Preface

The present volume is an outgrowth of a Conference on Mathematical

Tables
held at Cambridge,
Mass., on September 15-16, 1954, under the auspices of the
National Science Foundation and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The
purpose of the meeting was to evaluate the need for mathematical
tables in the light
of the availability
of large scale computing
machines.
It was the consensus of
opinion that in spite of the increasing use of the new machines the basic need for
tables would continue to exist.
Numerical tables of mathematical
functions are in continual demand by scientists and engineers.
A greater variety of functions and higher accuracy of tabulation are now required as a result of scientific advances and, especially, of the increasing use of automatic computers.
In the latter connection, the tables serve
mainly forpreliminarysurveys
of problems before programming for machine operation.
For those without easy access to machines, such tables are, of course, indispensable.
Consequently,
the Conference recognized that there was a pressing need for a
modernized version of the classical tables of functions of Jahnke-Emde.
To implement the project, the National Science Foundation requested the National Bureau
of Standards to prepare such a volume and established an Ad Hoc Advisory Committee, with Professor Philip M. Morse of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
as chairman, to advise the staff of the National Bureau of Standards during the
~course of its preparation.
In addition to the Chairman, the Committee
consisted
of A. Erdelyi, M. C. Gray, N. Metropolis,
J. B. Rosser, H. C. Thacher, Jr., John
Todd, C. B. Tompkins,
and J. W. Tukey.
The primary aim has been to include a maximum of useful information
within
the limits of a moderately large volume, with particular attention to the needs of
scientists in all fields. An attempt has been made to cover the entire field of special
functions.
To carry out the goal set forth by tbe Ad Hoc Committee,
it has been
necessary to supplement the tables by including the mathematical
properties that
are important
in computation
work, as well as by providing numerical methods
which demonstrate the use and extension of the tables.
The Handbook was prepared under the direction of the late Milton Abramowitz,
Its success has depended greatly upon the cooperation of
and Irene A. Stegun.
Their efforts together with the cooperation of the Ad HOC
many mathematicians.
Committee
are greatly appreciated.
The particular
contributions
of these and
other individuals are acknowledged at appropriate places in the text. The sponsorship of the National
Science Foundation
for the preparation
of the material is
gratefully recognized.
It is hoped that this volume will not only meet the needs of all table users but
will in many cases acquaint its users with new functions.
ALLEN V. ASTIN, L?imctor.
Washington,

D.C.

Preface

to the Ninth

Printing

The enthusiastic reception accorded the Handbook of Mathematical

Functions is little short of unprecedented in the long history of mathematical tables that began when John Napier published his tables of logarithms in 1614. Only four and one-half years after the first copy came
from the press in 1964, Myron Tribus, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology, presented the 100,OOOth copy of the
Handbook to Lee A. DuBridge, then Science Advisor to the President.
Today, total distribution is approaching the 150,000 mark at a scarcely
diminished rate.
The successof the Handbook has not ended our interest in the subject.
On the contrary, we continue our close watch over the growing and changing world of computation and to discuss with outside experts and among
ourselves the various proposals for possible extension or supplementation
of the formulas, methods and tables that make up the Handbook.
In keeping with previous policy, a number of errors discovered since
the last printing have been corrected. Aside from this, the mathematical
tables and accompanying text are unaltered. However, some noteworthy
changes have been made in Chapter 2: Physical Constants and Conversion
Factors, pp. 6-8. The table on page 7 has been revised to give the values
of physical constants obtained in a recent reevaluation; and pages 6 and 8
have been modified to reflect changes in definition and nomenclature of
physical units and in the values adopted for the acceleration due to gravity
in the revised Potsdam system.
The record of continuing acceptance of the Handbook, the praise that
has come from all quarters, and the fact that it is one of the most-quoted
scientific publications in recent years are evidence that the hope expressed
by Dr. Astin in his Preface is being amply fulfilled.
LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB,

Director

National Bureau of Standards

November 1970

Foreword
This volume is the result of the cooperative effort of many persons and a number
of organizations.
The National
Bureau of Standards
has long been turning out
mathematical
tables and has had under consideration,
for at least IO years, the
production
of a compendium like the present one. During a Conference on Tables,
called by the NBS Applied Mathematics
Division on May 15, 19.52, Dr. Abramowitz of t,hat Division
mentioned preliminary
plans for such an undertaking,
but
indicated the need for technical advice and financial support.
The Mathematics
Division of the National Research Council has also had an
active interest in tables; since 1943 it has published the quarterly journal, Mathematical Tables and Aids to Computation
(MTAC),,
editorial supervision
being
exercised by a Committee
of the Division.
Subsequent
to the NBS Conference
on Tables in 1952 the attention
of the
National Science Foundation
was drawn to the desirability
of financing activity in
table production.
With its support a z-day Conference on Tables was called at the
Massachusetts
Institute
of Technology
on September
15-16, 1954, to discuss the
needs for tables of various kinds.
Twenty-eight
persons attended, representing
scientists
and engineers using tables as well as table producers.
This conference
reached consensus on several cpnclusions
and recomlmendations,
which were set
forth in tbe published Report of the Conference.
There was general agreement,
for example, that the advent of high-speed cornputting equipment
changed the
task of table making but definitely did not remove the need for tables.
It was
also agreed that an outstanding
need is for a Handbook
of Tables for the Occasional
Computer,
with tables of usually encountered functions and a set of formulas and
tables for interpolation
and other techniques useful to the occasional computer.
The Report suggested that the NBS undertake
the production
of such a Handbook
and that the NSF contribute
financial assistance.
The Conference elected, from its
participants,
the following Committee:
P. M. Morse (Chairman),
M. Abramowitz,
J. H. Curtiss, R. W. Hamming,
D. H. Lehmer, C. B. Tompkins,
J. W. Tukey, to
help implement these and other recommendations.
The Bureau of Standards undertook to produce the recommended
tables and the
To provide technical guidance
National Science Foundation
made funds available.
to the Mathematics
Division of the Bureau, which carried out the work, and to provide the NSF with independent judgments on grants ffor the work, the Conference
Committee
was reconstituted
as the Committee
on Revision
of Mathematical
Tables of the Mathematics
Division of the National Research Council.
This, after
some changes of membership,
became the Committee which is signing this Foreword.
The present volume is evidence that Conferences
can sometimes reach conclusions
and that their recommendations
sometimes get acted on.
V

,/

VI

FOREWORD

Active work was started at the Bureau in 1956. The overall plan, the selection
of authors for the various chapters, and the enthusiasm required to begin the task
were contributions
of Dr. Abramowitz.
Since his untimely
death, the effort has
continued under the general direction of Irene A. Stegun.
The workers at the
Bureau and the members of the Committee
have had many discussions about
content, style and layout.
Though many details have had to be argued out as they
came up, the basic specifications of the volume have remained the same as were
outlined by the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology Conference of 1954.
The Committee
wishes here to register its commendation
of the magnitude and
quality of the task carried out by the staff of the NBS Computing Section and their
expert collaborators in planning, collecting and editing these Tables, and its appreciation of the willingness with which its various suggestions were incorporated into
the plans. We hope this resulting volume will be judged by its users to be a worthy
memorial
to the vision and industry of its chief architect, Milton Abramowitz.
We regret he did not live to see its publication.
P. M. MORSE, Chairman.
A. ERD~LYI
M. C. GRAY
N. C. METROPOLIS
J. B. ROSSER
H. C. THACHER. Jr.
JOHN TODD
C. B. TOMPKINS
J. W. TUKEY.

Handbook

of Mathematical

Functions

with

Formulas,
Edited

Graphs,
by Milton

1.

and Mathematical
Abramowitz

and Irene A. Stegun

Introduction

The present Handbook

has been designed to
provide
scientific
investigators
with a comprehensive and self-contained
summary of the mathematical functions that arise in physical and engineering problems.
The well-known
Tables of
Funct.ions by E. Jahnke and F. Emde has been
invaluable to workers
in these fields in its many
editions
during
the past half-century.
The
present volume ext,ends the work of these authors
by giving more extensive
and more accurate
numerical tables, and by giving larger collections
of mathematical
properties
of the tabulated
functions.
The number of functions covered has
also been increased.
The classification
of functions and organization
of the chapters in this Handbook
is similar to
that of An Index of Mathematical
Tables by
A. Fletcher, J. C. P. Miller, and L. Rosenhead.
In general, the chapters contain numerical tables,
graphs, polynomial
or rational
approximations
for automatic
computers,
and statements
of the
principal
mathematical
properties
of the tabulated functions,
particularly
those of computa-

2.

Tables

Accuracy

The number of significant figures given in each

table has depended to some extent on the number
available in existing tabulations.
There has been
no attempt to make it uniform throughout the
Handbook, which would have been a costly and
laborious undertaking.
In most tables at least
five significant figures have been provided, and
the tabular intervals have generally been chosen
to ensure that linear interpolation will yield. fouror five-figure accuracy, which suffices in most
physical applications.
Users requiring higher
1 The most recent, the sixth, with F. Loesch added as cc-author, was
published in 1960 by McGraw-Hill,
U.S.A., and Teubner, Germany.
2 The second edition, with L. J. Comrie added as co-author, was published
in two volumes in 1962 by Addison-Wesley,
U.S.A., and Scientific Computing Service Ltd., Great Britain.

tional importance.
Many
numerical
examples
are given to illustrate
the use of the tables and
also the computation
of function values which lie
outside their range.
At the end of the text in
each chapter there is a short bibliography
giving
books and papers in which proofs of the mathematical properties
stated in the chapter may be
found.
Also listed in the bibliographies
are the
more important
numerical
tables.
Comprehensive lists of tables are given in the Index mentioned above, and current information
on new
tables is to be found in the National
Research
Council quarterly
Mathematics
of Computation
(formerly
Mathematical
Tables and Other Aids
to Computation).
The ma.thematical notations used in this Handbook are those commonly
adopted in standard
texts, particularly
Higher Transcendental
Functions, Volumes 1-3, by A. ErdBlyi, W. Magnus,
F. Oberhettinger and F. G. Tricomi (McGrawHill, 1953-55). Some alternative notations have
also been listed. The introduction of new symbols
has been kept to a minimum, and an effort has
been made to avoid the use of conflicting notation.

of the Tables
precision in their interpolates may obtain them
by use of higher-order interpolation procedures,
described below.
In certain tables many-figured function values
are given at irregular intervals in the argument.
An example is provided by Table 9.4. The purpose of these tables is to furnish key values for
the checking of programs for automatic computers;
no question of interpolation arises.
The maximum end-figure error, or tolerance
in the tables in this Handbook is 6/& of 1 unit
everywhere in the case of the elementary functions, and 1 unit in the case of the higher functions
except in a few cases where it has been permitted
to rise to 2 units.

IX /-

INTRODUCTION

3.

Auxiliary

Functions

One of the objects of this Handbook is to provide tables or computing methods which enable
the user to evaluate the tabulated functions over
complete ranges of real values of their parameters.
In order to achieve this object, frequent use has
been made of auxiliary functions to remove the
infinite part of the original functions at their
singularities, and auxiliary arguments to co e with
infinite ranges. An example will make t fi e procedure clear.
The exponential integral of positive argument
is given by

4.

775
;:;
E

: 89608
89717

4302
8737

d0
g. I

ze*El
. 89823
.89927
90029

(z)
7113
7306
7888

8: 4
ix

:.90227
90129

4695
603

[ 1
453

The numbers in the square brackets mean that

the maximum
error in a linear interpolate
is
3X10m6, and that to interpolate to the full tabular
accuracy five points must be used in Lagranges
and Aitkens methods.
8 A. C. Aitken On inte elation b iteration of roportional
out the use of diherences, Brot Edin i: urgh Math. 8 oc. 3.6676

recludes direct interThe logarithmic

singularity
polation near x=0.
The Punctions Ei(x)-In
x
and x-liEi(ln
x-r],
however,
are wellbehaved and readily interpolable
in this region.
Either will do as an auxiliary function; the latter
was in fact selected as it yields slightly higher
accuracy when Ei(x) is recovered.
The function
x-[Ei(x)-ln
x-r]
has been tabulated
to nine
decimals for the range 05x<+.
For +<x12,
Ei(x) is sufficiently well-behaved to admit direct
tabulation,
but for larger values of x, its exponential character predominates.
A smoother and
more readily interpolable
function for large x is
xe-Ei(x); this has been tabulated for 2 <x510.
Finally, the range 10 <x_<m is covered by use of
the inverse argument x-l. Twenty-one entries of
xe-Ei(x), corresponding to x-l = .l(- .005)0, suffice to produce an interpolable
table.

Interpolation

The tables in this Handbook are not provided

with differences or other aids to interpolation,
because it was felt that the space they require could
be better employed by the tabulation of additional
functions.
Admittedly
aids could have been given
without consuming extra space by increasing the
intervals of tabulation,
but this would have conflicted with the requirement
that linear interpolation is accurate to four or five figures.
For applications
in which linear interpolation
is insufficiently
accurate it is intended
that
Lagranges formula or Aitkens method of iterative linear interpolation3
be used. To help the
user, there is a statement at the foot of most tables
of the maximum
error in a linear interpolate,
and the number of function values needed in
Lagranges formula or Aitkens method to interpolate to full tabular accuracy.
As an example, consider the following extract
from Table 5.1.
zez El (2)
. 89268 7854
: 89384
89497 6312
9666

and Arguments

parts, with.
(1932).

Let us suppose that we wish to compute the

value of xeZ&(x) for x=7.9527
from this table.
We describe in turn the application of the methods
of linear interpolation,
Lagrange and Aitken, and
of alternative
methods based on differences and
Taylors series.
(1) Linear interpolation.
The formula for this
process is given by
jp= (1 -P)joSPfi
where jO, ji are consecutive tabular values of the
function, corresponding to arguments x0, x1, respectively; p is the given fraction of the argument
interval
p= (x--x0>/(x1-~0>
and jP the required
instance, we have

interpolate.

jo=.89717

ji=.89823

4302

In the present
7113

p=.527

The most convenient way to evaluate the formula

on a desk calculating machine is.to set o and ji
in turn on the keyboard, and carry out t d e multiplications by l-p and p cumulatively;
a partial
check is then provided by the multiplier
dial
reading unity.
We obtain
j.6z,E.;9;72;&39717

4302)+.527(.89823

7113)

Since it is known that there is a possible error

of 3 X 10 -6 in the linear formula, we round off this
result to .89773. The maximum possible error in
this answer is composed of the error committed

INTRODUCTION

by the last roundingJ that is, .4403X 10m5, plus

3 X lo-, and so certainly cannot exceed .8X lo-.
(2) Lagranges formula.
In this example, the
relevant formula is the 5-point one, given by

The numbers in the third and fourth columns are

the first and second differences of the values of
xezEl(x) (see below) ; the smallness of the second
difference provides a check on the three interpolations. The required value is now obtained by
linear interpolation
:

f=A-,(p)f_z+A-,(p)f-1+Ao(p>fo+A,(p)fi
+A&)fa
Tables of the coefficients An(p) are given in chapter
25 for the range p=O(.Ol)l.
We evaluate the
formula for p=.52, .53 and .54 in turn. Again,
in each evaluation we accumulate the An(p) in the
multiplier
register since their sum is unity.
We
now have the following subtable.
x
m=&(x)
7.952

.89772

9757

7.953

.89774

0379

fn=.3(.89772

.;

&

-2

1
2
3
4
5

7.9
8.1
7.8
8.2
7.7

0999

Yn=zeG@)
:
:
.
.

89823
89717
89927
89608
90029
89497

7113
4302
7888
8737
7306
9666

Yo.I
89773
:89774

Yo, 1.2. I

Yo. 1, (I

44034
48264
2 90220
4 98773
2 35221

0379)

In cases where the correct order of the Lagrange

polynomial
is not known, one of the prelimina
interpolations
may have to be performed witT
polynomials
of two or more different orders as a
check on their adequacy.
(3) Aitkens method of iterative linear interpolation.
The scheme for carrying out this process
in the present example is as follows:

10620
.89775

9757)+.7(.89774

= 239773 7192.

10622
7.954

XI

X,-X

Yo.1.a.s.n

.0473
0527
. 1473
-. 1527
. 2473
-. 2527

-.
.89773

71499
2394
1216
2706

. 89773

71938
89773
ii

71930
30

Here
20-x
1 Yo
x,-x
x.--20 Yn
x,-x
1 Yo.1
Yo.1 ,n=x,-x
G--z1 l/O.

S2fl

yo,n=-

Yo.

1.

. .

., m--l.m.n--

1
~n-%n

safz
wa

l/0.1. . . ., n-1.98
Yo.1. . . -, m-1.n

x,-x
x,-x

If the quantities Z.-X and x~--5 are used as

multipliers
when forming the cross-product on a
desk machine, their accumulation
(~~-2) -(x,-x)
in the multiplier
register is the divisor to be used
at that stage. An extra decimal place is usually
carried in the intermediate
interpolates
to safeguard against accumulation
of rounding errors.
The order in which the tabular values are used
is immaterial
to some extent, but to achieve the
maximum
rate of convergence and at the same
time minimize
accumulation
of rounding errors,
we begin, as in this example, with the tabular
argument nearest to the given argument,
then
take the nearest of the remaining
tabular arguments, and so on.
The number of tabular values required to
achieve a given precision emerges naturally
in
the course of the iterations.
Thus in the present
example six values were used, even though it was
known in advance that five would suffice. The
extra row confirms the convergence and provides
a valuable check.
(4) Difference formulas.
We use the central
difference notation (chapter 25),

Here
Sf1l2=f1-f0, 8f3/a=fz-f1, . . . ,,
a2/1=sf3ia-afiia=fa-2fi+fo
~af3~~=~aja-~aj~=fa-3j2+3fi-k
8'fa=~aj~fsla-6~3~2=f4-~f~+~ja-4f~+fo

and so on.
In the present example the relevant part of the
difference table is as follows, the differences being
lace of the
written in units of the last decimal
function, as is customary.
The sma Bness of the
high differences provides a check on the function
values
7:9
8.0

Applying,
formula

xe=El(x)
.89717
4302
. 89823 7113

for example,

j~=(l-P)fo+E2(P)~*jo+E4(P)~4jo+

-2
-2

SY
2754
2036

Everetts

. . .
+Pfl+F2(P)~afl+F4(P)~4fl+

S4f
-34
-39

interpolation
.
. * *

and takin
the numerical values of the interpolation toe flf cients Es(p), E4 ), F,(p) and F,(p)
from Table 25.1, we find t!l at

,,/

INTRODUCTION

XII
10Qf.6,=

.473(89717
4302) + .061196(2
2754) - .012(34)
+ .527(89823
7113) + .063439(2
2036) - .012(39)
= 89773 7193.

We may notice in passing

that Everetts
formula shows that the error in a linear interpolate
is approximately
mPwfo+

F2(P)wl=

m(P)

can be used. We first compute as many of the

derivatives
ftn) (~0) as are significant,
and then
evaluate
the series for the given value of 2.
An advisable check on the computed values of the
derivatives
is to reproduce
the adjacent tabular
values by evaluating the series for z=zl
and x1.
In the present

+ ~2(P)lk?f0+wJ

f(z)=(l+Z-)f(Z)-1
f(2)=(1+2-)f(Z)--Z-Qf(2)
f(X)
= (1 -i-z-y(2)

Inverse

With linear interpolation

there is no difference
in principle between direct and inverse interpolation. In cases where the linear formula
rovides
an insufficiently
accurate answer, two met fl ods are
available.
We may interpolate
directly,
for
example, by Lagranges formula to prepare a new
table at a fine interval in the neighborhood
of the
approximate
value, and then apply accurate
inverse linear interpolation
to the subtabulated
values.
Alternatively,
we may use Aitkens
method
or even possibly
the Taylors
series
method, with the roles of function and argument
interchanged.
It is important
to realize that the accuracy of
an inverse interpolate may be very different from
that of a direct interpolate.
This is particularly
true in regions where the function
is slowly
varying, for example, near a maximum
or minimum.
The maximum precision attainable in an
inverse interpolate can be estimated with the aid of
the formula

AxmAj/df
dx
in which Aj is the maximum possible error in the
function values.
Example.
Given xeEi(z) = .9, find 2 from the
table on page X.
(i) Inverse linear interpolation.
The formula
for v is
In the present
=.90029

example, we have

.9 - .89927
7888
72 2112
7306.89927 7888=101=708357

p:(xo)/k!

i
;
3

. . .

5.

-22~Qf(5)

+22-y(2).

With x0=7.9 and x-x0= .0527 our computations

are as follows: an extra decimal has been retained
in the values of the terms in the series to safeguard
against accumulation
of rounding errors.

~(x,=~(xo)+(x-x,,~~+(x-xo,~~~
+(~-x,)q$+

we have

f(x) =xeZEt(x)

Since the maximum value of IEz(p)+Fz(p)I

in the
range O<p<l
is fd, the maximum error in a linear
interpolate is approximately

(5) Taylors series. In cases where the successive derivatives

of the tabulated function can be
computed fairly easily, Taylors expansion

example,

(x--so) yk(x0)/k!

.89717

4302

.89717

4302

- .00113
.01074
.00012

0669
7621
1987

-.ooooo
.00056
.ooooo
.a9773

6033
3159
7194
0017

53
9

Interpolation
The desired z is therefore
z=zQ+p(z,--2,,)=8.1+.708357(.1)=8.17083

57

To estimate the possible error in this answer,

we recall that the maximum error of direct linear
interpolation
in this table is Aj=3X lOwe. An
approximate
value for dj/dx is the ratio of the
first difference to the argument interval (chapter
25), in this case .OlO. Hence the maximum error
in x is approximately
3XlO-e/(.OlO),
that is, .0003.
(ii) Subtabulation
method.
To improve
the
ap roximate value of x just obtained, we interpo Pate directly for p=.70, .7l and .72 with the aid
of Lagranges 5-point formula,
xe=El (x)

8. 170

89999 -.-_

8.171

90000

QQ

1 0151
3834

-2
1 0149

8. 172

Inverse
gives

90001

linear

Hencex=8.17062
An estimate

3983

interpolation

in the new

table

23.
of the maximum

error in this result

is
df~1x10-8_1x10-7
Ajl z
.OlO
(iii) Aitkens method.
This is carried out in the
same manner as in direct interpolation.

INTRODUCTION
n
0

yn=xeeZE1(x)
. 90029
7306

2,
8. 2

4
3

: 89927
90129
. 89823

6033
7888
7113

8. 31
8. 0

8. 17083
17023
8. 17113

5712
1505
8043

: 90227
89717

4302
4695

7. 49
8.

8. 16992
17144

0382
9437

Z0.n

QJ.98
8. 1706,l

8. 17062

21 8142
7335

6. Bivariate
Bivariate interpolation
is generally most simply
performed as a sequence of univariate
interpolations.
We carry out the interpolation
in one
direction, by one of the methods already described,
for several tabular values of the second argument
in the neighborhood
of its given value.
The
interpolates
are differenced
as a check,
and

Generation

a.1 2.n

9521
2 5948

The estimate of the maximum

error in this
result is the same as in the subtabulation
method.
An indication of the error is also provided by the

7.

XIII

of Functions

Many of the special mathematical

functions
which depend on a parameter,
called their index,
order or degree, satisfy a linear difference equation (or recurrence relation) with respect to this
parameter.
Examples
are furnished
by the Legendre function P,(z), the Bessel function Jn(z)
and the exponential integral E,(x), for which we
have the respective recurrence relations

zo.l.2.3.74

2244
231
415

8. 17062

discrepancy
in the highest
case xo .I ,2.3 A, and ZLI .2.8 .s.

7306

-. . 00072
00129
-. 00176

2112
6033
2887

-. .00227
00282

5G98
4695

interpolates,

in this

Interpolation
interpolation
is then carried out in the second
direction.
An alternative procedure in the case of functions
of a complex variable is to use the Taylors series
expansion,
provided
that successive
derivatives
of the function can be computed without
much
difficulty.

from

Recurrence

Relations

(iii) the direction in which the recurrence

applied.
Examples are as follows.
Stability-increasing
Pm(x),

p:(2)

Qnb),

Q:(x)

y&9,

KG)

J-n-&),
&Cd

P(X),
nE,+,+xE,,=e-=.

is being

(x<l)

z-t44
(n<d

Stability-decreasing

Jn+*-~Jn+J.-l=O

Particularly
for automatic work, recurrence relations provide an important
and powerful
computing tool.
If the values of P&r) or Jn(z) are
known for two consecutive
values of n, or E',(z)
is known for one value of n, then the function may
be computed for other values of n by successive
applications
of the relation.
Since generation is
carried out perforce with rounded values, it is
vital to know how errors may be propagated
in
the recurrence process.
If the errors do not grow
relative to the size of the wanted function,
the
process is said to be stable.
If, however,
the
relative
errors grow and will eventually
overwhelm the wanted function, the process is unstable.
It is important
to realize that st,ability may
depend on (i) the particular
solution of the difference equation being computed;
(ii) the values of
x or other parameters
in the difference equation;

2318
265

l/n-u
.00029

P.,(z)

7t
@<l)

Qnh), Q:(x)
J&4,
Jn+Hcd
Em(z)
F,,(t,

Z.@)
, Zn+&)
(n >r)
p) (Coulomb

wave

function)

Illustrations
of the generation of functions from
their recurrence relations are given in the pertinent
chapters.
It is also shown that even in cases
where the recurrence process is unstable, it may
still be used when the starting values are known
to sufficient accuracy.
Mention must also be made here of a refinement,
due to J. C. P. Miller, which enables a recurrence
process which is stable for decreasing n to be
applied without any knowledge
of starting values
for large n. Millers
algorithm,
which is wellsuited to automatic
work, is described in 19.28,

Example

1.

INTRODUCTION

XIV

8.

Acknowledgments

The production
of this volume has been the
result of the unrelenting efforts of many persons,
all of whose contributions
have been instrumental
in accomplishing
the task. The Editor expresses
his thanks to each and every one.
The Ad Hoc Advisory Committee
individually
and together were instrumental
in establishing
the basic tenets that served as a guide in the formation of the entire work.
In particular,
special
thanks are due to Professor Philip M. Morse for
his continuous
encouragement
and support.
Professors J. Todd and A. Erdelyi, panel members
of the Conferences on Tables and members of the
Advisory Committee
have maintained
an undiminished interest, offered many suggestions and
carefully read all the chapters.
Irene A. Stegun has served eff ectively as associate
editor, sharing in each stage of the planning of
the volume.
Without
her untiring efforts, completion would never have been possible.
Appreciation
is expressed for the generous
cooperation of publishers and authors in granting
permission for the use of their source material.
Acknowledgments
for tabular
material
taken
wholly or in part from published works are iven
on the first page of each table. Myrtle R. Ke Yilington corresponded with authors and publishers
to obtain formal permission for including
their
material, maintained
uniformity
throughout
the

bibliographic
references and assisted in preparing
the introductory
material.
Valuable assistance in the preparation, checkin
and editing of the tabular material was receive IFi
from Ruth E. Capuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy,
David S. Liepman,
Kermit
Nelson, Bertha H.
Walter and Ruth Zucker.
Equally
important
has been the untiring
cooperation,
assistance, and patience
of the
members of the NBS staff in handling the myriad
of detail necessarily attending
the publication
of a volume of this magnitude.
Especially
appreciated have been the helpful discussions and
services from the members of the Office of Technical Information
in the areas of editorial format,
graphic art layout, printing
detail, preprinting
reproduction
needs, as well as attention to promotional detail and financial support. In addition,
the clerical and typing stafI of the Applied Mathematics Division
merit commendation
for their
efficient and patient production
of manuscript
copy involving complicated technical notation.
Finally, the continued support of Dr. E. W.
Cannon,
chief of the Applied
Mathematics
Division, and the advice of Dr. F. L. Alt, assistant
chief, as well as of the many mathematicians
in
the Division, is gratefully acknowledged.
M.

ABRAMOWITZ.

1.

Mathematical
DAVID

Constants

S. LIEPMAN

Contents
Page

Mathematical

Table 1.1.

+i,nprime

Constants

<lOO,

20s.

...............

..................

Some roots of 2, 3, 5, 10, 100, 1000, e, 20s ..........

e*n, n=l(l)lO,

....................

20s ....................

25s

e*tns, n=l(l)lO,
eas, e*,

20s

.......................

ln n, log,, n, n=2(1)10,
In 7~,In&,

na, n=1(1)9,
a*, n=l(l)lO,

........

24D

r(4), l/r($),

3
3

25s ....................

of T, powers and roots involving

26s

T,

25s .......

..................

.......................

15D .....................

Bureau of Standards.

3
3

24D. .................

r(2),l/r(z),lnr(2),2~3,a,g,q,~,g,g,~,

2
3

25s .....................

lo, l, 1 in radians,

1 National

26, 25s

25s ...................

1 radian in degrees,

~,lny,

primes <lOO,

logI, ?r, log,, e, 25s ...............

n In 10, n=1(1)9,

Fractions

15D.

........

MATHEMATICAL

TABLE

1.1.

1 4142
i7320
2.2360
2..6457
3.3166
3.6055
4.1231
4.3588
4.7958
5.3851
5.5677
6.0827
6.4031
6.5574
6.8556
7.2801
7.6811
7.8102
8.1853
8.4261
8.5440
8.8881
9.1104
9.4339
9.8488

13562
50807
67977
51311
24790
51275
05625
98943
31523
64807
64362
62530
24237
38524
54600
09889
45747
49675
52771
49773
03745
94417
33579
81132
57801

37;:
56887
49978
06459
35539
46398
61766
54067
31271
13450
83002
29821
43284
30200
40104
28051
86860
90665
87244
i7635
31753
31558
14429
05660
79610

:E:
19221
96890
86865
06523
41249
82711
81758
43941
99700
86306
11679
88501
88819
38113
47217

1)
lj
2)
2)
3)
3)
3)
4)

2.7182
7.3890
2.0085
5.4598
1.4841
4.0342
1.0966
2.9809
8.1030
2.2026

81828
56098
53692
15003
31591
87934
33158
57987
83927
46579

45:04
93065
31876
31442
02576
92735
42845
04172
57538
48067

52353
02272
67740
39078
60342
12260
85992
82747
40077
16516

1)
2)
4)
5)
6)
8j
9)
LO)
12)
13)

2.3140
5.3549
1.2391
2.8675
6.6356
1.5355
3.5533
8.2226
1.9027
4.4031

69263
16555
64780
13131
23999
29353
21280
31558
73895
50586

enr
27792
24764
79166
36653
34113
95446
84704
55949
29216
06320

69006
73650
97482
29975
42333
69392
43597
95275
12917
29011

26224
72417

14792
99019

64190
79852

47180
12288
94361
37912
59469
10149
41541
24577
85092
95272
49357
13344
38979
94215
95829
87204
17912
72066
00115

In n
55994
66810
11989
43410
22805
05531
67983
33621
99404
79837
46153
05621
16644
92914
98647
48514
64422
70430
69356

0.6931
1.0986
1.3862
1.6094
1.7917
1.9459
2.0794
2.1972
2.3025
2.3978
2.5649
2.8332
2.9444
3.1354
3.3672
3.4339
3.6109
I: %

CONSTANTS

MATHEMATICAL

50488
72935
96964
05905
98491
92931
05498
35522

CONSTANTS
1Ofi

3.1622

77660

16837

93320

1Ofl
10"'

2.1544
1.7782
1.5848

79410
34690
93192

03892
03188
46111

%X
34853

4.6415
2.5118
5.6234
3.9810
1.2599
1.4422
1.1892
1.3160
7.0710
5.7735
4.4721

88833
86431
13251
71705
21049
49570
07115
74012
67811
02691
35954

61277
50958
90349
53497
89487
30740
06275
95249
86547
89625
99957

FKd
08040
25077
31648
83823
20667
24608
52440
76451
93928

4.8104
2.1932
11 2.0787
li 4.5593
1.6487
1) 6.0653
1.3956
1) 7.1653
-I

~-

77380
80050
95763
81277
21270
06597
12425
13105

96535
73801
50761
65996
70012
12633
08608
73789

16555
54566
90855
23677
81468
42360
95286
25043

1)
1)
2)
2j
3)
3)
4)
4)
4)
5)

3.6787
1.3533
4.9787
1.8315
6.7379
2.4787
9.1188
3.3546
1.2340
4.5399

94411e-71442
52832
36612
06836
78639
63888
87341
46999
08546
52176
66635
19655
54516
26279
02511
98040
86679
92976
24848

32159
69189
42979
80293
70966
84230
20800
83882
54949
51535

- 2)
- 3)
- 5)
- 6)
- 7)
- 9i
-1oj
-11)
-13)
-14j

4.3213
1.8674
8.0699
3.4873
1.5070
6. 5124
2.8142
1.2161
5.2554
2.2711

91826
42731
51757
42356
17275
12136
68457
55670
85176
01068

37722
70798
03045
20899
39006
07990
48555
94093
00644
32409

49774
88144
99239
54918
46107
07282
27211
08397
85552
38387

6.5988
5.6145

03584
94835

53125
66885

37077
16982

0102
7712
0205
9897
7815
4509
0308
5424
0000
0413
1139
2304
2787
3617
4623
4913
1. 5682
1.6127
1.6334

99956
12547
99913
00043
12503
80400
99869
25094
00000
92685
43352
48921
53600
27836
97997
61693
01724
83856
68455

1015
1OOlfl
loo5
1000"'
lOOO"5

2lB
3B

2114

3114

2-m
3-m
5-fi

(--

(-i.

((-

60287
30427
92853
11026
11156
83872
63720
43592
09997
95790

1)
1)
lj

~--~

--~-

-----

*
*

-----

55238
39995
34242
71802
36048
45167
31361
13891
76367
59152

e--nr

2)
1)

log10

53094
96913
xz:::
50008
33051
59282
93827
56840
05440
67360
60802
04600
96908
40271
62459
44443
78038
24234

172321
952452
344642
007593
124774
053527
516964
904905
179915
619436
534874
495346
090274
067528
832720
291643
680957
667634
728425
*See page xx.

12

63981
l!id62
27962
36018
83643
14256
91943
39324
00000
15822
30683
37827
95282
01759
89895
83427
06699
71973
57958

19521
43729
39042
80478
63250
83071
58564
87459
00000
50407
67692
39285
89615
%Ei
26796
49968
54945
65264

37389
50279
74778
62611
87668
22163
12167
~:~::
50200
::%i
X%f
32847
66704
08451
09412
05088

MATHEMATICAL

TABLE

1.1.

CONSTANTS

MATHEMATICAL

3.8501
3. 9702
4.0775
4.1108
4. 2046
4.2626
4. 2904
4.3694
4.4188
4.4886
4. 5747

47601
91913
37443
73864
92619
79877
59441
47852
40607
36369
10978

In n
71005
55212
90.571
17331
39096
04131
14839
46702
79659
73213
50338

85868
18341
94506
12487
60596
54213
11290
14941
79234
98383
28221

209507
444691
160.504
513891
700720
294545
921089
729455
754722
178155
167216

(-1)

1. 1447
9. 1893

29885
85332

84940
04672

01741
74178

43427
03296

(
(
(
(
(

1)
1)
1)
1)
1)

2.3025
4.6051
6.9077
9.2103
1. 1512
1. 3815
1. 6118
1. 8420
2. 0723

85092
70185
55278
40371
92546
51055
09565
68074
26583

nln 10
99404
98809
98213
97618
49702
79642
09583
39523
69464

56840
13680
70520
27360
28420
74104
19788
65472
11156

17991
35983
53974
71966
08996
10795
12594
14393
16192

1)
1)
2)
2j
3)
3)
4)
4)

3.1415
9.8696
3. 1006
9. 7409
3.0601
9.6138
3.0202
9.4885
2.9809
9.3648

92653
04401
27668
09103
96847
91935
93227
31016
09933
04747

58979
08935
02998
40024
85281
75304
77679
07057
34462
60830

32384
86188
20175
37236
45326
43703
20675
40071
11666
20973

62643
34491
47632
44033
27413
02194
14206
28576
50940
71669

1. 5707
1. 0471
7.8539
1. 7724
1.4645
1.3313
2. 1450
2.3597
5. 5683
2. 2459
2. 5066
1. 2533
2. 2214

96326
97551
81633
53850
91887
35363
29397
30492
27996
15771
28274
14137
41469

79489
19659
97448
90551
56152
80038
11102
41469
83170
83610
63100
31550
07918

66192
77461
30961
60272
32630
97127
56000
68875
78452
45473
05024
02512
31235

31322
54214
56608
98167
20143
97535
77444
78474
84818
42715
15765
07883
07940

57. 2957
0. 0174

79513
53292

08232
51994

08767
32957

98155
69237r

CONSTANTS-Continued
log10

loglog

(-1)
(-1)

logl0e

(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
C
(
(
(
(
(

(-1)

t:

I-, -,
r (714)

In
In
In
ln

r(i/3)
r(2/3)
r(lj4)
r(3/4)

1)

97857
75869
52011
29835
74802
58348
22860
27091
78092
90006
71734

93571
60078
64214
01076
70082
71907
12045
29044
37607
64491
f ?624

74644
90456
41902
70338
64341
52860
59010
14279
39038
27847
48517

14219
32992
60656
85749
49132
92829
74387
94821
32760
23543
84362

4.9714
4.3429

98726
44819

94133
03251

85435
82765

12683
11289

92653
85307
77960
37061
96326
55592
14857
74122
33388

5s919
17958
76937
43591
79489
15387
51285
87183
23081

32384
64769
97153
72953
66192
59430
52669
45907
39146

62643
25287
87930
85057
31322
77586
23850
70115
16379

3. 1415
6. 2831
!a. 4247
1) 1. 2566
1) 1.5707
1) 1. 8849
1) 2. 1991
1)2.5132
1) 2.8274

7P

0. 5772

15664

90153

1. 7724
2. 6789
1. 3541
3. 6256
1. 2254
0.8929
0. 9027
0. 9064
0. 9190
0. 9854
0.3031
1.2880
0.2032

53850
38534
17939
09908
16702
79511
45292
02477
62526
20646
50275
22524
80951

905516
707748
426400
221908
465178
569249
950934
055477
848883
927767
147523
698077
431296

28606

06512

;
3
4
x
7
i
10
s-ii
;h;

J2

r-1 13
?r-l/4
+f3
,-%I4
*-3/Z
r--c
(2r)-'12
(a/,)"2
2'f2/?r

1.6720
1.7242
1.7708
1.7853
1.8260
1.. 8512
1. 8633
I.. 8976
1. 9190
1. 9493
1. 9867

*-

-1)
-1)

3. 1830
1.. 0132
3.2251
1. 0265
3.2677
1. 0401
3. 3109
1. 0539
3.3546
1. 0678

98861
11836
53443
98225
63643
61473
36801
03916
80357
27922

83790
42337
31994
46843
05338
29585
77566
53493
20886
68615

67153
77144
89184
35189
54726
22960
76432
66633
91287
33662

77675
38795
42205
15278
28250
89838
59528
17287
39854
04078

4.7123
4.1887
4.4428
(-1)
5. 6418
(- 1) 6. 8278
(-1)
7. 5112
(-1)
4. 6619
(- 1) 4. 2377
(-1)
1. 7958
( -2)
4.. 4525
(-1)
3. 9894
(-1)
7. 9788
(-1)
4.5015

88980
90204
82938
95835
40632
55444
40770
72081
71221
26726
22804
45608
81580

38468
78639
15836
47756
55295
64942
35411
23757
25166
69229
01432
02865
78533

98576
09846
62470
28694
68146
48285
61438
59679
56168
06151
67793
35587
03477

93965
16858
15881
80795
70208
87030
19885
10077
90820
35273
99461
98921
75996

0. 0002
0. 0000

90888
04848

20866
13681

57215
10953

96154r
59936r

48223

37662

-2j
-2)
-3)
-31

-4j
-4)
-5)
-5)

1
1
In Y

-0.

l/~U/4
l/Ul/3)
l/r(2/3)
mm)
mw
m4/3)
mw)
mw
uw4
In r(4/3)
In r(5/3)
In r(5/4)
in r(7/4)

.
*See page II.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
:l.
l.
l.
:l.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

5495

39312

98164

5641
3732
7384
2758
8160
1198
1077
1032
0880
1131
1023
0982
0844

89583
82173
88111
15662
48939
46521
32167
62651
65252
91641
14832
71836
01121

547756
907395
621648
830209
098263
722186
432472
320837
131017
740343
960640
421813
020486

2. Physical

Constants

and Conversion

A. G. MCNISH

Factors

Contents
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.

Common Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . .

Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adjusted Values of Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . .
Conversion Factors for Customary U.S. Units to Metric
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geodetic Constants . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .

* National Bureau of Standards.

Page
6
6
7
8
8
8

2. Physical

Constants

and

Table

Quantity

and

Conversion

Common

Factors

for

Electric

and

SI

emu
name

name

Magnetic

force

Magnetomotive
force
Magnetic flu*
Magnetic flux density
Electric displacement

ampere
coulomb
volt
ohm
henry
farad
amp. turns/
meter
amp. turns
weber
tesla

I tbampere
1tbcoulomb

abvolt
abohm
centimeter

Conversion

statampere
statcoulomb
statvolt
statohm

10-l
LO-
108
100
100
10-g
4*x

centimeter
gil bert
maxwell
gauss
--._-_-______

Units

SI unit/
esu unit

oersted

Example: If the value assigned to a current

*Divide this number by 4?r if unrationalized
6

and

SI unit/
emu unit

esu
name

Current
Charge
Potential
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Magnetizing

Units
Factors

The SI unit of electric current is the ampere

defined by the equation 2r,,,Z1ZJ4~= F giving
the force in vacua per unit length between
two infinitely
long parallel
conductors
of infinitesimal
cross-section.
If F is in newtons,
and rrn has the numerical
value 477 X lo-,
then I1 and Zr are in amperes.
The customary equations
define the other electric and
magnetic
units of SI such as the volt, ohm,
farad, henry, etc. The force between electric charges in a vacuum in this system is
given by Q, Qn/4nrerg= F, re having the numerical
value 10r/4nc2 where c is the speed
of light
in meters
per second (r,= 8.854
x 10-12).
The CGS unrationalized
system is obtained
by deleting
4n in the denominators
in these
equations
and expressing
F in dynes, and r
in centimeters.
Setting r,,, equal to unity defines the CGS unrationalized
electromagnetic
system (emu), re then taking the numerical
value of 1/c2. Setting
re equal to unity defines the CGS unrationalized
electrostatic
system (esu), r,,, then taking
the numerical
value of l/cz.

Mass-the
kilogram
-fixed by the international kilogram
at S&vres, France.
Time-the
second- fixed as l/31,556,925.9747
of the tropical
year 1900 at 12 ephemeris
time, or the duration
of 9,192,631,770 cycles
of the hyperfine
transition
frequency of cesiurn 133.
Temperature-the
degree-fixed
on a thermodynamic
basis by taking the temperature
for the triple point of natural water as 273.16
K. (The Celsius scale is obtained
by adding
-273.15 to the Kelvin scale.)
Other units are defined in terms of them by
assigning
the value unity to the proportionThe
ality constant in each defining equation.
entire system, including
electricity
units, is
called the Systi.?me International
dunitds
(SI). Taking
the l/100 part of the meter as
the unit of length and the l/1000 part of the
kilogram
as the unit of mass, similarly,
gives
=

2.1.

often used in physics

(1 meter - 1650763.73h).

2.2. Names

Factors

rise to the CGS system,

and chemistry.

The tables in this chapter supply some of

the more commonly
needed physical
constants and conversion
factors.
All scientific measurements
in the fields of
mechanics
and heat are based upon four international
arbitrarily
adopted
units,
the
magnitudes
of which are fixed by four agreed
on standards:
Lengththe meter -fixed
by the vacuum
wavelength
of radiation
corresponding
to the
transition
2Plu-5Da
of krypton 86

Table

Conversion

-3x 100
-3 x 109
-(1/3)X
10-Z
-(1/9)X
10-u
%(1/9)X 10-l
-9x 10
-3 x loo*

IO-3*

4rX lo-I*
108
10

__---___----__-______-_____

-3/10**
-(1/3)X
10-z
-(1/3)X
10-B
-3x 105*

10-J*

I_-..____..____

is 100 amperes its value in abamperes is 100X10-=lO.

system is involved; other numbers are unchanged.

3. Elementary

Analytical

MILTON

Methods

ABRAMOWITZ l

Contents
Elementary
3.1.

3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.3.
3.9.
3.10.

Analytical

Methods

Page
10

.................

Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coefficients; Arithmetic

and
Geometric Progressions; Arithmetic,
Geometric, Harmonic
and Generalized Means
...............
Inequalities ......................
Rules for Differentiation
and Integration
.........
Limits, Maxima and Minima
..............
Absolute and Relative Errors ..............
Infinite Series .....................
Complex Numbers and Functions ............
Algebraic Equations ..................
Successive Approximation
Methods
...........
Theorems on Continued Fractions ............

Numerical
3.11.

Methods

Table

3.1.

19
19
23

............................

Powers and Roots

13
14
14
16
17
18
19
19

.......................

Use and Extension of the Tables

............
3.12. Computing Techniques.
................

References

10
10
11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

n, k=l(l)lO,
24, l/2, l/3, l/4, l/5
n=2(1)999, Exact or 10s

The author acknowledges the assistance of Peter J. UHara

the preparation
and checking of the table of powers and roots.

1 National

Bureau of Standards.

(Deceased.)

and Kermit

C. Nelson in

3. Elementary

Analytical

3.1. Binomial
Theorem
and Binomial
Coefficients; Arithmetic
and Geometric
Progressions;
Arithmetic,
Geometric,
Harmonic
and
Generalized
Means
Binomial

Methods

3.1.9
Sum

a-w+

. . . +b

Coefficients

of Geometric

(see chapter

integer)

s,=a+ar+a?+

n =nc7t=n(n-l)

24)

. .k., (n--k+l)=

Arithmetic

Mean

Geometric

3.1.12

. - . +a.
Mean

of

Mean

n Quantities

(at>O,k=1,2,.

G= (a,&. . . a,,)l
Harmonic

. .,n)

of n Quantities

3.1.13

3.1.5

.+$)
3.1.6

1+c)+@+.

(ah>O,k=1,2,.

1-G)+@-

3.1.7

of Binomial

Coefficients

M(t)=O(t<O,

lim M(t) =max.

t+m
3.1.17 t&M(t)=min.
3.1.16

1
1
1
1
1

7---8---9---lo_--_
ll---12----

2
3
4
5
6

1 7
1 8
1 9
1 10
1 11
1 12

;
1
6
4
1
10 10
5
15 20 15

1
6

10

II.

a2,

(a,,%,.

* * *, a,) =mtLx. a

. .,a,)=min.a

M(l)=A

3.1.20

M(-l)=H
3.2. Inequalities

1
8
36

1
9
45

Relation
1
10
55

For a more extensive table see chapter 24.

page

3.1.19

21 35 35 21
7
28 56 70 56 28
36 84126126
84
45120210252210120
55165330462462330165
66220495792924792495220

@I,

liiM(t)=G

3.1.18
3---4---5..--6-e-m

some ak zero)

3.1.8

2---I

Mean

M(t) ==(i g a:yf

3.1.14

. . . +(--I)@=0

3.1.15
Table

. .,n)

. . +c)=2
General&d

*See

(--l<r<l)

(k-;-l)

3.1.4

a(l-P)
l--P

n Quantities

of

&h+az+

3.1.11
@=(n:k)=(-l)k

n Terms

to

lim s.=a/(l-r)
n-t-

n!
(n-k)!k!

0k

3.1.3

Progreamion

. . . +a+=---

3.1.2
*

(a+z))

3.1.10

(n a positive
Binomial

7+-l)&;

last term in series=Z=a+(n-1)d

an-%2
Sum

+C)

n Terms

to

. . . +(a++-114

=na+;

Theorem

a-lb+@

Progression

a-t-b+d)+b+24+

3.1.1
(a+b)=a+c)

of Arithmetic

Between
and

Arithmetic,
Generalized

Geometric,
Means

Harmonic

3.2.1
A> G>H,

3.2.2

equality

if and only if al=az=

min. a<M(t)<mnx.

. . . =a,,

ELEMENTARY

3.2.3

min. a<G<max.
equality

3.2.5

Minkowskis

If p>l

Inequalities

Inequality

for

Sums

and &, bk>O for all x:,

3.2.12

if t<s unless all ak are equal,

or s<O and an an is zero.
Triangle

11

METHODS

holds if all ak are equal, or t<O

and an an is zero

M(t)<&!(s)

3.2.4

ANALYTICAL

(&

(ak+bk)p~p<(&

a;)+($

holds if and only

t?qUdity

i-f

bi$j
(c=con-

bk=C&

stant>O).

Iall-la21_<lal+~2111all+la21

Minkowskis

3.2,6

Inequality

5or Integrals

If P>l,
Chehyshevs

Inequality

If alla2>a,z

. . . >a,

b,>b,>b,>

. . . >bn

3.2.7

n 5

akbk>

-(kc,

k=l

Hiilders

If ;++,p>1,

3.2.13

(Jb
a

> (&

Inequality

for

I?(~)+9(z)I~~s)llp~(~b

lJ~(z)l%iz)lp
+(Jb

Iscd lqp

equality holds if and only if g(z) =cf(x)

stant>O).

Sums

(c=con-

fj>l
3.3. Rules

for

Differentiation

and

Integration

Derivatives

equality holds if and only if jbkl=cIuEIP-

stant>O).
If p=q=2
we get
Cauchys

(c=con-

$; (cu) =c $9 c constant

3.3.1

3.3.2

Inequality

-g (u+v)++g

3.2.9
[&

akb,]2<&

a; &

b: (equality

for &=Cbk,

& (uv) =u E+v

3.3.3

c constant).
Hiilders
4

Inequality

for

Integrals

3.3.4

& (u/v)=

vdu/dx-udv/dx
v2 -

1r;++=1,p>1,

q>l

.g u(v) =g

3.3.5

gi

3.2.10

& (u) =uD e %+1.n U 2)

3.3.6
equality holds if and only
(c=constant>O).
If p=p=2 we get
Schwa&s

3.2.11

Inequality

if

jgCs)I=clflr)Ip-

Leibnizs

Theorem

for

Differentiation

of an Integral

3.3.7
b(c)

d
&

a(c)

(2,

wx
b(c)

a(cj

b
,J(x,c)dx+f@,

$--f

(a,

12

ELEMENTARY

Leibnizs

Theorem

for

Differentiation

ANALYTICAL

The following

of a Product

3.3.8
s

METHODS

formulas

P(x)dx

n>l

is an integer.

where P(x)

(ux+ fJx+cy

(t&g

u+(y)

+(g

ds

are useful for evaluating

is a polynomial

and

3.3.16
+...+~)d~rg+...+cg

dx
2
(ax2+br+c)=(4c&c-bz)~

S
dX
-&=1g

3.3.9

(b2--4uc<O)

2az+b-

3.3.17

I 2azfbf

#x
-d2y
dy -3
dy2=dr2
0 zc

3.3.10

$=

-B

g-3

Integration

3.3.12

(g--j

($)-"

-2

by Parts

3.3.20

jidu=w+dti

(a+ bx$c+dxj=k

jkudx=(jidx)
Integrals

v-s(judx)

of Rational

(Integration

Algebraic

2 dx

dx
1
=- arctan E!
u2+b2;C2 ub
U

Functions

3.3.22

const,ants are omitted)

S(ux+f,)"dx=(ux+6)"+1
4n+1>
S
S
S
(n#-1)

3.3.24

3.3.15

$&In

)ax+b)

t(u+bx)

of Irrational

dx
=h2
(c+dx)112

3.3.27

=+

3.3.28

=h2

3.3.29
3.3.30

(x2;1-a2)2=&

arctan

~+20~(xf+U2)

3.3.25

Integrals

3.3.26

c+dx
bc In I-a+bx I

dx
(a+bx)P(c+dx)=[d(bc~ud)]1~2

=[d(ad&]1/2

Algebraic

arctan
arcsin

(ad # bc)

S___
lnb2+
b2x21
S
S

3.3.21

3.3.23

3.3.14

(P-4ac=O)

3.3.19

S
3.8.13

(b2-4m>O)

=2az+b

3.3.18
3.3.11

(b2--4uc)t
(P-4acy

Functions

-d(a+

1 W<O)

bx) 12

C b(c+dx)
2bdx+ad+
bc-ad

bc
>

ln J[bd(n+ bx)]1/2+ b(c+dx)1/21

arctan ~~~~-J
d(u+bx)12-[d(ad-bc)]12
In d(a+bx)12+[d(ud-bc)]2

(b>O, d<O)
(bd>O)

(d(u&-bc)<O)

@b-J--4>O)

ELEMENTARY

If zn=un+ivn,
3.7.23

then ~~+l:=u,+,+iv~+~

u,+~=xu~-~v,;

ANALYTICAL

where

3.8. Algebraic
Solution

v,+,=xv,+yu,

9?z and 92 are called harmonic

17

METHODS

polynomials.

3.7.24

Equations

of Quadratic

3.8.1

Given az2+ bz+c=O,

21,2=-

0-

2, j-k

gf, p= b2-4ac,
.zi+,za= -b/u,

3.7.25

If a>O, two real roots,

p=O, two equal roots,
a<O, pair of complex conjugate

Roots

3.7.26

z*=&=rte+rs=r+

cos @+iri

sin $0

Solution

If --?r<~< ?r this is the principal root. The

other root has the opposite sign. The principa:
root is given by
3.7.27

d=[+(r+x)]+&-i[$(r--x)]*=ufiv

where
sign is taken tc

2uv=y and where the ambiguous

be the same as the sign of y.
3 . 7 . 28

l&l-I221

Let
sl=[r-+(q3+r2)q+,

Catwhy-Riemann

Equations

au
-=-,

av

au
-=--

av

a~

by

by

ax

;,

; f$=-$

If z=Tefff,
3.7.31

sz=[T-((p3+?3*]*

then

f(z)=f(x+iy)=u(x,yy)+iv(x,y)whereu(x,y),v(z,y
aA real, is unaly& at those points z=z+$
which
3.7.30

Equations

one real root and a pair of complex

c.onjugate roots,
$+9=0,
all roots real and at least two are
equal,
.
p3+r2<0,
all roots real (irreducible case).

_<1z1~~2111211+I~21

Functions,

roots.

