Decuongly

cng Vt L 3F HEDSPI http://3f-hedspi.fibo.
us
CHNG I: IN T - TNH IN
Cu 1: Hy gii thch hin tng tch in dng hoc m ca vt khi c xt.
Khi c xt cc vt trung ho v in vi nhau, cc e. c c hi bt ra khi ht nhn v tr thnh
electron t do. Do mt e. t do ca cc vt em c st vo nhau l khc nhau nn e. s c xu hng
truyn t vt ny sang vt kia. T lm cho 1 vt mang in m v 1 vt mang in dng.
Cu 2: V hnh v vit cng thc ca nh lut Culng trong mi trng vi hai in tch im.
Cng thc nh lut Culng:
F=
q
1
q
2
4He e
0
r
2
=k.
q
1
q
2
er
2
Trong :
F l lc tng tc.
q
1
, q
2
l ln ca 2 in tch im.
e
0
l hng s in c gi tr bng
8,86.10
12
C
2
Nm
2
.
e l hng s in mi ca mi trng.
Cu 3: in trng l g? i lng c trng cho in trng do in tch im ti 1 im. V
hnh, vit cng thc.
in trng l mi trng bao quanh vt mang in v tc dng lc in ln cc in tch im
khc t trong n. Ni cch khc in trng truyn tng tc in gia cc in tch.
i lng c trng c in trng ti 1 im l vc t cng in trng
E .
Cng in trng
E
gy ra bi 1 in tch im
- 1 -
cng Vt L 3F HEDSPI http://3f-hedspi.fibo.us
Cng thc tnh:
E=
q
4Hee
0
r
2
=k.
q
er
2
n v:
N
m
Cu 4: Nguyn l chng cht in trng. V d cho h 3 in tch im.
Nguyn l: Vc t cng in trng ti 1 im bng tng hp tt c cc vc t cng
in trng thnh phn sinh ra bi cc in tch im.
E=

E
i
V d: (T lm)
Cu 5: Vc t cng in trng ti 1 im gy ra bi 1 vt mang in. V hnh, vit cng
thc.
Cng thc tng qut:
E=
d

E
Tonb vt
=
dq
4Hee
0
. r
2
.
r
r
Hnh minh ho:
Cu 6: Vc t cng in trng trn mt trung trc ca 1 lng cc in.
Vc t mmen ca lng cc in: p
e
=q.
l
Theo nguyn l chng cht in trng:
E
n
=

E
(+)
+

E
(-)
Do l<<r suy ra:
r
+
=r
-
r
E=k.
+q
e r
+
3
r
+
+k.
-q
er
-
3
r
-
=
k
er
+
3
.( r
-
r
+
)
k
er
+
3
.
l =
k
er
3
p
e
Cu 7: Tnh momen lc tc dng ln lng cc in do in trng bn ngoi.. ?
- 2 -
Gi s lng cc c t trong in trng u v hp vi in trng 1 gc nh hnh v.
Lc in tc dng ln
q
+
l:
F
(+)
=q
+
.

E
0
Lc in tc dng ln
q
-
l:
F
(-)
=q
-
.

E
0
Hai lc ny cng phng, ngc chiu, cng ln to thnh ngu lc lm quay lng cc in quanh
mt trc i qua khi tm G.
Mmen ca ngu lc ny l: M=
l

F
(+)
=
l q
+

E
0
= p
e

E
0
Cu 8: Xc nh vc t cng in trng ti 1 im do dy thng v hn tch in u
\>0
Chia dy thnh cc on dx rt nh, mang in tch \. dx .
Theo nguyn l chng cht in trng:
E=2d

E=2d

E
n
(Thnh phn
dE
//
t trit tiu)
T ta c:
E=

Tonb dy
dE
n
=

Tonb dy
k
\. dx
e( x
2
+r
2
)
. coso
(1)
Mt khc ly vi phn biu thc:
cos
2
o=
r
2
r
2
+a
2
ta c:
dx=
r.d o
cos
2
o
Thay vo (1) ta c:
E=k.
\
e . r
H
2
H
2
cosod o
Cu 9: ng sc in trng l g? V in ph ca 2 in tch m t gn nhau.
ng sc in trng l ng cong m tip tuyn ti mi im ca n c phng trng vi
vc t cng trng ti im . Chiu ca ng sc in trng l chiu ca cc vc t cng
in trng.(Tp hp cc ng sc: in ph).
- 3 -
in ph 2 in tch (+) t gn nhau:
(Hai in tch m th chiu ngc li thi. Nhng ng chm chm l cc mt ng th, mi
ng l tp hp cc im c in th bng nhau <cu 25>)
Cu 10: Ti sao cn n i lng vc t cm ng in. Cng thc lin h gia vc t cm ng
in v vc t cng in trng.
Cng in trng ph thuc vo hng s in mi e .Khi i qua mt phn cch gia 2
mi trng, cng in trngf thay i, in ph mt phn cch b gin on (hv.1). Vic tnh
ton tr nn kh khn.
Hnh 1 Hnh 2
khc phc, ngi ta a ra mt i lng vt l khng ph thuc vo tnh cht in ca mi
trng. l vc t cm ng in
D=ee
0
.
E
Cu 11: V v vit cng thc tnh cm ng in ti 1 im do in tch im q gy ra trong du
c hng s in mi e
D=ee
0

E=ee
0
q
4Hee
0
r
2
.
r
r
=
q
4Hr
2
.
r
r
ln:
D=
q
4Hr
2
.n v:
C
m
2
Cu 12 nh ngha thng lng cm ng in. Cng thc tnh thng lng cm ng in gi
qua din tch S. Gii thch cng thc.
Thng lng cm ng in (hay in thng) qua 1 din tch S t trong in trng l i
lng c ln bng s ng sc in trng v vung gc qua din tch y.
- 4 -
Hnh v: in thng gi qua din tch dS
Cng thc tnh in thng gi qua 1 din tch S:
Trng hp in trng u:
c
=
S
trong
D l vc t cm ng in,
S l vc t
din tch hng teo phng php tuyn ca mt S, ln bng din tch S.
Cu 13: Gc khi l g. Vit cng thc tnh gc khi v gii thch.
Gc khi l gc nhn din tch ti 1 im.
Cng thc: d

S=dS. n , d D=
dS coso
r
2
=
dS
n
r
2
Trong : n l vc t php tuyn n v ca mt S.
Cu 14: Tnh in thng t in tch im q gi qua mt mt kn S bao quanh q.
Chia mt S thnh cc din tch dS nh.
in thng qua dS l :
d =
D. dS=D.dS.cos o=
q
4Hr
2
. dS.cos o=
q
4 H
d D
q nm trong mt S nn:
=
q
4H
0
4H
d D=q
Cu 15: Tnh in thng t in tch im q gi qua mt mt kn S khng bao quanh q.
Theo bi trn:
d =
D. dS=D.dS.cos o=
q
4Hr
2
. dS.coso=
q
4 H
d D
Suy ra:
- 5 -
=
q
4H
(
S
1
d D
S
2
d D)=0
Cu 16: Pht biu v vit cng thc nh l xtragratxki Gauox ( - G) i vi in trng
tnh.
in thng gi qua 1 mt kn bng tng i s cc in tch nm trong mt kn .
S
d =2q
i
Cu 17: p dng G v v tnh cng in trng E do mt phng v hn in tch u
6 >0 gy ra.
V hnh tr qua M nh hnh v. Ti cc im nm trn 2 mt y ca hnh tr. vc t cm ng
in u bng nhau. K hiu nh hnh v. Theo G ta c:
AS. 6=DAS+DAS=2DAS (Bng in thng gi qua hai mt y ca tr. in
thng khng qua mt xung quanh ca tr)
Suy ra:
D=
6
2
Vy:
E
M
=
D
ee
0
=
6
2ee
0
Chiu ca
E vung gc vi mt phng.
Cu 18: V v tnh cng in trng E do 2 mt phng song song v hn tch in u 6
>0 gy ra.
p dng nguyn l chng cht in trng v cu 17. Suy ra cc im thuc khong khng gian
gia hai mt phng c cng in trng
E
M
=
6
ee
0
cn nm ngoi th
E
M
=0
(nm trn th
sao nh?)
- 6 -
Cu 19: p dng G v v tnh cng in trng E do mt tr di v hn, bn knh R
tch in u 6 >0 gy ra.
V hnh tr bn knh y r, chiu cao l. Theo G ta c:
D.S
mt xung quanh
=62H Rl , S
mt xung quanh
=2Hr . l
(hai mt y khng c t thng gi
qua. 6 l mt in mt). Suy ra:
D.r=6 R Do :
E=
D
(ee
0
)
=
6 R
r ee
0
Cu 20: p dng G v v tnh cng in trng E do mt cu bn knh R tch in u
6 >0 gy ra bn ngoi v bn trong cu.
V mt cu ng tm i qua im cn xt. p dng G:
r > R: D. 4Hr
2
=6 4HR
2
nn
E=
D
(ee
0
)
=
6 R
2
r
2
ee
0
r = R: Tng t
E=
D
(ee
0
)
=
6
ee
0
r' < R: D.4 Hr '
2
=2q=0 nn D=0. Vy E=0
Cu 21 +22: Cng ca lc in trng do in tch Q gy ra lm dch chuyn in tch q t im
M n N. Thit lp cng thc. ngha:
Chia on ng MN thnh nhng on ds nh coi l thng(hnh v). o=(r , d s)
Ta c:
dA=
F . d s=F.ds.coso=q. k.
Q
er
2
. ds.cos o
Nhn xt: drBB
'
AA
'
=dscoso nn
- 7 -
dA=k.
qQ
(er
2
)
dr
Suy ra:
A=k
qQ
e

r
m
r
n
(
1
r
2
dr )=k
qQ
e r
M
k
qQ
er
N
ngha:
T cng thc trn c th suy ra trng tnh in l trng th, lc tnh in l lc th.
Cng suy ra: Lu s vc t cng in trng dc theo 1 ng cong kin bng 0.
Cu 23: Th nng ca in tch q
0
ti 1 im trong in trng ca in tch q. Vit cng thc, v
th.
Quy c th nng v cng bng 0. Th nng ca q
0
ti 1 im trong in trng ca in tch
q tnh bng cng thc: W
t
=k.
q.q
0
e r
th:
Cu 24: nh ngha in th ti 1 im trong in trng, hiu in th gia 2 im trong in
trng.
in th ti 1 im trong in trng l i lng c gi tr bng cng ca lc in trng lm
dch chuyn in tch n v (+) t im n v cng.
Hiu in th gia 2 im trong in trng l i lng c gi tr bng cng ca lc in
trng lm dch chuyn in tch n v (+) t im ny n im kia.
Cu 25: nh ngha mt ng th. Tnh cht mt ng th.
1. nh ngha: Mt ng th l tp hp nhng im c cng in th trong in trng.
2. Tnh cht:
- 8 -
Cng ca lc in trng dch chuyn in tch t M n N thuc cng 1 mt ng th bng 0
( A=AV =0)
Vc t cng in trng ti 1 im nm trn mt mt ng th lun c phng vung gc
vi mt ng th y
q

E . d s=A=0(
E , d s=0vi mi d s)
Cu 26: Dn dt cng thc lin h gia vc t cng in trng v in th.
Xt hai im M, N rt gn nhau nm trn hai mt ng th V v V+dV. Di tc dng ca in
trng, c mt in tch im -q<0 chuyn ng t M n N.
Cng ca lc in trng tnh bng 2 cch:
A=q((V+dV )V )=q.dV
A=q.
E .

