T i u c h u n V i t n a m TCVN 5993 - 1995

Cht lng nc Ly mu Hng dn bo qun v x l mu

Water quality - Sampling - Guidance on the preservation and handling of samples

1 Phm vi p dng Tiu chun ny ra nhng hng dn chung v nhng vic cn lm khi bo qun v vn chuyn mu nc. Nhng hng dn ny c bit thch hp khi mu (mu n hoc mu t hp) khng th c phn tch ti ch m phi vn chuyn v phng th nghim phn tch. 2 Tiu chun trch dn Nhng tiu chun sau y p dng cng vi tiu chun ny : ISO 5667-1: 1980, Cht lng nc. Ly mu. Phn 1: Hng dn lp chng trnh ly mu. TCVN 5992-1995 (ISO 5667-2: 1991): Cht lng nc. Ly mu. Hng dn k thut ly mu. TCVN 5997-1995 (ISO 5667-8: 1993): Cht lng nc. Ly mu. Hng dn ly mu nc ma 3 Bo qun mu 3.1 i cng Cc loi nc, c bit l nc mt v nc thi, thng b bin i nhng mc khc nhau do cc tc ng l, ho v sinh vt hc xy ra trong thi gian ly mu n khi phn tch. Bn cht v tc ca nhng tc ng ny thng c th lm cho nng cc cht cn xc nh sai khc vi lc mi ly mu nu nh khng c cc ch trng cn thit khi vn chuyn mu v lu gi mu phng th nghim trc khi phn tch. Nu c nghi ng, cn tham kho kin cc nh phn tch v cc nh khoa hc trc khi chn phng php bo qun v x l mu. Nguyn nhn gy bin i c rt nhiu, mt vi nguyn nhn trong s l: - vi khun, to v cc sinh vt khc c th tiu th mt s thnh phn c trong mu; chng cng c th lm bin i bn cht ca cc thnh phn v to ra cc thnh phn mi. Hot ng sinh hc ny gy nh hng n, th d, hm lng oxi ho tan, cacbon dioxit, cc hp cht nit, photpho v i khi c siliic; - mt s hp cht c th b oxi ho bi xi ho tan trong mu hoc oxi khng kh (th d nh cc hp cht hu c, st (II), sunfua);

- mt s cht c th kt ta (th d nh CaCO3, Al(OH)3, Mg3(PO4)2) hoc bay hi (th d nh oxi, thu ngn, xianua); - pH, dn, hm lng cacbon dioxit c th b thay i do hp th cacbon dioxit t khng kh. - cc kim loi ho tan hoc dng keo cng nh mt s hp cht hu c c th b hp ph hoc hp th khng thun nghch ln thnh bnh cha hoc ln cc ht rn c trong mu. - cc sn phm polyme ho c th b depolyme ho; ngc li cc hp cht n gin c th polyme ho. Mc ca cc tc ng ny ph thuc vo bn cht ho hc v sinh hc ca mu, vo nhit , s tip sc vi nh sng v vt liu lm bnh cha mu, vo thi gian lu gi mu, v vo cc iu kin khc (th d yn hoc lc trong khi vn chuyn)... Nhng bin i lin quan n mt cht ring bit c khi thay i c v mc ln tc , khng nhng ph thuc vo loi nc m cn vo nhng iu kin v ma. Hn na cn nhn mnh rng nhng bin i ny thng nhanh v lm mu thay i trong vng t gi. Bi vy trong mi trng hp phi ht sc ch lm gim cc tc ng ny v phn tch mu cng sm cng tt, nht l khi phi phn tch nhiu thng s. Nhng bin i phn ln l do cc qu trnh sinh hc nn cn ch chn phng php bo qun mu tt, khng lm mu nhim bn. Ngay trong thi gian bo qun, mu cng c th bin i. Cn ni rng cc phng php bo qun s t hu hiu trong trng hp nc cng th hn l trng hp nc cng x l (dng chy ra t cc trm x l sinh hc). Thc t quan st thy rng cc loi nc thi khc nhau th hin tnh cht khc nhau trong bo qun, tu theo mu c ly t cc trm x l nc thi sinh hot hay cng nghip. Nc mt v nc ngm ni chung c th c lu gi hu hiu hn. Trng hp i vi nc ung, vn lu gi mu c gii quyt d dng hn v t chu cc tc ng ho hc v sinh hc. Do nhng bin i k trn, trong mt s php xc nh nn ly mu n v phn tch ngay ti ch. Cn ghi nh rng vic lu gi mu trong th gian di ch c th c vi mt s hn ch cc thng s cn xc nh. Mc d c rt nhiu nghin cu nhm ra nhng phng php lu gi mu tt, nhng khng c nhng quy tc tuyt i no dng cho mi trng hp, mi hon cnh m khng c ngoi l. Trong mi trng hp, phng php lu gi mu phi ph hp vi k thut phn tch tip sau. Mc ch ca tiu chun ny l nu nhng phng php dng ph bin nht. 3.2 Nhng vic cn thc hin 3.2.1 Np mu vo bnh cha Trng hp cc mu dng xc nh cc thng s l, ho hc, mt ch n gin, tt nhin khng y cho mi trng hp, l np mu y bnh v y nt sao cho khng c khng kh trn mu... iu hn ch tng tc vi pha kh v s lc khi vn chuyn ( trnh thay i hm lng cacbon dioxit, v do pH; hidro cacbonat khng chuyn thnh cc kt ta cacbonat; St t xu hng b oxi ha, nh vy hn ch c s thay i mu ca mu,...) Cc mu dng xc nh vi sinh vt th khng c np y m cn mt khong khng kh sau khi nt. iu cng d lc trc khi phn tch v trnh a cht nhim vo mu. Bnh cha nhng mu phi b ng lnh th khi bo qun khng c np y (xem 3.2.4).