$+P>O,

root if - ?r<0 5 7r)

(k=l,2,3,
a . ., n-1)

Inequalities

Complex

If

of Cubic

Z~Z~=C/U

Given Z3+a2z2+ulz+a0==0, let

3.8.2

Zl/n,Tl/nefe/n , (principal

Other roots are Pet(B+2rnln

3.7.29

Equations

If zl, z2, z3 are the roots of the cubic equation

g=;

Z~+Z~+Z~=-CIC~

Laplaces

~~~2+~$,+&~,:=~~

Equation

The functions U(X, y) and v(x, y) are callec

harmonic functions and satisfy Laplaces equation
Cartesian

Polar

3.7.33

r ;

(r g)+$=r

of Quartic

Equations

Given 24+~323+a3~~+~1l~+ag=O,
real root u1 of the cubic equation

3.8.3

Coordinates

i!?+$E~2+g2=o

3.7.32

Solution

U3

a2U2

i-

(~23

4ao)U

(a; j- Uoa$ - kW3)

find the
=

and determine the four roots of the quartic

solutions of the two quadratic equations

Coordinates

(r g+g=o

as

18

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

If all roots of the cubic equation arc real, USC

the value of U, which gives real coefficients in the
*quadratic equation and select signs so that if

METHODS
Method

of Iteration

then

-a3,

4142==0.

Convergence

of

an

fcxk)

xk

2, . . .).

Approximution

Process

(n=l,

bk)

will converge quadratically

to x=5: (if instead of
the condition (2) above),
(1) Monotonic
convergence, f(zO)r(zo) >0
and f(s), j(z) do not change sign in the
interval (Q, t), or
(2) Osdato y conwgence, f(xJf (x0)<0
and f(s), f(z) do not change sign in the
interval (x0, x1), xo<E<xl.
Newtons

3.9.6
x=Nl

3.9.2 Let zl, z2, x3, . . . be an infinite sequence

of approximations
to a number f. Then, if
1%n+~-~I<&n-tlk,

Rule

Then, if f(z)>0
and the constants cn are
negative and bounded, the sequence x,, converges
monotonically
to the root [.
If c,,=c=constant<O
and f(z)>O,
then the
process converges but not necessarily monotonically.
of

Approximations

Methods

3.9.1 Let z=zl be an approximation

to x=[
where f(t) =0 and both x1 and [ are in the interval
a$r<b.
We define

Degree

of Successive

xk+l=

(n=l,

b.

If z=zk is an approximation
to the solution
z= I of f(z) =0 then the sequence

Comments

GI+1=G+C&n)

for aLzSb,

Newtons

Approximation

General

Method

will

3.9.5

-&,

z1z2z3z4=ao.

Czj2,=u2,

3.9. Successive

Newtons

z2 j2,2t=

IF(s)J<q<l

(2) a<xo &F(~)~xo~

-

If zl, z2, z3, z4 are the roots,

z2 j=

Substitution)

3.9.4 The iteration

scheme Q+~=F(z~)
converge to a zero of z=F(z) if
(1)

pl+p2=a2,plp2+pl+q2=a2,p~q2+p2q~=al,

(Successive

Method

Applied

to Real

nth

Roots

Given x=N,
if zk is an approximation
then the sequence
xk+l=-

[$i+(n-l)xk]

2, . . .)
will converge quadratically

to a.

where A and k are independent of n, the sequence

is said to have convergence of at most the kth
degree (or order or index) to [. If k=l
and
A<1 the convergence is linear; if k=2 the convergence is quadratic.
Regula

Falsi

(False

Position)
Aitkene

3.9.3 Given y=f(z) to find 5 such that f(.$)=o,

choose ~0 and x1 such that f(rO) and f(zl) have
opposite signs and compute
x*=x,

-Hi

f,=

f 1~o-JoX,
jlVfO

for

Acceleration

of

Sequences

3.9.7 If 2k, &+I, zri+2 are three successive iterates

in p, sequence converging with an error which is
approximately
in geometric progression, then

*
&=xk-

Then continue with x2 and either of x0 or x1 for

which f(;ro) or j(zl) is of opposite sign to f(zl).
Regula falsi is equivalent to inverse linear interpolation,

G-Process

(5k--k+1)*=;tk~k+2-2:+1.

A*&

is an improved

estimate

OGtk) then Z=s+O(P),

A*Xk

of x.
Ix\<~.

In fact, if zkx+*

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

METHODS

*
3.10.

Theorems

on Continued

Fractions

A,B,_l-A,-lB,=(-l)n-

(4)

(5)

Definitions

kiI al;

For every n>O,

j,=b,

claI

ClC&

c2c3a3

&I-lW%

c,bl+ czbz+ caba+ * * c,b,

(6)

l+b,+b,b,+

. . . +bzb3. . . b,
bz
=-- 1
l- b,+l-

=b,,+&e&.

..

. . . +;=-&

d+$+
If the number of terms is finite, j is called a
ternlinating continued fraction.
If the number
of ternls is infinite, j is called an infinite continued
fraction and the terminating fraction

1
--a0

x+A ...l

_- b3
b,+l-

--&

. . . $yu

t(-1,n----5

aoGa2

aof

=-

aox

n1

_ . . . a,
_- a12

___
al-x+

uo+

b,
* --b,+l

I12-xf

%-1X

* . . +un-2

is called the nth convergent of j.

A
(2) If lim -A exists, the infinite continued fracIt-+- 88
If uf= 1 and the
tion j is said to be convergent.
bt are integers there is always convergence.
Theorems
(1)

If

and br are positive

at

then j2n<j2n+2,

fin-1 >f*n+, .
(2)

If j.=+

n
A,=b,A,-~+a,A,-2
Bn=bnBn-l+anBn-2

where A-1=l,

A,,=bo, B-1=0,

B,=l.

.2

.4

.6

.8

FIGURE 3.1
1 i

y:=xn*
2, 5.

*n=0,,5t 29 1,

Numerical
3.11.
Example

using Table

Use and

Extension

1. Computti
3.1.

of the Tables

xl9 and x4 for x=29

Methods
Linear

3p=x9. x10
=6.10326 1248. 102
= (1.25184 9008. 1036)2/29

in

Table

Repetition

for fourth

yields the same result.

gives

3.1

roots with

1
4 ~7~3+3(5.507144)-]=5.50714
[ .

= (1.45071 4598. 1013)(4.207072333. 1014)

x4= (x*4)2/x

interpolation

(919.826)4-5.507144.
By Newtons method
N=919.826,

3845

Thus,

~~=5.50714 3845/10$=1.74151. 1796,

~-~=zt/x=.18983

05683.

=5.40388 2547. lO6*

3.12.
Example

2.

(9.19826)=

Compute

x-34 for x=9.19826.

(919.826/100)14= (919.826)14/10t

Computing

Techniques

Example
3. Solve the quadratic
equation
x2- 18.2x+.056 given the coeflicients as 18.2 f .l,
*see

page

II.

..

20

ELEMENTARY

.056f

.OOI.

ANALYTICAL

<

METHODS

Example
5. Solve the cubic equation x3- 18.12
-34.8=0.
To use Newtons method we first form the
table of f(z)=23-1S.1r-34.8

From 3.8.1 the solution is

z=4(18.2f-[(18.2)2-4(.05B)]:)
=3(18.2~[:J31]t)=3(18.2~18.~)
= 18.1969, .OOJ

4 -43.2
f(x)

The smaller root may be obtained more accurately

from
*
.05fi/18.1969= .0031& .OOOl.
Example

5
6
7

Compute (-3 + .0076i)i.

4.

From 3.7.26, (-3+.0976i)~=u+iv

Y
r!y
u=2G? I,-= (

.3
72.6
181.5

We obtain by linear inverse interpolation:

where

O-(-.3)
72.6-(-.3)=5oo4

x,=5+

*, j= (t+y)t
>

Thus

Using Newtons method, f(x) =3x2-

r=[(-3)2+(.0076)2]~=(9.00005776)~=3.00000

Ij= 3.00000 9627- (-3)

2

f=

9627

21 =zo-f&J/f

.73205 2196

We note that the principal square root has been

computed.
Example

Solve the quartic equation

6.

~-2.37752

Into

Quadratic

(22 + p12 + qd w

by Inverse

00526
'

'

Repetition yields x1=5.00526 5097. Dividing

f(x) by x-5.00526 5097 gives x2+5.00526 5097x
i-6.95267 869 the zeros of which are -2.50263 2549
f.83036

8OOi.

We seek that value of y, for which y(nJ =O.

Inverse interpolation in ~(a,) gives ~(a,) =O for
pl -2.003.
Then,

Factors

+ p2x + 92)

Interpolation

Starting with the trial value pI = 1 we compute

successively

QI

42

p1= a--am
42-pll

pz=an-p1

9.
4. 053
526

--2. 1. 093
543

2. 2

4. 115

-3.

- 1.. 284
165

106

QI

Inverse interpolation

-2.

550

172

between qI=2.2
:md thus,

- 2: E

Qz

P2

PI

4. 51706
4.,51684
4. 51661

7640
2260
6903

-2.
-2.
-2.

55259
55282
55306

257
851
447

17506
. 17530
. 17553

Y h)

765
358
955

.00078
. 00001
-. 00075

552
655
263

gives q,=2.00420 2152, and we get finally,

_.
2. 00420

4. 520

Inverse interpolation
2.003 gives ql=2.0041,

5. 383

. 729

2. 0041
2. 0042
2. 0043

P2

Ykll)

. 011

Y(Qd=ql-t92+p*P2
- a2

_____

::

171

~~----

2.003

q2=;

C--.07215 9936jz5
57.020048

4922x3+6.07350 5741.x
-11.17938 023s+9.05265 5259=0.

Resolution

18.1 we get

(d

=5.004-

.0076
u=&=2(1.73205
21g6)=.00219 392926

PI

2152

Qz
4. 51683

PI
7410

-2.

55283

Y (Ql)

P2
358

17530

8659

-.

00000

0011

and pl=

ELEMENTARY
Double

Precision

Multiplication
Desk
Calculator

and

Division

ANALYTICAL
on

Example
7. MultiplyM=20243
97459 71664 32102
by m=69732 82428 43662 95023 on a 10X10X20
desk calculating machine.
Let MO=20243 97459, Ml=71664 32102, mO=
69732 82428, ml=43662 95023. Then Mm=
M0m0102+ (Mom,+Mlmo) 101o+M~ml.
(1) Multiply ,W1m1=31290 75681 96300 28346
and record the digits 96300 28346 appearing in
positions 1 to 10 of the product dial.
(2) Transfer the digits 31290 75681 from positions 11 to 20 of the product dial to positions 1 to
10 of the product dial.
(3) Multiply cumulatively M,mo+Mom,+31290
75681=58812 67160 12663 25894 and record the
digits 12663 25894 in positions 1 to 10.
(4) Transfer the digits 58812 67160 from positions 11 to 20 to positions 1 t,0 10.
(5) Multiply cumulatively Mom,+58812 67160
=14116 69523 40138 17612. The results as obtained are shown below,
9630028346
1266325894
14116695234013817612
141166952340138176121266325894963~?28346

If the product Mm is wanted to 20 digits, only

the result obtained in step 5 need be recorded.
Further, if the allowable error in the 20th place is
a unit, the operation MImI may be omitted.
When either of the factors M or m contains less
than 20 digits it is convenient to position the
numbers as if they both had 20 digits. This
multiplication process may be extended to any
higher accuracy desired.
8. Divide N=14116 69523 40138 17612
by d=20243 97459 71664 32102.
Method (1)--linear interpolation.

Method @)--If N and d are numbers each not

more than 19 digits let N=N1+NolOQ,
d=dI+
dolO where No and do contain 10 digits and N,
and dl not more than 9 digits. Then
N NolOQ+N, zs- 1 [.N-y]
d=,lOQ+d,
dolO
Here
N= 14116 69523 40138 1761,
d=20243# 97459 71664 3210
No= 14116 69523, do=20243 97459,
d,=71664 3210
(1) NodI= 10116 63378 42188 8830 (productdial).
(2) (Nod,)/do=49973 55504 (quotient dial).
(3) N- (N&/d,=
14116 69!;22 90164 62106
(product dial).
(4) [N- (NodI)/do]/dolOQ= .69732 82428=first 10
digits of quotient in quotient dial. Remainder
=r=O8839 11654, in positions 1 to 10 of product
dial.
(5) r/(d010Q)=.43662 9502.10-O=next 9 digits of
quotient.
N/d=.69732 82428 43662 9502. This
method may be modified to give the quotient of
20 digit numbers. Method (1) may be extended
to quotients of numbers containing more than 20
digits by employing higher order interpolation.
9. Sum the series S= l-&+*-i
to
5D
using the Euler transform.
+
The sum of the first 8 terms is .634524 to 6D.
If u,=ljn
we get
Example

n
9

%7
. 111111

10

. 100000

Difference X.71664 32102=24685 64402&10-*O

(note this is an 11 X 10 multiplication).
Quotient=
(69732 82430 90519 39054-246856 44028).10-20
=.69732 82428 43662 95028
There is an error of 3 units in the 20th place due
to neglect of the contribution from second differences.

A*u,

Au,

A3u,

A%,,

-11111

Example

N/20243 97459.101= .69732 82430 90519 39054

N/20243 97460.10= .69732 82427 46057 26941
Difference=3 44462 12113.

21

METHODS

2020
-505

-9091
11

. 090909
-7576

12

156

1515

. 083333

-349
1166

-6410
13

. 076923

From 3.6.27 we then obtain

SC 634524+.111111
-_
2

(-.011111)+.002020
23
22
-(-- .000505) +.000156
24
26

= .634524+ .055556+ .002778+ .000253

-+ .000032+ .000005
= .693148
(S=ln 2=.6931472 to 7D).

22

ELEMENTARY

Example

10.

Evaluate

s0

- F
=&

dx=g

s,.

$?jk-=glI k-+l& (k+10)-2

transform.

(Icfl)= y

s, sin;;;;t)

METHODS

m sin 2
dx
s Cl J:

the integral

=- G to 4D using the Euler

ANALYTICAL

dx
1
+jY&p-

dt+%

Evaluating
the integrals
in
numerical integration we get

(-l)f

dt.

where f(k)

the last

sum

by

$, k-2=1.54976
s

= (k+10)-2.

...

Thus,

7731+.1

- .005 + .00016 6667 - .OOOOO0333

= 1.64493 4065,

Ic

as compared

1.85194

Example

.43379

12.

A2

A3

A4

4067.

Compute

arctanx=$3+g7+

.25661
. 18260

with $=1.64493

to 5D for x= .2. Here

n>l,
&,=O, b,=2n-1,

x2 4x2 9x2
al=x,
A-l=l,

. . .

an=(n-l)2x2
for
Bdl=O, A,,=O,

. 14180

-2587
.11593

799
- 1788

-321

478

.09805

-1310

- 168

.08495

A0
-=
Bo

153

310
- 1000

A
-r,*g

.07495
The sum to k=3
is 1.49216.
Applying
Euler transform
to the remainder we obtain

Bl

the

A=.197368

f (.14180)-h

(-.02587)+&

B2

(.00799)

A3

-;

(-.00321)+$

= .07090 + .00647 + .00100+ .00020

+ .00005
= .07862
We obtain the value of the integral
compared with 1.57080.
Example

11.

as 1.57018 as

Sum the series $I kep==f

P
the Euler-Maclaurin
summation formula.
From 3.6.28 we have for n= a,

B=.197396

(.00153)

using

[II
A4

3.032

Bq = 15.36

Note that in carrying out the recurrence method

for computing continued fractions the numerators
A, and the denominators
B, must be used as
originally
computed.
The numerators
and denominators
obtained by reducing An/B, to lower
terms must not be used.

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

23

METHODS

References
Texts

[3.1] R. A. Buckingham,
Numerical
methods (Pitman
Publishing Corp., New York, N.Y., 1957).
[3.2] T. Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 1948).
[3.3] L. Fox, The use and construction of mathematical
tables, Mathematical
Tables, vol. 1, National
Physical Laboratory
(Her Majestys Stationery
Office, London, England, 1956).
[3.4] G. H. Hardy, A course of pure mathematics, 9th
ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
and The Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y., 1947).
[3.5] D. R. Hartree,
Numerical
analysis (Clarendon
Press, Oxford, England, 1952).
[3.6] F. B. Hildebrand, Introduction
to numerical analysis
(McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1956).
[3.7] A. S. Householder, Principles of numerical analysis
(McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1953).
[3.8] L. V. Kantorowitsch
and V. I. Krylow, Naherungsmethoden der Hoheren Analysis (VEB Deutscher
Verlag der Wissenschaften,
Berlin, Germany,
1956; translated from Russian, Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
1952).
[3.9] K. Knopp, Theory and application of infinite series
(Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England, 1951).
[3.10] Z. Kopal, Numerical analysis (John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1955).
[3.11] G. Kowalewski,
Interpolation
und genaherte Quadratur (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1932).
[3.12] K. S. Kuns, Numerical
analysis (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1957).
[3.13] C. Lanczos, Applied analysis (Prentice-Hall,
Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1956).
[3.14] I. M. Longman, Note on a method for computing
infinite integrals of oscillatory functions, Proc.
Cambridge Philos. Sot. 52, 764 (1956).
[3.15] S. E. Mikeladze,
Numerical
methods of mathematical analysis (Russian) (Gos. Izdat. TehnTeor. Lit., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1953).
[3.16] W. E. Milne, Numerical calculus (Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton, N.J., 1949).
[3.17] L. M. Milne-Thomson,
The calculus of finite differences (Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, England,
1951).

[3.18] H.
[3.19]

(3.201
[3.21]

[3.22]
[3.23]

[3.24]
[3.25]

Mineur,
Techniques
de calcul numerique
(Librairie
Polytechnique
Ch. B&anger,
Paris,
France, 1952).
National Physical Laboratory,
Modern computing
methods, Notes on Applied1 Science No. 16 (Her
Majestys Stationery
Office, London, England,
1957).
J. B. Rosser, Transformations
to speed the convergence of series, J. Research NBS 46, 56-64
(1951).
J. B. Scarborough,
Numerical mathematical
analysis, 3d ed. (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore,
Md.; Oxford Univ. Press, London,
England,
1955).
J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation
(Chelsea Publishing
Co., New York, N.Y., 1950).
H. S. Wall, Analytic theory of continued fractions
(D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1948).
E. T. Whittaker and G. Robinson, The calculus of
observations,
4th ed. (Blackie and Son, Ltd.,
London, England, 1944).
R. Zurmtihl,
Praktische
M.athematik
(SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1953).

Mathematical

Tables

and

Collections

of Formulas

[3.26] E. P. Adams, Smithsonian mathematical

formulae
and tables of elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The
Smithsonian Institution,
Wa,shington, D.C., 1957).
[3.27] L. J. Comrie, Barlows tables of squares, cubes,
square roots, cube roots a,nd reciprocals of all
integers up to 12,500 (Chelmical Publishing
Co.,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1954).
[3.28] H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathematical data, 3d ed. (The Macmillan
Co., New
York, N.Y., 1957).
[3.29] Gt. Britain H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, Interpolation and allied tables (Her Majestys Stationery Office, London, England, 1956).
[3.30] B. 0. Peirce, A short table of integrals, 4th ed.
(Ginn and Co., Boston, Mass., 1956).
[3.31] G. Schulz, Formelsammlung
zur praktischen Mathematik (de Gruyter and Co., Berlin, Germany,
1945).

24

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

Table 3.1

AND ROOTS nk

k
:
3
4
:
7
fz

10
24

nl=

for use

See Examples 1-5

T&L
n3,
nL
5
12=
.L

16

n7==

128

of the table.
Floating decimal notation:
910=3486784401
= (9)3.4867 84401

s
8

l/3
l/4
l/5

1024

167

77216

&L

1.4142 13562

nl/3=
.&4=
7$1/5=

1.2599
I.1892
1.1486

2
i
190
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(16)5.9604

64478

2.2360
1.7099
1.4953

66176

1.8171 20593
1.5650 84580

1.9158
2.6457
1.9129
1.6265

12314
51311
31183
76562

1.4309

1.4757

73162

(18)4.7383

81338

2.4494

1.3797 29662

24

w
v3
l/4
v5

10000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

3.1622
2.1544

77660
34690

1.5848

69081

93192

1
17
194
2143
9)2.3579

(
(10)2.5937

2::
3375
50625
7 59375
113 90625
1708
59375
11)5.7665
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(28)1.6834

79

85984

358
4299
9)5.1597

31808
81696
80352

10)6.1917
(25)7.9496

84720

3.4641
2.2894
1.8612
1.6437

01615
28485
09718
51830

14
-.241
41U3
9j6.9757

2%
4913
83521
19857
_37569-38673
57441

16
256
4096
65536

10 48576
167 77216

36422

35456
67296
47674
11628

(llj1.1858

03906

2684
914.2949
(lOj6;8719
(12)1.0995

(12)2.0159

93900

11220

(28)7.9228

16251

(29)3.3944

86713

3.8729
2.4662

83346
12074

1.7187

71928

1.9679 89671

00000

4.0000
2.5198
2.0000
1.7411

42100

00000

01127

1.4142
1.3195

1342 17728

(21)4.7223
2.8284
2.0000
1.6017
1.5157

4.1231
2.5712
2.0305

78765

05626
81591
43185

1.7623 40348

13562
07911

7%

6561
59049
5 31441
47 82969
430 46721
3874
20489
9)3.4867
84401

41824

66483

(22)7.9766

27125

00000

92831
16567

44308

00000

3.0000
2.0800
1.7320
1.5518

83823
50808
45574

13

1946

169
--_

2197
28561
3 71293
48 26809
627 48517
8157
30721

-. __._

24790
80091
60287
94266

49570
74013
30940

9)1.0737

1728
20736
2 48832

61051
71561
87171
58881
47691
32676

3.3166
2.2239
1.8211
1.6153

12

1::
1331
14641

42460

(24)9.8497

1.7782 79410

(20)

89743

10:
1000

1
10
100
1000
( 9 11.0000
(10 1.0000
(24) 1.0000

23543
64801
53607
75249

49167

00000
1.5874 01052
2.0000

516;
4096
32168
2 62144
20 97152
167 77216

1 17649
8
57
403
2824

(14)2.8147

3:;
2401
16807

100 77696

61977
75947
48781

1.4422
1.3160
1.2457
7

2::
1296
7716
46656
2 79936
16 79616

604

1024
4096
16384
65536
2 62144
10 48516

(11)2.8242 95365
1.7320 50808

21050
07115
98355

6
2:
125
625
3125
15625
78125
3 90625
19 53125
97 65625

:
3
4

2:;
729
2187
6561
19683
59049

25%

.lO=
$4,

27

2:

nL
ngss=

l/2

METHODS

10)1.0604
11)1.3785

2744
38416
5 37824
75 29536
1054
13504

49937
84918

(26)5.4280

07704

3.6055
2.3513

51275
34688

1.6702

71652

(27)3.2141

1.8988 28922

1
18
340
6122

4.2426
2.6207
2.0597
1.7826

3::
5832
04976
89568
12224
20032

58845

24
470
8938

(30)4.8987

40687
41394
67144
02458

57381
42264

1.9343 36420
1.6952 18203

10)1.1019 96058
11 1.9835 92904
12 1 3.5704 67227
(30)1.3382

99700

3.7416
2.4101

6859
30321
76099
45881
71739

62931

4.3588
2.6684
2.0877
1.8019

98944
01649
97630
83127

23

24

w
l/3
l/4
l/5

42000
8000
60000

1 94481

32
640
9) 1.2800
10)2.5600
(11)5.1200
(13)1.0240

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

( 9)1.8010
(10)3.7822
(11)7.9428
(13)1.6679

(31)1.6777

21600

(31)5.4108

4.4721
2.7144
2.1147
1.8205

35955
17617
42527
64203

4::
10648
2 34256
51 53632
1133
79904

441
9261

40
857

4.5825
2.7589
2.1406

84101
66121
88541

5::
13824
3 31776
79 62624
1911
02976

85936
00466
88098

19838
75695
24176
95143

1.8384 16287

(32)1.6525
4.6904
2.8020
2.1657

10926
15760
39331
36771

1.8556 00736

(32)4.8025
4.7958
2.8438
2.1899
1.8721

07640
31523
66980
38703
71231

(33)1.3337
4.8989
2.0844
2.2133
1.8881

35777
79486
99141
63839
75023

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

6::

(33)3.5527
13679
5.0000 00000
2.9240 17738
2.2360 67977
1.9036 53939

26
676
17576
4 56976
118 81376
3089 15776
9 8.0318 10176
11 2.0882 70646
12 5.4295 03679
14 I 1.4116 70957
33)9.1066 85770
5.0990 19514
2.9624 96068
2.2581 00864
1.9186 45192

9::
27000
6 10000
243 00000
7290 00000
10 2.1870 00000
11 6.5610 00000
13 1.9683 00000
Ii 14 5.9049 00000
(35)2.8242
95365
5.4772 25575
3.1072 32506
2.340347319
1.9743 50486

31
961
29791
23521
29151
03681
61411
10374
62216
82870
26610
64363
80652
11062
40755

15625
3 90625
97 65625
2441 40625

35
1225
42875
15 00625
525 21075

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

15)2.7585 47354
(37)1.1419
13124
5.9160 79783
3.2710 66310
2.4322 99279
2.0361 68005
40
1600
64000
25 60000
1024 00000

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

6
7

10
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(16)1.0485
(38)2.8147
6.3245
3.4199
2.5148
2.0912

76000
49767
55320
51893
66859
79105

45
2025
91125
41 00625
1845 28125
( 9)8.3037 65625
(11)3.7366
94531
(13 1.6815 12539
(14 7.5668 06426
(I6 I 3.4050 62892
(39)4.7544
50505
6.7082 03932
3.5568 93304
2.5900 20064
2.1411 27368

9
286
0675
10 2.7512
11 8.5289
13 2.6439
14 8.1962
(35)6.2041
5.5677
3.1413
2.3596
1.9873

II

46656
16 79616
604 66176

15)3.6561
(37)2.2452
6.0000
3.3019
2.4494
2.0476

28
1158
9)4.7501
11)1.9475
12)7.9849
(38)5.0911
6.4031
3.4482
2.5304
2.1016

58440
25771
00000
27249
89743
72511
16G
68921
25761
56201
04241
42739
25229
10945
24237
17240
39534
32478

25

METHODS

AND ROOT!3

nk

Table

21

5
143
3674
10 1.0460
11 2.8242
12 7.6255
14 I 2.0589
34)2.2528
5.1961
3.0000
2.2795
1.9331

729
19683
31441
48907
20489
35320
95365
97405
11321
39954
52423
00000
07057
82045

32768
10 48576
335 54432

(36)1.3292
5.6560
3~1748
2.3704
2.0000

27996
54249
02104
14230
00000

37
1369
50653
18 74161
693 43957

(37)4.3335
6.0827
3.3322
2.4663
2.0589

25711
62530
21852
25715
24137

17::
74088
31 11696
1306 91232

(38)9.0778
6.4807
3.4760
2.5457
2.1117

49315
40698
26645
29895
85765

1
48
2293
(10 1.0779
11 5.0662
13 2.3811
15 1.1191
ii16 5.2599
(40)1.3500
6.8556
3.6088
2.6183
2.1598

22d9
03823
79681
45007
21533
31205
28666
30473
13224
46075
54600
26080
30499
30012

6
172
4818
10 1.3492
11 3.7780
13 1.0578
II 14 2.9619
(34)5.3925
5.2915
3.0365
2.3003
1.9472

7::
21952
14656
10368
90304
92851
19983
45595
61661
32264
02622
88972
26634
94361

10;;
35937
11 85921
391 35393
9 1.2914'67969
'10 4.2618 44298
'12 1.4064 08618
113I 4.6411 48440
15)1.5315 78985
(36)2.7818
55434
5.7445 62647
3.2075 34330
2.3967 El727
2.0123 46617
30
1444
54672
20 85136
792 35168
9 3.0109 36384
11 1.1441 55826
~12 4.3477 92138
14 1.6521 61013
15 I 6.2782 11848
(37)8.2187
60383
6.1644 14003
3.3619 75407
2.4828 23796
2.0699 35054

34
1470
9 6.3213
11 I 2.7181
13 1.1688
14 1 5.0259
16)2.1611
39)1.5967
6.5574
3.5033
2.5607
2.1217

18:;
79507
18801
08443
63049
86111
20028
26119
48231
72093
38524
98060
49602
47461

1
53
2548
10)1.2230
11 5.8706
13 12.8179
1.3526

23::
10592
08416
03968
59046
83423
28043
05461

40)2.2376
6.9282
3.6342
2.6321
2.1689

37322
03230
41186
48026
43542

8::

24389
7 07281
2105 11149
5948 23321

(35)1.2518
5.3851
3.0723
2.32!05
1.9610

49008
64807
16826
95787
09057

34
1156
39304
13 36336
454 35424
9)1.5448 04416

(36)5.

6950
5.8309
3.2396
2.41147
2.0;!43

03680
51895
11801
36403
97459
19

15%
59319
23 13441
902 24199

(38)1.5330
6.2449
3. 3912
2.4989
2.0807

29700
97998
11443
99399
16549

19;:
85184
37 48096
1649 16224

(39)2.7'724
6.6332
3.5303
2.5'755
2.1'315

53276
49581
48335
09577
25513

47

21;:
97336
44 77456
2059 62976

(39)8.0572
6.7823
3.5830
2.6042
2.1505

70802
29983
47871
90687
60013

_ _._..

57 64801

(40)3.6703
7.0000
3.6!593
2.6457
2.1'779

The numbers
in square brackets
at the bottom of the page mean that the maximum
error in a linear interpolate
is
a X 10-P (p in parentheses),
and that to interpolate
to
the full tabular accuracy
11~ poJnts must be used in Lagrange's
and Aitkens
methods for
the respective
functions
W'.
*See page xx.

3.1

36822
00000
05710
51311
06425

26

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND ROOTS

k
:
:
2
7
t
10
24

l/2
l/3
:::

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

1
62
3125
10 1.5625
11 7.8125
13 3.9062
15 1.9531
16 I 9.7656
(40)5.9604
1.0710

3.6840
2.6591
2.1867

25::
25600
50000
00000
00000
00000
50000
25000
25000
64478
67812
31499
47948
24148

30::
1 66375
91 50625
5032 84375
10 2.7680
64063
12 1.5224
35234
'13 8.3733
93789
'15 I 4.6053
66584
:17)2.5329
51621
(41)5.8708
98173
7.4161
98487
3.8029
52461
2.7232
69815
2.2288
07384

1
67
3450
10 I 1.7596
11 8.9741
13 4.5167
1.1904
40)9.5870
7.1414
3.1084
2.6723
2.1954

7176

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(42)4.7383
7.7459
3.9148
2.7831
2.2679

45118
01897

67858

1.4833

14774

3.8258
2.7355
2.2368

62366
64800
53829

60
3600
2 16000
129 60000
10)4.6656

29769

48342
02551
11157
49614
44515

1.7488

74104

(41i2.4133
7.2801
3.1562
2.6981
2.2123

53110
09889

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(44)1.9158
8.3666
4.1212
2.8925
2.3389

12314
00265
85300
07608
42837

.1[(-,,9]

67876
56822

(41)3.7796
7.3484
3.7197
2.7108
2.2206

38253
69228
63150
06011
43035

57

(42)1.3835
7.5498
3.8485
2.1476
2.2447

55344
34435
01131
96205

86134

34::
2 05379
121 17361
7149 24299

(42)2.1002
7.6157
3.8708
2.7596
2.2526

54121
73106
76641
69021
07878

(42)3.1655
7.6811
3.8929
2.7714
2.2603

43453
45748
96416
88002
22470
64

(42)

7.0455

68477

7.8102

49676

3.9364

97183

2.7946
2.2754

(43)

82393
43032

1.0408
7.8740
3.9578

2.8060
2.2828

66
4356
2 81496

189

(43)4.6671

8.1240
4.0412
2.8502
2.3115

79722
07874

; 43; 1.5281

75339

91610
66263
55056

7.9372

53933

3.9790
2.8173
2.2901

57208
13241
72049

44:;
3 00763

74736

78950
38405
40021
69883
79249

39%
2 50047
157 52961
9974
36547._
.._. ___

38::
2 38328
147 76336
9161 32832

201

(43)6.6956
8.1853
4.0615

2.8610
2.3185

88867

(43)9.5546

52172

8.2462

48100
05553
41963

4.081'6
2.8716
2.3254

254
( 9 I 1.8042
(11 1.2810
I 14
12 9.0951
6.4515
(16 I 4.5848
(18 3.2552
(44)2.6927
8.4261
4.1408
2.9027
2.3455

11681
29351
02839

20158
35312
50072
43551
76876
49773
17749
83108
81669

,i[(-;)4]

3 73248
268 13856

( 9I
(11
13
14

1.9349
1.3931
1.0030
1.2220

17632
40695
61300
41363

[ :86{ :: :I;:
(44)3.7668
8.4852
4.1601
2.9129
2.3521

i::::
63772
81374
67646
50630
58045

(43)2.2300
8.0000
4.0000
2.8284
2.2973

30685
11251
55102
21711
22030

(44)1.3563
8.3066
4.1015
2.8821
2.3322

70007
23863
65930
21417
21626

54::
4 05224
299 86576

3 89017
283 98241
-71593
9 2.0730

11 1.5133
13 1.1047
14 I 8.0646

74520
00000
00000
27125
96710

4766;
3 28509
226 67121

73
5329

5184

50::
3 57911

40%
2 62144
167 77216

462648
3 14432
213 81376

51121

72

49::
3 43000
240 10000

85154

54
2916
1 51464
85 03056
4591 65024

3244
1 85193
105 56001
6016 92057

00000

4226:
2 74625
178 50625
( 9)1.1602
90625
10)7.5418
89063
12)4.9022
27891
3.1864
48129
I
('l8)1.3462
74334
(43)3.2353
44710
8.0622
51148
4.0207
25159
2.8394
11514
2.3045
31620

53
2809
48877
90481
95493
36113
11140
69041
63592

il17
(41)1.5278
7.2111
3.7325
2.6853
2.2039

37;:
2 26981
138 45841
8445 96301

00000

81338
66692
67641
57684
33155

1
78
4181
2.2164
1.1747
6.2259
3.2997

10
12
13
15

94451

24238
33090
28429

nk

52
2704
1 40608
73 11616
3802 04032

26;:
32651
65201
25251
28780
06779

56
3136
1 75616
98 34496
5507 31776

(41)9.0471

METHODS

42263
39852
00919

16 5 2976
1814:
8871 58671
25830

;44;5.2450

,i[(-55131

8.5440
4.1793
2.9230
2.3586

38047
03745
39196
12786
55818

(44)7.2704
8.6023
4.1983
2.9329
2.3650

:[(-55)2]

49690
25261
36454
72088
82169

75
5625
4 21875
316

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(45)1.0033
8.6602
4.2171
2.9428
2.3714

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND ROOTS

76
5776
4 38976
333 62176

40625

91278
54038
63326
30956
40610

ELEMENTARY

(45)1.3788

79182

8.7177

97887

4.2358
2.0525
2.3777

23584
91724
30992

nk

Table

59:;
4 56533
351 53041

(45)1.8870
8.7749
4.2543
2.9622
2.3839

23915
64387
20865

6078:
4'74552
370 15056

55503

8.8317
4.:2726
2.'3718
2. 3901

67;:
5 51368
452 12176

474

56638

27

METHO:DS

60866

58682
27866
15677

3.1

62:;
4 93039
389 50081

(45)3.4918
8.8881
4;2908
2.9813
2.3962

06676

94417
40427
07501
12991

81
b56i

6480:

40:

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(45)4.7223
8.9442
4.3088
2.9906
2.4022

522

24

(19)1.2157

66483

(45)6.X626

71747

(46)2.6789
9.:!736
4.41140
3.0452
2.4372

8190:

9
11 I
13
15
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

65:
5.9049
5.3144
4.7829
4.3046

46)7.9766
9.4868
4.4814
3.0800
2.4595

8
814
9 7.7378
11 I 7.3509
13 6.9633
15 I b.6342
17 6.3024
19 5.9873
(47)2.919.3
9.7467
4.5629
3.1219
2.4862

(45) a.5414

66801

9.0553

85138
81486

6 36056
547 00816

00625

44457
29672
70277
53252

85441

00000
48711
00000
24685
86
7396

72;:
6 14125

39031
18495
04962
61646

47818

29000

82::
53571

10000
00000

74961
21451

10000

92520
10194
25276
98001
6118i
04400
92014

69000

72100
04890
84401
44308

(47)

32981
04747
70288
09486

1.0399
9.!;393
4.4979
3.0885
2.4649

41445

90619
50932

96
9216
8 04736

90;:
57375
50625
09375
18906
72961

849

34656

02635

85641
49570

(19)6.6483
(47)3. 7541
9.?979
4.!,788
3.I.301
2.4914

4-55151

70::

5 92704
497 87136

4.3444
3.0092
2.4141

16698
41771
87

7569
6 58503
572 89761
9)4.9842
09207

(46)3.5355
9.3273
4.4310
3.0540
2.4428

91351
79053
47622
75810
89656

92
8464
7 78688
716 39296

(46)1.1425
9. 1104
4. 3620
3. ~0183
2A200

a5726
63047
57435
41015
44749

97
9P"9
.-,
9 12673
885 29281

26360
32467
58971
56970
69160
61879

4-y]

(17)7.6023
(19)7.3742
(47)4.8141
9.8488
4.5947
3.1382
2.4966

10587
41269
72219
57802
00892
a8993
30932
1

;[(-y]

(46)1.5230
9.1651
4.3795
3.0274
2.4258

(46)4.6514
9.:3808
4.4479
3.13628
2.4484

04745
31520
60181
14314
79851

(46)6.1004
9.4339
4.4647
3.0714
2.4540

25945
81132
45096
78656

19455
94
8836

86:;
a 04357
748 05201
9)6.9568
83693
11 6.4699
01834
13 6.0170
08706
17 5.2041
19 4.8398
47)1:7522
9.6436
4. 5306
3.1054
2.4756

10388
51390
19140
00104
04834

89
7921
7 04969
627 42241

.,

15 5.!5958

(47)1.3517
9.5916
4.5143
3.0970
2.4703

47375
33579
70671
49479
01407

88
-I"44
6 81472
599 69536

a 30584
780 74896

18097

10830
23072
28603
5Oi'bl
54896
22799
91866

9d48
9 41192
922 36816
9)9.0392
07868

(47)2.2650
9.6953
4.5468
3.1137
2.4809

960

01461
59715
35944
37258
93182
98:;
9 70299
59601

11 8.8584
13 1 8.6812
15)8.5076
8.3374

23E109
55932
30226
77621

I 119 I 9.5099
9.4148
I 13
15 9.3206
9.2274

00499
01494
46944
53479

(47)6.1578
9.8994
4.0104
3.1463
2.5017

03265
945'37

(47)7.8567
9.9498
4.6260
3.1543
2.5068

81408
74371
65009
42146
42442

I::{;:z: 2383%

04313

94097
69392
90243
94345

611:;

5 71787
58321

66546

9.0000
4.3267
3.0000
2.4082

97562
48868

9.2195
4.3968
3.0363
2.4315

l/3
l/4
l/5

5 31441
430 46721

71910
69380

(46)2.0232

l/2

12000
60000
00000
40000
52000
21600
77280
41824

36292

46284
57527

,,a[,-;)91

28

ELEMENTARY

Table

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

3.1

METHODS

AND ROOTS

nk

101
10201
10 30301
1040 60401

:
:

103
10609

102
10404
10 61200
1002 43216

10 92121
1125 50001

1nr
__.

10816
11 24864
1169 85856

7"
:
10
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(48)1.0000
( 1)1.0000
4.6415
3.1622
2.5110

00000
00000
00034
11660
66432

48) 1.2691

2.5168

105
11025
11 57625
1215 50625

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

Iii10
14 1.2762
12
1.3400
1.4071

95641
00423
81563

16 1.4774
18 1.5513
20 1.6280
(48)3.2250
( 1)1.0246
4.7116
3.2010
2.5365

55444
28216

24
l/3
l/4
l/5

(48)9.8497
( 1)1.0408
4.7914
3.2385
2.5602

(4Q4.0489
( 1)1.0295
4.1326
3.2086
2.5413

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

17
2073
10)2.4883
12)2.9059

24

l/3
l/4
l/5

(20)6.1917
(49)7.9496
( 1)1.0954
4.9324
3.3097
2.6051

4.6123
3.1719
2.5218

20720
71028
54546

(48)2.0327
1)1.0140
4.6075
3.1857
2.5267

107
11449
12 25043
1310 79601

32676
08048
19857
31040
21376

17619
80529
44131
22111

90170

34641
63014
23491
80436
30642

(48)5.0723
( 1)1.0344
4.1414
3.2162
2.5461

111
12321
13 67631
1518 07041

(49)1.2239
( 1) 1.0535
4.0058
3.2458
2.5640

115
13225

(49)2.0625
( 1)1.0723
4.0629
3.2147
2.5830

37249

15658
65375
95534
67180
65499

__._-

120
14400
20000
60000
20000
04000

lb
1873

(49)4.3297
( 1)1.0016
4.8909
3.2008
2.5920

14641
17 71561
2143 50001

22::

36422
04720

45115
24149
50920
71085

(49)9.7017
( 1)1.1000
4.9460

23378
07443
00000

3.3166
2.6094

24790
90635

11[(-45)3]

,@]

59396

21453
07613

b2893
f3;;:

3:2531
2.5694

15 60096
1810 63936

20)4.4114
35079
(49)3.5236
41704
( 1)1.0770
32961
4.0769
90961
3.2810
18035
2.5075,66964

66953
00043

112
12544
14 04928
1573 51936

(49)1.5170
( 1):';;;;

(50)1.1820
( 1y;;
3:3234
2.6137

53123
70314

56186
97660

03156

09795
49001

lb30

41361

(49)1.8708
( 1)1.0630
4.8345
3.2603
2.5740

09051
14581
00127
90439
42354

01613
88721

122
14884
15048
33456
00163
03959
10830
07213
02000
31415
50242
;;a;;

108
11664
59712
40896
28077
74323
24269
30210
04627
24997
80737
30405

lb
1930

(49)5.3109
( l)l.O862
4.9040
3.2950
2.5964

118
13924
43032
71716

00621

70049
60131
73252
20703

123
15129
18 60061
2280 06641
I
I
(50)1.4370
( 1)1.1090
4.9731
3.3302
2.6100

,4-;V3]

80104
53651
89033
45713
68602

46q6)5]

04165
03903
69375
36868
67508

40)2.5633

1)1.0190
4.7026
3.1934
2.5316

109
11801
12 95029
1411 58161

(48)7.9110
( 1)1.0440
4.7768
3.2311
2.5555

113
12769
14 42097

__-_,

20675
65303
73246
68168
12982

94106
89157
40148
32501
80003

12
1360
10 1.4693
12 1.5868
14 1.7138
16 1.8509
18 I 1.9990
20)2.1589
4Q6.3411
1)1.0392
4.lb22
3.2237
2.5500

94627

99944
95077
93980
85873
17482

15 20075
1749 00625

24

90229

(48)1.6084

106
11236
11 91016
1262 41696

110
12100
13 31000
1464 10000

34649

83175
30651
56181
46315
55391
114
12996
14 01544

(49)2.3212
( 1)1.0677
4.0480
3.2675
2.5705

lb
2005

(49)6.5031
( 1)1.0900
4.9106
3.3028
2.6000

20685
07825
07586
79071

02140
119
14161
85159
33921

99444
71211
64734
33952
14507
124
15376

19
2364
10 2.9316
12 3.6352
14 4.5076
16 I 5.5095
10)6.9309
(20)8.5944
(50)1.7463
( 1)1.1135
4.9066
3.3369
2.6223

06624

21376
25062
15077
66696
06703
80312
25506
06393

52073
30952
93965
11047

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS
125
15625
19 53125
2441 40625

10 3.0517
12 3.8146
14 4.7683
16 I 5.9604
18) 7.4505

57813

(10 1 3.1757
(12 4.0015

96938
04141

(14 I 5.0418

95218

20)9.3132

91266
71582
64478
80597
25746

24

50)2.1175

82368

(50)2.5638

52774

l/2

1)1.1180

33989

( 1)1.1224

97216

5.0000
3.3431
2.6265

l/3
l/4
l/5

(16

6.3527

(18
(21)

8.0045

30000
09000
51700
07210

1.3785

84918

131

(50)5.4280

07704

(50)6.

( 1)1.1401

75425

( 1)1.1445

97019
48375

5.0787
3.3831
2.6512

11681

24

1.3427
( 1)1.1618

97252
95004

5.1299
3.4086
2.6672

27840
58099
68608

(51)

l/3
l/4
l/5

(10)5.3782

40000

(12)7.5295
(15)1.0541
(17) 1.4757

36000
35040

(19
24
l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

( 1)1.1832
5.1924
3.4397
2.6867

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1'0
24

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

2.0661

(21 I 2.8925
(51)3.2141

89056

51)1.6030

01028

1)1.1661

90379

99700

51)3.8129

15957
94102
90628
39790

( 1) 1.1874

145
21025
30 48625
4420 50625
0 6.4097
34063
2 1 9.2941
14391
15)1.3476
46587
17)1.9540
87551
19)2.8334
26948
21)4.1084
69075
51)7.4616
01544

( 1)1.1489

02016
87418
18888
25688
37894
59535
56968

19 2.2027
21)3.1059

04678
46550

5.2048
3.4459
2.6905

5.0916
3.3895
2.6553

(51)1.9111
( 1)1.1704
5.1551
3.4212
2.6751

63181
52970
OR461
141
19881
03221
54161
83670
41975
84764

1)1.2041
5.2535
3.4701
2.7056

59458
87872
00082
62363

13625

0,1597
31428
67602
84058

1)1.2083
5.2656
3.4760
2.7093

Table
128
16384
20 97152
2684 35456

44882
69991
36735
13222
25206

19 2.3474
21 3.3333
(51)
(

129
16641
21. 46689
276) 22881

91621

(50)3.7414

44192

(50)4.5097

56022

( 1)1.1313

70850

( 1)1.135;'

81669

5.0396
3.3635
2.6390

23
3129
10)4.1615
12)5.5349
14 7.3614

84200
85661
15822

5.0527
3.37O:L
2.6431.

133
17689
52637
00721
79589
00854
18136

134
17956
24
3224

I 21)1.7318
19)1.3021
16
1 9.7906

86120
61254
74468

(50)9.3851

10346

( 1)1.1532

56259

4.3204
5.7893
7.7577
l.O39!j
1.3920
1.8665
( 51) 1.1233
1)1.1575

68722
62690
18337

5.1172
3.4023
2.6633

5.1044
3.3959
2.6593

74347
36005
26458

10 I
12
14
17 I
19
21

06104
17936

00342
36459
10855
33255
74561
85912
50184
83690
29947
28159
05339

139
19321
26 85619
373'3 01041

26 28072
3626 73936

(51)2.2756

11258

( 51)2.7061

70815

( 1)1.1747

34012

1)1.178')

82612

5.1676
3.4274
2.6790

49252
39296
19145

_-1

5.18O:l
3.4336
2.6828

01467
31623
90577

144
20736
29 85984
4299 81696

.I

29 24207
4181 61601
10) 5.9797
10894

43237
69396

4.5177

29930

1)1.1916
5.2171
3.4520
2.6943

37529
03446
10326
72696

(51)5.3464
( 1)1.1958
5.2293
3.4580
2.6981

141
21609
31 76523
4669 48881
10)6.8641
48551

21)4.7116
(52)1.0366

53533
11527

35565
32088
04545
85417

1)1.2124
5.2776
3.4820
2.7130

3.1

(21) 1.1805

__I.

146
21316
31 12136
4543 71856

(51)8.7997

43370
61224
07280

28 63288
4065 86896

513518
8,1510
26159

28871
34209
27863
16727
67070

12529

nk

25 71353
3522 75361
(10)4.8261
72446
12)6.6118
56251

ii
i

25695
96823
79413

5>!314

3421
10 4.6525
12 1 6.3275
14 8.6054
17 1.1703
19 1.5916
21 I 2.1646

28
3952
10 5.5730
12 7.8580
15 1.1079
17 1.5622

42767

57088
53078
23282
71840

5.1425
3.4149
2.6712

140
19600
27 44000
3841 60000

5.0265
3.3569
2.6348

127
16129
48383
44641
36941
72915
58602
23424
54749
33853
83316

132
17424
22 99968
3035 95776
10)4.0074
64243
12)5.2898
52801
14 1 6.9826
05697
39521
I 16 9.2170
49217
76966
(50)7.8302
26935

136
18496
25 15456

135
18225
24 60375
3321 50625

l/2

5239

1)1.1269

97935
68959
16865

17161

24

5.0657
3.3766
2.6472

68619

22 48091
2944 99921

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

12848

5.0132
3.3503
2. 6307

130
16900
21 97000
2856 10000

20
2601
10)3.3038
12 4.1958
14 5.3287
16 6.7675
18 8.5947
21 1.0915
50)3.0994

87975

1.0085

00000
01525
27804

10)3.7129
12)4.8268
14 6.2748
16 1 8.1573

AND ROOTS

126
15876
20 Of3376
2520 47376

29

METHODS

42484
26074
21532
71824
56943

51)6.319.7
1) 1.2000
5.2414
3.4641
2.7019

148
21904
32 41792
4797 85216

4'3715

00000
82788
01615
20077

149
22201
3'3 07949
49213 84401

(52)1.2197

79049

(52)1.4337

40132

( 1)1.2165

52506

( 1)1.2206

55562

5.2895
3.4879
2.7167

72473
11275
66686

5. 3014
3.4937
2.7204

59192
88147
28110

30

ELEMENTARY
Table

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

3.1

AND

METHODS

ROOTS

nk

k
150
22500
33 75000
5062 50000

:
3
5"

151
22801
34 42951
5198 85601
1.1853

91159

;
1:

24

l/2

1.6834
( 1)1.2247

11220
44871

5.3132
3.4996
2.7240

92846

(52)

l/3
l/4
l/5

35512
69927

155
24025
37 23875
5772 00625
I :;I

24

l/2

;: T%

47627

(52)4.3150

94990

( 1)1.2449

89960

( 1)1.2489
5.3832

99600
12612

3.5341
2.7455

18843
21947

5.3716
3.5284
2.7419

85355
41525
92987

(52)7.9228
( 1)1.2649
5.4288
3.5565
2.7594

l/3
::;

44
7412
11 L2229
13 I 2.0179
15)3.3295
17 5.4937
19 1 9.0647
(22) 1.4956

60000

35233
58820
59323

165
27225
92125
00625
81031
18702
65858
83665
43047
82603

(53)1.6581

15050

1)1.2845
5.4848

23258
06552

3.5840
2.7764

24634
94317

170
28900
49 13000
8352 10000

6.9757
1.1858
24
l/3
l/4
l/5

(53)3.3944
( 1) 1.3038
5.5396
3.6108
2.7931

I
6.5831
I1921 4.3310
( 1)1.2328
(
17 2.8493
52)2.3133

5.3368
3.5112
2.7312

6718

10 9.5388

5.4401

3.5621
2.7629

40965
82267
69056

75387

(52)2.7076

61312

(52)3.lb59

82801

( 1)1.2369

31688

( 1)1.2409

13

99256
07183
43278

1 3.6914
19 5.7955
21 9.0990

51946
79555
59901

5.3946
3.5397
2.7490

96409
90712
68931
32856

74186

40481
58257
73137
21220

(52)5.8582
( 1)1.2569
5.4061

79483
80509
20176

3.5453
2.7525

92093
25920

162

163
26569
43 30747
7059 11761

47536

1.8075
I1311 11.1157

71008
49033

I
(

2.9282
4.7437
7.6848

29434
31683
45327

I 1.2449
53)1.0674
( 1)1.2727

44943
81480

21825
0296b
00056

5.4513
3.5676
2.7663

92206
61778

21345
23734

76411
09873
64660
42676
51635

53)2.2140
1)1.2922
5.5068
3.5948
2.7831

90189
84798
78446
36294

92813

(53) 1.2373
( 1)1.2767
5.4625
3.5731
2.7697

(53)3.9075
( 1)1.3076
5.5504
3.6161
2.7963

68945
69683
99103
71571
99540

78329
14533
55571
14235
30547

7964:

(53)2.5551
( 1)1.2961
5.5178
3. b002
2.7865

87425
48140
48353
05744

18023

-._

50
8752

2232.2661
(53)4.4945
( 1)l

3114
5'3:6214
5612
2.7996

51
8957
1.5496
2.6808

29929
77717
45041
38921
75333

13878

1.3880
2.4013
(53)5.1654

81379
80785
29935

87705

( %?::;

;%46

97766
46817

62559

08411
36670
45765

159
25281
40

6391

19679

28961

(52)b.8160

22003

( 1)1.2609

52021

5.4175
3.5509
2.7560

01515
88625
01343

__.

164
26896
44 10944
7233 94816

(53)1.4330
1)l. 2806
5.4737
3.5785
2.7731

168
28224
41632
94176
78216
07402
56436
22812
64632
88583

173

171
29241
50 00211
8550 36081

5.3601
3.5227
2.7304

(11)1.3382

(53)1.9168
( 1)1.2884
5.4958
3.5894
2.7798

00782
67365

167
Z-r&i9
46 57463
7777 96321

27556
45 74296
7593 33136

81241
03963
80069

158
24964
39 44312
6232 01296

26244

57441
78765
86713

5.3484
3.5170
2.7348

42 51528
6887

154
23716
36 52264
5624 48656

79543
84905
81203

03297
43086
95679

1.4976
I(1517 2.3512
I
(52)5.0302
( 1)1.2529

98241

03274
57754

94816

157

15
17
19
22

(52)9.2007
( 1)1.2688

153
23409
35 81577
5479 81281

24649
38 69893
6075 73201

161
25921
41 73281

67296

16251
11064

5337

13 1.2332
15)1.8745
10
I 8.1136

156
24336
37 96416
5922 40896
(10)9.2389
57978

82490
05615
22977

17)4.2949

l/2

74022
53712
92374

(52)3.6979

6553

24

5.3250
3.5054
2.7276

2"E

160
25600
40 96000

l/2

52704
20573

I 17)3.3316
15)2.1494
8.0041

l/3
l/4
l/5

24

(52)1.9744
( 1)1.2288

152
23104
15 11808

3:bZbb
2.8029

99110
10436

20335
24847
03675
81908

20b81
lb9

28561
48 26809
8157 30721

(53)2.9463
( 1)1.3000
5.5267
3.6055
2.7898

26763

00000
74814
51275
27436

174
30276
52 68024
9166 36176

(53)5.9317
( 1)1.3190
5.5827
3. b319
2.8061

37979
90596
70172
28683

43329

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

31

METHODS

AND ROOTS

nk

Table

3.1

k
175
30625
53 59375
9378 60625

:
:
2
;
1:
24

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

(53)6.8063

32613

( 1) ;. 5';;;

y;;

3:6371
2.8093

35763
61392

180
32400
58 32000
1.0497
60000
1.8895
68000

24

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

1.1019

96058

(54)1.3382
( 1)1.3416
5.6462
3.6628
2.8252

58845
40786
16173
41501
34501

179
32041
9595
11 I 1.6887
13 2.9721
15 5.2310
17 I 9.2066
20 1.6203
22 2.8518
53)7.8037

12576
42134
a6155
47634
43835
69315
49994
62212

9aii

06241

(53)8.9404

29702

1)1.3266
5.6040

49916
78661

( 1)1.3304
5.6146

13470
72408

(54)1.0234
( 1)1.3341
5.6252

81638
66406
26328

3.6423
2.0125

20574
64777

3.6474
2.8157

63337
53634

3.6526
2.8189

24271
28111

181
32761
59 29741
9)1.0732
a3121

(54)1.5285
( l)l.3453
5.6566
3.6679
2.8283

185
34225
63 31625

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(54)2.5829
( 1)1.3601
5.6980
3.6880
2.8407

82606
47051
19215
17151
58702

71637
62405
52026
16217
66697
186
34596
64 34056

:
5

l/3
l/4
l/5

62931
04875
97079
07530
50791

24
l/3

(54)9.1375
( l)l.3964
5.7988
3.7368
2.8708

69069
24004
89998
75706
26340

n[-9]

(54)2.2679
( l)l.3564
5.6877
3.6830
2.8376

laa
35344
66 44672
9)1.2491
98336

51775

(54)3.3434

78670

(54)3.8000

41874

18170
67473

( 1)1.3674
5.7184

79065
79433

( 1)l 5.7,a6
3711

54316
30920

3.6929
2.8430

90888
23174

3.6979
2.0468

44609
74493

3:7il20
2.8499

78502
12786

(54)7.1346
( 1)1.3892
5.7789
3.7212
2.8649

E7
88001
51842
54055
30326
22953
a7299
90487
95065
44399
96565
56899
13156

54496
92632
49854

54)5.5564
l';.:;;;
3:7175

93542
ff;;;;
63041

(54)6.2983
( l)l.3856
3.7224
5.7689

::::2"
74059
a6193
89130
40646
19436
98281

2.0589

50746

2.8619

38162

196
38416
75 29536

55)1.0331
( ";.;;;;
3: 1416
2.8737

197
38809
76 45313

07971

(55)1.1673

18660

it;;;
57367

( 1)1.4035
3.7464
5.0186

66885
20805
47867

3.0772
5.8159
(54)4.3160
( 1)1.3747
5.7307
3.7077
2.8529

64756

2.8766

91203

j[(-751

,a[,-,31

49187
24728
76683
66123
05790

4,,,2]

03640
14881
la526
72700
93540
92751
38178
194
37636
73 01384

(54)8.0768
(*)1.3928
5.7869
3.7320
2.0670

40718
38828
60372
75599
75844
199
_.

198
39204
77 62392
( 9)1.5369
53616

(55)1.3181
( 1)1.4071
5.8284
3.7511
2.8796

20111
65997
33960
23210
80950
189
35721
67 51269

193
63361
49020
22627
84218
97266
86816
04818

(54)4.8987
( 1)1.3784
5.7408
3.7126
2.8559

76639
74926
11371
08871
89786

54)2.9397

195
38025
74 14875

l/2

65 39203

(54)1.9898
( 1)1.3527
5.6774
3.6780
2.8345

( 1)1.3638
5.7082

7"

70074
73756
51108
73940
85080

73122
08816
40794
43509
88352
184
33856
62 29504

33489
61 28487

190
_..
36100
68 59000

:
10
24

lR1
--_

182
33124
60 28568

(54)1.7446
( 1)1.3490
5.6670
3.6729
2.8314

(54)1.1707
( 1)1.3379
5.6357
3.6577
2.8220

39601
78 80599

(55)1.4875
( 1)1.4106
5.8382
3.7558
2.8825

57746
73598
72461
93499
08624

32

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

POWERS
201
40401
20601
40801

40000
80 00000
1.6000
00000

l/2
l/3

6.4000

00000

(55)1.6777
( 1)1.4142
5.8480
3.7606
2.8853

21600
13562
35476
03093
99812

l/2
l/3

:,/:

%Z
77620
10032
(55)1.8910
( l);.;&;
3:7652

:::t:
60303
2;;;;
95059

2.8882

79450

205
42025
a6 15125

:
:
2
i9
10
24

ANALYTICAL

AND

METHODS

ROOTS

202
40804
a2 42408
1.6649
66416
3.3632
32160
6.1937
20964
1.3723
33251
2.7721
13166
5.5996
68596
1.1311
33056
(55)2,1302
61246
( 1)1.4212
67040
5.0674
64308
3.1699
69549
2.8911
47666

206
42436
a7 41816
14096
77038
34698
38548

n-4
203
41209
83 65427

(55)2.3983
( l)l.4247
5.8771
3.7746
2.8940

07745
80685
30659
26716
04537

__-

2na

207
42849
88 69743

43264
89' 98912

:EE
70372
(55)3.0345
( 1)1.4317
5.8963
3.7838
2.8996

38594
82106
68540
a9674
84668

(55)3.4104
( ";.,$$
3:7804

62581
:;;;;
95756

2.9025

08125

210
44100
92 61000

:
:

(55)3.8307
( 1)1.4387
5.9154
3.7930
2.9053

211
44521
93 93931

89523
49457
a1700
a5099
20638

(55)4.3005
( 1)1.4422
5.9249
3.7976
2.9081

212
44944
95 isiia

10765
20510
92137
57844
22302
213
45369
96 63597

2
1
:

10
24

l/2
l/3

$5"

(55)5.4108
( 1)1.4491
5.9439
3.8067
2.9136

19838
37675
21953
54096
93459
215
46225
99 38375

(55)6.0642
( 1)1.4525
5.9533

75557
a3905
41813

3.8112
2.9164

77876
63134

216
46656
100 71696

(55)6.7929
( 1)1.4560
5.9621
3.8157
2.9192

102

a5105
21978
31958
85604
22328
217
47089
18313

(55)7.6051
( 1)1.4594
5.9720
3.8202
2.9219

97251
51952
92620
77414
71130

218
47524
103 60232

204
41616
84 89664

(23)1.2482
(55)2.6985
( 1)1.4282
5.8867
3.7792
2.8968

50286
09916
85686
65317
66709
50171

209
43681
91 29329
9 1.9080
29761
11 3.9877
82200
13 a.3344
64799
16 1.7419
03143
18 3.6405
77569
20 i 7.6088
07119
23)1.5902
40688
(55)4.8251
50531
( 1)1.4456
83229
5.9344
72140
3.8022
14131
2.9109
13212
214
45756
98 00344
9)2.0972
73616
11)4.4881
65538
13)9.6046
74252
20)9.4129
(23)2.0143
(55)8.5100
( 1)1.4628
5.9814
3.8247
2.9247

11168
62990
19601
73884
24030
53435
09627
219

105

47961
03459

10

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(55)9.5175
03342
( 1)1.4662
a7830
5.990f26415
3.8292
13796
2.9274
37906

1
:

106

220
48400
48000

56)l.o63a
";.;;;;
3:8336

73589
;;;;;
58625

2.9301

56052

107

(56)1.1885
( 1)1.4730
6.0092
3.8380
2.9328

94216
91986
45007
88048
64149

(56)2.0533
( 1)1.4899
6.0550
3.8600
2.9462

222
49284
41048
12656
86096
65313
84996