MN=q.E.MN.cos o ( o=(
E ,

MN ) )
Suy ra: E.MN.cos o=dV hay
E
s
. ds=dV
Cc kt lun:
Vc t cng in trng
E lun hng theo chiu gim in th.

Hnh chiu ca
E trn 1 phng no c tr s bng gim in th trn 1 n v di ca

phng .
E=gradV =( x.
V
x
+y.
V
y
+z.
V
z
)
Cu 27: p dng cng thc trong 26 tnh hiu in th gia 2 im trong in trng ca mt
cu tch in u.
Xt 2 im ngoi mt cu:
Theo bi 26: V
1
V
2
=
V
1
V
2
dV =
r
1
r
2
Edr
Theo bi 20:
E=
D
(ee
0
)
=
6 R
2
r
2
ee
0
Suy ra: V
1
V
2
=
6 R
2
ee
0
.ln
r
2
r
1
Nu cu tch in Q=64HR
2
th:
V
1
V
2
=
Q
4 Hee
0
. ln
r
2
r
1
Cu 28: p dng cng thc trong 26 tnh hiu in th gia 2 im trong in trng ca mt
tr di v hn tch in u.
Theo bi 26: V
1
V
2
=
V
1
V
2
dV =
r
1
r
2
Edr
- 9 -
Theo bi 19:
E=
D
(ee
0
)
=
6 R
r ee
0
nn:
V
1
V
2
=
6 R
ee
0
. ln
r
2
r
1
Nu tr tch in Q=2HR6 trn 1 mt vung gc th:
V
1
V
2
=
Q
2 Hee
0
. ln
r
2
r
1
- 10 -
CHNG II: VT DN
Cu 1: iu kin cn bng tnh in ca vt dn mang in.
1. Vc t cng in trng trong vt dn bng 0:

E
tr
=0.
2. Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vc t cng in trng trn b mt vt dn bng
E
t
=0 ; E=
E
n
Cu 2: Nu tnh cht ca vt dn mang in v ng dng ca n.
1. Vt dn l vt ng th
V
M
V
N
=
M
N
dS=
M
N
E
t
dS=0
2. in tch ch phn b trn b mt vt dn. in tch bn trong vt dn bng 0
q
i
=
dS=0
v
D=e
0
e
E=0
3. Vc t cng in trng lun vung gc vi b mt vt dn
Cu 3: Hin tng in hng l g? Pht biu nh l cc phn t tng ng.
L hin tng cc in tch xut hin trn vt dn (lc u khng tch in) khi t trong in
trng ngoi.
nh l cc phn t tng ng: in tch C trn cc phn t tng ng c gi tr bng nhau.
Cu 4: in dung ca vt dn c lp l g? Tnh bn knh ca cu c in dung bng 1F (t tnh).
in dung ca vt dn c lp l i lng c tr s bng in tch cn truyn cho vt dn in
th ca n tng ln 1 n v. Trong h SI, in dung c o bng n v fara (F)
1F=
1C
1V
Cu 5: in dung v h s in hng l g? Cho v d h ba vt dn.
Cho h ba vt dn 1, 2, 3. in tch ln lt l q
1
, q
2
, q
3
. in th tng ng V
1
, V
2
, V
3
.
q
1
=C
11
V
1
+C
12
V
2
+C
13
V
3
q
2
=C
21
V
1
+C
22
V
2
+C
23
V
3
q
3
=C
31
V
1
+C
32
V
2
+C
33
V
3
C
ik
=
C
11
C
12
C
13
C
21
C
22
C
23
C
31
C
32
C
33
i=k: in dung
ik: H s in hng. C tnh tng h nn C
ik
= C
ki
. Nu c n vt dn: i, k = {1,2,3,...,n}
Cu 6: T in l g? Thit lp cng thc t in.
1. nh ngha: Gm hai vt c tng tc in hng ton phn.
2. Tnh cht
a. Tnh cht 1:
q
1
+q
2
=0

S
dS=q
1
+q
2
=0
- 11 -
b. Tnh cht 2:
q
1
=C(V
1
V
2
) ; q
2
=C(V
1
V
2
)
C l in dung t in.
q
1
>0, C>0-V
1
>V
2
c. Tnh cht 3:
q=q
1
=q
2
q=C(V
1
V
2
)=CU
Cu 7: Thiu cu ny :P
Cu 8: Tnh in dung ca t in phng.
U=V
1
V
2
=E.d=
cd
ee
0
=
c d
ee
0
S
S
=
Q.d
ee
0
S
-C=
ee
0
S
d
Cu 9: Tnh in dung ca t in cu.
U=V
1
V
2
=
Q
4nee
0
(
1
R
1
1
R
2
)
-C=
Q
U
=
ee
0
4nR
1
R
2
R
2
R
1
Cu 10: Tnh in dung ca t in tr.
U=V
1
V
2
=
Q
2nee
0
l
ln
R
2
R
1
-C=
Q
U
=
ee
0
2nl
ln
R
2
R
1
ln
R
2
R
1
=ln
(
1+
R
2
R
1
R
1
)
R
2
R
1
R
1
=
d
R
-C=
ee
0
2nlR
d
=
ee
0
S
d
in dung ca mt t in bt k lun t l thun vi e v S. t l nghch vi d
Cu 11: Nng lng ca vt dn c lp tch in.
Chia vt dn thnh cc im in tch dq
W=
1
2
dqV =
1
2
V
dq=
1
2
qV =
1
2
CV
2
=
1
2
Q
2
C
Cu 12: Trong mch in LRC nng lng in trng cha u? Tnh mt nng lng ca
in trng.
Nng lng in trng cha trong t in.
W=
1
2
ee
0
S
d
U
2 d
d
=
1
2
e e
0
E
2
AV
Mt nng lng in trng:
u
e
=
W
AV
=
1
2
ee
0
E
2
- 12 -
CHNG III: IN MI
Cu 1: Hin tng phn cc in mi l g? Th no l n v in tch lin kt?
Hin tng phn cc in mi l hin tng trn thanh in mi B khi t trong in trng th
2 mt gii hn (i din vi vc t cng in trng) xut hin cc in tch tri du.
Cc in tch xut hin do phn cc in mi khng t do dch chuyn c m nh x c nh
trong lng cht in mi. Chng c gi l in tch lin kt
i lng c trng cho cht in mi l hng s in mi e. Cht c hng s in mi cng
ln th phn cc cng mnh.
Cu 2: Gii thch hin tng phn cc in mi i vi cc loi in mi.
1. in mi gm cc phn t phn cc:
Bnh thng, cc phn t sp xp hn lon, do chuyn ng
nhit. Tng momen lng cc phn t bng 0. Khi t trong
in trng, cc momen lng cc s quay theo chiu in
trng, hng ti v tr cn bng. Khi , trong lng cht
in mi, cc in tch dng v m trung ho nhau nn
khng tch in. Cn 2 mt gii hn s tch in tri du
nhau. Cc in tch lin kt khng t do dch chuyn c.
2. in mi gm cc phn t khng phn cc:
Bnh thng, tm cc in tch dng v m ca phn t
trng nhau, trong cht in mi khng c cc lng cc phn t, do trong ton khi in
mi cng khng c in tch no c.
Khi t in mi vo in trng ngoi, cc in tch dng v m s b y v 2 pha ngc
nhau, kt qu trong cht in mi to thnh cc momen lng cc. Qu trnh xy ra ging nh
trong trng hp trn.
3. in mi l tinh th ion:
- 13 -
Hai mng ion +, - dch ngc chiu nhau di tc dng ca in trng, gy ra hin tng phn
cc in mi.
Cu 3: Vc t phn cc in mi l g? Cng thc tnh.
1. nh ngha: L i lng o bi tng cc momen lng cc in trn mt n v th tch.
2. Cng thc tnh:
P
e
=
i=1
n
p
ei
AV
p
e
nh nhau
-
P
e
=
np
e
AV
=n
0
p
e
=n
0
e
0
o
E=e
0
X
e
E
H s phn cc in mi X khng th nguyn, khng ph thuc vo E. i vi in mi c
cc phn t phn cc, vi in trng ngoi yu:
X
e
=n
0
o=
n
0
p
e
2
3e
0
KT
Khi in trng ngoi ln, P
e
tin ti bo ho, v th cc vc t phn cc u song song vi
in trng.
Cu 4: C u m nh :P
Cu 5: Thit lp cng thc tnh mt in tch lin kt vi vc t phn cc in mi.
P
e
=
P
e
=
i =0
n
p
ei
AV
;
i=0
n
p
ei
=c' ASL ; AV =AL.cos o
-P
e
=
c'
cos o
-c' =P
e
.cos o=P
en
Mt in tch c' ca cc in tch lin kt trn mt gii hn ca khi in mi c tr s bng
hnh chiu ca vc t phn cc in mi ln php tuyn mt
Cu 6: Thit lp cng thc tnh cng in trng trong in mi khi t trong in trng
ngoi E
0
.
in mi trong in trng E
0
, c' xut hin trn b mt
E=
E
0
+
E ' -E=E
0
E'
c' =P
en
=e
0
X
e
E
n
=e
0
X
e
E
E ' =
c'
e
0
=X
e
E
E=E
0
X
e
E -E=
E
0
1+X
e
=
E
0
e
Cng in trng trong in mi gim i e ln so vi trong chn khng
- 14 -
Cu 7: Cht xc nht in l g? Nu tnh cht c bit ca n.
1. Xc nht in: Khong nm 1930 1934, hai nh khoa hc ngi Nga tm ra mt cht c
nhiu tnh cht c bit, gi l mui Xc nht.
2. Tnh cht:
Min phn cc t nhin, mi min ny c vc t phn cc t pht khi E = 0.
Nhit Quiri T
C
: T < T
C
: Xc nht; T > T
C
: Thun in (nh cc in mi bnh thng).
e ln khi T thp, e max c th t 10000.
e ph thuc vo E.
P
e
ph thuc vo E:
D=e
0
E+
P
e
Khi E ln hn E bo ho (E
b
) khi Pe bo ho - D t l thun vi E.
ng cong in tr: Ch c Xc nht, khng c in mi thng
Cu 8: Hiu ng p in l g? ng dng ca n.
1. Hiu ng p in thun:
Khi nn hoc ko gin xc nht in, trn mt gii hn ca n cng xut hin nhng in tch
tri du, ging nh trong hin tng phn cc in mi. Nu i chiu bin dng (gin sang nn
hoc ngc li) th in tch xut hin trn mt cng i du.
ng dng: Dng trong k thut bin i nhng dao ng c (m) thnh dao ng in.
2. Hiu ng p in nghch:
Nu t ln hai mt i din ca tinh th mt hiu in th th n s b gin ra hoc nn li. Nu
y l mt hiu in th xoay chiu th n s b gin, nn lin tip cng tn s vi hiu in th
xoay chiu
ng dng: To ra cc ngun pht siu m
Cu 9: Mt dng in l g? Pht biu nh lut Ohm dng vi phn, vit cng thc.
1. Mt dng in: l i lng c trng cho phng, chiu v mnh ca dng in ti tng
- 15 -
im ca mi trng c dng in chy qua.
2. nh lut Ohm dng vi phn:
Xt 2 din tch dS
n
nh nm vung gc vi dng in v cch nhau khong dl. Gi V l V+dV
l in th ti 2 din tch y (dV<0), v I l cng dng in chy qua chng
dI =
1
R
|V (V+dV )=
dV
R
R=
j dl
dS
n
-dI =
1
j
dv
dl
dS
n
j =
dI
dS
n
=
1
p
dV
dl
Ta c:
E=
dV
dl
t
1
j
=c v gi n l in dn sut ca mi trng
Khi ta c: j =c E
y chnh l cng thc nh lut Ohm dng vi phn v c pht biu nh sau: Ti mt im
bt k c dng in chy qua, vc t mt dng in t l thun vi vc t cng in
trng ti im .
Cu 10: Hy din gii sut in ng ca ngun in l g?
Xt 2 vt A, B mang in tri du: A mang in dng, B mang in m. Khi ni A, B bng vt
dn M, cc ht in dng s chuyn ng theo chiu t A sang B, cc ht in m chuyn ng theo
chiu ngc li.
Khi ni M vo ngun in, ngun in duy tr dng in trong vt dn M, y cc ht in tch
dng t B v A, cc ht in tch m t A v B. in trng tnh E khng lm c iu ny, tc ng
ln cc ht tch in l mt lc no gi l lc l. Trng lc gy ra lc y l trng l

