo chn on. Trong trng thi khi ng xe (cha kha in v tr ON), cc h thng cn thit c kim tra (n bo trn tp l sng), sau n bo tt, ton b h thng sn sng lm vic, nu cn n no sng, chng t phn h thng c s c cn tin hnh kim tra su hn. Trn xe NISSAN vic tin hnh bo m chn on su hn ch thc hin c khi ng mch kim tra (n CHECK bo sng). Sau khi sa cha s c cn tin hnh xa m trong b nh ca ECU. Bng cch bo m nh trn s lng thng tin tng ln ng k (c th ti vi chc m khc nhau). Vic c m cn phi theo cc ti liu chuyn mn ca cc hng sn xut xe. d. Giao tip nh mn hnh Giao din nh mn hnh l mt ng dng tin tin trong cng ngh chn on trn xe. Mn hnh thng dng tinh th lng mng, nh gn. Khi cn thit kim tra, mn hnh c ni vi h thng nh b u ni ch, cn li c bo qun chu o trong v bo v. C hai loi mn hnh vi cc phng php iu khin khc nhau: Loi thc hin iu khin bng phm n nh bn phm my tnh thng thng. Loi thc hin iu khin bng phm n, c cc phn t chn bng cm ng nhit trc tip trn mn hnh tinh th lng. C hai loi ny u cho cc MENU ty chn. Mi trnh t, th tc ra vo u c cc nh sn xut ci t sn, rt rt tin li cho ngi s dng khi cn bit v trng k thut ca chng. Nh mn hnh giao tip, cc s c nhanh chng c ch r v cng tc chn on khng cn kh khn v tn km nhiu cng sc.
134
Figure 10.9
Hnh 8.10. Mn hnh giao din v u ni ca NISSAN, VOLVO Trn hnh 8.10 l mt dng mn hnh giao din s dng cc tm phiu in t c th cho php xc nh cc thng s chn on cho mt h thng trn xe. Nh vy, trong mt thit b ngoi vi giao din ny cn c s lng phiu ty thuc vo s lng h thng c t chn on trn xe.
Chng 11
Chn on trng thi k thut ng c

1
Ni dung:
11.1 CHN ON NG C THEO CNG SUT C CH Ne

Ne l mt thng s dng chn on chung tnh trng k thut ng c.
11.1.1 Cc yu t nh hng n cng sut ng c

- Cht lng qu trnh np (u, ). Vic bo m cht lng np do h thng phi kh, h thng np quyt nh. - iu kin chy: Tc, pc ... do tnh trng nhm bao kn bung chy quyt nh. - Cht lng nhin liu: th hin qua tnh cht ca nhin liu kh nng bay hi, thnh phn chng ct, nhit bn la, tr s Ctan, c tan... - Cht lng lm vic ca h thng nh la (ng c xng): gc nh la, cht lng tia la, in p th cp U2. - Cht lng lm vic ca h thng nhin liu: lng nhin liu, gc phun sm, p sut phun, mc ti (ng c Diesel), m hn hp (ng c xng). - Cht lng lm vic ca h thng bi trn, h thng lm mt. Theo thng k trn ng c xng, t l h hng dn n gim cng sut ng c nh sau: Do h thng nh la43% Do h thng nhin liu18% Do nhm Piston - xilanh -xecmng13% Do c cu khuu trc- thanh truyn12% Do c cu phi kh7% Do h thng lm mt4% Do h thng bi trn1% Nh vy, Ne gim ch yu l do h thng nh la, h thng nhin liu, khi iu chnh sai gc nh la hay gc phun sm c th lm gim cng sut 20 - 30%. Nht l khi c hin tng b my. Cc hin tng ca ng c khi c Ne gim p sut cui k nn yu (pc gim), ng c qu nng.
1 This
135
136 Kh nng tng tc km. Kh thi mu xanh sm. My rung ng nhiu.
CHNG 11. CHN ON TRNG THI K THUT NG C
11.1.2 Cc phng php o cng sut ng c dng trong chn on

Phng php o khng phanh: y l phng php n gin v khng phi tho ng c ra khi xe. Ngi ta li dng tn tht c gii ca cc xi lanh khng lm vic lm ti cho xi lanh cn o. Khi o thanh rng v tr cc i (hoc bm ga m ht), nh cht cc xi lanh dng lm ti, ch li mt xi lanh lm vic o tc ca ng c, thi gian o ch khong 1 pht. Ln lt thay i cc xi lanh khc v ghi kt qu o s vng quay. Cng sut ng c s c xc nh theo cng thc: Ne = Nem(1- [U+F064]N) (ml), trong : Nem l cng sut nh mc ca ng c theo thit k (ml) [U+F064]N l chnh cng sut so vi nh mc (%). ntb ).k N = (n1Ne100 n1Ne l s vng quay ca ng c khi lm vic vi mt xi lanh khi tnh trng cn mi (theo ti liu k thut). ntb s vng quay trung bnh ca cc xi lanh khi lm vic ring r (o khi chn on). k: h s kinh nghim i vi ng c my ko: k = 0,055 i vi ng c t: k = 0,02 - 0,04 V d: vi ng c D50 c 4 xi lanh, cng sut nh mc 55 m lc, s vng quay nh mc khi lm vic vi mt xi lanh l 1370 v/ph. H s k = 0.055. n1 = 1090v/ph. n2 = 1210 v/ph. n3 = 1215 v/ph. n4 = 1105 v/ph. = 1150 v/ph )0.055 N = (13701150 =12.1% 100 Ne = 55(1- 0.121) = 48 m lc. o cng sut theo phng php gia tc: da trn nguyn tc s thay i tc gc ca ng c ph thuc vo cng sut ng c, khi cng sut ng c cng ln th gia tc gc cng ln. Thc cht ca dng c o l o thi gian tng tc t tc thp n tc nh mc khi tng tc t ngt, ch th s l cng sut ng c. o cng sut bng phanh th cng sut: y l phng php o chnh xc nht, nhng yu cu phi tho ng c ra khi t t ln phanh th. Gy ti cho phanh c th bng ma st (phanh c kh), lc cn ca nc (phanh thu lc) hoc lc in t (phanh in). Cng sut ng c c tnh theo cng thc: , Me cn bng vi m men cn Mc ca phanh. CHN ON NG C THEO THNH PHN KH THI c im phng php Thnh phn kh thi l mt thng s ra phn nh cht lng qu trnh chy ca ng c. Thnh phn kh thi l thng s chn on chung v n ph thuc nhiu yu t: m hn hp chy, cht lng ho trn nhin liu v khng kh, kh nng bay hi ca nhin liu xng, phun sng v ng u ca vi phun, trng thi nhit , p sut trong xi lanh, thi im phun hoc thi im nh la... i vi ng c Diesel, hn hp chy vi h s d lng khng kh lun ln hn 1. Trong khi , ng c xng th tu thuc ch lm vic m h s ny dao ng quanh gi tr 1. V vy, nng cc cht thnh phn trong kh thi hai loi ng c khc nhau, nhng c bn cc thnh phn c hi nh nhau bao gm: CO, CO2, H2O (hi), SO2, NOx, HC, b hng.
137 Phng php chn on S dng cc thit b phn tch kh phn tch cc thnh phn trong kh thi. Khi CO tng th do hn hp m. Xc lp v tr tay ga ng vi cc ch lm vic ca ng c. Khi my chy n nh v nhit ng qui nh th mi tin hnh o. Khi ch khng ti: HC tng v khng tn ti O2. Tng dn ti CO2 tng, O2 gim, HC, CO gim dn. Khi ton ti ch yu tn ti CO. ch tng tc v khi ng tn ti HC. ch ti trung bnh th cc thnh phn trn n nh. Nu khng bnh thng th cc thnh phn trn s dao ng rt ln. X l kt qu ch kinh t m tn ti HC v O2 th chng t c hin tng b my. Khi tng tc nu HC khng tng th chng t b phn tng tc trc trc. Khi chy ton ti m tn ti HC v O2 th chng t c my b b. Thit b phn tch kh x i vi ng c xng, s dng thit b AVL DiGas 4000 i vi ng c Diesel s dng thit b AVL DiSmoke 4000 CHN ON NG C THEO HM LNG MT KIM LOI TRONG DU BI TRN c im phng php Khi cc chi tit mi mn, hm lng mt kim loi trong du tng ln, xc nh hm lng ny nh gi mc mn ca cc chi tit. Mi chi tit c nhng thnh phn kim loi c trng. Do vy, khi o cc thnh phn ny s cho php bit c chi tit no mn nhiu. Trong ch to th chi tit mu c th cy thm cht ng v phng x vo o mc mn khi th nghim. Theo thng k xi lanh c trng bi: Fe, C, Ni. Trc khuu: Fe, Cr. Piston: Al, Si. Bc lt: Al, Sn (thic). Phng php chn on Mu du c ly nhiu ln, thng trong cc k bo dng cp hai. Ly mu du khong 100cc khi ng c ang lm vic hoc mi ngng lm vic, nu tho lc trc th kt qu chnh xc hn. Mu c ly sau tng khong thi gian lm vic qui nh. a mu ln my phn tch xc nh lng kim loi thnh phn. So snh kt qu phn tch vi mu du ca ng c chun (thng l th). Nu gia hai ln ly mu c thay du th phi cng thm kt qu ca ln trc.
138
11.1.3 X l kt qu Theo th hnh 9.1:

ng 1: Du bnh thng.ng 2: Du km phm cht.ng 3: C s c trc bc.ng 4: Lc b tc.
Hnh 9.1. th hm lng mt kim loi trong du nhn theo thi gian
Table 11.1
11.2 CHN ON NG C THEO TING N, MU KHI, MI KHI

11.2.1 Chn on theo ting n
Ting n trong ng c bao gm hai loi chnh: ting n c kh v ting n qu trnh chy. 1. Ting n c kh Do mi mn, khe h cc chi tit tng ln gy ra va p, chnh l nguyn nhn gy n. Mi vng chi tit c ting n c trng khc nhau v xut hin cc ch khc nhau. Qui trnh: Cho ng c chy khng ti, pht hin ting g bt thng theo cc vng. Cho ng c lm vic ch ton ti v 2/3 mc ti a ca s vng quay, pht hin ting g bt thng cho cc vng. Cc vng nghe ting g:
139
Figure 11.1
Hnh 9.2. Cc vng nghe ting g ng cVng 1: bao gm ting g ca xupp, con i, trc cam, m thanh pht ra nh, c bit r khi ng c ch khng ti. Nguyn nhn: Khe h ln gia ui xupp v cam hay con i. v trc cam c khe h ln. Mn bin dng cam. . . Vng 2: bao gm ting g ca sc mng, piston vi xi lanh, cht u nh, u nh v bc u nh thanh truyn, c bit r khi ng c lm vic ch thay i ti trng. V tr ting g tng ng vi v tr b tr trong xi lanh. Nguyn nhn: Khe h ln gia piston v sc mng, hay c th b gy sc mng. Khe h gia piston v xi lanh ln, c th do mn phn y dn hng piston. Mn nhiu xi lanh. Khe h gia cht u nh, u nh v bc u nh thanh truyn. . . Vng 3: bao gm ting g ca trc khuu vi bc u to, m thanh pht ra trm, c bit r khi ng c lm vic vi ch thay i ti trng. Nguyn nhn: H hng bc u to vi trc khuu: mn bc, chy bc do thiu du bi trn. B xoay nh v bc bin, mn, mo c trc. . .
140
Vng 4: bao gm ting g ca trc khuu vi bc c trc chnh, m thanh pht ra trm nng, nghe r mi ch dc theo chiu di trc khyu, c bit r khi ng c lm vic ch thay i ti trng, v c khi s vng quay ln. Nguyn nhn: H hng trong phn bc c trc khuu vi trc khuu: mn bc, chy bc do thiu du bi trn. B xoay nh v bc bin, mn, mo c trc. Mn cn dc trc khuu. Lng c bt bnh . . . Vng 5: bao gm ting g ca cc cp bnh rng dn ng trc cam, m thanh pht ra u, nghe r mi ch ti trng ng c. Nguyn nhn: Mn cc cp bnh rng cam. trc bnh rng hng. Cc loi ng c khc nhau s c cc vng nghe ting g khc nhau, v vy mun chn on ng phi nm vng kt cu cc loi ng c ngy nay b tr trn t, tm hiu cc quy lut ca s c v rn luyn kh nng phn bit ting g tt (kinh nghim). Xc nh ting n bng que thm hoc ng nghe. 11.2.1.1 2. Ting n qu trnh chy Nguyn nhn do dao ng m thanh ca dng kh tc cao khi thot ra ngoi kh quyn. i vi ng c xng khi gc nh la sm khng ng gy ra ting n khc nhau. nh la mun my nng, ting n m ng thi c th c ting n trong ng x. nh la sm qu nghe ting n rn anh, nu kch n nghe c ting rt rt chi tai nh ting kim loi mit trn nn cng. Cn ch phn bit hai loi ting n c th phn on chnh xc.
11.2.2 Chn on theo mu khi v mi khi

i vi ng c c th dng cm nhn mu sc chn on tnh trng k thut ca ng c. Thng qua cm nhn mu sc kh x, bugi (ng c xng), mu sc du nhn bi trn ng c. 11.2.2.1 Mu kh x a. Mu kh x ng c diesel: Mu nu nht: my lm vic tt, qu trnh chy trit . Mu nu sm chuyn en: my qu tha nhin liu. Mu xanh nht (lin tc hay khng lin tc) mt vi xi lanh khng lm vic. Mu trng: my thiu nhin liu hay nhin liu ln nc, r r nc vo bung t do cc nguyn nhn khc nhau. Mu xanh en: du nhn lt vo bung t do h hng sc mng, piston, xi lanh. b. Mu kh x ng c xng:
141 Khng mu hay xanh nht: ng c lm vic tt. Mu trng: ng c thiu nhin liu, hay tha khng kh do h ng np, bung t. Mu xanh en hay en: hao mn ln trong khu vc sc mng, piston, xi lanh, du nhn lt vo bung t. c. Mu kh x ng c xng hai k: Tng t ng c xng, ngoi ra cn lu n nguyn nhn pha trn du nhn vo nhin liu. Mu xanh en: t l trn du nhn ln qu quy nh. Mu trng nht: t l trn du nhn nh di quy nh. Vic xc nh cht lng ng c thng qua mu kh x c th nh gi cht lng ng c nht l h thng cung cp nhin liu v nh la. Khi nh gi chung tnh trng k thut cn tham kho cc thng s khc. 11.2.2.2 Mu chu bugi Chu bugi c mu gch non (hng): ng c lm vic tt. Chu bugi c mu trng: thiu nhin liu. Chu bugi c mu en: tha nhin liu. Chu bugi c mu en v t du: du nhn khng chy ht do mn sc mng-xi lanh, b kt sc mng, gy sc mng, hay hin tng lt du qua ng dn hng xu pp. Khi ti nh mc nu tt th kh thi khng mu hoc mu nht.
Kim tra my b b c th bng cch nh cht my hoc s c x khi mi khi ng. Ni tt bu gi nh cht my trng hp ng c xng, ch ni t mt vo u cao p, khng c ni ngc li. i vi ng c Diesel ni ng cao p ct du diesel. 11.2.2.3 Mu du nhn bi trn ng c Mu nguyn thy du nhn bi trn ng c khc nhau nh: trng trong, vng nht, xanh nht, nu nht. Sau qu trnh s dng mu ca du bi trn c xu hng bin thnh mu nu en. Vic xc nh cht lng ng c thng qua mu du nhn cn phi so snh theo cng lng km xe chy. Mu du nhn chuyn sang m nhanh hn khi cht lng ng c gim, do vy cn c mu du nguyn thy kim chng. Hiu qu nht l pht hin cc mt kim loi nh: st, nhm, ng ln trong du nhn to nn mu ring bit ca kim loi c trong du nhn. 11.2.2.4 Dng cm nhn mi Khi ng c hot ng cc mi c th cm nhn c l: mi chy t sn phm du nhn, nhin liu, vt liu ma st. Cc mi c trng d nhn bit l: Mi kht do du nhn r r b chy xung quanh ng c, do du bi trn b chy thot ra theo ng kh x, cc trng hp ny ni ln cht lng bao kn b suy gim, du nhn b lt vo bung chy. Mi nhin liu chy khng ht thi ra theo ng kh x hoc mi nhin liu thot ra theo cc thng p ca bung trc khuu. Mi ca chng mang theo mi c trng ca nhin liu nguyn thy. Khi lng mi tng c th nhn bit r rng th tnh trng k thut ca ng c b xu nghim trng. Mi kht c trng t vt liu cch in. Khi xut hin mi kht, tc l c hin tng b t chy qu mc ti cc im ni ca mch in, t cc tip im c vt liu cch in nh: tng in, cc cun dy in tr, cc ng dy. . . Mi kht c trng t vt liu bng cao su hay nha cch in. Nh tnh c trng ca mi kht c th phn on tnh trng h hng hin ti ca cc b phn ng c.
142
11.3 CHN ON NHM BAO KN BUNG CHY

11.3.1 Chn on theo lt kh xung cc te
11.3.1.1 c im ca phng php lt kh cc te ph thuc vo: - Mc kn kht ca nhm piston - xilanh - secmng. - Mc ti ca ng c, khi thay i ti lt kh thay i. - Ch tc ca ng c. - Nhit ng c. Mc lt kh cc te khi my mi n khi mn gii hn thay i t 10 - 12 ln. 11.3.1.2 M t dng c Thc cht l dng c o lu lng, nhng thang o ch th m ca ca thng. Khi o, iu chnh m ca 5 lun duy tr chnh p gia phn khoang u dng c v hng thng ng c l 15mm H2O. Xy dng bng chun bng lu lng k chun. th chun ca dng c th hin quan h m ca vi lu lng kh. c im phng php ny rt chnh xc, cc sai s ch to u c kh khi chun dng c. Sai s ca php o tu thuc vo sai s ca lu lng k chun. Hng AVL (Cng ho o) ch to thit b o lt kh cc te AVL442, s dng cc ng o lu lng kh lt qua tm tit lu vi cm bin p in, vi nhiu kch c khc nhau pht hin lng kh lt thp nht 0,2 lt/pht v ln nht ti 2400 lt/pht. Cc kt qu u c s ho. 11.3.1.3 Hnh 9.3 Dng c o lt kh cc te1,2,3-L o chnh p. 4-Np c nh. 5-Np di ng. 6-Ca tit lu. 7-Tm xoay. 8-ng kh vo. 9-L thot kh ph. 10-V dng c. 11-Vnh khc lu lng. 12-L xo. 13-ng kh ra. 14-Ca thot khPhng php o Khi ng ng c, cho vn hnh n nhit theo qui nh, mang ti cho ng c theo qui nh (nu khng t ti chp nhn sai s). Nu ng c dng phng n thng hi cacte h th phi nt l thng hi li. Cm u o vo hng du ca ng c. Mun kim tra xi lanh no nh cht my xi lanh , nu my tt lt kh cc te gim (trong khi khng thay i m ca).
11.3.2 Chn on ng c theo p sut pc

11.3.2.1 c im phng php Nhm bao kn bung chy gm: Piston, xilanh, secmng, giong m, np my, xupp. Khi nhm bao kn bung chy khng kn do mn hoc hng s lm p sut cui k nn gim. p sut pc ph thuc: - kn kht ca cc chi tit trong nhm bao kn bung chy. - T s nn. - Nhit ng c. - Tc ng c. c im phng php ny l khng cn mang ti cho ng c. o pc ch yu dng nh gi cht lng sa cha. Khi dng pc chn on th c th c sai s. 11.3.2.2 Phng php o pc trn ng c xng Dng p k cm tay o c thang o 10 - 15 at. Cho ng c n n nhit qui nh, tt my, tho ton b bu gi, qua l bu gi khong 20cc du bi trn. Cm u o p k vo l bu gi ca xi lanh cn o, cho my khi ng lm vic khong 10 - 12 vng, c kt qu p sut trn ng h o. Ngng khong 2 pht mi tin hnh o xi lanh khc.
143 Phng php o pc trn ng c Diesel Dng p k cm tay o c thang o 40 - 50 at.Cho ng c n n nhit qui nh, iu chnh s vng quay nh nht v n nh, tho vi phun ca xi lanh cn o v lp p k vo, o nhanh khi nng p k, c kt qu p sut trn ng h o. Hin nay c loi p k c bng giy t ghi cho php ghi li kt qu ca tng xi lanh so snh.
Hnh 9.4 p k cm taya-dng cho ng c xng. b-dng cho ng c Diesel1-van; 2-p k.

Table 11.2
Tr s pc ca mt s ng c trn bng sau: ng c Zil 130 Gaz 24 AMZ 236 Kamaz 740 n(v/ph) 50 - 180 180 - 200 500 500
Table 11.3
pctb 6 - 6,8 8 - 8,8 34
pc min 5,6 8 26 30
[U+F044]pc 0,7 - 1 1 2 2
11.3.3 Chn on theo mc lt kh qua nhm bao kn bung chy

11.3.3.1 c im phng php u im kim tra khi ng c tnh. Nguyn tc a dng kh nn c p sut n nh 1,6 t vo xi lanh nu c lt kh th p sut ch th trn ng h s gim. p k c khc vch theo % lt kh.
144 11.3.3.2 M t dng c
Figure 11.2
Hnh 9.5 Dng c o lt kh qua nhm bao kn bung chy1- Bu gim p. 2- ng dn khng kh. 3,5Vt iu chnh. 4- ng cp kh nn. 6- Van cp kh xi lanh. 7-u cm. 8-p k (% lt kh). 9-Gc l n p. 10-Vt chun p k. 11-Gc l n p cho p k 11.3.3.3 Phng php o N my n nhit qui nh. Tho vi phun, bu gi. vo xi lanh khong 20 cc du bi trn. Quay trc khuu vi vng. Ni u 7 vo trong l bu gi (vi phun) ca xi lanh cn o. c tr s lt kh trn ng h 8. 11.3.3.4 X l kt qu a. Phng php xc nh im cht Cn c theo th t lm vic ca ng c nhn con i hoc n gnh. V d: ng c 4 xi lanh th t lm vic 1-3-4-2. Xc nh xi lanh 1 th nhn xupp ca xi lanh 4. Xi lanh 2 th nhn xupp ca xi lanh 3. XL1 XL2 XL3 XL4 Ht Nn Thi N Nn N Ht Thi N Thi Nn Ht Thi Ht N Nn
Table 11.4
b. Kim tra nhm Piston, Xi lanh, Secmng

145 Khi xupp ng kn piston trong xi lanh c hai v tr: cui nn u k gin n (CT) v cui thi k gin n (CD). Gi Y1 tr s lt kh khi Piston CT Y2 tr s lt kh khi Piston CD. (xi lanh phn di t mn) Nh vy: Y1 nh gi mc kn kht nhm P, X,S. Y2 nh gi mc kn ca Piston,Secmng. Hiu s Y1 - Y2 nh gi tnh trng ca xilanh. Y1, Y2 cho php c qui nh theo ng knh xi lanh v loi ng c.
Tr s [Y1] [Y2] [Y1-Y2]
ng c xng >16 >8 12 28 14 20 50 23 30

Table 11.5
ng c Diesel 45 14 22 52 29 30
51<D[U+F0A3]7576<D[U+F0A3]100 101<D[U+F0A3]130 75<D[U+F0A3]100 101<D[U+F0A3]130
c. Kim tra kn xupp - : Ni van cp kh vo xi lanh v dng ng so hoc ci kim tra. VD: Khi piston xilanh 1 CT nu xupp np h s c lt kh xi lanh 3. Nu xupp thi h s c lt kh xi lanh 4. d. Kim tra kn kht ca m np my: m c th h theo ng nc, kim tra c si bt kt nc khng. m h ra xung quanh dng nc x phng kim tra. m h t xi lanh ny sang xilanh khc dng ci kim tra.
11.4 CHN ON H THNG BI TRN

11.4.1 Kim tra cht lng du bi trn
11.4.1.1 Cht lng du bi trn ph thuc Thi gian lm vic ca ng c. Du bi trn dng c ng loi khng. Kh nng lc sch ca lc. Tc hao mn cc b mt ma st. Cht lng nhin liu (hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu). 11.4.1.2 L do du gim cht lng Do lng tp cht c hc trong du (mt kim loi) Do sn phm chy sinh ra b ngng t (b hng). 11.4.1.3 Cch kim tra cht lng du Dng cc thit b phn tch du phn tch cc tnh cht ca du c cn m bo hay khng.
146
Phng php quan st: hm nng du n nhit 60oC, tm giy lc ln np my cn nng. Nh bn git du ln bn tm giy lc, 10 pht o cc tr s D, d1, d2. Ly gi tr trung bnh. D l ng knh ngoi ln nht ca vt, d1 ng knh trong ca vt, d2 ng knh ca ht. Xem hnh 9.6.K = D/d1 c trng cho s c mt ca cht ph gia. K<1,3 du cn dng c.K[U+F0B3]1,3 du khng cn cht ph gia, gim kh nng trung ho axit, khng dng c na.
Hnh 9.6 Mu du trn giy lc
Table 11.6
Nu vt ht du c mu en hay xm th xc nh thm h s K1 = d1/d2. (K1 c trng cho lng tp cht c hc). K1 [U+F0B3] 1,4 lng tp cht cn trong gii hn cho php. K1 < 1,4 lng tp cht ngoi gii hn cho php cn phi thay.
11.4.2 Kim tra bm du, lc du