3.2.2 Dng cc bnh cha thch hp Chn v chun b bnh cha l rt quan trng. Tiu chun ny nu mt s hng dn v vn ny. im c bn l cc bnh cha mu v nt khng c: - l nguyn nhn nhim bn (th d thu tinh bosilicat hoc vi xt c th lm tng hm lng silic oxit hoc natri); - hp th hoc hp ph cc cht cn xc nh (th d hidro cacbon c th b hp th trong bnh polyetylen, cc vt kim loi c th b hp ph trn thnh bnh thu tinh, iu ny c th trnh bng cch axit ho mu); - phn ng vi cc cht no trong mu (th d florua phn ng vi thu tinh). Cn nh rng dng cc bnh cha bng thu tinh m hoc nu (khng quang ho) lm gim ng k cc hot ng quang ho. Nn dnh ring mt dy bnh cha cho mt php xc nh ring, nh vy trnh c ri ro nhim ln nhau. Cn ht sc ch trnh dng nhng bnh cha cc cht xc nh c nng cao sau li cha cc cht c nng thp. C th loi b cc bnh, nu iu kin kinh t cho php, trnh loi nhim bn ny. Chng khng thch hp cho nhng thng s c bit nh thuc tr su clo hu c. Lun lun phi lm mu trng: dng nc ct, bo qun, phn tch nh mu kim tra s la chn v lm sch cc bnh cha mu. Khi ly mu rn hoc na rn cn dng bnh rng ming. 3.2.3 Chun b cc bnh cha 3.2.3.1 Cc mu phn tch ho hc phn tch cc lng vt trong nc mt v nc thi, thng ra k cc bnh mi gim kh nng gy nhim bn mu; cch ra v cht liu bnh cha ph thuc vo thnh phn cn phn tch. Ni chung, dng c thu tinh mi cn ra bng nc cha cht ty ra loi ht bi v cc vt liu ng gi bm li, sau trng k bng nc ct hoc nc trao i ion. phn tch vt ni chung, bnh cha cn c np y axit clohydric hoc axit nitric 1 mol/l v ngm t nht mt ngy, sau trng bng nc ct hoc nc trao i ion. xc nh phosphat, silic, bo v cc cht hot ng b mt, khng c dng cc cht ty ra ra bnh cha. phn tch vt cc hp cht hu c, cn x l c bit cc bnh cha theo cc tiu chun tng ng (xem 3.2.3.2). 3.2.3.2 Cc mu phn tch thuc tr su, dit c v d lng ca chng Ni chung phi dng bnh cha thu tinh (nu cng tt), v cht do, tr polytetrafloetylen (PTFE), c th gy ra cc yu t cn tr nht l khi phn tch vt. Tt c cc bnh cha cn c ra bng nc v cht ty ra, sau trng k bng nc ct hoc nc trao i ion, sy kh 105oC trong 2 gi ri ngui trrc khi trng bng dung mi chit s dng phn tch. Cui cng lm kh bng dng khng kh hay nito sch. Ngoi ra nhng bnh cha dng, sau khi ngm vi axeton 12 gi, trng bng hexan v sy nh trn, c th dng li c.

3.2.3.3 Cc mu phn tch vi sinh Bnh cha phi c nhit kh trng 175oC trong 1 gi m khng gii phng ra bt k ho cht no gy c ch hot tnh sinh hc, lm cht hoc kch thch tng trng. Khi dng nhit kh trng thp hn (kh trng bng hi nc) c th dng bnh cha polycacbonat, polypopylen chu nhit. Np hoc nt u phi chu c nhit kh trng nh bnh. Mt iu c bn l bnh cha khng c c vt axit, kim hoc cc cht c. Bnh thu tinh cn c ra bng nc v cht ty ra, sau trng k bng nc ct. Cng c th trng bng axit nitric 10% (th tch/th tch) ri trng k bng nc ct loi ht vt cc kim loi nng hoc cromat d. Nu mu cha clo, cn thm natri thiosunfat (Na2S2O3) trc khi kh trng (xem bng 3). iu loi tr kh nng c ch vi khun do clo. 3.2.4 Lm lnh v ng lnh mu Mu cn c gi nhit thp hn khi ly. Bnh cha cn np gn y nhng khng hon ton y. Cn nhn mnh rng lm lnh hoc ng lnh mu ch c tc dng nu thc hin ngay sau khi ly mu. Nu c th, nn dng bnh lnh hay my lm lnh trn xe u ni ly mu. 3.2.4.1 Lm lnh n gin (nc hoc t lnh, 2oC n 5oC v mu ni ti trong a s trng hp l bo qun mu trong khi vn chuyn n phng th nghim v trong thi gian ngn trc khi phn tch. Lm lnh khng th xem l bin php bo qun lu di, nht l vi cc mu nc thi (xem bng 1). 3.2.4.2 Ni chung, ng lnh (-20oC) cho php ko di thi gian bo qun mu. Tuy nhin, cn kim tra k thut ng lnh v lm tan bo m cho mu ch li trng thi cn bng ban u trc khi phn tch. Trong trng hp ny nn dng bnh cha bng cht do (th d polyvinyl clorua) Bnh bng thu tinh khng thch hp ng lnh. Cc mu phn tch vi sinh vt khng c lm ng lnh. 3.2.5 Lc hoc ly tm mu Cc cht l lng, cn lng, to v cc vi sinh vt khc c th c loi i lc ly mu hoc ngay sau bng cch lc mu qua giy hoc mng lc, hoc ly tm. D nhin lc s khng thch hp nu mng lc gi li mt hoc nhiu thnh phn cn phn tch. Cn bn l mng lc khng c gy nhim mu, phi c ra k trc khi dng v ph hp vi phng php phn tch cui cng. Nhiu khi phng php phn tch yu cu tch ring cc dng tan v khng tan (th d ca mt kim loi) bng cch lc. Dng mng lc cn lu v nhiu kim loi nng v cht hu c c th b hp ph ln b mt, v cc cht trong mng c th tan vo mu. 3.2.6 Thm cht bo qun Mt s yu t vt l, ho hc c th n nh bng cch thm ho cht trc tip v mu sau khi ly hoc vo bnh cha trc khi ly mu. Nhiu ho cht, nhiu nng khc nhau c khuyn ngh dng. Thng thng nht l:

- cc axit - cc dung dch baz - cc cht dit sinh vt - cc thuc th c bit cn bo qun mt s thnh phn nht nh (th d xc nh oxi, xianua v sulfua tng s yu cu n nh mu ti ch (xem cc tiu chun thch hp). Cnh bo: Trnh dng thu ngn (II) clorua (HgCl2) v phenyl thu ngn (II) axetat (CH3CO2HgC6H5). Cn nh rng mt s cht bo qun (th d cc axit, clorofom) d gy nguy him. Ngi lm vic vi cc cht cn c cnh bo trc v nhng nguy him c th xy ra v cch t bo v . Cc cht bo qun nht thit khng c gy cn tr vic xc nh, nu nghi ng, cn phi th trc s ph hp ca chng. S pha long mu do thm cht bo qun cn phi c tnh n khi phn tch v tnh ton kt qu. Nn dng dung dch cht bo qun m c ch cn thm th tch nh vo mu. iu cho php b qua s pha long trong a s trng hp. S thm cht bo qun c th lm thay i bn cht vt l, ho hc ca mt s thnh phn. Do cn bo m chc chn rng s thay i l khng nh hng n s xc nh tip theo. (Th d axit ho c th lm tan cc thnh phn dng keo hoc rn, v do phi ht sc ch nu mc ch l xc nh cc thnh phn ho tan. Khi phn tch c tnh i vi sinh vt nc, cn phi trnh s ho tan ca mt s thnh phn, c bit l cc kim loi nng-rt c dng ion. Do cn phn tch mu sm). Cn lm mu trng, c bit l vi php xc nh vt cc kim loi, xem xt kh nng cht bo qun c th a thm cht cn xc nh vo mu (th d cc axit thng cha lng nh asen, ch, thu ngn) hay khng. Trong trng hp nh vy cn gi dung dch cht bo qun chun b mu trng. 3.3 Khuyn ngh Nh cp 3.1, khng th c quy tc tuyt i cho bo qun; thi gian bo qun, bn cht bnh cha v hiu qu ca qu trnh bo qun khng nhng ph thuc vo cc thnh phn cn phn tch cng nng ca chng m cn vo bn cht ca mu. Bi vy cc bng di ch c xem nh nhng gi . iu cn bn l phi khng c khc bit ln trong kt qu xc nh mu va ly v mu c bo qun; do nhng ngi lm phn tch cn c bit ch xem nhng khuyn ngh trong cc bng t 1 n 5 c thch hp cho mu ca h hay khng. Cc tiu chun qui nh cc phng php phn tch, khi c th, u c ch r cc phng php bo qun nn dng. Hn na, c th xy ra s khng ph hp gia cc phng php phn tch cn lm v cc cht bo qun cng nh bnh cha. Khi , thng cn ly nhiu mu lp ca cng mt loi nc v x l bng cc cht bo qun khc nhau, v nh vy c th tm ra k thut bo qun ph hp hn c vi mi php xc nh . Vic la chn phng php bo qun mu lun l ch cn tham kho kin cc nh phn tch. 4 Nhn dng mu Cc bnh cha mu cn nh du r v bn trnh nhm ln trong phng th nghim. Ngoi ra, khi ly mu cn ghi ch ngay nhng chi tit gip ch cho vic gii trnh kt qu thu c (ngy gi ly mu, tn ngi ly mu, bn cht v lng cht bo qun thm vo,...). C nhiu cch cho php lm nhng iu trn (nhn, bn ghi, ...)

Nhng mu c bit ca cht khng bnh thng cn nh du r v km theo bn m t v nhng bt thng nhn thy. Nu l nhng cht c hi hoc rt c hi, th d cc axit, cn ghi r rng. 5 Vn chuyn mu Cc bnh cha mu cn c bo v v lm kn chng khng b hng hoc gy mt mt mt phn mu trong khi vn chuyn. Cn ng gi bo v cc bnh cha khi b nhim bn t bn ngoi v b v, v vt liu ng gi khng c l ngun nhim bn. Trong khi vn chuyn, cc mu cn c gi lnh v trnh nh sng, nu c th, t mi mu trong mt v ring khng thm nc. Nu thi gian vn chuyn vt qu thi gian bo qun cho php th vn phn tch mu v cn bo co r thi gian t khi ly mu n khi phn tch sau khi tham kho kin ngi gii trnh kt qu. 6 Tip nhn mu ti phng th nghim Khi mu c ch n phng th nghim v khng th phn tch ngay th mu cn c bo qun trong nhng iu kin trnh c nhim bn t bn ngoi cng nh bt k thay i no v hm lng ca nhng cht cn xc nh. Nn dng phng lm lnh v ti bo qun mu. Trong mi trng hp, nht l khi cn coi sc hng lot mu, cn kim tra s bnh nhn c so vi s bnh theo bn ghi ca mi mu. Bng 1 - Cc k thut chung thch hp bo qun muPhn tch ho hc v ho l Thng tin trong bng 1 ch l hng dn chung bo qun mu. Bn cht phc tp ca nc t nhin v nc thi yu cu trc khi phn tch phi kim tra n ch ca tng loi mu x l theo cc phng php ngh trong bng 1.

Loi bnh cha P=Cht do Thng K thut bo (PE,PTFE,PVC,PET)G=T s qun nghin hu tinhBG=Thu tinh bosilicat cu

Ni phn tch

Thi gian bo qun ti a 5 24 h

Ch thch

Tiu chun Quc t (s hiu l theo ph lc A) 7

1 axit hoc kim Nhm

2 P hoc G

3 Lm lnh 2o n 5o

4 Phng th nghim

6 Cn phn tch mu ti ch ly (c bit l mu nhiu kh ho tan) Nhm tan 1) v nhm bm ln cht l lng c th xc nh t cng mt mu

P - ho tan1) - tng s P hoc G

Lc ngay khi ly mu, axit Phng 1 thng ho nc lc th n pH < 2 nghim axit ho n pH<2

Phng 1 thng th nghim

Amoniac t do v ion ho

P hoc G

Axit ho bng H2SO4 n Phng pH<3, lm th lnh 2oC n nghim 5oC

24 h

ISO 5664 [2] ISO 6778 [23] ISO 7150[26], [27]

Lm lnh 2oC n 5oC Phng th nghim AOX (halogen hu c c th b hp ph) Asen P hoc G G Axit ho n pH<2 bng Phng HNO3, lm th lnh 2oC n nghim 5oC, ti Axit ho n pH<2 Phng th nghim Khng dng H2SO4 BOD (Nhu cu oxi sinh ho) Bo v Borat P hoc G (G khi BOD thp) lm lnh 2oC n 5oC, ni ti Phng th nghim

6h

Phn tch sm. 3 ngy Tham kho Tiu ISO 9562 chun tng ng v [55] chi tit cho cc loi nc c bit Dng HCl nu sau 1 thng phn tch bng k thut hidrua ISO 6595 [19]