E *
Sut in ng ca ngun in l mt i lng c gi tr bng cng ca lc in trng do
ngun to ra c tc dng lm dch chuyn in tch +1 mt vng quanh mch kn ca ngun .
=
A
q
A=
C
q(
E+
E *) d s
E : vc t cng trng tnh in
E *: vc t cng trng l
=
A
q
=
C
.
E d s+
E * d s V

E l trng tnh in nn
C
.
E d s=0
Ngha l: Sut in ng ca ngun in c gi tr bng cng ca lc in trng l dch
chuyn in tch +1 mt vng quanh mch kn ca ngun .
Sut in ng bng lu s ca trng l.
- 16 -
CHNG IV: T TRNG KHNG I
Cu 1: Minh ha tng tc t ca dng in?
Dng in c th ht hoc y nam chm : Nu ta cho dng in i qua mt dy dn nm gn
mt kim nam chm, n s lm kim nam chm quay i. Ngc li nam chm c th ht hoc y
dng in : Nu ta a cun mt thanh nam chm li gn cun dy c dng in chy qua, n
c th ht hoc y cun dy in .
Hai dng in c th ht hoc y nhau : hai dng in song song v cng chiu th ht nhau,
hai ng dy in cng c th ht hoc y nhau ty theo hai u gn nhau ca chng l cng
tn hay khc tn.
V nhng l do trn, tng tc ca dng in c gi l tng tc t.
Cu 2: Minh ha, vit cng thc v pht biu nh lut Ampe v tng tc gia hai vecto phn t
dng in trong chn khng.
d
l ,r vn theo th t lp thnh tam din thun .

nh lut Ampe :
T lc do phn t dng in I.d
l tc dng ln
phn t dng in I
0
. d

l
0
cng t trong chn khng l
mt vecto d

F
0
:
C phng vung gc vi mt phng cha phn t
I
0
. d

l
0
v php tuyn n .
C chiu sao cho ba vecto d

l
0
,nv d

F 0 theo th t hp thnh mt tam din thun.
ln bng :
dF
0
=k.
Idl sin0 I
0
dl
0
sin 0
r
2
Trong k l mt h s t l, ph thuc h n v m ta dng. Trong h SI :
k=
j
0
4n
Trong
j
0
c gi l hng s t v c gi tr l :
j
0
=4n.10
7 Henry
met
Nh vy cng thc ca t lc trong chn khng l :
dF
0
=
j
0
4n
.
Idl sin 0I
0
dl
0
sin0
r
2
Ta c th biu din nh lut Ampe bng biu thc vecto sau :
dF
0
=
j
0
4n
.
I
0
d

l
0
( Id
l r)
r
3
- 17 -
Cu 3: Pht biu, vit cng thc nh lut Bio-Xava-Laplatz. Quy tc xc nh chiu cm ng t.
Vecto cm ng t d

B do mt phn t dng in
I.d
l gy ra ti im M, cch phn t mt khong r l mt

vecto c :
Gc ti im M
Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha phn t dng
in I.d
l v im M
Chiu sao cho 3 vecto d
l ,r v d

B theo th t hp
thnh mt tam din thun
ln (cn gi l cm ng t) d

B xc nh bi :
dB=
j
0
j
4n
.
Idl sin0
r
2
Quy tc vn ren phi : Vn nt chai tin theo chiu dng in, chiu quay ca nt chai l chiu
ca vecto cm ng t.
Cu 4: Nguyn l chng cht t trng ? p dng tnh t trng do dng in thng hu hn
gy ra ti mt im.
Nguyn l chng cht t trng : Vecto cm ng t
B do mt dng
in bt k gy ra ti mt im s bng tng cc vecto cm ng t
d

B do tt c cc phn t nh ca dng in gy ra ti im :
B=

cdng in
d

B
Vecto cm ng t
B ca nhiu dng in bng tng cc vecto cm

ng t do tng dng in sinh ra :
B=
B
1
+

B
2
+...+

B
n
=
i=1
n
B
i
B=
j
0
jI
4n
.
AB
dl sin0
r
2
,
l
r
=cotg 0
-
dl =
Rd 0
sin
2
0
, r=
R
sin0
- B=
j
0
jI
4n
.
0
1
0
2
d 0sin0
R
=
j
0
jI
4nR
. (cos0
1
cos0
2
)
Cu 5: Nguyn l chng cht t trng ? p dng tnh t trng do dng in trn gy ra ti
mt im trn trc ca n.
dB=2dB
1
cos , cos=
R
r
dB
1
=
j
0
j
4n
.
Idl sin0
r
2
- 18 -
m r=( R
2
+h
2
)
1
2
, sin0=sin
n
2
=1 nn
dB=
j
0
j
4n
.
Idl.R
( R
2
+h
2
)
3
2
-
B=
j
0
j IR
2n( R
2
+h
2
)
3
2
0
nR
dl =
j
0
jI nR
2
2n( R
2
+h
2
)
3
2
=
j
0
j IS
2n( R
2
+h
2
)
3
2
Cu 6: nh ngha A/m ? Mmen t l g ?
A/m l cng t trng sinh ra trong chn khng bi mt dng in c cng 1 Ampe,
chy qua mt dy dn thng di v hn, tit din trn, ti cc im ca mt ng trng ng
trc vi dy v c chu vi bng 1 met.
Momen t ca dng in trn l mt vecto nm trn trc ca dng in, c chiu l chiu tin
ca ci vn nt chai khi ta quay n theo chiu ca dng in v c ln
p
m
=I . S
Cu 7: Vecto cm ng t do ht in chuyn ng gy ra.
Xt phn t dng in chiu di dl, cng I. Vecto cm ng t do phn t dng in gy ra
ti im M l :
d

B=
j
0
mu
4n
.
Id
l r
r
3
S
n l tit din vung gc ca phn t dng in ,
n
0 l mt cc ht
in, s cc ht in trong phn t l :
dn=n
0
. dV=n
0
S
n
dl
Vecto cm ng t do mt ht in gy ra :
B
q
=
d
B
dn
=
j
0
j
4n
.
I
n
0
S
n
d
l r
dl.r
3
Gi j l mt dng in ta c :
I =jS
n
=n
0
qvS
n
, trong
q
l ln in tch mi
ht in, v l vn tc c hng trung bnh ca cc ht . Ta c :
B
q
=
j
0
j
4n
. qv
d
l r
dl.r
3
, d thy v.
d
l
dl
=
v . dl
dl
=v . Do :
B
q
=
j
0
j
4n
.
qvr
r
3
Vy vecto cm ng t
B
q
ca mt ht tch in chuyn ng gy ra ti mt im M no
trong khng gian l mt vecto t ti im M y, c phng vung gc vi mt phng cha
vecto vn tc v ca ht in v im M, c chiu sao cho 3 vecto qv , r v
B
q
theo
th t hp thnh mt tam din thun, v c ln :
B
q
=
j
0
j
4n
.
qv sin0
r
2
vi 0 l gc hp bi phng chuyn ng ca ht in v ng
thng ni t ht in n im M (tc gc gia v v r )
- 19 -
Cu 8: Th no l t ph ? Cho v d ?
ng cm ng t l ng cong vch ra trong t trng sao cho tip
tuyn ti mi im ca n trng vi phng ca vecto cm ng t ti
im y, chiu ca ng cm ng t l chiu ca vecto cm ng t.
Tp hp cc ng cm ng t hp thnh t ph.
VD : t ph ca dng in thng
Cu 9: T thng l g ? n v tnh t thng ?
T thng gi qua din tich
dS
l i lng v gi tr bng :
d 1
m
=