Bm du dng ng h o lu lng kim tra trn bng. i vi lc ly tm, xc nh thi gian rto cn quay sau khi tt my khng nh hn 20 - 30s, hoc o tc ca rto. Lc thm kim tra thi gian thm nhin liu Diesel qua lc. Nhit ca du phi ng qui nh ca qui trnh th. V d vi ng c CMD14, thi gian ngm qua lc khng nh hn 45s, nhit du 20oC.
11.4.3 Kim tra p sut ng du chnh

ng c xng p sut du trn ng du chnh khng nh hn 2 - 4 kG/cm2 ng c Diesel p sut du trn ng du chnh khng nh hn 4 - 8 kG/cm2. p sut ny thng c theo di trn ng h bo p sut du lp trc ng du chnh. Cng c th mt s ng c lp n bo nguy khi p sut du bi trn gim n s sng. 11.4.3.1 p sut du gim do p k ch sai. Du b r r qua m. Nhit ng c qu cao. Du trong cacte thiu. nht du khng ng hoc b gim. Khe h trc qu ln. Bm du khng m bo lu lng. Li lc b tc, ng ht, ng y b tc. Bm b mn qu. Van an ton khng kn, l xo van yu, chnh sai. Bu lc du hng. Van an ton khng kn, l xo yu. ng du b tc, lc b tc. i vi lc ly tm khe h trc, bc qu ln. Cc mi ghp khng kn. Khi p sut du gim t t thng do hao mn, hay lc b tc. Khi p sut gim t ngt thng do c s c trn trc, bc. Hoc sau khi sa cha iu chnh l xo van an ton sai, khe h bc co qu ln, m
147 lp ghp b h khng kn. Khi p sut gim khng cho php iu chnh van an ton v khng gii quyt tn gc nguyn nhn. 11.4.3.2 p sut tng Do ng du b tc, hoc do lu ngy s dng du ng cn trn thnh ng du chnh.
11.5 CHN ON H THNG NHIN LIU NG C XNG

11.5.1 Nhim v v cu to chung
Nhim v: Chun b v cung cp hn hp hi xng v khng kh cho ng c, m bo v s lng v thnh phn ca kh hn hp lun ph hp vi ch ng ca ng c. Phn loi: H thng nhin liu dng b ch ho kh cung cp nhin liu t chy. H thng nhin liu dng b ch ho kh cung cp nhin liu cng bc. H thng nhin liu phun xng iu khin in t. Cu to chung ca h thng nhin liu dng b ch ha kh cng bc gm: thng cha, lc th, bm xng, lc tinh, b ch ho kh, lc khng kh, ng np. Cc triu chng ca ng c khi h hng h thng nhin liu. 11.5.1.1 ng c kh hoc khng khi ng c Nguyn nhn: - Thao tc khng ng: lc khi ng ng bm gi lu qu, gy sc xng. - Khng c ha kh vo xi lanh. - Thng cha ht xng. - Van khng kh np xng b kt. - Tc bnh lc xng. - C nc hoc cht bn trong cc lc lng. - Van kim trong bung phao b kt. - Bu lc khng kh b tc. 11.5.1.2 Tiu th nhiu xng: Nguyn nhn: - Mc xng trong bung phao qu cao do: van kim ng khng kn, mn khuyt hay kt bn, phao b thng. - Gc l chnh mn ln. - Van lm m ng khng kn. - Tc khng ti qu cao. - Lc khng kh b tc. 11.5.1.3 ng c mt cng sut tc cao, xe khng vt (gia tc km) Nguyn nhn: - Bm tng tc b mn, hng. - Mch xng chnh b nghn. - Van lm m khng m khi nhn ht chn ga. - Mc xng trong bung phao qu thp. - Li lc bu lc khng kh b tc. - ng ng np phn sau BCHK h.
148
11.5.1.4 Chy khng ti khng n nh Nguyn nhn: Hiu chnh cc vt xng, vt gi ca mch khng t yu cu hoc do mch xng khng ti b tc nghn.
11.5.2 Cc h hng
11.5.2.1 Bm xng
Figure 11.3
Hnh 9.7 Bm xng1-Cn bm, 2-Tay bm, 3-Trc bm, 4-m lm kn, 5-L xo, 6-Thn di, 7-Thn trn, 8-Van x, 9-li lc, 10-Np, 11-Van ht, 12-Mng bm, 14-l xo hi v, 15-Tm xoay, 17-Cam. - Mng bm chng, rch lm gim p sut y, gim lu lng Qbx. - L xo bm xng yu lm gim p sut y. - Van ht, van y khng kn lm gim Qbx v p. - Trc cn y bm xng b mn lm cho trc b t vo trn thn bm dn n gim hnh trnh ca bm. - Mt lp ghp np v thn bm b h. - Lt kh trn ng xng cp.
149 11.5.2.2 B ch ho kh - H hng gc l. - Cc mt lp ghp khng kn. - Mn trc bm ga v l trn thn b ch ho kh. - H hng bm tng tc. - Van lm m b iu chnh sai hoc kim van b mn. Lm cho cung cp hm hp m khng ng thi im cn thit (>80% m bm ga). - Mc xng trong bung phao khng ng.
Figure 11.4
Hnh 9.8 B ch ha kh K-126[U+F047]1-bm gi. 2-van an ton. 3-u phun sng ca bm tng tc. 4-van nn. 5-gc-l khng kh ca h thng chy khng ti. 6-hng khuch tn nh ca bung th nht. 7,23-gc-l khng kh ca h thng nh lng chnh. 8,16-ng nh tng. 9-ca kim tra bung phao. 10,17gc-l chnh. 11-bm ga ca bung th nht. 12-vt iu chnh cht lng hn hp. 13-gc-l nhin liu ca h thng chy khng ti. 14-bm ga ca bung th hai. 15-hng khuch tn ln ca bung th hai. 18-van tr v ca bm tng tc. 19-van ca c cu lm m. 20-thanh ko dn ng bm tng tc v c cu lm m. 21-thanh dn ng c cu lm m. 22-piston ca bm tng tc. 24-hng khuch tn nh ca bung th hai. 25-u phun sng ca c cu lm m. Thit b chn on: H thng dng du cho php kim tra bm xng, mc xng trong bung phao, lu lng bm tng tc.
150 11.5.2.3 Kim tra bm xng
Lp bm xng cn kim tra nh s , ng kho K1 m kho K2, kim tra p sut ht. ng kho K2, m kho K1 kim tra p sut y ca bm. Nu cc van ng kn th cc gi tr p sut khng thay i. Lp vo b B1 gc l kim tra lu lng ca bm, m kho K1 v K2, cho bm lm vic nu lu lng ng th trn p k 10 s ch gi tr theo qui nh ca qui trnh th, nu lu lng thp p sut s ch thp hn. 11.5.2.4 Kim tra mc xng trong bung phao M kho K1 v K2, m van K3 thng vi K4, m van K4 thng vi ng 12 v 14. ng kn kho K5. Cho bm lm vic, mc du trong ng 12 v 14 dng ln cho n khi khng nn c ct khng kh trn mt thong na th dng li. Xoay van K4 ni thng vi van V1 ni nhin liu vo BCHK, m kho K5, quan st mc nhin liu trn ng quan st ca BCHK hoc mt quan st. 11.5.2.5 Kim tra lu lng ca bm tng tc kim tra bm tng tc, tt bm dp tay ga 10 ln quan st mc nhin liu gim trn ng 14 bit lu lng cung cp sau 10 ln bm. H thng dng nc cho php kim tra gcl, kn van kim, h thng lm m v iu chnh nh la sm dng chn khng.
Figure 11.5
Hnh 9.9. H thng dng du th bm xng v CHK trn thit b MBKV-21-Thng nhin liu. 2-Cc lc. 3-ng ht. 4-Bm xng cn kim tra. 5- ng c in. 6- Trc cam. 7-C cu iu chnh hnh trnh cam. 8-ng y. 9-Bnh n p. 10 -p k 11.- Chn khng k. 12-ng khng kh. 13-ng thng. 14-ng khc vch. K1,K2 - kho hai ng. K3 -kho ba ng. B1- b lp gc l th lu lng bm. Kim tra gc l: B phn cung cp nc gm thng cha nc di, bm nc, h thng dn ng dng ng c in, thng cha nc trn c mng trn 11 m bo ct p ti gc l l 0,1 t. ng quan st 10 kim tra nc trn. Gc l kim tra c lp trn u g 15 theo chiu ng nh khi nhin liu chy qua. Cc 17 dung tch hng ht lng nc thng qua gc l trong 1 pht. C cu iu khin gm cn 13, tm chn 16 v ng h bm giy 14. Khi ko cn 13 tm chn s m ra cho nc chy qua l xung cc 17 ng thi vu t s khi ng ng h bm giy tnh thi gian, nh vy vic phi hp o lu lng v tnh thi gian c thc hin ng b. Kim tra kn van kim: Van kim c lp trn b B2, ui van quay ln trn dng trng lng van bt kn l thng. Cho bm nc lm vic, kho K7 m, ng dn kho K6, xut hin chn khng trong bnh 3, do bnh 3 thng vi K7 v ng 9 nn nc s c ht ngc ln ng 9 , cho nc dng ln n 1 v tr d quan st th ng nhanh kho K7 li duy tr ct nc. Nu van kim h th ct nc trong ng 9 s tt xung. Kim tra cc h thng dng chn khng: Ni cc b phn cn kim tra (nh b lm m chn khng) vi van V2. Cho bm nc lm vic, K7 ng cht v iu chnh K6 ng dn to chn khng trong bnh 3. Nu ti chn khng qui nh piston bm phi c rt ln.
151
Figure 11.6
Hnh 9.10 H thng kim tra b ch ho kh dng nc trn thit b MBKV21-Thng nhin liu. 2-Cc lc. 3-Bnh to chn khng. 4-Bm nc. 5- ng c in. 6- Trc cam. 7-Bnh n p. 8- Chn khng k. 9-ng thu tinh chia . 10-ng quan st nc trn.11-Mng trn. 12-Thng nc trn. 13- Tay iu khin. 14- ng h bm giy. 15-u g gc l kim tra. 16-Tm chn. 17-Cc o lu lng. V- van ly chn khng. K6,K7, K8 -kho . B2- b lp van kim kim tra
11.6 CHN ON H THNG NHIN LIU NG C DIESEL

11.6.1 Nhim v v cu to chung
Nhim v: - Cha nhin liu d tr, m bo cho ng c hot ng lin tc trong mt khong thi gian qui nh. - Lc sch nc v tp cht c hc ln trong nhin liu. - Cung cp lng nhin liu cn thit cho mi chu trnh ng vi ch lm vic qui nh ca ng c. - Cung cp nhin liu ng u vo cc xi lanh ng c theo trnh t lm vic qui nh ca ng c. - Cung cp nhin liu vo xi lanh ng c ng theo mt qui lut nh. - Phun ti v phn b u hi nhin liu trong th tch mi cht bung chy. Cu to chung: H thng nhin liu ng c Diesel bao gm thng cha, lc th nhin liu, bm chuyn nhin liu, lc tinh nhin liu, bm cao p, ng ng cao p, vi phun, ng du hi.
11.6.2 Cc triu chng ca ng c Diesel khi h hng h thng nhin liu

11.6.2.1 ng c khng khi ng c a. Khng c nhin liu vo xi lanh Khng c nhin liu trong thng cha. Kho nhin liu khng m, ng ng tc. Tay ga cha v tr cung cp nhin liu, hoc b kt. Lc du b tc. Trong ng ng c khng kh. Van ca bm chuyn ng khng kn. Van cao p ng khng kn, b kt. Piston b kt. L xo piston b gy. Cp piston xi lanh bm b mn nghim trng. Vnh rng b lng khng kp c ng xoay. Kim phun b kt hoc l phun tc. b. C nhin liu vo nhiu trong bung chy Vi phun b kt, mn mt cn ng khng kn. L xo vi phun yu, gy. c. C khng kh trong ng ng cao p d. R r nhin liu ng cao p
152
CHNG 11. CHN ON TRNG THI K THUT NG C e. Trong nhin liu c nc, hoc b bin cht f. iu chnh thi im phun khng ng
11.6.2.2 ng c khi n c khi en hoc xm Do nhin liu chy khng ht. Tha nhin liu: Lng nhin liu khng ng u trong cc nhnh bm, nhin liu phun mun qu, ng c b qu ti. Thiu khng kh: Sc cn ng thi ln, b tc ng thi, gy ra kh st nhiu. Sc cn ng ng ht ln do lc khng kh tc, khe h xupp ln lm xupp m khng ht. Cht lng phun ti: do vi phun, do nhiu liu sai loi hoc khng ng phm cht. 11.6.2.3 ng c khi n c khi xanh Do lt du bi trn vo bung chy. 11.6.2.4 ng c khi n c khi trng C th c xi lanh khng n. C nc trong nhin liu. 11.6.2.5 ng c khng pht huy c cng sut Cung cp nhin liu vo ng c khng : Lc, ng ng thp p tc, c khng kh lt vo ng thp p, bm chuyn b yu, van khng ch p sut trong bm cao p chnh thp qu, piston xi lanh bm cao p mn, khng ng u lng nhin liu gia cc nhnh bm, gc lch cung cp gia cc nhnh bm khng ng, iu chnh s vng quay lm vic ca iu tc thp hn qui nh, c r r nhin liu trn ng cao p, ng ng cao p b bp, thn kim phun mn nghim trng. Cht lng phun nhin liu khng ng yu cu: Khng m bo phun ti, phn b ht nhin liu khng ng trong khng gian bung chy. Thi im phun khng ng: Cp piston xilanh mn, t bm khng ng du, lp khng ng du cp bnh rng truyn ng. Chnh gc lch gia cc nhnh khng ng. Qui lut phun nhin liu sai: Cp piston xi lanh mn nhiu, chiu cao con i chnh sai, cam mn, l phun b tc, nng kim phun khng ng, dng sai loi vi phun. 11.6.2.6 ng c lm vic khng n nh C hin tng b my hoc n khng u: C xi lanh khng c cp nhin liu. C khng kh trong ng ng nhin liu. iu kin chy khng m bo. Hin tng my r lin hi: Piston bm cao p b kt, vt kp vnh rng b lng, l xo qu vng iu tc khng u. Tc my tng cao qu: c hn ch tc chnh sai, thanh rng b kt, mc du trong iu tc cao. C ting g: Do chnh sm gc phun sm.
11.6.3 Phn tch cc dng h hng ca bm cao p

11.6.3.1 Bm chuyn nhin liu: Mn xi lanh, piston: p sut y v lu lng bm khng , ng c lm vic khng n nh. Mn cam v con ln: Gy gim hnh trnh ca bm, ng c lm vic khng n nh. Gong khng kn: do hng, vnh r r, lt kh, tc ng c khng n nh, khng tng s vng quay c. L xo y piston yu: gim hnh trnh lm lu lng gim.
153 L xo van ht, y yu, van khng kn: Kh khi ng, tc ng c khng n nh, lu lng v ct p gim. Lt kh ng ht ca bm lm cho gim lu lng bm v c th gy ra bt kh ng y.
Figure 11.7
Hnh 9.11. Bm chuyn nhin liu1-Cam, 2-Con ln ca con i, 3-Piston ca con i, 4, 7, 9, 11-L xo, 5-Thanh, 6-van ht, 8-Rnh thot, 10-Piston ca bm, 12-Van nn, 13-Bm tay. 11.6.3.2 Bm cao p Mn xi lanh, piston bm: Lm gim lu lng Qct, my yu, khng tng tc c, khng pht huy c cng sut, tiu hao nhin liu tng.
154
Figure 11.8
Hnh 9.12 Bm cao p thng hng1-bm cung cp nhin liu. 2-trc cam ca bm cao p. 3-con i kiu trc ln. 4-khp t ng phun sm ca nhin liu. 5-qu vng ca khp. 6-l xo ca piston bm cao p. 7-thanh rng. 8-bnh rng r qut. 9-piston bm cao p. 10-xi lanh. 11-van y. 12-ng ni. 13-nt x khng kh. 14-bm tay. 15-b iu tc. Van cao p khng kn: L xo yu, mn, kt gy khi en do phun rt, my nng, ng mui trong bung chy. Con i, cam mn: Do mn, hiu chnh sai lm mun thi im phun, sai qui lut cung cp, khi en, my nng. bi trc cam mn lm sai lch gc phun sm, sai hnh trnh. C cu vnh rng b lng: Do vt kp b lng, ng c lm vic rung, i khi khng n c do khng thay i c lng nhin liu cung cp chu trnh.
Figure 11.9
Hnh 9.13 Mn xi lanh v piston bm cao pA-mn xi lanh v piston pha ca np. B-mn xi lanh v
155 piston pha ca x Thanh rng b kt: xy ra vi bm cao p vi phun lm cho khng thay i lng nhin liu cung cp, khi gim ti gy vt tc. L xo hi v piston yu, gy, kt c th lm thay i hnh trnh cp hoc khng cp nhin liu c. i vi b iu tc: l xo gy, yu, khp truyn ng b gy, lng, kt c th do thiu du lm b iu tc mt tc dng. i vi b iu chnh gc phun sm t ng: l xo gy, yu, cht quay b mn lm sai lch thi im iu chnh gc phun sm. Lp bm sai du c th lm cho ng c khng n c. Van n p ng du v nu chnh khng ng c th lm cho ng c lm vic khng n nh.
11.6.4 Phn tch cc dng h hng ca vi phun

Mn kim phun v kim: mn thn lng phun gim, ng c lm vic yu. Mn u cn gy phun rt, ng c c khi en, c th gy tc l phun, cng sut ng c gim, du diesel lt xung cc te.Tc l phun: do ng mui, lm cho qui lut phn b tia nhin liu khng ng, gy tiu hao nhin liu tng, my nng, cng sut gim, ng c lm vic khng n nh.L xo kim phun yu, gy do mi: gy khi en, my yu, my nng, ng mui.Kim b kt: do lu khng s dng, lc km, ng c khng n c.H gia vi phun v np my: do m ng khng n hi, ng c yu.
Hnh 9.14 Mn van cao p Hnh 9.15 Cu to vi phun1-u phun; 2-ai c ca u phun; 3,5cht nh v; 4-tm m; 6-cn nn kim phun; 7-thn; 8-vnh kht; 9-ng ni; 10-li lc;11-bc lt; 12-vng iu chnh; 13-l xo; 14-ng dn nhin liu;15-kim;16-bung hnh vnh khn.
Table 11.7
156
CHNG 11. CHN ON TRNG THI K THUT NG C Hnh 9.17 Thit b th vi phun
K -5621-thn thit b; 2-cn bm; 3-ng dn hng; 4-cp piston xilanh thy lc; 5-van tng p; 6-ai c thn bm; 7,13-tay vn; 8-thn ca u phn nhnh; 9-p lc k; 10-bnh cha nhin liu; 11-bu lc; 12-kha; 14-u ni; 15-vi phun; 16-ng hng; 17-khay ; 18-van x kh.
Table 11.8
157
Hnh 9.16 Mn thn kim phun v I. Mn phn cn kim A v cht BII. Mn phn cn kim A v l cht B
Table 11.9
11.6.5 Thit b kim tra vi phun

Kim tra p sut phun, kim tra kn ca mt cn ca kim vi , kim tra gc chp ca chm tia v s phn b ht nhin liu.Dng Macximet kim tra p sut phun, lp macximet ni tip trn ng cao p trc vi phun cn kim
tra. Hnh 9.18 Kim tra cht lng chm tia phun phun
Table 11.10
Hnh 9.19 Kim tra gc chm tia
11.6.6 Thit b kim tra bm cao p:

Thit b kim tra bm cao p nhm kim tra: - kn ca b i thng qua thi gian gim p.
158 -
CHNG 11. CHN ON TRNG THI K THUT NG C ng u ca cc nhnh bm. Lu lng phun. Thi im phun. Kim tra hot ng ca iu tc.
11.6.6.1 Kim tra ng u lng phun Kim tra s vng quay nh mc lu lng cung cp ng vi 100 ln phun. Ni cc ng ng cao p t bm vo vi phun chun, vi phun chun c iu chnh ng vi p sut phun qui nh. Bt ng c in cho bm lm vic, iu chnh tc ca bm ng vi nh mc, tc ny bng mt na tc ng c. Kim tra xem cc nhnh bm c trc trc g khng, c cp nhin liu khng. Lc ny tm chn 6 che kn ming cc o khng cho nhin liu vo cc. t b m tng ng vi 100 ln phun, gt tay gt 9 cho tm chn 6 m nhin liu vo cc o.
159
Hnh 9.20. S h thng nhin liu ca bng th.1- Bm cao p, 2- Vi phun chun, 3- ng o, 4- Phao bo mc nhin liu, 5- Nhit k, 6,10- Thng cha nhin liu, 7- Bm cp nhin liu ca bng th, 8- Bu lc nhin liu, 9- p k, 11- Van kho, 12- Khay hng nhin liu, 13-Bm chuyn nhin liu cn kim tra.
160
Table 11.11
Xc nh lng nhin liu cung cp chu trnh ng vi ch ti nh mc, thanh rng v tr cung cp nhin liu ln nht. Sau tnh khng u lng cung cp chu trnh theo cng thc:
Gi tr ny phi nh hn 3%, i vi ch tc khng ti ln nht th gi tr ny nh hn 30%. 11.6.6.2 Kim tra thi im phun
Figure 11.10
Hnh 9.21 S dn ng bng th bm cao p1 - Bm cao p cn kim tra, 2- ng ng cao p, 3 - Vi phun chun, 4 - V cm bin bo thi im phun, 5 - Tip im n bo thi im phun, 6 - Tm chn, 7 - Cc o, 8 - B m s ln phun, 9 - Tay gt ni vi b m, 10- Trc dn ng, 11- n xung, 12- im du, 13-a chia , 14-Khp ni, 15-Gi , 16-Bm chuyn nhin liu
161 ng c AMZ 236 th t lm vic l 1-4-2-5-3-6, gc lch tng ng ca cc nhnh bm so vi nhnh th nht l: 1=0o. 4=45o. 2=120o. 5=165o. 3=240o. 6=285o. Bm ca AMZ 236 l bm thng hng. ng c KaMaZ 740 th t lm vic l: 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8, gc lch tng ng ca cc nhnh bm so vi nhnh th nht l: 1=0o. 5=45o. 4=90o. 2=135o. 6=180o. 3=225o. 7=270o. 8=315o. (Ch bm ca KaMaZ l bm ch V). S dng n hot nghim 11 kim tra thi im phun nhin liu. n c mc song song vi cc cm bin 5, s cm bin bng s nhnh bm. Khi vi phun phun nhin liu tip im 5 ng thng qua b khuych i lm cho n 11 sng. Ln lt nh vy n 11 s sng vi s ln sng trong mt vng quay ca trc bm bng s nhnh bm cn th. Quan st s thy tia sng chiu qua khe ca a ng. Khi cc gc phun u nhau s thy tia sng gn nh c nh, nu nh gc phun lch nhau s thy s tia sng ln hn 1, i chiu vi vch du trn a c nh 12 s bit c gc phun sm l bao nhiu. Mun kim tra xem nhnh bm no b lch th tt cng tc ca nhnh bm , khi tia sng lch s mt. xc nh thi im phun cng c th dng ng thu tinh lp trn u ra ng cao p, quan st khi nhin liu bt u dng ln ng vi gc quay ca trc cam bao nhiu . 11.6.6.3 Kim tra s vng quay iu tc hn ch tc lm vic y thanh rng cung cp nhin liu cc i, tng dn s vng quay cho n khi ngng cung cp nhin liu, hoc v tr tc m thanh rng b ko ngc tr li, chnh l s vng quay gii hn, nu khng ng chnh li sc cng l xo.
11.7 CHN ON H THNG LM MT

11.7.1 Nhim v, phn loi v cu to chung ca h thng lm mt
Nhim v: Thc hin qu trnh truyn nhit t kh chy qua thnh bung chy n mi cht lm mt m bo cho nhit cc chi tit khng qu nng nhng cng khng qu ngui. Phn loi: H thng lm mt bng gi. H thng lm mt bng nc: H thng lm mt bng nc kiu bc hi. H thng lm mt bng nc kiu i lu t nhin. H thng lm mt bng nc kiu tun hon cng bc. H thng lm mt bng nc kiu nhit cao. Cu to chung: i vi h thng lm mt bng nc gm c mt s b phn chnh sau: kt lm mt, van hng nhit, bm nc, qut gi, ng dn, kha...
Figure 11.11
Hnh 9.22. S h thng lm mt tun hon cng bc1-kt lm; 2- van hng nhit; 3-nhit k; 4-ng dn hi nc; 5-ng dn nc nng vo kt; 6-ng dn nc kh ng c ngui; 7-bm nc; 8-ng phn phi nc; 9-van x nc; 10-bnh lm mt du bi trn; 11-ng dn nc v bm; 12-qut gi.
162
11.7.2 Cc dng h hng ca h thng lm mt

11.7.2.1 ng cn Khi s dng dung dch lm mt khng ng hoc ng c lm vic lu ngy s to cn trong thn, np my v kt nc lm mt. 11.7.2.2 H hng bm nc Mn bi trc bm, lm cnh bm c kh nng chm vo v gy mn vt, gim lu lng v p sut nc cung cp, h b phn bao kn khin nc r r ra ngoi. 11.7.2.3 H hng qut gi i vi loi qut c truyn ng trc tip, h hng l s cong vnh cnh qut do va chm trong qu trnh lm vic hay tho lp khng cn thn gy ra hoc dy ai b chng. i vi loi qut truyn ng gin tip qua khp in t hoc khp ni thy lc, s h hng cc khp ny nh r r du lm gim m men truyn lc, hot ng khng tt ca b phn cm bin nhit , khin qut lm vic km chnh xc. 11.7.2.4 H hng kt nc Cc ng dn, ng tn nhit c th b tc, nt, thng. Tc van p sut, chn khng dn n sai lch p sut iu chnh. Van hng nhit lm vic khng chnh xc do n hi thn van v c cu cnh van lm vic km, do cc cht dn n cha trong hp van b r r, dn n hin tng van khng m hay m khng gy nng my khi ng c hot ng cng sut cao. C trng hp van khng ng kn khi nhit cn thp gy tn tht nhit.
11.7.3 Chn on h thng lm mt