Bari P hoc BG

Xem phn nhm

24 h

ISO 5815 [8]

Phng 1 thng th nghim lm lnh 2oC n 5oC Gi mu trnh nng Phng th nghim 24 h

ISO 9390[5]

Bromua v cc hp cht ca Brom Cadmi

P hoc G

Xem nhm P hoc BG C th n 48 h nhng cn ch nhng mu c dn cao hn 70 ms/m)

ISO 5961 [9] Phng th nghim 24 h ISO 6058 [10]

Canxi P hoc G -

Axit ho n pH<2

Mu axit ho (khng ISO 6059 [11] P hoc 1 thng dng H2SO4) c th dng xc nh cc G kim loi khc ISO 7980 [41] Ti ch -

Cacbon dioxit

P hoc G

Cacbon hu c

Axit ho bng H2SO4 n Phng pH<2, lm th lnh 2oC n nghim 5oC, ni ti ng lnh n -20oC

K thut bo qun 1 tun ph thuc phng php phn tch

ISO 8245 [42]

ng lnh (-20oC) Phng 1 thng ch dng cho mt s trng hp th nghim Phng 1 thng th nghim Ti ch Gi ti khi vn chuyn. Phn tch sm ISO 9297 [50]

Clorua P hoc G -

Clo d P hoc G Clorophyl P hoc G Lm lnh 0oC Phng th nghim Lc ri ng lnh phn cn li Crom (VI) lm lnh 2oC n 5oC 24 h

ISO 7393 [28] [29][30]

Phng 1 thng th nghim Phng th nghim 24 h

P hoc BG

Crom tng s Coban

P hoc BG P hoc BG

Xem nhm Xem nhm 5 ngy

ISO 9174 [48] ISO 8288 [44] ISO 6060 [12]

COD Axt ho n (nhu cu P hoc G (G a dng hn pH<2 bng Phng oxi ho H2SO4, lm khi COD thp) th hc) lnh 2oC n nghim 5oC, gi ni ti Mu P hoc G lm lnh 2oC n 5oC, gi ni ti dn P hoc G lm lnh 2oC n 5oC Ti ch

ISO 7887 [34]

Phng th nghim Phng th nghim

24 h

Nn o ti ch 24 h

ISO 7888 [35]

ng P hoc BG Xem nhm

ISO 7828 [44]

Xianua d b gii phng Xianua tng s Cht ty ra Cn kh

ISO 6730-2 K thut bo qun ph thuc phng php phn tch [21] ISO 6703K thut bo qun ph thuc phng php phn tch 1[20] Xem cc cht hot ng b mt Xem cn tng s

Florua P nhng khng PTFE Phng 1 thng th nghim Phng th nghim 24 h Ngay sau khi ly mu nn thm thuc th dng cho phn tch hoc tch, hoc chit ngay. Ch quy tc an ton ISO 8288 [44] ISO103951[63]

Du, m, C, ra bng dung Chit ti ch nu hidrocac mi dng chit (th c th, lm lnh bon d pentan) 2oC n 5oC

Cc kim loi nng (tr Hg) Hidrazin

P hoc BG

Xem nhm Axit ho bng HCl n 1 mol/l Phng (100ml/1l mu), th gi ni ti nghim Xem m Xem kim

24h

Hidrocac bon Hidrocac bonat Iodua G

lm lnh 2oC n 5oC

Phng th nghim

24 h

Mu cn trnh nh nng trc tip

Kim ho n pH=11

Phng 1 thng th nghim

St (II) P hoc BG

Axt ho bng HCl n pH<2 v ui ti ch oxi khng kh hoc phng th nghim Xem nhm Axit ho bng H2SO4 n Phng pH<2, lm lnh th 2oC n 5oC, gi nghim ni ti 24 h Khng axit ho nu dng mu xc nh c amoni t do ISO 6392 [14] ISO 5663 [1]

St tng s NitoKen an (Kjeldahj)

P hoc BG P hoc BG

Ch P hoc BG Liti P Phng 1 thng th nghim Xem nhm

Khng nn dng H2SO4

ISO 8288 [44]

Axit ho n pH<2

Axit ho cho php Phng 1 thng xc nh Liti v cc kim loi khc trong th mu nghim Xem canxi ISO 6059 [11] ISO 7980 [41]

Magie P hoc BG

Mangan P hoc BG Thu ngn tng s Xem nhm ISO 6333 [15]

BG

Axit ho n Cn m bo l bnh pH<2 bng HNO3 Phng 1 thng cha mu khng b ISO 5666 v thm K2Cr2O7 nhim th [3], [4], [5] n nng cui nghim cng 5% (khi lng /khi lng) Xem nhm Axit ho n pH<2 hoc lm Phng lnh 2oC n 5oC th nghim Lc ti ch bng mng lc c l Phng 0,45 m v lm th nghim lnh 2oC n 5oC 24 h ISO 8288 [44] ISO 7890 [36] [37],[38] 48 h Dng cho nc mt v nc ngm

Niken P hoc BG Nitrat P hoc BG

Nitrit P hoc G

lm lnh 2oC n 5oC

Phng th nghim

24 h

ISO 6777 [22] C th tin hnh ti ch (phn tch nh tnh)

Mi G

lm lnh 2oC n Phng 5oC th nghim ( phn tch nh lng) Xem AXO lm lnh 2oC n 5oC

6h

Clo hu c Ortophot phat tng s Ortophot phat ho B hoc G

Phn tch sm Phng th nghim 24 h ISO 68781[24] Phn tch sm 24 h ISO 6878-

B hoc G

Lc mu ngay ti ch, lm lnh 2oC Phng

tan

n 5oC th nghim 1[24]

Oxi P hoc G C nh oxi ti ch v gi ni ti Ti ch ISO 5813 [6]

C nh oxi ph hp Phng Ti a 4 vi phng php ISO 5814 th ngy phn tch c dng [7] nghim Ti ch Cn phn tch sm . 2 ngy Axit ho ph hp vi ISO 8467 giai on u ca [47] phng php phn tch 24 h

Ozon Ch s pemanga nat G Axit ho bng H2SO4 n Phng pH<2, lm lnh th 2oC n 5oC, gi nghim ni ti ng lnh n -20oC Phng th nghim Phng th nghim Phng th nghim