16690
14905
67090
89736
66443
48947
08345
56780

221
48841
93861

5
6
7

10
24

l/2
:s:
l/5

(56)1.6525
( 1)1.4832
6.0368
3.8512
2.9409

10926
39697
10737
85107
28975

(56jl.8425
( l';;;;$
3:8556
2.9435

3oo"3
i;'$;
54127
97699

i56j1.3272
( 1)1.4764
6.0184
3.8425
2.9355

59512
82306
61655
02187
62280

(56)2.2872
( 1)1.4933
6.0641
3.8643

223
49729
89567
73441
30773
84962
20466
97640
78274
25550
66205
18452
26994
47878

(56)1.4813
( 1)1.4798
6.0276
3.8469
2.9382

112

(56)2.5465
( 1)1.4966
6.0731
3.8686

53665
64859
50160
01167
50529
224
50176
39424

51362
62955
77944
72841

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

METHODS

AND

nk

POWERS

ROOTS

33
Table

3.1

k
:
113

225
50625
90625

115

226
51076
4317b

116

227
51529
97083

118

229
52441
1213 08989

5i352

2
i
1:
24

l/2
:s:
l/5

(56)2.0338

73334

(56)3.1521

18526

( 1)1.5000
6.0822
3.8729
2.9541

00000
01996
83346
76939

29638
99349
79501
90210

121

24

l/2

1)1.5033
6.0911
3.0772
2.9567

230
52900
67000

123

56) 3.5044
1)l.

5066
6.1001
3.8815
2.9594

231
53361
26391

124

5568b

(56)4.8025

07640

(56)5.3295

12896

(56)5.9116

89798

75089
25615
22905
91438

( 1)1.5198
b..1357
3.8985
2.9697

68415
92440
48980
b7129

;;;$;

if:
l/5

5165
6.1269
3.8943
2.9bll

129

235
55225
77675

131

"lb.;::;
3:9027
2.9723

236
55696
44256

133

1)1.5099
6.1091
3.0050
2.9620

232
53824
87168

1)l.

56)3.0943

51917
70200
61435
10235

126

62082

( 56) 4.325'b

51908

bb887
14744
29230
130b2

( 1;. y;

y;;

233
54209
49337

56) 6.5545
( l)l.5264

38267
33152

6.1534
3.9069
2.9148

49494
60138
91866

61357
33915
237
56169
12053

3:89OQ
2.964b

128

(56)
(

1.2640

1';

:'6;;
3:9111
2.9774

238
134

i%::

136

83026
06713
234
54756
12904

79321
g;:;
45426
41049
239
57121
51919

42736
31712

(56)9.861'3

93410

(57)1.0910

:x
74649
49664
56201
55818

"k:;;;

"b;;i;

24862

._..

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(56)8.0469
( l)l.5329
6.1710
3.9153
2.9799

01671
70972
05793
17320
81531

(56) 8.9102
( 1) 1.5362
6.1791
3.9194
2.9825

- .-

138

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

24
l/3
l/4
l/5

139

(57)1.3337

35777

(57)l.

( 1)1.5491
6.2144
3.9359
2.9925

93338
b5012
79343
55740

147

l/2

57600
24000

(57)2.1876
( 1);

;;;;
3: 9563
3.0049

4736

l)l.5524
6.2230
3.9400
2.9950

245
b0025
06125

148

12697
29150
46606
15921
13380

3: 9236
2.9850

241
58081
97521

141

99791

57)l.b276

17470
84253
12930
45390

1';;;;;
3:9441
2.9975

246
60516
86936

150

21327
36660

(57)l.

;;6';:

53798
26190

7910

1y;

62509

(51)2.6590

52293

38714
26556
51896
11096

( l)l.Sllb
b.2743
3.9643
3:0098

23365
05351
70523
12147

54435
53635
51438
243
59049
48907
84401
86094
11321
54510
66546
12701
79617
10300
pm;

3:9482
3.0000

247
b1009
69223

(57)2.4123

20998
22094
1

143

79087

y"b

5684
6.2658
3.9603
3.0073

6.1971
3.9277
2.9075

242
58564
72480

91225

1)l.

1)1.5427

152

(57)2.9298

(57)1.2065

61943

62483
21795
72942
57776

1)1.5459
6.2058
3.9318
2.9900

145

?AA
59536
26704

23)7.4799

42569

(57)1.9831
( l)l.5620

51223
49935
99710
71742
b5081

22039
00000

6.2487
3.9522
3.0024

248
61504
52992
42016
00200
37650
13371
13716
bbOlb
91719

154

15956

(57)

01515
b1305
76966
45305

( 1';.

3.2268
;;;I)
3.9723

3.0146

249
b2001
36249

91251
;g
71312
70627

34

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

METHODS

AND ROOTS

nk

k
:
156

250
62500
25000

251
63001

158

13251

160

252
63504
03008

253
64009
94211
52081
19416
46016
41511
65511
23159
91011

:
2
;
1:
24

(51)
(

3.5527

1'2.

l/3
l/4
l/5

;g;

319763
3.0170

165

13679

(51)

y9"

( 1)1.5842

3.9099

97952

6.3079
3.9803
3.0194

53644
88168

65025
81315

33001

161

93549
24041
97986

(57)4.3014
( 1)1.5874
6.3163
3.9042
3.0219

256
65536
17216

169

31119
50181
59598
02604
00136

(51) 4.7303

41643

( 1;.

97372
03543
29397
94671

;2:;
3:9882
3.0242

257
66049
74593

6.3330
3.9921
3.0266

258
171

%:E
66096
37653
95144
81472
68820
75555
63693

113

11018

(57)6.2771

01735

(57)6.8927

88615

(51)7.5661

15089

(57)8.3022

1)1.5968

11942
25705
88015
61117

ii;;;

( 1)1.6031

21954

( 1)1.6062

37840

6.3413
3.9960
3.0290

l/3
l/4
l/5

175

24

57)9.1066

85770

( 1)1.6124

51550

6.3825
4.0155
3.0408

l/3
l/4
l/5

186

1';;:;;
4:oooo
3.0314

00000
33133

4.0039
6.3578
3.0337

260
61600
16000

l/2

00541
61180
91748

4.0077
6.3660
3.0361

262
68644
84128
98736
43669
04412
01560

04299
34273
41703
265
70225
09625

1.4384
( 1)1.6278
6.4231
4.0341
3.0524

(58)

196

181 91447

1.1993
( 1)1.6217

27914

(58)1.3136

94086

41406

27474

6.3988
4.0232

34278
27910

6.4069
4.0270

58577
67760

3.0431

83226

3.0455

11602

3.0418

32879

07681
68660
90325
47105

188

266
70756
21096

190

261
71289
34163

(58)

192
9 5.1586
12 1.3825
14 I 3.7051

58) 1.8846

83974
68868

1)1.6340
6.4392
4.0422
3.0570

13464
16696
93240
47961

1) 1.6310
6.4413
4.0460
3.0593

10554
05721
72854
34462

6.4312
4.0385
3.0547

27591
02994
54599

39954
61673
04070
00464
87063

6.4633
4.0536
3.0638

40472

58289
02045
54329

(58)

199

(58)2.4618
( 1)1.6462
6.4712
4.0573
3.0661

02511

51891
01763
13627
48596
53254

201

272
73984
23648

(5Q2.6893

89450

( 1)1.6492

42250

6.4792
4.0610
3.0684

23603
86370
12165

203

(58)2.9369
( 1) 1.6522
6.4811
4.0648
3.0706

1)1.6248
6.4150
4.0308
3.0501

268
11824
48832
86916
28110
15334

1.1229

( 1)1.6431

183

264
69696
99144

( 1)1.6186

50643

(58)2.2528

11088
67601
04982

(58)1.0945

82060

24

47694

6.3743
4.0116
3.0385

96760
89716
55014

49442
76528
89807

(58)

21920

54265

60235

270
72900
83000

259
67081
13979

6155
6.3906
4:0193

1.5145
( 1)1.6309

10548

31145
25531
64507
01647

%;
98010
38372

57)9.9355
( I)1

254
64516
81064

1) 1.6093

263
69169

1.9113

l/3
l/4
l/5

( 1)1.5937

51) 5.7143

l/2

24

163

194

(58)2.0608
(

91176
11164
54111
13851
65640

89564

1) 1.6401

6.4553
4.0498
3.0616

273
14529
46411

205

(58)

269
72361
65109

21947
14811
41906
14141
274
15iC
70024

3.2063

69049

3.0129

11923

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

35

METHODS

AND

ROOTS

212
9 5.8873
12 1.6307
14 4.5172
17 1 1.2512
19 3.4660
21 9.6010
24 I 2.6594
58)4.1640
1)1.6643
6.5186
4.0796
3.0796

277
76719
53933
39441
93025
96680
91180
76569
32097
85891
35828
31698
a3915
22161
11650

nk

Table

3.1

k
:
201

275
75625
96875

276
210

16116

24576

2
i
1:
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(58)3.4993
( 1)1.6583
6.5029
4.0722
3.0751

219

24

l/2
:;:
l/5

(58)5.3925
( 1)1.6733
6.5421
4.0906
3.0862

(58)3.8178
( 1)1.6613
6.5108
4.0759
3.0773

28001
12395
57234
38199
51657
280
78400
52000

32264
20053
32620
23489
53577

221

(58)5.8742
( 1)1.6763
63499
4.0942
3.0884

al225
231 49125

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(5a)a.2466
( 1)1.6aal
6.5808
4.1087
3.0971

243

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

l/3
l/4
l/5

32480
94302
44365
64171
98013
290
84100
R9000

9)7.1708

246

39885
05461
11620
70950
54901
81796
93656

48566
10900
42039
53453
32215
63618
68441
291
84681
42171
71761

15721
64428

( 1) ;. y'9;

;g:;

( 1) t 6;;;

;g;;;

:: ::::

4:1302
3.1101

67707
89906
295
a7025
72375
;::::

I 17
19 I 6.5907
14
1.9442
5.7355
1.6919

63969
58973
91371
08381

(59)1.8868
( 1)1.7175
6.6569
4.1443
3.1186

10930
56404
30232
41207
33956

20588
30396

259
( 9 I 7.6765
(12 2.2722

296
a7616
34336
63456
62783

I :;j;:

2%

z"o"8

(59)2.0464
( 1)1.7204
6.6644
4.1478
3.1207

(58)6.3970
( 1)1.6792
6.3576
4.0979
3.0906

236

25168

33126
a5562
72186
08689
49967
287
82369
39903

226

58)6.9642
1)1.6822
6.5654
4.1015
3.0928

238

01230
33200
10079
99156
31992

217

(58)4.9488

11121

( 1) ;. ;;g

;g;

4:0869
3.0840

283
a0089
65187

51599
60384
14427
36766
38815
288
a2944
a7872

279
77841
17639

229

66245
45954
80656
06304

(58)7.5794

93086

( 1) ;. y;

$94;;

4:1051
3.0950

55240
21484

241

289
83521
37569

93539

4.3544
(59)1.3596

411266
3.1079

19524
224

(58)4.5402
( 1)1.6673
6.5265
4.0832
3.0818

278
77284
a4952

a5616
31410
07486
72583

49008

[J

24

III 12
149 5.4726
1.9135
6.6905
17 1.5651
19 4.4163
22 1.2802
24 3.6615
(58)8.9690
( 1)1.6911
6.5085
4.1123
3.0993

281
78961
a8041

(59)1.2518

256

l/2

233

42160
24773
30071
35196
a4885

214

49657
65053
43703
48904
45423
1

(58)9.7536
( 1)1.6941
6.5962
4.1159
3.1015

13040
07435
02284
53637
32807

292
85264
748 97088
49696
25311
49909
05773
16858
a3323
a7302
(59)1.4763
46962
( 1"6'W3;
;;I;;
411337
3.1122

64325
65011
297
88209

(59)2.2189
( 1)1.7233
6.6719
4.1513
3.1228

a7131
68794
40272
47726
51191
1

(59)1.0602
( 1)1.6970
6.6038
4.1195
3.1036

251

(59)1.6025
( 1)1.7117
6.6418
4.1372
3.1143

7A4
--.

(59)2.4054
( 1)1.7262
6.6794
4.1548
3.1249

77893
56275
54498
34288
91148

24)4.0642
(59)1.1522
( 1)1.7(100
6.6114
4.1231
3.1058

293
a5849
53757

91698
24277
52195
98970
93785
298
88804
63592
50416
72824
17015
58671
36838
02776
42278
16789
67650
20032
37723
51295

31407
54005
00000
89018
05626
43502
294
06436

(59)1.7391
( 1)1.7146
6.6493
4.1408
3.1165

45550
42820
99761
24580
16755

299
a9401
:267 3089s

(59)2.6068
( 1)1.7?91
6.6868
4.1'583
3.1270

04847
61647
83077
la947
45768

36

ELEMENTARY

Table

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

3.1

METHODS

AND

ROOTS

301
90601
270

(59)2.8242

00000

95365

l/2

l/3
l/4
3.1291

l/5

34645

283

272

70901

215

nk

302
91204
43608
9)8.4288
12)2.5539

303
91809
18127
92481
54422

24)6.5226

83188

270

_-.

92416
280
9)8.5407

59)3.0591

15639

(59)3.3125

81949

(59)3.5861

05682

(59)3.8811

1)1.7349

35157

14720
72852
10496
95743

( 1)1.7406

89519

( 1)1.7435

6.7017
4.1652
3.1312

93025
72625

59395
55283
17958

286

l)i.7378
6.7091
4.1687
3.1332

306
93636
52616

289

6.7165
4.1721
3.1353

69962
57138
68030

99856
59577

6.7239
4.1155
3.1314

50814
95260

34853

308

307
94249
34443

94864
292
9 8.9991
12 2.7717
14 8.5369
17 2.6293
19 1 8.0985

18112

94464
17056

295

309
95481
03629

18496

46977
80688
90052
21360

2.4943

44579

24

('X9)4.1994

86063

(59)4.5427

01868

(59)4.9127

08679

(59)5.3115

00125

(59)5.7412

10972

l/2

( 1)1.7464

24920

( 1)1.7492

85568

9";;;;

( 1)1.7549

92877

( 1y.;;;;

;'4;;;

l/3
l/4

6.7313
4.1790
3.1394

l/5

15497
24910
96244

6.7386
4.1824
3.1415

64101
46136
52236

91000

301

10000

( 9)9.2352

4: 1858
3.1436

80231

(59)6.2041

26610

(59)6.7026

93132

( 1)1.7606

81686

( 1)1.7635

19209

:
:
2
i9

99452
41767
22833

312

02859

303

2.8015

6.7678
4.1960
3.1497

58988

311
96721

96100
297

1) ;. y;;

6.7751
4.1994
3.1517

315
99225
55875

(59)7.2395

04640
28072

13417
63512
48146

306
9.5979
3.0041
9.4029
2.9431
9.2120
2.8833
9.0249

313
97969
64297
24961
50513
91105
36216
16356
61119
20304

9
12 I
14
17
19 I
22
24
(59)7.8174

( 1)1.7691

68952
27591
52295

315

312
97344
71328

6.7533
4.1892
3.1456

3.1531

316
99856
54496

6.7896
4.2061
3.1557

76544

317
1 00489
318 55013

411926
3.1476

59756
88127

309

31800

59)8.4393

80601

l)l.7720

61336
62861
95609

99655

04515

6.7968
4.2095
3.1578

84386
18398
09519

318

1 01124
321 57432

314
98596
59144

324

319
1 01761
61759

10
24

l/2

(59)9.1086

34822

( 1)1.7748

23935

1) 1.7716

92116
65931
18306

6.8112
4.2162
3.1618

6.8040
4.2128
3.1598

l/3
l/4
l/5

(59)9.8285

320

24

v2
l/3
l/4
l/5

68000

1.3292
( 1)1.7888

27996
54382

6.8399
4.2294
3.1697

03787
85054
86385

(60)

84208
49381

6.8184
4.2195
3.1638

61941
37156
20622

(60) 1.4325
( 1)1.7916
6.8470
4.2327
3.1717

76161

86248
41287
21278
85474
65030

(60)1.1435

38734

( 1)1.7832

55450

6.8256
4.2228
3.1658

322

1 03041
330

1.0602
( 1)1.7804

(60)

321

1 02400
327

62028
38883
84608
05502
21997

21862
35844

6.8541
4.2360
3.1137

24002
78192
38149

6.8327
4.2261
3.1678

71452
76889
02787
324

1 04325
336
10)1.0884
12)3.5157
15 1.1355
17 3.6679
20 1.1847
22 3.8266
Ii 25 1.2360

98267
54024
06498
73199
01432
32163
84885
19218

1.6628
( 1)1.7972

78568
20076

6.8612
4.2393
3.1757

12036
63249
07571

86248

(60) 1.5436
( 1)1.7944

37808
57110

323

1 03684
333

24197
60938
14209

1.2330
( 1)1.7860

(60)

(60)

1 04976
340

12224

1.7909
( 1)1.8000

36736
00000

6.8682
4.2426
3.1776

85455
40687
11523

(60)

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

37

METHODS

AND ROOTS

nk

Table

3.1

k
325

343

10 1.1156
12 I 3.6259
15 1.1784

:
6

17 3.8298
20 1 1.2447
22 4.0452
25) 1.3147
60)1.9284

;
9
10
24

10

326

1 05625

64063
08203
20166

6.8753
4.2459
3.1796

l/3
l/4
l/5

(60)2.2343

23554

47009

( 1)1.8083

14132

( 1)1.8110

88750
72871
84924

08618
78985
48440

( Q1.8165
6.9104
4.2621
3.1893

90212
23230
47595
54454

55434

60)2.9913

81825

3.1912

85058

335

95315

(60)3.9909

41565

(60)4.2868

( 1) ;. ;:5";

y',

( 1y;;

y;"o

4:2782
3.1989

332

(60)3.2159

84959

01166

4:2813
3.2008

61118

90286
68669

340

( 1)1.8357

55975

4.2845
6.9589
3.2027

24

(60)5.6950

03680

(60)6.lloa

98859

(60)6.5558

l/2

( 1)1.8439

08891

( 1);;;;;

;"8;;;

( 1)1.8493

24201

:
2
7
i

10

6.9795
4.2940
3.2084

1/3
$2

32047
76026
53751

412972
3.2103

29958
38860

345

._

I
I

l/3

90657
76961
19552

417

I(1215 I 4.1565
1.3882
17 4.6363
20 1.5487
I(2225 I 5.1727
1.1276

10 1.2444

74114
43539
85542
73711
15819

66688

6.9313
4.2718
3.1951

00768
01446
32308

6.9382
4.2750
3.1970

338
1 14244
386 14472

25) 1.9461
(60)4.9431

3.2046

08291
16051

(60)5.3063

11693

( 1)1.8411

95264

6.9726
4.2909
3.2065

70186

_._
II
II

1.6284

53607

1 18336
407

(1012
17 1.4003
15
4.8171
5.7004
1.6571

49439
07395
72660
40890

25 1.9609
22
20
2.3205
6.7456

15244
54607
83848

(60)7.0316

76479

(60)7.5405

43015

g;;;;

( 1)1.8547

23699

1) +. i;'o;
4:3035
3.2140

7.0067
4.3066
3.2159

17071
95850
348

1 21801
425

48816
76738

25 2.2009
22
20
7.6811
2.6807

37377
95921
15737

30203
54169
80617
14906
62636

Ii

(60)9.2876

83235

(60)9.9518

04932

( 1)1.8574
7.0135
4.3097
3.2178

17562
79083
76748
35355

( 1)1.8601

07524

( 1)1.8627

93601

( 1)1.8654

75811

1.0661
( 1)1.8681

49656
15431
1222,6

7.0405
4.3222
3.2252

4[(-46)5]

4-46)2]

+j)l]

08549

I 15
17 1.8069
6.3063

53376

7.0338
4.3191
3.2234

96121
50321
67776
349

1 21104
421 44192

81923

05788
09269
57557

07584

13598

(60)8.6661

7.0271
4.3160
3.2215

82649
15128
64201
144

343

1 17649
403

32074
04899
49006

339
1 14921
389 58219

95243

48952
96386
98608

85420
26935

(60)8.0845

7.0203
4.3128
3.2196

10837

( 1)1.8275

1 20409

21736
92066
44547
60213
30338
39497
76659
13924

334
1 11556
37.x 59704

28759

347

1 19716

414

l/2

4.3003
6.9931
3.2122

346

1 19025
410 63625

24

40;

35942
15020
19165

( 1)1.8248

43337
72295
71684
342
16964
01688
57730
57435
35043
61047
81952
10274
77114
12822

39:

26037

35715

(60)3.7146

12753

12427

4.258')
3.187,4

34894

99320

337

(60)4.6038

(
I
I(
(60)2.5864
( 1)1.813#3
6. 903,1

(60)3.4566

1 135bs

341
16281
51821
27096
53398
66909
30158
47684
24602
04689

369

11001

3.1932

34481
75061
79164

329
1 08241
3515 11289
10)1.1716
11408

1 10889

94368

382

10

6.8964
4.2556
3.1854

1 10224
365

37:
%E
90290
16737
60238
79440
50918
72309
93134

l/3
l/4
l/5

18774
27697
34426

336
12896

1 12225

:
8

l/2

6.8894
4.2524
3.1835

331
09561
64691
61272
95811
27813
73062
67184
70378
28495

37000

24

77028

76350

I 20
25 I 1.4064
22
1.5315
4.6411
(60)2.7818

375

15994
11326
93150
48153
45942
47069
09169

( 1)1.8055

21000
44298
67969
39300

31706

(60)2.0759
6.8823
4.2491
3.1815

87552

10 1.1574

75638

Ii~17
15
12
10 1.1859
4.2618
1.2914
3.9135

352

15722
44335
10547
30632

359

1 07584

65183

21030

330

l/2

349

12 3.7963
15 1.2452
II 17 4.0842
20 1.3396
22 4.3940
I 25 I 1.4412
(60)2.4042

1 08900

24

1 06929

45976

65540
06300
95476

( l)l.8027

1/3
1/4
l/5

,346

328

327

1 06276

28125

(61)

4647)63

ELEMENTARY

38
Table

POWERS

3.1

k
:
:
z
ii
9
10
24

350
1 22500
428 75000
25000
87500
65625

351
1 23201
43551
432
48640
48727
04703

:%f
63867
47354
13124
28693
98732
07727
08809

lb::::
64375
84096
43263
99400
04063
93928
50768

(61)1.1419

l/2

( "y;;

l/3

413253
3.2271

:::

(61)1.2228

( y:;1
4:3283
3.2289

z
6

l/2
l/3

i//2

(61)1.6050
( 1)1.8841
7.0806
4.3406
3.2362

20092
44368
98751
73183
76880

360
1 29600
466 56000

24

25771

;61;2.2452

AND ROOTS

(61)1.3092
( l)l.8761
7.0606
4.3314
3.2307

56304

(61)2.3997

87825

rzk

54042
66304
96671
73541
88532

(61)1.8366
( 1)1.8894
7.0939
4.3467
3.2399

95605
44363
70945
73933
15199

17652

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

3.2453

24

l/2
:::
l/5

42223

365
1 33225
486 27125
(10 1.7748
90063
12 6.4783
48728
15 2.3645
97286
80093
I 17 8.6307
(20 3.1502
34734
(23 1.1498
35678
(25 1 4.1969
00224
(61)3.1262
86296
( 1)1.9104
97317
7.1465
69499
4.3709
23607
3.2543
07394

50;
(10)1.8741

370
36900
53000
61000
95700
26409
87713
79454

3.2471

43191

3.2489

361

490
10)1.7944

61)3.3384
1)1.9131
7.1530
4.3739
3.2560

1 34689
494 30863

1 33956
27896
20994

59019
12647
90095
14319
88625

(61)3.5643
( 1)1.9157
7.1595
4.3768
3.2578

92671
24406
98825
98909
65967

( 1)1.9287
7.1919
4.3917
3.2666

372
38384
78848
13146
48902
71791
67064
75348
26429
22317
85051
30152
66348
31039
95001

371
1 37641
510 64811

lg%
24
:/,:
l/4
l/5

(61)4.3335
( 1)1.9235
7.1790
4.3858
3.2631

25711
38406
54352
16237
74848
J[(-q5]

40172

(61)4.6235
( 1)1.9261
7.1855
4.3887
3.2649

31606
36028
16151
76627
36822

4646121

+-p]

(61)1.4999
( 1)1.8814
7.0740
4.3376
3.2344

358
1 28164
458 82712

(61)1.9642
( 1)1.8920
7.1005
4.3498
3.2417

362
1 31044
474 37928

(61)2.5645

354
1 25316
443 61864

353
1 24609
439 86971
40288
73217
54146
35134
02402
38480
25983
99442
(61)1.4014
29423
( 1q.g;
76615
46600
4:3345
3.2326
22125

357
1 27449
454 99293

361
1 30321
10)1.6983

METHODS

352
1 23904
436 14208

356
1 26736
451 18016
10 1.6062
01370
12 5.7180
76876
15 2.0356
35368
17 7.2468
61909
20 i 2.5798
82840
22 9.1843
82909
25 3.2696
40316
(61)1.7171
17251
( 1)1.8867
96226
7.0873
41061
4.3437
26771
3.2380
98084

355
1 26025
447 38875

:
3

.li
9
10
24

ANALYTICAL

1
498
10 1.8339
12 6.7489
15 2.4836
17 1 9.1397
20 3.3634
23 1.2377
25 I 4.5548
(61)3.8049
( 1)1.9183
7.1660
4.3798
3.2596

359
1 2asa1
462 68279

(61)2.1002
( 1)1.8947
7.1071
4.3528
3.2435

31355
88793
88459
14700
28247

363
1 31769
478 32147

51)2.7400
1)1.9052
7.1334
4.3649
3.2507

55202
88772
43955
13137
51567

53237
55888
92490
23697
33187
368
35424
36032
65978
94798
30086
58715
31207
42684
93078
38558
32609
95742
77406
39439

29556
29532
93661
49104
37249

364
1 32496
482 28544

i61)2.9270
( 1)1.9078
7.1400
4.3679
3.2525

70667
78403
36982
26743
22254

369
1 36161
502 43409

(61)4.0609
( 1)1.9209
7.1725
4.3828
3.2614

98114
37271
80900
49839
09059

374
1 39876
523 13624

( 1)1.9313
7.1984
4.3946
3.2684

20792
04996
79501
49404
$-;'5]

(61)5.6094
( 1)1.9339
7.2048
4.3976
3.2702

26383
07961
32147
22040
00047

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

39

METHODS

AND ROOTS

nk

Table

3.1

1
544
10 2.0632
12 7.8198

379
43641
39939
73686
07278

k
:

375
1 40625
527 34375

1
531
10 1.9987
12 7.5151
15 I 2.8257
16 1.0624
20 1 3.9948

:
2
i

9
10
24

l/2
l/3

:/,:

(61)5.9806
( 1)1.9364
7.2112
4.4005
3.2719

78067
91673
47852
58684
46950

380
1 44400
548 72000

(61)8.2187
( 1)1.9493
7.2431
4.4151
3.2806

60383
58869
56443
54436
25976

:
:
6'
i
9
10
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

:
:

53901
41687
06349
06853
14120

I
593
10 I 2.3134
12 9.0224
15 1 3.5187
18 1.3723
20 I 5.3520
23 2.0872
25 8.1404
(62)1.5330
( 1)1.9748
7.3061
4.4439
3.2977

390
52100
19000
41000
19900
43761
10067
09260
83612
06085
29700
41766
43574
19178
13494

377
1 42129
535 82633

5.6477
(61)6.3754

88819
12334

(15)5.7998
(61)6.7950

06469
46060

( 1)1.9390
7.2176
4.4034
3.2736

71943
52160
89461
90130

( l';.;;:;

I;;;:

414064
3.2754

14397
29605

54;

(61)7.2410
( 1)1.9442
7.2304
4.4093
3.2771

(61)9.3222

49236

;61;9.9259

15535

( 1)1.9519
7.2495

22130
04524

( 1)l 7.2558
9544

41507
82029

4.4180
3.2823

56280
50807

( li1.9570
7.2621
4.4230
3.2857

38579
67440
42876
09631

575

(62)1.1970
( 1)1.9646
7.2810
4.4324
3.2909

386
1 48996
12456

03202
88270
79420
80423
21030

382
1 45924
557 42960

378
42884
10152
03746
86558
96519
62484
64160
28264
96838
77507
22210
26792
33520
65392

381
1 45161
553 06341
10 I 2.1071
71592
12 8.0283
23766
15 1 3.0587
91355
18 1.1653
99506
20 4.4401
72119
23 I 1.6917
05577
25 6.4453
90249
(6Q8.7538
56362

385
1 48225
570 66625

(62)1.1247
( 1)1.9621
7.2747
4.4296
3.2892

376
41376
57376
17338
77109
06623
65690
70996

414209
3.2840

52418
72019

387
1 49769
579 60603
10 2.2430
75336
12 I 8.6807
01551
15 3.3594
31500
18 I 1.3000
99991
20 5.0313
66963
23 1 1.9471
46755
(25)7.5354
57941
(62)1.2736
88303
l)$.%;;
4:4353
3.2926

391
1 52881
597 76471

)b;;;:
48416
24406

1 50544
584 11072

;62;1.3550

69013

( lj1.9697
7.2936
4.4302
3.2943

71560
33030
10856
24265

392
1 53664
602 36208

9.1386

86663

25)8.3515
(62)1.6302
( 1':;;;;
414467

59392
04837
;;f;;
65109

(62)1.7332
( 1)1.9798
7.3186
4.4496

67559
98987
05586
11420

3.2994

02898

3.3010

88848

_._

395
1 56025
616 29875

1 46689
561 81887

393
1 54449
606 98457

(62)1.8425
; lil.9824
7.3248
4.4524
3.3027

397
_..

1 56816
620 99136
10)2.4591
25786

58176
22760
29445
40634
71361

398
1 58404
630 44792

1 57609
625 70773

i 18
25Y6.1149
23)1.6134
20)4.2570
15
I 1.1232
2.9637
(61)7.7150
( 1)1.9467
7.23b7
4.4122
3.2788

38586
40260
06958
98312
44931
90756
92233
97216
46'358
97510

1 47456
566 23104

(62)1.0566
( !)1.9595
7.2684
4.4267
3.2075

94349
91794
82371
21679

03659

389
1 51321
588 63869

(25)7.9340
(62)1.4414
( 1)1.9723
7.2998
4.4410
3.2960

611

(62)1.9584
( 1)1.9849
7.331Cl
4.4552
3.3044

69734
19629
08292
93662
67768
20622
394
1 55236
62984

35730
43324
36930
70277
50453

_..

1 59201
635, 21199

2
i
9
10
24

l/2
l/3

62)2.0812
1)1.9874
7.3372
4.4580
3.3061

78965
60691
33921
94536
26138
I

(62)2.2114

87364

(62)2.3494

82217

i62i2.4957

07762

( 1)1.9899
7.3434
4.4609
3.3077

74874
20462
13443
98433

( 1)1

85885
96597
27013
67354

; ljl.9949
7.3557
4.4665
3.3111

93734
62368
35273
32914

[ 41
(-(94

9924
7.3495
4: 4637
3.3094

(62)2.6506
( 1)1.9974
7.3619
4.4693
3.3127

32365
98436
17821
38246
95131

40

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

k
1

400
1 60000
640 00000

:
4

644

METHODS

AND ROOTS

401
1 60801
81201

402

2
9"

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

(62)2.8147
( 1)2.0000

49767
00000

7.3680
4.4721
3.3144

(62)2.9885
( 1)2,0024

62997
35955

7.3741
4.4149
3.3161

54017

.-1 64025
664 30125

24

l/2

l/3
l/J
l/5

(62)3.7924

56055

(62)4.0236

( 1)2.0124
7.3986
4.4860
3.3226

61180
36223
46344
99030

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

( 1)2.0248
7.4289

4.4998
3.3308

pm;

414777
3.3177

( 1)2.0074
7.3064

31295
85990

15674

4.4004

91129

61862

3.3194

10850

.-.

406
1 64836
23416

674

04703

24
l/3
l/4
l/5

(62)6.8101

( 1)2.0371
7.4590
4.5134

3.3389

4.4832
3.3210

409
1 67281

1 66464
679 17312

684

06980

(62)4.5273

48373

(62)4.8013

( 1)2 7.4107
0174

95055
24100

( 1)2.0199
7.4168

00988

4.4088
3.3243

12948

14446

4.4943
3.3276

( 1)2.0223
7.4229
4.4970
3.3292

65185

20)8.1420

414915

38251
411
1 68921
26531

3.3259

1
699
10 I 2.8813
13 1.1870
15 4.8908
18)2.0150
20 I 8.3019
23 3.4203

(62)5.3976

37632

( l';.;;;;
4:5025

-M;
69814

3.3324

86236

719

73375

26 1.4091
7218
( 1)2.0297
7.4410
4.5053
(62)s.

3.3341

416
1 73056
91296

74245

412
69744
34528
02554
96652
38207
25341
04405
84615
98461
06738
78313
18861
06108
06308

59539
30860
07026

06073
74842
14120
82211
36609

413
1 70569
704

44997

414
1 71396
10)2.9376

709

3.5727

1.4791
87127
40143

( 62)6.064i
1)2.0322
7.4470
4.5080
3.3357

417
1 73889
725 11713

( 62)6.4269

57944

58882

53630

20006
98328

1)2.0346
7.4530
4.5107
3.3373

34238
31426
23237

418
1 74724
730

17929

98995

39914
63768
37037

419
1 75561

34632

735

60059

47618

16532
43334
45063
03984
50201

13045
54879
35926

85215
47722

19812
49315
90153
72387
19056
54883

26518
48631

(62)7.2150

59801

(62)7.6430

25690

(62)8.0952

59269

( 1)2.0396
7.4650
4.5162
3.3405

07805
22314
01729
55305

( 1)2

57786
99115
13349
59799

( 1)2.0445
7.4769
4.5216
3.3437

04830
66370
20097
61218

420
1 76400
740 88000
3.1116
96000

26)1.7080
(62)9.0778
( 1)2.0493
7.4880
4.5270
3.3469

75124
41792
74611
56568

1.3925

(62)4.2684

3.7311
26)1.5521

l/2

85306

( 1)2.0099

408

1 65649
19143

10)3.0528
il 10
18 2.9661
20
15
13
8.7980
5.1084
2.1200
1.2309

(62)3.5739

92707

415
1 722%
714

1ym;

694

25229

19344
65931
10945
45673
58841
20522
63008

91940
28423

;62;3.3676

20630
44168

410
1 68100
21000
61000
62010
04241
42739

20 7.9849
23 3.2738
26 I 1.3422
(62)5.0911

62)3.1728

;:8628;
00315
72718

404
1 63216
659 39264
10)2.6639
46266

1)2.0149
7.4047

689

10 2.6257
13 1 1.1585
15 4.7501
18 1.9475

80393
98439
09590

669

403
1 62409
654 50827

t%:
85282
57283
26278
11364

10
24

nk

0420
7.4709
4:5u9
3.3421

421
1 77241
746 18461

422
78084
51448
91106
27047
40136
46338
72154
:9":::

(62)9.6110

38126

(63)1.0174

16609

( 1)2.0518
7.4948

28453
11226

( 1)2.0542
7 5oo7

63858
40668

4.5297
3.3485

11307
47155

4[(-46)4]

+-y

415323
3.3501

96767
36405

+-;7]

(62)8.5730

1)2.0469
7.4829

4.5243
3.3453

423
78929
06967

21 1.0249

762

73581
48949
24114
21992
59575
424
1 79776
25024

16974
62680
97814

I $2 I :: z
(63)1.0768

83734

( 1)2.0566
7.5066
4.5350
3.3517

96380
60749
81455
22644

(63)1.1396
( 1)2.0591
7.5125
4.5371
3.3533

.[(-47141

73784
26028
71508
59390
05887

IGLEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND

41

METHODS

ROOTS

Table

3.1

k
425
1 80625
767 65625

:
:

I
773
10 3.2933
1'13 11.4029
115 I 5.9166
t 18 2.5460
I 21 1.0846
123 4.6204
I 26 1.9683
(63)1.2759
/ 1)2.0639
7.5243
4.5431
3.3564

2
i
1'0
24

(63)1.2059

63938

w
it:
l/5

3.3548

86145

427
1 82329
778 54483

81476
08776
53858
68743
46847
51557
17963
21295
40370
76744
65204
01082
63431

63)1.3497
1)2.0663
7.5302
4.5457
3.3580

:::
l/4
l/5

(63)1.5967
( 1)2.0736
7.5478
4.5537
3.3627

823

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

72093
44135
42314
28292
43107

(63)2.1073
( 1)2.0856
7.5769
4.5669
3.3705

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

24

l/2
l/3

16666
65361
84852
08540
27318

I 63)2.2267
c 1)2.0880
7.5827
4.5695
3.3720

440
1 93600
84000

(63)2.7724
( 1)2.0976
7.6059
4.5799
3.3782
1
881
10 3.9213
13 11.7450
15 1.7653
18 13.4555
21 1.5377
23 6.8428
26 I 3.0450
63)3.6361
1)2.1095
7.6346
4.5929
3.3858

18906
53949
88825
73502
05720

(63)1.7848
( 1)2.0784
7.5595
4.5590
3.3658

436
1 90096
828 81856

1 89225
12875

851

24

,63)1.6883
, 1)2.0760
7.5536
4.5563
3.3643

857

98685
97832
48212
64877
37758

71952
61302
86527
30941
75562
441
1 94481
66121

834
10 3.6469
13 1 1.5937
15 6.9644
18 1 3.0434
21 1.3299
23 5.8120
26 I 2.5398
(63)2.3526
( 1)2.0904
7.5885
4.5721
3.3736

83700
60969
26299
14114
65436
437
1 90969
53453
15896
02247
78818
77243
99555
98057
86851
34640
54496
79338
48834
20969

863
10 3.8167
13 1.6869
15 I 1.4564
18 3.2957
21 1 1.4567
23 6.4387
26 1 2.8459
(63)3.0912
( 1)2.1023
7.6174
4.5851
3.3813

442
1 95364
50888
09250
85488
75858
62329
26950
33117
20038
52385
79604
11603
71321
05834

53276
17696
04922
75651
40216

6312.9276
, 1)2.1000
7.6116
4.5825
3.3797

445
98025
21125
90063
18578
32671
73039
30002
98510
89837
37215
02311
06721
31864
83431

d4h

447

1 98916
887 16536
I 10 I 3.9567
57506
113 1.7647
13847
I 15 I 7.8706
23760
118 3.5102
98197
21 1.5655
92996
/ 23 6.9825
44761
,26 3.1142
14964
63)3.8373
95917
/ 1)2.1118
71208
7.6403
21250
4.5955
09991
3.3874
03811,

1 99804
893 14623
10 3.9923
63648
13 1.7845
86551
15 7.9771
01882
18 I 3.5657
64541
21 1.5938
96750
23 1 7.1247
18472
26)3.1847
49157
(63)4.0493
05610
( 1)2.1142
37451
7.6460
27242
4.5980
83787
3.3889
21465,

97132
00000
62611
75695
14445

._

[ 1 II3
(--6)4
4

(63)1.4277
( 1)2.0688
7.5361
4.5484
3.3596

432
1 86624
806 21568

431

1 85761
800 62991

24

429

12523

._-

430

428
1 83184
784 02752

44370
16087
22043
23998
09138

63)1.5099
1)2.0712
7.5419
4.5510
3.3611

433
1 87489
811 82737

63)1.8867
1)2.0808
7.5653
4.5616
3.3674

28946
65205
54712

50145
22267

817

99040
44954
63318
62238
63549

1 88%6
46504

(63)1.9941
( 1)2.0832
7.5711
4.5642
3.3689

438
1 91844
840 21672

(63)2.4852
( 1)2.0928
7.5943
4.5747
3.3751

93273
31518
86732
78463
77583

846

30189
66666
74278
81614
76223
439
1 92721
04519

26)2.6585
(63)2.6251
( 1)2.0952
7.6001
4.5773
3.3767

443._

1 96249
869 38307
10)3.8513
67000

875

52264
15920
32684
38502
71171
03314
444
1 97136
28384

26)2.9109
(63)3.2635

66867
43677

(63)3.4450

( y.;;;;

y;;;

( 1) ;. 16;;; ;;b;;

415877
3.3828

62546
34454

16313

4:5903
3;3843

448

449

2 ooioi
899 15392

3.2567
(63)4.2724
( 1)2.1166
7.6517
4.6006
3.3904

17891
04226
01049
24131
53268
36406,

49388
60316

2 01601
905 18849

26)3.3301
(63)4.5072
( 1)2.1189

47041
55570
62010

7.6514

13148

4.6032
3.3919

18450
48644

C-47)4
I

42

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND

METHODS

ROOTS

nk

k
450
2 02500
911 25000

:
:
2
7
9
10
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(b3)4.7544
( 1)2.1213
7.6630
4.6057
3.3934

50505
20344
94324
79352
58190

917

(63)5.0146
( 1)2.1236
7.6687
4.6083
3.3949

455
2 07025
941 96375

:
4

451
2 03401
33851

946

08183
76058
66491
35988
b5055
456
2 07936
188lb

2
l
9
10
24
:g
l/4
l/5

923

452
2 04304
45408

(b3)5.2883
( 1):

;;ii
4:6108
3.3964

954
10 I 4.3617
13 1.9933
15 9.1095
1.9025

(63)6.1983
( 1)2.1330
7.6913
4.6185
3.4009

13235
72901
71681
20218
65915

(b3)6.5336
( 1)2.1354
7.6970
4. b210
3.4024

.__

973

55778

59532

b3)6.8863
1)2.1377
7.7026
4. b235
3.4039

461
2 12521
979 72181

46

:
3

55383
15650
02263

2 11600
36000

10

(63)8.0572

70802

( 1)2.1447
4.6311

61059
42629
56507

3.4084

07924

7.7194

l/4
l/5

(63)8.4883
( 1)2.1470
7.1250
4.6336
3.4098

465
2 16225

:
1005

:
5

44625

29103
91055
32380

(63)5.5764

;;y;

( 1;. yo

08317
b9249

(63)8.9414
( 1)2.1494
7.7306

4.6361
3.4113

71390
88554

2 17156

1018

94696

453
2 05209
59677
73368
lb236
01548
00201
13891

4:b134
3.3979

457
2 08849
43993
90480
38249
55800

96;

21619
45396
55833
24618
87171
50532

(63)7.2572
( 1)2.1400
7.7082
4.6261
3.4054

(63)5.8795

01000

( 1) ;. y5;

y;

416159
3.3994

458
09764
71912
93570
42855
:'4:::
82342
57127
03764
39774
93456
38770
14413
38923

16664

967

00476
69669
459
2 lob81
02579

( b3)7.6472
1)2.1424
1.7130
4.6286
3.4069

35292
28529
44772
37519
24718

464
2 15296
998 97344

73356

38903

(63)9.4176

18526
14052
82186
66616

( 1)2.1517
1.7361
4.6386

467
2 18089
47563

37619
19665
85719
36534
70784

2 Oblib
935

463
14369
9922 52847
06816

462

466

1011

77338

13444
11128
34114
95360
54565
59409
b2447
98505
63510

:
7"
8
9
10
24

924

3.4128

1025

27630
72096
76381
24642
93909
76852
43479
87677
88909
42121

(63)9.9181
( 1)2.1540
7.7417
4.6411
3.4143

468
2 19024
03232

69666
65923
53281
91574
15079
469
2 19961

1031

61709

7"
9"
10
24

l/2
:;:

(b4)1.0444

09634

( 1)2.1563
7.7473

85865

4.6436

l/5

3.4157

10895
90198
85500

64)1.0996
1)2.1587

60547
84795

3.4172

53393

470
10 I
13
16
18
21 I
24

1038
4.8796
2.2934
1.0779
5.0662
2.3811
1.1191

26) 5.2599

24
:::

69046
03314

7.7520
4. b461

24259
18278

7.7504

02264
75300

4.6486
3.4187

471

2 20900

23000
81000
50070
21533
31205

1044

2 21841

87111

1051

18768

472
2 22784
54048

(64) 1.2187
( 1)2.1633
7.7639
4.6511
3.4201

10278

(b4)1.2827

30765

36077
61968
81635

1)2.1656

7.7694
4. b53b
3.4216

.._

2 23729

23817

44575

42003
474
2 24676

471

1058

68318
40783
62012

1064

96424

286b6

30473
13224

(64)1.3500

46075

(b4)1.4206

98007

( 1) ;. ;;;;

y;;

( 1)2.1702

53441
90361
97902
55283

4:b561
3.4230

1.1577
( 1)2.1610

(64)

23215
99883

7.7804

4.6585
3.4245

(64)1.4948
( 1)2.1725

85630
56098

7.7059

92032

3.4260

08213

4.6610

68652

(b4)1.5727
( 1)2.1748
7.7914
4.6635
3.4274

77826
56317
87536

(64)1.6545
( 1)2.1771
7.7969

51159
54106
74500

35480

4.6659

98399

50603

3.4289

06701

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND

43

METHODS

ROOTS

rzk

Table

3.1

475
2 25625
71875

1071

:
2
.z
1:

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

II! 10
lb
13
18
21
24

5.0906
2.4180
1.1485
5.4557
2.5914
1.2309
26 5.8470
(64) 1.7403
( 1)2.1794
7.8024

60126
86060

55878
40422
90207
49472
53153
57424

3.4303

2 30400
92000

;lO I 5.3084

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

lb000
39680

2.5480
1.2230
5.8706
2.8179
1.3526

59046
83423

28043
05461
ObZll

26 6.4925
(b4)2.2376
(

31322

1)2.1908
1.0291
4. b8Ob

90230
35282
94639

3.4375

43855

1140

64) 1.8304

1)2.1817
7.8079
4.6709

52278

1105

24

476
2 265%
50176

81079
65430
b4063

4.6604

13
:lb
18
'21
'24 I

1078

3.4317

1112
10)5.3527
13 I 2.5746
lb 1.2384
1.3 5.9568

87912
42423
25322
12569
95422

79188

6. b290

41895

3.4389

41094

1147

l/3
l/4
l/5

(b4)2.8694
( 1)2.2022
7.8568

4.6928
3.4446

1176
10)5.7648
13 2.8247
lb 1.3841
'18 6.1822
21 I 3.3232

70250
71555
28008
36620
75750

b4)3.0148

( l';;?;;
4: b952
3.4460

(b4)2.0242

75033

32967

3.4332

36143

( 1)2.1863
7.8188
4.6758

21111
45511
11278

3.4346

74449

1119

7.8405
4.6855
3.4404

14973
2 3b196
91256

482
2 32324
80168

57971

(b4)2.4724

1155

94846
b2762

03713

487
2 37169
01303

( 1)2.2135

94362

( y.

2.9718

lb I 1.4710

18 7.2817
21 3.6044

24

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

4.6976
7.8676

3.4475

1126
10 I 5.4423
13 2. b28b
lb 1.2696
18 6.1323
21 I 2.9619
24 1.4306

35163
85081

'8;;;
4:7072
3.4531

49066

6.9783

3.4333
1.6892
8.3109

4: 7096
3.4545

;;;"7;

3.4418

1162
10 1 5.6712

21 3.2163
24 1.5695
26 7.6594
b4)3.3271
1)2.2090
7.8729
4.7000
3.4489

10
13
lb
18 I
21
24

488
2 38144
14272

10)
13
lb I
18
21

75702
09424

14999
61719
61191
75643

b4)3.4947

21879

72203

1)2.2113

34439
68425

94366

7.8783
4.7024
3.4503

76812
26700

lZO!i

89849
58895
91354
97638

71635

b99bO

3.0629
1.5253

y.9;;

( 1)2.2315

98967

7.5963

3.7829

53784

81640

91695

6.1505

82790
39037
494
;! 44036

2 43049
23157

4.7120
3.4559

417215
3.4615

.:[(,5]

489
2 39121
1169 30169

73159

7.8997

1235

24411
15760
54092

56474

60331

( 1;. ;;y;

+p6)1]

30083

1)2.2203

62231

55329

7.8514
4. b904
3.4432

32162
84825

22124
61227

( 1:

19620

26 I 8.4814
64)4.2493

8;;;;

59546

45383

I_

1198
5.9072
2.9122
1.4357
7.0782
3.4895
1.7203

;;;;

1)2.2248

92097

00000

417192
3.4601

(b4)4.9154

67488
46397

92362

64)5.4138

56201
06649

79904

( 1)2.2000

78653

23936
87226
84064
84096

484
; ! 34256

1133

(b4)2.7307

55098

26)8.8318

64)4.6830

4-;)3]

ii,":

54870
10350

26098
13365
91145

(b4)5.1588

24 I 1.7842

41683
64874

( 1';.

71692
18873
56854
72689

06863

94186

50361

1)2.1977
7.8460
4.6879

61115
39113
17000
08320
15513

71463
13374

59893

y;;

73526
97749

95451

92764

46016
122;

25063
43906
62733
60531

1.9104

(64)4.0472

2 42064
95488
98010
73021

(b4)2.1283
( 1)2.1886
7.824;!
4. b78:!
3.4361.

b4)2.5985

.._

2 45025
87375

4.7168
3.4561

12045

03609
02524
50214
07962
17248

26 6.9098

.._

71639
91376
83697
56794

67133
12960

;! 29441
02239

/ 18
lb 1 2.5216
13
10
21
2.7713
1.2070
5.2643
5.7856

483
2 33289
78587
75752

497

1190
5.6594
2.8828
1.4183

68562

l/2

10 6.0037

53740
95065

40045
(b4)3.8543

13

07649

63943
14959

30728
93057

36822

1212

42798

( 1)2.2068

94384

(b4)3.6703

7.8837
4.7048
3.4517

(64)3.lb73

ii-;;

04856

24
l/3
l/4
l/5

82996

491
41081
70771

2 40100
49000
01000
52490
28720

99311
80708
55578
19966
01440

45935
89232
63849

419

1099

93826
96049

1.9250
( Q2.1840
7.8133
4.6733
(64)

26 b.2270

13 2.1675
lb) 1.3505
18 I 6.5908

l/2

478
2 28484
15352

49036

486

2 352%
84125

1092
10 I 5.2204
13 2.4953
lb 1.1927
18 5.7015
21 I 2.7253
24 1.3027

6.0979

481
2 31361
84641
91232
92583
27132
34506

1.3781
b4)2.3522

477

2 27529
1085 31333
10 1 5.1769
44584
13 2.4694
02567
lb 1.1779
05024
18 5.6186
06966
21 I 2. b800 75523

b4)4.4611
1)2.222B

7.9051
4.7144

65384

3.457'3

498
2 48004
05992

1242

49467
11077

29393
57633
66263

499
:! 49001
51499

98402

10) 6.200'1

98004

13)3.0938

49800
74750

73006
57570
86070

18 7.1031
21 3.8441

79067
85754

24 1.9182
26 I 9.5720

48691

16)1.5438

25162
91360

7.9264
4.7239

12221

3.4629

47190

08444
1

43500

60970

(64)5.6808

47029

( 1)2.2338
7.9317
4.7263
3.464'3

30790
10391
4191b

q-37)3]

36816

44

ELEMENTARY
Tahlc

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

3.1

POWERS

1250
10 6.2500
13 I 3.1250
16)1.5625
18)7.8125
21)3.9062
24)1.9531
26)9.7656
64)5.9604
1)2.2360
7.9370
4.7287
3.4657

500
2 50000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
50000
25000
25000
64478
67977
05260
08045
24216

505
2 55025
1287 87625
10)6.5037
75063
13)3.2844
06407
16 1.6586
25235
18 1 8.3760
57438
21)4.2299
09006
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

64)7.5682
1)2.2472
7.9633
4.7404
3.4726

08268

20505
74242
85740
28104

510
2 60100
1326 51000
(10)6.7652
01000
52510
13)3.4502

24

(64)9.5&?70

3.4794

1365

24

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

(65)1.2116
( 1)2.2693
8.0155
4.7637
3.4862

1406

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

ANALYTICAL

(65)1.5278
( 1)2.2803
8.0414
4.7753
3.4930

33090

77522
515
2 65225
90875

39706
61144
94581
81212
73428
520
2 70400
08000

48342
50850
51517
01928
16754

+;)a]

126;

1257

64)6.2532
1)2.2383
7.9422
4.7310
3.4671

44659
02929
93073
70628
09398

506
2 56036
1295 54216
(10)6.5554
43330
(13)3.3170
54325
(16 1.6784
29488
(18 1 8.4928
53211
(21)4.2973
83725
24)2.1744
76165
27)1.1002
84939
(64)7.9361
96349
( 1)2.2494
44376
7.9606
27129
30775
4.7428
3.4740
02314
511
2 61121
32831
1334
6.8184
17664
3.4842
11426
32039
16)1.7804
9.0980
07719
81944
4.6490
(65)1.0048

50848

3.4808

1373

(65)1.2693
( Q2.2715
8.0207
4.7660
3.4076

1414
10 I 7.3680
13 3.8387
16 I 1.9999
19 1.0419
21 5.4287

40954
516
2 66256
88096

83471
63338
79314
92045
26271
521
2 71441
20761
21648
39279
83164
91229
74301

1.4735
(65)1.5999
( 1)2.2825

91925
46126
42442

8.0466

02993

4.7775
3.4943

AHD

96092
59190

.:[(-,P]

(27)1.0163
(64)6.5597
( 1)2.2405
7.9475
4.7334
3.4684

METHODS

ROOTS

rth-

502
2 52004
06008

1272

35678
79050
35650
73855
29676
92370

507
2 57049
1303 23843
10)6.6074
18840

64)8.3212
1)2.2516
7.9738
4.7451
3.4753

1342

27)1.2379
65)1.0531
1)2.2627
8.0000
4.7568
3.4822

1381

65)1.3297
1)2.2737
8.0259
4.7683
3.4889

1422

(65)1.6752
( 1)2.2847
8.0517
4.7790
3.4956

55408

(64)6.8806
( 1)2.2427
7.9528
4.7357
3.4698

84448
66149
47628
85203
73139

(64)8.7242
( 1)2.2538
7.9791
4.7475
3.4767

512
2 62144
17728

16 1.8226
18 9.3502
21 4.7966
24 2.4606
ii27 1.2623
(65)1.1036
( 1)2.2649
8.0052
4.7591
3.4835

517
2 67289
88413

53822
14108
59837
06497
32173
12886
50331
04946
49431
61427

522
2 72484
36648

1430

(65)1.7540
( 1)2.2869
8.0568
4.7821
3.4970

ni[(-;)S]

16064

(64)7.2166
( 1)2.2449
7.9581
4.7381
3.4712

04000
94432
14416
37221
51715

509
2 59081
1318 72229
(10)6.7122
96456

523
2 73529
55667

91340
69982
57150
93433
04452
72252
524
__.
2 74576

1438

(65)1.8363
( 1)2.2891

44200
19325

18034
56810
03133
67011
18483

519
2 69361
1397 98359
10 7.2555
34832
13 3.7656
22576
16 1.9543
58118
19 1.0143
11863
21 I 5.2642
78570
1.4179
(65)1.4588
( 1)2.2781
8.0362
4.7730
3.4916

81704
61335
28718
03654
25675

06897
02835
44383
45086
11950

514
2 64196
1357 96744

65)1.1564
1)2.2671
8.0104
4.7614
3.4849

518
2 68324
1389 91832

(65)1.3928
( 1)2.2759
8.0311
4.7707
3.4903

3.2520

(64)9.1459
( 1)2.2561
7.9843
4.7498
3.4781

69942
85534
12176
10436
44229

513
2 63169
1350 05697
6.9257
92256

40039
22917
41700
00000
28460
02253

98008
31932
47881
86957
99566

63527

(10)6.4013

2 58064
1310 96512

97020
66050
73099
72336
74353

59294
63400
57353
99522
77017

503
2 53009

17824

30669
04628

86203

8.0620

17979

74532
37889

4.7844
3.4983

58829
74167

$[-;I

ELEMENTARY

POWERS

ANALYTICAL

METHODS

AND

nk

ROOTS

45
Table

3.1

k
:

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
24

1447
10)7.5969
13)3.9883
16 2.0938
19 11.0992
21)5.7713

525
2 75625
03125
14063
79883
99438
97205
10327

(65)1.9223
( 1)2.2912
8.0671
4.7867
3.4997

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

09365
87847
43230
39859
08406

526
2 76676
1455
110 7.6549
113 1 4.0265
I16 2.1179
I19 1.1140
I 21 5.8598
124 I 3.0822
127)1.6212
, 65)2.0121
/ 1)2.2934
8.0722
4.7890
3.5010

530
2 80900
1488 77000
10)7.8904
81000

:
:
2
7
9"
10
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

27)1.7488
(65)2.4133
( 1)2.3021
8.0926
4.1980
3.5063

74704
53110
72887
12335
96379

49267

535
2 86225
1531 30375
(10)8.1924
75063

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(65)3.0233
( 1)2.3130
8.1180
4.8093
3.5129

1574

66304
06701
41379
72829
40196

:65)2.5250
: 1y;;
4:8003
3.5076

31576

60898
09432
43961
385'24
42634
17226
77821
38448
68988
61977
17632
40614
531
81961
21291
00552
56493
46498
14290
68R82
22076
53022
41417
43724
58868
58033
71420

1463
10)7.7133

(65)2.1059
( 1)2.2956
8.0113
4.7912
3.5023

94141

24056
37598
02002
(65)2.6416
( 1)2.3065
8.1028
4.8026
' 3.5089

!j36

540
2 91600
64000

1583

57'189
49669
67381
96201
18626
52463

82534
48057
74241
92160
70797
532
83024
68768
58458
57499
95390

13716

12519
39019
16494
91583

(65)3.3066
( 1)2.3173
8.1281
4.8138
3.5155

541
2 92681
40421

1592

09101
26045
44739
61283
62774
542
2 93764
20088
28710

I 10
13 I 4.6773
16
2.5351
8.6297
19)1.3740

24

l/2
l/3

:/,:

65) 3.1796
1)2.3237
8.1432
4.8205
3.5194

:
:
5

1618

38253

(65)3.9512

48669

II 21
24 1.4472
2.1877
4.0363
(65)4.1303

90008
52850
70514
82029

( 1';;:;;

y;

( 1y;;

545
2 97025
78625

4:8228
3.5207

00711
84516

546
2 98116
1621

71336

1471
10 7.7720
13 4.1036
16)2.1667
19)1.1440
21 6.0404
24 I 3.1893
27)1.6839
(65)2.2040
( 1)2.2978
8.0824
4.7935
3.5036

4:8250
3.5220

1636
10)8.9526

12993
03642
26174
21864
94250
25684
12169
89345
93862
27819
85199

528
2 78784
97952
51866
43385
23707
30117
79020
72923
88903
12944
25059
80041
63454
98962

(10)7.8310

(65)2.7634
( 1)2.3086
8.1079
4.8048
3.5103

1601
10 8.6935
13 4.7206
16 2.5632
19 1.3918
21 I 7.5578
2.2284
65)4.3171
1)2.3302
8.1583
4.8272
3.5233

547
2 99209
67323
02568

1645

83632
10416
50910
55831
07963
00000
79399
31523
25117
534

58943
79276
12808
71774
09762

98937
82701
87014
00810
71134

529
2 79841
35889
98528

2 85iG
1522 73304
10 8.1313
94434
13 14.3421
64628
16 2.3187
15911
19 j 1.2381
94297
21 6.6119
57543
24 1 3.5307
85328
27)1.8854
39365
65)2.8906
14446
1)2.3108
44002
8.1129
80255
4.8071
23882
3.5116
25964

538
2 89444
1557 20872

(65)3.4575
1)2.3194
8.1331
4.8161
3.5168

1480

19 1.1592
21 6.1326
I 24 I 3.2441
(2711.7161
(65)2.3064
( 1)2.3000
8.0875
4.7958
3.5050

533
2 84089
1514 19437
10)8.0706
55992
13)4.3016
59644
16 2.2921
84590
19 1.2220
54187
21 I 6.5135
48814

537
2 88369
1548 54153

2 '37296
1539 90656
8.2538
99162

(27)1.9572
(65)3.1619
( 1)2.3151
8.1230
4.8116
3.5142

527
2 77729
63183
39744

539
2 90521
1565' 90819
10)8.4402
45144

(65)3.6151
( 1)2.3216
8.1382
4.8183
3.5181

543
2 94849
03007
93280
21151
97285
70426
56412
26405
37789
36040
05107
51847
83903

1609

(65)4.5120
( 1)2.3323
8.1633
4.8294
3.5246

548
3 00304
66592

1654

94612
39982
69477
26138
48871

(65)5.6199
f 112.34311
' -'8; i882
4.8405
3.531:l

83652
37353
23044
31217

77550

544
2' 95936
89184

46770
80758
10204
72806
80696
549
3 01401
69149

7"
:
10
24

l/2
l/3

(65)4.7153
( 1)2.3345
8.1683
4.8316
3.5259

73024
23506
09170
90704
75582

+;)3]

(65)4.9274
( 1)2.3366
8.1733
4.8339
3.5272

63602
64289
02026
05553
68570

(65)5.1486
( 1)2.3388
8.1782
4.8361
3.5285

;[(-47181

79188
03113
88788
17361
59664

(65)5.3793
( 1)2.3409
8.1832
4.8383
3.5298

+37)41

$-?3]

99369
74903
44110
31895
36198

46

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND

METHODS

ROOTS

nk

k
550
3 02500

1663
(10)9.1506

75000
25000

13)5.0328

43750

16)2.7680

551
3 03601
1672 84151
10 19.2173
56720
13 5.0787
63553
16 2.7983
98718
19 1.5419
17693
21 I 8.4959
66491
24 1 4.6812
17536

64063

27

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(65)5.8708
98173
( 1)2.3452
07880
8.1932
12706
4.8427
34641
3.5324'21650

1709

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(65)7.2951
( 1)2.3558
8.2179
4.8537
3.5388

(10)9.8344

24

m
l/3
l/4
l/5

1756

3.0330
(65)9.0471
( 132.3664
8.2425
4.8645
3.5451

54891
67858
31913
70600
98558
74407

l/3
l/4
l/5

(66)1.1198
( 1)2.3769
8.2670
4.8754
3.5514

1851
11)1.0556

24

w
l/3
l/4
l/5

11516

( 1)2.3473
8.1981
4.8449
3.5337

38919
75283
34384
05234

(65)7.6171
( 1)2.3579
8.2228
4.8558
3.5400

560
3 13600
16000
96000
%"6
94850

l);.:t%:
4:8667
3.5464

57461
72865
29409
20869
82586

44725

(66)1.3835
( 1)2.3874
8.2913
4.8861
3.5577

55344
67277
44342
71586
46263
1

q-y]

556
3 09136
79616
06650
17697
60240
68693

93672
65225
98519
88409
95340
561
3 14721
58481

1861
11 l.Ob30
13 6.0698
16 3.4659
19 r 1.9790
22 1.1300
24 6.4524
27 3.6843
(66)1.4430
( 1)2.3895
8.2961
4.8883
3.5589

1691
10 9.3519
13 1 5.1716
16 2.8598
19 1.5815
21 8.7458

24
27

24 4.8364
27)2.6745

44203
53644

(65)6.4052
( 1)2.3494
8.2031
4.8471
3.5349

76258
68025
31859
31136
86956

(65)6,6896
1)2.3515
(
8.2080
4.8493
3.5362

46227
95203
82453
24905
66821

1728
10)9.6254

(65)7.9528
( 1)2.3600
8.2278
4.8580
3.5413

1775

557
3 10249
08693
44200

84664
84744
25361
70341
67840
562
3 15844
04328

39138
71525
53918

68801
39637

4.8689
3.5477

36145
03064

571
3 26041
69411
27337
86093
04959
31732
27119
54848
51718
00887
b0629
90248
13236
93720

.;[,,)8]

12377
14448
08690
99605
24482
30384

98682
80873

(65)9.8553
( 1)2.3706
8.2523

75451
03838
76704
38859

553
3 05809

4.7582
2.6265

71309
7";;;;

566
3 20356
1813 21496
11 1.0262
79667
13 5.8087
42917
16 3.2877
48491
19 1.8608
65646
22 1.0532
49956
24 5.9613
94749
27 3.3741
49428
(66)1.1684
07534
( 1)2.3790
8.2719
4.8775
3.5527

570
3 24900
93000
00100

3.4296

1765

( 65)9.4429

565
3 19225
62125

83922

(65)6.1325

1718
10 9.5565
13 ! 5.3134
16)2.9542
1.6425

05803
43798
65765
03532
21007

I ::I :: F%
1.7270

1803

l/2

555
3 08025
53875

2.5793

552
3 04704
1681 96608
10)9.2844
52762
13 I 5.1250
17924
16 2.8290
09894
19 1.5616
13462
21 I 8.6201
'I6308

1822

3.4342
(66)1.2189
( 1)2.3811
8.2767
4.8797
3.5539

187:

I 22
27 I 1.1459
24
3.7493
6.5548
(66)1.5048
( 1)2.3916
8.3010
4.8904
3.5602

567
3 21489
84263

39578
71112
76180
72529
29685
93358
572
27184
49248
93699
23956
84103
20907
56759
72660
87161
89774
52149
30501
52074
39430

;[-p]

558
3 11364
1737 41112
10 9.6947
54050
13 1 5.4096
72760
16)3.0185
97400
19)1.6843
77349
21)9.3988
25608
65)8.3027
1)2.3622
8.2327
4.8602
3.5426

1784

27)3.1995
66)1.0284
1)2.3727
8.2572
4.8711
3.5489

1832

(6631.2716
( 1)2.3832
8.2816
4.8818
3.5552

27311
02362
46311
49337
38514

1700

(65)6.9860
( 1)2.3537
8.2130
4.8515
3.5375

1746
(10)9,7644
1.7056
9.5344
24)5.3297
27)2.9793
(65)8.6672
( 1)2.3643
8.2376
4.8624
3.5439

563
3 16969
53547

13511
93323
62104
63270
00598
64695
568
3 22624
50432

27927
75058
35499
79820
46087

1794

53980
17896
41841
65115
88109
8340;

92851
20459
27082
15700
44836
559
3 12481
76879
37536
21474
24040
43038
26358
91224
18084
61384
25407
07368
564
3 18096
06144

66)1.0732
1)2.3748
8.2621
4.8732
3.5502

44065
68417
49226
62170
24533

1842
11)1.0482
13 5.9643
16 I 3.3937
19 1.9310
22 j 1.0987

569
3 23761
20009
11851
25433
01172
15967
48085

3.5573
(66)1.3264
( 1)2.3853
8.2864
4.8840
3.5564

573
3 28329
1881 32517

27)3.8154
66)1.5693
( 1)2.3937
8.3058
4.8925
3.5614

3 06916
31464

17788
60719
72088
92764
27117
97054

574
1 79476
1891 19224

(66)1.6363
( 1)2.3958
8.3106
4.8947
3.5627

1$[-321

84728
29710
94107
21351
25633

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

47

METHODS

AND ROOTS

nk

Table: 3.1

k
:

1901

575
3 30625