11.7.3.1 ng c qu nhit Cht lm mt thiu hoc bn. ai chng. Np p sut b hng. B tn nhit hoc bnh ngng b iu ha khng kh b nght. Van hng nhit b kt, ng. Qut b kt. Cng tc hoc ng c qut in b h. S lu thng cht lm ngui b cn tr. 11.7.3.2 ng c khng t n nhit lm vic, khi ng chm Van hng nhit m hoc khng hot ng. 11.7.3.3 R r, tht thot cht lm mt Np p sut v m kn b h. R r bn ngoi. R r bn trong.
Chng 12
Chn on trng thi nh la

1. Nhim v v cu to chung ca h thng nh la
To ra tia la in mnh v ng thi im t chy hn hp trong ng c nh la cng bc. Cu to chung bao gm: ngun, bin p nh la, b chia in, b phn iu chnh gc phun sm t ng, dy cao p, bu gi. i vi h thng nh la bn dn, c thm cm iu khin bn dn ECM hay ECU. H thng nh la hin i, thi im nh la c iu khin hon ton do nhng b phn in t, khng cn tn ti c cu nh la sm ly tm hay chn khng na. Cc dng h hng ca h thng nh la
12.1 H hng ca bin p

Nt, chy sm np cao p, chp mch gia cc vng dy, hng in tr ph.
12.2 H hng b chia in

Tip im b chy, mn khng u, khi t in bo v yu vt tnh b lm, ngc li vt ng lm khi t in qu mnh. Khe h m vt trng thi m hon ton khng ng do chnh sai v tr m tnh, nu nh qu c th gy chy r m vt, nu ln qu lm gim dng s cp. Nt chy np phn phi gy r in cao p, mn cam, mn vu cn tip im gy mun thi im nh la. L xo l p cn tip im yu gy ra tia la chp chn. Vt bt cht m tnh b lng cng gy hin tng tng t. L xo b iu chnh gc nh la sm theo s vng quay b yu, gy lm thay i thi im tc dng iu chnh. Mng chn khng b chng, rch, l xo yu cng lm sai lch thi im iu chnh gc nh la theo ph ti.
12.3 H hng ca bugi

V s b nt, r in t cc gia ra thnh, khe h in cc qu ln, in cc b mn, b chy, ng cn lm tng in tr.
1 This
163
164
CHNG 12. CHN ON TRNG THI NH LA
12.4 Chn on h thng nh la

12.4.1 Tia la yu
C ngha l in th cao p thp, c th do bin p nh la b hng, chp, do m vt bn, r, dy cao p b r in, b h, do bu gi b bn, in cc mn qu, khe h bu gi qu ln.
12.4.2 nh la khng ng thi im

nh la sm qu: Biu hin khi khi ng c hin tng quay ngc, ch khng ti khng n nh, khi tng tc c ting kch n, nhit ng c cao, tiu hao nhin liu tng. Nguyn nhn do: t la sai, do khe h m vt qu ln. Cn tin hnh t la li. nh la qu mun: ng c kh khi ng, c ting n trong ng thi, nhit ng c tng cao, tiu hao nhin liu tng, khng tng tc c. Nguyn nhn do t la sai, khe h m vt qu nh. Kim tra trn bng th chuyn dng chiu di tia la v hot ng ca cc h thng iu chnh gc nh la sm t ng.
12.4.3 Cch t la trn ng c

Lp delco n khp vi trc dn ng. Quay trc khuu v quan st v tr con quay xc nh my th nht. Lp cc dy cao p theo ng th t lm vic ca ng c. Xoay delco ng vi v tr tc ng c ln nht v khng c ting g.
12.4.4 Thit b kim tra nh la trn ng c

Cu to: gm c n hot nghim 1, hp kp cm ng 2, cc kp bnh c qui m, dng 3 vi dy ni in.
165
Figure 12.1
Hnh 9.22. Kim tra thi im nh la bng n hot nghim1-n hot nghim, 2-Hp cm ng, 3-Kp in, Cng dng: - Kim tra vic t la, cn la ban u c ng yu cu k thut hay khng. - Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca cc c cu nh la sm t ng. - Kim tra gc ngm m vt Kim tra im cn la trn ng c nhiu xi lanh: 1. Kp in dng vo cc dng c qui, kp in m vo cc m c qui 12V. 2. Kp hp cm ng vo dy cch in cao th bugi s 1. 3. Khi ng ng c cho t n nhit vn hnh. 4. Chnh cho ng c n khng ti ng s vng quay trc khuu qui nh. 5. Hng n vo puli trc khuu v du cn la, bm cng tc. Quan st du cn la trn puli v s ghi ni cc te. V d qui nh nh la sm 50, du cn la trn puli phi ngay nc 50 mi khi n chp sng. 6. Nu nh la mun, ta ni lng c sit v delco vo thn my, xoay nh v delco ngc chiu roto tng thm gc nh la sm. Nu nh la qu sm, ta xoay v delco theo chiu quay ca roto. Kim tra c cu nh la sm t ng ly tm: 1. Tch ng chn khng ni c cu nh la sm t ng chn khng ti delco, bt ng li. 2. Cho ng c n khng ti, bm n hot nghim quan st du cn la. Tng ga cho vn tc trc khuu t n 2000v/ph. 3. Khi tng tc du cn la trn puli phi t t di chuyn lui, ngc vi chiu quay ca puli tng ln dn gc nh la sm. 4. Nu khi tng ga, du cn la vn ng yn v tr nh lc ng c n khng ti, hoc ng tc chy li khng u, khng n nh, phi kim tra c cu nh la sm ly tm.
166
Kim tra c cu nh la sm t ng chn khng: 1. Ni ng vo c cu nh la sm t ng bng chn khng ni delco, cho ng c n khng ti. 2. Tng tc trc khuu ln 2000v/ph, gc nh la sm phi tng nhiu hn ln kim tra trn. 3. Du cn la phi di ng li nhanh hn ln kim tra trn. Nu kt qu kim tra khng t c nh th l do h hi hp chn khng ni delco, mm la b kt, h thng dn ng chn khng b hng.
12.5 CHN ON H THNG KHI NG

12.5.1 . Nhim v, phn loi v cu to chung ca h thng khi ng
Nhim v: Dng nng lng bn ngoi quay ng c ti tc khi ng tc l ti mt tc m bo cho nhin liu a vo ng c bc chy. Phn loi: - Khi ng bng ng c in. - Khi ng bng khng kh nn. - Khi ng bng ng c xng ph. - Khi ng bng tay quay. - Khi ng bng ng c thu lc. Cu to chung h thng khi ng bng in:
Figure 12.2
167 Hnh 9. 23. H thng khi ng bng in CT130 - A31- tip im ca rle iu khin; 3- tip im ng mch in tr b sung; 3- cun ca rle iu khin; 4- phn ng ca rle iu khin; 5- thanh ko iu chnh; 6- v bo v cn y; 7- cn y; 8- vt iu chnh khong chy ca bnh rng; 9- np my khi ng in; 10- vng ta; 11-bnh rng dn ng; 12- khp mt chiu; 13- l xo; 14- khp ni dn ng; 15- thn my khi ng in; 16- phn ng my khi ng in; 17- vt ko; 18- c gp.
12.5.2 Cc dng h hng ca h thng khi ng

- Chy r tip im. - Chp t cun dy rle ng mch. - Mn khp mt chiu hoc mn rnh xon. - Mn rng. - Gy hoc gim cng l xo khp khi ng.
12.6 CHN ON TRN NG C PHUN XNG

Vi h thng iu khin phun phc tp v tinh vi, khi xy ra s c k thut, (my khng chy chm c, khng th ko ti c, tc khng tng c...) khng d pht hin c s c k thut xy ra. gip ngi s dng xe, th sa cha nhanh chng pht hin h hng trong h thng phun xng, ECU c trang b h thng t chn on. N s ghi li ton b nhng s c a s cc b phn quan trng trong h thng v lm sng n kim tra (Check engine lamp), thng bo cho li xe bit h thng c s c. Khi thy n bo hiu s c sng li xe s ngng xe chn on. Cch chn on ca mi hng khc nhau, y ch gii thiu h thng chn on trn loi xe TOYOTA. Trong mng in ca xe c b tr nhng gic h (c y np bo v) c gi l gic kim tra (check conector). i vi hu ht cc xe TOYOTA, cch thao tc gm hai bc: - Normal mode: tm chn on h hng cc b phn xe. - Test mode: Dng xa b nh c (code c) v np li t u (code mi) sau khi sa cha h hng. * Normal mode: phi p ng cc iu kin sau: Hiu in th accu bng hoc ln hn 11V. Cnh bm ga ng hon ton (cng tc cm bin v tr bm ga ng). Tay s v tr s khng. Ngt tt c cc cng tc ti in khc. Bt cng tc v v tr ON (khng n my).
168
Dng on dy in ni tt 2 u ca gic kim tra: l E1 v TE1. Khi check engine chp theo nhng nhp ph thuc vo tnh trng ca h thng. Nu tnh trng bnh thng th n chp u n 2 ln/giy (vi loi xe dng cm bin o gi loi cnh, khong cch gia nhng ln n sng v n tt khc nhau).
Hnh 9.24. H thng hot ng bnh thng

Table 12.1
169 Nu xe c s c b phn no ca h thng phun xng th bo s c s chp theo nhng chui khc nhau, mi chui chp ng vi mt m s h hng.V d: i vi loi phun xng c cm bin o gi cnh trt:n chp hai ln cch nhau 0,5s, ngh 1,5s chp 1 ln (m 21).Ngh 2,5s chp 3 ln cch nhau 0,5s ngh 1,5s chp 2 ln (m 32).Ngh 4,5s chp 2 ln cch nhau 0,5s chp 1 ln (m 21). Code 21 Code 32 Code
21 Hnh 9.25. H thng c s c

Table 12.2
Nu trong h thng ch c mt s c th cc m ny s lp sau khong ngh 4,5s. Nu c nhiu s c th h thng chn on s pht ln lt cc m s s c t thp n cao. Khong ngh gia s c ny vi s c kia l 2,5s. Sau khi pht ht ln lt cc m s c n s tt 4,5s v li ln lt pht li cc m s cho n khi no ta rt dy ni tt l E1 v TE1 gic kim tra ra. khng b nhm ln tt nht nn ghi li chui m s c vi ln.
Figure 12.3
Cn c vo m s c v bng m ta c th tm pan khc phc.
170
mt s xe TOYOTA, vic chn on c th khng bo bng n check engine m bo bng my qut m li (scanner). Khi thc hin thao tc chn on th trn mn hnh my qut s bo lun cc m s c bng s nh hnh.
Hnh 9.26. H thng chn on bng my qut

Table 12.3
* Test mode: phi tha mn cc iu kin sau: - Hiu in th accu bng 11 V hoc ln hn. - Cng tc cm bin v tr bm ga ng. - Tay s v tr s khng. - Tt c cc cng tc ph ti khc phi tt. Dng on dy in ni tt chn E1 v TE2 ca TDCL (Toyota Diagnostic Communication Line) hoc check connector. Sau bt cng tc sang ON, quan st n check engine chp, tt cho bit ang hot ng ch test mode. Khi ng ng c lc ny b nh RAM s xa ht cc m chn on v ghi vo b nh cc m chn on mi. Nu h thng chn on nhn bit ng c vn cn b h hng th n check engine vn sng. Mun tm li m s c chng ta thc hin li cc bc Normal mode v sau khi khc phc s c, phi xa b nh. Nu khng xa, n s gi nguyn cc m c v khi c s c mi ta s nhn c thng tin sai. C th tin hnh xa b nh bng cch n gin sau: tho cu ch chnh ca h thng phun xng ra t nht l 10s, sau lp li. Nu khng bit cu ch u th c th tho cc accu ra khong 15s. * Chc nng fail-safe: Khi c s c k thut trong h thng phun xng khi xe ang hot ng (mt tn hiu t cm bin) vic iu khin n nh xe tr nn kh khn hn? V th, chc nng, fail-safe c thit k ECU ly cc d liu tiu chun trong b nh tip tc iu khin ng c hot ng hoc ngng ng c nu cc s c nguy him c nhn bit.
Tn hiu mt Tn hiu nh la ca (IGF)
Hin tng H hng h thng nh la v vic nh la khng th xy ra (tn hiu IGF khng gi n ECU)
Chc nng fail-safe Ngng phun nhin liu
171 Tn hiu t cm bin p sut ng ng np (MAP sensor). Nu mt tn hiu t cm bin ny lng xng phun c bn khng c tnh v kt qu l ng c b cht my hoc kh khi ng. Nu mt tn hiu ny ECU khng th nhn bit lng gi np tnh lng xng phun c bn, kt qu l ng c b cht my hay kh khi ng. Nu mt tn hiu ny ECU khng th nhn bit v tr bm ga m hay ng hon ton. iu ny s lm ng c cht my hay chy khng m. Mt tn liu ny ECU s hiu rng nhit nc < - 500C hay >1390C. iu ny s lm t l ho kh tr nn qu giu hay qu ngho. Kt qu l ng c b cht my hoc chy khng m. Nu v bc ngoi ca cm bin o xy b ng bn. ECU khng th nhn bit hm lng o xy trong kh thi v th n khng th duy tr t l ha kh mc ti u. Nu mt tn hiu ny, ECU khng th nhn bit khi ng c b kch n v th n s khng iu chnh gim gc nh la sm. Nu mt tn hiu t cm bin ny, ECU s hiu rng p sut kh tri lun gi tr ti a hay ti thiu. iu ny lm ha kh qu ngho hay qu giu. Nu ni tt cc T v E1 ECU s ly gi tr tiu chun (30 kPa) thay th cho tn hiu ny. Gi tr chun c ly t tn hiu khng ti cho vic tnh lng xng phun v thi im nh la.
Tn hiu o gi
Tn hiu v tr cnh bm ga
ECU s ly gi tr tiu chun trong b nh thay th cho tn hiu ny.
Tn hiu cm bin nhit nc lm mt v cm bin nhit kh np.
ECU s ly gi tr chun trong b nh ty thuc vo loi ng c vi nhit nc: 890C v nhit kh np l 200C
Tn hiu t cm bin o xy
Khng th thc hin vic hiu chnh hi tip t l ha kh.
Tn liu t cm bin kch n.
iu chnh thi im nh la tr ti a.
Cm bin p sut kh tri.
Ly gi tr p sut kh tri mc tiu chun l 101 kPa (60 mmHg) thay th cho tn hiu ny.
172 Tn hiu iu khin hp s t ng. Tn hiu t p sut tng p ng c.
CHNG 12. CHN ON TRNG THI NH LA Nu c h hng trong ECU iu khin hp s, hp s hot ng khng tt. Nu c s tng bt thng trong p sut tng p ng c hoc lng gi np. iu ny c th lm h hng ng c.
Table 12.4
Khng hiu chnh gc nh la theo sc ko. Ngng cung cp nhin liu cho ng c.
Chc nng Back-up: Chc nng Back-up c thit k khi c s c k thut ECU, Back-up IC trong ECU s ly ton b d liu lu tr duy tr hot ng ng c trong thi gian ngn. ECU s hot ng chc nng Back-up trong cc iu kin sau: ECU khng gi tn hiu iu khin nh la (IGT). Mt tn hiu t cm bin p sut ng ng np (PIM). Lc ny Back-up IC s ly tn hiu d tr iu khin thi im nh la v thi im phun nhin liu duy tr hot ng ng c. D liu lu tr ny ph hp vi tn hiu khi ng v tn hiu t cng tc khng ti ng thi n Check-engine s bo sng thng bo cho li xe.
Chng 13
Chn on cc h thng t
Ni dung:
13.1 CHN ON H THNG TRUYN LC

13.1.1 Chn on ly hp
13.1.1.1 Nhim v v iu kin lm vic ca li hp Ly hp c nhim v nh l mt khp ni, ng nh thng xuyn khi thay i s truyn. Do cn phi ng t t, m du, v vy dn n hin tng mn gy trt li hp. Khng c php bi trn b mt ma st. Ly hp gm cc phn chnh sau: C cu dn ng ly hp, b phn tr lc. a p. a ma st Cc l xo S dn ng ly hp:
Figure 13.1
1 This
173
174
CHNG 13. CHN ON CC H THNG T
Hnh 10.1 S ly hp loi mt a v hai a1-trc khuu; 2-bnh ; 3-a b ng; 4-a p; 5-ccte ly hp; 6-chp bnh trn; 7-bulng p; 8-gi cn p; 9-cn p; 10-vng nh li hp; 11-trc ly hp; 12-bn p; 13-thanh ko; 14-n by; 15-l xo hi v; 16-l xo p; 17,23-cht dn hng; 18-gi ; 19-l xo p tch a trung gian; 20-bu lng iu chnh a p trung gian; 21-a ch ng; 22-a b ng sau; 24-a trung gian; ,25-a b ng trc. 13.1.1.2 Cc hng hc thng gp v phng php xc nh ca li hp a. Ly hp b trt: biu hin khi tng ga, tc xe khng tng theo tng ng.
175 a ma st v a p b mn nhiu, l xo p b gy hoc yu.a ma st b dnh du hoc b chai cng.Bn p ly hp khng c hnh trnh t do, th hin xe ko ti km, ly hp b nng.Hnh10.2. Ly hp mt a GAZ-53A1-v bao bnh , 2-v b ly hp, 3-l xo bn ngoi, 4-bnh , 5-trc dn ng hp s, 6-l xo chng rung, 7-a b dn, 8-cn ngt ly hp, 9-a p, 10-a chng rung c b phn ht du, 11-khp ngt ly hp
176

Table 13.1
Hnh 10.3 S li hp dn ng c kh
Hnh 10.4. S li hp dn ng thu lc

Table 13.2
Cc phng php xc nh trng thi trt: a.1. Gi s cao, ng ly hp Chn mt on ng bng, cho xe ng yn ti ch, n my, gi s tin s cao nht (s 4 hay s 5), p v gi phanh chn, cho ng c hot ng ch ti ln bng tay ga, t t nh bn p ly hp. Nu ng c b cht my chng t ly hp lm vic tt, nu ng c khng tt my chng t ly hp trt ln. a.2. Gi trn dc Chn on ng phng v tt c dc (8-10) . Xe ng bng phanh trn mt dc, u xe theo chiu xung dc, tt ng c, tay s s thp nht, t t nh bn p phanh, bnh xe khng b ln xung dc chng t ly hp tt, cn nu bnh xe ln chng t ly hp trt. a.3. y xe Chn mt on ng bng, cho xe ng yn ti ch, khng n my, gi s tin s thp nht (s 1), y xe. Xe khng chuyn ng chng t ly hp tt, nu xe chuyn ng chng t ly hp b trt. Phng php ny ch dng cho t con, vi lc y ca 3 n 4 ngi. a.4. Xc nh ly hp b trt qua mi kht Xc nh ly hp b trt qua mi kht c trng khi t thng xuyn lm vic ch y ti. Cm nhn mi kht ch khi ly hp b trt nhiu, tc l ly hp cn tin hnh thay a b ng hay cc thng s iu chnh b thay i. b. Ly hp ngt khng hon ton: biu hin sang s kh, gy va p hp s. Hnh trnh t do bn p ly hp qu ln. Cc u n m khng nm trong cng mt phng do a ma st v a p b vnh. Do khe h u n m ln qu khng m c a p lm cho a p b vnh. bi T b kt. bi kim n m r. i vi ly hp hai a ma st, cc c cu hay l xo vt nh v a ch ng trung gian b sai lch. Cc phng php xc nh trng thi ngt khng hon ton: b.1. Gi s thp, m ly hp t ng trn mt ng phng, tt, n my, p bn p ly hp ht hnh trnh v gi nguyn v tr, gi s thp nht, tng ga. Nu t chuyn ng chng t ly hp ngt khng hon ton, nu t vn ng yn chng t ly hp ngt hon ton. b.2. Nghe ting va chm u rng trong hp s khi chuyn s t chuyn ng thc hin chuyn s hay gi s. Nu ly hp ngt khng hon ton, c th khng ci c s, hay c va chm mnh trong hp s. Hin tng xut hin mi trng thi khi chuyn cc s khc nhau. c. Ly hp ng t ngt: a ma st mt tnh n hi, l xo gim chn b lit. Do li xe th nhanh bn p. Then hoa may a ly hp b mn. Mi ghp a ma st vi may b lng. d. Ly hp pht ra ting ku: Nu c ting g ln: r lng bnh , bn p, hng bi u trc. Khi thay i t ngt vng quay ng c c ting va kim loi chng t khe h bn then hoa qu ln (then hoa b r)
177 Nu c ting trt mnh theo chu k: a b ng b cong vnh. trng thi lm vic n nh (ly hp ng hon ton) c ting va nh chng t b va nh ca u n m vi bc, bi T . e. Li hp m nng: Tr lc khng lm vic, do khng c kh nn hoc kh nn b r r xi lanh tr lc hay van iu khin. 13.1.1.3 Cch iu chnh Kim tra v iu chnh hnh trnh t do ca bn p li hp Hnh trnh t do ca bn p ly hp gin tip nh hng n khe h gia u n m vi bi t (bc m ly hp), trc tip nh hng n s trt v m khng dt khot ca ly hp. Kim tra hnh trnh t do ca bn p ly hp bng thc o t vung gc vi sn xe v song song vi trc bn p ly hp. Dng tay n bn p xung n khi cm thy nng th dng li, c tr s dch chuyn ca bn p trn thc. So snh gi tr o c vi gi tr hnh trnh t do tiu chun nu khng ng ta phi tin hnh iu chnh. Nguyn tc ca iu chnh l: lm thay i chiu di n dn ng thay i khe h gia bi t (bc m) vi u n m (m bo khong 3 4mm) Hnh trnh t do ca loi dn ng c kh ln hn loi dn ng bng thu lc, hnh trnh t do ca bn p ly hp mt s loi xe thng dng c cho trong bng di y:
Loi t UAZZIL 130, 131GAZ 66IFAW50LKAZAZTOYOTA CARINA, CORONA, COROLLA (cc xe dn ng thu lc ca Nht)
Hnh trnh t do ca bn p ly hp (mm) 28 38355030373035612515
Table 13.3
178
Figure 13.2
Hnh 10. 5. Kim tra v iu chnh hnh trnh t do ca bn p li hpa) Kim tra hnh trnh t do.b) iu chnh hnh trnh t do i vi loi dn ng c kh.c) iu chnh hnh trnh t do i vi loi dn ng thu lc.1-bn p ly hp. 2-n dn ng. 3-l xo hi v. 4-dn ng n cng cua m ly hp. 5- ai c (ng ren) iu chnh thay i chiu di n dn ng. 6-cng cua m ly hp. 7-bi t (bc m ly hp). 8-ai c hm. 9-khung xe. 10-n m li hp. Hnh 10.5 b v hnh 10.5 c trnh by cch iu chnh hnh trnh t do bng cch vn ai c iu chnh hoc ng ren 5. cc cp bo dng cao ngi ta cn iu chnh ng phng ca cc u n m ( khng ng phng bng 0,1 mm) hoc iu chnh bu lng hn ch s dch chuyn ca a p trung gian v
179 pha a p chnh (loi hai a ma st)... Chn on hp s 13.1.1.4 Nhim v v cu to chung hp s Thay i t s truyn v m men xon t ng c xung bnh xe ca t ph hp vi sc cn chuyn ng ca t. Cn phi thay i s khi ti thay i. Thay i chiu chuyn ng ca t. Dn ng cc b phn cng tc khc i vi xe chuyn dng. Hp s bao gm nhng cm chi tit chnh: Cc bnh rng C cu gi s B ng tc Trc hp s V v np hp s, cc bi.
180
Figure 13.3
Hnh 10.6. Hp s Zil 1301-khp nh ly hp. 2-trc dn ng. 3-np vng bi trc dn ng. 4-hp ly hp. 5-b ng tc ca s truyn IV v V. 6-np trn ca hp s. 7-l xo vi bi nh v. 8-bnh rng ca s truyn V trc b dn. 10-b ng tc ca s truyn II v III. 11-bnh rng ca s truyn II trc b dn. 12-bnh rng ca s truyn I v s li trc b dn. 13-v hp s. 14-np vng bi trc b dn. 15-mt bch bt cht trc cc ng. 16-trc b dn. 17-np vng bi ca trc trung gian. 18-trc trung gian.19-bnh rng ca s truyn II trc trung gian, 20-b gom ca bm du nhn. 21-bnh rng ca s truyn III trc trung gian. 22-bnh rng ca s truyn V trc trung gian. 23-bnh rng dn ng trch cng sut. 24-bnh rng chng rung. 25-bm du nhn. 26-trc ca khi bnh rng s li. 27-khi bnh rng s li.
181 13.1.1.5 Cc h hng ca hp s a. Sang s kh, vo s nng: thanh trt cong, mn, khp cu mn, b ng tc mn nhiu (rnh cn ma st b mn khuyt, hc hm b mn nhiu). Rng ng tc mn, cng cua mn, bi trc s cp mn gy s trc. Cc khp dn ng trung gian cn s b r, cong. b. T ng nhy s: bi, hc hm mt tc dng (do mn nhiu), l xo b yu hoc gy. R dc trc th cp. c. C ting va p mnh: bnh rng b mn, b mn, du bi trn thiu, khng ng loi. Khi vo s c ting va p do hc hm ng tc mn qu gii hn lm mt tc dng ca ng tc. Bc bnh rng lng khng b mn gy ting rt. d. Du b r r: giong m cc te hp s b lit hng, cc pht chn du b mn, h. 13.1.1.6 Kim tra v bo dng - Ta c th dng ng nghe (nghe ting g) kim tra mn bnh rng, bi, dng tay lc kim tra mn then hoa hay lng cc bu lng mi ghp lp mt bch cc ng. - Kim tra mc du v thay du: mc du phi m bo ngang l du, nu t s khng m bo bi trn, lm tng hao mn chi tit, nng cc chi tit, nng du, nu nhiu qu d chy du v sc cn thu lc tng. Khi chy xe n s km qui nh hoc kim tra t xut thy cht lng du khng m bo ta phi tin thay du bi trn: Thay du bi trn theo cc bc: - Khi xe va hot ng v (du hp s ang nng), nu xe khng hot ng ta phi kch cu ch ng, n my, vo s mt lt cho du nng sau tt my, x ht du c trong hp s ra khay ng. - du ra hoc du ho vo hp s. - N my, ci s 1 cho hp s lm vic vi pht lm sch cn bn, du bn, keo cn sau x ht du ra ra. C th cho du long vo ra sch du ra, n my ci s 1 vi pht, sau x du long ra. - du bi trn hp s ng m hiu, chng loi y ngang l du, hoc ng vch qui nh. + i vi truyn ng cc ng: ta bm m vo cc bi kim, bi trung gian (nu c), vo rnh then hoa, sit cht cc mt bch... + bo dng cc cp cao ngi ta tho ri hp s kim tra mn, cong, gy, rn nt...cc chi tit. + Vi cc hp s, hp phn phi thu lc phi thay du truyn ng ng m hiu, chng loi.
13.1.2 Chn on trc cc ng