Thuc tr su, clo hu c Thuc tr su photpho hu c Du m v cc dn xut pH

G (ra bng dung mi)

lm lnh 2oC n 5oC, gi ni ti

24 h

Nn thm ngay cht chit s dng phn tch hoc tin hnh chit ti ch Chit sm sau khi ly mu, khng nn qu 24 gi

G (ra bng dung mi)

lm lnh 2oC n 5oC, gi ni ti

24h

Xem du, m v hidrocacbon Phn tch P hoc G Ti ch cng sm cng tt v tt nht l ngay sau khi ly mu K thut bo qun ph thuc vo k ISO 6439 thut phn tch c [16] dng Nn dng bnh thu tinh iod ho khi nng ISO 6878 P thp. 1[24] (Iod ho bng cch cho tinh th iod vo bnh, y kn v un nng 60oC, trong 8h. Ch rng iod c th tan vo mu v gy cn tr phn Vn chuyn nhit thp hn Phng nhit khi ly th mu nghim

Ch s phenol

BG

c ch oxi ho sinh ho bng Phng CuSO4 v axit th ho bng H3PO4 nghim n pH<2 lm lnh 2oC n 5oC. Lc ngay ti ch Phng th nghim

24 h

Photpho ho tan

BG hoc G

24 h

tch. Nn tham kho kin ngi phn tch trc khi dng k thut bo qun ny Photpho tng s BG hoc G lm lnh 2oC n 5oC Phng th nghim 24 h xem trn

Axit ho bng H2SO4 n pH<2 Phng 1 thng th nghim Kali Xem Liti Selen B hoc BG Axit ho n pH<1, tr khi c Phng 1 thng selenua. Nu c th th kim ho bng nghim NaOH n pH>11 Lc ti ch , Axit ho bng H2SO4 Phng n pH<2, lm th lnh 2oC n 5oC nghim nh vi silicat ho tan Phng th nghim Xem nhm 24 h

xem trn

ISO 99642[60] ISO 99643[61] ISO 9965[62]

Silicat ho tan

Silicat tng s

24 h

Bc P hoc BG

Khng dng HCl. Mt vi dng bc cn n nh bng cch thm xianua

Natri Xem Liti

ISO 99641[59]; ISO 99643[61]

Sunfat P hoc G

lm lnh 2oC n 5oC

Phng th nghim

Ch trong nc thi c th c H2S, do cn thm H2O2 vo mu.Nhng mu c BOD cao (>200mg/l), cn thm HCl v ch c hi cua H2S thot ra n nh theo Tiu 1 tun chun hin hnh

ISO 9280 [49]

Sunfua (d b gii phng)

P hoc G

Nu cn, kim ho mu ngay bng natricacbonat,

Phng th nghim

sau thm km axetat Sunfua P hoc G Nu cn, kim ho ngay mu bng natricacbonat. Np mu y bnh ui ht khng kh Phng th nghim 24 h Phn tch sm. n nh theo Tiu chun hin hnh

Sunfit P hoc G

C nh ti ch bng cch thm 1 Phng ml EDTA 2,5% th (khi lng/ khi nghim lng) cho mi 100 mu lm lnh 2oC n 5oC Phng th nghim

48 h

Cc cht hot ng b mt cation

48 h

Trng bnh cha bng thu tinh nh ISO 7875m t trong ISO 1[32] 7875-1 v 7875-2. trnh hp ph ln thnh bnh , thm ti ch 5mg/l alkyletoxi khng ion. Phn tch sm Trng bnh cha bng thu tinh nh m t trong ISO 7875-1. Phn tch sm Trng bnh cha bng thu tinh nh m t trong ISO 7875-2. Phn tch sm Phn tch sm, tt nht l ngay ti ch ISO 78751[32]

Cc cht hot ng b mt anion Cc cht hot ng b mt khng ion Cht l lng v sa lng Thic

Axit ho n pH<2 bng H2SO4, lm lnh 2oC n 5oC

Phng th nghim

48 h

Thm fomaldehit 40% (th tch/th Phng tch), lm lnh th 2oC n 5oC v nghim bo m np y bnh Phng th nghim Xem nhm

48h

ISO 78752[33]

P hoc G

48h

P hoc BG

Khng dng HNO3. Nu c c thic, dng axit axetic bo qun mu cho phn tch thic tng s, nhng nu yu cu c bit, ng lnh mu v phn tch sm

cng tng s Cn tng s P hoc G Lm lnh 2oC n 5oC

Xem canxi Phng th nghim Phng 24 h Tt nht l phn tch ti ch ISO 7072 [25]

c P hoc G -

th nghim Uran P hoc BG Km P hoc BG Xem nhm Xem nhm

Ho tan : ngha l nhng cht lt qua mng lc c c l 0,45 m

Bng 2 - Sp xp cc thng s theo k thut bo qun (km theo bng 1) Bng 2 nhm gip ngi dng chn k thut bo qun ng thi cho nhiu thng s. Tuy nhin cn kim tra kh nng p dng trong tng trng hp trn c s d liu cho tng cht. Nhng thng s khng c lit k trong bng 2 thng khng th bo qun bng cc phng php ny

Bo qun bng

Thch hp cho

Khng thch hp cho

1 Axit ho n pH<2

2 Cc kim loi kim Nhm Amoniac (khng dng khi cn xc nh ring amoniac t do v tng s) Asen Cc kim loi kim th Nitrat cng tng s Photpho tng s Cc kim loi nng Xianua Sunfua

Ccbonat, hidrocacbon, CO2 Sunfit, SO2 Thiosunfat Nitrit Photphonat (nu c bit yu cu) X phng v este Hexametylentetramin Khng dng H2SO4 cho canxi, stronti, bari, radi, ch. Khng dng HCl cho bc, tali, ch, bitmut, thu ngn (I) v stibi Khng dng HNO3 cho thic.