09375

1911

576
3 31716
02976
11
13
16 I
19

5"
6
i
1:
24

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

(66)1.7061
( 1)2.3979
8.3155
4.8968
3.5639

93459
15762
17494
51807
66137

l66)1.7788
I 1)2.4000
8.3203
4.8989
3.5652

51122
00000
35292
79486
04916

1961

192:
1.1084
6.3955
3.6902
2.1292

66)1.8544
1)2.4020
8.3251
4.9011
3.5664

577
32929
00033
17190
67189
42268
69789
88668
56614
27966
68735
82430
47517
04396
41976

582
3 30724
1971 37368

3 375'61
225141

193:

(66)1.9331
( 1)2.4041
8.3299
4.9032
3.5676

570
34084
00552
21191
80481
82318
36180
26512
99239
72960
61432
63056
54185
26546
17321

583
3 39889
1981 55287
1.1552
45323

579
3 35241
04539
65281

1941
11)1.1238

;66;2.0150
( 1)2.4062
8.3347
4.9053
3.5689

48620
41883
55313
45944
10958

584
3 41;56
1991 76704

6'
;
9
10
24

l/2
:g

l/5
:
3

(66)2.1002
( 1)2.4083
8.3395
4.9074
3.5701

2002
1.1711

54121
18916
50915
62599
42892

(66)2.1889
( 1)2.4103
8.3443
4.9095
3.5713

585
3 42225
01625
79506

2012

06331
94:159
41009
76!j18
73'L27

66)2.2811
1)2.4124
8.3491
4.9116
3.5726

586
3 43396
30'356

2022

38380
67616
25609
87710
01670
587
3 44569
62003

5"
;
:
10
24

l/2
:;:

l/5

1
(66)2.5807
( 1)2.4186
8.3634
4.9180
3.5762

2053

(66)3.1655
( 1)2.4289
8.3672
4.9284
3.5823

2106
II
(11
1.2533
13 7.4573
16 4.4371
19 2.6400

24
:::
l/4
l/5

I ::I k :'42
(27j5.5612
(66)3.8762
( 1)2.4392
8.4108
4.9388
3.5884

19397
77324
46607
05007
77194
590
3 48100
79000

43453
91560
06527
80050
69695
595
3 54025
44875
37006
55187
26336
90170
:z
14639
08928
62184
32585
80725
21030

(66)2.6887
( 1)2.4207
8.3682
4.9201
3.5774

2064

(66)3.2968
( 1)2.4310
8.3919
4.9305
3.5835

2117

(66)4.0356
( 1)2.4413
8.4155
4.9409
3.5896

02707
43687
09391
05372
99018

27)4.8571
(66)2.8010
( 1)2.4228
8.3729
4.9222
3.5787

591
3 49281
25,071

52680
49156
42387
67063
83235
596
3 5'5216
089736

19703
11123
41899
62581
26411

2074

(66)3.4333
( l)?;;;;
4:9326
3.5847

2121
11 1.2702
13 7.5835
'16 I 4.5273
'19 2.7028
;22 I 1.6135
24 9.6331
27 5.7509
(66)4.2013
( 1)2.4433
8.4202
4.9490
3.5908

44372
08521
08288
66760
03051
19175
592
3 50464
74688

72793
'3;;;;
51429
95134
3 56409
76113
73753
34304
69980
39878
95407
64580
99254
02448
58345
45948
33830
30176

(66)2.3770
( 1)2.4145
8.3539
4.9137
3.5738

88299
39294
04732
96184
28526

2032
'ii
i.1953
:13 7.0288
16 '4.1329
'19 I 2.4301
22 1.4289
'24 I 8.4022
27 4.9405
66)2.9178
1)2.4248
0.3777
4.9242
3.5799

588
3 45744
97472
89135
88116
86212
95893
55185
56487
26815
02055
71131
18728
98052
37670

2085
11 1.2365
13 7.3328
16 I 4.3483
19 2.5785
22 1.5291
24 I 9.0675
27)5.3770
(66)3.5753
( 1)2.4351

593
3 51649
27857
70192
61239
06715
93322
05840
97630
85394
01250
'59132

8.4013
4.9347
3.5860

213'3

98104
33156
05396
598
3 57604
47192

4.6145
(66j2.4768
( 1)2.4166
8.3506
4.9159
3.5750

40597
99188
09195
70393
01946
53698

589
3 46921
2043 36469

(66)3. 039:!
( 1)2.4269
6.3824
4. 926'3
3.5811

2095

54545
32220
65312
90382
54508

594
3 52836
84584

7.3948

98628

27)5.4684
(66)3.7228
( 1)2.4372
8.4061
4.9368
3.5872

52572
42640
11521
17992
12252
14026

2149

599
3 58801
21799

(66)4.3734
( 1)2.4454
0.4249
4.9451
3.5920

92798
03852
44747
02478
32329

(27)5.9465
(66)4.5524
( 1)2.4474
8.42'?6
4.9471
3.5932

93118
34829
47650
38310
68534
32875

48

ELEMENTARY

Table

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

3.1

2160

(66)4.7383
( 1)2.4494
8.4343
4.9492
3.5944

2214

(6635.7826
( 1)2.4596
8.4576
4.9595
3.6004

2269

(66)7.0455
( 1)2.4698
8.4809
4.9697
3.6063

3 60000
00000

81338
89743
26653
32004
31819

77757
74775
90558
10838
02669
610
3 72100
81000

68477
17807
26088
26156
34171

33286
19354
34993
70868
26906

620
3 84400
2385 28000

(67)1.0408
( 1)2.4899
8.5270
4.9899
3.6180

66)4.9315
1)2.4515
8.4390
4.9512
3.5956

605
3 66025
45125

615
3 78225
2326 OLi375

(66)8.5704
( 1)2.4799
8.5040
4.9798
3.6122

2170

79722
79920
18983
69859
81437

(66)6.0164
( 1)2.4617
8.4623
4.9615
3.6015

2280

(66)7.3280
( 1)2.4718
8.4855
4.9717
3.6075

601
3 61201
81801
61624
16360
50833
82950
41953
87314
53756
94142
'0%
92896
29165
606
67236
45016
22797
54150
28415
92819
83448
82770
27505
86963
06725
47078
58954
92098
611
3 73321
99131

60494
41419
57944
61679
15802

616
3 79456
2337 44896

(27)7.8669
(6638.9112
( 1)2.4819
8.5086
4.9819
3.6134

63254
18488
34729
41730
01975
00850

621
3 85641
2394 83061

(67)1.0819
( 1)2.4919
8.5316
4.9919
3.6192

28109
87159
00940
80728
47808

METHODS

AND ROOTS

218:

(66)5.1323
( 1)2.4535
8.4436
4.9533
3.5968

223:

rzk

602
624 4
672 i! 8
66592
66885
93065
::z:
08947
21860
44384
68829
87734
51218
24918

2192

(66)5.3409
( 1)2.4556
8.4483
4.9554
3.5980

607
68449
48543
46656
08202
67079

--.

603
3 63609
56227

12849
05832
60500
06978
19083

2203

(66)5.5575
( 1)2.4576
8.4530
4.9574
3.5992

608
69664
55712

2258

3 64816
48064

90288
41145
28104
60182
11665
609
3 70881
66529

'3::::
(66)6.2593
( 1)2,4637
8.4670
4.9636
3.6027

%i
40623
36999
00076
04536
79959

2292
;ll
1.4028
13 8.5853
'16 5.2542
'19 1 3.2155
'22 1.9679
'25 I 1.2043
'27 7.3707
(66)7.6213
( "UN',;

612
3 74544
20928
32079
32326
23383
84711
37843
77960
93114
89047
0~;;

4;9737
3.6086

94704
95885

(66)6.5115

3.6039

2406

(67)1.1245
( 1)2.4939
8.5361
4.9939
3.6204

68280
48470
43484
22621
73271
622
3 86884
41848

25305
92783
77980
89170
12677

(66)6.7735

66255

(66)7.9259
( 1)2.4758
8.4948
4.9758
3.6098

z::::
46261
45058
10121
05604
20352
51097
83681
06516
25239
74428

66)9.6321
1)2.4859
8.5178
4.9859
3.6157

618
81924
29032
59418
15202
70395
59704
87297
10750
48432
53659
60579
40269
40813
44173

2418
11 1.5064
13 1 9.3851
16 5.8469
19 1 3.6426
2.2693
8.8080
(67)1.1687
( 1)2,4959
8.5407
4.9959
3.6215

231:

(66)8.2421
( 1)2.4779
8.4994
4.9778
3.6110

614
76996
75544
59840
35419
92747
68947
79533
67433
42041
57465
02339
23260
53291
51433

I 22
19 I 2.1553
16
3.4820
5.6252

86668
76757
46313

(67)1.0013
( 1)2.4879
8.5224
4.9879
3.6169

26192
71061
32097
56556
13560

242:

(67)1.2145

( y;:
1

50991

619
3 83161
2371 76659

623
3 88129
04367
41206
28716
35190
40623
65108
64101
27115
96795
50116
95191
76049

29447

3.6051

613
75769
46397

617
3 80689
2348 85113

66)9.2649
1)2.4839
8.5132
4.9839
3.6145

72833

4:9979
3.6227

624
89376
70624
36694
z;
66786
70474
70376
71145
91262
99199
17363
98799
37928

1ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS
625

2441

24

l/2
l/3

$2

(67)1.2621
( 1)2.5000
8.5498
5.0000
3.6238

3 90625
40625

77448
00000
79733
00000
98318

630
3 96900
2500 47000

m
l/3
l/4
l/S

I 16
13 I 1.5752
11
6.2523
9.9243

50221
65430
96100

II 19
27 3.9389
25
22
2.4815
1.5633
9.6493
(67)1.5281
( 1)2.5099

80639
02919
81416
57803
75339
80080
18882
70139

8.5726

5.0099
3.6296

2560

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(67)1.8474
( 1)2.5199
8.5952
5.0198
3.6354

78090

635
4 03225
47875

36020
20634
38034
81108
21280

14376
67994

81641
14307
14356
76187
80893
18391
47419
99201
37239
98801

3.6250

2512

57224

631
3 98161
39591

(67)1.5874
( 1)2.5119
0.5771
5.0119
3.6308

66692
71337
52262
57040
29638
636

2572
11)1.6361

4 04496
59456
70140

(67)1.9185
( 1)2.5219
8.5997
5.0218
3.6365

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(67)2.2300
( 1)2.5298
8.6177

5.0297
3.6411

2683

39634
04043
47604
56273
65574

2464

67)1.3627
1)2.5039
6.5589
5.0039
3.6262

2524
11 I 1.5953
14 1.0082
16 6.3723
19 I 4.0273
22 2.5452
25 1.6086
28 1.0166
67)1.6489
1)2.5139
8.5816
5.0139
3.6319

- .-

2633

74520
22128

(67)2.3152

22362

( 1) 2 6;;;

2:;;;

4 10881
74721

2646

67)2.4034
1)2.5337

645
4 16025
36125

5:0316
3.6422

2695

97308
65548

8.6267
5.0336
3.6434

646
4 17316
86136

2708
(11)1.7523

24

l/3
l/4
l/5

(67)2.6880
( 1)2.5396
8.6401
5.0395
3.6467

2476

65028
96805
89894
95209
14650

(67)1.4158
( 1)2.5059
8.5635

5.0059
3.6273

632
3 99424
35960

2536

95318
89841
91794
51614
86220
20891
48403
59081
61018
80854
41581
79727

1.6316
(67)1.7127
( 1)2.5159

80891
71892

24057
85020
22598
28767

99973

4--97

(67)2.7898
( 1)2.5416
8.6445
5.0414
3. b479

47292
53005
85472
80939
30063

.;[(-;I]

(67)2.8953
( 1);

5:0434
3.6490

30845
58755

633
4 00689
36137

73988

23768
28361

2658

95163
94164
66188
52582
99626
49851

58638

II 19
22 3.8954
27
25
9.6940
21:5411
4502
(67)1.4710
( 1)2.5079
8.5680
5.007')
3.6285

22049
20469
76765
06675
09545
87241
80703
80871
25079

2548

634
4 01956
40104

82992
17605
35581

2670

_
648 .

2720

(67)3.0046
( 1)2.5455
8.6534
5.0453
3.6501

;[(-;)3]

4 19904
97792

93247
84412
97422
78492
86051

32334
44932
48015
67827
89842
644
4 14736
89984

67740
15508
55108
74325
68481

-..

2733

4-37

82860
61719
35662
23720
03608
75544

639
4 08321
260') 17119

(67)2.5897
( 1)2.537'7
8.6356
5.0375
3.6450

44467

629
3 95641
58189
50275
18009
39823

(67)2.1479
( 1)2.5278
8.6132
5.0277
3.639')

643
4 13449
47707

3.1

I 11
13 I 1.565:)
16
6.1930
9.8458

(28)1.0492
(67)1.7788
( 1)2.5179
8.5907
5.0179
3.6342

30535
49125
04672

(2Q1.1173
67)2.0686
1)2.5258
8.6087
5.0257
3.6388

647
4 18609
40023
34949

y;

70600

5.0159
3.6331

3.6445

61105
p9';

96309
92817
37711
89230

8.5062

(67)2.4949
( 1)2.5357
8.6311
5.0356

06237
58602
01272

2488

73152

638
4 07044
2596 94072

642
4 12164
09288

30760

33719
28406

Table
620
3 94384

3 93129
91883

637
4 05769
2584 74853
11 1.6464
84814
14 1 1.0488
10826
16 6.6809
24963
19 4.2557
49202
22 2.7109
12241
25 1.7268
51098
28 I 1.1000
04149
67)1.9922
61654
1)2.5238
85893
8.6042
52449
5.0238
29110
3.6377
08430

64.1

4 09600
44000

nk

621

3 91876

_.

2621

AND ROOTS

626

2453
11 1.5356
13 9.6132
16 I 6.0179
19 3.7672
22 2.3582
25 1.4762
27 I 9.2415
67)1.3115
1)2.5019
8.5544
5.0019

49

METHODS

(67)3.1179
( 1)2.5475
8.657')
5.0473
3.6513

4 21201
59449

75679

47841
46522
23886
11957

50

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

METHODS

AND ROOTS

nk

k
651
2146

4 23801

4 22500
25000

2758

94451

2771

10364
;U;

1.4097
(67)3.6134
( 1)2.5553

14868
66091
17457
19800
30929
16597
02582
86468

46611
81368

8.6756
5.0550
3.6558

97359
83054
01749

:lb

1.1531

19 5.0628
22 I 3.3060
;25
,28

44710
09757
91053

5.0492
3.6524

67033
36416

(b7)3.3569

41134

( 1)2.5514

70164

8.6668

5.0512
3.6535

31029

07939
59612

(67)3.4829
( 1);;::;
5:0531
3.6546

656

2810

(67)3.8885
( 1)2.5592
8. b845
5.0589
3.6580
:
:
5
:
8
1:
24

112
l/3
l/4
l/5

4 29025
11375

2823

81447
96778

93654

1)2.5612
8.6889
5.0608
3.6591

49695
62971

45603

49271
38399

---

2874
lQ1.8974
14 1.2523
lb 1 8.2653
19 5.4551
22 3.6004
25 2.3762
28 i 1.5683
(67)4.6671
( 1)2.5690
8.7065
5.0685
3.6636

4 35600
96000
73600
32576
95002
60701

ObOb3

68001
36881
78950
46516
87691

11
'14
lb i
19
22
25
28

2888
1.9089
1.2618
8.3408
5.5132
3.6442
2.4088
1.5922

(67) 4.8398

( 1)2.5709

8.7109
5.0704
3.6647

76246

06215
665

4 42225
2940

2954

79625

79069
54676

2.1588

2835

3.6602

661
4 36921
04781

(b7)

69592

4.3393

17689

3.6613

83152

(b7)5.0187

05901

1);;;;;
5: 0124
3.6658

666
4 43556
08296

2967

(67)5.2038

;;;;t
11720

( 1)2.5748
8.7197
5.0743
3.6669

23896

b67
4 44889
40963

298;

664
40896

_-.4 54944
-

2927

34241
09058

48947

(67)

5.3955

27431
19745

59553
78638

( 1)2.5768
8.7241
5.0762
3.6680

26200
30727

41343
38514

3b224

--.

bb8
46224
77632

4 47561
2994 18309

58582
93933
27470
98350
12498
27948
49870

10

l/3
l/4
l/5

87920
99531
88202
55239
95358

18918
31842
65311
00901

24

4 34281
91179

~24063025

4
5

10

(67)4.5003
( 1)2.5670
8.7021
5.0666
3.6624

4 39569
2914

79482
68738
62236

15727

17214
20758

3.6569

663

4 38244
17528

48737
20153
82121

82739
95071

5.0570

2861

662

2901

99602

84834
92026

72888
42371
23736

4 31649
93393

80288

(67)4.1837

26264

(67)3.7485
( 1)2.5573
8.6801

657

4 30336
0041b

67) 4.0335

2797

2784

11
'14 i 1.1873

(67)3.2353
( 1)2.5495
8.6623

654
4 27iid

653
4 26409
45077
1.8182
46353

4 25104
67808

67) 5.5939

61683

(67) 5.7993

79113

1)2.5787
8.7285
5.0781
3.6691

59392
18735
48670
40389

( 1)2.5806
8.7328
5.0800
3.6702

97580
91741

11)2.0151
14)1.3501

lb) 9.0458

19 6.0607
22 4.0606
25 I 2.7206
28) 1.8228

43226

3021
11 2.0271
'14 I 1.3602

12100
25107
38217
11605
76776
53440

lb

'19
:22

9.1271
6.1243

4.1094

8.7503

40123

5.0895
3.6757

64588

[C-36)2]

44934

3.6735

37627

46;)I

673

4 51584
64448

( 1);:;;;
5:0914

87644
13208
'9;;;;
59790

3.6768

32575

(67)7.1922

03431
84552

3.6724

24470

27799

96605
66769
91362

15340

44740
672

3034

(b7)b.4599

66242
24639

25) 2.7946
28) 1.8719

1.8502

( 1)2.5845

09844
69597

5.0838
8,741b

67120
93105
67366

(67)6.9396
( 1)2.5903
8.7546

2321

62528

lb I 9.2090
19 6.1884
22 4.1586

88867
35821

(67)b.

( 1)2.5865
8.7459
5.0857

11711
69581
30789
48592
lb705
lb509

37805

67266
41314

5:0819
3.6713

4 50241

4 48900
63000

67) 6.6956
1)2.5884
5.0876
3.6746

14426
;U;;

671

_.I

3007

56673

(67)6.0120
( 1'2%;;

3048

(67)7.4535
( 1)2.5942

4637)3]

4 52929
21217

3061

b7819
43810
674
4 54276

82024

22063

(67)l.

24354

15552
50997
43858
19196
18565

7239

5.0933
8.7633

52878
80887

( 1)2.5961
5.0952
8.1677

3.6779

26219

3.6790

4-3721

ISLEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

METHODS

AND ROOTS

51

nk

Table

k
675
4 55625
3075 46875

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(11)2.0759
(14)1.4012
(16)9.4585
(19)6.3844

41406
60449
08032
92922

(22)4.3095
(25)2.9089
(28) 1.9635

32722
34587

(67)8.0036

95322
76211
53215
32735
09614

( 1)2.5980
8.7720
5.0971
3.6801

3144
I 14
16
11 I 2.1381
9.8867
1.4539

24

676
4 56976
15776

22820

( 1)2.6076
8.7936

a0962
59344

5.1065
3.6855

45762
45546

30685

685
4 69225
3214 19125

72571

(67)8.5926

68325

00000
82955
19514
99371

( lJ2.6019

22366

(11
(14
116
119
I22
125

1.4646
9.9743
6.7925
4.6256
3.1500

55745
05627
02132
93952

2.1452

97581
16453

167)9.8976
I 1)2.6095
8.7979

128

21241
42651

17949
97670
67850

68) 1.0252

5.1084

22134

38701
12971
72141

3.6866

28893

5.1102
3.6871

( 1)2.6172
8.8151
5.1159
3.6909

50466
59819
07022
49595

1)2.6191
a.8194

28446
19551
60171
47349

5.1177
3.6920

73120
26615

690
4 76100

l/2
l/3
l/4
1/5

68) 1.3563
1)2.6267
8.8365
5.1252
3.6963

70007
a5107

3357

55922
17173
22179
695
4 83025
02375

lJ2.6115
8.8022

96441

10968

3299

3242

(2aJ2.3418

42816

a7886

8.8408
5.1270
3.6973

3371

22729
73128
92956

91886

68484
30714

5.1196
3.6931

37179

3313

24
10

68)1.6130

1)2.6362
a.8578
5.1344
3.7016

03502

a5265
48911
76863
63101

(68) 1.6696
( 1)2.63al
8.8620
5.1363
3.1027

35809
al192
95243

22801
28321

50418

( lj2.6057

62844

11 2.1761
14 1.4862
17 I 1.0151
19 6.9333
22 4.7354
25 I 3.2343
28)2.2090

97694
44925
57584

(6aJ1.0619
( 112.6134
a.8065
5.1121
3.6887

32441
26869
12225
68688
91774

a.7893
5.1046
3.6844

(68)1.2650
( 1)2.6229
8.8280
5.1214
3.6941

692
4 78864
73888

4 67856
3200

13504

11)2.1888

92367

6a)l.o998
1)2.6153
a.8108
5.1140
3.6898

a2878
39366
68115
38880
71315

4 73344
60672
45423

3270

3328

93189
75410

(68)1.3099
( i)2.6248

4 74721
82769

09925
99204
76894

58832
72050

1.4539
( lj2.6305
a.8450

39271
a9288
a5422

5.1289
3.6984

27069
62494

69927

a.8322

a0950
a4991

5.1233
3.6952

59200
50159

693
4 a0249

12557

3342

07305
30255
a6536

3.6387

3386

46612
67319
60923

689
3256

694
4 81636
55384

41112
1.5052
( 1)2.6324
a.8493

11857
a9316
44010

5.1307
3.6995

79001
30796

(68)

08873

(6a)1.7281
( 1)2.6400
8.8663
5.1381

70846
75756
37511
66751

3.7037

91713

(6a)1.5582

14678

( 1)2.6343
a.8535
5.1326
3.7005

a7974
98503
28931
97866

698
4 a7204

4 a5809

2.3736
1.6568
1.1564
a.0721

68392
77376
26809
65112
26484

22 5.6343
3.9321

44286
12312

3400

11
14
17
19

l/2

(67)9.2230

43313
29644
86801
75023
--a

02381

I 19 7.5987
(22 5.2583
(68)

74277

94737

( lj2.6210
a.8237

696
4 84416

53536

(11)2.1255
(14) 1.4432

679
4 61041
46639
'38037

13744

11987
19871
89872
35983
78761

4 71969
42703

(66)1.2216

11 2.2931
14 1.5868
17 1.0980

'68)1.4043

3130

4 66489
3186

(11)2.2405

691
4 77481
39371

: 1)2.6286

678
4 59684
65752
93799
11595
54097
89678
65402
82142
65092

687

4 70596
28'356
05952
19683
84703
87060
79523
72953

168) 1.1797

24

14 1.4754

686

03562

a3744
08784

11 2.1634

4 65124
14568

14196

31118

22)5.1379
3.5452

682
3172

3.1919

(28)2.2746

09000
12100
31349
81631
53253

a7040

17J1.0062
19 6.8626
22 1 4.6803

(68)1.1391

1)2.6038
a.7850
5.1027
3.6833

08428
04200

03354
41087
50822
30603
14071

24

3285
11 2.2667
14 1 1.5640
17)1.0791
19)7.4463

8.7807
5.1009
3.6822

4 63761

3158
2.1507

10

l/3
l/4
l/5

3116

t 1)2.6000
8.7763
5.0990
3.6811

3228
111)2.2146
114 1.5192
117 1 1.0421
119 7.1493
I22 4.9044
I25 3.3644
28 I 2.3080

l/2

677
4 58329
88733
54722
43247
09783
94923
50263
31928
91415

t 67)8.2931

4 62400
32000

33568
37600
48262

3102
11)2.1006
14)1.4221
I
(16 9.6279
(19 6.5180
(22 4.4127
(25 2.9874
(28 2.0224

(11)2.1130
(14 1.4326
(16 1 9.7135
(19 6.5057
(22 4.4651
(25 3.0273
(28 I 2.0525
(67)8.9025

30847

2.1139
(67)9.5546

:
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

3089

3.1

3415

(68)1.7886

69670

(68)

( lJ2.6419

68963

8.8705
5.1400
3.7048

15722
08719
53884

1.8511

699
4 a8601
32099

a.8748

95210
60813
09888

5.1418
3.7059

48708
14839

1)2.6438

52

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND

METHODS

ROOTS

nk

k
:

3430

4 90000
00000

3444

701
4 91401
72101

3459

702
4 92804
48408

3414

703
4 94209
28927

3489

4 95616
13664

:
i
9"
10
24

l/2
;g

:
3
4

(6a)1.9158
( 1)2.6457
a.8790
5.1436
3.7069

3504

12314
51311
40017

(68)1.9825
( 1)2.6476
8.8832
5.1455
3.7080

86124

74581
705
4 97025
02625

3518

a7808
40459
66120
22771
33112

(68)2.0515

90555

2q2.9481
(68)2.1228

74939
91511

( 1;;;;:

gg;

( 1) 2 "8:;;

'0;;;;

511473
3.7090

706
4 98436
95816

56056
90435

511491
3.7101

a8981
46554

(68)2.1965
( 1)2.6532
8.8959
5.1510
3.7112

708
5 01264
3548 94912

707

4 99849
3533 93243

63787
99832
20362
19154
01473

709
5 02681
3564 00829

2
i
1'0
24

l/2
:::
l/5

(68)2.2726
( 1)2.6551
8.9001
5.1520
3.7122

82709
a3609
30453
47377
55193

(68)2.3513
( 1)2.6570
a.9043
5.1546
3.7133

710

3594

24

v2

l/3
l/4
l/5

(68)2.6927
1)2.6645
a.9211
5.1619
3.7115

3655

24

1
:
4

(bQ2.7852
( 1)2.6664
a.9253
5.1637
3.7185

76016

a2519
21404
59433
05928

715
5 11225
25875

3670

25887
66051
36564
73657
07718

13215

( 1)2.6589
8.9085
5.1564
3.7143

47160
38706
97998
59051

711
5 05521
25431

3609

89985
58325
07760
76065
52523

68)2.8808
1)2.6683
8.9294
5.1655
3.7195

716
5 12656
61696

(68)3.1867
( 1)2.6739
a.9420
5.1710

28051
48391
14037
23488

(6CQ3.2954
( 1)2.6758
8.9461
5.1728

33372
17632
80866
30591

3.7221

27165

3.1231

67905

720
5 18400
3732 48000

(68)2.4325

3686

(68)3.4076
( 1)2.6776
8.9503
5.1746
3.7248

721
5 19841
3140 05361

(68)2.5165
( 1)2.6608
8.9127
5.1583
3.7154

712
5 06944
44128

44702
32813
90191
90782
97942

3624

(68)2.9795
( 1)2.6702
6.9336
5.1674
3.7206

717
5 14089
61613

87302
85568
43817
35801
07483

3701

(68)3.5236
( 1)2.6795
8.9545
5.1164
3.7258

722
5 21284
3763 67048

07242
26939
36887
20404
09195

(ba)2.6032
( 1)2.6627
8.9169
5.1601
3.7164

713
5 08369
67097

36544
05985
68708
03588
42186

3639

:;zt

I 19
17)1.3249
22
I 9.4599
4.8226
6.7543

a3171
20408
18825
29584

(ba)3.0814
( 1)2.6720
8.9376
5.1692
3.7216

63889
77843
43321
14489
85260

._

719

3716

(68)3.6432

3795

33067

5 16961
94959

86875

3.7260

723
5 22729
3719

714
5 09796
94344

\ 2) :: ZE

718
5 15524
46232

00491
52201.
02899
39125
45902

12640
05391
31117
40881
58153

a3164
724
5 24176
03424

2
7
a
1:
24

(68) 3.7668
( 1)2.6832
a.9628
5.1800
3.1279

63712

a1573
09493
40128
19273

(68)3.8944
( 1)2.6851
a.9669
5.1818
3.7289

R2[(-36)2]

51981
44316
57022
37817
54232
1

(68)4.0261
( 1)2.6870
a.9711
5.1836
3.7299

qc-,7,5]

75870
05769
00718
33637
a8042

(68)4.1621
( 1)2.6888
a.9152
5.1854
3.7310

4637)2]

63488
65932
40590
27593
20708

(ba)4.3025
t 112.6907
'a;4793
5.1872
3.7320

41372]

46659
24809
76646
19688
52232

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

3810
(11)2.7628

725
5 25625

70125
16406

3826

11)2.7780
14)2.0168
17)1.4642

AND ROOTS

726
5 27076
57176

91098
94137
65143

3842

(11)2.7934

53

METHODS

Table

nk

727
5 28529
40583

29038

728
3858

(11)2.8088
(14)2.0448
(17 1.4886

30403
28533
35172
26405
28230
76552
23730
09683
47513

24

(68)4.4474

61095

(68)4.5970

46501

(68)4.7514

46686

20 1 1.0837
22 7.8895
25 1 5.7435
I 28)4.1813
(68)4.9108

l/2

( 1)2.6925

82404

38717
37347
98317
11864

1)2 a'9917
6962

93753
62009

5:1925
3.7351

84860
39979

l/3

0.9835
5.1890
3.7330

l/4
l/5

:
3890

08896
09928
82616

1)2.6944
8.9876
5.1907
3.7341

730
5 32900
17000

3906

731
5 34361
17891

3922

5 29984
28352

1)2.6981
5.1943
8.9958
3.7361

732
5 35824
23168

3938

(11)2.8242
(14)2.0589

24

l/3

l/4
l/5

11)2.9025
1.563;'
20 1.1478

l/3
:;:

38047

(68)5.4202

21655

(68)5.6010

04807

(68)5.7875

58467

(68)5.9800

51217

( 1)2.7037
9.0082
5.1997
3.7392

01167
22937
12653
41158

( 1):;;;;

;;;'8;

( 1)2.7073

97274

( 1)2

735
5 40225
65375

86185

2";;;;

1) ;. ;;:;
5:2068
3.7433

(68)6.3836

1) $.-p;

11253
24423

512085
3.7443

740
5 47600
24000

(68)7.2704

49690

( 1)2.7202

94102

9.0450
5.2156
3.7484

3986

5:2014
3.7402

736
5 41696
88256

4003

l/2

:5:
l/5

9.0164
5.2032
3.7412

737
5 43169
15553

41696
43874

03580

4068

(68)7.5099
( 1)2.7221
9.0491
5.2174
3.7494

745
5 55025
93625

57129
68813
67701
31847
55355

( 1';.

;;;;
5:2261
3.7544

70867
81700

(22 I 8.7993

16095
24678
56123
24254

74542

(68)6.8132

( q.;;;;

'0;;;;

( l'y&

741
5 49081
69021

49065
31518
14206
05023
16115

5:2103
3.7453

4085

11)3.0312

49693
59393

01490
98844

l'$.;:f
5:2191
3.7504

4168

5:2121
3.7463

29268
39324
05277

(11)2.9824
(14)2.2040
(17)1.6287

4035

(68)7.0382

SW&
16213

5:2138
3.7473

75222

52049
72407
E:
14035
33628
49854
98142
93019

.5;5;;

(68)8.0118
( 1)2.7258
9.0572

26396
48245
02634

64391
27557

5.2209
3.7514

21982
37909

747
5 58009
32723

748
5 59504
4185 08992

739
II 46121
a3419

81466
53804
95761

79698
y;

._
410:

07181

28)5.0587

43437

9:02OI1
5.205(1
3.7423

( 1';.

742
5 50564
18488

( 68)7.7569

7092

730
5 44644
47272

(14)2.1891
(17 1.6156
(20 1.1923

(68)6.5950

61314
42461

30890
65584
85019

(11)2.9663

y7;

5 56516
4151 60936

(68)8.8253

4019

27605

28)5.4101
(68)8.5457
( 1)2.7294
9.0653
5.2244
3.7534

90029
63647

46422
09120
30506
36620
07703
24153
68916

(68)6.1786

4134

24

58576

(68)5.2450

13346
33452
17550

80275
93922
82539
16384
72255
29635
04352

( 1)2.7018
9.0041
5.1979
3.7382

734
Ia 38756
46904

t 22 8.4249

25 6.183(1
28 4.5390

4052

l/2

00000
00000
52423
92819

1)2.7OOll
9.000[1
5.1961
3.7371

(17

I 14
11 I 2.9184
17
2.1450
1.5766
II 20
28 4.6012
25
22
6.2601
8.5172
1.1588

24

87861

I 14)2.1304

3970

l/2

(68)5.0752

3954

95365
11321
46353
89891
44308
73700
15828

5 37284
32637

10

729
5 31441
20489

(17)1.5009
(20)1.0941
(22)7.9766
(25 5.814(1
(28 1 4.2391

82891
69560
66963

2
1

://:
l/4
l/5

3874

3.1

4118

2;;;;
80938
89950
744
II 53536
30784

(28)5.196

20453

(68)8.2746
( 1)2.7270
9.061:)
5.2226,
3.7524

65623
36339
09792
77799
47174

(11)3.1472

749
! j 61001
420: 89749

,21220

09038

48404

(68)9.1136

94019

(68)9.4110

55807

(68)9.7177

03069

2";;;;

( u;.;;;;

y;;

( l)$m~

;9"6";;

( 1)2.7367
9.081!5
5.2314
3.7574

a6437

84131
62453

512279
3.7554

34653

68472

5:2296
3.7564

a3419
7341;

63122
30432
77202

54

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND

METHODS

ROOTS

nk

k
:
3
4
5
?

4218
11)3.1640
14)2.3730
17 1.7797
;20 1 1.3348
23 1.0011

10

25 7.5084
28 I 5.6313

24

69) 1.0033

l/2

1)2.7386

l/3
:::

:
3

9.0856
5.2331
3.7584

4303

75000
62500
46875
85156
38867
29150

11 3.1809
14 2.3889
17 1.7940
20 1 1.3473
23 1.0118

64751
71280
09431
70983
47308
57828

68628

25 1 1.5990
2Q5.7068

52291

51471
91278
12788
02964
75697
80079

755
5 70025
68875

11)3.2492
14 2.4532
17 1.8521
20 1.3983

85006
10180
73686
91133

10

23 i 1.0557
25 7.9711
28 I 6.0182

85305
79054

24

l/2

2
6
1
a
9

l/3
$2

9.0896
5.2349
3.7594

11 3.2665
14 I 2.4694
17 1.8669

1)2.7495

14)2.5355
17)l. 9269

20 1.4645
23 1 1.1130
8.4590

48491
75936
78075

09750

05271
33069
49662

9.1097
5.2436
3.7644

24

24

10
:::
l/5

20 1 1.5333
23 1.1729
25 1 8.9733
28)6.8645
69)1.6138
1)2.7658
9.1457
5.2591
3.7733

97125
83006
35500
27157

10275
82361
15059
86020

91907
63337
14274
47590
95151

770
5 92900
4565 33000
11)3.5153
04100
14 2.7067
84157
17 2.0842
23801
20 1.6048
52327
23 1.2357
36292
25 i 9.5151
69445
28)7.3266
80473
(69)1.8870
23915
( 1)2.7748

9.1656
5.2677
3.7783

87385

56454
19986
14849
1

.i[,-,2]

16698

(69)

61840
71888
60997

( y.;;;;

1.1042
5:2384
3.7614

a2467

51214
45417
b6916
10795
74495

69) 1.2540

10313

1)2.7513
9.1137
5.2453
3.1654

63298

81798
43934
69862

69)1.4230
( 1)2.7586
9.1298
5.2522
3.7694

4494
11)3.4428
14 2.6372
17 2.0200
20 1.5473
23 / 1.1853
6.9548
(69) 1.6652
( 1)2.7676
9.1497
5.2b08

3.7743

69) 1.4686

22845
Ob063

1)2.7604

766
5 86756
55096
26035
04743
98833
95706
05111
48857
92289

70501
57625
65424

81144

._

771

5 94441
4583 14011

460:

27094
;i;;;
29452

(69)2.0082
( 1)2.7784
5.2711
9.1735

38127
88798
37257
85227

3.7792

95720

3.7802

75573

4-37151

.i[,,,2]

80599

4372

5 76681
45479

753568
b4176

(69)1.3359
( 1)2.7549
9.1218
5.2488
3.1614

4459

88198
95463
00968
05067
57442

764
5 83696
43744

12784

5:2557
3.1714

(69)1.9467
( l';.;:;;
5:2694

79980
93146

763
82169
;;;;z
6528:l
91509
68822
72711

( uy;;:

772
95984
99648

39353

97112

(69)1.2943
( 1)2.7531
9.1177
5.2470
3.7664

(69)1.5156

767
88289
45125 17663
11)3.4608
39475
63877
73794
91900
40987
73373
78477
69)1.7182
59425
1) '9. ;g;': 76485
37512
5:2625
81576
3.7753
66108

26517

17168
14132

50728
74547
63605
26467
11368
84062
32555
87807

9.1338
5.2539
3.7704

59366
40838

9.1017
5.2401
3.7624

72453
53520

762

88020

19555
06044

38329

80644

442:
11)3.3714

1.1400
( 1)2.7459

(69)

:;;A:

75634
07855
28546
68109

41772

a4547
00985
01041
82064

14564

98093
51564

99699

38985
03656
80565

758

757
73049

81216
33993

761

165

5 85225
4476
11 3.4248
14 I 2.6200
17 2.0043

9.0936
5.2366
3.7604

81806

19457
34787
64385

1)2.7568

17395

35750

19217

61064

89022
29433
65863

06051

17600
25376
99286

79182

9.1258
5.2505
3.7684

56701

69) 1.0696

4286

92061

52239
56084
86975

( 1)2.7422

754
5 68516

753
5 67009
4269 57711

17667

760
5 77600
76000

69)1.3788

152
c. 65504
59008
47740

46588

26333

9.1057
5.2418
3.7634

88271
96977
37921
39217

425;

756
5 71536
4320

1)2.7477

:::
l/4
l/5

1)2.7404

69) 1.2148

1:
24

69) 1.0359

69)1.1768

4389
11)3.3362

4235

40186
65520

1
:

.__

751
5 64001

750
5 62500

(11)3.4789

4529

16435
15056
45463
97144
06863
2006N8
768
5 a9az14
84832
23510
13255
52500
99582
z;t
86072

(b9)1.7728
(

y.;;;;

5: 2642
3.7763

(69)1.5640
( 1)2.7640
9.1417
5.2574
3.7724

4547
11 3.4970
14 1 2.6892
17 2.0680
20 1.5903
23 1.2229
25 9.4045
28 i 7.2320
69)1.8290
1)2.7730
9.1616
5.2660
3.7773

(69)2.0716
( 1)2.7802
9.1775
5.2728
3.7812

97529
a9917
;;s:;;
22t54
35044
82084
65S13
92641
09310
87755
44479
43403
54412
.[C,,l]

769
5 91361
56609
78323
53231
35734
19480
55680
29178
82938
77701
84925
86919
08854
32958

774
5 99076
4636 84824

713

461;

13890
54992
a7449
28071
08126

(69)2.1368
( 1)2.7820

9.1815
5.2745
3.7822

94378
85549

00317
47894
32239

ZLEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

55

METHODS

AND ROOTS

nk

Table

3.1

465i

715
00625
04375
03906

15527
57034

36701
08443

111 I
114
( 17
I 20
I 23

4672
3.6261
2.8138
2.1835
1.6944
1.3149

91544
(69)2.2041

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

( 1';.

;;;i
5:2762
3.7832

82181
52750
50735
09055
780
08400
52000
05600
74368
96007
56885

14371
89209
24

(69)2.5719
( 1)2.7928
9.2051
5.2847
3.7880

75831
97041
48009
64083
40305
78066

785
6 16225
4837 36625

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(69)2.9982
( 1)2.8017
9.2247
5.2931
3.7929

:
:
5

4930

77060
85145
91357
89157
22172
790
6 24100
39000

86133
62839

03163
64854

84463
24

776
6 02176
88576
59350
99655

169)2.2734
I 1)2.7856
9.1894
5.2719
3.7841

476;
I 11 3.7205
114 I 2.9057
I 17 2.2693
I 20 1.7723
123 I 1.3842
I 26 1.0810
f 28 8.4432
169)2.6523
I l'$;;W;
5:2864
3.7890

31271
28553
17655

01784
51928
84864
781
09961
79541
24215
29412
74671
81618
30044
83664
63416
13239
;'6;;;
33318
48871

4855
11)3.8167
?I4 2.9999
,117 2.3579
(20 1.8533
123 I 1.4567
1,26)1.1449
'128)8.9996
/ 69)3.0912
1)2.8035
9.2287
5.2948
3.1938

786
6 17796
87656
18976
41115
53117
51621
34374
93218
46695
99652
69154
06804
74081
88029

4949

791
6 25681
13671

:
8

777

4690
11 3.6448
14 2.832U
17 1 2.2005
20 1.7098
23 1.3285
26 I 1.0322
28 8.0206
(69)2.3447
( 1)2.7874
9.1933
5.2796
3.7851

6 03729
97433
87054
77241
24016
07161
20164
60167
61501
92689
71973
47428
51478
59667

4782

6 11524
11768

(69)2.7350
( 1)2.7964
9.2130
5.2881
3.7900

29868
26291
25029
24706
18681

787
6 19369
4874 43403

1.4716

27378

(69)3.1870
( 1)2.8053
9.2326
5.2965
3.7948

84488
52028
18931
57399
52904

4709

11)3.6636

11)3.9346
14 3.1162
17 2.4680
20 1.9546
23 I 1.5481

93088

00846

( y.;;;;

i;;;$

5:2813
3.7861

(69)2.4940
( 1)2.7910
9.2012
5.2830
3.7871

49388
33467

.__

4800
11 3.7587
14 1 2.9431
17 2.3044
20 I 1.8043
23 1.4128
26 1.1062
28 8.6619
69)2.8202
1)2.7982
9.2169
5.2898
3.7909

6 13089
48687
81219
25695
67419
97989
43625
56559
88854
15463
13716
50477
14473
87500

4893
11)3.8557

h __...
,%I4
_

03872
14511

(69)3.2857
( 1)2.8071
9.2365
5.2982
3.7958

09926
33770
21746
39113
16799

49%

__ 7775-l-.

(69)3.3872
( 1)2.8089
9.2404
5.2999
3.1967

60118
49456
30018
50005
62619

(69)3.8243
( 1)2.8160
9.2560
5.3066
3.8006

10648
26944
90066
24523
15447

24
l/3
l/4
l/5

(69)3.4918
( 1)2.8106
9.2443
5.3015
3.7971

06676
93865
35465
91145
41656

69)3.5994
1)2.8124
9.2482
5.3032
3.7987

.,-

795

5024

6 32025
59875

5043

45514
72222
34384
74670
02623

69)3.7102
1)2.8142
9.2521
5.3049
3.7996

796
6 33616
58336

:
5
7
8

5062

04737
07803
19075
17219
49232
52362
45624

24
l/3
l/4
l/5

(69)4.0626

65702

:69)4.1871

02820

( 1;. y;

;i:;;

( 1;. ;6;;

y&

(69)4.3151
( 1)2.8231
9.2715
5.3133
3.8044

87922
18843
59160
02968
48104

5:3099
3.8025

66512
36800

5:3116
3.8034

35526
92932

56439
14381
33255
19227
79716

(11)3.9744
(14 3.1557
{17{2.5056
20 1.9894
(23 1.5796
26 1.2542
28 I 9.9587
(69)3.9417
( 1)2.8178
9.2599
5.3082
3.8015

5100
11 4.0755
14 1 3.2563
17 2.6018
20 2.0788
23 1.66101
26 I 1.3271
29)1.0603
(69)4.5827
( 1)2.8266#
9.279?
5.316b
3.8063

6' 38401
82399
58368
71136
40538
70590
17601
53063
95298
13463
58805
08064
33150
55574

7911

5081

6 36804
69592

1:

l/2

40422
00000
72584
02622
55329

794
6 30436
66184
95501
49428
65046
98046
61449
51190
54451
77065
00561
11460
95923
79705

5005

,-

797
6 35209
61573

I 11
17 4.0349
14
2.5630
3.2158
II 20
26 2.0427
23
29
1.2975
1.0341
1.6280

39997
25568
22375
23755
21646

6 14656
90304
19983

789
6 22521
4911 69069

793
6 28849

(11 3.9545
(14 3.1359
(17 2.4867
(20 1 1.9720
(23)1.5638

14558
57147
28569
45663
06266

._.

4818

(69)2.9079
( 1)2.8000
9.2208
5.2915
3.7919

788

01257
04196
33723
82708
08705

779
6 06841
29139

784

(11)3.7780

lo

l/2

4127

87207

(69)2.4183

792
6 21264
4967

778
6 05284
10952

(69)4.4470

23172

( 1) $ ;;;i

"3;;;;

5:3149
3.8054

68841
02317

56

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND

METHODS

ROOTS

nk

I;

_._

:
3

5120

801
41601
22401
18432

6 40000
00000

:
6

72400
52492
39346

1'0

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(69) 4.7223
( Q2.8284
9.2831
5.3182
3.8073

:
5216

4.1993

66483
27125
77667
95897
07877

(69)4.8660

92789

( 1)2.8301
9.2870
5.3199
3.8082

94340
44047
57086
59229

805
6 48025
60125

5236

64006

2
i
9

10
24

(69)5.4840

46503

l/2

( 1)2.8372

52192

9.3024
5.3265
3.8120

l/3
l/4
l/5

71468
86329
55159

(69)5.6499
( ";.;;;;
513282
3.8130

l/4
l/5

(6936.3626
( 1)2.8460
9.3216
5.3348
3.8167

5413

28962

1.2929

21104
33200

24

(69)7.3753
( 1)2.8548
9.3408
5.3430
3.8214

49576
20485
38634
52016
79391

l/3
l/4
l/5

:
:
5

I 23
29 I 1.3881
26
1.1146
1.7287
(69)5.1662

( 1)2.8319
9.2909
5.3216
3.8092

60452
07211
16720
09631

( 1)2.8337
9.2947
5.3232
3.8101

22264

(69)

25463
67164
74803
59085

( lj2.8354

(b9)5.8205

60843

:%
19524
78976
52346

(69)5.9961

74542
91690
75012
47468

9 3101
513298
3.8139

5:3315
3.8148

10420

(69)6.7506

( 1)2.8478
9.3255

06173
32030

5.3364
3.8177

84023
20859

( 1)2,8495
9.3293
5.3381
3.8186

61370
63391
28295
61880

5353

17 I 4.3473
14
11
2.8663
3.5300

816
65856

23915
31338

07593

__.
6 54481
75129

(69)7.5956

30157

(69)7.8222

( "yp;

;g;;

( ";A:%:

nm;

5:3463
3.8233

5554
11)4.5654
3.7528

13927

( lj2.8442

92531

(69)7.1611

98588

15486
9160H
71049
01974

( 1)2.8530
9.3370
5.3414
3.9205

68524
16687
12288
41144

(69)8.0552

81B
69124
43432
69274
06266
48326
03930
94015
57904
21966
54907

( 1y;g

m!;

5:3479
3.8242

822
6 75684
12248
88679
31694

59849
90912
36029

( 1)2.8513
9.3331
5.3397
3.8196

5473

26950
53125

9.3178
5.3331
3.8158

(69)6.9530

i286j
04529
14300
07941

(69)6.1768

:;o"l"i
42067
92216

RI7

:%
51976
67212
68445
18251
26093
85292

821
6 74041
5533 87661

89376

813
60969
67797
00190
34554
41493
52533
41510s
25547
52870
13847

67489
38513
15651
74587
40938
09746

543;

_-.

61548

809

5294

( "t%

(69)6.5539

6 72400
5513 68000
11)4.5212
17600

9.2986
5.3249
3.8111

14112
14025

812
59344
87328
45103
44224
95910
13479
40945
32047
21222
36166

90236
16717

5.3228

804
6 46416
18464

49732
11384

811
57721

5:3446
3.8224

5197

808
52864
525;

11731

815
6 64225
43375

(23 1.9465
(26 I 1.5864

(29

l/2

85441
49694
97518
38230
78910

05879

;;;;;
39778
01783

80748
22686
00899
06129
59670

l/3

803
44809
81627
86465
02531
78133
25440
18829
61219
93459

( 1)2.8407

%:f

24

(69)5.0140

806
6 49636
06616
69325
37076
38883
60940
67318
40258
45448
03151

810
6 56100

l/2

802
6 43204
49608

'6::f;:
71036

24

5158

5393
11)4.3903

5493

814
6 62566
53144
34592

819
6 70761
53259

I 11
23
20
17
14 1 4.4992
2.0242
2.4716
3.0178
3.684&
26 i 1.6578
29 1.3578
(69)8.2949

82936
51936
90032
47414
03191

( lj2.8618

17604

9.3560
5.3495
3.8252

62163
88616

'6 77%
5574 41767

5594

87724
10046
47511
95237
95877
23193
824
6 78976
76224

7"
9"
10
24

w
l/3
l/4
l/5

(69)8.5414

66801

( lj2.8635

64213

9.3599
5.3512
3.8261

01623
28095
56858

(29)1.3913

34555

( 69) 8.7949
( "29';;;;
5:3528

98523
;i;;;
58822

3.8270

89612
1

(69) 9.0557
( 1)2.8670
9.3675
5.3544
3.8280

33244
54237
05121
88059
21458

( 69) 9.3238
( 1)2.8687
9.3713
5.3561
3.8289

66467
97658
02245
15810
5239;

(69)

9.5995

98755

( 1)2.8705
9.3750
5.3577
3.8298

40019
96295
42079
02432

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS
k
1
2
3
4
2
i
1:
24

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

825
5615
11 4.6325
14 3.8218
17 3.1529
20 I 2.6012
23 2.1460
26 I 1.7704
29)1.4bOb
69)9.8831

1)2.8722
9.3788
5.3593
3.8308

15625
03906

:
5

828
_-.
b a5564

827

3.8683

5676

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

09244
57626

27542
35853
81323
87277

(70)1.0174

68882

( 1)2.8740

21573

9.3826
5.3609
3.8317

bb869

11564

75196
90182
39795

23 2.1879
26 1.8094
i 29 I 1.4964
(70)1.0474
( 1)2.8757
9.3864
5.3626
3.8326

831

6 90561

87000

5738

56191

(70)1.1425

47375

( 1)2.8809
9.3977

96375
72058

5.3674
3.8354

68731

5: 3690

84709

43756

3.8363

b7514

;70;1.1760
; 1; g. m;

835
5821
III 11
17 4.8612
14
3.3893
4.0591

20 2.8301
23 2.3631
26 1.9732
29 1.6476
(70)1.3197
( 1y;;

513755
3.8400
1
2

5759

46709
;;"o';;

(70)1.2104
( 1)2.8844
9.4053
5.3706
3.8372

829
b 87241

63552

22789

5697

83671
62496

25484
47415
b0769

60060
12021

67128

(70)1.0782
( 1)2.8774
9.3902
5.3642
3.8335

832
6 92224
30368

b 98896

TA42 77056

24550
b8999
27006
23115
52801
32589

5863

(70)1.1099
( 1)2.8792
9.3940
5.3658
3.8345

86167
41020
38751
99229
90383

76253

5084

63591
36010
20643
51293
19107
834
b 95556

5800
11)4.8379

1.6280
(70)1.2822
( 1)2.8879
9.4128
5.3739
3.8391

838
7 02244
80472

93704
81491

22889
86929

05816
b9049
23907
33463
839
7 03921

I
I

49211

00592

(70)1.3581

59133

(29)1.6'375
(70)1.3976

41959
90431

y;

;;;;;

( 1;. i;:f

;:q2:;

5:3787
3.8418

50067
91464

34071
53677

71392
98914
41873
32391
93565

833
6 93889
5780 09537
11 4.8148
19443
14 1 4.0107
44596
17 3.3409
50249
20 2.7830
11557
23 I 2.3182
48627
26 1.9311
01106
29 I 1.6086
07222
70)1.2458
90957
1)2.8861
73938
9.4091
05407
5.3723
12294
3.8382
12366

837
7 00569

836

b 97225
82075

840
7 05600
5927 04000

3.1

b5913

!
i
10
24

Table

23326

6 88900

5717

57

nk

b 83929
5656 09283

15723
97971

830

AND ROOTS

826
b 82276
5635 59976

6 80625

METHODS

1y;;;

5:3?71
3.8409

42790
73010

841
7 07281
5948 23321

70)1.4383
1)2.8948
9.4278
5.3803
3.8428

842
7 08964
5969

47688

( 70) 1. b124
( 1)2.9017
9.4428
5.3867
3.8464

b4626

23072
22965
93606
55904
09040
I

(70) 1.4800'
1) 2.8965
9.4316,
5.3819
3.8437

86372
49672

42272
60304
25741

-.,
Rdd

.<

7 10649
5990 77107

1 12336

6012

11584

2
7
i
10
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

:
3

(70)1.5230

10388

( 1)2,8982
9.4353
5.3835
3.8446

75349
87961
b3271

6033

41568

045
7 14025
51125

(70)1.5671
( 1)2.9000
9.4391
5.3851
3.0455

25939
00000
30677

64807
56523

7 15716
95736

23626

70428
64916
70609

-..

846

6054

29)1;812i
70)1.6590
1)2.9034
9.4466
5.3883
3.8473

Ad7

6076

7 17409
45423

6098

90531
58848
46228
07220
63600

70)1.7069
1)2.9051
9.4503
5.3899
3.8482

83826

848
7 19104
00192

6119

41821
b7809
41057
60862

96177
849
7 20801
60049

5"
I

;
8
2.2436

1;:
24

10
l/3
l/4
l/5

70)1.7561
1)2.9068
9.4540
5.3915
3.8492

47601
88371
71946
56705

07664

?@l]

(70)1.8067
( 1)2.9086
9.4577
5.3931
3.8501

11101
07914
99893
51133
18288

;[-;I]

29)1.9003
(70)1.8586
( 1)2.9103
9.4615
5.3947
3.8510

27182
52223
68111
26442
24903
44148
28051
I

I
(70) 1.9120
( 1)2.9120
9.4652
5.3963
3.8519

y-37)2]

55324
43956

46902
35753
36956

q-37)1]

(7O)l.
9669
( 1)2.9137
9.468')
5.3979
3.8528

10351
60457

66137
25951
45003

ELEMENTARY

Table

:
5
F
i

3.1

POWERS

10
24

l/2

1/q

6141

70883
05250

64710
57268
09335
28744
79034

(70)2.1406

90429

( 1)2.9189

(70)2.0232

71747

( 1)2.9154

75947

( 1)2.9171

1.9687

9.4726
5.3995
3.8537

15345
07421

(29)2.0876
(70)2.3290

66620
92589

( 1)2.9240
9.4912

38303
19958

5.4074
3.8582

31751
75391

15789
39031

( 1)2.9325

75660

l/3
l/4
l/5

67035
14574

06506
21628
67708
70568
15541
96443
98423
36164

( 1)2.9410

88234
79435
80095

57569

47768

1)2.9274

6382

38067

18797
18180
77490
861
7 41321
77381

68250

I :;I 44: '0%

i%;;

1:;j

%9"

;: '02":;

9.4986
5.4105
3.8600

6405

11 5.5211
14 4.7592
17 I 4.1024

29381
83597

(70)2.7547
( 1)2.9342
9.5133
5.4168
3.8636

08410
80150
69910
99621
75378

866
7 49956
6494 61896

94533

METHODS

ROOTS
852
25904
70208
66172
99979
53982
45993
21986

6206

7 27609
50477

(11)5.2941
(14)4.5159
(17)3.8520

48569
08729
70146

(20 3.2858
(23 1 2.8028
(26)2.3907
(29)2.0393

15835
00907
89174
43165

72719

(70)2.2017

94325

03904
06107
88131

( 1)2.9206

16373

64021
857
7 34449
22793

53336
89409
30523

03059
89021
03491
18192
27165

56234
14756
97225
78746

9.4838
5.4042
3.8564

I 14)4.6498
(17)3.9895
(20)3.4230

23191
48298
32440

48329

( 1)2.9291

63703

( 1)2.9308

9.5023
5.4121
3.8609

6427
(11)5.5468

07842
74889
79161

(70)2.9124

54150

83651

( 1)2.9376

86164
30354
42587

9.5207
5.4200
3.8654

867
7 51689
6517 14363

63527
65178
16109

20 3.6824
23 I 3.1926

23067
60799

(70)3.3455

95291

( 1)2.9427

87794

1)2.9444

86373

( 1)2.9461

83973

6607

871
7 58641
76311

9.5354
5.4263
3.8690

17196
12167
45344
872

7 60384
6630
11)5.7818

54848
38275

62010

(70)3.5355

91351

(70)3.6344

25075

76241

( 1) ;. p;

;;g;:

5:4325
3.0726

60090
08827

9.5390
5.4270
3.8699

6653

81845
76171
37445

(70)2.9945

5.8084

06126
54753

I 20
23 3.8645
3.3137

58173
56899

27839
18234
55935

72440
859
7 37881
39779

28654
57114
58061
69474
17279
69182

70178
98059
51174
78737

37938

1)2.9393
9.5244

5.4216
3.8663

87691
06312

12022
64090

869
7 55161
6562 34909

29)2.4558
70)3.4393

1)2.9478
9.5427
5.4294
3.8708

873
7 62129
38617

(17 I 4.4267

86409

864

868
7 53424
6539 72032

05644

854
7 29%6
35864
18279
41610
45135
75345
95545

7 46496

68684

( 70)3.2543

49727
46809
52418

9.5059
5.4137
3.8618

863
7 AA769
.._.
35647
08634

1)2.9359

11 5.6503
14 14.6900
17 4.2473

4.0175

(70)2.5333

23218
29097

72447

(17

2.2650
70)2.8325

71787

6338

lZOj3.4510
23 2.9644
(26 2.5464
(29 2.1874
(70)2.6051

14329
02952

51555

5.4058
3.8573

1 36164
28712
74349

3.5363
3.0483

9.5170
5.4184
3.8645

70)2.2645
1)2.9223
9.4875

858
6316
11)5.4193

862
1 43044
05928

43859
26007
52818

6228
11)5.3190
14 4.5424
17 1 3.8792
20)3.3128
23)2.8291

13619
72729
68659

05907

870
7 56900
03000

857

(70)3.1654
9.5317
5.4247
3.8681

02709
00130
19185

nk

20
23

26)2.6003
I 29)2.2388

( 1)2.9495
9.5464
5.4310
3.8117

1
I

( 1)2.9257

3.6527

58668

11)5.3941
14)4.6227
17 3.9617

(70)2.3953

865
7 40225
14625

5.5984

6294

20 3.3952
23 2.9096
26 2.4936
29 2.1370
70)2.4634

(11)5.4955

85413
26084
77475

[14{4.8426
17 4.1888
20 3.6233
23 3.1342
26 2.7110
29 2.3450
(70)3.0788

17)4.3362

20
17 1 3.9340
3.3675
(23 2.8826

9.4949
5.4090
3.8591

81600
70176

9.4801
5.4026
3.8555

_-._.

856
7 327%
22016

20457
81511

95693
02137
58534

I 11)5.3690
14 4.5958

860
7 39600
56000

(70)2.6789

9.5280
5.4231
3.8672

6272

79694
25639

(29)2.2130

6585

24

7 31025
26315

I 20)3.3401
17)3.9065
23)2.8558
26)2.4417

(11

l/2

52195

99058

9.5096
5.4153
3.8627

9.4763
5.4011
3.8546

14744

75506

4.5690

6472

l/5

82372

(14

::i
l/5

:;:
1/q

44043

(11 1 5.3439

(11)5.4700
14)4.7042

24

20 3.2322
23)2.7506
26)2.3408
I 29)1.9920
(70)2.0811

6360

l/2

70884
14922
95899

6184
11)5.2693
14 4.4094
17 3.8250
20 3.2589
23)2.7766

(20)3.2057
(23)2.7249

::z

24

_.___

7 7A?l
95051

11)5.2446
14)4.4632
(17 3.7981

6250

l/3

6162

62500
53125
95156

l/5

24

850
7 22500
25000

AND

11)5.2200
14)4.4370
(17)3.7714

l/3

l/2

ANALYTICAL

6676

26970
36231
80595
43681
38824
20725
874
1 63816
27624

70)3.7359

03403

(70)3.8400

93943

(70)3.9470

65953

1)2.9529

64612

( 1) ;. ;;y;

;;;g

( 1)2.9563

49100
10846
31924
72857

9.5537
5.4341
3.8734

12362

18707
97651

514356
3.0743

75984
85661

9.5610
5.4372
3.8752

21,EMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

59

METHODS

AND

ROOTS

6745
11)5.9155
14)5.1879
(17 4.5498
(20 13.9902
(23)3.4994

69129
26133
94186
76101
55041
22871
25458

nk

Tabile 3.1

k
a75

6699

(70)4.0568
( 1)2.9580
9.5646
5.4387
3.8761

6814
11)5.9969

24

l/2
l/3
:s:

70)4.6514
1)2.9664
9.5828
5.4465
3.8805

7 65625
21875

90376
39892
55914
86530
59242
7 74400
72000
53600

04745
79395
39714
39631
19041

6122

;11)5.8886
14)5.1584
'17)4.5188
'20 3.9584
23 3.4676
26 I 3.0376
29)2.6609
70)4.1696
1)2.9597
9.5682
5.4403
3.8770

a76
7 67376
21376
59254
65506
15784
82626
30781
44564
76638
39882
29717
98205
39803
44816

[:~~::E
(70)4.2853

( lp;
514418
3.8779

881
7 76161
6831

11 6.0242
14 1 5.3073
17 4.6151
20 1 4.1193
23 3.6291
26 1 3.1972
29)2.8168
70)4.7799
1)2.9681
9.5864
5.4480
3.8814

97841

58979
72161
94874
75284
69625
98440
19925
32920
64416
68204
86284
60596

879
7 72641
6791 51439
(11)5.6697
41149

E:
88904
18579
37725
91747
29583

(11)5.9426
(14 5.2176
(17 4.5810
(20 4.0221
(23 i 3.5314
(26 3.1006
(29 12.7223
(70)4.4042
( 1)2.9631
9.5755
5.4434
3.8788

a78
7 70884
36152
21415
21602
71767
81011
74928
34987
57518
13682
06478
74480
42365
13542

a82
11924
28968
57498
61913
29607
17514
55847
09657
56718
60716
48481
93948
31621
41346

6884
11)6.0791
14)5.3678
17 4.7398
20 1 4.1852
23 3.6956
26 3.2632
29 I 2.8814
70)5.0472
( 1)2.9715
9.5937
5.4511
3.8832

883
7 79689
65387
49367
88891
45891
83922
05703
19836
23115
74047
31592
16954
75645
21296

884
7 81456
07104
(11)6.1067
34799
14 5.3983
53563
17 4.1121
44549
75782
I 20 I 4.2185

7002
11 6.2180
14 5.5215
17 I 4.9031
20 4.3540
23 1 3.8663

7 88544
27072
16399
98563
19524
23417
72794

877

686:

(11)6.

0516

(29)2.8489
(70)4.9118

( ly&
5:4496
3.8823

t
:
:
5

885
7 83225
6931 54125

t
t
10
24

l/2
:::
l/5

(70)5.3289
( 1)2.9748
9.6009
5.4542
3.8849

:
:

7049

11365
94956
54166
59763
78808
890
7 92100
69000

886
7 84996
6955 06456
11)6.1621
87200
114)5.4596
97859
17 4.8372
92303
20 1 4.2858
40981
123 3.7912
55109
126 3.3643
68021
29 I 2.9808
30072
70)5.4753
17719
1)2.9765
75213
9.6045
69584
5.4551
99862
3.8858
56313

7073

697:

17587

98020
45144
(70)5.6255

14442

( 1;. 2;;;

54522
81682
38658
33146

5:4573
3.8867

891
7 93881
47971

2
.l
1:
24

l/2
:,':
l/5

(70)6.1004
( 1)2.9832
9.6190
5.4619
3.8893

25945
86778
01716
47252
58728

70)6.2670
1)2.9849
9.6226
5.4634
3.8902

895

7169

24

l/2
l/3

(70)6.9783
( 1)2.9916
9.6369
5.4696
3.8937

8 01025
17375

51604
55060
81200
02417
19006

.y-,$l]

7193
111 1 6.4451
14 5.7748
17 I 5.1742
120 4.6361
23 4.1539
26 3.7219
29 3.3348
70)7.1679
1)2.9933
9.6405
5.4711
3.8945

75070
62311
02990
80860
32348
896
8 02816
23136
35299
41228
57740
34935
76902
63304
79120
04854
25909
69057
29599
88722

887
86769
64103
54594
78425
43063
16896

(70)6.4380
( u;.;;;;
5:4650
3.8911

7717

892
95664
32288
12009
84312
99206
81692
18069
62918
56123
82017
36905
01570
13179
05185
a97
8 04609
34213
56429
38917
03608
76231
E2

86240
(70)7.3623

86846

( 11;. ;;i;

95826
54244
55504
57662

4637)3]

5:4726
3.8954

4-;~2]

676.3

(29j2.7535
(70)4.5261
( 1)2.9647
9.5192
5.4449
3.8796

6908

29)2.9142
(70)5.1862
( 1)2.9732
9.5973
5.4527
3.8841

888

3.0488
(70)5.7797
( 1)2.9799
9.6117
5.4588
3.8876

05069
78281
32885
91067
76153
09128

23268
92303
93416
08475
91658
96696

7025
11116.2460

(70)5.9380
( 1)2.9816
9.6153
5.4604
3.8884

22119
60897
13749
37224
18358
00450
889
7 90321
95369
72830

28303
10303
97744
12350
84321
R9d
II

7121
11 6.3592
14 1 5.6788
17 5.0711
20 1 4.5285
23 4.0440
26 1 3.6112
29)3.2248
(70)6.6135

7 91449
21957
49076
09425
76816
60897
04881
96359
87648
55666

( 1) ;. ;;;;

;;:;;

514665
3.8919

7241
11)6.5028
14 5.8395
17 1 5.2439
20 4.7090
23 4.2287
26 I 3.1974
29)3.4100
(70)7.5619
( 1)2.9966
9.6477
5.4741
3.8963

44210
71239
898
8 06404
50792
74112
80953
43696
61439
31112

7 99236
7145 16984

(70)6.7936
( 1)2.9899
9.6333
5.4680
3.8928

7265

07487
83278
90671
73955
48512

-..

8 08201
72699

05980

70570
20026
64813
36769
a0133
25828

.:[,-,,l]

(70)7.7666
( 1)2.9983
9.6513
5.4151
3.8971

29743
32870
16634
03489
93220

60

ELEMENTARY

POWERS

Table 3.1
k
1
2

900
8 10000
7290 00000

(70)8.1920

901
11801
32701
08636
77981
37961
94103
84987
19573
20735
95066

( 1) 2. pi

yo;

4'
5
7"
8
lo'
24

10
l/3
l/4
l/5

24

l/2
v3
l/4
l/5

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(70)7.9766
( 1)3.0000
9.6548
5.4772
3.8980

44308
00000
93846
25575
59841

7412
11)6.7080
14)6.0707
17)5.4940
20 4.9721
23 4.4997
26 4.0722
29 I 3.6854
(70)9.1109
( 1)3.0083
9.6727
5.4848
3.9023

905
8 19025
17625
19506
57653
35676
02287
52570
76076
09848
96943
21791
40271
17035
81426

7535

910
8 28100
71000

(71)1.0399
( 1)3.0166
9.6905
5.4923
3.9066

7660
11 7.0094
14 6.4136
17 I 5.0684
20 5.3696
23 4.9132
26 I 4.4956
29)4.1134
71)1.1860
1)3.0248
9.7082
5.4999
3.9109

04400
20626
21083
77104
83951
915
8 37225
60875
57006
53161
92642
70767
48752
22608
94687
58902
96692
36884
06083
67606

97n
.__
8 46400
7786 88000

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

ANALYTICAL

29)4.3438
(71)1.3517
( 1)3.0331
9.7258
5.5074
3.9152

84542
85726
50178
88262
04268
32576

+-;P]

514787
3.8989

7436

( 1';.

7338
(11)6.6195
14)5.9708
17)5.3856

5:4863
3.9032

7560

(71)1.0676
( 1)3.0182
9.6940
5.4938
3.9075

768;

(71)1.2175
( l);.;;;;
5:5014
3.9118

7812

7461

nk

7363
11 6.6489
6.0039
14
17 I 5.4215