S dng khi mun truyn chuyn ng gia hai trc khng nm trn cng ng thng. Rung vng tc no do mn then hoa. Ku khp cc ng do bi kim b mn hoc kh m. Ku mi ghp bch chc ch thp.
13.1.3 Chn on cu ch ng
(Trng tm truyn lc chnh) 13.1.3.1 Nhim v v cu to truyn lc chnh Tng m men v bin chuyn ng quay dc ca ng c thnh chuyn ng quay ngang ca hai bn trc. n do mn b truyn, mn bi. iu chnh khe h bng cch thay i cc tm m v sit cng cc bi cn. Moay bnh xe o, do mn r ca moay .
182
Hnh 10.7 Truyn lc chnh bnh rng nn
Hnh 10.8 Truyn lc chnh bnh rng Hypit
Table 13.4
Hnh 10.9 Truyn lc chnh kp kiu tp trung
Hnh 10.10 Truyn lc chnh kp kiu phn tn
Table 13.5
13.1.3.2 Chn on k thut truyn lc chnh Truyn lc chnh lm vic n: khe h trc bnh rng cn ch ng (qu da) tng. r tng cng ca truyn lc chnh tng, kim tra bng cch kch bnh xe ln, ko phanh tay lc nu dch chuyn qu 45mm theo chu vi th phi iu chnh khe h bi. Thiu du bi trn trong v truyn lc chnh. S n khp ca cp bnh rng cn khng ng, iu chnh bng cch dch trc ca cc bnh rng theo s . iu chnh bi b vi sai sau iu chnh vt n khp ca bnh rng qu da v bnh rng vnh chu. Vt tip xc lin quan n p sut tip xc mt rng, nh hng n ti trng tc dng ln rng.
183
Figure 13.4
iu chnh khe h bi bnh rng qu da (bnh rng ch ng). iu chnh khe h bi moay . Cc
184
khe h ny lin quan n r tng cng ca bnh xe. Vt tip xu c trn ba nh rng va h a ng io u chnh
Figure 13.5
Hnh 10.11 Truyn lc chnh kp ZIL-1301-Mt bch bnh rng dn ng. 2-Vng chn du. 3-Np. 4Vng m bnh rng dn ng. 5-m. 6-Vng bi trc ca trc bnh rng cn. 7-ng lt ca cc te b truyn ng chnh. 8-Vng iu chnh ca vng bi trc bnh rng cn dn ng. 9-Vng bi sau ca bnh rng cn dn ng. 10-m iu chnh s n khp ca cc bnh rng cn. 11-Bnh rng cn dn ng. 12-Bnh rng cn b ng. 13-m iu chnh. 14, 29-Vng bi trc bnh rng dn ng hnh tr. 15,28-Np vng bi. 16-Bnh rng dn ng hnh tr. 17-cc ng b truyn ng chnh. 18-Np vng bi b vi sai. 19-a ta ca bnh rng na trc. 20-Np bn phi hp vi sai. 24-Vng bi hp vi sai. 25-ai c iu chnh vng bi hp
185 vi sai. 26-Na trc. 27-Dm cu sau. 30-Ti du nhn.
Figure 13.6
Hnh 10.12. Cu xe Kamaz
13.2 CHN ON H THNG LI

13.2.1 Nhim v v cu to h thng li
13.2.1.1 Nhim v Gi xe chuyn ng n nh theo yu cu ca ngi li. Nh h thng li t c th: - Quay vng m bnh xe t b trt. - Lc trn vnh li hp l v to cm gic nh li ph hp. - m bo t c kh nng t tr v trng thi chuyn ng thng. - Gim cc va p t mt ng ln vnh li to iu kin thun li cho vic iu khin chnh xc hng chuyn ng. 13.2.1.2 Cu to Kt cu ca h thng li rt a dng, cc h hng trong h thng li ty thuc vo cu trc ca n v cch b tr bnh xe dn hng. Cu to chung h thng li bao gm: v lng, c cu li, b tr lc li, tr quay ng, hnh thang li. Gc nghing ngang ca tr quay ng [U+F062] = 00 160 Gc nghing dc ca tr quay ng [U+F067] = -30 100 Gc dong [U+F061] = -50 50 chm A-B [U+F0BB] 0 6mm
186
Figure 13.7
Hnh 10.13. Gc t bnh xe a. Phn loi h thng li H thng li c kh bao gm: vnh li, cc trc dn ng c cu li, c cu li, n lin kt cc bnh xe dn hng, cc khp tr hay cu. Ton b h thng l cc cm c kh. H thng li c kh c tr lc bng thy lc bao gm: cc cm c kh ca h thng li c kh, h thng tr lc bng thy lc. H thng tr lc bng thy lc c lp ghp t cc b phn: bm thy lc, van phn phi iu khin ng m ng du, xi lanh thy lc, cc khp, cc n lin kt vi h thng li c kh. Loi tr lc ny dng ph bin trn c t con v t ti. H thng li c kh c tr lc kh nn bao gm: cc cm c kh ca h thng li c kh, h thng tr lc kh nn. H thng tr lc kh nn c lp ghp t cc b phn: bm kh nn, van phn phi iu khin ng m ng kh nn, cc khp, cc n lin kt vi h thng li c kh. Ngoi ra trn h thng li tr lc cn c thm cc b phn in, in t khc nhm hon thin kh nng iu khin hng chuyn ng t, mt s t cn c thm gim chn cho h thng li.
187
Figure 13.8
Hnh 10.14. C cu kiu trc vt-con ln1- Ccte ca c cu; 2- trc ca n quay ng; 3- con ln ba rng; 4- ming lt; 5- trc vt; 6- nt; 7-vng m chn; 8- ai c m; 9- trc con ln; 10-trc li; 11-vt iu chnh; 12- cht hm; 13- vng pht; 14- n quay ng; 15- ai c; 16- ng lt bng ng thanh. b. Phn loi c cu li Trc vt lm (globoit) con ln: trc vt l phn ch ng ca c cu li, con ln c th c hai hoc ba tng rng n khp vi rng ca trc vt v ln t do trn trc con ln, trc con ln t trn trc quay c gi l trc b ng ca c cu li.
188
Figure 13.9
Hnh 10.15. C cu li ca xe MazTrc vt cu bi thanh rng bnh rng: trc vt l phn ch ng ca c cu li, lin kt vi thanh rng nh cc vin bi, cc vin bi in y trong cc rnh to nn bi ren trc vt v rnh thanh rng, thanh rng n khp vi mt phn bnh rng, trc ca bnh rng l trc b ng ca c cu li. Khi trc vt quay thanh rng chuyn ng tnh tin lm cho bnh rng v trc b ng quay. Bnh rng thanh rng: bnh rng l phn ch ng, n khp vi thanh rng. Rng ca bnh rng c th l thng hay nghing. Thanh rng c th l n ngang dn ng li. Nh vy thanh rng l phn b ng ca c cu li. Loi c cu li ny hay dng trn t con vi h thng treo cu trc l dng c lp. Khi hot ng bnh rng quay, cn thanh rng chuyn ng tnh tin. c. Dn ng li Dn ng li l phn lin kt t c cu ti cc bnh xe dn hng. Trn h thng treo ph thuc thng dng c cu bn khu: dm cu, hai n bn v n ngang. Thng thy kt cu ny trn t ti, t but v cc loi t con c kh nng c ng cao. Trn h thng treo c lp l dn ng nhiu khu, kt cu ca n rt a dng v ph thuc vo khng gian b tr. Dn ng nhiu khu thng gp trn t con. Nhn chung dn ng li bao gm cc n, khp lin kt. S mi mn cc khu khp hay cong, bin dng cc thanh lin kt lm sai lch quan h ca dn ng li, tc l lm xu kh nng iu khin chnh xc hng chuyn ng t. 13.2.1.3 Mt s tiu chun c bn trong kim tra h thng li u a. Tiu chun chu A
189 Lc trn vnh li khi c hay khng c tr lc ti a khng vt qu 600N. t c ti trng t trn cu dn hng ln hn 3,5 tn phi c tr lc. r vnh li cho php nh sau: Bng. r vnh li cho php theo ECE 79-1988 Vmax trn bng tablo (km/h) r vnh li cho php () > 100 18 25 100 27 < 25 36
Table 13.6
b. Tiu chun Vit Nam Bng . r vnh li cho php theo 22-TCN 224
Loi t
t con t khch <=12 ch t ti <=1500 kG 10
t khch>12 ch
t ti>1500 kG
r vnh li cho php ()
Table 13.7
13.2.2 Cc h hng thng gp

13.2.2.1 C cu li a. Mi mn c cu li C cu li l mt cm m bo t s truyn ln trong h thng li. Thng thng t s truyn t con nm trong khong 1423, t ti v t but khong 1832. Do vy cc v tr lm vic ca c cu li b mi mn rt nhanh, mc d trong ch to c gng s dng vt liu c bn cao v c kh nng chu mi mn tt. C cu li thng c kt cu c kh nn lun lun tn ti khe h ban u. Khi t cn mi, khe h ban u trong c cu li to nn gc r vnh li. Gc r ny c tiu chun k thut hn ch ti mc ti thiu m bo kh nng nhanh chng iu khin xe chuyn hng khi cn thit, chng ta thng dng khi nim r vnh li. S mi mn trong c cu li tham gia phn ln vo vic tng r vnh li. Vic tng r vnh li lm cho nhy ca c cu li gim, to nn s va p trong khi lm vic v lm mt kh nng iu khin chnh xc hng chuyn ng. S mi mn trong c cu li c th chia thnh cc dng chnh sau: Mi mn theo quy lut thng thng, c ngha l khi chuyn ng t thng hot ng theo hng chuyn ng thng, v vy s mi mn trong c cu li xy ra nhiu nht ti ln cn v tr n khp trung gian, s mi mn gim dn cc vng bin. Do vy nh gi s mi mn, chng ta thng t vnh li tng ng vi ch t i thng v kim tra r vnh li. Mi mn t bin xy ra do ch nhit luyn b mt khng ng u, do sai st trong ch to. Hin tng ny xy ra theo quy lut ngu nhin v khng c nh ti mt v tr no. Tuy nhin c th xc nh c khi chng ta nh li u v hai pha v xc nh s thay i lc nh tay li. S mi mn c cu li cn do nguyn nhn mn cc bi, bc ta, thiu du, m bi trn. Hu qu ca mi mn ny l: gy nn r vnh li, tng lc iu khin vnh li, i khi cn c th xut hin n trong khi quay vnh li. Vi c cu li trc vt con ln s mi mn ch yu xy ra ch n khp ca trc vt vi con ln. C cu li bnh rng thanh rng mi mn ch yu l bnh rng vi thanh rng, cc bc ta ca thanh rng. Vi c cu li trc vt cu bi thanh rng mi mn ch yu ti ch n khp ca thanh rng bnh rng.
190
b. Rn nt gy trong c cu li S lm vic nng n trc ti trng va p c th dn ti rn nt gy trong c cu li. Cc hin tng ph bin l: rn nt chn rng, gy rng. Cc h hng ny c th lm cho c cu li khi lm vic gy nng t bin ti cc ch rn nt gy. Cc mi mn tip theo to nn cc ht mi c kch thc ln lm kt c cu hoc tng nhanh tc mi mn c cu li. S mi mn v rn nt c cu li cn gy n v tng nhit cho c cu li, tng ti tc dng ln cc chi tit trc li. c. Hin tng thiu du, m trong c cu li Cc c cu li lun c bi trn bng du m, Cn ht sc lu n s tht thot du m ca c cu li thng qua s chy du m, c bit trong c cu li c xi lanh thy lc cng chung bung bi trn. Nguyn nhn ca thiu du m c th l do rch nt m kn, jong pht lm kn, cc bc mn to nn khe h hng tm ln m pht khng kh nng lm kn. Hu qu dn ti l thiu du, gy mi mn nhanh, tng n v nhit c cu li. Trn h thng tr lc thy lc cn dn ti kh nng mt p sut du v kh nng tr lc. d. R lng cc lin kt v c cu li vi khung, v xe C cu li lin kt vi khung v xe nh cc lin kit bng mi ghp bulng, cu. Cc mi ghp ny lu ngy c hin tng t ni lng. Nu khng kp thi vn cht th c th gy nn hin tng tng r vnh li, khi thay i chiu chuyn hng c th gy nn ting va chm mnh, qu trnh iu khin xe mt chnh xc. 13.2.2.2 Dn ng li a. i vi dn ng li kiu c kh Mn r cc khp cu, khp tr: Trong s dng cc khp cu, khp tr thng l nhng chi tit c kch thc nh, lm vic trong trng thi bi trn bng m, tnh cht chu ti va p thng xuyn, lun lun phi xoay tng i vi m hoc v, d bi bn bm vo, do vy rt hay b mn. Cc dng mn thng to nn cc hnh ovan khng u. Mt s khp cu c l xo t nhm t trit tiu khe h, mt s khc khng c. Do vy khi b mn thng dn ti tng r trong h thng li v th hin qua r vnh li. Khi b mn ln thng gy nn va p v to nn ting n khi i chiu quay vng, c bit nghim trng l khi mn, r lng cc khp cu, khp tr s lm thay i gc b tr bnh xe dn hng, gy nn sai lch cc sai lch cc gc t bnh xe v mi mn lch lp xe. Bin dng cc n dn ng bnh xe dn hng: Cc n dn hng u c th b qu ti trong s dng, nhng nghim trng hn c l n ngang (hay cm n ngang) h thng li. Hin tng cong vnh n ngang do va chm vi chng ngi vt trn ng, hoc do sai lch kch thc n ngang u lm sai lch gc quay bnh xe dn hng. Bnh xe s b trt ngang nhiu trn ng khi quay vng (k c bnh xe dn hng v bnh xe khng dn hng), nh vy s gy nn kh nng iu khin hng khng cn chnh xc, lun phi gi cht vnh li v thng xuyn hiu chnh hng chuyn ng, mi mn nhanh lp xe. . . Cc h hng ph bin k trn l c trng tng qut cho cc h thng li, k c h thng li c tr lc. H hng c hn ch quay bnh xe dn hng: Cc c hn ch s quay bnh xe dn hng thng t khu vc bnh xe, do vy khi quay vng vi gc quay ln nht, ti trng trc tip va p ln c hn ch, c th gy nn lng c, cong thn c. S nguy him l khi quay bnh xe tc cao s c th lt xe. Biu hin ca h hng ny l bn knh quay vng ca t v hai pha khng ging nhau. Bin dng dm cu dn hng: Dm cu trn h thng treo ph thuc ng vai tr l mt khu c nh hnh thang li, trn dm cu c b tr cc chi tit: n bn, n ngang, tr ng lin kt vi nhp to nn lin kt ng hc vi khung xe. Mt khc, dm cu li l b phn ton b t. Trn dm cu dn hng khi b qu ti, do xe chuyn ng trn ng xu c th gy nn bin dng v lm sai lch kch thc hnh hc ca cc chi tit trong h thng treo, li. Ty theo mc bin dng ca dm cu m gy nn cc hu qu nh:
191 - Mi mn lp do sai lch gc b tr bnh xe. - Nng tay li, lc nh li v hai pha khng u do thay i cnh tay n quay bnh xe quanh tr ng. - Mt kh nng chuyn ng thng. b. c im h hng i vi dn ng li c tr lc H hng trong ngun nng lng tr lc (thy lc, kh nn): Dng h hng ph bin l mn bm thy lc hay bm kh nn. S mn bm thy lc dn ti thiu p sut lm vic hay tng chm p sut lm vic. Do vy, khi nh li m ng c lm vic s vng quay nh th lc trn vnh li gia tng ng k, cn khi ng c lm vic vi s vng quay cao th tr lc c hiu qu r rt. H hng bm thy lc cn do h hng bi trc v pht ra ting n khi bm lm vic, do mn b mt u cnh bm, do du qu bn khng du cp cho bm, do tc lc, bp ng ng dn du. . . Trong s dng chng ta cn gp s thiu tr lc do dy ai b chng, do thiu du. V vy trc khi kt lun v h hng bm nht thit phi loi tr kh nng ny. Kim sot cc hin tng ny tt nht l dng ng h o p sut sau bm, qua lc tc dng ln vnh li cc ch lm vic ca ng c, ting n pht ra t bm. Sai lch v tr ca van iu tit p sut v lu lng, cc cm van ny thng lp ngay trn thn bm, do lm vic lu ngy cc van ny b r r, b kt hay qu mn. Gii php tt nht l kim tra p sut sau bm thy lc. S c trong van phn phi du: Van phn phi du c th c t trong c cu li, trn cc n dn ng hay ngay u xi lanh lc. S sai lch v tr tng quan ca con trt v v van s lm cho vic ng m ng du thay i, dn ti p sut ng du cp cho cc bung ca xi lanh lc khc nhau, gy nn tay li nng nh khi quay vng v hai pha. Cm nhn hay lc nh tay li khng u, s iu khin t lc b mt chnh xc. Hin tng mn con trt van c th xy ra do du thiu hay qu bn, trong trng hp ny hiu qu tr lc gim v gy nn nng tay li. S c trong xi lanh h thng tr lc: Trc ht phi k n s h hng jong pht bao kn, s c ny dn n lt du, gim p sut, mt dn kh nng tr lc, hao du. Mn xi lanh tr lc xy ra do cn bn du ng li trong xi lanh, du ln tp cht v nc, do mt kim loi gy nn, hu qu ca n cng lm gim p sut, mt dn kh nng tr lc. Trng hp c bit c th xy ra khi t va chm mnh, cong cn ca piston tr lc, gy kt xi lanh lc, khi tay li nng v c khi b kt xi lanh lc v mt kh nng li. Lng v sai lch cc lin kt: S r lng v sai lch cc lin kt trong s dng, i hi thng xuyn kim tra vn cht. Cc h hng thng gp k trn, c th tng qut qua cc biu hin chung v c gi l thng s chn on nh sau: 1. r vnh li tng. 2. Lc trn vnh li gia tng hay khng u. 3. Xe mt kh nng chuyn ng thng n nh. 4. Mt cm gic iu khin. 5. Rung vnh li, phi thng xuyn gi cht vnh li. 6. Mi mn lp nhanh. 13.2.2.3 Cc biu hin ca t khi h hng h thng li a. Tay li nng i vi h thng li c tr lc khi tay li nng do bm tr lc hng hoc thiu du, r bi, thiu du bi trn, tr ng b mn lm sai lch cc gc t bnh xe, lp bm khng p sut. b. Tay li b r bi cn trong c cu li b mn, bnh vt v trc vt b mn, khp cu (r tuyn) b mn, b r. bi moay mn, khe h tr quay ng ln.
192
c. Tay li nng mt bn Piston van phn phi tr lc li chnh khng u, nhp lch mt bn. d. Vnh tay li r dc v r ngang bi tr v lng mn. e. V lng tr khng v v tr cn bng Sai gc t bnh xe: gc nghing ngang v dc ca tr ng [U+F062], [U+F067], do mn gy gim hiu ng nghch t bnh xe ln vnh tay li.
13.2.3 Phng php, thit b chn on v iu chnh h thng li