Kim ho n pH>1

iodua

Hu ht cc hp cht hu c, cc kim loi nng, c bit l trng thi ho tr thp. Mt vi kim loi to anion trng thi ho tr cao hn (ph thuc vo s c mt ca anion, tra bng tan)

Amoniac/amoniac Amin/amin Photpho tng s Hidrazin Hidroxilamin lm lnh 2oC n 5oC axit, kim Amoni Bromua, cc hp cht brom Clorophyl Iodua Nit Ken-dan (Kjeldahl) dn Nitrat Nitrit Mi Ortophotphat Photpho Sunfat Cc cht hot ng b mt cation Cn kh Cn tng s Cc php th sinh hc ng lnh su (-20oC) Clorrophyl COD Cc kh ho tan Cc php th sinh hc, th c tnh Ccbon hu c Ch s pemanganat Nhn bit vi sinh vt C th c s thay i xy ra vi nhiu cht tan, yu cu phi lm ng th sau khi tan bng Sinh vt, khi cn phn bit hm lng cht lng v lng cha t bo.

Kt ta (v polyme ho) v c th kh ho tan tr li. Mt vi polyaxit b t mch. Cn nh gi mc thch hp trc khi dng.

Bng 3 - K thut chung thch hp cho bo qun mu - Phn tch vi sinh vt

Thng s cn nghin cu

Loi bnh cha

K thut bo qun

Ni phn tch

Thi gian bo qun ti a ngh trc khi phn tch

Ch thch

Tiu chun (S theo ph lc A)

1 m vi khun tng s Coli tng s Coli chu nhit Streftocoli phn Salmonella Shigella...

2 Bnh cha tit trng

3 lm lnh 2oC n 5oC

4 Phng th nghim

5 8 h (nc ung, nc mt, nc ngm v bn)

6 Vi cc mu nc c clo ho hoc brom ho cn ly vo bnh (trc khi tit trng) cha Na2S2O3 (ni chung 0,1 ml dung dch Na2S2)3 10% (m/m) cho mi 125 ml mu) Vi cc mu c kim loi nng ln hn 0,01 mg/l, thm vo bnh cha ( c tit trng trc) 0,3 ml NTA 15% (m/m) cho mi 500ml mu (xem 3.2.6)

(m/m= Khi lng / khi lng ; v/v = Th tch / Th tch) Bng 4 - Cc k thut chung thch hp bo qun mu - Phn tch sinh vt Cc thng s sinh hc cn xc nh l rt nhiu v i khi thay i t loi sinh vt ny sang loi sinh vt khc. Do , khng th to ra mt bng gm mi vic cn lm bo qun mu loi ny. Thng tin trong bng 4 do ch gm nhng thng s thng nghin cu i vi mt s nhm ng, thc vt. Trc khi nghin cu chi tit cn chn cc thng s quan tm.

Loi bnh cha Thng P=Cht do (PE, PTFE,PVC,PET)G= s Thu tinh nghin cu BG= Thu tinh bosilicat

K thut bo qun

Ni phn tch

Thi gian bo qun ti a ngh trc khi phn tch (Nu khng ch r thi gian bo qun l khng quan trng; "1 thng" l bo qun d dng) 5

Ch thch

Tiu chun (con s l theo ph lc A)

1 m v nhn dng

7 ISO 7828 [31] ISO 8265 [43] ISO 9391 [54]

Sinh vt y ln khng xng sng - Cc mu ln Cc mu nh (th d mu i chng)

P hoc G

Thm 70%(v/v) etanol

Phng 1 nm th nghim 1 nm

Thm fomaldehyt 40% Phng (v/v) trung th ho bng nghim natriborat c dung dch 2% n 5%(v/v) G Chuyn vo V hn dung dch bo Phng qun cha th etanola 70% nghim (v/v), fomandehyt 40% (v/v) v gryxerol theo t l 100:2:1 tng ng

Cn gn nc trong mu trc nng cht bo qun t cc i

Yu cu nhng phng php c bit cho nhng nhm khng xng sng b bin dng do x l bo qun thng thng (th d Platihelminthe) Cnh bo-Hi formaldehyt c. Khng nhiu mu ch lm vic

Sinh vt sng bm

Thm mt phn 1 nm th tch dung Phng dch Lugol vo th 100 phn th nghim tch mu. (Dung

mu ni ti

dch Lugol gm 20g KI v 10g iod trong 1l, gi trong bnh thu tinh mu ti Thc vt ni G Xem sinh vt sng bm 1 nm Phng th nghim mu ni ti

ng vt ni

Thm 1 nm fomaldehyt 40% Phng (v/v) t 4% th (v/v), hoc thm nghim dung dch Lugol nh cho sinh vt sng bm

Nu c hin tng bc mu cn thm dung dch Lugol nhiu hn

Khi lng ti v kh Sinh vt y ln khng xng sng Thc vt ln Sinh vt sng bm Thc vt ni ng vt ni C Khi lng tro Sinh vt y ln khng xng sng Thc vt ln Sinh P hoc G Lc, lm lnh 2oC n 5oC 2 tun Phng th nghim Ti ch P hoc G lm lnh 2oC n 5oC 24 h Ti ch hoc trong phng th nghim Khng ng lnh -20o. Cn phn tch sm. Khng qu 24h.

vt sng bm Thc vt ni Th c tnh P hoc G lm lnh 2oC n 5oC 24 h Phng th nghim 2 tun Phng th nghim Thi gian bo qun thay i

ng lnh n -20oC

tu theo phng php phn tch c dng

1) Schwoerbel,J. Methoden der Hidrobiologic. "Susswasserbiologie", xut bn ln 3, NXB Fischer, Stuttgart, 1980. Bng 5 - Cc k thut chung thch hp bo qun mu - Cc thng s ho hc phng x

Loi bnh cha Thng s P=Cht nghin cu do (PE, PTFE, PVC, PET) G= Thu tinh BG= Thu tinh bosilicat

K thut bo qun

Ni phn tch

Thi gian bo qun ti a khuyn ngh trc khi phn tch (Nu khng ch r thi gian bo qun l khng quan trng: Nu "1 thng" l bo qun d dng) 5 Cng nhanh cng tt

Ch thch

Tiu chun (con s l theo ph lc A)

! Hot alpha Hot beta

2 P

3 1. Nu mun phn tch ring hot cht tan v cht l lng th lc ngay 2. Thm 20ml + 1ml HNO3 50% (v/v) vo cho 1l