Bd
S
trong
B l vecto cm ng t ti mt im bt k trn din tch

y, d

S l mt vecto nm theo phng ca php tuyn n vi din
tch ang xt, c chiu l chiu dng ca php tuyn , v c ln ca
din tch ( d

S cn gi l vecto din tch ).
Vi o l gc gia d

S v , ta c :
d 1
m
=BdS coso=B
n
dS=BdS
n
Nu din tch S l phng, nm trong t trng u v vung gc vi cc ng cm ng t th :
1
m
=
( S)
B.dS=B
( S)
dS=B.S
n v tnh t thng l Tesla (T)
B=
1
S
=
1Wb
1m
2
=1Wb/ m
2
=1T
Tesla l cm ng t ca mt t thng u 1 vbe xuyn vung gc qua mt mt phng din tch
1 met vung.
Cu 10: Tnh cht xoy ca t trng. Pht biu nh lut Oxtrogratxki-Gauox i vi t
trng.
Nghin cu t ph ca t trng cc dng in ta nhn thy cc ng cm ng t l cc
ng cong kn. Theo nh ngha tng qut, mt trng c cc ng sc khp kn c gi l
mt trng xoy. Vy t trng l mt trng xoy, hay nh ngi ta thng ni, t trng c
tnh cht xoy.
nh lut Oxtrogratxki-Gauox : Vi mt mt kn S, chn chiu dng ca php tuyn l chiu
hng ra pha ngoi. Cc ng cm ng t l khp kn nn s ng i vo mt kn bng s
ng i ra mt kn. Kt qu l t thng ng vi cm ng t i vo mt kn v t thng ng vi
cm ng t i ra khi mt kn bng nhau v tr s nhng tri du. V vy, t thng ton phn
gi qua mt mt kn bt k bng khng:

( S)
B. d

S=0
- 20 -
Cu 11: nh l v dng in ton phn ca Ampe: cng thc, pht biu v cho v d.
Lu s ca vecto cng t trng dc theo mt ng cong kn ( C ) bt k (mt vng)
bng tng i s cng ca cc dng in xuyn qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong :
(C)
H. d
l =
i=1
n
I
i
trong
I
i
s mang du dng nu dng in th i nhn chiu dch chuyn trn ng
cong ( C ) lm chiu quay thun xung quanh n, s mang du m nu dng in th i nhn
chiu dch chuyn trn ng cong ( C ) lm chiu quay nghch xung quanh n.
V d :
VD1:
(C)
H. d
l =I
1
I
2
+I
3
VD2:
(C)
H. d
l =2I
VD3:
(C)
H. d
l =0
Cu 12: ng dng nh l v dng in ton phn ca Ampe tnh t trng trong lng cun dy
hnh xuyn, ng dy thng.
T trng trong lng cun dy hnh xuyn
(C)
H. d
l =n.I
-
H.
(C)
dl=n.I
- H.2 nR=n.I -
H=
n.I
2nR
-
B=
j
0
jn I
2nR
T trng trong lng ng dy thng : ng dy thng di v hn c
th xem l mt cun dy in hnh xuyn c cc bn knh v cng
ln, do cng t trng ti mi im trong ng dy u bng
nhau v bng
H=
n I
2nR
Nhng
n
2nR
=
tng s vng dy
chiudi ng dy
=n
0
Vy ta c
H=n
0
I
-
B=j
0
jn
0
I
Trong thc t, ng dy c chiu di ln hn 10 ln ng knh c th coi l di v hn.
Cu 13: Lc Ampe l g ? Minh ha, cng thc tnh, quy tc xc nh chiu ?
- 21 -
Nu ta t mt dng in I.d
l ti mt im M trong t trng, vecto cm ng t l
B th phn t s chu mt lc, gi l lc Ampe:

d

F=I.d
B
Vy lc Ampe c phng vung gc vi phn t dng in I.d
l v t trng
B , c
chiu sao cho 3 vecto d
l

B v d

F theo th t hp thnh tam din thun, c ln
bng :
dF=Idl.B. sino
vi o l gc hp bi dng in v t trng.
Quy tc bn tay tri: t bn tay tri theo phng ca dng in dng in i t c tay n
u cc ngn tay, v t trng xuyn vo lng bn tay, th chiu ca ngn tay ci dang ra l
chiu ca t lc.
Cu 14: Gii thch tng tc gia hai dng in thng song song. nh ngha Ampe theo tng
tc ny.
Theo nh lut Bio-Xava-Laplatx vecto cm ng t
B
1
do dng in
I
1
gy ra ti im M bt k ca dng in
I
2
c phng vung
gc vi mt phng cha 2 dng in, c ln :
B
1
=
j
0
j. I
1
2nd
. Di tc dng ca t trng ny, mt on mt on
chiu di l ca dng in
I
2
s chu tc dng lc :
F
2
=I
2.
l

B
1
, c phng vung gc vi mt phng cha dng in
I
2
v t trng
B
1
, c chiu hng v pha dng in
I
1
, v c ln : F=
j
0
j I
1
I
2
l
2nd
.
Nh vy dng in
I
1
ht dng in
I
2
, tng t ta chng minh c
I
2
cng ht
I
1
. Hai dng in song song cng chiu ht nhau.
Tng t ta c hai dng in song song ngc chiu y nhau.
Vi
d=1m
,
I
1
=I
2
=1A
th F=2.10
7
N / m
nh ngha Ampe : Ampe l cng ca dng in khng i theo thi gian, khi chy qua 2
dy dn thng, song song, di v hn, c tit din nh khng ng k, t trong chn khng
cch nhau 1 m, th gy trn mi mt di ca dy dn mt lc l 2.10
7
Niuton.
Cu 15: Xc nh mmen lc ca t trng tc dng ln mch in.
T lc tc dng ln AD v BC song song v ngc chiu nhau.
T lc tc dng ln AB v CD vung gc vi dy v to thnh ngu lc.
F
=I.a.B
Momen ca ngu lc :
- 22 -
j=F
. d=IaB.bsino=IBS sin o=P

m
.sin o
hay j=

P
m
P
m
=I.
S l vecto momen t ca dng in

Cu 16: Xc nh nng lng tng tc gia t trng v mch in.
Khi khung quay mt gc
d o
, cng ca ngu lc t l :
dA=j. d o=P
mB
sinod o
S d c du tr l bi khi ngu lc sinh cng pht ng th n
lm cho gc lch gia vecto momen t
P
m
v t trng
B
gim, ngc li, khi ta quay khung gc lch tng th ngu lc
t sinh cng cn.
Vy cng ca ngu lc t khi a khung t v tr ng vi gc
lch o v v tr cn bng l :
A=
o
0
P
m
Bsinod o=P
m
B(cos 0coso)=P
m
B(1coso)
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, cng ca t lc ny v tr s bng gim nng lng
ca khung dy in trong t trng :
W
m
(o)W
m
(0)=P
m
B(1coso)
hay
W
m
(o)W
m
(0)=P
m
B coso(P
m
Bcos 0)
-
W
m
(o)=P
m
Bcoso
W
m
(o)=

P
m
.
B
Cu 17: Xc nh cng ca t lc.
Xt thanh kim loi AB, di l, c th trt trn hai dy
kim loi song song ca mt mch in nm trong t
trng u v vung gc vi
B . Lc Ampe tc dng
ln thanh c ln : F=Il.B
Khi thanh dch chuyn mt on ds th cng ca lc
Ampe l : dA=FdS=Il.Bds=IBdS , trong dS=l.ds
l din tch qut bi on dng in AB khi dch chuyn.
Vi
B.dS=d 1
m
ta c
dA=Id 1
m
Cng ca lc Ampe dch chuyn thanh AB mt on t v tr 1 n v tr 2 l :
A=
1
2
I.d 1
m
=I
1
2
d 1
m
=I A
m
=I.(1
m2
1
m1
)
- 23 -
Cu 18: Lc Lorent l g : minh ha, cng thc tnh, quy tc xc nh
chiu.
Xt mt ht in tch q chuyn ng vi vecto vn tc v
trong
mt t trng
B , ht in chuyn ng tng ng vi mt
phn t in Id
l tha mn : Id
l =qv . Ht in s chu tc
dng ca t lc :
F
L
=qv
B .
T lc tc dng ln ht in gi l lc Loren, c phng vung gc vi phng chuyn ng
ca ht in v phng ca t trng, c chiu sao cho ba vecto qv ,

