Geological Survey of India

Pitalkhora caves, Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Geoscientific studies for the conservation of Pitalkhora caves, Aurangabad district, Maharashtra was carried out during field season 2001-2002. Pitalkhora caves are one of the oldest Buddhist caves constructed between 6th century BC and 7th century AD and comprise sculptures and paintings, which have been damaged largely due to natural weathering processes and biogenic influences. Unstable slopes, huge rock overhangs and seepage problems are the main contributors for the damages. Detailed studies were conducted and remedial measures have been suggested. The broad remedies are: off-loading the precariously perched and overhanging boulders on the slopes, seepage control measures, minimize environmental degradation in the cave environment and slope and faade treatment measures.

A view of Pitalkhora caves (Ca 6 BC-7 AD), one of the oldest Buddhist caves carved in basalt. The caves have suffered damages due to weathering and seepage. The problem has been addressed by the studies undertaken by GSI.

Geological Survey of India

Weathering and rock fall over time has led to scarp retreat by 15-20 meters. This would eventually obliterate the caves.

Weathering process has resulted in huge overhangs prone to failure. Such vulnerable spots have been identified and remedies suggested. The extent of scarp retreat since the excavation of the caves is ~15-20 meters.

Geological Survey of India

A scenic water fall near cave1. The water fall gradually undercuts the toe leading to loss of toe support and thus endangering the caves. Toe protection measures to prevent cutting by nala water is enumerated by GSI.

Geological Survey of India

Water cascading has resulted in potholes and knick points along the water course of Pitalkhora nala, leading to aggravated erosion at the base of the caves. Suitable toe protection solutions are given by GSI, after undertaking a detailed study.

Geological Survey of India

A closer view of the rocks exposed in the cave area. The rocks are weathered to varying degree, resulting in rock mass deterioration. The report by GSI documents the rock type, weathering grades, discontinuity patterns and their influence on the caves.

Geological Survey of India

Discontinuities like the one shown act as planes of weakness along which rock mass failures have taken place.