13.2.3.1 Xc nh r v lc ln nht t trn vnh li a. o r vnh li r vnh li l thng s tng hp quan trng ni ln mn ca h thng li, bao gm mn ca c cu li, khu khp trong dn ng li v c ca h thng treo. Vic o r ny c thc hin khi xe ng yn, trn nn phng, coi bnh xe b kha cng khng dch chuyn. S dng vnh d qut c thang chia hnh 10.16 (c th kt hp vi lc k) hay bng cm nhn trc tip ca ngi kim tra o r vnh li.
193 - G vnh d qut 3 ln ng bc trc tr li 4.- Kp kim ch ln vnh tay li 1- xe ni bng phng v cc bnh xe v tr i thng- Quay nh vnh tay li ht mc v bn phi kh ht r, xoay bng chia 3 kim ch v tr s 0. Sau o xoay nh vnh tay li ht mc bn tri kh ht r t do. Gc ch ca kim 2 trn vnh chia 3 s l hnh trnh t do ca vnh tay li. Hnh trnh t do ca nhng xe cn tt khong (10150) vi nhng xe c <250. Nu gi tr o c khng ng vi nhng gi tr trn ta phi tin hnh kim tra v iu chnh tng b phn trong h thng li.Lc ko phi c t theo phng tip tuyn vi vng trn vnh li.
Hnh 10. 16. Kim tra r ngang ca v lng1vnh tay li. 2-kim ca dng c o. 3-vnh d qut c thang chia ca dng c o. 4-trc tr li
Table 13.8
Nu h thng c tr lc th ng c phi n my s vng quay nh nht. Gi tr lc ko o r ty thuc vo loi xe, thng nm trong khong: - i vi xe con (10 20)N, khi c tr lc (15 25)N. - i vi xe vn ti (15 30)N, khi c tr lc (20 35)N. r vnh li c th cho bng hay mm, ty thuc vo quy c ca nh sn xut. V d: trn t ti ca hng HINO hoc HYUNHDAI cho r vnh li l 1535 mm. t c tc cng cao th r vnh li yu cu cng nh. Gi tr r cho php ban u thng c tra theo tiu chun k thut ca nh sn xut. b. o lc ln nht t trn vnh li
194
- xe ng yn trn mt ng tt v phng. - nh li n v tr gn tn cng, dng lc k o gi tr lc ti xc nh gi tr lc vnh li ln nht. Nu xe c tr lc li th ng c phi hot ng. - Dng lc k khi nh li hai pha khc nhau cn cho bit sai lch lc nh li khi r phi hay tri. Khi xut hin s sai khc chng t: - mn ca c cu li v hai pha khc nhau. - Gc t bnh xe hai pha khng u. - C hin tng bin dng thanh n dn ng hai bnh xe dn hng. - Lp hai bn c p sut khc nhau. . . c. o gc quay bnh xe dn hng - Cho u xe ln cc b kiu mm xoay. Dng vnh li ln lt nh v hai pha, xc nh cc gc quay bnh xe hai bn trn mm xoay chia
Figure 13.10
Hnh 10.17. o gc quay bnh xe dn hng bng phng php nh du- Khi khng c mm xoay chia c th tin hnh kim tra nh sau: nng bnh xe cu trc ln khi mt ng, t vnh li v bnh xe v tr i thng, nh du mt phng bnh xe trn nn, nh li v tng pha, nh du cc mt phng bnh xe ti cc v tr quay ht vnh li. Xc nh cc gc quay bnh xe dn hng nh hnh 10.17. Trn hnh 10.17 cc gc quay bnh xe dn hng v hai pha t, n khc nhau, nhng cc gi tr c hai bn bnh xe phi bng nhau. Gc quay bnh xe ln nht ca t v hai bn phi bng nhau v m bo tiu chun quy nh. Khi nh li v hai pha cc gc quay bnh xe khng bng nhau c th do: - Tr ng hay rtuyn mn. - C cu li b mn gy kt. - n ngang dn ng li b sai lch. - c hn ch quay bnh xe b hng . d. Kim tra qua ting n t ng yn trn nn phng, lc mnh vnh li theo hai chiu nhm to xung i chiu nghe ting n pht ra trong h thng, xc nh v tr b va p, tm hiu nguyn nhn. c bit cn kim tra r dc ca trc li v cc lin kt vi bung li, bng cch lc mnh dc vnh li theo phng dc trc li.
195 e. Chn on khi th trn ng + Cho xe chy trn mt ng rng, tc thp, ln lt nh li ht v pha tri, sau v pha phi, to nn chuyn ng rch rc, theo di s hot ng ca xe, lc nh li, kh nng quay vng tc thp c th xc nh h hng ca h thng li theo ton b gc quay. + Tin hnh kim tra tc cao, khong 50% vn tc ln nht ca t, nhng gii hn gc quay vnh li t 300 n 500. Xc nh kh nng chuyn hng linh hot qua nh gi tnh iu khin ca t, cm nhn lc nh li trn vnh li. H hng ca h thng li v gc kt cu bnh xe s phn nh cht lng tng hp ca h thng li, treo, bnh xe. Trn cc xe c nhiu cu ch ng cn chu nh hng ca h thng truyn lc. f. Xc nh kh nng n nh chuyn ng thng khi th trn ng Chn mt ng phng, tt, cho t chuyn ng vi vn tc cao bng khong 2/3 vn tc ln nht, t tay ln vnh li, cho xe chy thng (vnh li t v tr trung gian), khng gi cht v hiu chnh hng khi th, cho xe chy trn on ng 1000m, xem xt lch bn ca t. Nu lch bn khng qu 3m th h thng li v kt cu bnh xe tt, ngc li cn xem xt k hn bng cc phng php xc nh khc. 13.2.3.2 Chn on h thng li lin quan ti cc h thng khc trn xe a. Chn on h thng li lin quan ti gc t bnh xe, h thng treo Ti trng thng ng c nh hng rt ln n qu o chuyn ng ca t, nht l trn t con. S sai lch ln gi tr ti trng thng ng s kh m bo gi chuyn ng ca t i thng. Khi quay vng s lm cho cc bnh xe chu ti khc nhau v c th sau mt thi gian di gy nn mi mn lp v kh m bo quay vng chnh xc. Nhng kt cu lin quan thng gp trn t l: thanh n nh ngang, l xo hay nhp b yu sau thi gian di lm vic, gc b tr bnh xe b sai lch. Biu hin r nt nht l s mi mn bt thng ca lp xe. S mn lp xe trn b mt sau thi gian s dng ni ln trng thi ca gc t bnh xe v tr ng. Cc gc ny chu nh hng ca cc n trong hnh thang li v dm cu, h thng treo. V vy chn on su hn v tnh trng ca h thng li lin quan n bnh xe cn phi loi tr trc khi kt lun. b. Chn on h thng li lin quan n h thng phanh Khi xe chuyn ng, lc dc (phanh, ko) tc dng ln bnh xe, nu cc lc ny khc nhau hoc bn knh ln ca bnh xe khng ng u s gy hin tng lch hng chuyn ng. S lch hng ny s c khc phc nu loi tr c cc khuyt im ni trn. Trng hp loi tr c cc khuyt im ni trn m hin tng vn cn chng t s c nm trong h thng li. i vi xe nhiu cu ch ng, hin tng lch li cn c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc. c bit ch i vi h thng truyn lc m trong vi sai c khp ma st, khi c s c ca khp ma st c th cng gy hin tng lch li hay tay li nng mt pha. i vi xe c h thng truyn lc kiu AWD c khp ma st gia cc cu v thng xuyn gi cu th khi h hng khp ma st ny cng gy nn sai lch tc chuyn ng ca hai cu v t s rt kh iu khin chnh xc hng chuyn ng. Trong trng hp k trn c th tho cc ng truyn th chy t bng mt cu trong thi gian ngn, nhm loi tr nh hng ca khp ma st v pht hin h hng trong h thng li. 13.2.3.3 Kim tra cc gc t bnh xe dn hng a. Xc nh cc gc t bnh xe bng dng c c kh o gc
196
Figure 13.11
Hnh 10. 18 Cu to ca ng h bt nc M21421-thang o gc lch [U+F067]; 2-cht xoay ca ng h quanh trc 3; 3-trc; 4-m kp; 5,5-tay vn, tay hm; 6- thn dng c; 7-thang o gc lch [U+F062]; 8-thang o gc lch [U+F061]S dng ng h bt nc v hp o gc hnh 10.18 kim tra cc gc: - Gc dong bnh xe [U+F061]. - Gc nghing ngang ca tr quay ng [U+F062]. - Gc nghing dc ca tr quay ng [U+F067]. a1. Kim tra gc dong bnh xe [U+F061] - Kch cu trc ln. - Bt ng h bt nc vo bulng bt lp v tr trn cng, quay mt ng h xung, iu chnh ng h v tr thng bng v song song vi mt phng ng bt nc v tr 0 ca thang o 8, hnh 10.19. - Quay bnh xe i 1800 xung pha di thp nht mt ng h s quay ln, gi tr ca bt nc dch chuyn trn thang o 8 l gc [U+F061]. Vi t c h thng treo c lp c th iu chnh c gc [U+F061] nh bc lch tm v ren ca nng 2 ni thanh chng 3 vi n di 1, hnh 10.20. Vi t c h thng treo ph thuc gc [U+F061] khng iu chnh c. Nu khi kim tra [U+F061] khng ng tiu chun th phi kim tra li khe h cht chuyn
197 hng, cong ca cu dn hng. [U+F061] = -50 50
Hnh 10. 19 Kim tra gc [U+F061] Hnh 10. 20. V tr iu chnh gc [U+F061]1-n di. 2-v tr iu chnh (bc lch tm v ren). 3-thanh chng.
Table 13.9
a2. Kim tra gc nghing ngang ca tr quay ng [U+F062]
198
Khi kim tra [U+F062], [U+F067] phi quay bnh xe i 1 gc, xc nh c gc quay ngi ta thm hp o gc, dng c gm hai a gim ma st bnh xe khi quay 7 v 8. Thn hp o 1, bng khc vch 2, kim ch 3 lin vi cht quay 4 v khung ca thanh ta 5, hnh 10.21 Thao tc kim tra:Hnh 10. 21. Kim tra gc nghing ngang [U+F062]1-thn hp o; 2-bng khc vch; 3-kim ch; 4-cht quay; 5-khung ca thanh ta; 6-ng h bt nc; 7,8-a gim ma st; 9-thang o gc lch [U+F067] ;10-gi tr bt nc dch chuyn trn thang o; 12-thang o gc lch [U+F062]; 13-thang o gc lch [U+F061]
Table 13.10
199 - Kch cu trc, tng cp a di bnh xe dn hng (hai a quay mt li tip xc vi nhau), h kch. - Quay v lng bnh xe v tr i thng, nn bng phng. - t cc hp o gc, lp gi ca kim 3 v khung thanh t 5 vo cht 4 lp thanh t 5 st vo lp bnh xe. - Lp ng h bt nc vo bu lng bt lp, quay mt ng h ln trn, iu chnh ng h bt nc nm trong mt phng nm ngang v thanh o [U+F062] 7 song song vi mt phng quay bnh xe. - Quay v lng v bn tri mt gc 200 (nh quan st hp o), quan st gi tr ca thang o khi bt nc dch chuyn v quay tay li v pha phi qua v tr trung gian 200 (tng cng v hai pha l 400), quan st s dch chuyn ca bt nc. Gi tr dch chuyn bt nc v hai pha s l gc [U+F062]. [U+F062] = 00 160 a3. Kim tra gc nghing dc ca tr quay ng [U+F067] Mi thao tc o, cch lp t ng h nh kim tra gc [U+F062] (nhng ch : ng h bt nc nm trong mt phng nm ngang v thang o [U+F067] 1 vung gc vi mt phng quay bnh xe). [U+F067] = -30 100 Nu quay bnh xe quanh cht chuyn hng 900 th s phn nh c gc [U+F062], [U+F067] trn ng h, nhng thc t quay bnh xe v hai pha 400 nn ngi ta hiu chnh thang o nh gi ng gc [U+F062], [U+F067] khi ch cn quay bnh xe nh kim tra trn. b. Xc nh chm
200
Hnh 10.22 Kim tra chm1-ng trt. 2-kim ch. 3-dy xch. 4-u t
Hnh 10. 23. iu chnh chm

Table 13.11
chm c th kim tra trn thit b o trt ngang ca bnh xe dn hng v thng qua tr s lc trt ngang nh gi chm. Khi kim tra tr s ch trn bng in t thng 5mm nu ln hn phi iu chnh li chm. C th dng dng c n gin l thc o chm c th thay i c chiu di, hnh 10.22. Tin hnh o: xe v tr i thng, nn bng phng, t thc o chm t vo ch phnh to nht ca lp v nm trong mt phng ngang qua tm bnh xe, iu chnh si dy xch 3 chm t. nh du phn vo v tr hai cht t 4 trn lp, quan st kim ch ca thc khc vch (khong cch B). y xe tin v pha trc (gi v lng xe vn chuyn ng thng) sao cho du phn chuyn v pha sau v u dy xch 3 chm t, o khong cch gia hai im nh du phn (khong cch A) chm [U+F064] = A-Bmm. Ta o nhiu ln v ly gi tr trung bnh nh gi [U+F064]. Vi xe con [U+F064] = (1,53,5)mm, xe ti [U+F064] = (1,5 5)mm. Nu chm khng ng qui nh phi tin hnh iu chnh li bng cch ni cc bu lng hm u n ko ngang, dng cl ng thay i chiu di n ko ngang iu chnh chm, hnh 10.23. iu chnh xong vn bu lng hm li. c. Chn on trn b o trt ngang bnh xe tnh v ng
201 Khi bnh xe t nghing trn b mt ng s to nn lc ngang tc dng ln ng. Gi tr lc ngang ty thuc vo kt cu xe v c cho bi nh sn xut. Vic t nghing bnh xe ph thuc vo cc thng s kt cu ca n dn ng li, gc nghing trc bnh xe v h thng treo. Thng s ny nh hng rt ln n kh nng quay vng, n nh chuyn ng thng, lc t trn vnh li, v vy vic xc nh lc ngang l mt thng s chn on quan trng. Thit b o lc ngang c tn gi l thit b o trt ngang tnh bnh xe. Thit b o trt ngang tnh c hai loi chnh: mt bn trt v hai bn trt. S nguyn l ca thit b mt bn trt m t trn hnh 10.24.
Figure 13.12
Hnh 10.24. S nguyn l ca thit b o trt ngang Thit b bao gm: bn trt ngang t bnh xe, bn trt c th di chuyn trn cc con ln trn, nhng b gi li nh gi im ta mm bin dng bng l xo cn bng. Lc ngang t trn bn trt, do ti trng thng ng ca bnh xe sinh ra, gy nn bin dng l xo v dch chuyn bn trt. Cm bin o chuyn v ca l xo v ch th trn ng h gi tr trt ngang. Thit b c hai bn trt ngang cho php o vi ch th c lp ca tng bnh xe, do vy c chnh xc cao hn.
202
Figure 13.13
Hnh 10.25. Thit b o trt ngang loi hai bn trt Thit b o trt ngang bnh xe tnh ch thch hp cho vic chn on khi t cn mi, mn cc khu khp khc cn nh. Nu mn h thng cu dn hng ln, cc loi thit b ny cho s liu o khng chnh xc (khng phn nh ng trng thi ca gc t bnh xe). Thit b o trt ngang bnh xe ng dng thm b gy rung in kh nn hay thy lc to nn lc ng theo phng trt ngang c tnh cht chu k, nhm m bo nhy ca thit b.
Figure 13.14
Hnh 10.26. S nguyn l ca thit b o trt ngang ng Thit b i hi thm cm x l tn hiu v cho ra thng s o, sau khi x l cc s liu ghi li c trong qu trnh rung. Cc b thit b o ng c kh nng thay th thit b tnh nhng gi thnh cao.
203 Trn mt s thit b th phanh c b tr ng thi vi thit b o trt ngang. Thit b ny i hi qu trnh o phi tun th theo quy nh ring. Chng hn khi o trt ngang, bn trt c nng ln, tch bnh xe khi tang trng ca b o phanh. Gi trt c thay bng con ln c kh nng trt bn, ng thi khi th phanh con ln ng vai tr b o tc bnh xe. Khi th phanh con ln lm vic nh b o tc . Ngy nay, cc thit b ny c tch ri, nhng s dng chung h thng ch th v b tr trong cng khu vc chn on.
Figure 13.15
Hnh 10.27. B o phanh kt hp vi o trt ngang d. Xc nh gc t bnh xe trn b th chuyn dng S sai lch v tr b tr cc gc t bnh xe cn do mt s nguyn nhn khc, vic chn on bng cc thit b ni trn c th khng phn nh ng cc trng thi kt cu t bnh xe tng quan vi khung hay v.
204
Figure 13.16
Hnh.10.28. Cu to h thng o v s nguyn l1-T my, 2- Gi o lp ti bnh xe.Thit b o gc t bnh xe bng nh sng laser (hay hng ngoi) cho php xc nh cc thng s kt cu gc t bnh xe chnh xc hn. Thit b bao gm: - Cc gi o lp ti bnh xe bng cc c cu nh v chc chn trn vnh bnh xe. Mt phng thng ng ca gi chp nguyn dng v tr ca bnh xe. Trn gi c lp b ngun pht sng bng n neon laser helium. Chm tia sng c pht ra thng qua h thng quang hc nh hng truyn nh sng. Pha trn u xe c t my gm: c cu thu nhn chm nh sng pht ra t cc gi o t ti bnh xe trc v sau, c cu xc nh v tr chm tia sng laser, cc b chuyn i digital nhm s ha cc s liu v v tr, mn hnh ch th, bn phm giao tip, my in kt qu, cc b nh ng, cc b lu tr d liu. Nguyn l o c thc hin nh sau: Chm sng t gi o cc bnh sau chuyn dc thn xe v gi o bnh trc v chuyn v t my u xe. Chm sng t gi o bnh xe trc v chuyn v t my u xe. Cc chm tia pht ra t cc gi tr o c ghi v lu tr trn my bao gm v tr tng i ca cc bnh xe vi khung v xe. Cc s liu ny hin th trn mn hnh, khi trong b lu tr c sn s liu ca xe, mn hnh c th cho php so snh d liu v hin th mc ph hp vi s liu chun tin nh gi kt qu. Thc hin o tin hnh theo trnh t sau: t xe ln b nng thch hp, lp cc mm gia bnh xe v b nng, nu l bnh xe dn hng phi lp mm xoay. Nhn mnh u xe v ui xe h thng nm v v tr xc nh. Lp cc gi o vo cc bnh xe v t bnh xe v tr i thng, iu chnh cc gi tr o hng chm tia sng v t my bng cch ng t my v ng in cho gi o. Hiu chnh mn hnh hin th s liu ca chm tia. Xc nh gc dong bnh xe, ghi s liu vo b nh (n phm MEMORRY).
205 Xc nh gc nghing ngang, gc nghing dc tr ng, chm bnh xe, bng cch quay bnh xe dn hng i khong 200, ghi s liu vo b nh. Quay tr li bnh xe dn hng v v tr i thng, ghi s liu vo b nh. Cho hin th s liu. So snh vi cc s liu chun. nh gi, kt lun. Cc thng s thu c bao gm cc thng s gc t bnh xe. Thit b ny c chnh xc cao, c th dng trong chn on trng thi k thut t con, t ti nng. . .khi ang s dng, sa cha, sau s c ln nh: m, , va chm. . . 13.2.3.4 Chn on v iu chnh c cu li a. r c cu li Chn on c cu li bng cch o r c thc hin khi kha cng phn b ng c cu li, xc nh r trn vnh li (tng t nh xc nh r h thng li) Kt hp vic o r h thng li, s dng phng php suy lun loi tr, xc nh khu vc hay chi tit b mn, h hng. b. Xc nh kh nng h hng trong ton b gc quay ca c cu li Nng ton b bnh xe cu trc dn hng, quay vnh li ti v tr tn cng bn phi v bn tri, pht hin cc h hng trong c cu li v r vnh li cc v tr, c bit v tr tn cng. Vic xc nh ny c th dng cm nhn thay i lc quay vnh li hay nh lc k. c. iu chnh c cu li cc c cu li kiu trc vt - con ln, qut rng v ai c-thanh rng, c hai vic iu chnh: iu chnh khe h chiu trc ca vng bi trc vt v iu chnh s vo khp ca qut rng v ai c-thanh rng. Vic kim tra v iu chnh khe h chiu trc ca vng bi tin hnh nh sau: x ht du nhn trong cacte c cu li, tch khp ni gia trc vt c cu li v trc tay li, khp ni gia n quay ng v b tr lc thu lc. Dng tay lc n quay ng, kim tra khe h trong cc vng bi trc vt. Nu thy c khe h, phi tho bulng, tho np di ca cacte c cu li 1 v rt m iu chnh ra, hnh 10.29.
206
Hnh 10. 30. iu chnh khe h n khp ca trc vt- con ln.1-cl. 2-ai c iu chnh. 3-c hm. 4-m hm
Hnh 10.29. iu chnh khe h chiu trc c cu li kiu trc vt con ln1-Np. 2-Cc te c cu li. 3-m iu chnh
Table 13.12
iu chnh khe h n khp ca cp truyn ng trong c cu li: c nhiu loi c cu li khc nhau c s dng trn cc t khc nhau, tu thuc vo kt cu c th m c cch iu chnh khc nhau nhng nguyn tc iu chnh l: - Dch chuyn dc trc n quay ng s iu chnh c khe h n khp ca cp truyn ng trong c cu li. V d c cu li trc vt-con ln hnh 10.30. Ta tin hnh iu chnh nh sau: - Tho ai c hm 3. - Ly m hm 4 ra. - Dng cl 1 iu chnh ai c iu chnh 2.
207
Figure 13.17
Hnh 10.31. Loi khp cu t ng iu chnh r trong qu trnh lm vic 13.2.3.5 Kim tra dn ng li v khc phc khe h a. Cc khp ni Kt cu ca khp ni cu rt a dng, c loi kt cu t ng iu chnh khe h trong qu trnh lm vic, hnh 10.31, c loi ta phi iu chnh hnh 10.32. C th d dng pht hin khe h trong cc khp ni ca c cu dn ng li bng cch lc mnh n quay ng trong khi xoay tay li v nm tay vo cc khp kim tra hnh10.33 (a). Nu khe h vt qu qui nh, hy khc phc bng cch vn cc nt c ren ca khp ni tng ng hnh 10.29 (b). Mun vy, phi tho cht ch nt ra, vn nt vo n ht c ri li ni nt ra n khi mt u ca nt trng vi mt l lp cht ch.
208
Figure 13.18
Hnh 10. 32. Loi khp cu khng t ng iu chnh r 1-cht cu. 2-gi cht cu. 3-ai c iu chnh. 4-cht ch
Hnh 10. 33. Kim tra (a) v khc phc (b) khe h trong cc khp ni dn
Table 13.13
b. Kim tra khe h cht chuyn hng bnh xe v tr thng. Kch cu bnh xe khng tip t. G ng h so 1 vo dm cu 3, iu chnh u o t vo mm phanh 2, xoay mt ng h kim ch v tr s 0. + Kim tra, iu chnh khe h hng trc hnh 10.34 a. Dng cn l o khe h pha di ca dm cu vi mt cam quay, khe h ny phi 1,5mm. Nu khe h ln hn ta phi tho cam quay khi du cu v thm m mt u dy hn gim khe h hng trc.
209 + Kim tra khe h hng knh hnh 10.34 b. H kch bnh xe ng trn mt t. Tr s ch trn ng h l khe h hng knh [U+F044]u. [U+F044]u 0,75mm, nu khe h ln hn ta phi thay bc cht chuyn hng mi.
Hnh 10. 34. Kim tra khe h cht chuyn hng1ng h so; 2- mm phanh; 3- dm cu
Table 13.14
13.2.3.6 Chn on h thng li c tr lc a. Xc nh hiu qu ca tr lc t ng yn ti ch, khng n my, nh tay li v hai pha cm nhn lc vnh li. Cho ng c hot ng cc s vng quay khc nhau: chy chm, c ti, gn ti ln nht, nh tay li v hai pha cm nhn lc vnh li. So snh bng cm nhn lc trn vnh li hai trng thi, bit c hiu qu ca tr h thng lc li. b. i vi h thng c tr lc thy lc b1. Kim tra bn ngoi Trc khi kim tra cht lng ca h thng tr lc thy lc cn thit phi xem xt v hiu chnh theo cc ni dung sau: S r r du tr lc xung quanh bm, van phn phi, xi lanh lc, cc ng ng v ch ni. Kim tra, iu chnh cng dy ai ko bm thy lc. Kim tra lng du v cht lng du, nu cn thit phi b sung du. Kim tra v lm sch li lc du nu c th. b2. Xc nh hiu qu tr lc trn gi mm xoay
210
Vic xc nh hiu qu ca tr lc cn c th xc nh trn mm xoay. Trnh t tin hnh theo hai trng thi ng c khng lm vic v ng c hot ng ch khng ti. So snh lc nh li trn vnh li b3. Xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh dng c chuyn dng o p sut Xc inh cht lng h thng thy lc bng cch dng ng h o p sut sau bm, nh trn hnh 10.35. Dng c o chuyn dng gm: mt ng ng ni thng ng du, trn c b tr u ni ba ng dn du vo ng du o p sut, ng h ny c kh nng o n 150 kG/cm2, pha sau l van kha ng du cung cp cho van phn phi. Dng c ny c lp ni tip trn ng du ra c cu li.
Figure 13.19
Hnh 10.35. o p sut bm bng dng c chuyn dng+ Sau khi lp dng c vo ng du, cho ng c lm vic, ch cho h thng nng ln ti nhit n nh (sau 15 n 30 giy). + Tin hnh x ht khng kh trong h thng thy lc bng cch: nh tay li v hai pha, ti cc v tr tn cng dng vnh li v gi ti ch khong 23 pht. + ng c lm vic vi ch khng ti, m ht van kha ca dng c o chuyn dng du lu thng. Xc nh p sut lm vic ca h thng trn ng h (p1) tng ng khi t chy thng. + ng c lm vic vi s vng quay trung bnh, ng ht van kha ca dng c kha kn ng du. Xc nh p sut lm vic ca bm khng ti trn ng h (p2). + M hon ton van kha, ng c lm vic ch khng ti, quay vnh li n v tr tn cng, gi vnh li v xc nh p sut trn ng h, p sut phi quay v tr s p2. V d trn t HINO FF cc gi tr o kim nh sau: p1 = 500,5kG/cm2 ( 800 vng/pht) p2 = 122130kG/cm2 ( 2000 vng/pht) p3 = 122kG/cm2 ( 800 vng/pht) Nh vic kim tra nh trn c th xc nh cht lng bm, van iu p v lu lng, van phn phi xi lanh lc. b4. Xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st phn b ng Xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st phn b ng c th thc hin bng cc phng php sau:
211 + Cho u xe ln cc b kiu mm xoay c ghi . Dng vnh li ln lt nh ht v hai pha, xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st s chuyn ng ca phn b ng: - Nu c cu li chung vi xi lanh lc, quan st s dch chuyn ca: n ngang li (c cu li bnh rng thanh rng), n quay ng (nu c cu li trc vt cu bi thanh rng bnh rng) - Nu xi lanh lc t ring, quan st s dch chuyn ca cn piston xi lanh lc. + Khi khng c mm xoay chia c th tin hnh kim tra nh sau: nng bnh xe ca cu trc ln khi mt ng, quan st s chuyn ng ca phn b ng nh trn. c. i vi h thng c tr lc kh nn c1. Kim tra nhanh + chng dy ai ko my nn kh, lin kt my nn kh vi ng c. + Theo di s r r kh nn tr lc khi xe ng yn v khi xe chuyn ng c nh li. + Kim tra p sut kh nn nh ng h trn bng tablo: khi ng ng c, m bo np y kh nn ti p sut nh mc (khong 8 kG/cm2) sau thi gian 2 pht. + Kim tra nc v du trong bnh cha kh, cng vic ny cn kim tra thng xuyn, nu thy lng nc v du gia tng t xut cn xem xt cht lng ca my nn kh. c2. Kim tra my nn kh v van iu p Xc nh cht lng my nn kh bng ng h o p sut kh nn sau my nn: - Nu p sut qu nh (so vi p sut nh mc) th c th do my nn kh cht lng km, h ng ng kh nn, sai lch v tr van iu p v van an ton. - Nu p sut qu ln chng t van iu p v van an ton b hng. c3. Xc nh cht lng h thng tr lc Xc nh cht lng h thng tr lc bao gm: cm c cu li, van phn phi, xy lanh lc: tin hnh nng cu dn hng, nh li v cc pha u n, o lc tc dng ln vnh li theo hai chiu, quan st s dch chuyn ca cn piston lc. Nu thy c hin tng lc vnh li khng n nh, s di chuyn ca cn piston lc. Nu thy c hin tng vnh li khng n nh, s di chuyn ca cn piston lc khng u n l do cm c cu li, van phn phi, xi lanh lc h hng.
13.3 CHN ON H THNG TREO