B v
F
L
theo
hp thnh mt tam din thun, v c ln :
F
L
=q. vBsino
, vi o l gc gia v v
B .
Quy tc xc nh chiu : Quy tc bn tay tri.
Cu 19: Thit lp h phng trnh ng lc hc cho in t chuyn ng trong t trng u.
Vn tc v ca ht ch thay i hng m gi nguyn ln. Vy ht chuyn ng cong u
di tc dung ca lc Loren
F
L
ng vai tr mt lc hng tm.
Chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho
B song song vi Oz. Khi
B c ta :
B=(0,0, B) , ta ca ht in r=( x , y , z) , vn tc ca ht v=(v

x
, v
y
, v
z
)
Lc Lorentz :
F
L
=qv
B
F
Lx
=m
dv
x
dt
=qBV
y
F
Ly
=m
dv
y
dt
=qBV
x
F
Lz
=m
dv
z
dt
=0
t
qB
m
=o>0
ta c
dv
x
dt
=oV
y
,
dv
y
dt
=oV
x
Gi o l gc hp bi v v Ox, nh vy : v
-
dv
x
dt
=v sino.
d o
dt
;
dv
y
dt
=vcos o.
d o
dt
-
vsino.
d o
dt
=ovsino ; v coso.
d o
dt
=ov coso
-
d o
dt
=o
-
o=ot +o
0
vi
o
0
l gi tr ca o khi t =0
-
v
x
=v cos(ot +o
0
) , v
y
=vsin(ot +o
0
)
Gi s lc t=0 :
v
ox
=v ; v
oy
=0
-
o
0
=0
. Vy
v
x
=v cos(ot ) , v
y
=v sin(ot )
Nhng :
v
x
=
dx
dt
=v cos(ot ) , v
y
=
dy
dt
=vsin(ot )
tch phn 2 v ta c :
x=
v
o
sin(ot )+x
0
, y=
v
o
cos(ot )+y
0
- 24 -
Chn
x
0
=y
0
=0
ta c
x=
v
o
sin(ot ) , y=
v
o
cos(ot )
vi
o=
qB
m
Cu 20: Qu o ca in t chuyn ng vi vn tc vung gc vi ng sc ca t trng
u, quan h gia bn knh v tn s ?
(p dng cu 19) Ta c
x
2
+y
2
=
v
2
o
2
=R
2
qu o chuyn ng ca ht in l ng -
trn.
v
o
=R
vi
o=
qB
m
-
o=
qB
m
=
v
R
T=
2n
o
=
2nR
v
- 25 -
CHNG V: CM NG IN T
Cu 1: Nu th nghim ca Faraday v cc kt lun.
1. Th nghim: Ly mt ng dy in v mc ni tip n vi mt in k G thnh mt mch kn.
Pha trn ng dy, t mt thanh nam chm BN. Th nghim chng t
Khi a thanh nam chm li gn hoc xa hn u xut hin dng in cm ng
Di chuyn thanh nam chm cang nhanh, cng
I
c
ca dng in cm ng cng ln
Nam chm dng li, dng in cm ng bng 0
Thay nam chm bng mt ng dy c dng in, hoc gi thanh nam chm v dch chuyn ng
dy, hin tng xy ra tng t.
2. Kt lun:
S bin i ca t thng qua mch kn l nguyn nhn sinh ra dng in cm ng trong mch
Dng in cm ng y ch tn ti trong thi gian t thng gi qua mch thay i

Cng dng in cm ng t l thun vi tc bin thin ca t trng.
Cu 2: nh lut Lenx v ngha ca n.
1. nh lut Lenx: Dng in cm ng phi c chiu sao cho t trng do n sinh ra c tc dng
chng li nguyn nhn sinh ra n.
2. ngha: Th hin qun tnh ca mch in.
Cu 3: nh lut c bn ca cm ng in t. nh ngha th nguyn ca t thng.
1. nh lut: Sut in ng cm ng lun lun bng v tr s, nhng tri du vi tc bin
thin ca t thng gi qua din tch ca mch in.
e=
d 1
m
dt
2. Xy dng cng thc:
Trong thi gian dt, t thng bin thin mt lng
d
m
, dng in cm ng l
I
c
Cng t lc tc dng ln dng cm ng:
dA=I
c
. d
m
dA' =dA=I
c
. d
m
m
dA' =e
c
. I
c
. dt
-e
c
. I
c
. dt =I
c
. d
m
-e
c
=
d
m
dt
3. nh ngha th nguyn ca t thng:
Ta c :
m
=e
c
. At
th nguyn: vbe, k hiu Wb
Vbe l t thng gy ra trong mt vng dy dn bao quanh n mt sut in ng cm ng 1V
khi t thng gim dn u xung 0 trong thi gian 1 giy.
Cu 4: Dng Fuc v cc ng dng ca n
- 26 -
Khi t mt khi vt dn trong t trng bin thin th trong vt dn cng xut hin nhng
dng in cm ng khp kn gi l dng in xoy hay dng Fuc
I
F
=
e
c
R
Tc hi: Trong cc my bin th, ng c in, my pht in v..v, lm nng my, tiu tn nng
lng.
Cch khc phc: khng dng c khi kim loi lm li m dng nhiu l kim loi mng sn cch
in ghp li vi nhau. V tng l c b dy nh in tr ln gim cng dng Fuc i - -
nhiu ln.
Li ch: Nu kim loi, hm cc dao ng, l vi sng...
Cu 5: Nu th nghim v hin tng t cm, gii thch s xut hin ca dng in t cm
Mch 1: n D sng ti bnh thng khi bt tt K
Mch 2: ng K, n sng t t, ngt K, n N vt sng
Gii thch:
Bt K, I tng
-

m
qua L tng
- dng t cm trong mch chng li vic I tng
- cun L tch nng lng t.
Ngt K, I gim -

m
qua L gim
- Sut in ng t cm xut hin trong cun dy lm n N vt sng
- Cun L gii phng nng lng t.
Cu 6: Thit lp cng thc v pht biu nhn xt v sut in ng t cm
Ta c : e
tc
=
d
m
dt
Mt khc
m
=L.I
- 27 -
-
e
c
=
d( LI )
dt
=L
dI
dt
(do mch in ng yn, k thay i hnh dng L = const) -
Nhn xt: Trong mch in ng yn v khng thay i hnh dng, sut in ng t cm lun lun t
l thun, nhng tri du vi tc bin thin cng dng in trong mch.
(V n lun lun chng li s bin i ca cng dng in trong mch, l nguyn nhn sinh ra
n)
Cu 7: H s t cm l g, th nguyn, thit lp cng thc tnh cho mt ng dy.
t cm ca mt mch in l i lng vt l v tr s bng t thng do chnh dng in
trong mch gi qua din tch ca mch, khi dng in trong mch c cng bng mt n v. t
cm ca mt mch in chnh l s o mc qun tnh ca mch i vi s bin i ca dng in chy
trong mch
L=
m
I

1H=
1Wb
1A
Henry l t cm ca mt mch kn khi dng in 1 ampe chy qua th sinh ra trong chn
khng t thng 1 vbe qua mch
t cm ca mt ng dy dn in thng v hn
T trng bn trong ng dy l t trng u, cm ng t ti mi im trong ng l
B=jj
o
. n
o
. I =jj
o
.
n
l
. I
-
m
=nBs=jj
o
n
2
S
l
I
- t cm ca ng dy l : L=
m
I
=
jj
o
n
2
S
l
Cu 8: Gii thch ti sao dng in tn s cao ch chy trn lp mt dy dn, ng dng?
- 28 -
1. Gii thch:
Trong chu k u dng I tng, t thng dy dn tng sinh ra dng itc c chiu sao cho t -
trng ca n chng li
B tng B mt dng tng, trong li dng gim -

Trong chu k tip theo I gim, t thng qua dy gim sinh ra dng itc c chiu sao cho t -
trng ca n chng li s gim ca t thng. Dng mt gim mnh, I li gim yu hn
Vy B MT DNG GIM MNH HN, LI GIM CHM HN -
Dng b mt c tng cng, dng li suy gim: tn s 10
5
Hz ch cn dng mt (lp su
2mm)
2. ng dng:
Ti kim loi lp b mt : Cho dng in cao tn chy qua mt cun dy in bn trong c t
chi tit my cn ti. Dng in cao tn sinh ra trong chi tit my nhng dng in cm ng bin
i vi tn s cao. Khi b mt c nung , nhng vo nc ti c lp mt ngoi cng -
cn bn trong mm
ng dn sng, dy nhiu si
Cu 9: Trong mch RLC nng lng t cha u? Thit lp cng thc tnh nng lng t
Nng lng t cha cun dy, khi ng K th np
Wm, khi ngt K th gii phng Wm
Thit lp cng thc:
e+e
tc
=Ri
-
eL
di
dt
=Ri
-
ei dt =L
di
dt
i dt +Ri
2
dt
-
dW=dW
m
+dW
nhi t
-
dW
m
=Lidi
-
W
m
=
0
1
Lidi=
1
2
LI
2
Cu 10: Thit lp cng thc tnh mt nng lng t trng
o
m
=
W
m
V
=
1
2
LI
2
V
=
1
2
(jj
o
n
2
S
l
) I
2
lS
=
1
2
jj
o
n
2
l
2
I
2
Mt khc, ta c
B=jj
o
n
l
I
, o
m
=
1
2
B
2
jj
o
=
1
2
BH=
1
2
j
o
jH
2
Vy
W
m
=
V
o
m
dV=
1
2
V
BHdV
- 29 -
CHNG VI: NHNG TNH CHT T CA CC CHT
Cu 1: Phn bit cc cht nghch t, thun t v st t
Qua nhiu th nghim , ngi ta i ti kt lun: Mi cht t trong t trng s b t ha
Khi chng tr nn c t tnh v sinh ra mt tr trng ph

B' , lm cho t trng tng hp tr
thnh
B=

B
o
+
B'
Ty theo tnh cht v mc t ha phn bit ra lm 3 loi vt liu t
Nghch t: T trng ph

B' ngc chiu vi

B
o
t trng tng hp trong nghch t b -
hn t trng ban u
Thun t: T trng ph

B' cng chiu vi

B
o
t trng tng hp trong thun t ln -
hn t trng ban u
St t: T trng ph

B' cng cng chiu vi

B
o
nhng ln hn t trng ban u hng
chc nghn ln.
Cu 2: Mmen t ca nguyn t l g? Xc nh t s t c orbital ca in t.
Cc in t quay quanh ht nhn ging nh mt dng in trn,
dng in ny sinh ra mmen t
p
m
Trong , tn s quay ca in t:
f =
v
2nr
, dng in do
in t gy ra:
i=
q
t
=
e
T
=ef =e.
v
2nr
Vy dng in ny c mmen t xc nh bi cng thc
p
m
=i.
S=e
v
2nr
S
v ln -
p
m
=
evr
2
T s t c orbital ca nguyn t bng t s gia 2 vect mmen t v vect ng lng orbitan
ca in t
ng lng :
l =r mv v ln - l=r.m.v
-
p
m
l
=
e
2m
(du tr th hin
p
m
v
l lun ngc chiu nhau)

Cu 3: Khi no vt liu l nghch t, hy gii thch nh tnh
1. nh ngha: L cht khi c trong t trng ngoi s xut hin t trng ph ngc chiu vi t
trng ngoi.
2. Gii thch:
Cht nghch t l cht khng c momen nguyn t, tng momen ca cc in t trong cht bng
0 khi khng c t trng ngoi
- 30 -
Khi t trong t trng sinh ra mt t trng ph b tr vi t trng ngoi
B' B
0
ngc
chiu vi
B
0
(c th hiu ging nh quy tc cm ng in t)
Bnh thng khng quan st thy hin tng nghch t v tnh nghch t l rt yu i vi cc t
trng thng thng.
Cu 4: Khi no vt liu l thun t, hy gii thch nh tnh
1. nh ngha:
Cht thun t khi b t ha s sinh ra mt t trng ph
B' hng cng chiu vi t trng

ngoi
B
o
Tnh cht th hin nhng cht m khi cha c t trng ngoi, mmen t ca nguyn t hoc
phn t ca chng khc 0 (

