B & T cells (immunity) (23-3-11) If the immune response is to work properly, then the cells need to communicate with

one another, to let each other know what is happening where. This is achieved through cell signalling. Cytokines are released. Met by cell surface receptors. Lymphocytes have such receptors. If a cell is infected, it may attempt to bathe the intruder itself using lysosomes. The pathogen becomes damaged. Small fragments of pathogen end up being attached to the cell surface membrane. They can act as a distress signal or, act as markers that the all is infected. B lymphocytes migrate directly to lymph nodes. T lymphocytes migrate to thymus to mature into 3 things. 1. Helper cells activate plasma cells and secrete opsonins. 2. Killer cells kill body cells that have been infected by viruses by causing the cell to burst thus killing virus. 3. Suppressor cells switch off the immune response once the invasion has been overcome. The role of cytokines Macrophages release monokines that attract Neutrophils by chemotaxis. Macrophages release monokines that stimulate B cells to differentiate and release antibodies. Interleukins are released by T, B and macrophages which can stimulate growth and differentiation of B and T cells. Some cells can release interferon, which inhibits viruses. Memory cells Memory cells are cells that circulate in the blood after an immune response. They speed up the response if re-infected. This is known as having immunological memory. Natural immunity from mother (short-lived) or suffered an illness and created antibodies. Artificial immunity injected with either the antibodies, or fragment, dead, altered pathogen. Natural Passive Naturally get rid of infection because receives immunity from mother. Natural Active Given anti-bodies. Herd vaccination immunity to all Ring vaccination vaccinating all the people in the immediate vicinity of the new cases.