13.3.1 Nhim v v cu to
13.3.1.1 Nhim v Lin kt gia dm cu vi khung hoc v t. 13.3.1.2 Cu to H thng treo trn t bao gm: b phn n hi, b phn dn hng, b phn gim chn, b phn n nh ngang thn xe. a. Phn loi tng qut v h thng treo H thng treo ph thuc c dm cu cng, trong bao gm: h thng treo ph thuc n (dng cho treo mt cu) t trn cu trc hoc cu sau v h thng treo ph thuc cn bng t trn cu kp cc cu sau t nhiu cu. H thng treo c lp, cc dng kt cu c bn: H thng treo n ngang bao gm: hai n ngang, mt n ngang, t trn cu trc, cu sau. H thng treo n dc bao gm: n dc n v n dc c thanh ngang lin kt ch t trn cu sau. H thng treo n cho: t trn cu sau. b. Phn loi b phn n hi Nhp l: loi mt l, loi nhiu l b thnh b nhp, loi i xng, loi khng i xng. Nhp bao gm: l nhp, quang nhp, bu lng nh v, cao su gi nhp hn ch hnh trnh. L xo xon c: l xo tr, l xo cn, l xo xp phng, loi c tit din iu, loi c tit din thay i Thanh xon: thanh xon n, thanh xon ghp b, loi tit din trn, tit din vung hay su cnh.
212
Ngoi ra cn c cc dng b phn n hi c bit nh: kh nn, kh nn-thy lc-in t, n hi bng cao su, b phn n hi kt hp vi gim chn. . . c. Phn loi gim chn B gim chn gm: xi lanh, piston, van v c cc loi: Gim chn ng mt lp v c t trn t con. Gim chn ng hai lp v thng dng c t trn t con, t ti v t but. Gim chn ng mt lp v c kh nng dp tt dao ng rt cao, nhng li c bn thp (bng 80% tui th ca loi hai lp v) nn ch dng trn t con c gi thnh cao. d. Kt cu thanh n nh ngang Ty thuc yu cu v kh nng lm vic ca h thng treo trn t, m c th c mt thanh n nh hay khng. Phn ln t con, t but v trn mt s t ti c b tr thanh n nh ngang. Thanh n nh ngang thng b tr ngang theo cu xe v s lm vic khi thn xe b nghing lch v mt pha, to iu kin gim gc nghing ngang v sn u ti trng cho hai bn thng xe ca cng mt cu. Thanh n nh c kt cu a dng, phn ln l ch U tit din trn, hnh dng v kch thc cu to ty thuc vo yu cu gy nn m men chng lt, khng nht thit tun th theo ti trng ca t. 13.3.1.3 Mt s tiu chun trong kim tra h thng treo a. Tiu chun v n n trn t do nhiu nguyn nhn. Cc ch tiu di y l n tng hp: n do h thng treo, truyn lc, do ng c qua kh thi v do to nn ngun rung ng t ng c, do cu trc thng, v xe gy nn. . . Khi tin hnh kim tra h thng treo c th o t xc nh mt s ln kt lun nguyn nhn. Tiu chun v n chung cho ton xe ph thuc vo phng php o: t microphone thu bn trong xe nhm o n trong xe, t microphone ngoi nhm o n ngoi. Cc ch tiu di y dng cho xe mi khi xut xng. Cc tiu chun v n yu cu o trong khi xe ng yn n my v khi xe chuyn ng. Nhng nu n nh hng ca h thng treo cn thit kim tra n khi xe chuyn ng. Nu c th kim tra n khi xe ng yn th c th thu c cc thng tin loi tr nh hng ca cc thng s khc.
213
Figure 13.20
Hnh 10.36. H thng treo xe Zil 130 - Cc thng s n cho php ca ECE (N0 41; N0 51)-1984 cho cc loi t khc nhau, khi th trn ng tt 80 km/h cho trong bng. - Cc thng s n cho php ca Vit Nam TCVN 5948:1999 khi th trn ng tt 50 km/h cho trong bng. Bng. Cc thng s n cho php ca ECE
214
215 n trong ECE N0 41 Loi xe* M1- t con M2- t but n 5 tn M3- t but hn 5 tn t but Cc loi but n dB (A) khng qua 80 82 82 82 84 N2 t ti c ti <3,5 tn N2, N3 t ti c ti <12 tn N3 t ti c ti >12 tn ng c >147kW
Table 13.15
n ngoi ECE N0 51 Loi xe* M1- t con M2- t but c ti <3,5 tn M2, M3 t but c ti >3,5 tn M2, M3 t but c ng c >147kW n dB(A) khng qu 80 81 82 85 80 81 86 88
Ch thch: (*) Loi xe xem trong phn loi xe.
Bng. Cc thng s n ngoi cho php ca Vit Nam 1999. n ngoi TCVN 5948:1999 Loi xe M1 t con M2- t but c ti <3,5 tn M2, M3 t but c ti >3,5 tn M2, M3 t but c ng c >147kW N2, N3 t ti c ti <12 tn N3 t ti c ti >12 tn ng c >147kW
Table 13.16
n dB (A) khng qu 7477 7679 7883 7784 7883 7784
b. Tiu chun v bm ng ca ECE Trong khong tn s kch ng t thit b gy rung, gi tr bm dnh bnh xe trn nn khng nh hn 70%
216
Figure 13.21
Tiu chun v bm ng
13.3.2 H hng ca h thng treo

13.3.2.1 B phn dn hng: Mn cc khp tr, khp cu. Bin dng khu: n ging, b , b xoay, dm cu, nhp l, quang treo. Sai lch cc thng s cu trc, cc ch iu chnh, vu gim va, vu tng cng. . . Cc h hng ny s lm cho bnh xe mt quan h ng hc, ng lc hc ng, gy nn mi mn lp nhanh, mt kh nng n nh chuyn ng, mt tnh dn hng ca xe. . . Ty theo mc h hng m biu hin ca n r nt hay m. 13.3.2.2 B phn n hi B phn n hi quyt nh tn s dao ng ring ca t, do vy khi h hng s nh hng nhiu ti cc ch tiu cht lng k trn. Gim cng, hu qu ca n l gim chiu cao ca thn xe, tng kh nng va p cng khi phanh hay tng tc, gy n, ng thi dn ti tng gia tc dao ng thn xe, lm xu m du khi xe i trn ng xu. B kt nhp do ht m bi trn lm tng cng, hu qu ca vic b cng nhp lm cho t chuyn ng trn ng xu b rung xc mnh, mt m du chuyn ng, tng lc tc dng ln thn xe, gim kh nng bm dnh, tui th ca gim chn trn cu xe s thp. Gy b phn n hi do qu ti khi lm vic, hay do mi ca vt liu. Khi gy mt s l nhp trung gian s dn ti gim cng. Khi b gy cc l nhp chnh th b nhp s mt vai tr ca b phn dn hng. Nu l l xo xon c hay thanh xon b gy, s dn ti mt tc dng b phn n hi. V tng cng ca h thng treo lm mm b phn n hi, tng ti trng tc dng ln b phn n hi. V t hn ch hnh trnh cng tng ti trng tc dng ln b phn n hi. C hai trng hp ny
217 u gy nn va p, tng n trong h thng treo. Cc ting n ca h thng treo s lm cho ton b thn xe hay v xe pht ra ting n ln, lm xu mi trng hot ng ca t. R lng cc lin kt nh: quang nhp, ai kp, gi l xo. . .u gy nn ting n, x lch cu t, kh iu khin, nng tay li, tng n khi xe hot ng, d gy tai nn giao thng. 13.3.2.3 B phn gim chn B phn gim chn cn thit phi lm vic vi lc cn hp l nhm dp tt nhanh chng dao ng thn xe. H hng ca gim chn dn ti thay i lc cn ny. Tc l gim kh nng dp tt dao ng ca thn xe, c bit gy nn gim mnh bm dnh trn nn ng. Cc h hng thng gp l: Mn b i xy lanh, piston. Piston xi lanh ng vai tr dn hng v cng vi sc mng hay pht lm nhim v bao kn cc khoang du. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca gim chn piston v xi lanh dch chuyn tng i, gy mn nhiu trn piston, lm xu kh nng dn hng v bao kn. Khi , s thay i th tch cc khoang du, ngoi vic du lu thng qua l tit lu, cn chy qua gia khe h ca piston v xi lanh, gy gim lc cn trong c hai hnh trnh nn v tr, mt dn tc dng dp tt dao ng nhanh. H pht bao kn v chy du ca gim chn. H hng ny hay xy ra i vi gim chn ng, c bit trn gim chn ng mt lp v. Do iu kin bi trn ca pht bao kn v cn piston hn ch, nn s mn l khng th trnh c sau thi gian di s dng, du c th chy qua khe pht lm mt tc dng gim chn. S thiu du gim chn hai lp v dn ti lt khng kh vo bung b, gim tnh cht n nh lm vic. gim chn mt lp v, s h pht bao kn dn ti y ht du ra ngoi v gim nhanh p sut. Ngoi ra s h pht cn ko theo bi bn bn ngoi vo v tng nhanh tc mi mn. Du bin cht sau mt thi gian s dng. Thng thng du trong gim chn c pha thm ph gia c bit tng tui th khi lm vic nhit v p sut thay i. Gi c nht trong khong thi gian di. Khi c nc hay tp cht ha hc ln vo d lm du bin cht. Cc tnh cht c l thay i lm cho tc dng ca gim chn mt i, c khi lm b kt gim chn. Kt van gim chn c th xy ra hai dng: lun m hoc lun ng. Nu cc van kt m th lc cn gim chn b gim nh. Nu van gim chn b kt ng th lc cn gim chn khng c iu chnh, lm tng lc cn gim chn. S kt van gim chn ch xy ra khi du thiu hay b bn, pht bao kn b h. Cc biu hin ca h hng ny ph thuc vo cc trng thi kt ca van hnh trnh tr hay van lm vic hnh trnh nn, van gim ti. . . Thiu du, ht du u xut pht t cc h hng ca pht bao kn. Khi thiu du hay ht du gim chn vn cn kh nng dch chuyn th nhit pht sinh trn v rt ln, tuy nhin khi cng ca gim chn thay i, lm xu chc nng ca n. C nhiu trng hp ht du c th gy kt gim chn, cong trc. Do qu ti trong lm vic, cn piston gim chn b cong, gy kt hon ton gim chn. Nt cao su ch lin kt c th pht hin thng qua quan st cc u lin kt. khi b v nt t chy trn ng xu gy nn va chm mnh, km theo ting n. Cc h hng ca gim chn k trn c th pht hin thng qua cm nhn v m du chuyn ng, nhit v ngoi gim chn, s chy du hay o trn b kim tra h thng treo. 13.3.2.4 Bnh xe Bnh xe c th c coi l mt phn trong h thng treo, cc thay i chnh trong s dng l: p sut lp, mn, mt cn bng. . . 13.3.2.5 Thanh n nh H hng ca thanh n nh ch yu l: nt cc gi ta cao su, gim cng, h hng cc n lin kt. Hu qu ca cc h hng ny cng tng t nh ca b phn n hi, nhng xy ra khi t b nghing hay chy trn ng c sng ghnh.
218
13.3.3 Kim tra, iu chnh h thng treo

- Quan st s rn nt ca nhp, vn cht cc mi ghp: quang nhp, cc u c nh, di ng ca nhp... - Bi trn cho c nhp. - o vng tnh ca nhp so snh vi tiu chun, nu khng m bo phi thay mi. - Kim tra mn ca c nhp, bc c nhp. - i vi gim chn phi kim tra r r du (vi gim chn ng, r du nhiu phi thay mi, vi gim chn n b xung du gim chn qua l b xung du), xit cht cc mi ghp...
13.4 CHN ON H THNG PHANH

13.4.1 Nhim v v cu to chung ca h thng phanh
13.4.1.1 Nhim v H thng phanh dng gim tc ca t cho n khi dng li hn, m bo tnh nng an ton khi s dng t. 13.4.1.2 Cu to Cu to ph thuc tng loi h thng phanh. a. Phn loi h thng phanh Theo kt cu - H thng phanh thy lc: thng gp trn t con, t ti nh (tng trng lng khng qu 12 tn) v c th chia ra: + Phanh thy lc n gin, gm c: bn p, xi lanh chnh, xi lanh bnh xe, c cu phanh. + Phanh thy lc c tr lc bn p phanh, cc dng tr lc l: tr lc chn khng, in t (dng cho t nh), tr lc kh nn, thy lc (dng cho t ti nh v va). + Phanh thy lc c iu chnh lc phanh cho bnh xe, cc b iu chnh thng dng l: b iu ha lc phanh n gin (trn c s van hn ch p sut cho cc bnh xe cu sau), b iu chnh t ng chng trt lt (iu chnh s phanh theo kh nng chng b cng bnh xe ABS. . .) - H thng phanh kh nn: thng gp trn t ti, t but loi va, nng v c th chia ra: + Phanh kh nn n gin gm: bn p, van phanh, my nn kh, b iu p, bnh cha kh nn, bu phanh bnh xe, c cu phanh. + Phanh kh nn c iu chnh lc phanh, cc b iu chnh thng dng l: b iu chnh n gin, b iu chnh t ng chng trt lt (iu chnh phanh theo kh nng chng b cng bnh xe ABS. . .) - H thng phanh thy lc kh nn: thng gp trn t ti nh v trung bnh (tng trng lng 6 tn n khng qu 22 tn). H thng phanh loi ny dng cht lng iu khin c cu phanh thng qua xi lanh bnh xe nh h thng phanh thy lc, vic to p lc cho cht lng nh h thng cung cp kh nn qua van phn phi v xi lanh kh nn. H thng ny cho php c cc u im chung ca c h thng kh nn v h thng thy lc.
219
Figure 13.22
Hnh 10.37. S h thng phanh kh nn xe ZIL 130 Vic chia hai dng phanh c th c thc hin ti van phn phi kh nn hay ti xi lanh chnh thy lc. Theo s dng dn ng: dn ng iu khin mt dng, hai dng. Theo qui chun ca quc t ch cho php dng loi dn ng iu khin hai dng, cc dng iu khin lm vic c lp vi nhau, nhm trnh xy ra mt phanh cng mt lc trn tt c h thng phanh, nng cao tin cy, an ton cho xe khi chuyn ng. Cu trc hai dng c th l: c lp, song song (b tr hn hp). Theo v tr c cu phanh: b tr trong lng bnh xe, b tr cnh cu xe. Theo tiu chun kim tra cht lng phanh: - Loi M: M1 cho t con, M2 cho t but c tng trng lng n 5 tn, M3 ln hn 5tn. - Loi N dng cho t ti: N1 cho t ti c tng trng lng n 3,5 tn, N2 t 3,5 n 12 tn, N3 ln hn 12 tn. - Loi O dng cho cc loi rmoc v bn rmoc. b. Phn loi c cu phanh C cu phanh dng tang trng. C cu phanh dng a. Kt cu ca phanh a rt a dng, cc chc nng hon thin nhiu, chng hn: trong cc phanh a nm trn bnh xe sau thng c c cu lin ng iu khin vi phanh tay, c cu t ng iu chnh khe h m phanh v a phanh, cm bin o tc quay ca bnh xe. . .Do cc h hng xy ra c th l cc biu hin khng r rng. Vic phn tch h hng v chn on k thut cn nm chc kt cu c th ca chng. 3. Mt s tiu chun c bn trong kim tra hiu qu phanh a. Cc yu cu c bn khi kim tra h thng phanh H thng phanh l mt h thng m bo an ton chuyn ng cho t. Do vy phi chp hnh nhng yu cu kim tra kht khe, nht l i vi t thng xuyn hot ng tc cao. Cc yu cu sau: - Phi m bo nhanh chng dng xe khn cp trong bt k tnh hung no. Khi phanh t ngt, xe phi dng sau sau qung ng phanh ngn nht, tc l c gia tc phanh cc i. - Phi m bo phanh gim tc t trong mi iu kin s dng, lc phanh trn bn p phi t l vi hnh trnh bn p, c kh nng r phanh khi cn thit. Hiu qu phanh cao v phi km theo s phanh m du m bo phanh chuyn ng vi gia tc chm dn bin i u n gi n nh chuyn ng ca xe.
220
- Ti thiu trn t phi c hai h thng phanh l: phanh chnh v phanh d phng (phanh chn v phanh tay). Hai h thng u phi sn sng lm vic khi cn thit. Dn ng phanh tay v phanh chn lm vic c lp khng nh hng ln nhau. Phanh tay c th thay th phanh chn khi phanh chn c s c. Phanh tay dng gi nguyn v tr xe trn ng bng cng nh trn dc nghing theo thit k ban u. - Lc iu khin khng qu ln v iu khin nh nhng, d dng k c iu khin bng chn hoc bng tay. - Hnh trnh bn p phanh hoc tay phanh phi thch hp v nm trong phm vi iu khin c th ca ngi s dng. - H thng phanh cn c nhy cao, hiu qu phanh khng thay i nhiu gia cc ln phanh. chm tc dng phi nh v c th lm vic nhanh chng to hiu qu phanh t ngay sau khi va mi thi phanh. - Khi phanh lc phanh pht sinh ra gia cc bnh xe cng mt cu phi bng nhau, Nu c sai lch th phi nh trong phm vi cho php. Khi th phanh trn ng phi ng qu o mong mun theo iu khin. - Cc h thng iu khin c tr lc phanh, khi b h hng tr lc, h thng phanh vn c iu khin v c tc dng ln t. - m bo tin cy s dng ca t trong c h thng v cc chi tit trong h thng, nht l cc chi tit bao kn bng vt liu cao su, nha tng hp. - Cc c cu phanh phi thot nhit tt, khng truyn nhit ra cc khu vc lm nh hng ti s lm vic ca cc c cu xung quanh (lp xe, moay . . .) phi d dng iu chnh, thay th cc chi tit h hng. b. Mt s tiu chun c bn trong kim tra Cc quc gia khc nhau u c tiu chun ring cho ph hp vi mc pht trin kinh t, chnh v vy cc tiu chun s dng u khng ging nhau. Tiu chun c bn trong kim tra hiu qu phanh cho trong u, v ca TCVN 6919-2001 Vit Nam trong trng hp lp rp, xut xng bng 10.1 ca ECE R13 Chu A t. + Khi phanh xe trn ng qu o chuyn ng ca t khng lch qu 80 so vi phng chuyn ng thng v khng b lch bn 3,50m. + Tiu chun kim tra cht lng phanh chn dng trong kim nh lu hnh ca Vit Nam do b GTVT ban hnh trong bn 10.2. Tiu chun ngnh 224-2000. Cng trong tiu chun ny yu cu cho phanh tay: khi phanh tay (phanh dng xe) xe c dng trn dc ( dc 20%), hay lc phanh trn bnh xe kim tra trn b th khng nh hn 16% trng lng t. u: ECE-R13 Tiu chun Chu A
ECE-R13Trng lng ln
t ch ngi T but t con M1 M2 M3

221 Phanh chnh (chn) Tc 80 ban u (v) km/h 60 60 80
Cng0, 1v + 0, 15v + v2 thc 150 tnh ton gn ng qung ng phanh
v2 130
0, 15v
Qung 50,7 36,7 36,7 ng phanh m Gia 5,8 5,0 tc chm dn trung bnh m/s2 Lc 500 700 bn p max N Thi 0,36s0,54s gian chm tc dng max s
61,2
5,0
700
0,54s
222 Phanh tay Tc 80 ban u phanh (v) km/h 60
CHNG 13. CHN ON CC H THNG T 60 70
Cng0, 1v + 0, 15v + v2 thc 2 150 tnh ton gn ng qung ng phanh
2v 2 130
0, 15v
Qung 93,3 64,4 64,4 ng phanh m Gia 2,9 2,5 tc chm dn trung bnh m/s2 Lc 400 600 tay ko max N
Table 13.17
95,7
2,2
600
Ch thch: (*)-Cng thc tnh ton gn ng qung ng phanh ly bng n,v tnh bng km/h Tiu chun ngnh 22-TTN 224-2000
22-TCN 224:2000Trng lng ln nht
t ch ngi t but t con 8,0Tn >8,0Tn

223 Tc 30 30 ban u phanh (v)km/h 30 30
Qung 7,2 9,5 11,0 ng phanh m Gia 5,8 5,0 tc chm dn ln nht m/s2
Table 13.18
9,5
5,0
13.4.2 H hng ca h thng phanh