20 4.8956
/ 23 1 4.4208

40328
65946
90774

24265

3.7676
(70)9.6067

70117
14616

908

20)5.0886

(70)9.8641
( "6

3.9041

58031

7585

04712
912
8 31744
50528

7610
11)6.9483

(71)1.0961
( 1)3.0199
9.6976
5.4953
3.9083

916
39056
15296
49711
77136
79856
85148
70796
35649
72654
62793
;;;;i
08174

917
40889
77180 95213
ii(ii ;. 07:; 43103
54826
17 519458 78275
20 5.4523
70378
23 4.9998
23637
26)4.5848
38275
(29)4.2042
96698
(71)1.2498
67732
( 1);;;;;
00;;;;
5:5029
09036
3.9126

29961

94035
98181
10859
00236
83344

7837

23 5.2221
26 4.8148
29 I 4.4392
(71)1.4241
( 1)3.0364
9.7329
5.5103
3.9169

q-37)3]

65476
33774
15172
92410
99668

(71)1.1253
( 1)3.0215
9.7011
5.4968
3.9092

7736

y;;;;
56824
65216

48497
72778

918
8 42724
20632

(29)4.2503
(71)1.2829
( 1)3.0298
5.5044
9.7188

70729
93183
51482
35404
08671

3.9135

28819

7063

(71)1.4616
( 1)3.0380
9.7364
5.5118
3.9177

q-37)2]

923
8 51929
30467

41363
91506
48410
88520
82664

904
8 172ib
63264
19907
91596
11602
71289
29245
56837
88981
24888
59276
76254
01264
18640

909
8 26281
89429
(11)6.8274
02910
(14)6.2061
09245
17)5.6413
53304
20)5.1279
90153
43049
I 23)4.6613
26)4.2371
60832
79196
I 29)3.8515
(71)1.0128
22166
( 1)3.0149
62686
9.6869
70141
5.4908
67587
3.9058
24962
7510

7635
11 1 6.9788
14 6.3786
17 I 5.8301
20 5.3287
23 4.8704

78622
88986
58327
98203
56397

09448

77448

30769

5.0436

75026

26266
00417
45985
05308
45290
30906
94986
33373

13312
08873
18909
47257

65825
;'8;:

5:4893
3.9049

79852
77655
69425
85370
42186

22089

744h4
_ _.._.

7486
I 11
17 I 6.1720
14
5.6042
6.7974

y;
31551
43449

7387
11 6.6784
14 16.0372
17)5.4577
20 4.9337
23 1 4.4601
26)4.0319
29)3.6448
70)8.8724
1)3.0066
9.6691
5.4833
3.9015

46120
95840
09608
84235
55089

5.4817
9.6656
3.9006

907
8 22649
42643

4.5799

9n3
8 15409
14327
18373
73291
87881
93857
11553

(70)8.6398
( 1)3.0049

16465
31484

9.6620
5.4802
3.8997

9"h
.__
8 20836
77416

y;

902
8 13604
70808
14688
02249
63628

(70)8.4131
( 1)3.0033

09844

(71)1.3874
( 1)3.0347
9.7294
5.5089
3.9160

AND ROOTS

46393
25692

(70)9.3557

MFlTIODS

[-.;l]

914
8 35396
51944
64760
82398
15712
25761
55345

(71)1.1553
1)3.0232
9.7046
5.4984
3.9101

37042
43292
98896
02760
12376

7761
11 I 7.1328
14 6.5550
17 6.0241
20 I 5.5361
23 5.0877
26 4.6756
29 4.2968
(71)1.3169
( 1)3.0315
9.7223
5.5059
3.9143

919
._.
8 44561
51559
32827
73368
12425
59319
30414
24251
98666
59057
01278
63112
07081
81068

(11)7.2893
(14)6.7353

7888

(71)1.5001
( 1)3.0397
9.7399
5.5133
3.9186

924
8 53776
89024
34582
45154

24518
36831
63373
80842
31220

:ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS
925
55625
53125
41406
70801
80491
81954
18307
46934
23414
77607

11)7.3209
14)6.7718
17)6.2639
20 5.7941
23 1 5.3596

1) ;. y;;

%:
71952
79042

5:5148
3.9194

(11)7.4805
(14)6.9568

24

8043

930
8 64900
57000
20100
83693

(71)1.7522

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

( 1)3.0495
9.7610
5.5223
3.9237

28603
90136
00077
09423
07185

l/3
l/4
l/5

71)1.9928
1)3.0577
9.7784
5.5297
3.9279

8305

24
:;:
l/4
l/5
:

29)5.3861
71)2.2650
1)3.0659
9.7958
5.5370
3.9321

68584
76970
61652
16964
17180

:71)2.0446
[ 1)3.0594
9.7819
5.5311
3.9287

940
8 83600
84000

51141
01461
41943
61087
94855
09204

(71)2.3235
( 1)3.0675
9.7993
5.5385
3.9329

945
8 93025
8436 08625

l/2
:;:
l/5

71)1.6214
1)3.0446
9.7504
5.5178
3.9211

8095
(11)7.5450
(14)7.0320

(71)2.5725
( 1)3.0740
9.8131
5.5444
3.9362

932
8 68624
57568
76534
11329

(29)4.9449
(71)1.8449
( 1';;;;;

10997
29260
97390
93317
50630

18334
38512
fJ;J;;

5:5252
3.9253

71)2.0977
1)3.0610
9.7854
5.5326
3.9295

56558
11708
46493
94905
57017

8 85481

8358
11 7.8741
14 I 7.4174
17)h.9872
20)6.5819
23 6.2002
26 15.8406
29)5.5018
(71)2.3835
( 1';.;06;;

37621
66014
60819
49330
21220
61168
43259
25707
44328
72330
33566
66899
45467

515400
3.9337

04376
47511
85230
98931
43371
83427

( 1)3.0757
9.8166
5.5459
3.9371

q--y]

11300
59156
09574
16151

nk

5:5193
3.9220

(11)7.5775
(14)7.0698
(17)6.5961
(20)6.1541
(23)5.7418

q-33]

8492

6.1256

8017
(11)7.4483
(14 6.9195
(17 1 6.4282
(20 5.9718
(23 I 5.5478
(26)5.1539
(29)4.7880
(71)1.7075
( 1)3.0479
9.7575
5.5208
3.9228

933
8 70489
66237
10991
17755
39965
98588
67282

5:5267
3.9262

8385
11 7.9076
14 1 7.4569
17)7.0318
20 6.6310
23 6.2530
26 I 5.8966
29)5.5605
(71)2.4450
( 1)3.0708
9.8062
5.5415
3.9346

934
8 72356
80504
49907
86613
72697

(7131.9423
( 1)3.0561
9.7749
5.5282
3.9270

38514
;iJ;o"
57521
35348

3.1

929
8 63&l
65089
97677
61442
72579
65226
62795
64537
33055
64573
50131
00256
24332
63013

8147
11 I 7.6100
14 7.1077
17 6.6386

38996
41358
14326
37837
76625
019

938
8 79844
8252 93672
11 7.7412
54643
14 1 7.2612
96855
17 6.8110
96450
20 1 6.3888
08471
23 5.9927
02345
26 1 5.6211
54800
29)5.2726
43202
71)2.1521
28115
1)3.0626
78566
9.7889
08735
5.5341
47239
3.9304
34540

8 96809
78123

I/

8 81721
8279 36019
(11)7.7743
19218
(14)7.3000
85746
(17 6.8547
80516
(20 16.4366
38904
(23 6.0440
03931
(26 5.6753
19691
(29 I 5.3291
25190
71)2.2078
73640
1)3.0643
10689
9.7923
86145
5.5356
21636
3.9312
72229

943
8 89249
61807
37840
02483
59042
43076
73621
48424
39464
09921
30507
71149
07472
15863

8412
11)7.9412
14 7.4965
17 7.0767
20 I 6.6804
5.6197
(71)2.5080
( 1)3.0724
9.8091
5.5429
3.9354.

948
8 98704
8519 71392
(11)8.0766
88.796

8546

8 91136
32384
33705
24617
19239
22962
88134
01911
58299
36263
76005
49998

$1 00601
70349

16600

(71)2.7064

46809

( I';.;;;;

:;;::

5:5473
3.9379

8121

(71)1.8930
( 1y;:

32860
45573
28852
71663
96137

37771
81020

928
61184
78752
78819
99544
66776
12369
67478
48220
42348
92748
09242
97922
38042
18115

( "y;;

76015
93351

942
8 87364
9688.3
48685
48061
36074
76381
21751
08890
53574
35733
;;;;;

Table

799;
(11)7.4163
(14 1 6.8823
(17 6.3868
(20 I 5.9270
(23 5.5002
(26 5.1042
(2934.7367
(71)1.6639

937
8 77969
8226 56953
(11 7.7082
95650
jl417.2226
73024
17) 6.7616
44623

946
8 94916
8465 90536
11 8.0087
46471
14 7.5762
74161
17 7.1671
55356
20 1 6.7801
20967
23 6.4140
02003
26 6.0676
45895
29 I 5.7399
93016
(71)2.6386
83331

?
5.6796

927
59329
97983
63302
97481
83465
48572
29826
58649
46668
87554
61470
93072
50550
72488

941

8332

:
5

i
10
24

931
8 66761
54491

AND ROOTS

796:
11 i 7.3844
14 6.8453
17 6.3456
20 5.8824
23 5.4530

936
8 76096
8200 25856
11 7.6754
42012
'14 1 7.1842
13723
6.7244
24045
6.2940
60906
5.8912
41008

l/2

8069

71)1.7980
1)3.0512
9.7644
5.5237
3.9245

:
3
4
5

t
10
24

794:
(11 I 7.3526
(14 6.8085
(17)6.3047
(20)5.83'31
(23 I 5.4061
(26 5.0060
(29)4.6356
(71)1.5800
( 1)3.0430
9.7469
5.5163
3.9203

926
57476
22776
50906
54739
21688
72283
47534
92617
41763
23988
24811
85700
61854
26131

61

METHODS

74614
48170
I

q-37)2]

29)5.8625
(71)2.7758

06988
76218

( 1)3.0789
9.8235
5.5488
3.9387

60864
72299
38494
79481

q-y

(71)2.8470
( 1)3.0805
9.8270
5.5503
3.9396

10693
84360
25224
01217
10103

62

ELEMENTARY

Table

3.1

ANALYTICAL

POWERS

AND

METHODS

ROOTS

I&

k
:
:

8573
111\8.1450

950
9 02500
75000
62500

8600

b
fi
2b)b.3024

1'0

24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

(29)5.9873
(71)2.9198
( 1)3.0822
9.8304
5.5517
3.9404

94097

77556
53956

62784

93712
55775
28789
23805
23198

69392
90243
07001
75725
40019

955
9 12025
a709 83875

(li)a.3l7a
(14)7.9435
(17 7.5861
(20 1 7.2447
(23) 6.9187

951
9 04401
a5351
11688
20515
ball0
92173

(71)2.9945
( l'y&
5:5532
3.9412

69236

873;

96006
90686

29105
53295
39397

13936
22816
90121
b7356
15592
23306
10280

l/2
1/3
1/4
l/5

(7u3.3119
( l)3.0903
9.8476
5.5590
3.9445

8847

l/2
l/3

:,/2

l/2

l/3
l/4
l/5

79145
960
9 21600
36000

74781
95790
39958
26360

(71)3.7541
( 1)3.0983
9.8648
5.5663
3.9487

32467

(71)4.2526
( 1)3.1064
9.8819
5.5735
3.9528

9126

24

53362

20)7.5144
7.2138
6.9253
(29) 6.6483

8986
11)8.6718

24

28238
07428
92005

(71)4.8141
( 1)3.1144
9. a989
5.5807
3.9568

86677
48297
15367
00972
965
9 31225
32125
00006

09649
44913
45122
49061
05659
970
9 409on
73000

72219
82300
a2992

54698
93368

71)3.3961
1)3.0919
9.8511
5.5605
3.9454

a875

49474
69948
24967
28046
08040
04889

(71)3.0710
( 1'9'. 8";;;

49109
49724

5:5546
3.9420

82461
97756

10374
a2870
27838
39352
31217

69469

957
9 15849
8764
(li)a.3877
(14)8.0271

(17)7,6819
20 7.3516
23 7.0355
26
I
I 6.7329
(29)6.4434
(71)3.4824
( 1)3.0935
9.8545
5.5619
3.9462

67493
93908
la770
52663

28698
08664

al792
63575
b2966

41660
61691
61578
29943

a902

f11)8.5644

__..

77128

65971

36200
05288

(7u3.8491
( 1)3.1000
9.8682
5.5677
3.9495

9014
11 8.7078
14 1 a.4117
17)8.1257
20)7.8494
23 7.5825
26 7.3247
29 I 7.0757
(71)4.3596
( 1)3.1080
9.8853
5.5749
3.9536

9154

(71)4.9347
( 1)3.1160
9.9023
5.5821
3.9577

lab99

(71)3.9464

05693
12484
94135

00000
72403
64363
23275

12228
44894

966
9 33156
01203
35962
36940
61884

971
9 42841
98611

08664

87290
83537
92482
08886

(ll)a.2484
(14 7.8607

(17 7.4913
(20 7.1392
(23 I 6.8036
(71)3.1494
( i)3.0870
9.8408
5.5561
3.9429

(71)4.4692
( 1)3.1096
9.8887
5.5764
3.9544

9183

(71)5.0581
( 1)3.1176
9.9057
5.5836
3.9585

2:::
57504
62361
67316
34668

42771
972
9 44784
30048

34323
91454
a1747
29155
23732

23177
35877
59391
03699

12425

954
9 1Olib
8682

50664

(11)8.2831
(14)7.9020
(17)7.5385
(20)7.1918

11335
88213
92155
lb916

(71)3.2296
( i)3.0886
9.8442
5.5575
3.9437

91146
a9042
53565
97541
52709

b9441

12996
69808
12721
40574

25580

__-

959
9 19681
8819 74079
(11)8.4581
31418
(14)8.1113
48029

9 17764
8792 17912
(11 a.4229
07597
(14 1 a.0691
45478
(17)7.7302
41368
(20)7.4055
71230
(23)7.0945
37239

1 :g:
::z?
(23)7.1539
6.5793

96686

(71)3.5708
( 1)3.0951
9.8579
5.5634
3.9470

(71)3.6613
( 1)3.0967
9.8614
5.5648
3.9478

94899
72513
71813

55021
57508
92945
13977
54307

.-_

9 27369
'3930 56347

(26)7.1225
(29)b.a590
(71)4.0460
( 1)3.1032
9.8751
5.5706
3.9511

967

35089
31063
14379
65205
38153
18994
03867

28696

80180
72454
30190
44069
54054
57396
92425
24554

953
9 08209
8655

962

961
9 23521
03681

952
Ob304
01408
69404
38087
65059
20336
20160

956

26228

24

862:

9070

(29)7.2235
(71)4.5815
( 1)3.1112
9.8921
5.5778
3.9552

9211
11)8.9629
14 8.7209
17 I a.4854
20)8.2563
23)8.0334
(71)5.1845
( 1)3.1192
9.9091
5.5850
3.9593

67671

z:
98708

65240

77983

._.

9 29296
a958 41344
(11 8.6359
10556
(14 1 8.3250
17776
(17 a.0253
17136
(20 1 7.7364
05719
(23)7.4578
95113

32667
46699

24130
13495
58964

65831.
968
9 37024
39232

98067
09331
69837
74886
75794
60312

15371
94792
77627
64719

96142
34939
30490
04575
86085

,-_

9h9

9 38961
9098 53209
11)8.8164
77595
14 8.5431
66790
(17 a.2783
28619
(70 a.0217
00432
(23 I 7.7730
27719
(71)4.6964
( 1)3.1128

971
.._
9 467;!9
673:L7
57994
58129
922'59
a3968
61601

37908

(71)4.1480
( i)3.1048
9.8785
5.5721
3.9519

60232

9.8955

76483
80110

5.5793
3.9560

15803
77177
914

9240

9 486%
10424

29)7.ba40

39148

(71)5.3139
f i)3.1208
,~-9.9125
5.5864
3.9601

19427
97307

71181
99178
51415

ELEMENTARY

ANALYTICAL

POWERS
k

63

METHODS

AND ROOTS

Table

nk

.._

975
:
:
2
7

(11
(14
17
20
23

9268
I 9.0368
8.8109
8.5906
18.3759
8.1665

9 50625
59375
78906
56934
83010
15935
18037

9
10

24

(71)5.4464
( 1)3.1224
9.9159
5.5879
3.9609

m
l/3
l/4
l/5

15584
98999
62413
32533
64254

(71)5.5820
( 1)3.1240
9.9193
5.5893
3.9617

74443
99870
51328
64785
76427

(71)5.7209
( 1)3.1256
9.9227
5.5907
3.9625

68141
99922
37928
95938
87934

9354
11)9.1486
14)8.9413
17)8.7505
20)8.5579
23 8.3697
26 8.1855
29 I 8.0055
71)5.8631
1)3.1272
9.9261
5.5922
3.9633

978
9 56484
41352
16423
46861
05230
94115
18245
84443
01586
70383
99154
22218
25992
98776

9498

983
9 66289
62087

.__

WI

9 60400
92000
(11)9.2236
81600
(14)9.0392
07968
(17 8.8584
23809
20 1 8.6812
55332
23)8.5076
30226
9411

:
2
l3
lo'
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

I
(71)6.1578
( 1)3.1304
9.9328
5.5950
3.9650

03365
95168
83884
82813
18474

71)6.3103
1)3.1320
9.9362
5.5965
3.9658

89657
91953
61267
09584
27331

(71)6.4665
( 1)3.1336
9.9396

95666
87923
36356

5.5919
3.9666

35265
35529

986
:

9615
11 9.4900
I4 9.3666
17 I 9.2449

:
2
i
9
10
24

l/2
l/3
l/4
l/5

:
3
:
!
8
9
10
24
://:
$2

(71)6.9577
( 1)3.1384
9.9497
5.6022
3.9690

9702
(11 9.6059
14 9.5099
I 17 9.4148
20 9.3206
I 23 I 9.2274
26)9.1351
I 29)9.0438
(71)7.8567
( 1)3.1464
9.9665
5.6093
3.9730

61406
70965
47896
05785
56179
990
9 80100
99000
60100
00499
01494
53479
46944
72475
20750
81408
26545
54934
01690
77521

(71)7.1292
( 1)3.1400
9.9531
5.6036
3.9698

84708
63694
13846
27123
61152

( 71)7.3048
1)3.1416
9.9564
5.6050
3.9706

( 1)3.1480
9.9699
5.6107
3.9738

15248
09547
17644
79839

(71)8.2466
( 1)3.1496
9.9732
5.6121
3.9746

991;
(11)9.8805
(14)9.8508

l/2
:::

l/5

(71)8.8665
( 1)3.1543
9.9833
5.6163
3.9770

35105
62059
05478
70767
82648

+y]

79843
12862
44315
26396
99386

(71)6.6265
( l';.;:;;

03443
;;3;;

5: 5993
3.9674

(71)9.0828
( 1)3.1559
9.9866
5.6177
3.9778

91413
46768
48849
81384
81740

,:[(-231

(71)9.3043
( 1)3.1575
9.9899
5.6191
3.9786

59857
43069

988
9 76144
9644 30272
[ ::I z: ::::
(17 9.3012

EZ
57495

I 20
23 9.1896
9.0193

66691
42406

56083
55614
77521
47381
66671

I 29
26 8.9704
8.8621
(71)7.4845
( 1)3.1432
9.9598
5.6064
3.9714

14296
69325
66822
46729
38925
66560
70939

98779
03150
61904
32527
81509

9791
11 i 9.7229
14 9.6548
17 9.5872
20 9.5201
23 9.4535
26 9.3873
29 9.3216
(71)8.4485
( 1)3.1511
9.9766
5.6135
3.9754

996

24

987
9 74169
04803
52406
81724
14862

i 11
23 I19.1784
20
17
14
9.0223
9.3371.
8.7182
8.8689

997
94009
26973
38921
97304
44612
80578
04937
11422
17769
02025
30681
89983
90939
80191

q-p]

(11
(14
(17

993
9 86049
46657
26304
65820
81759
70787
29591
54884
43400
45822
90251
12009
46340
82534

99490
9.9202
9.9003
9.8805

(29)9.8017
(71)9.5308
( 1)3.1591
9.9933
5.6205
3.9794

(71)6.0087
( 1)3.1288
9.9295
5.5936
3.9642

9527

(71)6.7901
( 1)3.1368
9.9463
5.6007
3.9682

9673

8.9528
(71)7.6685
( 1)3.1448
9.9631
5.6078
3.9122

3.1

56477
97569
04202
54950
08956
984
9 68256
63904

96812
77428
19667
83363
49952
9 78iil
61669

83144
10178
37039
98061
84662
74555
994
9 88036

(71)8.6551
( 1)3.1527
9.9199
5.6149
3.9762

22630
76554
59866
59086
82913

(71)9.7627
( 1)3.1606
9.9966
5.6220
3.9802

39866
96126
65555
06871
75173

998
96004
11992
39680
99201
98402
37206
15531
iEi
79767
13800
28884
99434
78001

.:[(-y]

4. Elementary
Logarithmic,

Expwential,

Transcendental
Circular

Functions

and Hyperbolic

Functions

RUTY ZUCKER l

Contents
Page
67

Mathematical
Prcbperties
.....................
4.1. Logarithmic
Function ...................

4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
Numerical

Methods

References
4.1.

log,, 5,

71

79
83
86

.......................

4.7. Use and Extension

Table

67
69

Exponential
Function ...................
Circular lknctions
....................
Inverse C rcular Functions .................
Hyperbol:.c Functions ...................
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
...............
of the Tables

89

..............

89

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . .

Commcln Logarithms
(100&11350)
2=1(0(1)1350,
10D

. . . . . . . . . . .

93

95

Table

4.2. Natural Logarithms

(0 5s<_2.1)
In z, s=O(.O101)2.1,
16D

. , , . , . . . . . , , . 100

Table

Radix Table of Natural Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

-in (l-cc),
r=lO-n(lO-n)lO-n+l,
n=lO(-1)1,
2511
ln (l+z),

Table

4.4. Exponential
ez, fz=o(.o31)1,
x=5(.1)10,
*tz=0(1)100,

Table

4.5. Radix Table of the Exponential

Function
. . . . . . . . . 140
ez, eez, x=1(1-n(lO-)lO-+l,
n=lO(-l)l,
25D

Table

4.6. Circular Sines and Cosines for Radian Arguments

sin 2, co9 5, ~=0(.001)1.6,
23D

Table

4.7. Radix Table of Circular Sines and Cosines . . . . . . . . . 174

sin 2, cos 2, ;c=lO-n(lO-)lO-n+,
n=lO(-1)4,
25D

4.3.

Function (0 5 1215 100) , , . . . . . . . . . . 116

18D,
s=O(.1)5, 15D
12D, --2=0(.1)10,
20D
19s

(0 <z < 1.6)1 . 142

4.8. Circular
Sines and Cosines for Large Radian Arguments
(0~z~1000).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
sin 2, cos 2, ;e=O(l)lOO,
23D, ~=100(1)1000,
8D

Table

1 National

Bureau of Standards.

ELEMENTARY

Table

TRANSCENDENTAL

.FUNCTIONS

Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants for Page

(0 <z 5 1 .S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
tm 5, cot x, set 2, csc r,
2=0(.01)1.6,
7 to 9D
4.9. Circular

Radian
5

Arguments

-1 -cot

csc

x,

x=0(.01).5,

x-x-l,

8D

Table 4.10. Circular Sines and Cosines to Tenths of a Degree (0 5 8 5 90) . 189

sin 8, cos 8, 8=O(.lo)900,

15D

Table 4.11. Circular

Five Tenths
tan e, cot
set 8, csc

Tangents, Cotangents, Secants and Cosecants to

of a Degree (0 5 0<90)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8,
e=o(.50)900,
l5D
8,
e=O(.50)900,
8D

Table 4.12. Circular

Functions

for the Argument

f z

sin %, cos %, tan %, cot %c, set %, csc L,

2

Table 4.13. Harmonic

sin *T, cos z,

Analysis.
r=l(l)[s/2],

s=O(.Ol)l,

20D

. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 202
s even

s odd

T&&2],

s=3(1)25,

(05 z < 1) . . . . 200

10D

Table 4.14. Inverse Circular

Sines and Tangents (O<z<l).

arcsin 2, arctan 2, x=0(.001)1,
12D
f(z)=[2(1-x)1-f&r-arcsin
z], z=.95(.001)1,
l2D

. . . . , . 203

Table 4.15. Hyperbolic

Functions (0 5 az5 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

sinh x, cash x, x=0(.01)2,
9D, 2=2(.1)10,
9D
tanh z, coth 5, x=0(.01)2,
8D, 7D, 2=2(.1)10,
10D

Table 4.16. Exponential

and Hyperbolic Functions for the Argument KZ

(O<x<l)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
e**=, sinh ?rx, cash ?rx, tanh ?rz, z=O(.Ol)l,
10D

Table 4.17. Inverse Hyperbolic

Functions (0 5~5~))
. . . . . . . . . 221
arcsinh x, arctanh 5, z=O(.Ol)l,
9D
arcsinh x, (arccosh X)/(X?- l),
2= 1(.01)2, 9D, 8D
arcsinh z-ln z, arccosh z-ln 2, s-=.5(-.01)0,
10D

Table 4.18. Roots z, of cos x, cash z~= f 1, n= 1(1)5,

Table 4.19. Roots 2, of tan zn=kzn
-x=0(.05)1,
n=1(1)9,
5D

x-*=-1(.05)1,

n=1(1)9,

(--00 <AlO,

7D . . . . . . 223

l<Xlm)

. . . . . 224

5D

Table 4.20. Roots 2, of cot x,,=kr,,

(0 <Xla
X=0(.05)1,
n=l(1)9,
5D
X-=1(-.05)0,
n=1(1)9,
5D

) . . . . . . . . . . . 225

The author acknowledges the assistance of Lois K. Cherwinski

io the preparation and checking of the tables.

and Elizabeth

F. Godefroy

4. Elementary
Logarithmic,

Transcendental

Exponential,

Circular

Mathematical
4.1. Logarithmic
Integral

4.1.1

and Hyperbolic

IFunctions

Properties

Function

Representat

In z=

Functions

Logarithmic

4.1.6

ion

Identities

Ln (z,z2)=Ln

zl+Ln

z2.

(i.e., every value of Ln (z1z2) is one of the values

of Ln zr+Ln z2.)

z dt
17

4.1.7

In (z1z2)=ln q+ln

z2

iY

(--?r<arg

-I

4.1.8

Ln z=Ln

4.1.9

In z=ln

zl--Ln
z,-ln

z=r+iy

FIGURE

4.1.

(a not an integer or zero.)

where the path of integration does not pass

through the origin or cross the negative real
axis. In z is a single-valued function, regular in
the z-plane cut along the negative real axis, real
when z is positive.
z=x+iy=reie.
4.1.2
4.1.3

In z=ln r+iO
r= (x2+y2)*,

(-*<OS*).

Ln zn=n Ln 2

4.1.11

In P=n In 2
(n integer,

4.1.13

In 0=-

4.1.14

ln (-l)=*i

4.1.15

In (&i)=f&
In e=l,

03

6 dt

1 t=

=2.71828 18284.. .
(see 4.2.21)
Logarithms

4.1.18

arg 25~)

The general logarithmic function is the manyvalued function Ln z defined by

Lnz=

-s<n

e is the real number such that

e=arctan f.

4.1.4

(n integer)

In l=O

x=r cos 0, y=r sin 0:

z dt
1t

z2<n)

(see chapter 1)

Values

4.1.12

4.1.16

zl-arg

;z2

4.1.10

Special

z217r)

z2

(-r<arg

Brunch cut for, In z and 9.

zl+arg

to General

log, z=ln

Base

z/in 1s

4.1.19

where the path does not pass through the origin.

4.1.20
4.1.5
Ln (re@)=ln (refe)+2kti=ln
k being an arbitrary integer.
principal branch of Ln z.

r+i(e+akr),
In z is said to be the

4.1.21
4.1.22

log, z=ln 2
log,, z=ln z/in lO=log,, e In z
= (.43429 44819 . . .)ln 2
67

68

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.1.23 ln z=ln 10 log,, z= (2.30258 50929 . . .) loglo z

(log, x=ln x, called natural, Napieriun,
or hyperbolic logarithms;
log,, x, called common or Briggs
logarithms.)
Series

4.1.24

Expansions

FUNCTIONS

4.1.35
4.1.36
4.1.37

In (1+2)=2-~2z++23-.
(/z/11

Iln (l--x)\<

. .
and z#-1)

4.1.38

, . .

4.1.39

111

In x<n(x

($J+

/In

4.1.26
In z=(z-1)-~(z-1)*+Q(z-l)3-.

(1+2)(:2-ln

(Iz-1111,

ZZO)

(sy+.

. .]

(sy+i

(922
In (%)=2

(k+&+&,+

a+2

(z in the cut plane of Figure

Polynomial

zffl)

Approximations

log10 x=alt+u3t+t(x),

(&>

(a>O,
Limiting

4.7.)

t=(x-1)/(x+1)

al= .86304

(&J5+

* . .]

a,=.36415

4.1.42

921--a#z)
log10 x=a~t+a~t~+a~t~+a,t+u~t+~(x)

Values

lim x-0 In x=0

z+m
(a constant,

4.1.31

..

le(x)l56XlO-
[(&)+f
+f

4.1.30

2 42 42 92

422 922 . .
=---2;: 22 --.
l-- 3- 5- 7-

4.1.29
In (z+a)=ln

Fractions

4.1.41

. . .)
jl421,

W<1)

(l-120

4.1.40

z#O)

0,

(z in the plane cut from - 1 to - co)

. .

4.1.27
In 2=2 [(s)+i

(XX)

I*-- 1) for any positive

In (1+z)=*&GG5+6+.

(92 13)

4.1.28

2_<2-1

Continued

(?J+a

(O<zI.5828)

(XX)

4.1.25
In z=(G)+:

lim xa In x=0
z--10
(CYconstant,

t=(x-.1)/(x$1)
je(x)/_<lO-

9&~>0)
aI=.

1718

u3= .28933 5524

2&~>0)

a= .09437 6476
f&=.19133

7714

as= .17752 2071

4.1.32
4.1.43
lim
$I i-ln
m-+m(

m =y (Eulers
>

=.57721 56649 . . .
(see chapters 1, 6 and 23)
Inequalities

4.1.33

ex

<In

U+X)<J:
(x>-1,

4.1.34

z<-In

(l--2)<

01:x<

constant)

x#O)

&
(x<l,

XZO)

In (1+x)=u1x+~x2+u3x3+u4x4+usx5+~(x)
Is(x)/ 5 1 x 10-s
UI= .99949 556

a4= - .13606 275

a2= - .49190 896

as= .03215 845

a3= .28947 478

* The approximations
ings, Jr., Approsimations
,Univ.
Press, Princeton,

4.1.41 to 4.1.44 are from C. Hastfor digital

computers.
Princeton
N.J., 1955 (with permission).

ELEiMENTARY

4.1.44

TRANSCENDENTAL

O_<z<l

4.1.52

In (1+2)=a~z+u~22+~~23+uq~4S~u~25+ug~6

4.1.53
fw

+ fws+f

(2)

Approximation

64239
41238
90258
38084

a$=
. 16765
ue= --. 09532
u7=
. 03608
us= --. 00645

in Terms

4.1.45

ln [z+(z2&1)(]dz=z

le(z)1<3XlO-*
uq=
. 99999
u2= -. 49987
a,=
. 33179
u4= -. 24073

69

FUNCTIONS

of Chebyohev

zn In [z+(z2&l)i]dz=

-&+f)+

Definite

In (l+d=n$o

(see chapter 22)

In [z+(z2*l)+]

-- &

O<z<l

Z,*(X)=COS n8, cos ~=!kc-l

[2+(22&1)+]-(22511))

4.1.54

40711
93897
84937
35442

Polynomials

In

dz

(n#--1)

Integrals

4.1.55

-4,T,,*@)

4.1.56
n

AZ
0
. 37645 2813
1
34314 5750
2 -: 02943 7252
3
.00336 7089
4 -. 00043 3276
5
. 00005 9471

A,
6 -.. 00000
00000
; -: 00000
9
00000
10 -: 00000
11
. 00000

Differentiation

8503
1250
0188
0029
0004
0001

4.1.57

Trdt-ln t-Zz(x)
4.2. Exponential
Beries

Function

Expansion

4.2.1

Formulas

22

e=exp ~.=l+~+~+~+
4.1.46

5.1.3)

(see

z3

. . .

(z=z+iy)

& In z=Jj
where e is the real number defined in 4.1.16

4.1.47

&In

Fundamental

z=(-l)n-l(n-l)!z-fl
4.2.2
Integration

4.2.3

4.1.49
4.1.50

4.2.4

In z dz=z In z---z

p+l

4.2.6

n integer)

zn (ln z)-dz

Clenshaw,
functions,
(with per-

z
Powers

then z=Log,

a= exp (2 In cc)
If u=juj exp (i arg a)
l&l = ((+-Y

arg (u)=y

(--?r<arg

ul?r)

*rg =

In lul+z arg a

4.2.11

Ln u=z In a
3 The approximation
4.1.45
is from C. W.
Polynomial
approximations
to elementary
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 8, 143-lL7 (1954)
mission).

of General

If N=u*,

4.2.9
4.2.10

(n#-1)

(--?T<:J~IT)

d
z exp z=exp

4.2.7
4.2.8

4.1.51

(k any integer)

exp (ln 2) = exp (Ln 2) = 2

Definition

(n#-1,

z?+l (In 2) --- nt

n-t-l
n+l

In (exp z)=z

4.2.5

zn In zdz=- Zn+l ln z-n+l

(n+02

z (In 2) dz=

Ln (exp 2)=2+2k7ri

Formulas

s dz
T=ln

4.1.48

Properties

4.2.12

4.2.13

for one of the values of Ln uz

In uz=z ln a

(a real and positive)

le*[=ez

70

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

arg (eZ)= y
&l&Zz=&3

4.2.14
4.2.15
4.2.16 u%*= (cd)"

(--?r<arg

FUNCTIONS
Special

a+arg

bS?r)

4.2.22
4.2.23
4.2.24

Values

(see

e=2.71828

18284 . .

eO=l

em= co

4.2.25
4.2.26

e-- =0
efd=-l

4.2.27

e*?= fi

4.2.28

e2*ki

(k any integer)

Exponential

Inequalities

If 2 is real and different

-z
4.2.29
e l-r<l-x<e-z

4.2.30
4.2, Logarithmic

FIGURE

Periodic

4.2.17

and exponential junctions.

4.2.31

Property

4.2.32

&Wkl= ,f
Exponential

4.2.18
4.2.19

(k any integer)

(ezl)Zs=~rlr2

Limiting

(- ?r<921< 7r)

Values

(Jarg 21_<p-t<+n,

6.5.11)

e'<j-$

@a

+x<(l--q<x

4.2.33

x<(e"--I)<&

4.2.34

l+x>t!G

4.2.35

(x>-1)

(x<l)
(x>-1)

e">l+$
(

4.2.37

(n>O, z>O)

>

>,ezs

P<l-;

(O<xI

(~>O,

Y>O)

1.5936)

(Yconstant)

Continued

e,(z) see

ez>l+x

4.2.36 eZ> 1-t;

4.2.21

(For

@-a

5 r) can be removed

4.2.20
/iy zae-z=O
* m

from zero

Identities

&z22=ez1+z2

The restriction (- n<Yq

if z2 is an integer.

1)

chapter

4.2.38

$4<le' -li<~l4

4.2.39

(ez-l(<e~-ll(z~er~

Fractions

@<14<1)
(all z)

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.2.42

Approximations

2a nrctnn

tzl

2a
z--a+

a?+4 a2+9
32+ !iz+ 72+ *

a2+1

71

FUNCTIONS
in

Terms

4.2.48

of

Chebyshev

4.2.43

Approximzltions

O<x<ln

T:(x) =cos no,

cos 8=2x-- 1 (see chapter 22)

e-=2

2=.693

1.75338 7654
.85039 1654
. 10520 8694
.00872 2105
* 00054 3437
.00002 7115
. 00000 1128
. 00000 0040

e-==1+u~x+u2x2$~E(x)
le(x)J<3XlO-
a,=-.9664

u2= .3536

4.2.44

O<x<ln

. 00000

le(x)/<3XlO-

4.2.45

-- .15953 32
.0293641

u3=
u4=

O<x<ln

+u6x*+u,x+E(x)
le(x)112X10-10
u5= -- .00830 13598
u6= .00132 98820

aa=-.

a=--.00014

d
dz ez=e

4.2.50

d ear= anen
dz

4.2.51

d
d=d
dz

4.2.46 6

Integration

4.2.54

a2= .6774323
4.2.47

u3= .20800 30
a4= .12680 89

O_<x<l

10z= (1 +alx+u2x2+a3x3+u4x4t

a&
+w6+~7~7)2+~(~)

a2=

.66273

088429

u3= .25439 357484

u4= .07295 173666

us=:. 01742

[(uz)n-n(az)n-1+n(n-1)(uz)n-2

+ . . . +(-1>m-in!+%!]

eaz
5
&=(n-1)2"-'+laY
S
s5 dz@>I>

(See chapters 5, 7 and 29 for other integrals

involving exponential functions.)
4.3. Circular

4 The a proximations 4.2.43 to 4.S1.45 are from B. Carlson, M. E oldstein, Rational approximation
of functions,
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LIA-1943, Los Alamos,
N. Mex., 1955 (with permission).
5 The approximations
4.2.46 to 4.2.47 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations
for digital computers.
Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).

Functions

Definitions

111988

u6=. 00255 491796

a=:. 00093 264267

(n20)

4.2.56

Ic(x)~<5xlO-~
15129 277603

Formulas

eazdz= earla

4.2.55
f
zedz=s

JE(x)~~7X10-4

96

z)z

10Z=(l+a,x+azx2+a3;c+a4x4)2+r(x)

al=l.

$ Y=(l+ln

O<xil

a1=1.14991

In a:

-d y&(&-l
dz

4.2.52

13161

.04165 73475

An

64503 5270
31284 1606
03870 4116
00320 8683
00019 9919
00000 9975
00000 0415
00000 0015

For!mulas

4.2.49

4.2.53

a, = - .99999 99995
u2= .49999 99206

A,T:(x)
n=o

0001

e-z=1+a~x+a2x2+~3x3+~4x4+~~~5

u4=

ID
; -:
-:
3
4
85 -:
16
7 -:

Differentiation

e-z=l+a,x+u2x2+u3x3+u~x4+e(x)

al = - .99986 84
u2= .49829 26

A,

..

O<z_<l

(z in the cut plrtne of Figure 4.4.)

Polynomial

Polynomials

ei3~e-iz
4.3.1

4.3.2

sin z=

2i

eiL+e--t
cos z=-2

6 The approximations
4.2.48 are from C. W. Clenshaw,
Polynomial
approximations
to cxlementary functions,
Math. Tables Aids Camp. 8, 143-147 (1954) (with permission).

72

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.3.17

tan 2=%

4.3.3

FUNCTIONS

43.18
csc

4.3.5

SW z=-

4.3.6

1
cot z=- tan 2
Periodic

4.3.7

cos

(2

4.3.19

1
cos 2

z2

tan

(zl+z2,=~~t~;;i,,zz

cot

Half-Angle

Formulas

4.3.20

sin $= &(qc)

4.3.21

cos ;= *(

4.3.22

t,an i= &(~~>1=~=~2

Properties

2
+2/h)

(k any integer)
= cos

tan (z+&r)=tan

4.3.9

tan z,+tan
1

(zl+z2)=cAtan

z1 sin z2

sin 2

sin (2+2h)=sin

4.3.8

tan

q cos z2-sin

(z~+~~)=c~s

4.3.4

2=-r--

cos

+=)

The ambiguity
in sign may be resolved with the
aid of a diagram.

I
Transforkation

of Trigonometric

Integrals

If t,an %=z then

4.3.23

22

sinx
co3 x
tonx

FIGURE 4.3.
Relations

Circularfunctions.

Between

Circular

Functions

4.3.10

sin2 z+cos2 z=l

4.3.11

sec2 z-tan2

2=1

4.3.12

csc2 z-cot?

z=l

Angle

sin (--)=-sin

4.3.14

cos (- z)=cos
tan (--)=-tan
Addition

4.3.16

sin 22=2 sin ,a cos 2=,,t,,~2

4.3.25

cos

4.3.26

tan 22=--= 2 tan 2

l-tan22

sin (zl + z2)=sin

co9 z-1=1-2

sin2 z
l-tan2 2
=cos2 z-sin2 z= 1+tarP 2

2~2

2 cot

cot22-1

=-cot z-tan

4.3.27

sin 3z=3 sin z-4 sin3 2

4.3.28

cos 3z=-3

4.3.29

sin 42=8 cos 2 sin 2-4 cos 2 sin 2

4.3.30

cos 42=8 co& z-8

Products

cos z+4 cosa 2

of Sines

cos2 23-1
and

Cosines

2 sin z1 sin zz=cos (ZI-2&-co8

(21+22)

Formulas

4.3.13

4.3.15

Formulas

4.3.24

4.3.31
Negative

du

cos u=l+zz

Multiple-Angle

1
70

-------

l-z2

sin u=--,
1+z2

2
2
2

Formulas

z1 cos z2+cos z1 sin 22

4.3.32

2 cos

4.3.33

2 sin

Addition

and

z1
z1

cos Z:~=COS (a-z2)+cos

cos z:!=sin (zl-z2)+sin

Subtraction

of

Two

Circular

4.3.34

sin zl+sin

z2=2 sin(+)

cOS(y)

(21+22)
(21+22)

Functions

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.3.41
cos2 a-cos2

4.3.35

sin zl-sin

z2=2 cos(F)

sin(v)

73

FUNCTIONS

z2=-sin

(zl+z2) sin (~~-2~)

4.3.36

4.3.42
cos2 zl--sin2 z2=cos (z1+z2) cos (zl-z2)
cos 21--cos z2=-2

sin(Tk)

sin(y)

4.3.43
Signs of the Circular Functions
in the Four Quadrants

4.3.38

z2= sin (215 z2)

cos 21 cos 22

tan z,i-tan

Quadrant

4.3.39

sin
csc
___~-

(~2fzJ
cot 21&cot z2= sin
.
sin z1 sin z2
Relations

Between

Squares

of ISines

and

Cosines

:I
III
IV

4.3.40

sin2 q-sin2

z2=sin (zl+zJ

sin (~~-4

cos
set

tan
cot

+
-

7
-

$
-

4.3.44
Functions

of Angles in Any Quadrant

(0 2 0 15,

in Terms of Angles in the First Quadrant.

k any integer)

2kufe

sin-------cos-- -.---tan--_---csc------set------cot

-sin

cos

Fsin

e
e

+sec

8
e
e
e

FCSC

Ftan8

-tan0
--SC

set

_______

fc0t

--cot

Relations
==

4.3.45

cos

sin x=u

Between Circular
=

cos x=u

Fsin

--OS

-set

e
e
e
e

*cot

&tan
FCSC

fsin
fc0t

( 1-u2)*

a(l+a2)-+

a-

cos x------

(l--d)+

CC

(l+d)-+

u-(d-

tan x------

a(l--a2)-*

tc-(l--a2)*

csc x------

a-1

:1-a)-*

set xv-----

(l-a2)-*

cot x------

a-(l-4)*

z(l--d)-*

(wx~;)

Illustration:

f00t

Functions

set x=a
--

.a-(cc-

1)

(1+a2)-4

(a- 1)-

(a2- 1)

a-

a-y1+a*y

a(a- I)-

(1 +a214

(lfa214

u(&-- 1)-t

a-(1+a2)*

a-l

(&-I)+

(a2- 1) -*

(a- 1)-i

1)

cot x=a

a(1 +a2)-i

cot ~=a-(l--a2)t

arcsec u=arccot

+sec

e
8
8
e

a-

If sin x=u,

._

~CSC

csc x=a

itan

&sin
+COS

ftan

~CSC

-set

sin x------

-1

8
e
e
8
e

(or Inverse Circular)

tan x=a

--OS

74

ELEMENTARY

4.3.46
-

Circular
-

a/12
15O

is
-- - _sin

Functions

for Certain
7d6
3o

TRANSCENDENTAL

Angles

*I4
45O

--

FUNCTIONS

*I3
60
--

Eulers

4.3.47

Formula

ez=ez+fu=ez

(cos y+i

De Moivres

4.3.48

(cos z+i

sin y)

Theorem

sin z)=cos

(-*<L%?;z

vzfi

sin ~2

<T unless Y is nn integer)

$ (J3-1)

cos

JZ
z cd3+ 1)

4512

112

4.3.49

sin z= --i sinh iz

tan

2-J3

43

4.3.50

cos z=cosh

csc

co

tan z= --i tanh iz

1)

Jz

2&/3

4.3.51

llz<&+

4.3.52

csc z=:i csch iz

set

&qJ3-

1)

4.3.53

set z=:sech

cot

00

2+i3

4.3.54

cot z==i coth iz

&I2

l/2

&I2
Relation

= =
5~/12
75O

4313

30

2~13
1200
.-

sin

4512

$(&i-l)

tan

w&

co

csc

j5<&-

1)

set

J%&+

1)

Q1

cot

a-&
=

cos

A.-

0
=
37r/4
135O

sin
cos

-Jz
4

(d3-

JR&-1,
+m+ 1)

112

Functions

in

Tgazi

4.3.55

sin z=sin

x cash yfi

cos x sinh y

4.3.56

cos z=cos

x cash y--i

sin 2 sinh y

4 . 3 . 57

tan Z=sin 2x-j-i sinh 2y

cos 2x f cash 2y

of

Real

Modulus

and

24313

4.3.59

Phase

(Argument)

=[a

-2

(cash

4.3.60

arg sin z=arctan

4.3.61

(cos z~=(co@
=[a

GO0

(Jc1)

4.3.62

Functions

y)+

2y-cos

2x)]+

(cot x tanh y)
z+sinh2

(cash

y)f

2y+cos

arg cos z= --arctan

22)]+

(tan x tanh y)

4.3.63

cash 2y-cos
Itan l=(,cosh
2yfcos

4.3.64

arg tan z:=arctan

andImaginary

of Circular

/sin zj= (sin2 z+sinh2

2x 4
2x

(@S&$!)

-1
Series

tan

-1

-a/3

-(2-&i)

csc

liz

&m+1>

co

set

-42

- 2&/3

-&M-

cot

-1

-@+&I

iz

2x--i sinh
cot z_sincash 2y- cos 2x
2y

-&/a

4%

to 4.5.12)

iz

4 . 3 . 58

lln/12
165

4-$

(see 4.5.7

Circular

-l/2

-&3
==

4243)
=

5n/6
150

lj5/2

1)

-(2f43)

=I

Functions

7~112
105O

n/2

to Hyperbolic

1)

-1
co

Expansions

4.3.65
sin z=z-$+&$+

...

(14-c-1

4.3.66
cos z=l -$+2-S+.
.
.

..

@4<4

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

75

FUNCTIONS
Inerlualities

4.3.67
23 225
tan z=z+~+~+~+

1727

...

4.3.79

22n-1$- . .

+(-l).-i22.(22n-l)Bzn

(2n)!

lH<;

>

4.3.80

sin 21 x_< tan 2

4.36%
12
csc

2=;+,+,,,

4.3.81

31

z5+

23+15120

. . .

(bl<d 4.3.82

*2n-l,+

+(-l)n-12(22n--l)BZn

(2n) !
4.3.69
z2 5z4 61z6
set ~=l+~+~+m+.
+(-

..

l)n&

22n--

(2n) !

.*

4.3.70
1

23 2z5

cot z=;-j-~-py-

( )

(O<x<l)

4.3.33

lsinh y/ 5 lsin ZJ5 cash y

4.3.84

lsinh y/ 5 Jcos 21 Icosh

4.3.85

lcsc z[ Icschlyl

4.3.86

/cos zl Scosh(z)

4.3.87

/sin zI Isinhlzl

lH<5

...
4.3.88
22n-1,- .

_ (-- w122n&n

(2n) !

lcos zl< 2,

/sin

(l2l<O

2[<$[2(

(l2l<7r)
Infinite

Products

4.3.71

4.3.72
l*

4.3.89

sin

2=2

4.3.90

cos

2=,i1

cos 2=.&
W-1

(-- w2n-1wn(2n) !

m,

(1-&)

ln tan
T=gI 2

(l-

Expansion

(14<37r>

(2&$

in Partial

>

Fractions

4.3.91

4.3.73
(- l)-y..;;~l-

1) Bzn 22n

w<td
where B, and E, are the Bernoulli
numbers (see chapter 23).
Limiting

4.3.74

sin 2
lim ----xl
z+o x

4.3.75

lim tan=1
z-10 x

Values

4.3.92

csc224

(z-kT)2

4.3.93
. . .>

(z#O,f?r,f%,

Continued

tan z=c

lim n sin E=x

n+-

4.3.95

4.3.77

lim n tan 2=x

?a+-

a tan
tan az=-----1+

4.3.78

lim cos z=l

n-+-

k-i--m

and Euler

4.3.94
4.3.76

jiI

(I4<a>

In

Fractions
22

--3-

(1-a)
3f

22

22

5- 7-

...

(2

tan2 2 (4--a2) tan2

5+

(9-a) tan2 2., . 2<g2<;,

7t
(

#i*n*)

uz #+r

>

76

ELEMENTARY
Polynomial

4.3.96

Approximations

TRANSCENDENTAL
1

FUNCTIONS

o<x-$

4.3.101

o<x<;

tan x
-= 2

1 +a~x2+u4x4+agx6+agx8+~,ox10

la(s)] <2x10-5
a,=-.16605

u4= .00761

as= .33333

14036
a4= .13339 23995

a3= .02456 50893

alo= .00290 05250

a6= .05337 40603

a12= .00951 68091

05x<;

4.3.102

[E(x)(<2x10-9
a2=-.
a4=
as=-.

16666 66664
.00833 33315
00019 84090

4.3.98

as=
.OOOOO27526
alo= - .OOOOO00239

x cot x= I $-a2x2+a4x4+ e (2)

16(2')1<3x10-5
a2= - .332867
02x<

4.3.103

o_<xg;

a2= - .33333 33410

a4= - .02222 20287
a6=-. 00211 77168

a4= .03705
O<X$

Approximations

cos x=1+a~xz+a4x4+a,xe+a8x8+a,0x10+t(x)
la(x)ll2X

a2= - .49999 99963

a4=

.04166 66418
as=-.00138
88397

alo=

.00002
-. 00000

47609
02605

--l+a2x2+a4x4+t(x)
2

(a(x)(<lXlo-3
a,=.20330

7 The a proximations
4.3.96 to 4.3.103
are from B. Carlson, M. e oldstein,
Rational
approximation
of functions,
Los Alamos
Scientific
Laboratory
LA-1943,
Los Alamos,
N. Mex.,
1955 (with permission).

aa= - .00020 78504

alo= - .00002 62619

of Chebyshev

Polynomials

--11x51

T: (x) = cos ti, cos 8=2xsin ~~x=x *co A,T,*(,x*)

1 (see chapter 22)

cos $rx=2

n-0

A,T,*(z*)

A,
1.27627 8962
1 -.28526 1569
2
.00911 8016
3 - .00013 6587

n
A,
0
.47200 12 16
1 - .49940 3258
.02799 2080
2
3

- .00059 6695

4
5

.OOOOO6704
- .ooooo 0047

tan 2

a*= .31755

Terms

o<x$

4.3.100

in

4.3.104

10-Q
aa=

c (x)

Ir(x)l<4Xlo-'O

16(X)1<9x 10-h

4.3.99

x cot x= 1 +a2x2+a4x4+a~x6+a8x8+aIox10+

cos x=1+a,x2+a,x4++(x)

a2= - .49670

a,=-.024369

.OOOOO1185
-.ooooo 0007

n The approximations
4.3.104
are from C. W. Clenshan,
Polynomial
approxinlations
to elementary
functions,
Math.
Tables
Aids Camp.
8, 143-147
(1954)
(with
permission).
*see page Ix.

ELEMENTARY
Differentiation

TRANSCENDENTAL

Formulas

4.3.105

d
2; sin z=cos 2

4.3.106

z cos z=-sin

FUNCTIONS

77

4.3.122

z dz

-2

sin=(n-

1
1) (n-2) sinnm2 2

cos 2

1) sinn-l z-(n-

z
4.3.123

-$ tan z=sec2 z

4.3.107

.
4.3.108

d
& csc z=-csc

4.3.109

z set z=sec z tan 2

4.3.110

d
-& cot 2=-csc2

sdz

tan z+ln

Ldz=z
cos2

cos

2 dz
cosn=+1)

2
cop-1

(La)

z-(%-l)

.I-

sinm

tan zdz=-ln

4.3.116
I-

csc zdz=ln

2 cos

dz =

sirP+

2 coC1

m+n

sin

cos z dz=sin ;:

4.3.115

cm>21

4.3.127

Formulas

4.3.114

cosn-2Z

S5

++-2)
(n-1)

sin zdz=-cos

sin

4.3.112

4.3.113

(n>l)

4.3.126

4.3.111

Integration

zdz

zn-sin

4.3.124

2 cot 2

4.3.125

cosz==ln secz

=-

sinme

2 cosnfl

cosnm2 z dz

m+n

tan :=ln

(csc z-cot

sin-*

z)=- 1 In- 1-cosz

2 lfcosz

4.3.117
s

sin z-n

zdz=zn

zn cos

2 COS

dz

(m#-n)

4.3.128

seczdz=ln(secz+tanz)=lntan
=Inverse

sinm zZ,oP

Gudermannian

z=(n--1)

1
sinmS1

Function

2 cosnel

m+n-2

gd 2=2 arctan eZ-i

n-l

dz

sinm

2 coP2

(n>l)

cot zdz=ln

4.3.118
4.3.119

Psinzdz=-zz

sin z=--1n

cos z+n

csc z

=(m-1)

sin::
+

z- cos zdz

2 cosnml

m-b-2
m-l

sirF2

dz
2 cosn
(m>l>

4.3.120

S
4.3.121

4.3.129

Adz=--z
sin* 2

cot z-rln sin z

4.3.130

S
S

tannzdz=ts-fian-2zda

cotzdz=---

COtn-

n-l

(n#l>
2

Cotn-2ZdZ (n#l)

78

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.3.131
a tan
clz
=------ 2
arctan
(a-- b2)t
a+b sin z (a--b)*

a tan

In

(bz-a2)+

a tan

lsin2 nt dt== *cos2nt dt=%

4.3.141

=-

FUNCTIONS

(az>b2)

(n an integer,

z +b-(b2-a*))

msirltmt &=;

4.3.142

=o

(b2>a2)
---7-=Ttan
lfsm 2

4.3.133
dz

a+b cos z

4.3.143

2
arctan
(a2-b2)*

(a-b2)i

(b-a)

=&h-l

tan c- (b2-a2)+
2

(b2>a?)

S
S

dz

-------=tan
1+cos 2

4.3.134

1-cos 2

s/2

In cos t dt=-;

In 2

.O

m cos mt
o T+T
dt=ae-

4.3.146

Formulas

e sin bz dz=-

In sin t dt=

involv-

4.3.147

4.3.136

S
f

-cos t2 dt=i

4.3.145

r/2

(b/a)

(See chapters 5 and. 7 for other integrals

ing circular functions.)
(See [5.3] for Fourier transforms.)

-2
2

dz=-cot

4.3.135

1 S

(m<O>

mcos at--cos bt
___- L
dt=ln
6

-sin t2 dt=

4.3.144

W>W

tan z+(b2-a2)+

(b-a)

Jo

tan i

(a-b)

=-----

(m=O)
n

=--

dz

4.3.132

(m>O)

E +b+(b2-a2)t

n#O)

ea (a sin bz-b

a2+b2

for

Solution

of Plane

Right

Triangles

cos bz)

4.3.137

e cos bz dz=-

em
(a cos bz+b sin bz)
a2fb2

4.3.138

eazsin-I bz

earsinn bz dz=

a2+n2b2

(a sin bz-nb

eazsinne2 bz dz

4.3.139

e cosn bz dz=

cos bz)

n(n-l)b2
a2+n2b2

eaLcos- bz
(a cos bz+nb sin bz)
a2fn2b2
+

Definite

n(n-W2

S
eaz

a2+n2b2

S
S

If A, B and C are the vertices (C the right

angle), and a, b and c the sides opposite respectively,
sin A=:=c

1
CSCA

cos A=-= 6 - 1

c set A

COSn-2

bz dz

tan A=i=c+A

Integrals

versine A=vers

4.3.140

A=l-cos

sin mt sin nt dt=O

coversine A=covers

(mfn,

m and n integers)

cos mt cos nt dt=O

haversine A=hav

A=l-sin
A=$

vers A

exsecant A=exsec A=sec A-l

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.3.148

4.4.
Formulaa

for

Solution

of Plane

79

FUNCTIONS

Inverse

Circular

Triangles

Functions

Definitions

4.4.1

*
~rcsm z= s o

A
A/

1
b

cos A=

c*+ b*-a*
2bc

a=b cos C-l-c cos B

a+b
tan $(A+B)
a--b=tan #(A-B)
area

bc sin A
=-=[s(s-a)

(s- b)(s,-c)]+

s=j(a+b+c)
4.3.149
Formulas

for

Solution

arctan z=

4.4.3

of Spherical

Triangles

arccos z=
C

In a triangle with angles A, B and C and sides

opposite a, b and c respectively,
a
b
sin=sin=sin

(2=x+$

4.4.2

dt
(l-t*)*

dt

----=9-arcsin
z (l-t*)*
2

p dt

0 1+t*

The path of integration must not cross the

real axis in the case of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and the
imaginary axis in the case of 4.4.3 except possibly
inside the unit circle. Each function is singlevalued and regular in the z-plane cut along the
real axis from - 0~ to - 1 and + 1 to + 03in the case
of 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 and along the imaginary axis
from i to i 0~ and --i to --i 03in the case of 4.4.3.
Inverse circular functions are also written
arcsin 2= sin- 2, arccos z=cos-
2, arctan 2
=tan+ 2, . . . .
When -1 _<x_<1, arcsin x and arccos x are
real and
4.4.4

- $ir 5 arcsin 2 5 &r,

0 <;Irccos x,<u

4.4.5

arctan z+arccot

R220
RZ<O

z=&)s

4.4.6

arccsc 2= urcsiu l/z

4.4.7

arcsec z=arccos l/z

4.4.8

arccot z=arctan

l/z

arcsec 2 + arccsc 2= +a

4.4.9

(see 4.3.45)

C
(I

A
0

m
-I

sin B

sm b

+I

I
-i

If A, B and C are the three argles and a, b and

c the opposite sides,
sin
A
y=,=-sin a

arcsin
arccos

z and
z

orccsc
orcsec

2 and
L

arctan

orccot

sin C
sm c

cos a=cos b cm c+sin b sin c cos A

=cos b cos (CH)
CO8

where tan B=tan b cos A

FIGURE

cos A=-cos

B cos C+sin 13 sin C cos a

4.4.

Branch cuts for

jzbnctions.

inverse

circular

80

ELEMENTARY
Fundamental

TRANSCENDENTAL

Property

The general solutions

of the equations

sin t=z

FUNCTIONS

4.4.23

Arccsc

z=i

4.4.24

Arcsec

z= f i Arcsech

4.4.25

Arccot

z=:i Arccoth

cos t=z

Logarithmic

tan t=2
are respectively
4.4.10

z= k arccos z+Zkr

t=Arccos

4.4.12
t=Arctan

z+ka

z=arctan

k is an arbitrary

where
4.4.13

iz
z
iz

Representations

4.4.26

Arcsin

x=-ii:Ln

4.4.27

Arccos

x=--i

4.4.28

Arctan

x=i

[(l-x)*+ix]

(~51)

Ln [x+i(l-x2)*]

(x251)

z= (- 1) arcsin z+kn

t=Arcsin

4.4.11

Arccsch

Interval
Y

Ln
(x real)

(9#-1)

integer.

containing principal value

x positive
x negative
or zero

arcsin x and arctan x

0 < y 5 a/2

- ?r/2 < y<O

arccos x and arcsec x

0 5 y 5~12

arccot x and arccsc x

0 i y 57~12

d2<Y

4.4.29

Arccsc

x=-i

Ln [(x2-l)r+i]

4.4.30

Arcsec

x=--i

Ln

4.4.31

Arccot

(~2

s ?I-

1)

(5 real)

- ?r/2 _<y<O

Addition

and

Subtraction
of
Functions

Two

Inverse

Circular

4.4.32
Arcsin

z1 f Arcsin

z2
=:Arcsin

[21(1-z3+~22(1-2T)t]

4.4.33
Arccos

21 f

Arccos z2
=Arccos{

L-20
-

FIGURE

4.5.

DlCILC
OlECOl

Arctan

Inverse circular junctions.

Arguments

4.4.35

4.4.14

arcsin (- 2) = - arcsin 2

Arcsin

4.4.15

arccos (- 2) = 7r- arccos 2

4.4.16

arctan

4.4.36

4.4.17

arccsc (- 2) = - arccsc 2

Arctan

4.4.18

arcsec (- 2) = 7r-arcsec

4.4.19

arccot

Functions

Relation

to Inverse

of Negative

(- 2) = - arctan

(-z)=-arccot
Hyperbolic
4.6.19)

(l-z$]j

z1f Arccos

z,=Arctan

(e)

2:)

=Arccos

Functions

zlfArctan

=Arcsin{wdz[(l--zT)

z1 &Arccot

Inverse
(see 4.6.14

to

Circular

(l-$)1}

[zz(l-2~)~~zz1(l-z~)*]

z2

=Arctan

(*)=Arccot

Functions
Imaginary

(--E?-E?)

in Terms
Parts

Arcsin

z= -i

Arcsinh

iz

Arcsin

4.4.21

Arccos

z= f i Arccosh

4.4.38

4.4.22

Arctan

z---i

iz

~=kd-(-l)~

Real

arcsin/
f(-l)%In

(zz# -1)

of

4.4.37

4.4.20

Arctanh

zlz2F[(l-23

4.4.34

Arccos z=2knf

{arccosfi-i

[cYS(d--l)q

In [(~+(a~-l)~I}

and

ELElMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.4.39
Arctan

FUNCTIONS

81

4.4.46

z=ks++

O<x<l

arctan ($&)
arcsin ~=T-(l--z)~(a,+a~z+a,22+a3~3
2

+; lu [$H]

(zZ#-1)
+u4x4+ujx5+u6x6+u,x)

k is an integer

where

or zero

uild

le(x>l<2X 10-s

Cx=~[(2+1)~+?J~]~+~[(x--l)~+y~]~
P=~[(2+1)2+y2];-3[(2--1)2f?12];
Series

Expansions

4.4.40
23 1 a325 1
--*3.5;:,7+. . .
arcsIn 2=2+~~+~.~
.5+2e4e6

(l4<1)

uo= 1.57079 63050

CIQ= .03089 lSS10

aq= -.21459 88016

us= -.01708 81256

I&=

us=

.08897 89874

a3= -.05017 43046

4.4.41

4.4.41
arcsin (l-2)+(22)

4.4.42

u1=
5-, ?+ . . . (/z/_<l and ~~2-1)

u3=

.99986 60

aI= -.08513 30

.33029 95

uQ=

.18014 10
-11&l

arctan x=Continued

Fractions

4.4.49 l1
arctan x

in the cut plane of Figure 4.4.)

(2

4.4.44

2 1.2.~~1.2.~~3.4~~ 3.4~~
ae22=1--r-cs-.
..
in the cut plane of Figure 4.4.)

(2
Polynomial

ApproximaGons

4.4.45

O<x<l
--

arcsin 2=~-(1-~)*(a,+am-~a?rz+asr3)+~(r)
/e(x)1

u2=:

aq= -.21211 44

u3=-

Q The approximations

Univ. Press, Princeton,

Ojril
=l+k~u2&k+r(r)
le(x)l12xlO-*

u2= -.33333
u4=

14528

.19993 55085

ulo= - .07528 96400

a12=

90429096138

u8= - .14208 89944

u14= -.01616

ua=

am=

.10656 26393

57367

.00286 62257

55x10-5

a,,= 1.57072 88

ings,Jr., Approximat.ions

1+:8x2+()
Ir(x>l_<5x10-3

- z2 -4z2 -.92 -1622

1+ 3+ 5+ 7-t 9+. . .

z=z

.02083 51

. .((zl>landz2#-1)
4.4.48 lo

arctan

24911

le(x) 15 10-b

uj=

4.4.43

a,=-.00126

-l_<s<l

(121<2>

=i-i+&-&+.

.00667 00901

arctan x=ulx+u3x3+u~x6+u,x7+uaexQ+~(x)

1 +ks

arctan z=z 2,z3

-tE(X)

.07426 10
-

.01872 93

4.4.45 to 4.4.47 are from C. Hastfor digital computers.

Princeton
N.J.. 1955 (with permission).

10The approximation
4.4.48 is from C. Hastings, Jr.,
Note 143, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 6, 68 (1958) (with
permission).
11 The approximation
4.4.49 is from B. Carlson, M. Goldstein, Rational approximation
of functions, Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory
LA-1943,
Los Alamos, N. Mex.,
1955 (with permission).

82

ELEMENTARY

Approximations

in

Terms

4.4.50

of Chehyshev

TRANSCENDENTAL

Polynomials

I2

FUNCTIONS

d
z arccsc 2=-2

4.4.57

-l<S<l

Tf(x)=cos ne,

cos 0=2x-

(see chapter

Integra-tion

22)
4.4.58

arctan x=x

g0 A,T~(zz)

::
3
4
5
For

A,

i!t

00000 3821

-: 01113
10589 2925
5843
-: 00138 1195
.00018 5743
-. 00002 6215

7
ii
10

-: . 00000 0570
0086
-. 00000 0013
. 00000 0002

2 >l,

use arctan

s=$7r-arctan

arctan 2 dz==z arctan 2--3ln (1-j-z)

4.4.61
arccsc 2 d2=2

arccsc 2fln

[~+(2~-1)*]

O<arccsc 2<5

4.4.51

-$Ji<X<$JZ

arcsin x=x

-i<arccsc

nTOA,Tt(2x2)

arccos x=&r-x
n
0

A?&
1.05123 1959

: 05494
00408 6487
0631

.00004 6985
.00040
7890

For $~<z<l,
cos z=aEsiG

ItaO

A,Tz(2x2)

O<arcsec 2<f

n
:

4
00000 5881
: 00000 0777
0107

arc-

;<

arcsec 2<ir

4.4.63

arccot 2 dz:=z arccot 2+$ In (l+z2)

:. 00000 0015
0002

use arcsin x=arccos(l-x2)+,

(1--x2)+.
Differentiation

2<0

4.4.62
.
arcsec z dz=.z arcsec zTln [2+(22-l)+]

o<x<@

4.4.52

4.4.60

(l/z)

arcsin z dz ==z arcsin z + (1- ,z2)i

arccos z dz:=z arccos z-(3-z2)t

A,

88137 3587

Formulas

4.4.59

21

1
(e2-l)i

4.4.64
arcsin 2+$

(1-22)4

Formulas

& arcsin z=(l-z2)-+

4.4.65
9+1
arcsin
n-j-1

2" arcsin 2 dz=--

4.4.53

(n#-1)

$ arccos z=-(I-z2)-f
4.4.66

4.4.54

d
1
arctan z=z
1+22

4.4.55

d
-1
z arccot 2=1+22

z arccos z dz.7

d
1
z aJJcsec2=2 (2- 1)t

la The approximations
Clenshaw,
Polynomial
functions,
Math.
Tables
(with permission).

4.4.50
to 4.4.51
are from
C. W.
approximations
to elementary
Aids Comp.
8, 143-147
(1954)

(l--z*)+

4.4.67

2n arccos 2 dz=Ez

4.4.56

arccos z-f

n,+l

arccos
@Z-l)

4.4.68
1
2 arctan z dz=- (l+29
2

arctan 2-g

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.4.69

1
arctan z---n+l

p+l

z arctan z dz=-

n+l

gdz
(n#-I)

4.4.70

z arccot z dz=i

nrccot z+:

(14-S)

83

FUNCTIONS

L.5.8

cash 2=cos

E.5.9

tanh z= --itan

L.5.10

csch z=i csc iz

E.5.11

sech z=sec iz

h.5.12

coth z=i cot iz

Periodic

4.4.71

n+l

arcco t z J,-

Properties

z
(k any integer)

(n#-1)
4.5. Hyperbolic

iz

sinh (2+2k7ri) =sinh

1.5.13

,$a+1

zn arccot z dz=-

iz

Functions

cash (zf2ksi)

a.5.14

tanh (z+k&)=tanh

1.5.15

Definitions

=cosh z

Relations

Between

Hyperbolic

Functions

4.5.1

ez-e-2
sinh z=2

4.5.2

e+e-
cash z=2

4.5.3

tanh z=sinh

4.5.19

cash z+sinh

z=e

4.5.4

csch z = l/sinh

4.5.20

cash z-sinh

z=e-

4.5.5

sech z= l/cash z

4.5.6

coth z=l/tanh

(z=x+iy>

Z/COS:I z
z

4.5.16

cosh2 z-sinh2

4.5.17

tanh2 z+sech2 z= 1

4.5.18

coth2 z-csch2 z= 1

Negative

Angle

z=l

Formulas

4.5.21

sinh (-.z)=-sinh

4.5.22

cash ( - z) = cash z

4.5.23

tanh (-z)=-tanh

Addition

4.5.24

Formulas

sinh (zl+z2) =sinh

z1 cash 22
+cosh z1 sinh 22

4.5.25

cash (zl+ 22)=cosh ZI cash

22

+sinh
4.5.26

tanh (q+zQ=(tanh

zI+tanh

z1 sinh zz
&)/

(1 + tanh z1 tanh 22)

FIGURE

4.6.

4.5.27

Hyperbolic jusctions.

coth (zl+zz)=(coth

zl coth %+l)/
(coth zz+coth

Relation

to Circular

Hyperbolic
trigonometric

Functions

(see 4.3.49

to 4.3.34)

can be derived from

formulas
identities by replacing z by iz

Half-Angle

4.5.28
sinh E=(,,sh;-l)i

4.5.7

sinh z=--i

sin i;r

Formulas

ZI)

ELEMENTARY

84

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS

4.5.44
cash z,-cash

z2=2 s:inh (p)

sinh (v)

4.5.45
zl+tanh

sinh (21+z2)
%=E;h L 2 cosh 2
1
2

coth z,+coth

sinh (2, +2,)

zz=- smh 2, sinh zz

tad
4.5.46
Multiple-Angle

Formulas

4.5.31

sinh 22=2 sinh z cash ~=~~a~~f,

4.5.32

cash 22=2

cosh2 z--l=2

Relations

Between

Squares
of
COosines

4.5.47
sinh2 zL-sinh2 zz=sinh
=cosh2
4.5.48
sinh2 zl+cosh2 z2=cosh
=cosh2

sinh2 z-j-1

= cosh2 z + sinh2 z

Hyperbolic

Sines

(zl+zz) sinh (zl--q-cosh2 zz

(q+zJ cash
zl+sinh2 z2

z2)

(2,-z2)

4.5.33

tanh 2~=12+tt&annhhez,

4.5.34

sinh 32=3

4.5.35

cash 32=-3

4.5.36

sinh 42=4 sinh3 z cash 2+4 cosh3 z sinh z

4.5.49

sinh z=sinh

x cos y+i

cash x sin y

4.5.37