P
m
0)
2. Gii thch:
Khi cha c t trng ngoi, do chuyn ng nhit, cc mmen t nguyn t sp xp hn lon.
Khi tng mmen t ca c khi thun t bng 0, khi thun t khng c t tnh
cos=0
l gc gia
P
m
v
B
o
Khi t khi thun t trong t trng ngoi, cc mmen t nguyn t c khuynh hng sp xp
li theo hng ca t trng ngoi, ng thi chuyn ng nhit vn c xu hng lm cho
chng sp xp hn lon, tng hp ca 2 nguyn nhn trn, cc mmen t s sp xp c th t
hn theo hng t trng ngoi
cos0
tng cc mmen t nguyn t ca khi thun t s khc 0, khi thun t b t ha. -
Cu 5: Khi no vt liu l st t, hy gii thch nh tnh
1. nh ngha: Vt liu st t l nhng cht c t tnh mnh, c kh nng cm ng mnh di t
trng ngoi. ( t ho gp hng trm ln vt liu thun t)
2. Tnh cht:
T J khng t l thun vi vecto cng in trng H
t thm t i ca st t ph thuc vo cng t trng ngoi H mt cch phc tp
Mi cht st t u c tnh t d
3. Gii thch:
Cht st t l nhng cht c momen nguyn t, nhng khc cht thun t ch cc momen ny
ln hn v c kh nng tng tc vi nhau. Tng tc ny to ra cc vng (gi l domen t),
trong mi vng ny cc momen sp xp song song vi nhau
Nu khng c t trng, do chuyn ng nhit lm cho cc momen t sp xp hn n, do vy
tng t ho vn bng 0.
Khi t trong t trng ngoi, cc momen t quay theo hng t trng. Khi t trng ln,
c hin tng bo ho (trong vy liu ch c 1 domen duy nht). Khi ngt t trng, cc momen
- 31 -
t li chuyn ng hn n to ra cc omen khc nhau, nhng chng vn tng tc vi nhau,
do tng momen trong ton khi khc 0, gi l t d
Cu 6: St t mm v st t cng khc nhau nh th no
Cn c vo c im ca chu trnh t tr, ngi ta phn bit ra 2 loi st t: st t cng v st t
mm
St t cng c t trng kh t
H
k
ln, chu trnh t tr ca loi ny rng. T trng cn d
ca chng va mnh li va bn vng. V vy st t cng c dng luyn cc nam chm vnh cu.
St t mm c t trng kh t
H
k
nh , chu trnh t tr ca loi ny hp. T trng cn d
ca chng rt mnh song li d b kh. V vy st t mm c dng lm cc li nam chm in, my
in.
- 32 -
CHNG VII: TRNG IN T
Cu 1: Lun im th nht ca Macxoen, phn bit in trng tnh v in trng xoy.
Lun im th nht ca Macxoen : Bt k mt t trng no bin i theo thi gian cng sinh
ra mt in trng xoy.
in trng tnh : ng sc l nhng ng cong h. Cng ca in trng tnh trong s dch
chuyn ht in theo ng cong kn bng khng.
in trng xoy : ng sc in trng l ng cong kn. Cng ca in trng xoy trong
s dch chuyn ht in theo ng cong kn khc khng.
Cu 2: Thit lp phng trnh Macxoen-Faraday.
Sut in ng cm ng xut hin trong vng dy :
e
c
=
d 1
m
dt
=
d
dt
(
B. d

S)
Mt khc theo nh ngha sut in ng ta c :
e
c
=
( C)
E.d
l
-
(C)
E.d
l =
d
dt

S
B. d
S
Lu s ca vecto cng in trng xoy dc theo mt ng cong kn bt k th bng v
gi tr tuyt i nhng tri du vi tc bin thin theo thi gian ca t thng gi qua din
tch gii hn bi ng cong .

(C)
E.d
l =
S
rot

E. d
S
,
d
dt

S
B. d

S=
S
(
d

B
dt
) . d
S
- rot

E=
d
B
dt
Do ch c t trng bin i theo thi gian mi sinh ra in trng xoy nn ta thay du o
hm ton phn theo thi gian bng du o hm ring theo thi gian, ta c :
rot

E=
c
B
c t
l dng vi phn ca phng trnh Macxoen-Faraday.
Cu 3: Lun im th hai ca Macxoen. Dng in dch l g ? Cho v d.
Lun im th hai ca Macxoen : Bt k mt in trng no bin thin theo thi gian cng
sinh ra mt t trng.
Dng in dch l dng in tng ng vi in trng bin i theo thi gian v phng
din sinh ra t trng.
VD : in trng bin i gia hai bn ca t in sinh ra t trng ging nh mt dng in
( dng in dch ) chy qua ton b khng gian gia hai bn ca t in, c chiu l chiu ca
- 33 -
dng in dn trong mch v c cng l cng ca dng in dn trong mch .
Cu 4: Dng in dch l g ? Thit lp cng thc tnh mt dng in dch.
Dng qua t C l dng in dch
I
d
, dng qua R l dng in dn I -
I
d
=I
Mt dng in dch : j
d
=
I
d
S
=
I
S
, vi S l din tch mi bn t in.
Ta c
I =
dq
dt
-
j
d
=
1
S
dq
dt
=
d
dt
(
q
S
)=
d c
dt
Vi
c=
q
S
l mt in tch trn bn dng ca t in. Do c=D nn ta c :
j
d
=
dD
dt
. Di dng vecto ta c th vit :
j
d
=
d

D
dt
Vecto mt dng in dch bng tc bin thin theo thi gian ca vecto cm ng in.
j
d
=
c
D
ct
Xt v phng din sinh ra t trng th bt k mt in
trng no bin i theo thi gian cng ging nh mt
dng in, gi l dng in dch c vecto mt dng
bng
j
d
=
c
D
ct
, trong
D l vecto cm ng in
ti thi im ta ang xt.
Cu 5: Thit lp phng trnh Macxoen-Ampe.
Gi
j l vecto mt dng in dn,
j
d
=
c
D
ct
l vecto mt
dng in dch ti cng mt im. Vecto mt dng in ton
phn ti im :
j
tp
=
j +
c
D
c t
Xt ng cong kn ( C ) nm trong min khng gian c c dng
in dch v dng in dn chy qua. Theo nh l Ampe :
H . d
l =I
tp
vi
I
tp
l cng dng in ton phn chy qua din tch S gii hn bi
ng cong ( C ). Ta c :
I
tp
=
S

j
tp
d

S=
S
(
j +
c

D
ct
) . d
S
Vy :
H . d
l =
S
(
j +
c
D
ct
) . d

S
. l phng trnh Macxoen-Ampe dng tch phn.
Lu s ca vecto cng t trng dc theo mt ng cong kn bt k bng cng dng
- 34 -
in ton phn chy qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong .
Dng vi phn : rot

H=
j+
c
D
ct
Cu 6: Trnh by v trng in t.
in trng v t trng ng thi tn ti trong khng gian ta thnh mt trng thng nht
gi l trng in t.
Trng in t c nng lng. Nng lng nh x trong khong khng gian c trng in
t. Mt nng lng ca trng in t bng tng mt nng lng ca in trng v t
trng :
w=w
e
+w
m
=
1
2
(e
0
e E
2
+j
0
j H
2
)=
1
2
( ED+BH)
nng lng ca trng in t -
l:
W=
V
wdV=
1
2
V
(e
0
e E
2
+j
0
j H
2
) dV
hay
W=
1
2
V
( ED+BH) dV
Trng in t c tnh tng i, ngha l cc tnh cht ca trng in t ph thuc h quy
chiu qun tnh trong ta ng quan st chng.
- 35 -
CHNG VIII: DAO NG V SNG IN T
Cu 1: Thit lp phng trnh dao ng in t iu ha
Nng lng ca mch dao ng th khng i theo thi gian (nh lut bo tan v bin ha
nng lng) ngha l
W
e
+W
m
=W=const
M W
e
=
q
2
2C
W
m
=
1
2
LI
2
-
q
2
2C
+
1
2
LI
2
=const
o hm 2 v theo thi gian
q
C
I +LI.
dI
dt
=0
hay
q
C
+L.
dI
dt
=0
Tip tc o hm 2 v theo thi gian, thay
dq
dt
=I
, ta c
I
C
+L
d
2
I
dt
2
=0 -
I
LC
+
d
2
I
dt
2
=0
t
1
LC
=o
o
2
- o
o
2
I +
d
2
I
dt
2
=0 -
I =I
o
cos (o
o
t +)
Cu 2: Thit lp phng trnh dao ng in t tt dn
Theo nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng dW=RI
2
dt
Mt khc dW=W
e
+W
m
=
q
2
2C
+
LI
2
2
- d(
q
2
2C
+
LI
2
2
)=RI
2
dt
hay
d
dt
(
q
2
2C
+
LI
2
2
)=RI
2
-
qdq
C dt
+LI
dI
dt
=RI
2
Thay
dq
dt
=I
-
q
C
I +LI
dI
dt
=RI
2
-
q
C
+L
dI
dt
=RI
Ly o hm 2 v theo thi gian ri dn v mt v
L
d
2
I
dt
2
+R
dI
dt
+
I
C
=0 -
d
2
I
dt
2
+
R
L
dI
dt
+
1
LC
I =0
t
R
L
=2,
1
LC
=o
o
2
, ta c phng trnh sau y
d
2
I
dt
2
+2.
dI
dt
+o
o
2
. I =0
Cu 3: Nghim ca phng trnh dao ng in t cng bc, lng gim lga l g
Vi iu kin
o
o
>
nghim ca phng trnh vi phn c dng:
I =I
o
e
t
cos(ot +) ;
o=
.
1
LC
(
R
2L
)
2
- 36 -
c trng cho mc tt dn ca dao ng, ngi ta nh ngha mt i lng gi l gim
lng lga: gim lng lga c tr s bng lga t nhin ca t s gia 2 tr s lin tip ca bin dao
ng cch nhau mt khong thi gian bng chu k T
Vy ta c 6=ln
I (t )
I (t +T)
=ln
I
o
e
t
I
o
e
((t +T))
=ln e
t
- 6=T
Cu 4: Thit lp phng trnh dao ng in t cng bc
Trong thi gian dt, ngun cung cp cho mch mt nng lng bng e I dt nng lng ny
bng tng nng lng ca mch v nng lng bin thnh nhit lng Jun-Lenxo
d(
LI
2
2
+
q
2
2C
)+RI
2
dt =e Idt -
L
dI
dt
+RI +
q
C
=e
o
sinDt
o hm 2 v theo t, v thay
dq
dt
=I
ta c:
L
d
2
I
dt
2
+R
dI
dt
+
I
C
=c
o
DcosDt -
d
2
I
dt
2
+2
dI
dt
+o
o
2
I =
c
o
D
L
cosot
(
=
R
2L
, o
o
=
1
LC
)
Cu 5: Nghim ca phng trnh dao ng in cng bc, hin tng cng hng v ng dng
1. Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh dao ng in cng bc l tng ca hai nghim sau y:
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn khng c v phi. Nghim ny chnh l phng
trnh dao ng in t tt dn ca mch dao ng
Nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn c v phi. Nghim ny l phng trnh dao ng in
t cng bc, qua thi gian qu , trong mch ch cn dao ng in t cng bc ,c dng
I =I
o
cos(Dt+1)
o hm cp 1 v cp 2 ca phng trnh trn ri thay li vo phng trnh vi phn, ta c
I
o
=
e
o
.
R
2
+(DL
1
.DC
)
2
v
cotg1=
DL
1
DC
R
2. Hin tng cng hng in:
Hin tng bin dng in ca dao ng in cng bc t gi tr cc i gi l hin tng
cng hng in. Hin tng cng hng in s xy ra khi tn s gc ca ngun xoay chiu
kch thch c gi tr bng tn s gc ring ca mch dao ng.
ng dng:
- Hin tng cng hng in c ng dng rt rng ri trong k thut v tuyn in, th d
trong vic thu sng in t( mch chn sng)
- 37 -
- Hiu sut cao nht b pha -
Cu 6: H phng trnh Mc Xoen vi sng in t
Nhng phng trnh Mc xoen ca trng in t trong trng hp tng qut c vit nh
sau( dng vi phn)
rot