13.4.2.1 C cu phanh a. Mn cc c cu phanh Qu trnh phanh xy ra trong c cu phanh c thc hin nh ma st gia phn quay v phn khng quay, v vy s mi mn ca cc chi tit m phanh vi tang trng hay a phanh l khng trnh khi. S mi mn ny lm tng kch thc b mt lm vic ca tang trng, gim chiu dy m phanh, tc l lm tng khe h m phanh v tang trng khi khng phanh. Khi , mun phanh hnh trnh bn p phi ln ln hoc vi h thng phanh kh nn thi gian chm tc dng s tng. Hu qu ca n l lm tng qung ng phanh, tng thi gian phanh, gim gia tc chm dn trung bnh ca t, chng ta thng ni l s mn c cu phanh lm gim hiu qu phanh ca t. Nu hin tng mn xy ra cn t th nh hng ca n ti hiu qu phanh l khng ng k, nhng khi s mi mn tng ln nhiu s dn ti gim ng k hiu qu phanh, ng thi lm cho ngi li phi tp trung cao x l cc tnh hung khi phanh v s nhanh chng mt mi. S mi mn qu mc ca m phanh c th dn ti bong trc lin kt (inh tn, hay keo dn) gia m phanh v guc phanh, m phanh c th ri vo khng gian nm gia guc phanh v tang trng, gy kt cng c cu phanh. S mi mn tang trng c th xy ra theo cc dng: b co xc ln trn b mt ma st ca tang trng v lm bin ng ln m men phanh, gy mo tang trng khi phanh v c th nt tang trng do chu ti trng qu ln. S mi mn cc c cu phanh thng xy ra: Mn u gia cc c cu phanh, khi phanh hiu qu phanh s gim, hnh trnh bn p phanh tng ln (nu l h thng phanh thy lc). Mn khng u gia cc c cu phanh, hiu qu phanh gim mnh, t b lch hng chuyn ng mong mun, iu ny thng dn ti cc tai nn giao thng khi phanh ngt. Cc trng thi lch hng chuyn ng thng nguy him k c khi t chuyn ng thng, v c bit khi t quay vng v phanh gp. b. Mt ma st trong c cu phanh C cu phanh ngy nay thng dng ma st kh, v vy nu b mt ma st dnh du, m, nc th h s ma st gia m phanh v tang trng s gim, tc l gim m men phanh sinh ra. Thng thng trong s dng do m t moay , du t xi lanh bnh xe, nc t bn ngoi xm nhp vo, b mt m phanh, tang
224
trng chai cng. . . lm mt ma st trong c cu phanh. S mt ma st xy ra khng ng thi trn cc c cu phanh nn s lm gim hiu qu phanh v gy lch hng chuyn ng ca t khi phanh. Trng hp ny hnh trnh bn p phanh khng tng, nhng lc trn bn p d c tng cng khng lm tng ng k m men sinh ra. Nu b mt ma st b nc xm nhp th c th sau mt s ln phanh nht nh, m men phanh sinh ra s phc hi li trng thi ban u. c. B kt c cu phanh C cu phanh cn thit phi to cho bnh xe ln trn khi khng phanh. Trong mt s trng hp c cu phanh b b kt do: bong tm ma st gc phanh, h hng cc c cu hi v, do iu chnh khng ng, vt l ri vo khng gian lm vic. . . S b kt c cu phanh cn c th xy ra trn c cu phanh c phanh tay v phanh chn lm vic chung trong cng mt c cu phanh. S b kt c cu phanh s gy mi mn khng theo qui lut, ph hng cc chi tit c cu, ng thi lm mt kh nng chuyn ng ca t tc cao. S b phanh khi khng phanh lm tng ma st khng cn thit, nung nng cc b mt ma st trong c cu phanh, do vy h s ma st gim v gim hiu qu phanh khi cn phanh. Khi c hin tng ny c th pht hin thng qua s ln trn ca t hay kch bnh xe quay trn, qua ting chm pht ra trong c cu. . . 13.4.2.2 Dn ng iu khin phanh a. i vi dn ng iu khin thy lc Khu vc xi lanh chnh: - Thiu du phanh. - Du phanh ln nc. - R r du phanh ra ngoi, r r du phanh qua cc jong, pht bao kn bn trong. - Du phanh b bn, nhiu cn lm gim kh nng cp du hay tt l cp du t bung cha du ti xi lanh chnh. - Sai lch v tr cc piston du do iu chnh khng ng hay do cc s c khc. - Nt hay hng cc van du. - Co xc hay r b mt lm vic ca xi lanh. ng ng dn du bng kim loi hay bng cao su: - Tc bn trong, bp bn ngoi ng ng dn. - Thng hay nt, r r du ti cc ch ni. Khu vc cc xi lanh bnh xe. - R r du phanh ra ngoi, r r du phanh qua cc jong, pht bao kn bn trong. - Xc hay r b mt lm vic ca xi lanh. H hng trong cm tr lc: bao gm cc h hng ca: - Ngun nng lng tr lc (ty thuc vo dng nng lng truyn: chn khng, thy lc, kh nn, hoc t hp thy lc-kh nn, in. . .). V d: h hng ca bm chn khng, my nn kh, bm thy lc, ngun in, ng ng dn, li lc, van iu p. . . - Van iu khin tr lc: mn, nt cc b mt van, sai lch v tr, khng kn kht hay tt hon ton cc l van. . . - Cc xi lanh tr lc: sai lch v tr, khng kn kht, r r. . .c bit s h hng do cc mng cao su, cc vng bao kn s lm cho xi lanh tr lc mt tc dng, thm ch cn cn tr li hot ng ca h thng. - Cc c cu b phn lin kt gia phn tr lc v phn dn ng iu khin, gy nn sai lch hay ph hng mi tng quan ca cc b phn vi nhau. Khi xut hin cc h hng trong phn tr lc c th dn ti lm tng ng k lc bn p, cm nhn v lc bn p tht thng, khng chnh xc. Trn t c tr lc phanh, khi c cc s c trong phn tr lc s cn dn ti gim hiu qu phanh, hay gy b kt bt thng c cu phanh. H hng trong cm iu ha lc phanh: mn, nt cc b mt van, sai lch v tr, khng kn kht hay tc hon ton cc l van. . . b. i vi dn ng phanh kh nn
225 Dn ng phanh kh nn yu cu kn kht cao, do vy ph bin nht l s r r kh nn, thng gp tt c mi v tr trn h thng. My nn kh v van iu p c cc h hng thng gp sau: - Mn bung nn kh: sc mng, piston, xi lanh. - Mn hng cc b bc hay bi trc khuu. - Thiu du bi trn. - Mn, h van mt chiu. - Chng dy ai. - Kt van iu p ca h thng. ng ng v bnh cha kh nn: - Tc ng ng dn. - Du v nc ng li. Van phn phi, van ba ng, cc u ni: - Kt cc van lm mt hiu qu dn kh. - Nt hng cc mng cao su. - Sai lch v tr lm vic. Cm bu phanh bnh xe: - Thng cc bt cao su. - Gy l xo hi v cc bt cao su. - Sai lch v tr lm vic. Cc cm quay c cu phanh: - B kt cc c cu do va chm hay kh m bi trn. - Sai lch v tr lin kt - Mn mt bin dng cam. 13.4.2.3 Cc thng s chn on c bn Qua phn tch v lit k cc h hng trong h thng phanh c th dn ti cc thng s biu hin kt cu chung nh sau: - Gim hiu qu phanh: qung ng phanh tng, gia tc chm dn trung bnh nh, thi gian phanh di. - Lc phanh hay m men phanh bnh xe khng m bo. - Tng hnh trnh t do bn p phanh. - Phanh trn ng thng nhng xe b lch hng chuyn ng. - Khng ln trn khi khng phanh. . . 13.4.2.4 Cc biu hin ca t khi h hng h thng phanh a. Phanh khng n Do tr lc khng hiu qu. Khe h m phanh v tang trng ln M phanh dnh du, m phanh b t, tang trng b cc vt rnh vng, m phanh p khng ht ln tang trng. M phanh b chai cng. i vi phanh du: Lt kh trong ng ng thu lc, du phanh b chy, piston ca xi lanh phanh chnh b kt. Piston xi lanh con b kt, ng ng du bn, tc. Thiu du. i vi phanh kh: p sut trong bu phanh khng , b iu chnh p sut khng lm vic, dy cua roa b chng lm p sut gim, van ca my nn b h, sc mng ca my nn b mn, li lc khng kh vo my nn b tc, van an ton ca my nn iu chnh sai, van ca tng phanh b mn, bu phanh khng kn, ng ng dn kh b h. iu chnh cm phanh khng ng, mng trong bu phanh b chng. b. Phanh b dt
226
L xo ko cc guc phanh b gy, m phanh b gy, khe h m phanh v trng phanh khng ng qui nh nh qu, gi m phanh mn, trc tri o b r, tang trng b o, bi moay b r. Bn p khng c hnh trnh t do: Khng c khe h gia m phanh v tang trng, piston xi lanh phanh bnh xe b kt. Khe h gia cn piston v piston ca xi lanh chnh qu ln. c. Phanh n khng u cc bnh xe Piston ca xi lanh bnh xe b kt (phanh du), iu chnh sai cam nh (phanh kh), m phanh v tang trng b mn, iu chnh sai khe h tang trng, m phanh. d. Phanh b b Guc phanh b dnh vo trng, l xo tr guc phanh b gy, m phanh b trc ra khi guc phanh. L b xung du xi lanh chnh b bn, tc. Vng cao su ca xi lanh chnh b n ra, kt. Piston xi lanh chnh b kt. e. C ting ku trong trng phanh M phanh mn qu, b chai cng, l xo trong guc phanh b gy. f. Mc du gim Xi lanh chnh b chy du, xi lanh bnh xe b chy du. Kim tra, iu chnh h thng phanh 13.4.2.5 Xc nh hiu qu phanh a. o qung ng phanh trn ng Chn on ng phng di, mt ng kh c h s bm cao, khng c chng ngi vt. Ti 1/3 qung ng cm cc ch th im bt u t chn ln bn p phanh. Cho t khng ti gia tc n tc qui nh (v), duy tr tc ny cho n v tr cc tiu phanh. Ti v tr cc tiu ct ly hp, t chn ln bn p phanh v phanh ngt. Khi phanh, gi yn v tr bn p phanh, vnh li trng thi i thng. Ch cho t dng li. o khong cch t cc tiu n v tr t dng, khong cch ny l qung ng phanh. So snh vi ch tiu nh gi. Phng php ny kh thun li, khng i hi nhiu thit b, nhng nhc im l chnh xc khng cao, qu trnh o ph thuc vo mt ng v trng thi p phanh, d gy nguy him khi th trn ng. b. o gia tc chm dn, thi gian phanh trn ng Phng php ny tng t nh trn, nhng cn c dng c o gia tc vi chnh xc 0,1m/s2 v xc nh bng gi tr gia tc phanh ln nht trn dng c o. o gia tc chm dn ln nht l phng php cho chnh xc tt, c th dng nh gi cht lng h thng phanh, v dng c o nh gn (gn trn knh t). Vic tin hnh o thi gian phanh cn ng h o thi gian theo kiu bm giy vi chnh xc 1/10 giy. Thi im bt u bm giy l lc t chn ln bn p phanh, thi im kt thc l lc t dng hn. c. o lc phanh hoc mmen phanh trn b th Dng c bn ca thit b o hiu qu phanh thng qua vic o lc phanh bnh xe bng b th con ln. B th phanh bao gm ba phn chnh: b o, t iu khin v ng h ch th.
227
Figure 13.23
Hnh 10.38. S nguyn l b th phanh tB o l mt thit b i xng. B o bao gm hai tang trng c dn ng quay nh ng c in thng qua mt hp s. V hp s c lin kt vi v ng c in v cng quay trn hai . Trn v hp s c gn tay n o m men cm ng ca stator. Do vy khi c lc cm ng sinh ra trn v ng c in th v hp s s quay i mt gc nh to nn cm bin o m men cm ng v th hin bng chuyn v o lc. Gia hai tang trng c b tr con ln o tc di ca bnh xe, nhm xc nh o tc bnh xe v kh nng ln trn. Pha trc b o c t b o trng lng t ln cc bnh xe. Mn hnh hin th cho bit lc o ti cm bin o lc, biu th m men cm ng stator. Khi phanh ti trng thi gn b cng ( trt bnh xe khong 25 n 50%), m men cm ng ln nht v thit b khng hin th cc gi tr tip sau. T in bao gm mch in, r le t ng iu khin, my tnh lu tr v hin th s liu. Quy trnh o c xc nh bi nh ch to thit b, bao gm cc trnh t sau y: t khng ti, sau khi c kim tra p sut lp, cho ln t t ln b th, qua bn o trng lng, vo gi tang trng. ng c hot ng nhng tay s v tr trung gian. Bnh xe phi c inh trn tang trng. Khi ng ng c ca b th, lc ny do ma st ca tang trng vi bnh xe, bnh xe ln trn tang trng. Ngi li p phanh nhanh, u cho n khi bnh xe khng quay c v kim ch th ca ng h b th khng tng ln c na. Qu trnh kt thc v cho bnh xe cu sau tip tc vo b o. Khi o cc bnh xe cu sau thng kt hp o phanh tay. Cc loi b th c th ch th s tc thi hay lu tr ghi li qu trnh thay i lc phanh trn cc bnh xe. Kt qu o c bao gm: - Trng lng t t ln cc bnh xe. - Lc phanh ti cc b mt tip xc bnh xe vi tang trng theo thi gian . - Tc di ca bnh xe theo thi gian. Cch tnh ton x l s liu - Sai lch tuyt i v tng i ca trng lng gia hai bn. - Sai lch tuyt i v tng i ca lc phanh gia hai bn. - Lc phanh n v: l lc phanh chia cho trng lng ca tng bnh xe.
228
- Tc gc ca tng bnh xe theo thi gian. - trt ca tng bnh xe theo thi gian. Kt qu tnh ton v hin th bao gm: - Trng lng ca t t ln cc bnh xe, sai lch tuyt i v tng i gia hai bn. - Lc phanh ti cc b mt tip xc ca bnh xe trn cng mt cu, sai lch tuyt i v tng i gia hai bn. - Qu trnh phanh (lc phanh) theo thi gian. - khng ng u ca lc phanh sinh ra trong mt vng quay bnh xe tnh bng % ( mo ca tang trng). - Lc phanh ca cc bnh xe cu sau khi phanh bng phanh tay. - T l lc phanh v trng lng trn mt bnh xe (%). - Gi tr sai lch ca lc phanh gia hai bnh xe trn cng mt cu, dng nh gi kh nng n nh hng chuyn ng khi phanh. Qua cc thng s ny cho bit: cht lng tng th ca h thng phanh, gi tr lc phanh hay m men phanh ca tng bnh xe. Khi gi tr lc phanh ny nh hn tiu chun ban u th c cu phanh c th b mn, h thng dn ng iu khin c s c, hay c cu phanh b b cng (kt). Tuy nhin, kt qu khng ch r h hng hay s c khu vc no, iu ny ph hp vi nh gi cht lng tng th ca h thng phanh, thng qua thng s hiu qu. Kt qu ca vic o phanh trn b th cho t con ghi li trn giy trong hnh 10.39.
229
Figure 13.24
230 Hnh 10.39. V d kt qu o phanh t con
13.4.2.6 o lc phanh v hnh trnh bn p phanh Vic o lc phanh v hnh trnh bn p phanh c th tin hnh thng qua cm nhn ca ngi iu khin. Song chnh xc cc gi tr ny c th dng lc k o lc v thc o chiu di, khi xe ng yn trn nn ng. Khi o cn xc nh: lc phanh ln nht t trn bn p phanh, hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh, khong cch ti sn khi khng phanh hay hnh trnh ton b bn p phanh, khong cch cn li ti sn. Hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh c o vi lc bn p nh khong (20 50)N, gi tr nh vi t con, gi tr ln vi t ti. Hnh trnh ton b c o khi p vi lc bn p khong (500 700)N. Lc phanh ln nht trn bn p c o bng lc k t trn bn p phanh, ng vi khi p ht hnh trnh ton b. Cc gi tri o c phi so snh vi tiu chun k thut ca nh sn xut. Mt s s liu cho trong bng 6.3. Khi hnh trnh t do ca bn p phanh qu ln hoc qu nh v hnh trnh ton b bn p phanh thay i chng t c cu phanh b mn, c sai lch v tr n dn ng. Khi lc phanh ln nht trn bn p qu ln chng t c cu phanh b kt, hoc c h hng trong phn dn ng. 13.4.2.7 o lc phanh v hnh trnh cn ko phanh tay Mt s s liu ca hnh trnh bn p phanh, phanh tay
Mc t HINO FC HINO FF KAMAZ HUYNDAI CROWN MAZDA TOYOTA 4WD
Phanh chn A 34 194204 2030 1216 16 36 36

Table 13.19
Phanh tay B D 70100 100130 125135 5070 6070 1030 Ting tch 36 Van kha 810 47 57
A-hnh trnh t do; B- khong cch ti sn; D- khong cch cn li ti sn. Khi o cn xc nh: lc phanh ln nht t trn cn ko phanh tay, hnh trnh ton b cn ko. Thng thng trn phanh tay c c cu cc hm, v vy dng ting tch xc nh. S lng ting tch cho bi nh ch to, tham kha bng 6.3. 13.4.2.8 o hiu qu ca phanh tay a. Trn b th phanh Tng t nh th phanh chn, c th ng thi tin hnh khi th phanh cho cu sau. Thng s cn xc nh bao gm: Lc phanh trn cc bnh xe. Hiu qu phanh o bng lc phanh n v (TCVN 5658-1999) khng nh hn 20% trng lng t ln cu sau.
231 S lng ting tch theo yu cu ca nh sn xut. b. Kim tra trn ng phng Chn mt ng nh trnh by khi th phanh chn trn ng. Cho t chy thng vi tc 15km/h, ko nhanh u phanh tay. Qung ng phanh khng c ln hn 6m, gia tc khng nh hn 2m/s2, t khng lch khi qu o thng. Vi t con c th cho t ng yn ti nn ng phng, ko phanh tay, dng t 4 n 5 ngi y xe v trc, xe khng ln bnh l c. c. Kim tra trn dc Chn mt ng tt c dc 200. Cho t dng trn dc bng phanh chn, tt my, chuyn v s trung gian, ko phanh tay, t t nh phanh chn, xe khng b tri l c. 13.4.2.9 Xc nh s khng ng u ca lc hay m men phanh a. Bng cch o trn b th (chn on) phanh S khng ng u ny c th xc nh c lp ca tng lc phanh sinh ra trn cc bnh xe (nh nu trn nh kt qu o ghi). b. Bng cch th xe trn ng Cc cng vic chnh tin hnh nh sau: Chn mt ng tt kh, c nhn v bm gn ng u, chiu di khong 150m, chiu rng mt ng ln t 4 n 6 ln chiu rng thn xe. K sn trn nn ng vch chun tim ng, cm mc tiu v tr bt u phanh. Cho xe chuyn ng thng vi vn tc qui nh v phanh ngt, gi cht vnh li. Thng qua trng thi dng xe xc nh lch hng chuyn ng t, o chiu di qung ng phanh AB, v lch qu o BC.
Figure 13.25
Hnh Xc nh lch hng chuyn ng ca t khi phanh Tr s lch hng ny c th ly bng gi tr trung bnh ca lch ngang thn xe trn chiu di qung ng phanh, n biu th s khng ng u ca mmen phanh trn cc c cu phanh, do mn hoc do h hng trong cc ng dn ng (dng dn ng phanh). iu kin th nh vy c ngha khi xem xt an ton chuyn ng m khng ch r s khng ng u cho cc bnh xe. Theo TCVN 224-95 lch qu o khi phanh vn tc qui nh (30m/h vi t ti, but, 40km/h vi t con) khng qu 8 hay 3,5m. Trc khi th cn ch mt s vn sau: - Xe khng ti hoc c ti b tr i xng qua mt ct dc tm xe. - Kim tra cht lng bnh xe, p sut lp, iu chnh ng gc kt cu bnh xe. Trn cc t khng c b iu chnh lc phanh, bnh xe v mt ng c cht lng tt, ng u c th xc nh qua vt lt ca cc bnh xe xc nh s khng u ny.
232 13.4.2.10 Chn on c cu phanh
C cu phanh c chn on thng qua cc biu hin chung khi xc nh trn ton xe. Hiu qu v chnh xc hn c l nh vic xc nh lc phanh hay m men phanh cc bnh xe bng b th. Trn cc xe ti ln v trung bnh s dng phanh tang trng c l kim tra khe h m phanh tang trng xc nh trng thi. Quan st: - Bng mt thy cc hin tng r r du phanh khu vc xi lanh bnh xe. - S hot ng cam quay h thng phanh kh nn. Kim tra s ln trn bng cch kch nng v quay cc bnh xe, xc nh s va chm ca m phanh vi tang trng hoc a phanh. Kim tra s r r kh nn, khi p phanh. Kim hin tng b phanh bng cch xc nh nhit ca tang trng hoc a phanh sau khi th phanh trn ng, qua mi kht chy ca tm ma st (mi kht c trng). Kim tra s ln trn ton bnh xe khi th trn ng bng, ct ly hp hay nh s v s 0. Nhn xt v nh gi theo kinh nghim s dng. i vi c cu phanh c t im ring c th kim tra: a. C cu phanh thy lc Kch bnh xe, kim tra trng thi b cng bnh xe ln lt qua cc trng thi: phanh bng phanh chn, phanh bng phanh tay, khi thi phanh.
Figure 13.26
Hnh 10. 40. Kt cu c cu phanh du1-ng ng dn. 2-xi lanh ph. 3-vt x gi. 4-m guc phanh. 5-piston xi lanh ph. 6-l xo hi v guc phanh. 7-trng phanh (tang trng). 8-guc phanh. 9-cupen vnh khn. 10-l xo gin cch. 11-cam lch tm iu chnh khe h pha trn. 12-cht lch tm iu chnh khe h pha di. Khe h gia m phanh v tang trng (a phanh) c nh hng n hnh trnh t do v hiu qu phanh, kh nng n nh, dn hng khi phanh.
233
Hnh 10. 41. iu chnh khe h gia m phanh v trng phanh i vi phanh du1-cam lch tm. 2-tang trng. 3-m phanh. 4-guc phanh. 5-cn l. cht lch tm.
Hnh 10.42. X khng kh trong xi lanh bnh xe1-c x kh. 2-ng cao su. 3-bnh cha du phanh.
234

Table 13.20
Kim mc du v b sung du trong tng bm: mc du trong tng bm nu cao qu d tro gy lng ph, nu thp khi xe ln hoc xung dc d lm lt kh vo trong ng ng dn lm phanh khng n. Mc du o t mt thong n mt l du l (15 20)mm. Nu thiu b xung du phanh ng chng loi, m hiu, s lng. Kim tra iu chnh khe h gia m phanh v tang trng Khe h gia m phanh v tang trng c o pha trn v pha di (cch u mt khong 15 20mm) ca m phanh v tang trng nh cn l 5 hnh 10.41. Phanh khng t cng ho Loi phanh i vi phanh du i vi phanh hi khe h pha trn (0,2 0,25)mm (0,4 0,5)mm
Table 13.21
khe h pha di 0,12mm 0,2mm
Nu khe h ny khng ng qui nh hoc khc nhau cc bnh xe ta phi tin hnh iu chnh bng cch xoay cam lch tm 11 v cht lch tm 12, hnh 10.40 X kh trong xi lanh bnh xe, hnh 10.42 - Mt ngi di, dng on ng cao su mt u cm vo nt x du, mt u cm vo bnh cha. - Mt ngi ngi trn ca bin p phanh, nh phanh. p- nh nhiu ln n khi cng chn phanh v gi nguyn. - Ngi ngi di ni c x kh 1/2 3/4 vng s thy du v bt kh chy ra bnh cha. n khi thy ch c du chy ra th vn cht c x, ngi ngi trn nh chn phanh. b. C cu phanh a Trn t con dng phanh a c gn thm ming kim loi bo ht m phanh, khi mn ti gii hn phi thay, ming kim loi ny s c st vi a phanh te tia la v pht ting va chm bo hiu. Ting va chm c st ny c th nhn bit c khi phanh hay quay khi kch nng bnh xe. c. C cu phanh kh nn C cu phanh guc cam quay c bu phanh tch nng v t ng iu chnh khe h m phanh tang trng. C cu phanh loi ny dng ph bin trn xe but, xe ti hin i, khi kim tra cht lng cn phi tin hnh cho ng c n my ti p sut kh nn lm vic, m van phanh tay, ri mi xc nh kh nng ln trn ca bnh xe. iu chnh khe h pha di gia m phanh v tang trng iu chnh khe h pha di tin hnh c lp cho tng m phanh nh quay u bu lng 7 s xoay cht lch tm 8 lm thay i khe h pha di gia m phanh v tang trng, hnh 10.43
235
Figure 13.27
Hnh 10. 43 Kt cu c cu phanh kh1-m phanh. 2-l xo hi v guc phanh. 3-guc phanh. 4-vng hm. 5-thanh ni. 6-cam phanh. 7-bu lng iu chnh lin vi trc lch tm. 8-trc lch tm iu chnh khe h pha di gia m phanh v tang trng iu chnh khe h pha trn gia m phanh v tang trng hnh 10.45 v hnh 10.45 - Xoay trc vt 2, ren vt 3 quay, lm vnh rng 4 quay, lm cho trc cam lp then hoa vi then pha trong ca vnh rng quay lm cam 5 xoay i mt gc, hoc y hai guc phanh i ra (gim khe h) hoc lm hai guc st vo (tng khe h).
236
Hnh 10. 44. iu chnh khe h pha trn1-c lm lin vi nhau to thnh gi v n y. 2-trc vt. 3-rng vt. 4-vnh rng. 5-trc cam lch tm.
Hnh 10.45. iu chnh phanh bnh xe dn ng kh nn
Table 13.22
237 Vi c cu phanh hi khng th iu chnh c lp tng m phanh cho nn yu cu mn ca hai m phanh ca cng mt c cu phanh phi nh nhau, mi c khe h gia m phanh v tang trng nh nhau khi iu chnh Thng thng khi iu chnh khe h ngi ta tin hnh theo kinh nghim: - Kch cu ln. - Quay bnh xe ta tin hnh iu chnh: vn cht cht lch tm bnh xe ngng quay sau ni ra t t bnh xe quay c v khng chm st m phanh l c, tin hnh iu chnh cht lch tm ca m phanh bn kia cng tng t. Tin hnh iu chnh khe h pha trn nh cam lch tm hoc trc vt quay cam phanh cng tng t nh iu chnh khe h pha di. 13.4.2.11 Chn on h thng dn ng phanh Ngoi cc vic xc nh cc thng s chung nh gi hiu qu phanh khi tin hnh chn on cc loi h thng phanh khc nhau cng c cc biu hin khc nhau. a. i vi phanh thy lc Do c truyn nng lng iu khin c cu phanh l cht lng nn khi chn on cn thit phi xc nh trng thi k thut ca h thng thng qua: S r r cht lng dn ng. S lt kh vo h thng dn ng. H hng cc van iu tit cht lng. Vn bao kn cc khu vc khng gian cha cht lng. Vic chn on c th tin hnh bng vic quan st bng mt cc vt r r ca du phanh. Song tt nht l dng ng h o p sut nhng v tr c th o c nh sau: sau xi lanh chnh, xi lanh bnh xe. Hin tng gim p sut so vi tiu chun c th l do cc nguyn nhn nu trn, nht l hin tng h hng do mn cc jong, pht bao kn cc khng gian cha cht lng. ng thi cng cn ch thm nhng nguyn nhn: Do sai lch cc n dn ng. Tc, bp ng dn du. V ng ng. Thiu du hoc tc l du ti bnh cha du. . . a1. Vi h thng phanh c b iu ha lc phanh Tin hnh kim tra p sut cht lng sau b iu ha nh trn hnh 10.46. S dng cc ng h o c tr s ln nht n 100kG/cm2. Vic o c tin hnh nh tho cc ng ng dn du ra cc cu, lp vo cc ng h o p sut, x khng kh trong h thng v b sung du phanh. Khi o, p phanh v theo di s tng p sut du v xc nh p sut ng du ra cu sau trn b iu chnh lc phanh hai trng thi: Tng ng mc bn p chn phanh nh, khi b iu ha cha thc hin iu chnh (vi p sut nh), p sut dn ra cu sau v cu trc l nh nhau. Tng ng vi mc bn p chn phanh ln, khi b iu ha thc hin iu chnh (vi p sut cao), p sut dn ra cu cu sau thp hn p sut dn ra cu trc. Khi b iu ha c mt ng dn du ra cu sau ch cn dng mt ng h o p sut ra cu sau. Vic nh gi kt qu ty thuc vo thng s chun do nh ch to qui nh v bng s liu dng i chiu cho trong bng (i vi mt t con). Nh vic o p sut c th xc nh kh nng lm vic ca b iu ha trn t. Cc thng s kim tra p sut ca b iu ha trn cc xe cng loi c th khng ging nhau, v vy cng vic ny cn c ti liu c th. Mt b s liu ca xe s dng ti c ca hng TOYOTA cho trong bng.
238
Figure 13.28
Hnh 10.46. Chn on s lm vic ca b iu ha lc phanh S liu kim tra s lm vic ca b iu ha lc phanh p sut sau xi lanh chnh 15kG/cm2(213psi=1,471kPa) 80kG/cm2(1138psi=7,845kPa) p sut ra cu sau 15kG/cm2(213psi=1,471kPa) 39kG/cm2(555psi=3,825kPa)
Table 13.23
a2. Vi h thng phanh c tr lc chn khng Cc h hng xut hin trong h thng tr lc thng l: - Hng van mt chiu ni gia ngun chn khng v xi lanh tr lc. - Van m tr lc b mn, nt, h. - Mng cao su b thng. - H thng b h. - Du phanh lt vo xi lanh. - Tc, bp do s c bt thng. - Ngun chn khng b hng (trn ng c phun xng, hay ng c diesel). Cc biu hin xut hin nh sau: - R r du phanh khu vc b cng ha. - Lc trn bn p tng cao. - Hnh trnh t do ca bn p b gim nh. - Hiu qu cng ha khng cn. Phng php chn on - N my p phanh ba ln t c hnh trnh ng nht. - Khi ng c khng lm vic, o hnh trnh t do, t chn ln bn p phanh, gi nguyn chn trn bn p, n my, bn p phanh c xu hng tht xung mt on nh na chng t h thng cng ha lm vic tt, nu khng h thng c h hng.
239 - o lc t trn bn p ti khi t gi tr ln nht, so vi gi tr tiu chun, khi lc bn p ln chng t h thng c h hng phn ngun chn khng (my ht chn khng hng, h ng ng chn khng ti xi lanh cng ha) hay van mt chiu. Khi lc bn p tng qu cao chng t h thng cng ha b mt hiu qu. - Khi lm vic c hin tng mt cm gic ti bn p phanh: c giai on qu nng hay qu nh (hng chn phanh) chng t van cng ha sai lch v tr hoc hng (mn, n, nt van bng cao su). - Khi phanh c hin tng mt ht cm gic ti bn p phanh, mun r phanh m khng c, chng t van mt chiu b kt, v tr van cng ha bi sai lch. - Trn ng c xng c ch ha kh khi b h ng chn khng, c th dn ti khng n my c, hay ng c khng c kh nng chy chm. - H cng ha lm vic tt khi dng xe, tt my, hiu qu cng ha cn duy tr c trong 2,3 ln p phanh tip theo. b. i vi h thng phanh kh nn H thng phanh kh nn ngoi vic o c cc thng s chung trn cn cn thit phi: Xc nh s r r kh nn trc v sau van phn phi. Tc ng ng dn. Kt cc van lm mt hiu qu dn kh. H hng cc mng xi lanh. Bm kh nn khng kh nng lm vic. Khi xc nh: cho ng c lm vic, ch h thng kh nn lm vic p sut yu cu trong khong (5,5 8,0)kG/cm2, sau : Kim tra s r r qua vic xut hin ting kh nn lt qua khe h hp trc v sau lc p phanh. Kim tra s hot ng ca cc c cu cam quay ti khu vc bnh xe. kn kt ca h thng c th pht hin lc dng xe, tt my, ng h ch th p sut phi duy tr c p sut trong mt thi gian di nht nh, khi c hin tng tt nhanh p sut chng t h thng b r, k c khi h phanh tay lin ng qua h kh nn. Cc h hng trong my nn kh l: Mn bung nn kh: sc mng, piston, xi lanh. Mn, h van mt chiu. Mn hng b bc, hoc bi trc khuu. Thit b bi trn. Chng dy ai Kt van iu p h thng. Cc h hng trn c th pht hin thng qua cc biu hin sau: Kim tra iu chnh chng ca dy ai ko bm hi. Xc nh lng v cht lng bi trn. p sut kh nn thp do kt van hoc my nn kh b mn, hng. Thng xuyn x nc v du ti bnh tch ly kh nn, theo di lng du x ra xem xt kh nng lm vic ca my nn, nu lng du nhiu qu mc th cn tin hnh kim tra cht lng ca my nn kh. Khi tin hnh phanh lin lc 3 ln gim p sut cho php khng c vt qu (0,8 1,0)kG/cm2 (xem trn ng h o p sut ca t), tng ng vi ng c lm vic ch chy khng ti. Nghe ting g trong qu trnh bm hi lm vic. Trn h thng phanh c dng phanh cho r moc vic xc nh cng nh trn, song khi lng cng vic tng ln nhiu. Kim tra iu chnh cc b phn ca my nn kh + Kim tra, iu chnh cng ca dy ai dn ng my nn kh. + Kim tra, iu chnh van iu chnh p sut.
240
Khi thy p sut trong h thng phanh (trn ng h bo) b gim khng bo m th ta phi tin hnh chnh li sc cng l xo ca van iu chnh p sut: hnh 10.47.- Vn vo chp c ren 1 tng sc cng l xo 2, s tng c p sut trong bnh cha. Khi iu chnh phi so snh vi p sut ln nht cho php trong bnh cha.- Kim tra kn cc mt phn cch ca van phn phi v bu phanh bnh xe, cc u ni bng cch bi nc x phng v quan st.- Kim tra p sut ln nht bu phanh bnh xe khi phanh c th quan st trn ng h o p sut ca bu phanh bnh xe, hoc dng ng h o p sut ni vi ng kh nn vo bu phanh (vi loi khng c ng h ch th trn ca bin). Khi p phanh v gi nguyn chn phanh p lc khong (45) kG/cm2.
Hnh 10. 47. Van iu chnh p sut1- chp c ren, 2- l xo