cash 4z=cosh4 z-j-6 sinh2 z cosh2 z+sinh

4.5.50

cash z=cosh x cos yfi

sinh x sin y

Products

4.5.38

Hyperbolic

sinh 2+4 sinh3 z

of Hyperbolic

Sines

and

(Q-.zz>

and

Subtraction

of Two

De Moivres

(q-q)

(~~-2~)

4.5.55
z2=2 sinh (9)

cash (9)

4.5.42
sinh z,-sinh

4.5.54

4.5.56

4.5.57
z2=2 cash (9)

(cash z+sinh
and

Phase

Theorem

z)=cosh

nz+sinh

(Argument)
Functions

of

Hyperbolic

lsinh z/ = (sinh2 x+sin2 y)*

=[+(cosh 2x-cos 2y)]

Functions

4.5.41
sinh z,+sinh

4.5.53
Modulus

(zI+zz)

Hyperbolic

Imaginary

4 . 5 .52 coth 2=sinh 2x---i sin 2y

cash 2x-cos 2y

2 cash 21 cash zz=cosh (zl+zJ

+sinh
Addition

and

4 . 5 .51 tanh 2=sinh 2x-j-i sin 2y

cash 2x+cos 2y

Cosines

2 sinh z1 sinh zz=cosh (zl+z2)

2 sinh z1 cash z2=sinh

of Real

(z:=zfiy)

+cosh
4.5.40

in z;;;s

cash 2+4 cosh3 z

-cash
4.5.39

Functions

and

sinh (y)
4.5.58

arg sinh z=a.rctan

(coth x tan y)

(cash zl= (sinh2 x+cos2 y)

=[+(cosh 2x+cos 2y)]h
arg cash z=arctan

(tanh x tan y)

cash 2x-cos 2y *
ltanh Z1=(cosh 2x+cos 2y

4.5.43
cash zl+cosh z2=2 cash (+)

cash (y)

4.5.59

arg tanh z=arctan

~
(f:2,,)
Y

ELEMENTARY

Relations

4.5.60

TRANSCENDENTAL

Bet ween Hyperbolic

sinh x=a

CO~ll x=u

85

FUNCTIONS

(or Inverse Hyperbolic)

tanh z=a

Functions

csch x=u

sech x=,z

= --

coth x=a

sinh x----?.

(a-. l)+

a(l-u2)-1

CL-

a-(1-a2y

(a- 1) -1

cash x----o

(l+u*)+

(l-a)+

a-(l+a2)t

a-l

a(a2- 1)-i

tanh x-----

a(l+a)-4

u-(a2- 1)

(l+ay-+

(l-a)+

a-

csch x-----

am1

(a- 1)-

a-(l-a2)+

a(l-a2)+

(a2- 1)

soch x-----

(l+u)-+

a-*

(l-4)+

a(l+a2)-*

a-(a2- 1)

coth x-----

a-(a2+l)f

u(a2-- 1)-i

a-l

u+a2y

(1-a2)-4

Illustration:

If sinh x=a, coth x=aB1(a2+

arcsech a=arccoth

Special Values of the Hypl>rbolic

4.5.61

Functions
z

* .
-a
2

1)

(l--a2)-)

4.5.66
sech z=l

-f+&

24-go

zs+

. . . +a*

22*+

--i

co

4.5.67

z-------

-1

cu

coth

tanh

z------

-i

-coi

csch

2 _______

0~

OD

sech

2 _______

OD

-1

co

coth

2 _______

0~

co

sinh

2 ____

cash

_ __

. . .

co

2=;+;-$+$f-

IM<;

. . . +2~22n-1+

>

. . .

(l4<*)

where B, and E,, are the nth Bernoulli and Euler

numbers, see chapter 23.
Inhite

4.5.68

Products

sinh z=z ii

(l+&)

-.
Series

Expansions

4.5.69

cash z=fi

l+
k=l

23

ZfJ

4.5.62

smh

4.5.63

cash z=l+$+$+;+
.
.

(2Zzf)%2

~=2+9+3+~+

. . .

(14-c

...

(l4< m)

-1

Continued

4.5.70

tanh 2=&

Fraction
22

22

3+ 5f

24

7+ . . .
(

Differentiation

...

+22W2-1)B,,

22n-l+

(h)!

4.5.65
csch z=I

z--T;+360

23

page

II.

Formulas

4.5.71

d
z sinh z=cosh

4.5.72

d
cash z=sinh
z

4.5.73

& tanh z=sech2 z

4.5.74

zd csch z=-csch

-j&o25+...

-2(22--l)B2,
(2n)!

*See

2 #i

2-1
+...
2
(l4<3d

z coth z

ifnni

>

86

ELEMENTARY

d
z sech z=-sech

4.5.75

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS,

4.5.87

z tanh z

tanh

4.5.76

-$ coth z=-csch2
Integration

cash zdz=sinh

tanh z dz=ln

4.6. Inverse

(sinh z)

coth zdz=ln

sinh z

4.5.83
P
cash z-n

en sinh z dz=z

4.5.84

S
S

(See chapters 5 and 7 for other

volving hyperbolic
functions.)

tanh :

sech z dz=arctan

4.5.82

z cash 2 dz=z

r
J

9-i

arcsinh

z=

4.6.2

arccosh

z=

4.6.3

arctanh

z=

integrals

in-

Functions

z cash z dz=-

sinh+l

=--&

dz
sinh z coshn z=s
- m+n-2
m--l

z cosh+l

to --i and i

Inverse hvnerbolic
functions are also written
-.
sinh- z, arsmh z, JST sinh z, etc.

sinh z coshnm2 z dz

4.6.4

arccsch z = arcsinh 1/z

q

4.6.5

arcsech z ==arccosh 1/z

4.6.6

arccoth z==arctanh
9

l/z

iy

ti

-1

sinh-

z coshn-l

dz
sinhmm2 z cash z
1
n-l

sinh

(m+n#O>

S
S

z dt
-

0 1-P

sinhm+ z cash z dz

=-

m+n-2
+
n-l

iz (t2fl)t

4.6.3 real axis from - ~0 to - 1 and + 1 to

+a

sinhmel z coshn+l z

m-l
-m+-

(z=x+iy)

4.6.2 real axis fro.m - 03 to + 1

+- S
m+n

Oz(lTt2)1

4.6.1 imaginary axis from --im

to iw

zn-l sinh z dz

m+n

S
S
S

The paths of integration must not cross the following cuts.

cash z dz

z-n
S

sinh

n-l

4.5.86

Hyperbolic

4.6.1

4.5.85

sinh

z dz

Definitions

csch zdz=ln

4.5.81

coth z de= -%!@.?+SCoth-2

n-l

cash z

S
S
S

4.5.80

Wl)

Wl>

4.5.79

z dz

4.5.78

tanh-z+Stanh-
n-l

4.5.88

Formulas

sinh z dz=cosh

4.5.77

z dz=--

3
-i
arcsinh

arccsch

--CD

4-I

t-

-I

0
arccosh

.z

1 arcsech

iy
I0 +I

arctanh

(m#l>
1

sinh-
dz
z cosh-2

5 cash-
z

Wl>

z
FIGURE

4.7.

Branch cuts for

junctions.

1 arccothz

inverse

hyperbolic

ELESMENTARY

arctanh z=arccoth

4.6.7

TRANSCENDENTAL

z& $ri

(see 4.5.60)
Fundamental

arccoth x=i

4.6.25

(according

87

FUNCTIONS

as J&SO)

x+1
In x-l

(x2>1)

Property

The general solutions of the equations

z=sinh t
z=cosh t
z=tanh

are respectively
4.6.8

t=Arcsinh

~=(-l)~

arcsinh z+kri

4.6.9

t=Arccosh

2= harccosh

4.6.10

t=Arctanh

z=arctanh

z+2k&
z.+kti
(k, integer)

Functions

of Negative

Arguments

FIGURE

arcsinh (- z) = - arcsinh z

4.6.11

arccosh (- z) = ai- arccosh z

*4.6.12

Addition

4.6.13
Relation

Inverse hyperbolic junctiolas.

4.8.

arctanh
to

Inverse

(-2) = -arctanh
Circular

and

Subtraction

Functions

(see

of

Two

Inverse

Hyperbolic

[2,(1

+z:)*d~

~~(1

+z;>+]

[ (zi-

1) (z$-

l)]}

Functions
4.4.20

to

4.6.26

4.4.25)

Hyperbolic identities can be derived from trigonometric identities by replacing 2 by i2.

4.6.14

Arcsinh

4.6.15

Arccosh z= k i Arccos

4.6.16

Arctanh

Arcsin iz

2=-i

2=

4.6.17

Arccsch z=i

4.6.18

Arcsech

4.6.19

Arccoth z=i

-i

Arcsinh

z1

&Arcsinh

z2

=Arcsinh
4.6.27

Arccosh

2,

Arctrm iz

f Arccosh

z2

=Arccosh

{ 2,z2k

Arccsc iz
4.6.28

2=

5 i Arcwc z

Arctanh
Logarithmic

z,&Arctanh

z2=Arctanh

Arccot iz
4.6.29

Representrltions

4.6.20

arcsinh z=ln

[x+(x*-+l)t]

4.6.21

arccosh x=ln

[z+ (x2-- l)i]

4.6.22

arctanh x=4 In -1+x

l-x

4.6.23

arccsch x=ln [:+($-I-1)1]

4.6.24

arcsech s=ln

[i+($-

Arcsinh z,fArccosh
(x21)

=Arcsinh

/[za(l

+z:)&

2,(2[--

4.6.30

Arctanh

(x+0)
(O<X<

{ 2,22~:[~1+2:)(2~-1l)]j

=Arccosh

Wx2<1)

1>1

z2

1)

2,fArccoth

z2=Arctanh

=Arccoth
see pageII.

(S>
( 2ri:i;)

l)]

ELEMENTARY

88
Series

TRANSCENDENTAL

Expansions

FUNCTIONS

4.6.42

4.6.31
arcsinh z=z --.A2 . 3 z3++-&

-$ arccoth. 2=(1-S)+

25

Integration

1.3.5
-2.4.6.7

4.6.44

(lzl<l)

1.3
=In 2z+1 2 222 - 2 * 4 * 424
+

4.6.43

4.6.45

l-3.5

2.4.6.&e-

'*'

4.6.46

s
s

Formulas

arcsinh z dz=z

arcsinh z-(1+,9)+

arccosh zdz=z

arccosh z-(z2-1)f

Sarctanhzdz=z
s

arctanh z++ln

arccsch z dz=z

arccsch

arccosh z=ln 22---

4.6.33

1
1.3
2 * 222 2 * 4 * 4z4
1.3.5
-2.4
. 6. 69--

arctanh z=z+$+f+g+

...

4.6.47
4.6.48
* **

Sarcsech z dz = z arcsech
Sarccoth z dz=z arccoth

arccoth z=$-&+&~+$+

z arcsinh z dz=--

(14>1)

(121<1)

4.6.50

(I 01)
Continued

4.6.35

(z in the cut plane of Figure 4.7.)

4.6.36
arcsinh z
2 1 * 222 1 222 3 * 422 3 * 422
=1+3+5+-7+ 9+ -**
1/1+z2

Differentiation

4.6.37

S2 arccosh

2 arccosh z=(z2-1)-f

arcsinhz

z dz:= 2221
arccosh z-$94

4.6.52
2arccosh zdz=*-

,,n+1
arccoshz--

7t+1

$1

1)

p+1

(z- l,td2
(nit-l)

4.6.53
z arctsnh a dz--2

22-l

arctanh z+f

4.6.54

s
2

4.6.38

n-i-1

(n#-1)

Formulas

$ arcsinh z=(l +z2)-i

.z++ In (~~-1)

4.6.51

Fractions

22 422 922
arctanh z=$- - 3- 5-- 7-. . .

2 f arcsin z

z!z2+ 1
arcsinh z-z 4 (z+lY
4

p+1

...

4.6.49

zR arcsinh zdz=--

4.6.34

z f alcsinh z

(according as 9~~0)

(14>1)
4.6.32

(l-9)

pa+1

arctanh

dz:=-

n+l

arctanh z -&Ssdz
(n#-

1)

4.6.55
4.6.39

2 arctanhz=(l-,9)-I

4.6.40

z arccsch z=T

Sz arccsch

z(l+S))
(according as 9?z=O)

4.6.41
*See

pageII.

1
2 arcsech z= 7
dz
z(l-.zy

z de=<

arccsh z&-f (l+zz)*

(according as &z~O)

4.6.66

p+1arccsch

.zarccsch z dz- -

n+l

2f

(n# -1)

ELEMENTARY

4.6.57
s

z arcsech z dz=$

TRANSCENDENTAL

arcsech tri

4.6.59

(l-z*)1

z arccoth z dz- -2

(acc.ording as %ZO)
4.6.58

89

FUNCTIONS

I 4.6.60
1
-n+1

p+1

z arcsech z dz =-

nfl

arcsech z + -

zdz
(l--z*)

z arcc0t.h z dz=-

(n#-1)

of the Tables

1. Computation

of Common

arccoth z+-

n+l

2.

Compute xw314for x=9.19826 to 10D usjng t,he

Table of Common Logarithms.
From Table 4.1, four-point Lagrangian intierpolation gives log,, (9.19826) = .96370 56812. Then,
log,, (x) = - .72277 92609=9.27722 073!$1- 10.

Linear inverse interpolation

in Table 4.1 yields
antilog (i.27722) =. 18933. For 10 place ndcurncy
subtnbulation
with 4- oint Lngrnnginn
intcrpolnnts produces the tn Ele
N
.18933
.18934

log,, 5 * 10

A:

log,, N
.27721 94350

2 29379
2 29366

.27724 23729
.27726 53095

.18935
x. 10

n+l

Methods

-;

Logarithms.

To comput,e common lognrithms,

the number
must be expressed in the form x. log, (1 Iz<lO,
- Q) 5 q _<= ). The common lognrithm
of x .lOP
consists of nn integral part which is called the
characteristic
and a deamnl part which is called
the mnntissa.
Table 4.1 gives the common
logarithm of x.
X

*ll+1

(hrE-1)

Example

NOTE: In the examples given it is assumed t,hat

the arguments are esact.
Example

arccoth z+

Numerical
4.7. Use and Extension

z*- 1

-13

By linear inverse interpolation

so09836 9.836. 1O-3 5.99281:35=(--200718

15)

.09836 9.836. lo-

-i.99281,85=(-1.00718

15)

Example 3.

.9836

9.836.10~

i.99281;35=(-0.00718

15)

9.836. loo

0.99281 85

9.836.10!

1.99281:35

Convert log,, x t,o In x for x=.009836.

Using 4.1.23 nnd Table 4.1, In (.009836)=
In 10 log,, (.009836)=2.30258
5093 (-2.00718
15)
= -4.62170 62:.

9,836.10*

2.99281:35

Example 4.

9.836
98.36
983.6

x-314= .18933 05685.

Interpolation
in Table 4.1 between 983 nnd 984
gives -99281 85 as t,he mantissa of 9836.
Note t.hat 5.99281 85=-3+.!39281
85. When
p is negative the common logarithm
can be
expressed in the alternative forms

Compute In x for x=.00278 t*o 6D.

Using 4.1.7, 4.1.11 nndTable 4.2, ln (.00278)=
In (.278.10-*)==ln (.278)-2
ln lo=-5.886304.
between x=.002
nnd
Linenr
lntrrpolntion
ivc ln(.00278)=-5.808.
TO
x= .003 would
obtain 5 decimn f plncc accurncy with linenr
interpolation
it, is neccssnry thnt x>.175.

log,, (.009836)=?k99281

Example 5.#

85=7.99281

= -2.00718

85-10

15.

The last form is convenient for conversion from

common logarit.hms to natural lognrithms.
The inverse of log,,x is called l;he ant,ilogarithm
of x, and is written antilog x or lo -I x. The
logarithm of the reciprocal of a num %er is called
the cologarithm, written colog.

Compute In x for x=1131.718 t,o SD.

Using 4J.7, 4.1.11 and Table 4.2
1131.718 1131

In 1131.718:=hl 1131

:=ln 1~:~8+1n
:=ln(1.00063

1.131 +ln

lo3

4836)+1x1 1.131+3 lu 10.

90

ELEMENTARY

Then

from

4836)-$(.00063

4836)2

1.131+3 In 10=.00063 4836-.OOOOO 0202

+.12310 2197+6.90775

Example

6.

Example

68.

13489 24685 12693.

Let a=x-.867.
Using 4.2.1, compute successively
1.00000 00000 00000 00000

376199

a4
---cm*
4

8e.W728

Compute ez to 18D for

x=.86725

1167 693059

aa
-=
3

3B==e4.

10.

.00048 32583 282384

a2
--=-.
2

Example

e4.80728

eeg72*
6g=(134.28978)(1.10217 67)=148.0111.

4.2 we compute successively

a=

Compute e4.gg72a
6gto 7s.
Using 4.2.18 and Table 4.4,

Linear interpolation gives e.og72*

= 1.10217 67
with an error of 1X 10m7,

Since &g- - 1.00048 32583 282384= 1+a, using

and Table

9.

5279=7.03149 211.

Compute In x working with 16D for

x= 1.38967 12458 179231.

4.1.24

FWNCTIONS

Example

4.1.24

In 1131.718=(.00063
+ln

TRANSCENDENTAL

a= .00025 13489 24685 12693

136

a2
g=

315 88140 97019

In (l-ta)=

.00048 31415 965388

aa
fg=

2646 54842

In 1.389 =
ln x=

.32858 40637 722067

.32906 72053 687455.

a4
ig=

16630

e=1.00025

7.

Compute the principal value of In (f2 f 3i).

4.2 and 4.14.
From 4.1.2, 4.1.3 and Tables
In (2+3i)=i

e.867=2.37976 08513 29496 863 from Table

eae.a67=ez=2.38035
Example

In (22+32)+i arctan i

13805 15472 81184

90:768

39006

4.4

089.

11.

Compute eelsto 7s.

=L282475+i(.982794)
Let n=&.
In (-2+3i)=i

In 13+i

7-arctan

>

=1.282475fi(2.158799)
In (-2--3i)=i

In 13-i-i (--?r+arctan

Then
exp x=exp

g
>

13+i

-arctan

(
=1.282475-G(.982794).

Example

Compute (.227).6gto 7D.

Using 4.2.7 and Tables 4.2 and 4.4,

=e--l.o~la

ln lO)=exp

[(n+d) In lo]

=lO exp (d In 10)

3
2>

From Table

4.4

es48=exp (E

In 10) ==exp (281.42282 42 In 10)

=10281exp (.42282 42 In 10)=lOzsl exp .97358 87

8.

(.227).8g=e. 68

(&

=exp (In 10) exp (d In 10)

=1.282475-i(2.158799)
In (2-33i)=iln

and d=the decimal part of Go*

In C.227) ,e.68(-1.48%0
b@l=

.35g46

=10281(2.647428)=(!281)2.647428.
Example

12.

5262)

60.

Compute em2for x= .75 using the expansion in

Chebyshev polynomials.

.
ELE:MENTARY

Following
4.2.48

the procedure

TRANSCENDENTAL

in [4.3] we have from

Example

15.

Compute sin x and cos x for z=2.317

From 4.344 and Table 4.6

e-z=&m(Z)
I
*

91

FUNCTIONS

where a(r)
are the Chebyshev polynomials
defined in chapter 22. Assuming be=kO
we
F;WE&IZ ba, k=7,6,5,.
. . 0 from the recurrence

sin (2.317)=sin

(r-2.317)=sin

(.82459 2654)
=.73427

cos (2.317)=cos

(r-2.317)=

-cos

be

Linear interpolation
error of 9X lo-*.

- .ooooo 00 15

.ooooo 0400
- .OOOOO9560

5
4

Example

.03550 4993
- .27432 74.49
.33520 2828

Example

7449)

32925 19943 !Z9577 r

08882 08665 72159 62 r
48481 36811 139535 9936 r
38O=. 66322 51 r
42=.01221
73 r

32=.00015
51 r
-384232=
.675598 r.
14.

Express X= 1.6789 radians in degrees, minutes

and seconds to the nearest tenth of a second.
From Table 1.1 giving the mathematical
constants we have
1 r-l8oo
--=57.29577
r
1.6789 r=96.19388
.19388oX6O=11.633
.633X60=38.0
1.6789 r=961138.0.
*See page II.

142.

951300 . . .

17.

Compute sin x to 19D for

x=.86725
13489 24685 12693.
Let

in radians to 6D.

Therefore

Example

12 sin 367

The method of reduction to an angle in the first

quadrant which was given in Example
15 may
also be used.

13.

lo=.01745
1=.00029
l=.OOOOO

12 cos .867+cos

=.29612

e-.6=.33520
2828-(.5)(--.27432
= .47236 6553.

Express 384232

2654 gives an

16.

sin (12.867)=sin

sincef(z)=b,,-((2x-l)bl,

Example

for x=.82459

Compute sin x for x=12.867 to 8D.

From 4.3.16 and Tables 4.6 and 4.8

.00018 9959
-.00300 9164

3
2
1
0

12

(.82459 2654)
=-. 67885 60.

b,=(4s-2)b,+l-bc+~+AI
k
7

to 71).

Table

a=.867,

/3=x-a.

From

4.3.16

and

4.6

sin (a+@)=sin
a co9 @+cos a sin 0
sin a=.76239
10208 07866 22598
cos a=.64711

66288 94312 75010

With the series expansions for sin B and cos fl we

compute successively
1.00000
d
-2=-

00000
315

8
a=

00000 OOOOO
88140 97019
16630

co9 /3=

.99999
8=

11859

196li

.00025 13489 24685 12693

Ba
T!=-

!c
51-

sin /3=

99684

BOO25
sin a cos /3=.76239
ma a sin fl=.OOOlS
sin x=.76255

2646 54842
1
13489
09967
26520
36487

22038
25351
67105
92457

57352
31308
82436
1374

92

ELEMENTARY

This procedure is equivalent

Taylors formula 3.6.4.

to interpolation

Example

TRANSCENDENTAL

with

ABC,

a=123,

B=2916,

cos B=(123)2+(321)2

bs=az+d--2ac

-2(123)(321)
b=221.99934

cos 2916

00

sin A-a--= sin B

b

(123)(-48887 50196)=.27086
221.99934 00

3gg18

ABC,

c2+b2-a2=81+49-16
2bc

sin A=.42591
sin B=7(*425g1

l/20= 1.52083 7931

arccot 20=;-arctan

2O=arctan

a=4,

b=7,

114

2-7 -9

===.90476

c=9,

Express z=3+9i

5954=251231.6

770g,

in polar form.

k is an

f+2rk,

~=(3~+9~)f=

9/3=arctan

770g),

For k=O,

3= 1.24904 58.

exp (1.24964 58i).

24.

Compute arctan x for. z= l/3 to l2D.

From 4.4.34 and 4.4.42 we have
Bz.84106

8670

arctan s=arctan

(x0+@

=48Y122.9

sin C=g(425g1

integer.

qt%=9.486833

Thus 3+93=9.486833
Example

7709

8396.

where r==($+y2)+,

B=arctan
1905

.05=.04995

23.

0=arctan

19.

A=.43997

arctan 20=;-arctan

z=x+iy=refe,

In the plane triangle

find A, B, and C.
cos A=

22.

Example

A=154256.469.
Example

Example

Compute arctan 20 and arccot 20 to 9D.

*
Using 4.4.5,4.4.8,
and Table 4.14

18.

In the plane triangle

c=321; find A, b.

FUNCTIONS

Ccl.86054

=arctan

xo+arctan

:
.L+xoh+g

=arcm

xo+(i-$&&&+~+xJ+.

803
=106365.6

.. .

where the supplementary

an le must be chosen for
(7. As a check we get A+ 27+C=18000.1.

We have

Example

x= f = .33333 33333 33 so that h= .00033 33333 33

20.

Compute cot x for x=.4589 to 6D.

Since 2<.5, using Table 4.9 with interpolation
1
in (z-l-cot
x), we find --cot(.4589)=
.4589
.155159. Therefore
cot (.4589)=2.179124.155159=2.023965.
Example

and,

from

= .32145

Table

4.1,4, arctan

05244

03.

zO=arctan

Since

.00030 00300 03 we get

arctan x= .32145 05244 03+.00030

00300 03

--.ooooo

21.

Compute arcsin x for 5= .99511.

For z>.95, using Table 4.14 with interpolation
in the auxiliary functionf(z)
we find
arcsin 2=:-[2(1-x)I?f(x)

=.32175

00000 09

05543 97.

If x is given in the form b/a it is convenient

use 4.4.34 in the form
b
arctan ,=arctan

xO+arctan b-axe
-*
a+b

arcsin (.99511)=;-[2(.00489)]*j(.99511)
In the present example we get
=1.57079

6327-(.09889

=1.47186

2100.

388252)

(1.00040 7951)

.333

h
1 +x&+x;=

arctan jj=arctan
*see page II.

.333+arctan

1
-.
3333

to

ELEMENTARY

Example

TRANSCENDENTAL

arctanh .96035=+ In 1+ .96035=$ln- 1.96035

1- .96035
.03965

25.

Compute
arcsec 2.8 to 5D.
Using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14

=a In 49.44136 191
=$(3.90078 7359) = 1.950394.

(z-- I)+
arcsec z=arcsin --y
.Example 27.

. [(2.8)2-l]+
arcsec 2.8=arcsm 2.8
=arcsin

93

FUNCTIONS

Compute arccosh x for x=1.5368

Using Table 4.17

.93404 97735

to 6D.

arccosh x=arccosh 1.5368=.852346

(x2-- 1)
[(1.5368)2-l]*

= 1.20559
or using 4.3.45 and Table 4.14

arccosh 1.5368=(.852346)(1.361754)*
arcsec z=arctan
arcsec 2.8=arctan

(z2-l)*

=(.852346)(1.166942)

2.61533 9366

= .994638.
=z-arctan

.38235 951564,
f:rom 4.4.3 and 4.4.8

=1.570796-.365207

Example 28.
Compute arccosh x for x=31.2 to 5D.
Using Tables 4.2 and 4.17 with l/x=1/31.2
= .03205 128205

= 1.20559.
Example 26.

arccosh 31.2-m

Compute arctanh 2 for x=.96035 to 6D.

From 4.6.22 and Table 4.2

31.2=.692886

arccosh 31.2=.692886+3.440418=4.13330.

References
Texts

14.11 B. Carlson! M. Goldstein, R,ttional approximation

of functions, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
LA-1943 (Los Alamos, N. Mex., 1955).
[4.2] C. W. Clenshaw, Polynomial
approximations
to
elementary functions, Mat!l. Tables Aids Comp.
8, 143-147 (1954).
of
[4.3] C. W. Clenshaw, A note cn the summation
Chebyshev series, Math. lables Aids Comp. 9,
118-120 (1955).
14.41 G. H. Hardy, A course of pure mathematics, 9th ed.
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England,
and The Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y., 1947).
[4.5] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations
for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Fress, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
[4.6] C. Hastings, Jr., Note 143, Math. Tables Aids
Comp. 6, 68 (1953).
[4.7] E. W. Hobson, A treatise on plane tri~metry,
4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press,
ambndge,
England, 1918).
[4.8] H. S. Wall, Analytic theory of continued fractions
(D. Van Nostrand Co., Iuc., New York, N.Y.,
1948).
Tables

[4.9] E. P. Adams, Smithsonian mathematical

formulae
and tables of elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The
l$~$onian
Institution,
Washington,
D.C.,
[4.10] H.

Andoyer,
Nouvelles tables tri onometrlques
fondamentales
(Hermann et fils, !baris, France,
1916).

[4.11] British Association for the Advancement of Science,

Mathematical
Tables, vol. I. Circular and hyperbolic functions,
exponential,
sine and cosine
integrals, factorial function and allied functions,
Hermitian
probabilit
functions, 3d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, 8 ambridge, England, 1951).
[4.12] Chemical Rubber Corn any! Standard mathematical
tables, 12th ed. ( B hemmal Rubber Publ. Co.,
Cleveland! Ohio, 1959).
[4.13] L. J. Comne, Chambers six-figure mathematical
tables, vol. 2 (W. R. Chambers, Ltd., London,
[4.14]
[4.15]
Laboratory., Tables of the
[4.16] Harvard. Computation
function arcsin z (Harvard Univ. Press, Camz=x+iy,
O<x<475,
bridge,
Mass., 1956).
0 5~ 1475, 6D, varying intervals.
[4.17] Harvard Computation Laboratory, Tables of inverse
hyperbolic
functions
(Harvard
Univ.
Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 1949). arctanh x, O<z<l;
arcsinh z, 0+<3.5;
arccosh z, 1+<3.5;
arcsinhs, arccosh x, 3.5_<~<22980,
9D, varying
intervals.
[4.18] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of lo, Applied
Math.
Series 27 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1953). z=O(.OOOO1)1,
10 D. Radix- table of 10nlo-P, n=1(1)999,
p=3(3)15,
15D.

ELEMENTARY

94

TRANSCENDENTAL

14.191 National Bureau of Standards, Table of natural

logarithms for arguments between zero and five
to sixteen decimal places, 2d ed., Applied Math.
Series 31 (U.S. Government
Printing
office,
Washington, D.C., 1953). 2=0(.0001)5,
16 D.
[4.20] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the exponential function eZ, 3d ed., Applied Math. Series
14 (U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washing.9999,
ton, D.C., 1951). Z= -2.4999(.0001)
18D, s=l(.OOOl)
2.4999, 15D, z=2.5(.001)4.999,
15D, z=5(.01)9.99,
12D, z== -.000099(.000001)
.000099, 18D, z= - 100(1)100,
lQS, z= -9X
10-n(10-n)9X,
lo-*, n= 10, 9, 8, 7, 18D; values of
[4.21] N~t~?al%ur~~~2,5u56oD. Standards, Table of the descending exponential,
2=2.5 to z=lO,
Applied
Math. Series 46 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1955). s=2.5(.001)10,
ZOU.

[4.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sines and

cosines for radian arguments, 2d ed., Applied
Math.
Series 43 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office, Washingtor,
D.C., 1955). sin 5, cos z,
z=O(.OO1)25.2,
O(l)lOO, 8D, x=10-(lo-)9X
lo-n, n=5,4,3,
2, 1, 15D, ~=0(.00001)
91, 12D.
[4.23] xational
Bureau of Standards, Tables of circular
and hyperbolic
sines and cosines for radian
arguments, 2d ed., Applied Math. Series 36 (U.S.
Government Printing O&e, Washington,
D.C.,
1953). sin x, cos z, sinh Z, cash 2, z=O(.OOOl)
1.9999, O(.l)lO,
QD.
[4,24] National Bureau of Standards, Table of circular
and hyperbolic tangents and cot,angents for radian
arguments, 2d printing
(Columbia Univ. Press,
Fey;; prk, N.Y., 1947). tan 5, cot Z, tanh z,
8D
or 8S, z=O(.l)lO,
) 2=0(.0001)2,
10D.
[4.25] National Bureau of Standards, Table of sines and
cosines to fifteen decimal places at hundredths of
a degree, Applied Math. Series 5 (U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1949). sin 5,
cos z, z=O(.O1o)QOo, 15D; supplementary
table
30 D.
of sin Z, cos z, z=l(lo)8Qo,
[4.26] National Bureau of Standards, Table of secants and
cosecants to nine significant figures at hundredths
of a degree! Applied Math. Series 40 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1954).
[4.27] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions
and of zeros of functions, Collected short tables
of the Computation
Laboratory,
Applied Math.
Series 37 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office,
Washington, D.C., 1954).

FUNCTIONS

[4.28] National Bureau of Standards, Table of arcsin z

(Columbia Univ. Fress, New York, N.Y., 1945).
arcsin z, s=0(.0001).989(.00001)
1, 12D; auxiliary table of f(u) =[$a-arcsin
(l--)]/(2v)
%,
v=O(.OOOOl).OOO5, 13D.
[4.29] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of arctan z,
2d ed., Applied Math. Series 26 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington
D.C., 1953).
s=0(.001,7(.01)50(.1)300(1)2000(10)10000,
12D.
[4.30] National Bureau of 8tandards, Table of hyperbolic
sines and cosines, x=2 to x=10, Applied Math.
Series 45 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office,
Washington, D.C., 1955). 2=2(.001)10,
9s.
[4.31] B. 0. Peirce, A short table of integrals, 4th ed.
(Ginn and Co., Boston, Mass., 1956).
[4.32] J. Peters, Ten-place logarithm
table, ~01s. 1, 2
(together with an appendix
of mathematical
tables) (Berlin, 1~922; rev. ed., Frederick Ungar
Publ. Co., New York, N.Y., 1957).
[4.33] J. Peters, Seven-place values of trigonometric
functions
for every thousandth
of a de ree
(Berlin-Friedenau.,
1918; D. Van Nostrand 5 o.,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1942).
[4.34] L. W. Pollak, R.echentafeln
zur harmonischen
Analyse (Johann
Ambrosius
Barth,
Leipzig,
Germany, 1926).
[4.35] A. J. Thompson, Standard table of logarithms to
twenty decimal places, Tracts for Computers, No.
22 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
and New York, :N.Y., 1952).
[4.36] J. Todd, Table of arctangents of rational numbers,
NBS Applied Math. Series 11 (U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., I D51). arctan
m/n and arccot m/n, O<m<n<lOO,
12D; reductions of arctan m/n, O<m<n<lOO;
reductions of arctan 1%for reducible n <2089.
[4.37] U.S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic
Survey, Natural sines and cosines to eight decimal
places, Special Publication
No. 231 (U.S. GOVernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1942).
[4.38] C. E. Van Ostrand, Tables of the exponential
function and of the circular sine and cosine to
radian arguments,
Memoirs
of the National
Academy of Sciences 14, 5th Memoir
(U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C.,
1921).
[4.39] B. V. Vega, Logarithmic
tables of numbers and
trigonometrical
functions (G. E. Stechert & Co.,
Ncm York, N.Y., 1905); log10 2, z=1(1)100000;
logarithms
of the trigonometrical
functions for
every ten seconds.

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL
COMMON

log10

log10 T

100 00000 00000

12591
150 176119
101 00432 13738 151 1789769473
102 0086001718 152 181r3435879
103 0128372247 153 184159
14308
104 0170333393 154 187152
07208

95

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

Table 4.1

log10 z

200
201
202
203
204

3010299957
3031960574
3053513694
3074960379
3096301674

250
251
252
253
254

3979400087
3996737215
4014005408
4031205212
4048337166

log10

2:

log10x
300 47712 12547
301 47856 64956
%
4814426285
48000
69430
304 48287 35836

105
106
107
108
109

0211892991
0253058653
0293837777
03342 37555
0374264979

155
156
157
158
159

1903316982 205
193112
45984 206
1950996524 207
198b570870 208
2013971243 209

3117538611
3138672204
3159703455
3180633350
3201462861

255
256
257
258
259

4065401804
4082399653
40993 31233
4116197060
4132997641

305
306
307
308
309

4842998393
48572 14265
48713 83755
48855 07165
48995 84794

110
112
113
114

0413926852
0453229788
0492180227
0530784435
0569048513

160
161
162
163
164

204:.1 99827 210 3222192947

2061i258760 211 3242824553
2091il 50145 212 3263358609
212:.8 76044 213 3283796034
2140438480 214 3304137733

260
261
262
263
264

4149733480
4166405073
4183012913
41995 57485
4216039269

310
311
312
313
314

49136 16938
4927603890
4941545940
4955443375
4969296481

115
116
117
118
119

0606978404
0644579892
0681858617
0718820073
0755469614

165
166
167
168
169

217118
39442
220:.0 80880
222:'l 64711
225:bO92817
227118
67046

215
216
217
218
219

3324384599
3344537512
3364597338
3384564936
3404441148

265
266
267
268
269

4232458739
4248816366
4265112614
4281347940
4297522800

315
316
317
318
319

49831 05538
4996870826
5010592622
5024271200
5037906831

120
121
122
123
124

0791812460
0827853703
0863598307
0899051114
0934216852

170
171
172
173
174

2304489214
232'1961104
235112
84469
2380461031
240114
92483

220
221
222
223
224

3424226808
3443922737
3463529745
3483048630
3502480183

270
271
272
273
274

4313637642
4329692909
4345689040
4361626470
4377505628

320
321
322
323
324

5051499783
5065050324
5078558717
5092025223
5105450102

125
126
127
128
129

0969100130
1003705451
1038037210
1072099696
1105897103

175
176
177
178
179

243t1380487 225 3521825181

245f1126678 226 3541084391
247517
32664 227 3560258572
250l.2 00023 228 3579348470
252fl5 30310 229 3598354823

275
276
277
278
279

4393326938
4409090821
4424397691
4440447959
4456042033

325
326
327
328
329

5118833610
5132176001
5145477527
5158738437
5171958979

130
131
132
133
134

1139433523
1172712957
1205739312
1238516410
1271047984

180
181
182
183
184

2552'725051
257617
85749
26Ot1713880
2621.510897
264tll 78230

230
231
232
233
234

3617278360
3636119799
3654879849
3673559210
3692158574

280
281
282
283
284

4471580313
4487063199
4502491083
4517864355
4533183400

330
331
332
333
334

5185139399
5198279938
5211380837
5224442335
5237464668

135
136
137
138
139

1303337685
1335389084
1367205672
1398790864
1430148003

185
186
187
188
189

2671717284
269fsl 29442
271tb416065
2741578493
2761618042

235
236
237
238
239

3710678623
3729120030
3747483460
3765769571
3783979009

285
286
287
288
289

4548448600
4563660331
4578818967
4593924878
4608978428

335
336
337
338
339

5250448070
5263392774
5276299009
5289167003
5301996982

140
141
142
143
144

1461280357
1492191127
1522883444
1553360375
1583624921

190
191
192
193
194

27875

36010
281tl3 33672
283:sO12287
2855573090
287t~O17299

240
241
242
243
244

3802112417
3820170426
3838153660
3856062736
3873898263

290
291
292
293
294

4623979979
4638929890
4653828514
4668676204
4683473304

340
341
342
343
344

5314789170
5327543790
53402 61061
5352941200
5365584426

145
146
147
148
149

1613680022
1643528558
1673173347
1702617154
1731862684

195
196
197
198
199

29OC346114
2922'560714
2941.662262
2966651903
298E15
30764

245
246
247
248
249

3891660844
3909351071
3926969533
3944516808
3961993471

295
296
297
298
299

4698220160
4712917111
4727564493
4742162641
4756711883

345
346
347
348
349

5378190951
53907 60988
5403294748
5415792439
5428254270

150

1760912591 200 3OlCl299957 250 3979400087 300

(-;I6

111

[ 1

[(-F2
1

4771212547 350 54406 80444

C-l)6

[ 1

For use of common logarithms see Examples 1-3. For 100<~,<135 interpolate in the range
1000<:~~<1350.Compiled from A. J. Thompson, Standard table of logarithms to twenty decimal
places, Tracts for Computers, No. 22. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952 (with
permission).

96

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

Table 4.1
2

COMMON

log10

.c

log10

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS
log10

log10

log10

350
351
352
353
354

54406
54530
54654
54777
54900

80444
71165
26635
47054
32620

400
401
402
403
404

60205
60314
60422
60530
60638

99913
43726
60531
50461
13651

450
451
452
453
454

65321
65417
65513
65609
65705

25138
65419
84348
82020
58529

500
501
502
503
504

69897
69983
70070
70156
70243

00043
77259
37171
79851
05364

550
551
552
553
554

74036
74115
74193
74272
74350

26895
15989
90777
51313
97647

355
356
357
358
359

55022
55144
55266
55388
55509

83531
99980
82161
30266
44486

405
406
407
408
409

60745
60852
60959
61066
61172

50232
60336
44092
01631
33080

455
456
457
458
459

65801
65896
65991
66086
66181

13967
48427
62001
54780
26855

505
506
507
508
509

70329
70415
70500
70586
70671

13781
05168
79593
37123
77823

555
556
557
558
559

74429
74507
74585
74663
74741

29831
47916
51952
41989
18079

360
361
362
363
364

55630
55750
55870
55990
56110

25008
72019
85705
66250
13836

410
411
412
413
414

61278
61384
61489
61595
61700

38567
18219
72160
00517
03411

460
461
462
463
464

66275
66370
66464
66558
66651

78317
09254
19756
09910
79806

510
511
512
513
514

10757
70842
70926
71011
71096

01761
09001
99610
73651
31190

560
561
562
563
564

74818
74896
74973
75050
75127

80270
28613
63156
83949
91040

365
366
367
368
369

56229
56348
56466
56504
56702

28645
10854
60643
78187
63662

415 61804,
416 61909
417 62013
418 62117
419 -62221

80967
33306
60550
62818
40230

465
77;
468
469

66745
66838
66931
67024
67117

29529
59167
68806
58531
28427

515
516
517
518
519

71180
71264
71349
71432
71516

72290
97016
05431
97597
73578

565
566
567
568
569

75204
75281
75350
75434
75511

84478
64312
30589
83357
22664

370
371
372
373
374

56820
56937
57054
57170
57287

17241
39096
29399
88318
16022

420
421
422
423
424

62324
62428
62531
62634
62736

92904
20958
24510
03674
58566

470
471
472
473
474

67209
67302
67394
67486
67577

78579
09071
19986
11407
83417

520
521
522
523
524

71600
71683
71767
71850
71933

33436
77233
05030
16889
12870

570
571
572
573
574

75587
75663
75739
75815
75891

48557
61082
60288
46220
18924

375
376
377
378
379

57403
57518
57634
57749
57863

12677
78449
13502
17998
92100

425
426
427
428
429

62838
62940
63042
63144
63245

89301
95991
78750
37690
72922

475
476
477
478
479

67669
67760
67851
67942
68033

36096
69527
83790
78966
55134

525
526
527
528
529

72015
72098
72181
72263
72345

93034
57442
06152
39225
56720

575
576
577
578
579

75966
76042
76117
76192
76267

78447
24834
58132
78384
85637

380
381
382
383
384

57978
58092
58206
58319
58433

35966
49757
33629
87740
12244

430
431
432
433
434

63346
63447
63548
63648
63748

84556
72702
37468
i'8964
97295

480
481
482
483
484

68124
68214
68304
68394
68484

12374
50764
70382
71308
53616

530
531
532
533
534

72427
72509
72591
72672
72754

58696
45211
16323
72090
12570

580
581
582
583
584

76342
76417
76492
76566
76641

79936
61324
29846
85548
28471

385
386
387
388
389

58546
58658
58771
58883
58994

07295
73047
09650
17256
96013

435
436
437
438
439

63848
63948
64048
64147
64246

92570
64893
14370
41105
45202

485
486
487
488
489

68574
68663
68752
68841
68930

17386
62693
89612
98220
88591

535
536
537
538
539

72835
72916
72997
73078
73158

37820
47897
42857
22757
87652

585
586
587
588
589

76715
76789
76863
76937
77011

58661
76160
81012
73261
52948

390
391
392
393
394

59106
59217
59328
59439
59549

46070
67574
60670
25504
62218

440
441
442
443
444

64345
64443
64542
64640
64738

26765
85895
22693
37262
29701

490
491
492
493
494

69019
69108
69196
69284
69372

60800
14921
51028
69193
69489

540
541
542
543
544

73239
73319
73399
73479
73559

37598
72651
92865
98296
88997

590
591
592
593
594

77085
77158
77232
77305
77378

20116
74809
17067
46934
64450

395
396
397
398
399

59659
59769
59879
59988
60097

70956
51859
05068
30721
28957

445
446
447
448
449

64836
64933
65030
65127
65224

00110
48587
75231
80140
63410

495
496
497
t;;

69460
69548
69635
69722
69810

51989
16765
63887
93428
05456

545
546
547
548
549

73639
73719
73798
73878
73957

65023
26427
73263
05585
23445

595
596
597
598
599

77451
77524
77597
77610
77742

69657
62597
43311
11840
68224

400

60205 99913

450

65321 25138

500

69897 00043

550

74036 26895

600

77815 12504

[ 1
C-l)4

[93 1

[ 1
(73

[c-y1

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

COMMON
X

log10 x

97

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

Table 4.1

600
601
602
603
604

77815
77887
77959
78031
78103

12504
44720
64913
73121
69386

650
651
652
653
654

81291
81358
al424
81491
81557

33566
39886
75957
31813
77483

700
701
702
703
704

log10 2
84509 80400
84571 80180
84633 71121
84695 53250
84757 26591

605
606
607
608
609

78175
78247
78318
78390
78461

53747
26242
86911
35793
72926

655
656
657
658
659

81624
81690
81756
81822
81888

13000
38394
53696
58936
54146

705
706
707
708
709

84818
84880
84941
85003
85064

91170
47011
94138
32577
62352

755
756
757
758
759

87794
87852
87909
87966
88024

69516
17955
58795
92056
17759

805
806
807
808
809

90579
90633
90687
90741
90794

58804
50418
35347
13608
85216

610
611
612
613
614

78532
78604
78675
78746
78816

98350
12102
14221
04745
83711

660
661
662
663
664

81954
82020
82085
82151
82216

39355
14595
79894
35284
80794

710
711
712
713
714

85125
85186
85247
85308
85369

83487
96007
99936
95299
82118

760
761
762
763
764

88081
88138
88195
88252
88309

35923
46568
49713
45380
33586

810
811
812
813
814

90848
90902
90955
91009
91062

50189
085412
6029:2
05456
44049

615
616
617
618
619

78887
78958
79028
79098
79169

51158
07122
51640
a4751
06490

665
666
667
668
669

82282
82347
82412
82477
82542

16453
42292
58339
64625
61178

715
716
7L7
718
719

85430
85491
85551
85612
85672

60418
30223
91557
44442
88904

765
766
767
768
769

88366
88422
88479
88536
88592

14352
87696
53639
12200
63398

815
816
817
818
819

91115
91169
91222
91275
91328

76087
01588
20565
33037
39018

620
621
622
623
624

79239
79309
79379
79448
79518

16895
16002
03847
80467
45897

670
671
672
673
674

82607
82672
82736
82801
82865

48027
25202
92731
50642
98965

720
721
722
723
724

85733
a5793
85853
85913
a5973

24964
52647
71976
82973
85662

770
771
772
773
774

88649
88705
88761
88817
88874

07252
43781
73003
94939
09607

820
821
822
823
824

91381
91434
91487
91539
91592

38524
31571
18175
98352
72117

625
626
627
628
629

79588
79657
79726
79795
79865

00173
43332
75408
96437
06454

675
676
677
678
679

82930
82994
83058
83122
83186

37728
66959
86687
96939
97743

725
726
727
728
729

86033
86093
86153
86213
86272

80066
66207
44109
13793
75283

775
776
777
778
779

88930
88986
89042
89097
a9153

17025
17213
10188
95970
74577

825
826
827
828
829

91645
91698
91750
91803
91855

39485
00473
55096
03368
45306

630
631
632
633
634

79934
80002
80071
80140
80208

05495
93592
70783
37100
92579

680
681
682
683
684

83250
83314
83378
83442
83505

89127
71119
43747
07037
61017

730
731
732
733
734

86332
86391
86451
86510
86569

28601
73770
10811
39746
60599

780
781
782
783
784

89209
89265
89320
89376
89431

46027
10339
67531
17621
60627

:zi
832
833
834

91907
91960
92012
92064
92116

80924
10238
33263
50014
60506

635 80277 37253

636 80345 711%
637 80413 94323
638 80482 06787
639 80550 08582

685
686
687
688
689

83569
83632
83695
a3758
83821

05715
41157
67371
84382
92219

735
736
737
738
739

86628
86687
86746
86805
86864

73391
78143
74879
63618
44384

785
786
787
788
789

89486
89542
89597
89652
89707

96567
25460
47324
62175
70032

835
836
837
838
839

92168
92220
92272
92324
92376

64755
62774
54580
40186
19608

640
641
642
643
644

80617
80685
80753
80821
80888

99740
80295
50281
09729
58674

690
691
692
693
694

83884
83947
84010
84073
84135

90907
80474
60945
32346
94705

740
741
742
743
744

86923
86981
87040
87098
87157

17197
82080
39053
88138
29355

790
791
792
793
794

89762
89817
89872
89927
89982

70913
64835
51816
31873
05024

840
841
842
843
844

92427
92479
92531
92582
92634

92861
59958
20915
75746
24466

645
646
647
648
649

80955
81023
81090
81157
81224

97146
25180
42807
50059
46968

695
696
697
698
699

84198
84260
84323
84385
84447

48046
92396
27781
54226
71757

745
746
747
748
749

87215
a7273
87332
87390
87448

62727
88275
06018
15979
18177

795
796
797
T2

90036
90091
90145
90200
90254

71287
30677
83214
28914
67793

845
846
847
848
849

92685
92737
92788
92839
92890

67089
036:30
34103
58523
76902

650 81291 33566

c-y

700

84509 80400

750

87506 12634

800

90308 99870

850

92941 89257
C-t,8

[ 1

loglcl

[c-p11

750
751
752
753
754

log10 x
87506 12634
87563 99370
87621 78406
87679 49762
a7737 13459

800
801
802
803
804

log10 2
90308 99870
90363 25161
90417 43683
90471 55453
90525 60487

C-47)
1
[ I

[ 1

98

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.1

FUNCTIONS

COM MON LOGARITHMS

log10

TRANSCENDENTAL

log10

log10

log10

log10

00000

00000

1002
1003
1004

00043
00086
00130
00173

40775
77215
09330
37128

1050
1051
1052
1053
1054

02118
02160
02201
02242
02284

92991
27160
57398
83712
06109

33716
78923
19378
55091
86072

1005
1006
1007
1008
1009

00216
00259
00302
00346
00389

60618
79807
94706
05321
11662

1055
1056
1057
1058
1059

02325
02366
02407
02448
02489

24596
39182
49873
56677
59601

98227
98272
98317
98362
98407

12330
33877
50720
62871
70339

1010
1011
1012
1013
1014

00432
00475
00518
00560
0060:3

13738
11556
05125
94454
79550

1060
1061
1062
1063
1064

02530
02571
02612
02653
02694

58653
53839
45167
32645
16280

965
966
967
968
969

98452
98497
98542
98587
98632

73133
71264
64741
53573
37771

1015
1016
1017
1018
1019

00646
00689
00732
00774
00817

60422
37079
09529
77780
41840

1065
1066
1067
1068
1069

02734
02775
02816
02857
02897

96078
72047
44194
12527
77052

78273
96302
09211
17010
19712

970
971
972
973
974

98677
98721
98766
98811
98855

17343
92299
62649
28403
89569

1020
1021
1022
1023
1024

00860
00902
00945
00987
01029

01718
57421
08958
56337
99566

1070
1071
1072
1073
1074

02938
02978
03019
03059
03100

37777
94708
47854
97220
42814

96614
96661
96707
96754
96801

17327
09867
97341
79762
57140

975
976
977
978
979

98900
98944
98989
99033
99078

46157
98177
45637
88548
26918

1025
1026
1027
1028
1029

01072
01114
01157
01199
01241

38654
73608
04436
31147
53748

1075
1076
1077
1078
1079

03140
03181
03221
03261
03302

84643
22713
57033
87609
14447

930
931
932
933
934

96848
96894
96941
96988
97034

29486
96810
59124
16437
68762

980
981
982
983
984

99122
99166
99211
99255
99299

60757
90074
14878
35178
50984

1030
1031
1032
1033
1034

01283 72247
01325 86653
01367 96973
014:LO 03215
01452 05388

1080
1081
1082
1083
1084

03342
03382
03422
03462
03502

37555
56940
72608
84566
92822

32707
37219
36198
29658
17610

935
936
937
938
939

97081
97127
97173
97220
97266

16109
58487
95909
28384
55923

985
986
987
988
989

99343
99387
99431
99475
99519

62305
69149
71527
69446
62916

1035
1036
1037
1038
1039

01494
01535
01577
01619
01661

03498
97554
87564
73535
55476

1085
1086
1087
1088
1089

03542
03582
03622
03662
03702

97382
98253
95441
88954
78798

94939
94987
95036
95085
95133

00066
77040
48544
14589
75188

940
941
942
943
944

97312
97358
97405
97451
97497

78536
96234
09028
16927
19943

990
991
992
993
994

99563
99607
99651
99694
99738

51946
36545
16722
92485
63844

1040
1041
1042
1043
1044

01703
01745
01786
01828
01870

33393
07295
77190
43084
04987

1090
1091
1092
1093
1094

03742
03782
03822
03862
03901

64979
47506
26384
01619
73220

895
896
897
898
899

95182
95230
95279
95327
95375

30353
80097
24430
63367
96917

945
946
947
948
949

97543
97589
97634
97680
97726

18085
11364
99790
83373
62124

995
996
997
998
999

99782
99825
99869
99913
99956

30807
93384
51583
05413
54882

1045
1046
1047
1048
1049

01911
01953
01994
02036
02077

62904
16845
66817
12826
54882

1095
1096
1097
1098
1099

03941
03981
04020
04060
04099

41192
05541
66276
23401
76924

900

95424 25094

950

97772 36053

1000

00000 00000
-iI 6

1050

02X18 92991
c-3815

1100

04139 26852
C-38)5

850
851
852
853
854

92941
92992
93043
93094
93145

89257
95601
95948
90312
78707

900
901
902
903
904

95424
95472
95520
95568
95616

25094
47910
65375
77503
84305

950
951
952
953
954

97772
97818
97863
97909
97954

36053
05169
69484
29006
83747

1000
ii01

855
856
857
858
859

93196
93247
93298
93348
93399

61147
37647
08219
72878
31638

905
906
907
908
909

95664
95712
95260
95808
95856

85792
81977
72871
58485
38832

955
956
957
958
959

98000
98045
98091
98136
98181

860
861
562
363
164

93449
93500
93550
93601
93651

84512
31515
72658
07957
37425

910
911
912
913
914

95904
95951
95999
96047
96094

13923
83770
48383
07775
61957

960
961
962
963
964

865
866
867
868
869

93701
93751
93801
93851
93901

61075
78920
90975
97252
97764

915
916
917
918
919

96142
96189
96236
96284
96331

10941
54737
93357
26812
55114

870
871
872
873
874

93951
94001
94051
94101
94151

92526
81550
64849
42437
14326

920
921
922
923
924

96378
96425
96473
96520
96567

875
876
877
878
879

94200
94250
94299
94349
94398

80530
41062
95934
45159
88751

925
926
927
928
929

880
881
882
a83
884

94448
94497
94546
94596
94645

26722
59084
85851
07036
22650

885
886
887
888
889

94694
94743
94792
94841
94890

890
891
892
893
894

c-y

[ 1

[ 1

[1 I

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

COMMON
n

log10

log10

FUNCTIt

99

INS

LOGARITHMS
1ogu.l T

4.1

log10

1:

07918
07954
07990
08026
08062

12460
30074
44677
56273
64869

1250
1251
1252
1253
1254

09691
09725
09760
09795
09829

00130
73097
43289
10710
75365

1300
1301
1302
1303
1304

11394
11427
11461
11494
11527

33523
72966
09842
44157
75914

1205
1206
1207
1208
1209

08098
08134
08170
08206
08242

70469
73078
72701
69343
63009

1255
1256
1257
1258
1259

09864
09898
09933
09968
10002

37258
96394
52777
06411
57301

1305
1306
1307
1308
1309

11561
11594
11627
11660
11693

05117
31769
55876
77440
96466

791392
22:197
61:!81
971.47
29803

1210
1211
1212
1213
1214

08278
08314
08350
08386
08421

53703
41431
26198
08009
86867

1260
1261.
1262
1263
1264

10037
10071
10105
10140
10174

05451
50866
93549
33506
70739

1310
1311
1312
1313
1314

11727
11760
11793
11826
11859

12957
26917
38350
47261
53652

06632
06669
06707
06744
06781

59;!54
851jO4
08fj60
28428
45:112

1215
1216
1217
1218
1219

08457
08493
08529
08564
08600

62779
35749
05782
72883
37056

1265
1266
1267
1268
1269

10209
10243
10277
10311
10346

05255
37057
66149
92535
16221

1315
1316
1317
1318
1319

11892
11925
11958
11991
12024

57528
58893
57750
54103
47955

1170
1171
1172
1173
1174

06818
06855
06892
06929
06966

58017
68951
76:117
80:121
80969

1220
1221
1222
1223
1224

08635
08671
08707
08742
08778

98307
56639
12059
64570
14178

1270
1271
1272
1273
1274

10380
10414
10448
10482
10516

37210
55506
71113
84037
94280

1320
1321
1322
1323
1324

12057
12090
12123
12155
12188

39312
28176
14551
98442
79851

25224
83905
39160
90996
39419

1175
1176
1177
1178
1179

07003
07040
07077
07114
07151

781i66
73?17
64h28
52905
38051

1225
1226
1227
1228
1229

08813
08849
08884
08919
08955

60887
04702
45627
83668
18829

1275
1276
1277
1278
1279

10551
10585
10619
10653
10687

01848
06744
08973
08538
05445

1325
1326
1327
1328
1329

12221
12254
12287
12319
12352

58783
35241
09229
80750
49809

05307
05346
05384
05422
05461

84435
26049
64269
99099
30546

1180
1181
1182
1183
1184

07188
07224
07261
07298
07335

201173
98976
74'165
47446
17024

1230
1231
1232
1233
1234

08990
09025
09061
09096
09131

51114
80529
07078
30766
51597

1280
1281
1282
1283
1284

10720
10754
10788
10822
10856

99696
91297
80252
66564
50237

1330
1331
1332
1333
1334

12385
12417
12450
12483
12515

16410
80555
42248
01494
58296

1135
1136
1137
1138
1139

05499
05537
05576
05614
05652

58615
83314
04647
22621
37241

1185
1186
1187
1188
1189

07371
07408
07445
07481
07518

83503
46;390
07190
64,106
18546

1235
1236
1237
1238
1239

09166
09201
09236
09272
09307

69576
84708
96996
06447
13064

1285
1286
1287
1288
1289

10890
10924
10957
10991
11025

31277
09686
85469
58630
29174

1335
1336
1337
1338
1339

12548
12580
12613
12645
12678

12657
64581
14073
61134
05770

1140
1141
1142
1143
1144

05690
05728
05766
05804
05842

48513
56444
61039
62304
60245

1190
1191
1192
1193
1194

07554
07591
07627
07664
07700

69514
171515
62354
04137
43,268

1240
1241
1242
1243
1244

09342
09377
09412
09447
09482

16852
17815
15958
11286
03804

1290
1291
1292
1293
1294

11058
11092
11126
11159
11193

97103
62423
25137
85249
42763

1340
1341
1342
1343
1344

12710
12742
12775
12807
12839

47984
87779
25158
60127
92687

1145
1146
1147
1148
1149

05880
05918
05956
05994
06032

54867
46176
34179
18881
00287

1195
1196
1197
1198
1199

07736
07773
07809
07845
07881

79,353
11797
41504
68181
91331

1245
1246
1247
1248
1249

09516
09551
09586
09621
09656

93514
80423
64535
45853
24384

1295
1296
1297
1298
1299

11226
11260
11293
11327
11360

97684
50015
99761
46925
91511

1345
1346
1347
1348
1349

12872
12904
12936
12968
13001

22843
50599
75957
98922
19497

1150

06069

78404

1200

07918

12160

1250

09691

00130

1300

11394

33523

1350

13033

1100
1101
1102
1103
1104

04139
04178
04218
04257
04296

26852
73190
15945
55124
90734

1105
1106
1107
1108
1109

04336
04375
04414
04453
04493

1110
1111
1112
1113
1114

1150
1151
1152
1153
1154

06069
06107
06145
06182
06220

781104
53:!36
24.791
93073
58088

1200
1201
1202
1203
1204

22780
51270
76209
97604
15461

1155
1156
1157
1158
1159

06258
06295
06333
06370
06408

19842
78341
331590
851594
34360

04532
04571
04610
04649
04688

29788
40589
47872
51643
51908

1160
1161
1162
1163
1164

06445
06483
06520
06557
06595

1115
1116
1117
1118
1119

04727
04766
04805
04844
04883

48674
41946
31731
18036
00865

1165
1166
1167
1168
1169

1120
1121
1122
1123
1124

04921
04960
04999
05037
05076

80227
56126
28569
97563
63112

1125
1126
1127
1128
1129

05115
05153
05192
05230
05269

1130
1131
1132
1133
1134

c 1
c-3815

[ 1
c-3814

log10

Table

[ I
c-3814

[ I
c-3813

37685