4 Phng th nghim

6 Ch an ton v che chn ph thuc hot ca mu. Cnh bo-iu c bn l trnh ht phi bi phng x, hoc dnh vo da,

7 ISO 9696 [56] ISO 9697 [57]

mu. pH phi nh hn 1 . 3. Gi ch ti, 2oC n 5oC Iod phng x 1. iu chnh pH n 8 n + 0,1 Bnh c bng dung dch x l bng NaOH iod khng phng x 2. Thm 0,1g + 60oC n 0,01g NaI khng khi hon phng x cho 1l ton ph kn mu. ri trng bng etanol, 3. Thm 2 n cui cng 4ml ra k bng natrihypoclorit nc n (10%(m/m)) cho khng cn 1l mu, cn d iod tan ra. clo t do Hoc thm NaI lm cht mang P P Phng th nghim Cng nhanh cng tt

qun o

Khng c thm iodua vo mu ang c mi trng axit (iu c bit quan trng nu dng mt mu kt hp o hot tnh alpha v beta) Khng dng amoniac to mi trng kim

Hot gama (cho ng

1. Nu c cht Phng th rn l lng v nghim mun o hot ring tng phn rn,

Ph thuc chu k bn hu ca nguyn t cn nghin cu Chu k bn hu cng ngn cng cn phn tch sm.

Ch an ton, che chn ph thuc vo hot ca mu.

v radon v iod phng x)

ho tan hoc cht rn khng d ho tan th lc mu v x l thnh hai phn ring. 2. Thm mt lng bit dung dch ng v khng phng x ca cht nghin cu vo mu. Vi nhng mu cha kim loi, thng axit ho n pH<2; axit thm vo phi khng c gy kt ta hoc bay hi nguyn t cn nghin cu.

Cnh bo: Phi trnh ht phi bi phng x cng nh dnh vo da qun o

Vi ng v radon c nhng yu cu ring c bit (xem phn ring). 3. Gi trong bnh nt kn, trong ti, 2oC n 5oC Radon ng v Radi t radon 1. Np mu y Phng th bnh, khng nghim Dng nt c c bt hoc trn ng vo v bn. Nu c th ng dn ra th y nt di c kha mt nc (vi) khi y nt 2. Vn chuyn v nc khng gi mu nhit dng ln hi thp hn cc ng nhit khi ly. Khng ng lnh 3.Nu khng c cht rn,axit ho n pH<2 bng HNO3 Radi bng cc phng php khc (xem hot alpha v beta) P 1. Nh cho hot Phng th alpha v beta. nghim 2. Axit ho n pH<1 bng HNO3 v ghi th tch axit thm vo Trong vng 2 thng Ch an ton v che chn ph thuc vo hot ca mu. Cnh boTrnh ht phi bi phng x hoc dnh vo da, qun o Cng nhanh cng tt v trong vng 2 thng BG Cng nhanh cng tt trong vng 48h do chu k bn hu Bnh cht do c th l xp i vi radon qua thnh. Radon l kh v c th to sol kh polomin. Qun l v sinh tt l nht thit.

Stronti phng x

Nh cho hot Phng th alpha v beta, nghim nhng c th thm lng nh strontinitrat khng phng x lm cht mang Trnh trao i Phng th vi khng kh v nghim nc khng phng x

Triti kh hoc nc triti

BG

Cng nhanh cng tt v trong vng 1 thng

ISO 9698 [58]

Cesi phng x

Xem stronti Phng th phng x (dng nghim CoNO3 lm cht

Trong vng 2 tun

mang) Uran P Th tch mu 1 Phng th n 5 lit. Axit ho nghim1 n pH<1 bng HNO3 Th tch mu 5 n 50 lit. Axit ho bng HNO3 n pH<1 Trong vng 2 tun

Plutonic BG

Ch thch : 1) Trnh nhim bn mu, nht l khi hot ca mu thp. Mt vi ni ly mu c hot c th o c trong t hoc khng kh , hoc trong nc khc nc ly mu. Cc phng th nghim ho hc phng x v thng thng cng nh mt s thit b dn dng c th cha vt liu phng x. 2) Mt s bnh cha bng cht do cho nc thm qua chm v lm c c mu qua nhiu thng. 3) Khi ly mu kt ta, ngoi nhng yu cu ghi trong bng ny cn cn nhng ch trong TCVN 5667-8. V ly mu kt ta i hi nhiu ngy, cn ghi chp r thi gian bt u v kt thc. Cn c quy nh v ly mu kt ta ca trm ly mu cho thi k thch hp. Thm cht n nh hoc cht mang nu thch hp cho cht cn xc nh. Ph lc A (Thng tin) Ti liu tham kho

[1] ISO 5663:1994, Cht lng nc - Xc nh nit kjeldahl - Phng php sau khi v c ho vi lelen. [2] ISO 5664-1:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh amoni - Phng php chng ct v chun . [3] ISO 5666-1:1983, Cht lng nc - Xc nh thu ngn tng s bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la - Phn 1: Phng php sau khi v c ho vi permanganat - persunfat. [4] ISO 5666-2:1983, Cht lng nc - Xc nh thu ngn tng s bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la - Phn 2: Phng php sau khi v c ho bng tia cc tm. [5] ISO 5666-3:1994, Cht lng nc - Xc nh thu ngn tng s bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la - Phn 3: Phng php sau khi v c ho vi brom. [6] ISO 5813:1983, Cht lng nc - Xc nh oxi ho tan - Phng php iot. [7] ISO 5814:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh oxi ho tan - Phng php in ho. [8] ISO 5815:1989, Cht lng nc - Xc nh yu cu oxi ho sau 5 ngy (BOD5) - Phng php pha long v cy . [9] ISO 5961:1994, Cht lng nc - Xc nh cadmi bng quang ph hp th nguyn t. [10] ISO 6058:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh hm lng canxi - Phng php chun EDTA.

