Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Experimental Aerodynamics
Experimental Aerodynamics
Introduction
! The ability to simulate a real flow in a wind tunnel is not useful in itself ! The simulated flow must be observed for the experiment to have some use ! The simplest type of observation is by just looking at the experiment ! More precise observations can be obtained using several types of instrumentation
Experimental Aerodynamics
Pitot-static Tube
16D 8D D 3D 8 holes equally spaced on the periphery Air velocity, V
Static connection, p
V=
2( pt ! p) "
1 2
Speed setting
! In some cases it is not practical to use a pitot-static tube in the working section. ! The model may interfere with the pitot measurement or vice versa ! In such cases the pitot-static tube can be placed in the settling chamber (ahead of the contraction cone) or just ahead of the working section. ! The pitot-static tube placed in these positions can be calibrated to yield the correct working section airspeed using calibration runs (no model) and a second pitot-static tube in the working section.
Experimental Aerodynamics
! The calculation of the test section airspeed from pitot-static tube data requires V = 2( p ! p) " knowledge of the air density ! The density can be obtained from the state equation if the static pressure and temperature are known. ! The temperature can be measured using a wall-mounted thermometer or other temperature probe (static temperature is constant in a boundary layer)
t
Experimental Aerodynamics
Hot wire
5-hole probe
Experimental Aerodynamics
Hot wire
5-hole probe
Experimental Aerodynamics
! Flow visualization
! Hot wire anemometry ! Qualitative (wool, clay, oil, smoke, ) ! Quantitative (PIV, PSP, LDA,)
Experimental Aerodynamics
Q = (Tw-T0) Aw h = A + B Un
(n ~ 0.5)
Tw = HW temperature 5-hole probe T0 = Fluid temperature Aw = HW surface h = heat transfer coefficient (depends on fluid and wire characteristics
Experimental Aerodynamics
5-hole probe
+ High frequency response > Study of boundary layers, turbulence of a flow field - Intrusive, accurate but small spatial resolution
Experimental Aerodynamics
5-hole probe
Experimental Aerodynamics
5-hole probe
Voltage (V)
Experimental Aerodynamics
1D
2D
3D
5-hole probe
Flow visualization
! It is often interesting to observe the simulated flow around the model in the wind tunnel. ! Unfortunately air is colorless and transparent ! Several different methods exist:
Qualitative methods
Wool (cotton) tufts China clay Oil film Smoke
Quantitative methods
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV and Tr-PIV) Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP), Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA)
Experimental Aerodynamics
Experimental Aerodynamics
Smoke Wire
Smoke wires only work in low speed and low turbulence conditions! Airspeed < 10m/s
Source: Sharul Sham Dol et al. at 4th WSEAS International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics
Experimental Aerodynamics
Smoke Wire
Source: Sharul Sham Dol et al. at 4th WSEAS International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics
Experimental Aerodynamics
Circular cylinder
Experimental Aerodynamics
Stalled wing
Experimental Aerodynamics
PIV principle
2D PIV
Experimental Aerodynamics
3D (Stereo) PIV
Tr-PIV principle )#
34*56 #
!"# !"$%&# %&#
!'#
*++,+, # -./012 #
Image 1
Image 2 Sub-Image 2
Experimental Aerodynamics
77#
PIV Examples
Guerney flap
Circular Cylinder
Experimental Aerodynamics
Helicopter rotor
Smoke:
! !
Clay/Oil:
PIV:
Experimental Aerodynamics
Experimental Aerodynamics
Experimental Aerodynamics
Internal balance
! They usually come in the form of stingers ! They can measure six loads (three forces and three moments) ! They must be attached near the models centre of gravity
Experimental Aerodynamics
External balance
! External balances come in several degrees of complexity and size. ! The complexity depends on the number of loads that the balance must measure (maximum of 6). ! The most advanced type of external balance currently in use is the pyramidal balance.
Experimental Aerodynamics
Experimental Aerodynamics
Experimental Aerodynamics
1-component balance
! The ULg wind tunnel has a very simple 1-component balance mounted under the turntable. ! It measures lift only using a load cell. ! Drag and side force can be measured using a strain gauged support on which the model can be attached
Experimental Aerodynamics
Communications
! List of email addresses of the students ! Deadline extension for the report of the first practice: 30 October 2012
Experimental Aerodynamics
Velocity measurements with Pitot tube and 1D Hot Wire Probe Part 1:
! Carry out mean horizontal component velocity from Pitot and HW measurements; ! Compare and discuss the possible differences.
Practice Session
Experimental Aerodynamics
Part 2:
Practice Session
! Change the position of the HW probe for mapping the wind tunnel section; ! Perform time measurements of the u component (10sec @ 1kHz); ! Calculate the turbulence intensity : I = !u u Uturbulent values over the ! Discuss the distribution of the mean and width of the test section; ! Discuss the frequency content of u(t).
Experimental Aerodynamics