E=
c
B
ct
; rot

H=
j +
c
D
ct
div

D=; div
B=0
V nu l mi trng ng cht ng hng th
D=e e
o
E;
B=jj
o

H;
j =c

E
y ta ch xt sng in t t do, tc l
j =0; =0
Kt qu, ta vit c cc phng trnh Mc xoen ca sng in t nh sau:
rot

E=
c
B
ct
; rot

H=
cD
ct
div

D=0; div
B=0 v
D=e e
o
E;
B=jj
o

H
Cu 7: Dng phng trnh v dng nghim sng in t
Trong khng gian 3 chiu
Ton t Laplatz: A=
c
2
1
c x
2
+
c
2
1
c y
2
+
c
2
1
cz
2
Phng trnh sng:
Ton t Dalamber:
(A
1
v
2
c
2
ct
2
) 1=0
Nghim tng qut dng phc ca phng trnh sng:
- Sng lan truyn t O ra xa v cng 1(r ,t )=1
o
e
i (ot
k r )
- Sng lan truyn t v cng v O 1(r ,t )=1
o
e
i (ot+
k r )
Sng lan truyn t O ra xa v cng theo phng x:
E=E
m
coso(t
x
v
) ; H=H
m
coso(t
x
t
)
Sng lan truyn tu v cng v O theo phng x:
E=E
m
coso(t +
x
v
) ; H=H
m
coso(t +
x
v
)
Cu 8: Cc tnh cht ca sng in t
Tn ti c trong vt cht v trong chn khng
i vi sng ngang , E v H vung gc vi v
Vn tc trong mi trng cht:
v=
C
.je
- 38 -
Vn tc trong mi trng chn khng:
C=
1
.
j
o
e
o
3.10
8
m/ s
i vi sng in t n sc:
Mt sng l cc mt phng song song, t , phng E,H khng i
Hai vec t lun lun vung gc

E,

H ,v theo th t hp thnh tam din thun

E,

H lun dao ng cng pha v c t l .
ee
o
E=
.
j
o
j
H
- 39 -
CHNG IX: QUANG SNG
Cu 1: Th no l 2 sng kt hp, cch to ra 2 ngun nh sng kt hp
1. nh ngha: Hai sng kt hp l 2 sng c lch pha khng i theo thi gian.
2. Cch to: Nguyn tc l tch t 1 ngun sng ra 2 ngun sng khc nhau ta s c 2 ngun
sng kt hp. Ngi ta thng s dng 2 dng c
Khe Yng (Yuong)
Ngun O t trc mn khng trong sut P c 2 l O1, O2. theo nguyn l Huyghen O1, O2 l
2 ngun th cp ca O v l 2 sng kt hp.
Gng Frnen
G1 G2 l 2 gng t lch nhau 1 gc nh ( khong vi phn nghn radian ). Ngun O t
trc gng cho nh o O1 O2 l 2 ngun kt hp.
Cu 2: Hin tng giao thoa nh sng l g? Xc nh cc i cc tiu
1. nh ngha: Giao thoa l s chng cht ca 2 hay nhiu sng. Kt qu l xut hin min sng v
min ti.
2. Cch xc nh:
Ta xt 2 sng kt hp:
x
1
=a
1
cos
(
t
2
L
1
)
v
x
2
=a
2
cos
(
t
2
L
2
)
Trong L1 v L2 l quang l ca 2 sng. Ti im gp nhau ta c s chng cht sng: x=x1+x2=
acos ( t+)
Trong a=
.
a
1
2
+a
2
2
+2a
1
a
2
cos(( L
2
L
1
)
2
)
D thy cc i a = a1+a2 khi L2-L1 = k
- 40 -
Cc tiu a = a1-a2 khi L2-L1 =
2k+1
2
Vi k thuc N.
Cu 3: Hin tng giao thoa ca nh sng trng? c im ca vn giao thoa?
Do nh sng trng bao gm cc nh sng n sc c bc sng 0,4<
<0,76(
m
) nn mi
nh sng n sc cho vn giao thoa c mu ca nh sng v c b rng vn ph thuc bc
sng i =
D
l
.
chnh gia tao c tt c cc nh sng n sc t cc i nn c vn sng trng. Xung quanh
l cc vn sng t tm n .
Cu 4: Th nghim Li: Kt qu v gii thch
1. M hnh thc nghim ca Li

2. Kt qu v gii thch
Theo nh l thuyt hiu quang trnh L2 L1 = OI + IM MO = k
L ch c vn sng v L2 L1 = OI + IM MO =
2k+1
2
ch c vn ti. Nhng trong

thc nghim th li cho kt qu ngc li. Vn ti sng i ch ngc li nhau. l do khi phn x
sng b o pha
=
2
( L1L2)+
L1 l tia phn x ln cng thm na bc sng. iu kin
b o pha
Cu 5: Giao thoa bi bn mng c b dy thay i: s hnh thnh giao thoa cng thc xc nh
vn sng, ti, gii thch c im ca vn.
- 41 -
Hiu quang l: L
1
L
2
=OB+n( BC+CM )
(
OM+
2
)
xut hin o pha cng thm na bc
sng do phn x ti C.
Sau khi bin i lng gic. D dng ta c
L
1
L
2
=2d
.
n
2
sin
2
i
1
2
Do mt ngi nh con ngi ch nhn c nhng tia nghing t vi nhau nn gc
1
i
coi nh
khng i. Hiu quang l ch ph thuc b dy d ca bn.
Vi nhng im vi b dy sao cho
L
1
L
2
=k
s cho v tr vn sng cn
Cc v tr dy sao cho
L
1
L
2
=
2k+1
2
l v tr vn ti. Mi vn ng vi 1 gi tr ca b
dy d nn gi l cc vn cng dy.
Cu 7: Giao thoa bi nm khng kh: s hnh thnh giao thoa, cng thc xc nh vn sng, ti,
gii thch c im ca vn, ng dng.

1. Nm khng kh l 1 lp khng kh hnh nm gii hn bi 2 bn thy tinh t nghing nhau 1
gc nh ( nh hnh v). Bn thy tinh mng bn trn l G1, di l G2. Ch tip xc ca 2
tia kt hp l M.
2. Khi chiu nh sng vi phng thng ng vo G1 n M 1 phn phn x 1 phn khc x i
tip v b di ngc li. Ti M c gp nhau 2 sng kt hp.
Hiu quang trnh:
L
1
L
2
=2d+
2
Ti nhng im
L
1
L
2
=k
. C vn sng, nhng im nh vy to thnh ng thng song
song vi phng ngang( vung gc vi phng tia sng ti). Tng t vi cc vn ti. Vn
sng ng vi dy:
d=k
2
. V vn ti
d=( 2k1)
4
3. ng dng o phng ca knh sai s l 0,03-0,003 m .
- 42 -
Cu 8: Vn trn Niutn: s hnh thnh vn v cng thc tnh vn.
1. Khi t 1 thu knh li ln 1 tm thy tinh phng ta thy c dng tng t nh nm khng kh.
Cng c s giao thoa ca 2 nh sng.
2. Hiu quang trnh tng t ca nm khng kh:
L
1
L
2
=2d
k
+
2
. Vi
d
k
l dy ca lp
khng kh.
Ta c r
k
2
=R
2
( Rd
k
)
2
. T d dng tm c mi quan h .V d vn ti th k ng vi
r
k
=.Rk .
Cu 9: ng dng ca hin tng giao thoa kh phn x cho thu knh.
Kh phn x khng lm m nh v khng b pht hin v tr trong qun i
Ta to ra 2 ln phn x nh 1 lp cht trong sut c bit. C 2 sng kt hp. V ch to sao
cho 2 tia phn x ngc pha nhau t ng trit tiu.
Phi tha mn cng thc sau: d=
o
4n
=
4