[ I
C-38)3

100

ELEMENTARY

NATURAL

Table 4.2
3

0.000
0: 001 -6.90775

TRANSCENDENTAL

In x
-m

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

In 2

In x

821371
221917
140274
622464

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

-2.99573
-2.97592
-2.95651
-2.93746
-2.91877

22735
96462
15604
33654
12324

539910
578113
007097
300152
178627

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

-2.30258
-2.29263
-2.28278
-2.27302
-2.26336

50929
47621
24656
62907
43798

940457
408776
978660
525013
407644

0.002
0.003
0.004

-6.21460
-5.80914
-5.52146

52789
80984
29903
09178

0.005
3.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

-5.29831
-5.11599
-4.96184
-4.82831
-4.71053

73665
58097
51299
37373
07016

480367
540821
268237
023011
459177

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
oIo59

-2.90042
-2.88240
-2.86470
-2.84731
-2.83021

20937
35882
40111
22684
78350

496661
469878
475869
357177
764176

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

-2.25379
-2.24431
-2.23492
-2.22562
-2.21640

49288
61848
64445
40518
73967

246137
700699
202309.
579174
529934

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

-4.60517
-4.50986
-4.42284
-4.34280
-4.26869

01859
00061
86291
59215
79493

880914
837665
941367
206003
668784

0.060
0,061
0.062
0.063
0.064

-2.81341
-2.79688
-2.78062
-2.76462
-2.74887

07167
14148
08939
05525
21956

600364
088258
370455
906044
224652

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

-2.20727
-2.19822
-2.18925
-2.18036
-2.17155

49131
50776
64076
74602
68305

897208
698029
870425
697965
876416

0.015
0.016
OiO17
0.018
0.019

-4.19970
-4.13516
-4.07454
-4.01738
-3.96331

50778
65567
19349
35210
62998

799270
423558
259210
859724
156966

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

-2.73336
-2.71810
-2.70306
-2.68824
-2.67364

80090
05369
26595
75738
87743

864999
557115
911710
060304
848777

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

-2.16282
-2.15416
-2.14558
-2.13707
-2.12863

31506
50878
13441
06545
17858

188870
757724
843809
164723
706077

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

-3.91202
-3.86323
-3.81671
-3.77226
-3.72970

30054
28412
28256
10630
14486

281461
587141
238212
529874
341914

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

-2.65926
-2.64507
-2.63108
-2.61729
-2.60369

00369
54019
91599
58378
01857

327781
408216
660817
337459
779673

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

-2.12026
-2.11196
-2.10373
-2.09557
-2.08747

35362
47333
42342
09236
37133

000911
853960
488805
097196
771002

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

-3.68887
-3.64965
-3.61191
-3.57555
-3.54045

94541
87409
84129
07688
94489

139363
606550
778080
069331
956630

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

-2.59026
-2.57702
-2.56394
-2.55104
-2.53830

71654
19386
98571
64522
74265

458266
958060
284532
925453
151156

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

-2.07944
-2.07147
-2.06356
-2.05572
-2.04794

15416
33720
81925
50150
28746

798359
306591
235458
625199
204649

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

-3.50655
-3.47376
-3.44201
-3.41124
-3.38139

78973
80744
93761
77175
47543

199817
969908
824105
156568
659757

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

-2.52572
-2.51330
-2.50103
-2.48891
-2.47693

86443
61243
60317
46711
84801

082554
096983
178839
855391
388234

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

-2.04022
-2.03255
-2.02495
-2.01740
-2.00991

08285
79557
33563
61507
54790

265546
809855
957662
603833
312257

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

-3.35240
-3.32423
-3.29683
-3.27016
-3.24419

72174
63405
73663
91192
36328

927234
260271
379126
557513
524906

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

-2.46510
-2.45340
-2.44184
-2.43041
-2.41911

40224
79827
71603
84645
89092

918206
286293
275533
039306
499972

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

-2.00248
-1.99510
-1.98777
-1.98050
-1.97328

05005
03932
43531
15938
13458

437076
460850
540121
249324
514453

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

-3.21887
-3.19418
-3.17008
-3.14655
-3.12356

58248
32122
56606
51632
56450

682007
778292
987687
885746
638759

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

-2.40794
-2.39689
-2.38596
-2.37515
-2.36446

56086
57724
67019
57858
04967

518720
652870
330967
288811
121332

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

-1.96611
-1.95899
-1.95192
-1.94491
-1.93794

28563
53886
82213
06487
19794

728328
039688
808763
222298
061364

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

-3.10109
-3.07911
-3.05760
-3.03655
-3.01593

27892
38824
76772
42680
49808

118173
930421
720785
742461
715104

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

-2.35387
-2.34340
-2.33304
-2.32278
-2.31263

83873
70875
43004
78003
54288

815962
143008
787542
115651
475471

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

-1.93102
-1.92414
-1.91732
-1.91054
-1.90380

15365
86572
26922
30052
89730

615627
738006
034008
180220
366779

0.050

-2.99573

22735 539910

0.100

-2.30258

50929 940457

0.150

-1.89711

99848 858813

For use of natural logarithms

see Examples 4-7.

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

ELEMJCNTARY TRANSCENDENTAL
NATURAL
x
11
47
87
31
80

101

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

Table 4.2
X

In x

In 2
99848
54421
47581
73575
26765

858813
672127
358607
897016
685079

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

-1.60943
-1.60445
-1.59948
-1.59454
-1.58963

79124
03709
75815
92999
52851

341004
230613
809323
403497
379207

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

-1.38629
-1.38230
-1.37832
-1.37436
-1.37042

43611
23398
61914
57902
10119

In 2
198906
503532
707137
546168
636005

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

-1.897
-1.890
-1.883
-1.877
-1.870

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

-1.86433
-1.85789
-1.85150
-1.84516
-1.83885

01620
92717
94736
02459
10767

628904
326000
338290
551702
619055

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

-1.58474
-1.57987
-1.57503
-1.57021
-1.56542

52998
91101
64857
71992
10270

437289
925560
167680
808191
173260

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

-1.36649
-1.36257
-1.35867
-1.35479
-1.35092

17338
78345
91940
56940
72172

237109
025746
869173
605196
825993

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

-1.83258
-1.82635
-1.82015
-1.81400
-1.80788

14637
09139
89437
50781
88511

483101
976741
497530
753747
579386

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

-1.56064
-1.55589
-1.55116
-1.54646
-1.54177

77482
71455
90043
31132
92639

646684
060706
101246
727119
602856

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

-1.34707
-1.34323
-1.33941
-1.33560
-1.33180

36479
48716
07752
12468
61758

666093
594436
210402
043725
358209

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

-1.80180
-1.79576
-1.78976
-1.78379
-1.77785

98050
74906
14665
12995
65640

815564
255938
653819
788781
590636

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

-1.53711
-1.53247
-1.52785
-1.52326
-1.51868

72508
68712
79254
02161
35491

544743
979720
416775
930480
656362

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

-1.32802
-1.32425
-1.32050
-1.31676
-1.31304

54529
89702
66205
82984
38993

959148
004380
818875
712804
802979

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

-1.77195
-1.76609
-1.76026
-1.75446
-1.74869

68419
17224
08021
36844
99797

318753
794772
686840
843581
676080

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

-1.51412
-1.50959
-1.50507
-1.50058
-1.49610

77326
25774
78971
35075
92271

297755
643842
098576
220183
270972

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

-1.30933
-1.30563
-1.30195
-1.29828
-1.29462

33199
64581
32126
34837
71725

837623
024362
861397
971773
940668

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

-1.74296
-1.73727
-1.73160
-1.72597
-1.72036

93050
12839
55464
17286
94731

586230
439853
083079
900519
413821

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

-1.49165
-1.48722
-1.48280
-1.47840
-1.47403

48767
02797
52615
96500
32754

777169
098512
007344
276963
278974

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

-1.29098
-1.28735
-1.28373
-1.28013
-1.27654

41813
44132
77727
41652
34971

155658
649871
947986
915000
607714

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

-1.71479
-1.70925
-1.70374
-1.69826
-1.69281

84280
82477
85919
91261
95213

919267
163113
053417
407161
731514

0.230
Oi231
0.232
Oi2j3
0.234

-1.46967
-1.46533
-1.46101
-1i45671
-1.45243

59700
75684
79073
68254
41636

589417
603435
158271
164365
244356

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

-1.27296
-1.26940
-1.26584
-1.26230
-1.25878

56758
06096
82080
83813
10408

128874
483913
440235
388994
209310

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

-1.68739
-1.68200
-1.67664
-1.67131
-1.66600

94539
86052
66621
33161
82639

038122
689358
275504
521878
224947

3-22;:
0:237
0.238
0.239

-1.44816
-1.44392
-1.43969
-1.43548
-1.43129

97648
34739
51378
46053
17270

379781
565270
470059
106624
506264

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

-1.25526
-1.25176
-1.24827
-1.24479
-1.24132

60987
34681
30632
47988
85908

134865
622845
225159
461911
697049

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

-1.66073
-1.65548
-1.65025
-1.64506
-1.63989

12068
18509
99069
50900
71199

216509
355072
543555
772515
188089

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

-1.42711
-1.42295
-1.41881
-1.41469
-1.41058

63556
83454
75528
38356
70536

401457
914821
254507
415886
889352

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

-1.23787
-1.23443
-1.23100
-1.22758
-1.22417

43560
20118
14767
26699
55116

016173
106445
138553
650697
434554

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

-1.63475
-1.62964
-1.62455
-1.61948
-1.61445

57204
06197
15502
82482
04542

183903
516198
441485
876018
576447

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

-1.40649
-1.40242
-1.39836
-1.39432
-1.39030

70684
37430
69423
65328
23825

374101
497742
541599
171549
174294

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

-1.22077
-1.21739
-1.21402
-1.21066
-1.20731

99226
58246
31401
17924
17055

423172
580767
794374
767326
914506

0.200

-1.60943

79124 341004

0.250

-1.38629

43611 198906

0.300

-1.20397

28043 259360
C-7612

[ 1
In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

102

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.2

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL
.I

In $7

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS
:c

In .f

In .I

;.;N;
0:302
0.303
0.304

-1.20397
-1.20064
-1.19732
-1.19402
-1.19072

28043
50142
82616
24734
75775

259360
332613
072674
727679
759154

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

-1.04982
-1.04696
-1.04412
-1.04128
-1.03845

21244
90555
41033
72220
83658

986777
162712
840400
488403
483626

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

-0.91629
-0.91379
-0.91130
-0.90881
-0.90634

07318
38516
31903
87170
04010

741551
755679
631160
354541
209870

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

-1.18744
-1.18417
-1.18090
-1.17765
-1.17441

35023
01770
75313
54960
40020

741254
297563
949399
085626
843916

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

-1.03563
-1.03282
-1:OSOOl
-1.02722
-1.02443

74895
45481
94972
22925
28904

067213
301066
024980
814367
938582

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

-0.90386
-0.90140
-0.89894
-0.89648
-0.89404

82118
21193
20935
81045
01229

755979
804044
395421
779754
393353

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

-1.17118
-1.16796
-1.16475
-1.16155
-1i15836

29815
23668
20911
20884
22930

029451
029029
726547
419838
738837

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

-1.02165
-1.01887
-1.01611
-1.01335
-1.01060

12475
73206
10671
24447
14113

319814
492561
563660
172863
453964

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

-0.89159
-0.88916
-0.88673
-0.88430
-0.88188

81192
20644
19296
76860
93051

837836
859024
326107
211043
568227

0.315
0.316
Oi317
0.318
0.319

-1.15518
-1.15201
-1i14885
-1.14570
-1.14256

26401
30653
35051
38962
41761

565040
952249
048564
019602
972925

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

-1.00785
-1.00512
-1.00239
-0.99967
-0.99695

79253
19455
34309
23408
86349

996455
807708
275668
132061
416099

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

-0.87947
-0.87707
-0.87466
-0.87227
-0.86988

67587
00187
90571
38464
43590

514388
208738
833356
573807
599993

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

-1.13943
-1.13631
-1.13320
-1.13010
-1.12701

42831
41558
37334
29557
17631

883648
521212
377287
594805
898077

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

-0.99425
-0.99155
-0.98886
-0.98617
-0.98349

22733
32163
14247
68593
94815

438669
747019
089905
383215
676051

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

-0.86750
-0.86512
-0.86274
-0.86038
-0.85802

05677
24452
99649
30999
18237

047231
997556
461252
358591
501793

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

-1.12393
-1.12085
-1.11779
-1.11474
-1.11169

00966
78976
51080
16705
75282

523996
154294
848837
979933
167652

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

-0.98082
-0.97816
-0.97551
-0.97286
-0.97021

92530
61355
00915
10833
90738

117262
922425
341263
625494
997107

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

-0.85566
-0.85331
-0.85097
-0.84863
-0.84629

61100
59327
12657
20834
83600

577202
127666
535125
003403
541201

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

-1.10866
-1.10563
-1.10262
-1.09961
-1.09661

26245
69036
03100
27890
42860

216111
050742
656485
016932
054366

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

-0.96758
-0.96495
-0.96233
-0.95972
-0.95711

40262
59038
46703
02898
27263

617056
554361
755619
014911
944102

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

-0.84397
-0.84164
-0.83932
-0.83701
-0.83471

00702
71888
96907
75509
07448

945289
783893
380267
796472
817322

0.335
0.336

0: s>i

0.338
0.339

-1.09362
-1.09064
-ii08767
-1.08470
-1.08175

47471
41190
23486
93834
51716

570706
189328
297753
991183
016868

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

-0.95451
-0.95191
-0.94933
-0.94674
-0.94417

19446
79095
05859
99393
59353

943528
173062
523552
588636
636908

0.435
OI4%
0.431
0.438
0.439

-0.83240
-0.83011
-0.82782
-0i82553
-0.82325

92478
30356
20838
63686
58659

934530
331027
865469
056909
069657

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

-1.07880
-1.07587
-1.07294
-1.07002
-1.06711

96613
28016
45419
48318
36216

719300
986203
195319
161971
087387

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

-0.94160
-0.93904
-0.93649
-0.93394
-0.93140

85398
77189
34391
56671
43696

584449
967713
916745
128758
842032

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

-0.82098
-0.81871
-0.81644
-0.81418
-0.81193

05520
04035
53969
55089
07165

698302
352911
044389
370014
499123

0.345
Oi346
0.347
0.348
0.349

-1.06421
-1.06131
-1.05843
-1.05555
-1.05268

08619
65039
04990
27992
33567

507773
244128
352779
076627
797099

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

-0.92886
-0.92634
-0.92381
-0.92130
-0.91879

95140
10677
89982
32736
38620

810152
276565
949466
976993
922736

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

-0.80968
-0.80743
-0.80519
-0.80296
-0.80073

09968
63269
66843
20465
23912

158968
620730
685682
671519
398828

0.350

-1.04982

21244 986777

0.400

-0.91629

07318 741551

0.450

-0.79850

[-,61]
L

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

*see page n.

76962 177716
* (-77)8
[ I

ELEMEiNTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL
In

LOGARITHMS
In

103

FUNCTIONS

Table

In

4.2

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

-0.79850
-0.79628
-0.79407
-0.79186
-0.78965

76962
79394
30991
31534
80809

177716
794587
499059
991030
407891

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

-0.69314
-0.69114
-0.68915
-0.68716
-0.68517

71805
91778
51592
51088
90109

599453
972723
904079
823978
107684

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

-0.59783
-0.59602
-0.59420
-0.59239
-0.59059

70007
04698
72327
72774
05922

556204
292226
050417
598023
348532

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

-0.78745
-0.78526
-0.78307
-0.78088
-0.77870

78600
24694
18880
60948
50689

311866
677510
879324
679521
215919

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

-0.68319
-0.68121
-0.67924
-0.67727
-0.67530

68497
86096
42753
38314
72624

067772
946715
909539
036552
316143

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

-0.58878
-0.58698
-0.58519
-0.58339
-0.58160

71652
69847
00390
63166
58058

357025
315547
548530
008261
270379

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

-0.77652
-0.77435
-0.77219
-0.77002
-0.76787

87894
72359
03879
82248
07267

989964
854885
003982
959030
558818

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

-0.67334
-0.67138
-0.66943
-0.66747
-0.66553

45532
56887
06539
94338
20135

637656
784326
426293
113675
269719

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

-0.57981
-0.57803
-0.57625
-0.57447
-0.57270

84952
43734
34290
56508
10274

529421
594407
884460
424467
840782

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

-0.76571
-0.76356
-0.76142
-0.75928
-0.75715

78733
96448
60213
69830
25105

947807
564912
132397
644903
358577

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

-0.66358
-0.66164
-0.65971
-0.65778
-0.65585

83783
85135
24044
00367
13958

184009
005743
737079
226540
162484

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

-0.57092
-0.56916
-0.56739
-0.56563
-0.56387

95478
12007
59752
38602
48448

356961
789541
543850
609857
558061

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

-0.75502
-0.75289
-0.75077
-0.74865
-0.74654

25842
71849
62933
98904
79572

780328
657193
965817
902041
870606

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

-0.65392
-0.65200
-0.65008
-0.64817
-0.64626

64674
52372
76910
38149
35946

066640
287701
994983
172142
610949

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

-0.56211
-0.56036
-0.55861
-0.55686
-0.55512

89181.
60693
62876
95622
58826

535412
261268
023392
673975
625706

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

-0.74444
-0.74233
-0.74023
-0.73814
-0.73605

04749
74247
87880
45464
46815

474958
507170
937958
906811
712218

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

-0.64435
-0.64245
-0.64055
-0.63865
-0.63676

70163
40662
47304
89952
68471

905133
444272
407747
758756
238377

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

-0.55338
-0.55164
-0.54991
-0.54818
-0.54645

52381
76182
30124
14103
28014

847866
862458
740375
097596
091418

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

-0.73396
-0.73188
-0.72981
-0.72773
-0.72567

91750
80088
11649
86253
03722

802004
763759
315367
295644
655053

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

-0.63487
-0.63299
-0.63111
-0.62923
-0.62735

82724
32577
17896
38548
94400

359695
401982
404927
162925
219422

0.580
O;iiSl
0.582
0.583
0.584

-0.54472
-0i54300
-0.54128
-0.53956
-0.53785

71754
45221
48312
80926
42961

416720
302258
506992
316447
539100

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

-0.72360
-0.72154
-0.71949
-0.71743
-0.71539

63880
66550
11558
98731
27895

446539
816433
995473
289899
072650

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

-0.62548
-0.62362
-0.62175
-0.61989
-0.61803

85320
11179
71844
67188
97080

861305
113351
732724
203526
731399

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

-0.53614
-0.53443
-0.53273
-0.53102
-0.52932

34317
54894
04591
83310
90953

502806
051244
540406
835101
305503

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

-0.71334
-0.71131
-0.70927
-0.70724
-0.70521

98878
11511
65624
61049
97617

774648
876165
898289
394469
942145

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

-0.61618
-0.61433
-0.61248
-0.61064
-0.60880

61394
60001
92775
59590
60321

238170
356555
424908
482016
261944

0.590
;A;;
0:593
0.594

-0.52763
-0.52593
-0.52424
-0.52256
-0.52087

27420
92615
86440
08799
59596

823719
760389
981314
844116
194921

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

-0.70319
-0.70117
-0.69916
-0.69715
-0.69514

75164
93522
52528
52019
91832

134468
572096
855083
574841
306184

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

-0.60696
-0.60513
-0.60330
-0.60147
-0.59965

94843
63032
64765
99920
68374

188930
372320
601558
341215
726064

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

-0.51919
-0.51751
-0.51583
-0.51416
-0.51249

38734
46119
81655
45250
36808

365073
167873
895350
315053
666877

0.500

-0.69314

71805

599453

0.550

-0.59783

70007

556204

0.600

-0.51082

56237

659907

[ I
C-76

[ 1
95

ln lo= 2.30258 50929 940457

104

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

Table 4.2

NATURAL

In z

56231

659907
469295
733160
549516
473221

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

-0.43078
-0.42924
-0.42771
-0.42617
-0.42464

-0.50252
-0.50087
-0.49922
-0.49758
-0.49593

68209
52929
64879
70112

512956
128226
226388
159700
722400

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

-0.49429
-0.49265
-0.49102
-0.48939
-0.48776

63218
83198
29964
03430
03508

147801
105417
698110
459257
349946

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

-0.41400
-0.41248
-0.41098
-0.40947

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

-0.48613
-0.48450

30111
83154

756192
486173

-0.48126
-0.47965

68215
00062

244463

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

-0.47803
-0.47642
-0.47481
-0.47320
-0.47160

58009
41970
51862
87601
49106

429998
486583
429576
946839
127094

0.670
0.671

0.625

-0.47000

36292

457356

0.626

-0.46840
-0.46680
-0.46521

49078
87383

820385

492164

51125
40222

139384
816965

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

54595
94164
58848

965587
409239
352796

0.680

-0.51082
-0.50916
-0.50749
-0.50583
-0.50418

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

:* 2
0: 629
0.630

03970

-0.48288 62550 767492

-0.46362
-0.46203
-0.46044
-0.45886
-0.45728

975409

0.672
0.673
0.674

0.681
0.682

924543

56367

735678

07170
81497
79275

554841
057060
249384

-0.42312
-0.42159

00433
44900

468851
380480

-0.42007
-0.41855
-0.41703

12604

975265

03476
17444

568199
796298

54439
14391
97230
02887
31295

616658
304508
451288
962745
057032

-0.40796
-0.40646
-0.40496
-0.40346
-0.40197

82383
56084
52330
71054

262829
417479
665133
454913

0.700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

-0.35667
-0.35524
-0.35382
-0.35239
-0.35097

49439
73919
18749
83871
69228

387324
475470
563259
714721

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

-0.34955
-0.34814
-0.34672
-0.34531
-0.34389

74761
00414
46130
11852
97524

698684
888950
855643
884173
500096

0.710
0.711
0.712

-0.34249
-0.34108

03089
28491

788962

-0.33967

73675

0.713

701613

-0.33827
-0.33687

38585

678411

-0.33547
-0.33407

27362

0.716

51120

881294
214914

12188 539086

ao@
. 5:i
0.719

-0.33128
-0.33267
-Or32989

94383
57099
39212

825167
339129
610904

-0.40047
-0.39898
-0.39749
-0.39600
-0.39452

75665
61420
69384
99493
51680

971253
104553
589875
374092
698300

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

-0.32850
-0.32711
-0.32573
-0.32434
-0.32296

40669
61416
01400
60568
38865

720361
971880
893108
233724
964207

-0.39304
-0i39i56
-0.39008

25881
22029
40060

096072
391730
698621

0.7i!5
0.726
0.727

-0.32158
-0.32020
-0.31882
-0.31745

36241
52641
88014
42307

274623
573410
486177
854511

-0.41551

-0Ij8860 79910 417415

0.714

0.71!i

0.728

240947

467759

23166 425527

-0.38713

41514

234409

0.729

-0.31608 15469 734789

-0.38566
-0.38419
-0.38272

24808
29728
56211
04194
73613

119847
326247

0.7'30

-0.31471

07448

-0.31334
-0.31197

18192

323585

386750

a. 731
0.732

113470
595866

0.733

-0.31060

47650
95770

0.134

-0.30924

62503

208255
954856
676215

-0.45570

48568
63245

379609

0.683

-0.38126

449111

0.684

-0.37979

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

-0.45413
-0.45255
-0.45098
-0.44941
-0.44785

02800
67156
56234
69956
08246

894454
420149
099737
373472
046022

0.685
0.686

-0.37833
-0.37687

0.681
0.688

-0.37542
-0.37396

0.689

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

-0.44628
-0.44472
-0.44316
-0.44161
-0.44005

71026
58220
05547
65528

284195
614670
921759
445177
777834

0.645
0.646
0.647

0.649

-0.43850
-0.43695
-0.43540
-0.43386
-0.43232

49621
57751
89844
45826
25622

0.650

-0.43078

29160

0.648

In

29160

i* t;:
0:633
0.634

69752

LOGARITHMS

In 2

03444
78336
80822
10810

0.600
OibOl
0.602
0.603
0.604

FUNCTIONS

64407

199118

76512
09867

562518
597877

0.735
0.736
0.137

-0.30788
-0.30652
-0.30516

-0.37251

64410
40079

487934
684785

0.738
0.739

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

-0.37106
-0.36961
-0.36816
-0.36672
-0.36528

36813
54552
93233
52797
33184

908320
144672
644675
922330
753326

863646
995352
812365
298624
780471

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

-0.36384
-0.36240
-0.36096
-0.35953
-0.35810

34334
56186
98682
61762
45367

216132
197646
483268

924543

0.700

-0.35667

49439

381324

173449

477174

In lO= 2.30258 50929 940457

397002

47797

693004

-0.30381

51602
73867
14543

532608
928004
816646

-0: 30245

73580

339353

0.740
0.741

-0.30110
-0.29975

50927

839216

0.742

-0.29840

46536
60358

0.743
0.744

-0.29705
-0.29571

92342
42441

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748

-0.29437
-0.29302
-0i29169
-0.29035

10606
96787
00938
23010

0.749

-0.28901

62954

076598
649176

0.750

-0.28768

20724

517809

860502
147566
643779
490452
025775
783762
493197

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL

In

LOGARITHMS

In T

105

FUNCTIONS

Table 4.2

In

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

-0.28768
-0.28634
-0.28501
-0.28369
-0.28236

20724
96272
89550
00511
29109

517809
180023
322973
822435
741810

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

-0.22314
-0.22189
-0.22064
-0.21940
-0.21815

35513
43319
66711
05650
60098

142098
137778
156226
353754
031707

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

-0.16251
-0.16134
-0.16016
-0.15899
-0.15782

89294
31504
87521
57314
40851

977749
087629
528213
904579
935672

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

-0.28103
-0.27971
-0.27839
-0.27707
-0.27575

75297
39028
20255
18933
35015

331123
026041
446883
397654
865071

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

-0.21691
-0.21567
-0.21443
-0.21319
-0.21195

30015
15364
16107
32204
63619

635737
755088
121883
610417
236454

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

-0.15665
-0.15548
-0.15431
-0.15315
-0.15198

38100
49028
73603
11794
63569

453768
403950
843573
941748
978817

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

-0.27443
-0i27312
-0.27180
-0.27049
-0.26918

68457
19211
87232
72476
74898

017603
204512
954908
976800
156166

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

-0.21072
-0.20948
-0.20825
-0.20702
-0.20579

10313
72248
49388
41694
49129

156526
667241
204591
343265
795968

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

-0.15082
-0.14966
-0.14850
-0.14734
-0.14618

28897
07745
00083
05878
25101

345836
544063
184440
987091
780814

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

-0.26787
-0.26657
-0.26526
-0.26396
-0.26266

94451
31092
84776
55458
43094

556012
415458
148809
344649
764931

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

-0.20456
-0.20334
-0.20211
-0.20089
-0.19967

71657
09240
61841
29423
11951

412743
180300
221342
793900
290676

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

-0.14502
-0.14387
-0.14271
-0.14156
-0.14041

57720
03704
63022
35643
21537

502577
197019
015952
217869
167450

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

-0.26136
-0.26006
-0.25877
-0.25747
-0.25618

47641
69054
07289
62303
34053

344075
188076
573609
947151
924099

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

-0.19845
-0.19723
-0.19601
-0.19479
-0.19358

09387
21695
48839
90783
47490

238383
297088
259571
050672
726654

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

-0.13926
-0.13811
-0.13696
-0.13581
-0.13467

20673
33021
58550
97231
49033

335076
296343
731574
425348
266016

0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

-0.25489
-0.25360
-0.25231
-0.25102
-0.24974

22496
27587
49286
87548
42331

287901
989183
144896
037454
113888

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

-0.19237
-0.19116
-0.18995
-0.18874
-0.18753

18926
05054
05839
21245
51238

474561
611590
584457
968774
468421

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

-0.13353
-0.13238
-0.13124
-0.13010
-0.12897

13926
91880
82866
86853
03812

245226
457456
099540
470204
969601

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

-0.24846
-0.24718
-0.24590
-0.24462
-0.24334

13592
01291
05384
25829
62586

984996
424511
368260
913340
317292

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

-0.18632
-0.18512
-0.18392
-0.18272
-0.18152

95781
54841
28381
16368
18766

914934
266889
609285
152944
233903

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

-0.12783
-0.12669
-0.12556
-0.12443
-0.12329

33715
76530
32229
00783
82163

098849,
459575
753457
781770
444936

0.785
0.786
0.787
0.788
0.789

-0.24207
-0.24079
-0.23952
-0.23825
-0.23698

15611
84865
70305
71891
89581

997286
529305
647338
242579
362628

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

-0.18032
-0.17912
-0.17793
-0.17673
-0.17554

35541
66658
12084
71785
45725

312816
974354
926617
000540
149309

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

-0.12216
-0.12103
-0.11991
-0.11878
-0.11765

76339
83283
02966
35359
80434

742075
770561
725576
899670
682325

0.790
Oi791
0.792
0.793
0.794

-0.23572
-0i23445
-0.23319
-0.23193
-0.23067

23335
73112
38871
20573
18177

210699
144832
677112
472891
350013

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

-0.17435
-0.17316
-0.17197
-0.17078
-0.16960

33871
36190
52647
83209
27843

447778
091890
398103
802816
861799

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

-0.11653
-0.11541
-0.11428
-0.11316
-0.11204

38162
08515
91464
86981
95038

559515
113277
021277
056380
086229

0.795
0.796
0.797
0.798
0.799

-0.22941
-0.22815
-0.22690
-0.22564
-0.22439

31643
60931
06001
66815
43332

278052
377540
919220
323283
158624

0.845
0.846
0.847
;.;&I;
.

-0.16841
-0.16723
-0.16605
-0.16487
-0.16369

86516
59193
45843
46431
60926

249632
759138
300827
902340
707897

0.895
0.896
0.897
;.;N:
.

-0.11093
-0.10981
-0.10869
-0.10758
-0.10647

15607
48660
94169
52106
22445

072817
072066
233409
799374
105168

0.800

-0.22314

35513

142098

0.850

-0.16251

89294

977749

0.900

-0.10536

05156

578263

[ 1
(72

[ 1
C-67)2

In lO= 2.30258 50929 940457

[ 1
(72

106

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.2

NATURAL

In z

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

In

In x

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

-0.10536
-0.10425
-0.10314
-0.10203
-0.10092

05156
00213
07589
27255
59185

578263
737991
195134
651516
899606

0.950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

-0.05129
-0.05024
-0.04919
-0.04814
-0.04709

32943
12164
02441
03753
16075

875505
367467
907717
279349
338505

1.000
0.00000 00000 000000
1.0011 0.00099 95003 330835
1 OOZ! 0.00199 80026 626731
1:003
0.00299 55089 797985
1.004
0.00399 20212 695375

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

-0.09982
-0.09871
-0.09761
-0.09651
-0.09541

03352
59729
28288
09003
01848

822109
391577
670004
808438
046582

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

-0.04604
-0.04499
-0.04395
-0.04290
-0.04186

39385
73659
18875
75010
42040

014068
307358
291828
112765
986988

1.005
1.006
1.007
1.008
1.009

0.00498
0.00598
0.00697
0.00796
0.00895

75415
20716
56137
81696
97413

110391
775475
364252
491769
714719

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

-0.09431
-0.09321
-0.09211
-0.09101
-0.08992

06794
23817
52889
93983
47075

712413
221787
078057
871686
279870

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

-0.04082
-0.03978
-0.03874
-0.03770
-0.03666

19945
08700
08283
18671
39843

202551
118446
164306
840115
715914

1.010
1.011.
1 OK!
1:013
1.014

0.00995
0.01093
0.01192
0.01291
0.01390

03308
99400
85708
62252
29051

531681
383344
652738
665463
689914

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

-0.08883 12137
-0iO8773 89143
-0.08664 78067
-0iO8555 78883
-0.08446 91566

066157
080068
256722
616466
264500

0.965
Oi966
0.967
0.968
0.969

-0.03562
-0iO3459
-0.03355
-0.03252
-0.03149

71776
14447
67835
31917
06670

431511
696191
288427
055600
913708

1.015
1.016
1.017
l.OlEl
1.019

0.01488
OiOi587
0.01685
0.01783
0.01882

86124
33491
71170
99181
17542

937507
562901
664229
283310
405878

0.920
Oi921
0.922
Oi923
0.924

-0.08338
-0.08229
-0.08121
-0.08012
-0.07904

16089
52427
00554
60444
32073

390511
268302
255432
792849
404529

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

-0.03045 92074 847085

-0iO2942 88106 908121
-0.02839 94745 216980
-0.02737 11967 961320
-0.02634 39753 396020

1.020
1.021.
l.O2i!
1.023
1.024

0.01980
OiO2078
0.02176
OiO2273
0.02371

26272
25391
14917
94869
65266

961797
825285
815127
694894
173160

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

-0.07796
-0.07688
-0.07580
-0.07472
-0.07364

15414
10443
17134
35461
65401

697119
359577
162819
959365
682985

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

-0.02531
-0.02429
-0.02326
-0.02224
-0.02122

78079
26925
86269
56089
36364

842899
690446
393543
473197
516267

:- i::
1: 02i:
1.028
1.029

0.02469
0.02566
0.02664
0.02761
0.02858

26125
77467
19309
51670
74568

903715
485778
464212
329734
519126

'0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

-II.07257
-6.07149
-0.07042
-0.06935
-0.06827

06928
60017
24642
00781
88407

348354
050700
965459
347932
532944

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

-0.02020
-0.01918
-0.01816
-0.01714
-0.01612

27073
28194
39706
61588
93819

175194
167740
276712
349705
298836

1.030
1.031.
1 03i!
11033
1.034

0.02955
0.03052
0.03149
0.03246
0.03343

88022
92050
86670
71901
47760

415444
348229
593710
375015
862374

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

-0.06720
-0.06613
-0.06507
-0.06400
-0.06293

87496
98025
19967
53299
97997

934501
045450
437149
759124
738741

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

-0.01511
-0.01409
-0.01308
-0.01207
-0.01106

36378
89243
52395
25812
09473

100482
795016
486555
342692
594249

1.035
1.036
1.037
1.038
1.039

0.03440
0.03536
0.03633
0.03729
0.03825

14267
71438
19292
57847
87121

173324
372913
473903
436969
170903

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

-0.06187
-0.06081
-0.05975
-0.05868
-0.05762

54037
21393
00044
89963
91128

180875
967574
057740
486796
366364

0.990
o1991
0.992
0.993
0.994

-0.01005
-0~00904
-0.00803
-0.00702
-0.00601

03358
07446
21716
46149
80723

535014
521491
972643
369645
255630

1.040
1.041.
1 042
1:043
1.044

0.03922
OiO4018
0.04114
0.04210
0.04305

07131
17896
19433
11760
94894

532813
328318
311752
186354
604470

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

-0.05657
-0.05551
-0.05445
-0iO5340
-0.05234

03514
27099
61857
07767
64803

883943
302588
960588
271152
722092

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

-0.00501
-0.00400
-0.00300
-0.00200
-0.00100

25418
80213
45090
20026
05003

235443
975388
202987
706731
335835

1.045
1.046
1.047
1.048
1.049

0.04401
0.04497
0.04592
0.04688
0.04783

68854
33656
89318
35858
73294

167743
427312
883998
988504
141601

0.950

-0.05129

32943 875505

1.000

0.00000 00000 000000

1.050

0.04879 01641 694320

[ 1
C-67)2

[
In 10=2.30258

(-iI 1
I
50929 940457

11
[C-67)

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL

In 2

107

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

In

Table 4.2

In

1.050
1.051
1.052
1.053
1.054

0.04879
OiO4974
0.05069
0.05164
0.05259

01641
20918
31143
32331
24501

694320
948141
155181
518384
191706

1.100
1.101
1.102
1.103
1.104

0.09531
0.09621
0.09712
0.09803
0.09893

01798
88577
67107
37402
99478

043249
405429
307227
713654
549036

1.150
1.151
1.152
1.153
1.154

0.13976
0.14063
0.14149
0.14236
0.14323

19423
11297
95622
72412
41680

751587
397456
736995
869220
859078

1.055
1.056
1.057
1.058
1.059

0.05354
0.05448
0.05543
0.05638
0.05732

07669
81852
47068
03334
50666

280298
840697
881006
361076
192694

1.105
1.106
1.107
1.108
1.109

0.09984
0.10074
0.10165
0.10255
0.10345

53349
99031
36537
65883
87083

697161
001431
264998
250921
682300

1.155
1.156
1.157
1.158
1.159

0.14410
0.14496
0.14583
0.14669
0.14755

03439
57702
04482
43791
75643

737569
501857
115395
508035
576147

1.060
1.061
1.062
1.063
1.064

0.05826
0.05921
0.06015
0.06109
0.06203

89081
18596
39228
50993
53909

239758
318461
197471
598109
194526

1.110
1.111
1.112
1.113
1.114

0.10436
0.10526
0.10616
0.10705
0.10795

00153
05106
01958
90722
71415

242428
574929
283906
934078
050923

1.160
1.161
1.162
1.163
1.164

0.14842
0.14928
0.15014
0.15100
0.15186

00051
17027
26584
28735
23493

182733
157544
297195
365274
092461

1.065
1.066
1.067
1.068
1.069

0.06297
0.06391
0.06485
0.06578
0.06672

47991
33257
09723
77405
36320

613884
436528
196163
380031
429082

1.115
1.116
1.117
1.118
1.119

0.10885
0.10975
0.11064
0.11154
0.11243

44049
08639
65200
13747
54293

120821
591192
870637
329074
297882

1.165
1.166
1.167
1.168
1.169

0.15272
0.15357
0.15443
0.15529
0.15614

10870
90879
63533
28844
86824

176639
283006
044189
060353
899314

1.070
1.071
1.072
1.073
1.074

0.06765
0.06859
0.06952
OiO7045
0.07138

86484
27914
60626
84636
99960

738148
656117
486102
485614
866729

1.120
1.121
1.122
1.123
1.124

0.11332
0.11422
0.11511
0.11600
0.11689

86853
11440
28071
36757
37514

070032
900229
005046
563061
714993

1.170
1.171
1.172
1.173
1.174

0.15700
0.15785
0.15871
0.15956
0.16041

37488
80846
16911
45696
67214

096648
155803
548209
713384
059047

1.075
1.076
1.077
1.078
1.079

0.07232
0.07325
0.07417
0.07510
0.07603

06615
04617
93981
74724
46862

796261
395927
742515
868054
759976

1.125
1.126
1.127
1.128
1.129

0.11778
0.11867
0.11955
0.12044
0.12133

30356
15297
92350
61530
22851

563835
174986
576392
758672
675250

1.175
1.176
1.177
1.178
1.179

0.16126
0.16211
0.16296
0.16381
0.16466

81475
88494
88282
80852
66215

961223
764352
781397
293950
552339

1.080
1.081
1.082
1.083
1.084

0.07696
0.07788
0.07881
0.07973
0.08065

10411
65386
11804
49680
79030

361283
570712
242898
188536
174545

1.130
1.131
1.132
1.133
1.134

0.12221
0.12310
0.12398
0.12486
0.12575

76327
21971
59797
89820
12053

242492
339834
809912
458693
055603

1.180
1.181
1.182
1.183
1.184

0.16551
0.16636
0.16720
0.16805
0.16889

44384
15372
79189
35849
85364

775734
152253
839065
962497
618139

1.085
1.086
1.087
1.088
1.089

0.08157
0.08250
0.08342
0.08434
0.08525

99869
12215
16081
11484
98439

924229
117437
390724
337509
508234

1.135
1.136
1.137
1.138
1.139

0.12663
0.12751
0.12839
0.12927
0.13015

26509
33202
32147
23357
06844

333660
989596
683990
041392
650451

1.185
1.186
1.187
1.188
1.189

0.16974
0.17058
0.17142
0.17227
0.17311

27745
63005
91156
12209
26177

870945
755337
275310
404532
086448

1.090
1.091
1.092
1.093
1.094

0.08617
0.08709
0.08801
0.08892
0.08984

76962
47068
08773
62091
07039

410523
509338
227133
944015
997895

1.140
1.141
1.142
1.143
1.144

0.13102
0.13190
0.13278
0.13365
0.13453

82624
50708
11112
63848
08929

064041
799386
338185
126736
576062

1.190
1.191
1.192
1.193
1.194

0.17395
0.17479
0.17563
0.17647
0.17730

33071
32903
25686
11431
90149

234380
731631
431580
157791
704103

1.095
1.096
1.097
1.098
1.099

0.09075
0.09166
0.09257
0.09349
0.09440

43632
71885
91812
03430
06754

684641
258238
930932
873389
214843

1.145
1.146
1.147
1.148
1.149

0.13540
0.13627
0.13714
0.13802
0.13889

46370
76182
98381
12978
19988

062030
925478
472336
973747
666186

1.195
1.196
1.197
1.198
1.199

0.17814
0.17898
0.17981
0.18065
Oil8148

61853
26555
84265
34996
78760

834740
284400
758361
932576
453772

1.100

0.09531 01798 043249

6;) 1
[
I

1.150

0.13976 19423 751587

1.200

0.18232 15567 939546

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

[c-y1

108

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL

Table 4.2

In 2

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

In

In

1.200
1.201
1.202
1.203
1.204

0.18232
0.18315
0.18398
0.18481
0.18564

15567
45430
68361
84369
93468

939546
978465
130158
925418
866293

1.250
1.251
1.252
1.253
1.254

0.22314
0.22394
0.22474
0.22554
0.22633

35513
32314
22726
06759
84422

142098
847741
779068
139312
107290

1.300
1.301
1.302
1.303
1.304

0.26236
0.26313
0.26390
0.26466
0.26543

42644
31995
15437
92981
64635

674911
303682
863775
427081
044612

1.205
1.206
1.207
1.208
1.209

0.18647
0.18730
0.18813
0.18896
0.18979

95669
90983
79421
60995
35716

426183
049937
153944
126232
326556

1.255
1.256
1.257
1.258
1.259

0.22713
0.22793
0.22872
0.22952
0.23031

55725
20680
79296
31582
77550

837472
460069
081104
782488
622101

1.305
1.306'
1.307
1.308
1.309

0.26620
0.26696
0.26773
0.26849
0.26926

30407
90308
44346
92530
34869

746567
542393
420849
350070
277629

1.210
1.211
1.212
1.213
1.214

0.19062
0.19144
0.19227
0.19309
0.19392

03596
64645
18876
66299
06926

086497
709552
471227
619131
373065

1.260
1.261
1.262
1.263
1.264

0.23111
0.23190
0.23269
0.23348
0.23428

17209
50569
77641
98433
12957

633866
827825
190214
683541
246657

1.310
1.311
1.312
1.313
1. 314

0.27002
0.27079
0.27155
0.27231
0.27307

71372
02047
26905
45953
59200

130602
815628
218973
206591
624188

1.215
1.216
1.217
1.218
1.219

0.19474
0.19556
0.19638
0.19721
0.19803

40767
67835
88140
01692
08504

925118
439753
053901
877053
991345

1.265
1.266
1.267
1.268
1.269

0.23507
0.23586
0.23665
0.23744
0.23822

21221
23237
19013
08560
91887

794836
219844
390020
150342
322506

1. 31'5
1.316
1.317
1.318
1.319

0.27383
Oi27459
0.27535
0.27611
0.27687

66656
68329
64227
54360
38737

297279
031255
611440
803155
351775

1.220
1.221
1.222
1.223
1.224

0.19885
0.19967
0.20048
0.20130
0.20212

08587
01951
88607
68567
41840

451652
285676
494036
050353
901343

1.270
1.271
1.272
1.273
1.274

0.23901
0.23980
0.24059
0.24137
0.24216

69004
39922
04649
63195
15571

704999
073170
179304
752695
499716

0.27763
:3322:
0.27838
1:322
0.27914

1.32:3
1.3214

17365
90255
57414
0.27990 18851
0.28065 74575

982795
401883
294945
328186
148165

1.225
1.226
1.227
1.228
1.229

0.20294
0.20375
0.20457
0.20538
0.20620

08439
68375
21657
68297
08305

966903
140197
287744
249507
838978

1.275
1.276
1.277
1.278
1.279

0.24294
0.24373
0.24451
0.24529
0.24607

61786
01849
35770
63559
85225

103895
225981
504022
553431
967056

1.325
1.326
1.3i!7
1.328
1.329

0.28141
0.28216
0.28292
0.28367
0.28442

24594
68917
07553
40510
67797

381855
636708
500705
542421
311083

1.230
1.231
1.232
1.233
1.234

0.20701
0.20782
0.20863
0.20945
0.21026

41693
68472
88651
02241
09254

843261
023165
113280
822072
831961

1.280
1.281
1.282
1.283
1.284

0.24686
0.24764
0.24842
0.24920
0.24998

00779
10229
13584
10856
02052

315258
145972
984783
334994
677694

1.330
1.331
1.332
1.333
1.334

0.28517
0.28593
0.28668
0.28743
0.28818

89422
05394
15721
20411
19474

336624
129746
181974
965716
934320

1.235
1.236
1.237
1.238
1.239

0.21107
0.21188
0.21268
0.21349
0.21430

09700
03590
90934
71742
46026

799405
354990
103508
624044
470054

1.285
1.286
1.287
1.288
1.289

0.25075
0.25153
0.25231
0.25309
0.25386

87183
66258
39286
06276
67239

471831
154276
139896
821619
570503

1.335
1.336
1. 337
1.338
1.339

0.28893
0.28968
0.29042
0.29117
Oi29192

12918
00751
82981
59617
30667

522129
144540
198061
060367
090355

1.240
1.241
1.242
1.243
1.244

0.21511
0.21591
0.21672
0.21752
0.21833

13796
75062
29835
78125
19943

169455
224702
112870
285741
169877

1.290
1.291
1.292
1.293
1.294

0.25464
0.25541
0.25619
0.25696
0.25773

22183
71118
14053
50997
81960

735807
645054
604101
897204
787088

1.340
1.341
1.342
1.343
1.344

0.29266
0.29341
0.29416
0.29490
0.29565

96139
56042
10385
59175
02421

628200
995415
494901
411005
009578

1.245
1.246
1.247
1.248
1.249

6.21913
0.21993
0.22074
0.22154
0.22234

55299
84203
06666
22699
32311

166709
652614
978994
472359
434406

1.295
1.296
1.297
1.298
1.299

0.25851
0.25928
0.26005
0.26082
0.26159

06951
25979
39053
46182
47376

515011
300830
343068
818983
884625

1.1345
1.346
1.347
1.348
1.349

0.29639
0.29713
0.29787
0.29862
0.29936

40130
72312
98974
20124
35772

538024
225361
282269
901153
256188

1.250

0.22314 35513 142098

1.300

0.26236 42644 674911

1.350

0.30010 45924 503381

cc-pI

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

c-y

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL

In

109

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

In

Table 4.2

In

1.350
1.351
1.352
1.353
1.354

0.30010
0.30084
0.30158
0.30232
0.30306

45924
50589
49776
43491
31744

503381
780618
207723
886510
900833

1.400
1.401
1.402
1.403
1.404

0.33647
0.33718
0.33789
0.33861
0.33932

22366
62673
97886
28011
53056

212129
548700
123983
203239
036194

1.450
1.451
1.452
1.453
1.454

0.37156
0.37225
0.37294
P.37363
0.37431

35564
29739
19164
03845
83791

324830
020508
026043
881459
113276

1.355
1.356
1.357
1.358
1.359

0.30380
0.30453
Oi30527
0.30601
0.30674

14543
91895
63808
30291
91351

316642
182038
527321
365044
690067

1.405
1.406
1.407
1.408
1.409

0.34003
0.34074
0.34145
0.34217
0.34288

73027
87933
97781
02577
02329

857091
884732
322520
358507
165432

1.455
1.456
1.457
1.458
1.459

0.37500
0.37569
0.37637
0.37706
0.37775

59006
29497
95272
56335
12695

234558
744942
130678
864664
406486

1.360
1.361
1.362
1.363
1.364

0.30748
0.30821
0.30895
0.30968
0.31042

46997
97236
42077
81527
15594

479606
693290
273206
143956
212704

1.410
1.411
1.412
1.413
1.414

0.34358
0.34429
0.34500
0.34571
0.34642

97043
86728
71390
51037
25674

900769
706770
710503
023904
743810

1.460
1.461
1.462
1.463
1.464

0.37843
0.37912
0.37980
0.38048
0.38117

64357
11327
53613
91220
24155

202451
685624
275868
379873
391198

1.365
1.366
1.367
1.368
1.369

0.31115
0.31188
0.31261
0.31334
0.31408

44286
67611
85577
98192
05463

369231
485983
418125
003587
063118

1.415
1.416
1.417
1.418
1.419

0.34712
0.34783
0.34854
0.34924
0.34995

95310
59952
19607
74281
23981

952009
715280
085434
099358
779056

1.465
1.466
1.467
1.468
1.469

0.38185
Or38253
0.38321
0.38390
0.38458

52424
76034
94991
09301
18971

690306
644597
608447
923238
917403

1.370
:* z:
1:373
1.374

0.31481
0.31554
0.31626
0.31699
0.31772

07398
04005
95293
81267
61938

400335
801773
036935
858340
001576

1.420
1.421
1.422
1.423
1.424

0.35065
0.35136
0.35206
0.35276
0.35346

68716
08491
43313
73191
98129

131694
149636
810491
077153
897840

1.470
1.471
1.472
1.473
1.474

0.38526
0.38594
0.38662
0.38730
0.38797

24007
24416
20203
11374
97937

906449
193005
066845
804932
671449

1.375
1.376
1.377
1.378
1.379

0.31845
0.31918
0.31990
0.32063
0.32135

37311
07395
72197
31725
85988

185346
111519
465178
914668
111648

1.425
1.426
1.427
1.428
1.429

0.35417
0.35487
0.35557
0.35627
0.35697

18137
33219
43384
48639
48989

206138
921042
946994
173926
477304

1.475
1.476
1.477
1.478
1.479

0.38865
0.38933
0.39001
0.39068
0.39136

79897
57261
30035
98225
61837

917831
782808
492427
260100
286627

1.380
1.381