Table 13.24
c. i vi h thng phanh thy lc kh nn

241 Trn t ti thng s dng h thng phanh thy lc kh nn: c cu phanh lm vic nh thy lc, iu khin nh kh nn. Khi chn on cn tin hnh cc cng vic cho h thng phanh thy lc v cc cng vic cho phn h thng phanh kh nn. Ngoi ra cn cn tin hnh cc cng vic sau: c1. Kim tra p lc kh nn sau van phn phi p (kG/cm2) tng ng vi cc v tr gc bn p phanh ( 0) Lp ng h o p sut kh nn vo u vo ca xi lanh kh nn. ng h o c gi tr o ln nht ti 10kG/cm2. N my cho ng c lm vic n nh, p sut kh nn t gi tr 7,0 kG/cm2.
Figure 13.29
Hnh 10.48. Phng php nh gi cht lng h thng iu khin ti van phn phi Dng thc o chiu cao hay thc o o v tr bn p phanh, tng ng vi cc gc cho trong bng, ghi li gi tr p sut ch th trn ng h. Nu cc gi tr o c nm trong vng ca hai ng m th van phn phi v h thng thy lc lm vic tt. Nu nm ngoi cn tin hnh xem xt tip cht lng ca van phn phi v h thng. c2. Kim tra p lc thy lc sau xi lanh chnh p(kG/cm2) tng ng vi cc v tr gc bn p phanh ( 0) Lp ng h o p sut kh nn vo u ra ca van phn phi. ng h o c gi tr o ln nht ti 10kG/cm2. N my cho ng c lm vic ti nhit n nh, p sut kh nn t gi tr 7,0 kG/cm2. Dng ng h o p sut thy lc lp u ra. X khng kh trong h thng sau vn cht ng h o. p bn p theo mc phanh nh, theo di ng h o p sut thy lc, nhn r trng thi p sut thy lc bt u gia tng, xc nh gi tr p sut kh nn. p bn p theo mc ch phanh ngt, theo di ng h o p sut thy lc, ng h o p sut kh nn, xc nh p sut kh nn cc i v p sut thy lc cc i. Kt qu c xem xt theo kt cu: Vi loi van phn phi khng chnh p sut thy lc gia cu trc v cu sau (loi I). Vi loi van phn phi chnh p sut thy lc gia cu trc v cu sau (loi II).
242
Figure 13.30
Hnh 10.48. Phng php nh gi cht lng h thng iu khin ti xi lanh kh nn v thy lc d. i vi t nhiu cu ch ng lm vic ch lun gi Mt s t c kh nng c ng cao s dng h thng truyn lc vi nhiu cu ch ng. Cu trc v cu sau lin kt vi nhau thng qua khp ma st v lm vic ch lun gi c hai cu. Nu khi o kim tra phanh trn b th ch cho mt cu, th cc gi tr o khng phn nh c m men phanh trn cc c cu phanh ca bnh xe. Trong trng hp ny c th nh gi thng qua: Tho cc ng lin kt gia cc cu v tng cu xe ring bit th trn b th thng thng. S dng cc b th c kh nng lu tr d liu ca nh sn xut khi th trn b th phanh mt cu thng thng. Sau khi th xong so snh kt qu vi s liu c lu tr. Th phanh t trn ng. S dng b th chuyn dng cho t hai cu ch ng, th ng thi trn hai cu. Mt vi dng s t c kh nng c ng s dng h thng truyn lc vi nhiu cu ch ng. Hnh 10.49.
Figure 13.31
Hnh 10.49. Cc dng cu trc truyn lc trn t con c kh nng c ng
243
Figure 13.32
13.4.2.12 Chn on h thng phanh c ABS H thng ABS c chn on bng cc phng thc sau y: a. Chn on chung Dng chn on h thng phanh thng qua cc thng s hiu qu trnh by trn, h thng ABS ch lm vic tc bnh xe tng ng vi tc t 10 km/h tr ln. V vy khi kim tra trn b th phanh vn xc nh cc thng s nh h thng khng ABS. Dng t chn on c sn trn xe.
Figure 13.33
Hnh 10.50. Kim tra p sut trn bnh tch nng ca ABS Quy lut kim tra chung ca chng nh sau: a kha in v v tr ON, khi ng ng c, n BRAKE hay ANTILOCK sng, sau n tt, chng t h thng lm vic bnh thng, ngc li, h thng c s c cn xem xt su hn. Vic tin hnh chn on su hn theo phng thc trnh by phn t chn on ca cc h thng c t ng iu chnh. Cc qui trnh chn on phn iu khin thy lc in t ty thuc vo kt cu ca cc nh sn xut (theo ti liu ring). S bin ng ca p sut thy lc c th xc nh thng qua l chuyn dng trn khi (block) iu chnh p sut du. b. Chn on h thng phanh ABS cho t TOYOTA CROWN Kim tra:
244
- Bt kha in v ON, en ABS sng, nhp sng u n, trong vng 3 giy ri tt, bo hiu h thng c kim sot v tt. - Nu n nhy lin tc khng tt, chng t h thng c s c.
Figure 13.34
Hnh 10.51. Tm m bo hng
Figure 13.35
Hnh 10.52. c m Tm m bo hng: - M hp u dy ni E1 vi Tc, rt PIN ro khi hp ni dy, - Ch mt lt, xc nh h hng qua n ABS. - c m h hng v tra s tay sa cha, so m tm h hng. c m: - M bo hng gm hai s u ch s th t li, hai s sau ch s m li, mi li bo 3 ln, sau chuyn sang li khc, li nng bo trc li nh bo sau. - M bo bnh thng l n nhy lin tc. Xa m: - Bt kha in v ON, ni E1 vi Tc. - p phanh v gi chng 3 giy.
245 - Kim tra li trng thi bo m v m bnh thng. H thng ABS l h thng quan trng do khng th lm theo kinh nghim, cn thit c ti liu hng dn chi tit v kim tra trc ht l trng thi bnh in.
13.5 CHN ON CM BNH XE, MOAY , LP

13.5.1 CC H HNG THNG GP
13.5.1.1 Mn b mt ngoi ca lp Mn u trn b mt ta theo chu vi ca lp. Hin tng ny thng gp trn t do thi gian s dng nhiu, km theo l s bong trc cc lp xng mnh ca lp. nh gi s hao mn ny bng chiu su cn li ca cc lp hoa lp bng cao su trn mt lp. Nu c s bong trc cc lp xng mnh s dn ti thay i kch thc hnh hc ca bnh xe. Vi lp dng cho xe ti c chiu su ti thiu cn li ca lp hoa lp phi 2mm, vi t con phi l 1mm. Hin tng mn ca cc bnh xe c th khc nhau trn mt xe, cc trng hp ny lin quan n s khng ng u tui th s dng hay do kt cu chung ca ton b cc bnh xe lin kt trn khung khng ng tiu chun quy nh cho php. Khi xut hin s mn gia tng t xut trn mt bnh xe cn phi xc nh li trng thi lin kt cc bnh xe ng thi. Mn vt bnh xe theo cc trng thi: + Mn nhiu phn gia ca b mt lp l do lp thng xuyn lm vic trng thi qu p sut. Khi duy tr p sut lp nh mc thy lm gia. + Mn nhiu c hai mp ca b mt lp l do lp thng xuyn lm vic trng thi thiu p sut lp. + Mn lch mt pha (trong hay ngoi ca cc bnh xe) l do lin kt bnh xe trn xe khng ng qui nh ca hng sn xut. + Mn vt mt phn ca chu vi lp, trc ht l do s chu ti ca cc lp xng mnh khng ng nht trn chu vi lp, do mt cn bng khi xe chy tc cao (ln hn 50km/h), do cc s c k thut ca h thng phanh gy nn khi phanh ngt lm b cng v mi b mt lp trn ng. 13.5.1.2 Khng cn bng bnh xe Vi cc bnh xe khi quay tc cao (thng ln hn 60km/h) cc phn khi lng khng cn bng ca bnh xe s gy nn lc ly tm, sinh ra s dao ng ln ca bnh xe theo phng hng knh. S bin dng vng ny ca bnh xe s thu nh bnh knh ti vng khc trn chu vi, to nn s bin i bn knh bnh xe lm rung ng ln. Trn bnh xe dn hng ngi li cm nhn qua vnh li. Trn bnh xe khng dn hng to nn s rung ng thn xe gn ging xe chy trn ng mp m dng sng lin tc. S mt cn bng bnh xe l mt yu t t hp bi: s khng cn bng ca lp, sm (nu c), vnh, moay , tang trng hay a phanh. . . nhng chu nh hng ln hn c l ca c bnh xe (trng lng ln v khi lng phn b xa tm hn) nh m t trn hnh 10.53.
246
Figure 13.36
Hnh 10.53 . Nguyn nhn v hu qu ca s khng cn bng C th hnh dung s mt cn bng bnh xe nh sau: bnh xe t trn trc dng cng sn nh hai bi. Do c s mt cn bng nn khi quay bnh xe quanh trc xut hin lc ly tm lm cho tm trc b cong, mt phng bnh xe b o. Nhng v s thay i v tr ca phn khng cn bng theo gc quay bnh xe nn trc quay banh xe b ngoy trn, to nn s rung ngang bnh xe rt ln ng thi dn n thay i ng knh bnh xe theo chu k quay ca chng. S mt cn bng dn ti bin dng trc bnh xe tng, dn p cc khe h theo chiu tc dng ca lc ly tm qun tnh v bi vy gy nn o mt phng quay ca lp nh hnh 10.53. S cn bng lp c c bit quan tm trn t con kha cnh iu khin v an ton giao thng trn ng. 13.5.1.3 R lng cc lin kt Cc lin kt ca khu vc bnh xe gm: lin kt bnh xe vi moay , lin kt bnh xe vi khung, h hng cc lin kt c th chia thnh hai dng: do b t ni lng, b mn cc mi ghp. Lin kt bnh xe vi moay thng do c bnh xe b lng, bi bnh xe b mn. Hu qu ca n l bnh xe khi chuyn ng b o, lc, km theo ting n. Nu bnh xe cu dn hng th lm tng r vnh li, vic iu khin bnh xe dn hng khng chnh xc. Ngoi ra ting n cn chu nh hng ca r ca bc v trc tr ng. Lin kt cm bnh xe vi khung gm cc lin kt ca: tr ng vi trc bnh xe dn hng, cc khp cu (rtuyn) trong h thng treo ng lp. Khi cc lin kt b h hng s dn ti: sai lch v tr b tr bnh xe, c bit trn bnh xe dn hng, gy nn mi mn lp nhanh, ng thi lm pht sinh ting n v rung khu vc gm sn xe, khi xe chuyn ng trn ng xu. Cc biu hin chnh trong qu trnh chn on c th da vo pht hin h hng: Cc rn nt bn ngoi. Hin tng mi mn lp. S thay i kch thc hnh hc. Xc nh s cn bng bnh xe. n v s rung ng ton xe. S r lng cc kt cu lin kt. . .
247
13.5.2 PHNG PHP V CC THIT B CHN ON CM BNH XE

13.5.2.1 Xc nh p sut bnh xe Xc nh p sut kh nn trong lp l iu kin c s xc nh tt c cc nhim v chn on tip sau thuc cc vn xc nh trng thi k thut: gim chn, b phn n hi, trong h thng treo, h thng li, h thng phanh, h thng truyn lc. p sut kh trong lp cng lin quan nhiu n cc tnh cht tng qut chuyn ng ca t, chng hn nh: tnh nng ng lc hc, tnh iu khin, kh nng dn hng, m du, bn chung. . . ca xe. Gi tr p sut chun: Gi tr p sut chun c quy nh bi nh ch to, gi tr ny l tr s ti u nhiu mt trong khai thc, ph hp vi kh nng chu ti v s an ton ca lp khi s dng, do vy trc ht cn phi bit cc gi tr tiu chun bng cc cch: p sut ghi trn b mt lp. Trong h thng o lng c mt s loi lp ghi p sut bng n v psi c th chuyn i nh sau: 1psi 6,9Pa V d: Trn b mt lp t con c ghi: MAX. PRESS 32 psi Ngha l: p sut ln nht 32psi 0,22Mpa 2,2KG/cm2 p sut s dng thng cho trong cc ti liu k thut km theo xe. u khng quy nh phi ghi trn b mt lp, cc loi lp ny Trn mt s lp t con ca Chu A c quy nh theo quy c ca s lp mnh tiu chun ghi trn b mt lp. Vi loi c 4,6,8 lp mnh tiu chun, tng ng vi mi loi p sut kh nn ln nht trong lp nh sau: 4PRtng ngpmax = 0,22MPa 2,2KG/cm2 6PRtng ngpmax = 0,25MPa 2,5KG/cm2 8PRtng ngpmax = 0,28MPa 2,8KG/cm2 Trn mt s lp t con ca M, p sut lp c suy ra theo quy nh t ch ti trng ca lp. u: Phn loi ti trng ghi bng ch: LOAD RANGE. So snh gia hai tiu chun ca M v Chu A Load Range B: pmax = 0,22MPa tng ng 4PR Load Range B: pmax = 0,25MPa tng ng 6PR Load Range B: pmax = 0,28MPa tng ng 8PR thc hin cng vic kim tra p sut kh nn ngy nay thng dng cc thit b o p sut kh nn. i vi ngi s dng xe c th dng loi n gin. Loi ny c cu trc: mt u t m van kh nn ca bnh xe, mt cp piston xi lanh c l xo cn bng, cn piston c ghi vch mc p sut ty theo s dch chuyn ca piston bn trong. i vi cc trm sa cha dng gi o c chnh xc cao hn. 13.5.2.2 Kim tra trng thi h hng bn ngoi Cc rn nt bn ngoi trong s dng do cc nguyn nhn t xut gy nn nh: va chm mnh trn nn cng, lo ha vt liu khi chu p lc gia tng t bin, lp s dng trong tnh trng thiu p sut. . . C th nhn thy cc vt rn nt hnh thnh trn b mt khu vc c vn lp v mt bn ca b mt lp. Cc rn nt trong s dng khng cho php, do vy cn thng xuyn kim tra. c bit cn quan st k cc tn tht c chiu su ln, cc vt nhn cng bng kim loi cm vo lp trong khi bnh xe ln, m cha gy thng, cn sa cha hoc thay th ngay. Mt s dng h hng trnh by trn hnh 10.54.
248
Figure 13.37
Hnh 10.54. Mt s dng h hng b mta. Vt nt chn chim chy dc theo chu vi b mt bn ca lpb. Vt nt hng tmc. Vt ca rch b mt lp do va chm vi vt cngd. Cc vt thng b mt lp do b cc vt cng m xuyn. 13.5.2.3 Kim tra kch thc hnh hc bnh xe Hnh dng hnh hc bnh xe c ch l s mo ca bnh xe th hin bng gi tr sai lch kch thc hnh hc ca bnh xe khi quay trc. Thit b kim tra bao gm: gi ng h so v u o. u o c gn trn gi o. Khi o t t trn nn phng, cng. Dng kch nng bnh xe cn o ln c th quay bnh xe bng tay quanh trc ca n. a u o vo v quay nh bnh xe sang cc v tr khc nhau cho n ht mt vng quay bnh xe.
Figure 13.38
Hnh 10.55. Kim tra kch thc hnh hc bnh xe Cc v tr cn o trn lp v vnh c ch ra trn hnh 10.55. Quan trng hn c l cc kch thc sai lch ng knh, chiu rng bnh xe v vnh.
249 Sai lch ng knh c so snh vi cc loi lp khc nhau v tra theo tiu chun. Khi sai lch ln gi tr ng knh c th dn n mt cn bng bnh xe. 13.5.2.4 Xc nh s hao mn lp do mi mn S mn lp xe trn b mt sau thi gian s dng l mt thng tin quan trng hu ch cho vic chn on v: tui th, p sut kh trong lp ang s dng, gc t bnh xe v cc h hng tr ng, khp quay. . .
Figure 13.39
Hnh 10.56. Cc dng c bn ca mn lpNhn vo u xe, bnh xe bn phi:a. Khi p sut qu thp hay qu ti; b. khi p sut qu cao;c. Khi chm dng qu ln; d. Gc nghing ngang tr ng qu ln;e. Gc nghing ngang bnh xe qu ln; f. Lp b mt cn bng. m bo cho lp mn u v tng tui th ca lp c khong (5000 9000)km cn thay i v tr ca lp theo s hnh 10.57.
250
Figure 13.40
Hnh 10.57. S thay i v tr lp 13.5.2.5 Kim tra s r lng cc kt cu lin kt bnh xe S r lng ca cc bnh xe dn hng lin quan ti: mn bi bnh xe, lng c bt bnh xe, mn tr ng, hay cc khp cu, khp tr trong h thng treo c lp, cc khp cu trong cc n dn ng li. + Pht hin cc r lng ny c th tin hnh khi kch nng bnh xe cn xem xt ln khi mt nn. Dng lc ca c hai cnh tay lc bnh xe quay xung quanh tm quay theo cc phng AA v BB. Cm nhn r ca chng. - Nu b r theo c hai phng th l bi bnh xe b mn. - Nu ch r theo phng AA th l mn tr ng, hay cc khp cu, khp tr trong h thng treo c lp. - Nu b r theo phng BB th do mn cc khp cu trong h thng li. S r lng bi hay tr ng cn c th tin hnh xc nh khi a ln b th kiu rung ngang. Bng thit b o rung ngang theo thi gian c th pht hin c cc xung va p, hay nhn trc tip bng mt nu c r mn ln ti ch lin kt. S r lng cc bnh xe s nh hng ln ti chm v cc gc t, ng thi vi s xut hin mn lp khng u. Trn cc b th o trt ngang tnh, khi c s r lng ny, khng th xc nh chnh xc gi tr gc t bnh xe. + Pht hin r lng khi xe chuyn ng trn ng thng qua cm nhn nhng va p, r vnh li trn ng xu.
251 13.5.2.6 Xc nh s mt cn bng bnh xe. a. Bng cm nhn trc quan - Thng qua hin tng mi mn cc b b mt lp theo chu vi - Khi xe chuyn ng vi tc cao (khong trn 50 km/h) c th xc nh mt cn bng ny nh cm nhn trc quan v s rung ny bnh xe trn nn ng cc bnh xe khng dn hng (cu sau). Trn cc bnh xe dn hng, ngoi hin tng rung ny bnh xe cn km theo s rung lc bnh xe dn hng v vnh li, do hin tng xut m men hiu ng con quay. Nu s mt cn bng khng ln th cc hin tng ny ch xy ra mt vng tc nht nh. b. Bng thit b kim tra trc tip trn xe Vic kim tra mt cn bng c th thc hin i vi cc bnh xe tho ra khi xe v a ln b quay kim tra cn bng tnh, cn bng ng. Trong chn on thng s dng phng php kim tra trc tip trn xe. Trong cc ga ra sa cha c nhiu loi thit b o v cn bng bnh xe. Nguyn l chung ca thit b o cn bng da trn vic o dao ng trc khi c s mt cn bng cc bnh xe. Cc dng c o ny u m nhn chc nng o, kim tra trc v sau khi b khi lng cn bng v gi chung l thit b cn bng bnh xe. c. Thit b kim tra cn bng bnh xe khi tho bnh xe ra khi xe Vic xc nh mt cn bng tt nht l tho ri bnh xe ra khi xe, khi bnh xe khng chu nh hng ca cc lc t con ln. Tc quay ca bnh xe c th t ln nht khong 120km/h, to iu kin pht hin v tin hnh lp thm i trng b li trng lng gy nn mt cn bng. Cn ch : bnh xe gm lp (c hay khng c sm) phi ng b vi cc loi vnh tng ng, do nh sn xut quy nh.
252
INDEX
Index of Keywords and Terms

Keywords are listed by the section with that keyword (page numbers are in parentheses). Keywords do not necessarily appear in the text of the page. They are merely associated with that section. Ex. apples, 1.1 (1) Terms are referenced by the page they appear on. Ex. apples, 1
B Bo dng, 6(35) C Chun on, 10(119), 11(135), 12(163),

13(173)
Kinh t vn hnh, 4(21)
L L thuyt ma st, 1(1) P Phn loi chi tit., 8(69) T Tho lp, 9(87)
Th xe, 9(87) Trng thi k thut ng c, 11(135)
Chy r, 9(87) Cng ngh, 6(35) Cng ngh sa t, 7(47)
H Hao mn, 1(1), 3(15)

H hng, 2(5), 3(15) H thng t, 13(173) H thng nh la, 12(163)
t, 4(21), 6(35) iu kin a t vo sa cha., 5(31)

in hnh, 3(15)
K Khi nim hao mn, 2(5)
ATTRIBUTIONS
253
Attributions
Collection: Gio trnh chn on k thut t Edited by: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng, KS. Nguyn L Chu Thnh URL: http://cnx.org/content/col10810/1.1/ License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "L thuyt ma st v hao mn" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30649/1.1/ Pages: 1-4 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Khi nim v hao mn, h hng" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30546/1.1/ Pages: 5-14 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Hao mn, h hng mt s chi tit in hnh" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30364/1.1/ Pages: 15-19 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Kinh t vn hnh t" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30616/1.1/ Pages: 21-29 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "iu kin a t vo sa cha" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30593/1.1/ Pages: 31-34 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Quy trnh cng ngh bo dng t" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30607/1.1/ Pages: 35-45 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
254 Module: "Quy trnh cng ngh sa cha t" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30609/1.1/ Pages: 47-67 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Kim tra phn loi chi tit" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30619/1.1/ Pages: 69-85 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Tho v lp, chy r, th xe" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30787/1.1/ Pages: 87-118 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "L thuyt chung v chn on" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30651/1.1/ Pages: 119-134 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Chn on trng thi k thut ng c" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30302/1.1/ Pages: 135-162 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Chn on trng thi nh la" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30307/1.1/ Pages: 163-172 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Chn on cc h thng t" By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng URL: http://cnx.org/content/m30299/1.1/ Pages: 173-251 Copyright: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
ATTRIBUTIONS
Gio trnh chn on k thut t Gio trnh ca tp th tc gi: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng, KS. Nguyn L Chu Thnh Trng i hc Bch khoa - i hc Nng
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Gio trnh chn on k thut t

By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng KS. Nguyn L Chu Thnh

Gio trnh chn on k thut t

By: TS. Trn Thanh Hi Tng KS. Nguyn L Chu Thnh

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1.1 L THUYT CHUNG V MA ST V HAO MN

1.1.2 Quan im hin i

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Hnh1.1. nh hng ca ti trng n [U+F06D]

1.1.3.3 nh hng ca iu kin ma st. Hnh 1.3

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Hnh1.3. nh hng ca iu kin ma st n [U+F06D]

bng [U+F0D1]7 [U+F0D1]14 [U+F0D1]14

1.1.4 Phn loi ma st

CHNG 1. L THUYT MA ST V HAO MN

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Khi nim v hao mn, h hng

2.1 Khi nim chung

Hnh 1.5. Hao mn lp cu trc th cp

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CHNG 2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG

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2.2 Phn loi hao mn, h hng

2.2.2 Phn loi h hng

2.2.3 Cc yu t nh hng n hao mn, h hng

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[U+F06D] 123Thc tL thuytHnh 1.8. Anh hng ca n,[U+F068],p n h s ma st.

CHNG 2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG

2.2.4 Mt s dng hao mn, h hng ch yu

Hao mn xy ho loi 2 xtKim loi gc[U+F0D1] 9 [U+F0B8] 13< 2000C[U+F064] = 1000A00,05[U+F06D]m/h

Hnh1.9. c tnh b mt trc loi 1

Mi mn c ho [U+F0D1] 7[U+F0B8]1250 0C2000A0[U+F05B] 0,5 [U+F06D]m/h

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CHNG 2. KHI NIM V HAO MN, H HNG

2.2.5 Lun c bn ca l thuyt hao mn

2.2.6 Bin php khc phc hao mn h hng

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Hao mn, h hng mt s chi tit in hnh

3.1 Hao mn xy lanh

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CHNG 3. HAO MN, H HNG MT S CHI TIT IN HNH

pktkipktHinh 1.12. p lc sc mng tc dng ln xi lanh

0180360180360540720540Hnh 1.14. p sut(do N) tc dng ln thnh xi lanh theo cc k

3.1.2 Hao mn xy lanh theo phng dc trc

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3.1.3 Hao mn theo phng hng knh

3.1.4 Hao mn khng theo qui lut

3.2 Hao mn trc khuu

3.2.2 Hao mn trc khuu c qui lut

ZTHnh 1.17. th lc tc dng ln cht khuu

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CHNG 3. HAO MN, H HNG MT S CHI TIT IN HNH

3.2.3 Hao mn trc khuu khng c qui lut

Hnh 1.18. Hao mn trc khuu khng qui lut

3.3 Hao mn sc mng

3.3.2 Hao mn sc mng

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Mn mingMn lngMn Hnh 1.19. Hao mn sec mng

P= 3 5 kgHnh 1.20. Kim tra lc bung ca sc mng

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