Vi
o
,
l bc sng ca nh sng trong chn khng v trong cht ch to mng mng. n l
chit sut ca cht ch to ra mng mng.
Tt nht l
o
=0, 555 m
v n=
.
n
tk
( chit sut ca thu knh).
Cu 10: ng dng hin tng giao thoa o chit sut cht kh bng giao thoa k Rly.
- 43 -
T ngun n sc qua h thu knh ta c 2 nh sng kt hp giao thoa. Lc u 2 ng c cng
chit sut
n
o
. Sau ngi ta thay ng cht lng bng ng c chit sut n cn nghin cu. Do hiu
quang trnh thay i nn h thng vn cng thay i. Qua bin i ton hc ta c
n=
m
d
+n
o
Vi m=e l dch chuyn ca h thng vn.
Cu 11: o chiu di bng giao thoa k maikenxn, chnh xc
T ngun O ta pht ra nh sng n sc chiu ti tm thy tinh P trng bc mng ( va cho
khc x v phn x), Tm P` khng trng bc, 2 gng G1, G2. Tia sng ti A chia lm 2 tia phn x
v truyn qua P, sau 1 qu trnh di i li li lng nh lng nhng nh hnh v tao c 2 sng kt giao
thoa. Khi dch chuyn G2 1 on l ta c h vn dch m vn.
l =m
2
(= dch vn trung tm)
Cu 12: Hin tng nhiu x nh sng l g? V hnh cho thy tia s cp, tia nhiu x, gc nhiu
x iu kin th nghim.
Hin tng nh sng b lch khi phng truyn thng khi i li gn cc chng ngi vt gi l
hin tng nhiu x nh sng.
Cu 13: Pht biu nguyn l ca Huyghen-Frenen, v hnh v vit cng thc cho thy bin ca
ngun th cp ph thuc vo cc yu t no.
Bt k im no nh sng truyn n u tr thnh ngun sng th cp pht nh sng v pha
trc n. Bin v pha ca ngun th cp l bin v pha do ngun thc gy ra ti v tr ca ngun
- 44 -
th cp.
Trong a( M ) l bin ti M, x( M ) l dao ng ton phn ca sng.
Cu 14: nh ngha v tnh cht ca i cu Frenen.
Vi O l im pht ra ngun sng, M l im cn nghin cu. Xt mt cu bn knh R tm O. M
cch mt cu b( MB = b). T tm ta v cc mt cu
1,
2,
...
k
bn knh ln lt l
b , b+
2
, .. . ,b+k
2

Cc mt cu ny ct mt cu tm O thnh cc i cu Frenen.
a
k
l bin ngun th cp ng
vi i cu th k, a l bin ti M.
a
k
ti l nghch vi k v .
Cc i cu c :
S =
Rb
R+b
( khng i ), bn knh (c bi 2.8 hiu r hn)

r
k
=
.
Rb k
R+b
, bin
a
k
=
1
2
(
a
k1
+a
k+!
)
(do nh), bin ti M
a=a
1
a
2
+a
3
a
4
+a
5
a
6
.. .. .
Cu 15: p dng i cu Frenen nghin cu s nhiu x qua l trn bi ngun im gn.
Bin ti M a=a
1
a
2
+a
3
. .. .. .
+a
le
a
chan
do
a
k
=
1
2
(
a
k1
+a
k+!
)
nn
- 45 -
Nu n l a=
a
1
2
+
a
n
2
vn nu n chn a=
a
1
2

a
n
2
.
Khi mn khng c hoc l to
I
0
=a
2
=
a
1
2
4
. Khi n l
I >I
0
khi n chn
I I
0
.
Cu 16: p dng i cu Frenen nghin cu nhiu x qua a trn im gn.
Gi s a che mt m i cu u tin
2
1 +
=
m
a
a . ( Tng t nh bi 15)
Cu 17+18: Nhiu x sng phng qua 1 khe hp: cng thc xc nh cc i cc tiu, s v tr,
cng ca cc cc i cc tiu.
Ri chm tia sng n sc song song qua khe hp AB. Cc chm tia nhiu x song song vi cc
gc bt k. Xt gc nhiu . ( do 2 thu knh nh hnh v ta c s phn k song song v cc tia nhiu
x hi t).
Ta xt cc mt phng
0
,
1
,
2
. . .. .. . .
cch nhau
2
. Cc mt phng chia khe AB thnh
cc di b rng mi di
2sin
. S di:
n=
2bsin
. c cc tiu hay ch ti cc dao ng kh

ln nhau v n = 2k (l s chn). Cn mun cc i th n = 2k +1 (n l cn dao ng th 2k+1). Tc
l:
sin =!
b
;!2
b
;!3
b
.. ta c cc tiu nhiu x.
sin =!3
2b
;!5
2b
;!7
2b
.. ta c cc i nhiu x.
Ring k = 0 ta c cc i trung tm sng nht do cc tia tng cng ln nhau.
- 46 -
Cc i trung tm l sng nht. C b rng gp i cc i bn c cng gp trm ln cc
i bn.
Cu 19+20: Nhiu x sng phng qua nhiu khe hp: cng thc xc nh cc i chnh.
Nhiu x sng phng qua 3 khe hp: xc nh cc i chnh, cc i ph vi d= 3b; d- khong
cch gia 2 khe hp cn b- b rng 1 khe
Ngoi s nhiu x ta cn phi xt c s giao thoa. Cc v tr
sin =k
b
( k=!1,!2,. .. )
ta c
cc khe u cho cc tiu nhiu x. Cc cc tiu gi l cc tiu chnh. Xt s phn b cng sng
gia hai cc tiu chnh. Quang l ca hai tia xut pht t hai khe k tip:
L
1
L
2
=d sin =ksin =k
d
( k=0,!1,!2, .. .) and ( d )
( c cc i). Cc cc i ny gi
l cc i chnh ( k = 0 l cc i chnh gia F). Ti cc im chnh gia 2 cc i chnh gia lin tip:
sin =( 2k+1)
2d
. Vi 3 khe ta d thy 2 khe trit tiu nhau cn tia ca khe 3 nn y c cc i
ph km sng hn cc cc i chnh.
Vi d = 3b. Gia 2 cc tiu chnh c 2 cc i chnh v 3 cc i ph
Cu 21: Cch t nhiu x l g? Trnh by hot dng ca cch t nhiu x trn cch t phn x
v cch t truyn qua.
Cch t nhiu x l tp hp cc khe hp cch u nhau v nm trn cng 1 mt phng. Khong
cch gia 2 khe l chu k d.
- 47 -
Cch t nhiu x
Cch t phn x: Cch t truyn qua
Cch t truyn qua l tm thy tinh khc rnh bng mi kim cng thy tinh trong sut cho nh
sng i qua v n rnh th c nhiu x. Dng nghin cu nh sng thy c. Khng dng
nghin cu tia t ngoi v tia t ngoi b hp th bi thy tinh. Tm kim loi rch rnh nh khng hp
th tia t ngoi rng nghin cu tia t ngoi gi l cch t phn x.
Cu 22: M t quang ph nhiu x.
Theo sch gio trnh trang 72 t dng th 17: Ti im chnh gia F
Cu 23: Nhiu x trn tinh th, cng thc Wulf-bragg

Cc lp phn t xp theo cc mt phng. Cch nhau d. Hiu quang l =2d sin . T
sin =
k
2d
ta c cc cc i nhiu x.
Cu 24: Th no l nh sng t nhin nh sng phn cc 1 ph n nh sng phn cc ton phn
nh sng t nhin l nh sng m vecto cng in trng dao dng theo tt c cc phng
vung gc vi phng truyn nh sng.
nh sng phn cc 1 phn l nh sng m vecto cng in trng dao dng theo tt c cc
phng vung gc vi phng truyn nh sng nhng c phng mnh phng yu.
nh sng phn cc ton phn l nh sng m vecto cng in trng dao dng theo 1
phng xc nh
- 48 -
Cu 25: Th nghim ca Maluyt v nh sng phn cc
nh sng t nhin qua bn Tuamalin b phn cc ton phn vi phng E song song quang trc.
Dng knh phn tch ( cng l 1 tm Tuamalin ch cho nh sng phn cc ton phn i qua).
nh l maluyt: Khi cho chm nh sng t nhin ri qua 2 bn tuamalin c quang trc hp nhau
1 gc th cng nh sng t l thun vi cos
2
.
Cu 26: M t hin tng v phn cc nh sng khi qua mi trng.
Tia phn x v khc x phn cc 1 phn. Khi tng
i =i
B
ta c tia khc phn cc ton phn.
Gc gi l gc briut
Cu 27: Mt phn cc l g? Hin tng quay mt phng phn cc. Cng thc tnh gc quay cho
tinh th v dung dch in hot.
Chiu vo tinh th nu chiu theo quang trc th tia sng khng b tch thnh 2 tia nu khng s
b tch thnh 2 tia tun theo( 0 ) v khng tun theo nh lut khc x nh sng ( e ).
sin i
sin i
0
=n
0
=const
sini
sini
e
=n
e
const
(
n
0
khng i
n
e
ph thuc gc ti i )
- 49 -
n
e
n
0
Tinh th m
n
e
>n
0
Tinh th dng
Cc tinh th n trc khi chiu nh sng phn cc mt phng dao dng v mt phng phn cc
quay i 1 gc .
=| d
=| Cd
[ ] l i lng ph thuc iu kin th nghim, l khi lng ring con trng hp cht
v nh hnh C l nng quang hot
- 50 -

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cng Vt L 3F HEDSPI http://3f-hedspi.fibo.

E lun hng theo chiu gim in th.

E trn 1 phng no c tr s bng gim in th trn 1 n v di ca

E : vc t cng trng tnh in

l ,r vn theo th t lp thnh tam din thun .

l gy ra ti im M, cch phn t mt khong r l mt

B ca nhiu dng in bng tng cc vecto cm

B l vecto cm ng t ti mt im bt k trn din tch

l ti mt im M trong t trng, vecto cm ng t l

B th phn t s chu mt lc, gi l lc Ampe:

. d=IaB.bsino=IBS sin o=P

S l vecto momen t ca dng in

B song song vi Oz. Khi

B=(0,0, B) , ta ca ht in r=( x , y , z) , vn tc ca ht v=(v

Dng in cm ng y ch tn ti trong thi gian t thng gi qua mch thay i

B tng B mt dng tng, trong li dng gim -

l lun ngc chiu nhau)

B' hng cng chiu vi t trng

j l vecto mt dng in dn,

ch c vn ti. Nhng trong

( khng i ), bn knh (c bi 2.8 hiu r hn)

. c cc tiu hay ch ti cc dao ng kh

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