[11] ISO 6059:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh tng s canxi v magie - Phng php chun EDTA. [12] ISO 6060:1989, Cht lng nc - Xc nh yu cu xi ho hc. [13] ISO 6222:1988, Cht lng nc - m vi sinh vt sng - m tp on bng chng trong hoc trn mi trng nui cy aga dinh dng. [14] ISO 6332:1988, Cht lng nc - Xc nh st - Phng php trc quang dng1,1phenanthrolin. [15] ISO 6333:1986, Cht lng nc - Xc nh mangan - Phng php trc quang dng fomaldoxin. [16] ISO 6439:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh ch s phenol - Phng php trc quang dng 4aminoantipyrin sau khi chng ct. [17] ISO 6461-1:1986, Cht lng nc - Pht hin v m bo t kh sulfit ym kh (clostridia) Phn 1: Phng php lm giu trong mi trng lng. [18] ISO 6461-2:1986, Cht lng nc - Pht hin v m bo t kh sulfit ym kh (clostridia) Phn 2: Phng php dng mng lc. [19] ISO 6595:1982, Cht lng nc - Xc nh asen tng s - Phng php trc quang dng bc dietyldithiocacbamat. [20] ISO 6703-1:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh xianua - Phn 1: Xc nh xianua tng s. [21] ISO 6703-1:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh xianua - Phn 2: Xc nh xianua d gii phng. [22] ISO 6777:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh nitrit - Phng php quang ph hp th phn t. [23] ISO 6778:1994, Cht lng nc - Xc nh amoni - Phng php in th. [24] ISO 6878:1986, Cht lng nc - Xc nh photpho - Phn 1: Phng php trc quang dng amoni molipdat. [25] ISO 7027:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh c. [26] ISO 7150-1:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh amoni - Phn 1: Phng php trc quang thng thng. [27] ISO 7150-2:1986, Cht lng nc - Xc nh amoni - Phn 2: Phng php trc quang t ng. [28] ISO 7393-1:1985, Cht lng nc - Xc nh clo t do v clo tng s - Phn 1: Phng php chun dng N,N-dietyl-1,4-phenylendiamin. [29] ISO 7393-2:1985, Cht lng nc - Xc nh clo t do v clo tng s - Phn2: Phng php trc quang dng N,N-dietyl-1,4-phenylendiamin cho mc ch kim tra thng ngy. [30] ISO 7393-2:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh clo t do v clo tng s - Phn 3: Phng php chun iod xc nh clo tng s. [31] ISO 7828:1985, Cht lng nc - Phng php ly mu sinh vt - Hng dn ly mu cc sinh vt y khng xng sng ln bng vt.

[32] ISO 7875-1:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh cc cht hot ng b mt - Phn 1: Xc nh cc cht b mt anion bng phng php trc quang dng xanh metylen. [33] ISO 7875-2:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh cc cht hot ng b mt - Phn 2: Xc nh cc cht b mt khng in dng thuc th Drazendorff (ragenof). [34] ISO 7887:-----(1), Cht lng nc - Kim tra v xc nh mu. [35] ISO 7888:1985, Cht lng nc - Xc nh dn in. [56] ISO 7890-1:1986, Cht lng nc - Xc nh nitrat - Phn 1: Phng php trc quang dng 2,6 - dymetylphenol. [37] ISO 7890-2:1986, Cht lng nc - Xc nh nitrat - Phn 2: Phng php trc quang dng 4-flophenol sau khi chng ct. [38] ISO 7890-3:1988, Cht lng nc - Xc nh nitrat -Phn 3: Phng php trc quang dng axit sulfosalicylic. [39] ISO 7899-1:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh v m streptoccoci phn - Phn 1: Phng php lm giu trong mi trng lng. [40] ISO 7899-2:1984, Cht lng nc - Xc nh v m streptoccoci phn - Phn 2: Phng php dng mng lc. [41] ISO 7980:1986, Cht lng nc - Xc nh canxi v magie - Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t. [42] ISO 8245:1987, Cht lng nc - Hng dn v xc nh cacbon hu c tng s. [43] ISO 8265:1988, Cht lng nc - Trn v dng my ly nh lng cc sinh vt y khng xng sng ln trn nn vng nc ngt nng. [44] ISO 8288:1986, Cht lng nc - Xc nh coban, niken, ng, km, cadmi v ch - Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t ngn la. [45] ISO 8360-1:1988, Cht lng nc - Pht hin v mPsedomonasaeruginosa - Phn 1: Phng php lm giu trong mi trng lng. [46] ISO 8360-2:1988, Cht lng nc - Pht hin v mPsedomonasaeruginosa - Phn 2: Phng php dng mng lc. [47] ISO 8467:1993, Cht lng nc - Xc nh ch s permanganat. [48] ISO 9174:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh crom tng s- Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t . [49] ISO 9298:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh sulfat - Phng php khi lng dng bari clorua. [50] ISO 9297:1989, Cht lng nc - Xc nh clorua - Chun bng bc nitrat vi ch th cromat (Phng php Mohr). [51] ISO 9308-1:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh v m sinh vt dng coli, sinh vt dng coli chu nhit v coli. Escherechia gi nh - Phn 1: Phng php dng mng lc.

[52] ISO 9308-2:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh v m sinh vt dng coli, sinh vt dng coli chu nhit v coli Escherichia gi nh - Phn 2: Phng php nhiu ng nghim (s c th nht). [53] ISO 9390:1990, Cht lng nc - Xc nh borat - Phng php trc quang dng azometin H. [54] ISO 9391:1993, Cht lng nc - Ly mu ng vt khng xng sng ln vng nc su - Hng dn cch s dng by, cc my ly mu nh tnh v nh lng. [55] ISO 9526:1989, Cht lng nc - Xc nh cc halogen hu c c th b hp ph (AOX). [56] ISO 9696:1992, Cht lng nc - o hot tnh alpha tng s trong nc khng mn Phng php ngun dy. [57] ISO 9697:1992, Cht lng nc - o hot tnh beta tng s trong nc khng mn. [58] ISO 9698:1989, Cht lng nc - Xc nh nng triti hot ng - Phng php m cht lng nhp nhy. [59] ISO 9964-1:1993, Cht lng nc - Xc nh natri v kali - Phn 1: Xc nh natri bng quang ph hp th nguyn t. [60] ISO 9964-2:1993, Cht lng nc - Xc nh natri v kali - Phn 2: Xc nh kali bng quang ph hp th nguyn t. [61] ISO 9964-3:1993, Cht lng nc - Xc nh natri v kali - Phn 3: Xc nh natrii v kali bng quang ph pht x ngn la. [62] ISO 9965:1993, Cht lng nc - Xc nh selen - Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t (k thut hidrua). [63] ISO 10359-1:1992, Cht lng nc - Xc nh florua - Phn 1: Phng php in ho dng cho nc ung v nc nhim nh. 1) ang xut bn (R sot ca ISO 7887:1985) . ISC 13.060.40 Tm lc: nc, cht lng, ly mu, loi th, bo qun, chuyn ch, nhng iu kin chung. ________________