1.382
1.383
1.384

0.32208
0.32280
0.32353
0.32425
0.32497

34991
78744
17253
50526
78571

691133
271551
454782
826212
954778

1.430
1.431
1.432
1.433
1.434

0.35767
0.35837
0.35907
0.35977
0.36046

44442
35005
20685
01488
77421

718159
743139
384539
460348
774286

1.480
1.481
1.482
1.483
1.484

0.39204
0.39271
0.39339
0.39406
0.39474

20877
75352
25268
70631
11447

760237
856617
738951
557950
451887

1.385
1.386
1.387
1.388
1.389

0.32570
0.32642
0.32714
0.32786
0.32858

01396
19007
31413
38620
40637

393018
677115
326945
846128
722067

1.435
1.436
1.437
1.438
1.439

0.36116
0.36186
0.36255
0.36325
0.36394

48492
14706
76070
32592
84279

115844
260324
968879
988549
052308

1.485
1.486
1.487
1.488
1.489

0.39541
0.39608
0.39676
0.39743
0.39810

47722
79462
06674
29364
47537

546629
955674
780180
109001
018719

1.390
1.391
1.392
1.393
1.394

0.32930
0.33002
0.33074
0.33145
0.33217

37471
29129
15619
96947
73123

426004
413059
122279
976686
383321

1.440
1.441
1.442
1.443
1.444

0.36464
0.36533
0.36603
0.36672
0.36741

31135
73170
10388
42797
70404

879093
173850
627573
917338
706345

1.490
1.491
1.492
1.493
1.494

0.39877
0.39944
0.40011
0.40078
0.40145

61199
70357
75017
75185
70867

573678
826014
815691
570533
106256

1.395
11.z:
1:398
1.399

0.33289
0.33361
0.33432
0.33504
0.33575

44152
10043
70802
26438
76956

733290
401807
748248
116185
833441

1.445
1.446
1.447
1.448
1.449

0.36810
0.36880
0.36949
0.37018
0.37087

93215
11237
24476
32939
36633

643955
365729
493468
635246
385453

1.495
1.496
1.497
1.498
1.499

0.40212
0.40279
0.40346
0.40413
0.40479

62068
48795
31054
08850
82191

426497
522855
374913
950277
204607

1.400

0.33647 22366 212129

1.450

0.37156 35564 324830

(-fV

1.500

0.40546 51081 081644

c-y

[ 1

In lo= 2.30258 50929 940457

110

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL

Table 4.2

In x

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

In z

In

1.500
1.501
1.502
1.503
1.504

0.40546
0.40613
0.40679
0.40746
0.40812

51081
15526
75533
31107
82255

081644
513249
419430
708374
276481

1.550
1.551
1.552
1.553
1.554

0.43825
0.43889
0.43954
0.44018
0.44083

49309
98841
44217
85441
22519

311553
944018
610270
665500
454557

1.600

1.505
1.506
1.507
1.508
1.509

0.40879
0.40945
0.41012
0.41078
0.41144

28982
71293
09196
42695
71797

008391
777018
443584
857643
857118

1.555
1.556
1.557
1.558
1.559

0.44147
0.44211
0.44276
0.44340
0.44404

55456
84257
08928
29474
45900

1.510
1: 511
1.512
1.513
1.514

0.41210
0141277
0.41343
Oi41409
0.41475

96508
16832
32777
44348
51550

268330
906025
573413
062189
152570

1.560
1.561
1.562
1.563
1.564

0.44468
0.44532
0.44596
0.44660
0.44724

1.515
1.516
1.517
1.518
1.519

0.41541
0.41607
0.41673
0.41739
0.41805

54389
52872
47003
36789
22236

613325
201799
663952
734382
136358

1.565
1.566
1.567
1.568
1.569

1.520
1.521
1.522
1.523
1.524

0.41871
0.41936
0.42002
0.42068
0.42133

03348
80132
52594
20739
84572

581850
771558
394941
130248
644545

1.525
1.526
1.527
1.528
1.529

0.42199
0.42264
0.42330
0.42395
0.42461

44100
99328
50262
96907
39269

1.530
1.531
1.532
1.533
1.534

0.42526
0.42592
0.42657
0.42722
0.42787

1.535
1.536
1.537
1.538
1.539

:- El:
1:603
1.604

0.47000
0.47062
0.47125
0.47187
0.47250

36292
84340
28486
68736
05094

457356
145776
461675
274159
443228

311975
561999
518613
485565
756395

1.605
1.606
1.607
1.608
1.609

0.47312
0.47374
0.47436
0.47499
0.47561

37565
66155
90867
11707
28680

819792
245699
553755
567746
102462

58212
66415
70514
70514
66421

614457
332950
174942
393396
231193

1.610
1.611
1.612
1.613
1.614

0.47623
Oi47685
0.47747
Oi47809
0.47871

41789
51041
56440
57991
55698

963716
948373
844365
430718
477571

0.44788
0.44852
0.44916
0.44980
0.45043

58239
45975
29633
09219
84737

921165
686114
738838
282161
508955

1.615
1.616
1.617
1.618
1.619

0.47933
0.47995
0.48057
0.48119
0.48180

49566
39600
25805
08186
86746

746199
989036
949698
362999
954981

1.570
1.571
1.572
1.573
1.574

0.45107
0.45171
0.45234
0.45298
0.45362

56193
23592
86940
46240
01499

602167
734841
070148
761408
952115

1.620
1.621
1.622
1.623
1.624

0.48242
0.48304
0.48365
0.48427
0.48489

61492
32427
99556
62885
22417

442927
535391
932212
324542
394862

593749
622653
364954
443287
469252

1.575
1.576
1.577
1.578
1.579

0.45425
0.45488
0.45552
0.45615
0.45679

52722
99914
43079
82224
17352

775964
356874
809013
236825
735050

1.625
1.626
1.627
1.628
1.629

0.48550
0.48612
0.48673
0.48735
0.48796

78157
30111
78282
22675
63296

817008
256188
369007
803486
199081

77354
11166
40713
65998
87029

043441
755467
183996
896771
450644

1.580
1.581
1.582
1.583
1.584

0.45742
0.45805
0.45868
0.45932
0.45995

48470
75582
98693
17808
32933

388754
273350
454621
988751
922341

1.630
1.631
1.632
1.633
1.634

0.48858
0.48919
0.48980
0.49041
0.49103

00148
33236
62565
88139
09964

186710
388768
419153
883281
378111

0.42853
0.42918
0.42983
0.43048
0.43113

03810
16347
24645
28710
28548

391605
254804
564588
834522
567422

1.585
1.586
1.587
1.588
1.589

0.46058
0.46121
0.46184
0.46247
0.46310

44073
51232
54415
53628
48875

292439
126562
442720
249440
545789

1.635
1.636
1.637
1.638
1.639

0.49164
0.49225
0.49286
0.49347
0.49408

28043
42381
52983
59854
62997

492167
805553
889979
308777
616926

1.540
1.541
1.542
1.543
1.544

0.43178
0.43243
0.43308
0.43372
0.43437

24164
15563
02751
85733
64516

255378
379787
411377
810238
025844

1.590
1.591
1.592
1.593
1.594

0.46373
0.46436
0.46499
0.46561
0.46624

40162
27493
10874
90309
65803

321402
556498
221913
279115
680233

1.640
1.641
1.642
1.643
1.644

0.49469
0.49530
0.49591
0.49652
0.49713

62418
58121
50110
38390
22966

361071
079538
302365
551310
339882

1.545
1.546
1.547
1.548
1.549

0.43502
0.43567
0.43631
0.43696
0.43760

39103
09501
75715
37751
95614

497088
652302
909291
675354
347316

1.595
1.596
1.597
1.598
1.599

0.46687
0.46750
0.46812
0.46875
0.46937

37362
04990
68692
28473
84338

368079
276170
328754
440829
518172

1.645
1.646
1.647
1.648
1.649

0.49774
0.49834
0.49895
0.49956
0.50016

03842
81022
54511
24314
90435

173352
548781
955033
872800
774619

1.550

0.43825 49309 311553

C-58)6

1.600

0.47000 36292 457356

1.650

0.50077 52879 124892

E 1

[(-;I51

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

c-p
I: 3

ELEMXNTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL

LOGARITHMS

In x

111

FUNCTIONS

In 2

Table 4.2

In x

1.650
1.651
1.652
1.653
1.654

0.50077
0.50138
0.50198
0.50259
0.50319

52879
11649
66750
18188
65966

124892
379910
987863
388871
014996

1.700
1.701
1.702
1.703
1.704

0.53062
0.53121
0.53180
0.53239
0.53297

82510
63134
40301
14016
84284

621704
137247
511824
805512
071240

1.750
1.751
1.752
1.753
1.754

0.55961
0.56018
0.56075
{Or56132
0.56189

57879
70533
79925
86059
88939

354227
037148
141997
390974
499913

1.655
1.656
1.657
1.658
1.659

0.50380
0.50440
0.50500
0.50561
0.50621

10088
50559
87384
20567
50112

290262
630679
444259
131032
083074

1.705
1.706
1.707
1.708
1.709

0.53356
0.53415
0.53473
0.53532
0.53590

51107
14490
74438
30953
84041

354801
694874
123036
663781
334538

1.755
1.756
1.757
1.758
1.759

0.56246
0.56303
0.56360
0.56417
0.56474

88569
84952
78092
67992
54657

178291
129249
049601
629853
554211

1.660
1.661
1.662
1.663
1.664

0.50681
0.50741
0.50802
0.50862
0.50922

76023
98306
16964
32002
43423

684519
311578
332564
107906
990168

1.710
1.711
1.712
1.713
1.714

0.53649
0.53707
0.53766
0.53824
0.53882

33705
79949
22777
62193
98201

145685
100564
195504
419829
755880

1.760
1.761
1.762
1.763
1.764

0.56531
0.56588
0.56644
0.56701
0.56758

38090
18295
95275
69034
39575

500604
140691
139878
157332
845996

1.665
1.666
1.667
1.668
1.669

0.50982
0.51042
0.51102
0.51162
0.51222

51234
55437
56037
53039
46446

324071
446509
686569
365550
796980

1.715
1.716
1.717
1.718
1.719

0.53941
0.53999
0.54057
0.54116
0.54174

30806
60010
85819
08235
27264

179032
657705
153385
620636
007122

1.765
1.766
1.767
1.768
1.769

0.56815
0.56871
0.56928
0.56984
0.57041

06903
71021
31933
89642
44151

852601
817683
375593
154517
776482

1.670
1.671
1.672
1.673
1.674

0.51282
0.51342
0.51402
0.51461
0.51521

36264
22496
05146
84220
59720

286637
132567
625099
046869
672836

1.720
1.721
1.722
1.723
1.724

0.54232
0.54290
0.54348
0.54406
0.54464

42908
55172
64060
69575
71722

253617
294024
055391
457926
415014

1.770
1.771
1.772
1.773
1.774

0.57097
0.57154
0.57210
0.57267
0.57323

95465
43588
88521
30270
68838

857378
006965
828892
920708
873877

1.675
1.676
1.677
1.678
1.679

0.51581
0.51641
0.51700
0.51760
0.51819

31652
00020
64828
26080
83780

770298
598913
410718
450144
954038

1.725
1.726
1.727
1.728
1.729

0.54522
0.54580
0.54638
0.54696
0.54754

70504
65926
57991
46703
32067

833231
612362
645415
818639
011534

1.775
1.776
1.777
1.778
1.779

0.57380
0.57436
0.57492
0.57548
0.57605

04229
36445
65491
91370
14086

273791
699783
725143
917128
836981

1.680
1.681
1.682
1.683
1.684

0.51879
0.51938
0.51998
0.52057
0.52117

37934
88544
35615
79152
19158

151676
264786
507563
086690
201350

1.730
1.731
1.732
1.733
1.734

0.54812
0.54869
0.54927
0.54985
0.55043

14085
92761
68101
40107
08783

096876
940722
402434
334690
583501

1.780
1.781
1.782
1.783
1.784

0.57661
0.57717
0.57773
0.57829
0.57885

33643
50043
63290
73388
80341

039938
075246
486176
810034
578176

1.685
1.686
1.687
1.688
1.689

0.52176
0.52235
0.52295
0.52354
0.52413

55638
88595
18035
43961
66378

043250
796637
638312
737654
256630

1.735
1.736
1.737
1.738
1.739

0.55100
0.55158
0.55215
0.55273
0.55331

74133
36162
94872
50268
02353

988225
381584
589679
432003
721460

1.785
1.786
1.787
1.788
1.789

0.57941
0.57997
0.58053
0.58109
0.58165

84152
84824
82361
76767
68045

316024
543073
772910
513224
265821

1.690
1.691
1.692
1.693
1.694

0.52472
0.52532
0.52591
0.52650
0.52709

85289
00699
12611
21031
25962

349821
164432
840315
509983
298627

1.740
1.741
1.742
1.743
1.744

0.55388
0.55445
0.55503
0.55560
0.55618

51132
96607
38784
77665
13254

264377
860520
303111
378839
867879

1.790
1.791
1.792
1.793
1.794

0.58221
0.58277
0.58333
0.58389
0.58444

56198
41230
23145
01946
77636

526636
785747
527387
229958
366044

1.695
1.696
1.697
1.698
1.699

0.52768
0.52827
0.52886
0.52945
0.53003

27408
25373
19862
10878
98426

324136
697113
520893
891556
897950

1.745
1.746
1.747
1.748
1.749

0.55675
0.55732
0.55790
0.55847
0.55904

45556
74574
00311
22772
41960

543905
174105
519195
333437
364650

1.795
1.796
1.797
1.798
1.799

0.58500
Oi58556
0.58611
Oi58667
0.58723

50219
19698
86078
49360
09549

402422
800079
014220
494285
683961

1.700

0.53062 82510 621704

1.750

0.55961 57879 354227

1.800

0.58778 66649 021190

C-58)5

[ 1

[ I
C-5814

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

[C-5814I

112

ELEMENTARY

NATURAL

Table 4.2

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

In x

TRANSCENDENTAL

In x

In x

1.800
1.801
1.802
1.803
1.804

0.58778
0.58834
0.58889
0.58945
0.59000

66649
20661
71591
19442
64216

021190
938190
861462
211802
404319

1.850
1.851
1.852
1.853
1.854

0.61518
0.61572
0.61626
0.61680
0.61734

56390
60335
61362
59473
54671

902335
913605
239876
032227
436634

1.900
1.901
1.902
1.903
1.904

0.64185
0.64238
0.64290
0.64343
0.64395

38861
00635
59641
15883
69363

723948
062921
231986
140124
691736

1.805
1.806
1.807
1.808
1.809

0.59056
0.59111
0.59166
0.59222
0.59277

05917
44549
80116
12619
42064

848442
947937
100914
699848
131581

1.855
1.856
1.857
1.858
1.859

0.61788
0.61842
0.61896
0.61950
0.62003

46960
36343
22823
06403
87087

593985
640088
705687
916468
393070

1.905
1.906
1.907
1.908'
1.909

0.64448
0.64500
0.64553
0.64605
0.64657

20085
68052
13266
55730
95437

786643
320104
182820
260948
436106

1.810
1.811
1.812
1.813
1.814

0.59332
0.59387
0.59443
0.59498
0.59553

68452
91789
12076
29317
43516

777344
012763
207876
727140
929449

1.860
1.861
1.862
1.863
1.864

0.62057
0.62111
0.62165
0.62218
0.62272

64877
39776
11788
80916
47162

251099
601137
548753
194514
633994

1.910
1.911.
1.912
1.913
1.914

0.64710
0.64762
0.64814
0.64867
0.64919

32420
66652
98146
26904
52930

585385
581360
292095
581158
307625

1.815
1.816
1.817
1.818
1.819

0.59608
0.59663
0.59718
0.59773
0.59828

54677
62801
67894
69957
68995

168141
791016
140341
552871
359852

1.865
1.866
1.867
1.868
1.869

0.62326
0.62379
0.62433
0.62486
0.62540

10530
71024
28645
83398
35284

957789
251521
595856
066509
734258

1.915
1.916
1.917
1.918
1.919

0.64971
0.65023
0.65076
0.65128
0.65180

76226
96795
14640
29764
42170

326093
486688
635074
612465
255629

1.820

0.59883 65010 887040

0.59938 58007 454709

;.;;;'
1:823
1.824

0.60048 34956
0.59993
47988 377666
965260
0.60103 18916 521396

1.870
1.871
1.872
1.873
1.874

0.62593
0.62647
0.62700
0.62754
0.62807

84308
30472
73780
14234
51838

664953
919526
554003
619515
162304

1.92:O
1. 9i!l
1.9;!2
1.9:!3
1.924

0.65232
0.65284
0.65336
0.65388
0.65440

51860
58837
63105
64666
63522

396902
864196
481007
066427
435147

1.825
1.826
1.827
1.828
1.829

0.60157
0.60212
0.60267
0.60322
Oi60376

99870
77821
52773
24730
93694

344548
727767
958697
319583
087286

1.875
1.876
1.877
1.878
1.879

0.62860
0.62914
0.62967
0.63020
0.63073

86594
18505
47576
73807
97204

223741
840329
043718
860712
313283

1.925
1.926
1.927
1.928
1,929

0.65492
0.65544
0.65596
0.65648
0.65700

59677
53133
43894
31961
17339

397475
759338
322293
883539
235920

1.830
1.831
1.832
1.833
1.834

0.60431
0.60486
0.60540
0.60595
0.60649

59668
22656
82662
39688
93738

533296
923737
519385
575680
342731

1.880
1.881
1.882
1.883
1.884

0.63127
0.63180
0.63233
0.63286
0.63339

17768
35503
50411
62496
71761

418578
188933
631879
750154
541713

1.930
1.931
1.932
1.933
1.934

0.65752
0.65803
0.65855
0.65907
0.65959

00029
80034
57357
32002
03970

167942
463774
903263
261938
311026

1.835
1.836
1.837
1.838
1.839

0.60704
0.60758
0.60813
0.60867
0.60922

44815
92921
38062
80239
19456

065336
982987
329886
334953
221840

1.885
1.886
1.887
1.888
1.889

0.63392
0.63445
0.63498
0.63551
0.63604

78208
81842
82663
80677
75885

999741
112658
864132
233089
193725

1.935
1.936
1.937
1.938
1.'939

0.66010
0.66062
0.66114
0.66165
0.66217

73264
39888
03844
65134
23762

817451
543853
248588
685745
605148

1.840
1.841
1.842
1.843
1.844

0.60976
0.61030
0.61085
0.61139
0.61193

55716
89022
19378
46786
71251

208943
509408
331151
876862
344021

1.890
1.891
1.892
1.893
1.894

0.63657
0.63710
0.63763
0.63816
0.63869

68290
57896
44706
28722
09947

715510
763204
296865
271858
638865

1.940
1.941
:* zt;
1:944

0.66268
0.66320
0.66371
0.66423
0.66474

79730
33041
83698
31703
77060

752368
868732
691332
953030
382473

1.845
1.846
1.847
1.848
1.849

0.61247
0.61302
0.61356
0.61410
Or61464

92774
11360
27012
39732
49524

924905
806604
171029
194924
049878

1.895
1.896
1.897
1.898
1.899

0.63921
0.63974
0.64027
0.64080
0.64132

88385
64038
36909
07001
74318

343897
328301
528772
877361
301488

1.945
1.946
1.947
1.948
1.949

0.66526
0.66577
0.66628
0.66680
0.66731

19770
59837
97263
32052
64205

704096
638133
900626
203434
254238

1.850

0.61518 56390 902335

C-58)4

1.900

0.64185 38861 723948

-;84

L950

0.66782 93725 756554

[ 1

[ I

In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457

[ 3
C-i)3

ELEIKENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

NATURAL

In x

LOGARITHMS

In

113

FUNCTIONS

Table 4.2

In x

1.950
1.951
1.952
1.953
1.954

0.66782
Oi66834
0.66885
Oi66936
0.66987

93725
20616
44879
66518
85536

756554
409742
909007
945419
205910

2.000
2.001
2.002
2.003
2.004

0.69314
0.69364
0.69414
0.69464
0.69514

71805
70556
66808
60566
51832

599453
015964
930288
836812
226184

2.050
2.051
2.052
2.053
2.054

0.71783
0.71832
0.71881
0.71930
0.71978

97931
74790
49273
21380
91115

503168
902436
085231
367965
063665

1.955
1.956
1.957
1.958
1.959

0.67039
0.67090
0.67141
0.67192
0.67243

01934
15716
26884
35441
41389

373291
126256
139392
083186
624037

2.005
2.006
%*00::
2:009

0.69564
0.69614
0.69664
0.69713
0.69763

40607
26895
10698
92018
70858

585325
397438
142011
294828
327974

2.055
2.056
2.057
2.058
2.059

0.72027
0.72076
0.72124
0.72173
0.72222

58479
23475
86106
46374
04280

481979
929187
708201
118579
456524

1.960
1.961
1.962
1.963
1.964

0.67294
Oi67345
0.67396
0.67447
0.67498

44732
45472
43611
39152
32099

424259
142092
431713
943240
322741

2.010
2.011
2.012
2.013
2.014

0.69813
0.69863
0.69912
0.69962
0.70012

47220
21107
92522
61466
27942

709844
905150
374928
576544
963706

2.060
2.061
2.062
2.063
2.064

0.72270
0.72319
0.72367
0.72416
0.72464

59828
13019
63855
12340
58476

014897
083220
947682
891148
193163

1.965
1.966
1.967
1.968
1.969

0.67549
0.67600
0.67650
0.67701
0.67752

22453
10217
95394
77986
57996

212246
249748
069220
300617
569885

I* 00::
2:017
2.018
2.019

0.70061
0.70111
0.70161
0.70210
0.70260

91953
53502
12589
69219
23393

986463
091222
720747
314172
307004

2.065
2.066
2.067
2.068
2.069

0.72513
0.72561
0.72609
0.72658
0.72706

02264
43706
82806
19566
53987

129961
974468
996312
461827
634060

1.970
11971
1.972
11973
1.974

0.67803
Oi678ii
0.67904
Oi67955
0.68006

35427
ib281
82561
52270
19410

498971
7Oii83i
804437
404783
112898

2.020
:- 8;:
2:023
2.024

0.70309
0.70359
0.70408
0.70458
0.70507

75114
24384
71205
15581
57514

131134
214840
982797
856084
252191

2.070
2.071
2.072
2.073
2.074

0.72754
0.72803
0.72851
0.72899
0.72947

86072
15824
43243
68334
91098

772777
134471
972366
536425
073356

1.975
1.976
1.977
1.978
1.979

0.68056
0.68107
0.68158
0.68208
0.68259

83983
45993
05441
62332
16666

530852
256761
884799
005204
204287

2.025
27026
2.027
z*. 82298

0.70556
0.70606
0.70655
0.70705
0.70754

97005
34058
68674
30608
00857

585025
264916
698630
436777
289367

2.075
2.076
2.077
2.078
2.079

0.72996
0.73044
0.73092
0.73140
0.73188

11536
29653
45448
58926
70088

826616
036422
939753
770357
758759

1.980
1.981
1.982
1.983
1.984

0.68309 68447
0.6836$'?7677
0.68410 64359
0.68461 08495
0.68511 50088

064439
164139
077962
376589
626811

2.030
2.031
2.032
2.033
2.034

0.70803
0.70852
0.70902
0.70951
0.71000

57930
82825
05297
25346
42976

536960
982476
162355
462096
263682

2.080
2.081
2.082
2.083
2.084

0.73236
0.73284
0.73332
0.73380
0.73428

78937
85474
89701
91622
91238

132266
114974
927771
788349
911205

1.985
1.986
1.987
1.988
1.989

0.68561
0.68612
0.68662
0.68712
0.68763

89141
25656
59635
91082
19998

391537
229808
696798
343823
718351

2.035
2:036
2.037
2.038
2.039

0.71049
0.71098
0.71147
0.71196
0.71245

58188
70986
81372
89348
94915

945583
882763
446688
005331
923181

2.085
2.086
2.087
2.088
2.089

0.73476
0.73524
0.73572
0.73620
0.73668

88552
83565
76280
66700
54825

507648
785807
950637
203923
744287

1.990
11991
1.992
1.993
1.994

0.68813
Or68863
0.68913
0.68964
0.69014

46387
70250
91591
10412
26715

364010
820592
624065
306577
396466

0.71294
%FA!
0.71343
2:042
0.71392

2.043
2.044

98078
98838
97197
0.71441 93158
0.71490 86723

561250
277077
424738
354850
414580

2.090
2.091
2.092
2.093
2.094

0.73716
0.73764
0.73812
0.73859
0.73907

40659
24204
05462
84434
61124

767196
464965
026765
638627
483451

1.995
i;99i
1.997
1.998
1.999

0.69064
Oi69114
0.69164
0.69214
0.69264

40503
51778
60544
66802
70555

418268
892722
336782
263618
182630

2.045
2iO46
2.047
2.048
2.049

0.71539
0.71588
0.71637
0.71686
0.71735

947651
294347
791525
772614
567627

2.095
2.096
2.097
2.098
2.099

0.73955
0.74003
0.74050
0.74098
0.74146

35533
07664
77519
45099
10408

741011
587957
197829
741054
384959

2.000

0.69314 71805 599453

2.050

0.71783 97931 503168

2.100

0.74193 73447 293773

r (91

L 5 J
For x>2.1 see Example 5.

77894
66675
53066
37071
18692

[ 1
In 10 = 2.30258 50929 940457
C-i)3

[C-i)3 1

114
Table

ELEMENTARY

4.3

RADIX

TRANSCENDENTAL

TABLE

OF

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

;
9
;

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00009 99999 99950

00019
99800 00000
00029 99999 99550 00000
00049 99999 98750
00039
99200 00000

0.00000

00059 99999 98200 00001

;
9

0.00000
0.00000

00069 99999 97550

00079
96800 00001
00002
00089 99999 95950 00002

8"

0.00000

00199 99999 95000

00099
80000 00027
00003

8
8

0.00000
0.00000

00299 99999 55000 00090

00399 99999 20000 00213

ii
8"

0.00000
0.00000

00499 99998 75000

00599
20000 00417
00720
00799
00699 99996
99997 55000
80000 01707
01143

0.00000

00899 99995 95000 02430

0.00000

00999 99995 00000 03333

s
:

0.00000
0.00000

01999
02999 99955
99980 00000 26667
90000
03999 99875
04999
99920 00004
00002 16667
13333

0.00000

05999 99820 00007 20000

;
7

0.00000
0.00000

6
6

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

6"
i
6
6"
For n>lO,ln

(1+x10-n,
99999 99999
99999 99998
99999 99995
99999 99992
99999 99987
99999 99982
99999 99975
99999 99968
99999 99959

NATURAL

In
00000
00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008

FUNCTIONS

LOGARITHMS

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

-In (I-210Wn)
0000~1 00000 00000
OOOCl200000 00002
oooCl3 00000 00004
00004 00000 00008
oooCl5 00000 00012
00006 00000 00018
00007 00000 00024
00008 00000 00032
00009 00000 00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00010
ooo;!o
00030
00040
00050
00060
00070
00080
00090

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04050

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00002

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00100
00200
00300
00400
00500
00600
007OO
00800
00900

00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00003
00004

05000
20000
45000
80000
25000
80000
45000
20000
05000

00003
00027
00090
00213
00417
00720
01143
01707
02430

07999 99680
06999
99755 00011
00017 43333
06666
08999 99595 00024 29998

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

OlOOO 00005
02000 00020
03000 00045
040'00 00080
05000 00125
06000 00180
07000 00245
08000 00320
09000 00405

00000
00000
00000
00002
00004
00007
00011
00017
00024

03333
26667
90000
13333
16667
20000
43334
06668
30002

09999
19999
29999
39999
49999
59999
69999
79999
89999

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000

00033
00266
00900
02133
04166
07200
11433
17066
24300

33336
66707
00203
33973
68229
03240
39336
76907
16403

99500
98000
95500
92000
87500
82000
75500
68000
59500

00033
00266
00899
02133
04166
07199
11433
17066
24299

(l~~10-~)=f~10-~-~~210-2~to

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

33331
66627
99798
32693
65104
96760
27331
56427
83598

25D.

00500
02000
04500
08000
12500
18000
24500
32000
40500

ELEMENTARY

RADIX

OF

NATURAL

FUNCTIONS

Table

-In

21

0.00001
0.00000

99998 !jOOOO
99999
00002 33333
66662 08334
66673

;
5

5
s

0.00003
0.00002
0.00004

99992
99995 130021
150008 99979
33269 75049
33538
99987 50041 66510 42292

;
9"

z
5

0.00005
0.00006
0.00008
0.00007

99975 130071
99982
50114 99676
32733 01555
11695
99968 130170
99959
65642 86809
50242 98359
73220

:
3
4
2

1
4
4
4

0.00009
0.00019
0.00029
0.00039
0.00059
0.00049

99950
99800
99550
99200
98200
98750

;
9

:
t

0.00079
0.00069
0.00089

96801 70564
97551
14273 34192
33215 77369
90059
95952 42836 09300 94948

13
2
;

0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0.00399

95003 33083 53316 68094

80026 62673 05601 82538
20212 79798
55089
47881 90751
69537 45299
16106

0.00498

75415 11039 07361 21022

;
8
9

3
;
3

0.00697
0.00598
0.00796
0.00895

20716
56137 77547
36425 46378
24209 20189
95222
81696 49176 87351 07973
97413 71471 90444 31465

0.01980
0.00995

26272 53168
03308
96179 71302
08284 82154
60291

;
5

2;
2

0.02955
0.03922
0.04879

88022 53281
07131
41544 40273
29626 26194
92009
01641 69432 00306 53744

0.06765
0.05826

86484 23975
89081
73814 77552
80526 57184
84159

9"

0.08617
0.07696

76962
10411 41052
36128 32498
33234 42170
13335

0.18232
0.09531

15567 04324
01798
62621 17180
93954 86004
39521

3
4

0.26236
0.33647

42644 67491 05203 54960

22366 21212 93050 45934

0.47000
0.40546

36292 45735
51081
08164 55365
38197 80131
09370

ii
9

1'
11

0.58778
0.53062
0.64185

82510 02119
66649
62170 39623
00818 15432
97311
38861 72394 77599 10360

0.69314

71805 59945 30941 72321

00333
32666
D8997
21326
71967
41651

115

LOGARITHMS

In (1+x10-")

TABLE

TRANSCENDENTAL

26673
30833
97548
93538
61554
04791

53332
06560
58785
06509
40636
42280

4.3

(l-x10-n)

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
0.00009

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00002
50009
00021
50041
00072
50114
00170
50243

33333
66670
00020
33397
66822
00324
33933
67690
01640

58334
66673
25049
33538
92292
01555
61695
73221
36811

0.00010
0.00020
0.00030
0.00040
0.00050
0.00060
0.00070
0.00080
0.00090

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02451
03201
04052

00333
02667
09002
21339
41682
72032
14393
70769
43164

35833
06673
02548
73538
29791
41555
39196
13224
14318

53335
06773
61215
20162
92719
97800
69533
63873
66419

0.00100
0.00200
0.00300
0.00400
0.00501
0.00601
0.00702
0.00803
0.00904

05003
20026
45090
80213
25418
80723
46149
21716
07446

33583
70673
20298
97538
23544
25563
36964
97264
52149

53350
07735
72181
81834
28204
01620
45987
25903
06220

01430
16511
32509
87927
30937
19350
41123
86494
55241

0.01005 03358 53501 44118 35489

0.02020 27073 17519 44840 80453
0.03045 92074 84708 54591 92613
0.04082 19945 20255 12955 45771
0.05129 32943 87550 53342 61961
0.06187 54037 18087 47179 78001
0.07257 06928 34835 43071 15733
0.08338 16089 39051 05839 47658
0.09431 06794 71241 32687 71427
0.10536
0.22314
0.35667
0.51082
0.69314
0.91629
1.20397
1.60943
2.30258

05156
35513
49439
56237
71805
07318
28043
79124
50929

57826
14209
38732
65990
59945
74155
25935
34100
94045

30122
75576
37891
68320
30941
06518
99262
37460
68401

75010
62951
26387
55141
72321
35272
27462
07593
79915

ELEMENTARY
Table 4.4

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

FTJNCTIONS

FUNCTION

e-z

0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

0.000

1.00000
1.00100
1.00200
iI
1.00400

00000
05001
20013
45045
80106

00000
66708
34000
03377
77341

000
342
267
026
872

1.00000
0.99900
0.99800
0.99700
0.99600

00000
04998
19986
44955
79893

00000
33374
67333
03372
43991

000
992
067
976
472

0. 003
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

1.00501
1.00601
1.00702
1.00803
1.00904

25208
80360
45572
20855
06217

59401
54064
66848
04273
73867

063
865
555
431
814

0.99501
0.99401
0.99302
0.99203
0.99104

24791
79640
44429
19148
03787

92682
53935
33235
37060
72883

313
265
105
630
662

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

1.01005
1.01106
1.01207
1.01308
1.01409

01670
07224
22888
48673
84589

84168
44719
66077
59809
38492

058
556
754
158
345

0.99004
0.98906
0.98807
0.98708
0.98609

,d337
02787
17128
41350
75442

49168
75368
61930
20287
62861

054
698
540
583
903

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

1.01511
1.01612
1.01714
1.01816
1.01918

30646
86854
53223
29763
16486

15718
06094
25240
89793
17408

979
822
748
761
011

0.98511
0.98412
0.98314
0.98216
0.9811'7

19396
73200
36846
10323
93622

03062
55285
34909
58300
42806

661
115
635
718
006

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

1.02020
1.02122
1.02224
1.02326
1.02429

13400
20516
37844
65395
03178

26755
37528
70438
47217
90621

810
653
235
475
534

0.98019
0.97921
0.97824
0.97726
0.97628

86733
89645
02350
24837
57097

06755
69459
51210
73277
57909

302
588
045
073
314

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

1.02531
1.02634
1.02736
1.02839
1.02942

51205
09484
78027
56844
45944

24428
73442
63489
21425
75130

841
115
392
045
820

0.97530
0.97433
0.97336
0.97238
0.97141

99120
50896
12415
83668
64644

28332
08749
24336
01246
66604

669
328
791
891
825

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

1.03045
1.03148
1.03251
1.03355
1.03458

45339
55038
75053
05392
46067

53516
86522
05118
41305
28117

856
716
420
472
894

0.97044
0.96947
0.96850
0.96753
0.96657

55335
55730
65820
85595
15046

48508
76025
79197
89032
37506

177
948
585
009
651

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

1.03561
1.03665
1.03769
1.03873
1.03977

97087
58464
30208
12328
04836

99623
90923
38157
78497
50157

260
727
074
733
831

0.96560
0.96464
0.96367
0.96271
0.96175

54162
02934
61353
29408
07091

57566
83123
49053
91199
46366

478
030
452
529
723

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

1.04081
1.04185
1.04289
1.04393
1.04498

07741
21055
44787
78948
23548

92388
45479
50763
50612
88443

227
549
238
586
779

0.96078
0.95982
0.95886
0.95791
0.95695

94391
91299
97805
13900
39574

52323
47798
72484
67030
73046

209
914
552
669
678

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

1.04602
1.04707
1.04812
1.04917
liO5022

78599
44109
20090
06553
03507

08716
56937
79655
24470
40028

943
184
638
516
148

0.95599
0.95504
0.95408
0.95313
0.95218

74818
19621
73975
37870
11296

33099
90714
90371
77504
98504

907
635
141
745
853

0.050

1.05127 10963 76024 040

For use and extension of the table see Examples 8-11.

2 -23
SW Table 7.1 for values of -e
and Table 26.1 for &
&

0. 95122 94245 00714 009

-- 23
e 2.

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

Table 4.4

FUNCTION

ez

117

FUNCTIONS

e-z

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

1.05127
1.03232
1.05337
1.05442
1.05548

10963
28932
57425
96451
46021

76024
83203
13364
19355
55080

040
913
763
907
041

0.95122
0.95027
0.94932
0.94838
0.94743

94245
86705
88668
00124
21065

00714
32426
42889
82298
01798

009
935
583
184
300

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

1.05654
1.05759
1.05865
1.05971
1.015077

06146
76837
58103
49957
52407

75494
36611
95500
10287
40159

286
252
087
540
012

0.94648
0.94553
0.94459
0.94364
0.94270

51479
91358
40693
99474
67691

53483
90396
66523
36798
57099

869
267
349
514
754

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

l.Otj183
1.015289
1.015396
1.015502
1.015609

65465
89141
23447
68392
23987

45359
87195
28033
31305
61505

622
264
669
464
244

0.94176
0.94082
0.93988
0.93894
0.93800

45335
32397
28867
34736
49995

84248
76009
91088
89133
30729

710
730
928
241
488

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

l.Oli715
1.015822
1.0~5929
1.07036
1.07143

90243
67171
54781
53084
62091

84192
65993
74600
78774
48346

625
321
202
366
205

0.93706
Oi93613
0.93519
0.93426
0.93332

74633
08642
52013
04735
66800

77403
91618
36776
77213
78201

433
844
558
542
958

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

1.0'7250
1.0'7358
1.0'7465
1.0'7573
1.0'7680

81812
12258
53440
05369
68054

54216
68357
63813
14703
96219

479
383
620
476
891

0.93239
0.93146
0.93053
0.92960
0.92867

38199
18921
08958
08300
16938

05948
27592
11205
25792
41287

229
106
732
713
187

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

1.0'7788
1.0'7896
1.013004
1.0:3112
1.0;3220

41508
25741
20763
26586
43220

84631
57281,
92600
70083
70314

536
889
313
133
717

0.92774
0.92681
0.92588
0.92496
0.92403

34863
62065
98536
44265
99244

28552
59382
06495
43539
45086

892
237
377
280
807

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

1.013328
1.013437
1.0~3545
1.013654
1.013762

70676
08965
58098
18085
88938

74958
66760
29549
48238
08826

554
341
059
061
156

0.92311
0.92219
0.92127
0.92035
0.91943

63463
36914
19586
11472
12560

86635
44608
96348
20124
95124

783
072
654
706
674

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

1.0;3871
1.013980
1.0'3089
1.0'3198
1.0'3308

70666
63283
66797
81220
06563

98398
05128
18277
28197
26330

696
660
747
460
201

0.91851
Oi91759
0.91667
0.91576
0.91484

22844
42312
70956
08767
55735

01457
20150
33152
23325
74452

356
982
295
631
003

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

1.0'3417
1.0'3526
1.0'3636
1.0'3746
1.0'3855

42837
90052
48220
17352
97459

05210
58465
80816
68081
17173

358
401
975
994
736

0.91393
0:91301
0.91210
0.91119
0.91028

11852
77108
51495
35002
27622

71228
99265
45090
96140
40766

187
803
403
557
940

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

1.0'3965
1.10075
1.113186
1.11296
1.10406

88551
90639
03736
27851
62995

26102
93978
21010
08507
58881

942
912
606
743
902

0.90937
0.90846
0.90755
0.90664
0.90574

29344
40160
60061
89037
27080

68231
68706
33272
53920
23548

420
150
654
921
496

0.100

1.13517 09180 75647 625

[c-J)1 1

0.90483 74180 35959 573

[(-;I1
1

118

ELEMENTARY

Table

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.4

EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION
e-z

ez

0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

0.100

1.10517
1.10627
1.10738
1.10849
1.10960

09180 75647 625

66417 63423 521
34717 27933 371
14090 76007 230
04549 15582 540

0.90483
0.90393
0.90302
0.90212
0.90122

74180 35959 573

30328 85864 089
95516 68876 819
69734 81516 470
52974 21204 780

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

1.11071
1.11182
1.11293
1.11404
1.11516

06103 55705 232

18765 06530 839
42544 79325 605
77453 86467 594
23503 41447 807

0.90032
0.89942
0.89852
0.89762
0.89673

45225 86265 613

46480 75924 059
56729 90305 534
75964 30434 876
04174 98235 450

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

1.11627
1.11739
1.11851
1.11963
1.12075

80704 58871 292

49068 54458 258
28606 45045 196
19329 48585 987
21248 84153 031

0.89583
0.89493
0.89404
0.89315
0.89225

41352 96528 251

87489 29031 000
42575 00357 257
06601 16015 519
79558 82408 325

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

1.12187
1.12299
1.12411
1.12524
1.12636

34375 71938 354

58721 33254 738
94296 90536 839
41113 67342 307
99182 88352 913

0.89136
0.89047
0.88958
0.88869
0.88780

61439 06831 368

52232 97472 599
51931 63411 334
60526 14617 364
78007 61950 067

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

1.12749
1.12862
1.12975
1.13088
1.13201

68515 79375 671

49123 67343 967
41017 80318 682
44209 47489 324
58709 99175 153

0.88692
0.88603
0.88514
0.88426
0.88337

04367 17157 516

39595 92875 591
83685 02627 096
36625 60820 866
98408 82750 886

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

1.13314
1.13428
1.13541
1.13655
1.13769

84530 66826 317

21682 83024 976
70177 81486 442
30026 97060 307
01241 65731 582

0.88249
0.88161
0.88073
0.87985
0.87897

69025 84595 403

48467 83416 046
36725 97156 940
33791 44643 827
39655 45583 178

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

1.13882
1.13996
1.14110
1.14224
1.14339

83833 24621 831

77813 11990 306
83192 67235 091
99983 30894 235
28196 44646 898

0.87809
0.87721
0.87634
0.87546
0.87459

54309 20561 324

77143 91043 564
09950 79373 297
50921 08771 138
00646 03334 043

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

1.14453
1.14568
1.14682
1.14797
1.14912

67843 51314 488

18935 94861 807
81485 20398 195
55502 74178 672
41000 03605 088

0.87371
0.87284
0.87197
0.87109
0.87022

59116 88034 434

26324 88719 322
02261 32109 436
86917 45798 347
80284 58251 595

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

1.15027
1.15142
1.15257
1.15372
1.15488

37988 57227 268

46479 84744 161
66485 37004 992
98016 66010 407
41085 24913 632

0.86935
0.86848
0.86762
0.86675
0.86588

82353 98805 820

93116 97667 890
12564 85914 032
40688 95488 962
77480 59205 017

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

1.15603
1.15719
1.15835
1.15951
1.16067

95702 68021 623

61880 50796 218
39630 29855 297
28963 62973 936
29892 09085 563

0.86502 22931 10741 288

0.86415 77031 84642 755
0.86329 39774 16319 421
0.862431 11149 42045 443
0.86156 91148 98958 277

0.150

1.16183 42427 28283 123

0.86070 79764 25057 807

[c-p1
1

[(-ll1

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL
EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

119

FUNCTION

Table

4.4

e-1

ez

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

1.16183
1.16299
1.16416
1.16532
1.16649

42427
66580
02364
49789
08867

28283
81820
32112
42737
78439

123
230
335
886
490

0.86070
0.85984
0.85898
0.85812
0.85727

79764
76986
82807
97218
20210

25057
59205
41123
11393
11457

807
488
482
800
440

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

1.16765
1.16882
1.16999
1.17116
1.17233

79611
62030
56139
61947
79466

05125
89869
00913
07669
80717

080
080
572
465
662

0.85641
0.85555
0.85470
0.85384
0.85299

51774
91903
40588
97819
63589

83613
71018
17685
68481
69131

531
473
083
735
511

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

1.17351
1.17468
1.17586
1.17703
1.17821

08709
49688
02413
66896
43150

91810
13871
20999
88467
92722

235
592
654
025
171

0.85214
0.85129
0.85044
0.84959
0.84874

37889
20711
12045
11884
20218

66211
07151
40232
14590
80206

338
144
998
263
741

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

1.17939
iIi8Oi7
1.18175
ii18293
1.18412

31187
31017
42653
66106
01389

11390
23276
08361
47810
23969

594
011
533
843
378

0.84789
0.84704
0.84619
0.84535
Oi84450

37040
62341
96113
38346
89033

87915
89399
37188
84658
86034

828
660
270
733
326

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

1.18530
1.18649
1.18767
1.18886
1.19005

48513
07490
78332
61050
55658

20365
21711
13905
84032
20362

514
746
874
188
660

0.84366
0.84282
0.84197
0.84113
0.84029

48165
15734
91731
76148
68976

96383
71619
68499
44623
58431

682
939
904
201
438

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

1.19124
1.19243
1.19363
1.19482
1.19602

62166
80586
10931
53212
07441

12358
50669
27138
34800
67883

122
468
834
796
563

0.83945
0.83861
0.83777
0.83694
Oi83610

70207
79833
97845
24234
58993

69207
37074
22993
88768
97035

358
003
869
073
511

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

1.19721
ii19841
1.19961
1.20081
1.20201

73631
51792
41938
44080
58230

21810
93199
79868
80830
96301

165
657
311
812
462

0.83527
0.83443
0.83360
0.83276
0.83193

02114
53586
13404
81557
58038

11272
95789
15735
37090
26671

021
549
309
951
728

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

1.20321
1.20442
1.20562
1.20683
1.20804

84401
22603
72850
35153
09524

27695
77629
49924
49605
82901

376
686
742
317
811

0.83110
0.83027
0.82944
0.82861
0.82778

42838
35949
37363
47072
65066

52125
81932
85403
32680
94733

659
701
915
634
637

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

1.2'0924
iIi1045
1.21167
1.2'1288
1.2'1409

95976
94520
05169
27935
62829

57251
81299
64900
19119
56233

458
533
562
527
085

0.82695
0.82613
0.82530
0.82448
0.82365

91339
25881
68684
19741
79042

43362
51193
91682
39108
68576

318
854
387
186
832

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

1.2'1531
1.211652
1.211774
1.2'1896
1.212018

09864
69053
40407
23938
19658

89730
34316
05908
21642
99872

774
229
396
747
499

0.82283
ii82201
0.82119
0.82036
0.81954

46580
22346
06333
98531
98933

56018
78186
12657
37831
32925

384
562
919
021
626

0.200

1.;!2140 27581 60169 834

[ (-Y1

0.81873 07530 77981 859

[c-y1

120

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL
EXPONENTIAL

Table 4.4

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION
e-z

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

1.22140
1.22262
1.22384
1.22507
1.22629

27581
47718
80081
24682
81534

60169
23327
11358
47499
56210

834
112
099
185
607

0.81873
0.81791
0.81709
0.81627
Oi81546

07530
24315
49279
82414
23711

77981
53859
42236
25609
87292

859
397
649
934
668

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

1.22752
1.22875
1.22998
1.23121
1.23244

50649
32039
25717
31695
49985

63177
95312
80752
48867
30254

678
005
723
721
869

0.81464
0.81383
0.81301
0.81220
0.81139

73164
30762
96499
70367
52356

11414
82920
87570
11939
43411

545
720
998
015
427

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

1.23367
1.23491
1.23614
1.23738
1.23862

80599
23550
78850
46512
26547

56743
61394
78503
43600
93452

251
396
512
719
285

0.81058
0.80977
0.80896
0.80815
0.80734

42459
40668
46975
61372
83850

70187
81276
66499
16488
22681

100
291
845
379
475

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

1.23986
1.24110
1.24234
1.24358
1.24483

18969
23790
41021
70676
12766

66061
00671
37764
19061
87531

862
728
020
978
187

0.80654
0.80573
0.80492
0.80412
0.80332

14401
53018
99693
54416
17181

77326
73479
05001
66559
53626

874
662
467
655
521

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

1.24607
1.24732
1.24857
1.24982
1.25107

67305
34305
13778
05737
10194

87380
64064
64283
35983
28362

820
879
447
926
294

0.80251
0.80171
0.80091
0.80011
0.79931

87979
66802
53643
48492
51343

62478
90195
34659
94554
69365

483
284
186
165
114

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

1.25232
l.25357
1.25482
1.25608
1.25734

27161
56652
98679
53254
20390

91864
78186
40279
32344
09839

345
948
295
151
113

0.79851
0.79771
0.79692
0.79612
0.79532

62187
81016
07822
42598
85335

59377
65674
90139
35453
05093

043
'274
647
721
973

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

1.25860
1.25985
1.26111
1.26238
1.26364

00099
92394
97288
14793
44922

29477
4v31
28329
27261
07777

863
426
426
349
797

0.79453
0.79373
0.79294
0.79215
0.79136

36025
94660
61233
35735
18158

03334
35242
06683
24314
95583

008
758
687
003
855

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

1.26490
1.26617
1.26744
1.26870
1.26997

87687
43101
11177
91928
85365

32891
66879
75283
24910
83836

756
857
640
818
547

0.79057
0.78978
0.78899
0.78820
0.78741

08496
06739
12880
26910
48823

28735
32802
17609
93770
72687

550
754
706
426
922

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

1.27124
1.27252
1.27379
1.27506
1.27634

91503
10353
41928
86241
43304

21404
08229
16194
18459
89454

692
095
849
570
665

0.78662
0.78584
0.78505
0.78427
0.78348

78610
16263
61775
15137
76342

66553
88345
51829
71556
62862

409
515
496
451
532

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

1.27762
1.27889
1.28017
1.28145
1.28274

13132
95735
91127
99321
20330

04886
41738
78269
94021
69811

611
230
966
162
341

0.78270
0.78192
0.78114
0.78035
0.77957

45382
22249
06935
99432
99733

41868
25477
31376
78034
84700

168
270
458
273
396

0.250

1.28402 54166 87741 484

C-i)2

0.77880 07830 71404 868

[c-y1

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTION

ez

121

FUNCTIONS
Table

4.4

e-2

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

1.28402
1.26531
1.28659
1.28788
ii28917

54166
00843
60372
32768
18042

87741
31195
84840
34630
67804

484
317
591
366
299

0.77880
0.77802
0.77724
0.77646
0.77569

07830
23715
47380
78818
18020

71404
58957
68946
23737
46476

868
312
150
828
034

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

1.29046
1.29175
1.23304
1.29433
1.29563

16208
27279
51267
88186
38048

72889
39703
59353
24237
28048

931
974
603
745
373

0.77491
0.77414
0.77336
0.77259
0.77182

64979
19687
82137
52321
30230

61080
92248
65449
06928
43703

928
360
096
045
483

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

1.29693
1.29822
1.29952
1.30082
1.30212

00866
76654
65424
67189
81963

65771
33689
29381
51724
00894

798
967
755
266
131

0.77105
0.77028
0.76951
0.76874
0.76797

15858
09196
10237
18973
35396

03566
15079
07575
11160
56706

284
142
806
303
173

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

1.30343
1.30473
1.30604
1.30734
1.30865

09757
50586
04463
71400
51410

78368
86927
30654
14936
46466

808
883
372
028
646

0.76720
0.76643
0.76567
0.76490
0.76414

59499
91275
30714
77811
32556

75855
01019
65373
02864
48198

698
133
938
015
937

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

1.30996
1.31127
1.31258
1.31390
1.31521

44507
50703
70013
02448
48022

33247
84587
11108
24739
38724

364
979
252
218
500

0.76337
0.76261
0.76185
0.76109
0.76033

94943
64964
42610
27876
20752

36853
05065
89837
28934
60882

186
386
543
278
066

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

1.31653
ii31784
1.31916
1.32048
1.32180

06748
78640
63710
61972
73438

67621
27303
34958
09095
69539

623
324
873
387
151

0.75957
0.75881
0.75805
0.75729
0.75653

21232
29307
44971
68215
99032

24968
61241
10508
14335
15047

476
409
337
547
380

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

1.32312
li32445
1.32577
1.32710
1.32843

98123
36039
87199
51618
29307

37436
35257
86792
17157
52794

936
318
007
164
731

0.75578
0.75502
0.75427
0.75351
0.75276

37414
83354
36845
97878
66447

55725
80208
33088
59717
06196

472
002
932
250
222

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

1.32976
ii33109
1.33242
1.33375
1.33509

20281
24552
42134
73041
17285

21473
52291
75675
23384
28508

753
710
843
488
403

0.75201
0.75126
0.75051
0.74976
0.74901

42543
26159
17288
15922
22054

19382
46886
37067
39041
02669

630
026
974
301
348

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

1.33642
1.33776
1.33910
1.34044
1.34178

74880
45839
30176
27904
39036

25472
50035
39293
31681
66971

103
199
724
481
373

0.74826
0.74751
0.74676
0.74602
0.74527

35675
56780
85359
21406
64914

78565
18091
73357
97221
43288

215
016
128
444
626

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

1.34312
1.34447
1.34581
1.34716
1.34850

63586
01568
52994
17878
96234

86276
32052
48097
79554
72910

747
735
594
052
654

0.74453
0.74378
0.74304
0.74230
0.74155

15874
74280
40123
13397
94094

65909
20179
61939
47774
35010

357
599
843
369
502

0.300

1.34985

88075

76003

104

0.74081

82206

[c-p1

866

[1 1
C-l)2

81717

122

ELEMENTARY
Table

TRANSCENDENTAL
EXPONENTIAL

4.4

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION
e-2

ez

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

1.34985
1.35120
1.35256
1.35391
1.35526

88075 76003 104

93415 38015 618
12267 09482 272
44644 42288 348
90560 89671 692

0.74081
0.74007
0.73933
0.73859
0.73786

82206 81717 866

77727 46707 647
80648 89531 848
90963 70482 549
08664 50591 171

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

1.35662
1.35798
1.35934
1.36070
1.36206

50030 06224 066

23065 47892 497
09680 71980 642
09889 37150 137
23705 03421 961

0.73712
0.73638
0.73565
0.73491
0.73418

33743 91627 732

66194 56100 112
06009 07253 313
53180 09068 726
07700 26263 391

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

1.36342
1.36478
1.36615
1.36752
1.36888

51141 32177 794

92211 86161 378
46930 29479 880
15310 27605 258
97365 47375 624

0.73344
0.73271
0.73198
0.73124
0.73051

69562 24289 264

38758 69332 482
15282 28312 628
99125 68882 001
90281 59424 881

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

1.37025
1.37163
1.37300
1.37437
1.37575

93109 56996 611

02556 26042 743
25719 25458 804
62612 27561 208
13249 06039 370

0.72978
0.72905
0.72833
0.72760
0.72687

88742 69056 797

94501 67623 797
07551 25701 720
27884 14595 463
55493 06338 254

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

1.37712
1.37850
1.37988
1.38126
1.38264

77643 35957 085

55808 93753 895
47759 57246 476
53509 05630 003
73071 19479 542

0.72614
0.72542
0.72469
0.72397
0.72325

90370 73690 925

32509 90141 181
81903 29902 880
38543 67915 300
02423 79842 419

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

1.38403
1.38541
1.38680
1.38818
1.38957

06459 80751 421

53688 72784 617
14771 80302 136
89722 89412 403
78555 87610 642

0.72252 73536 42072 189

Oi72180 51874 31715 812
0.72108 37430 26607 016
0.72036 30197 05301 338
0.71964 30167 47075 395

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

1.39096
1.39235
1.39375
1.39514
1.39654

81284 63780 266

97923 08194 268
28485 12516 609
72984 69803 608
31435 74505 339

0.71892
0.71820
0.71748
0.71677
0.71605

37334 31926 170

51690 40570 286
73228 54443 294
01941 55698 947
37822 27208 486

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

1.39794
1.39933
1.40073
1.40214
1.40354

03852 22467 023

90248 10930 424
90637 38535 249
05034 05320 540
33452 12726 081

0.71533
0.71462
0.71390
0.71319
0.71248

80863 52559 924

31058 16057 326
88399 02720 095
52878 98282 260
24490 89191 756

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

1.40494
1.40635
1.40776
1.40916
1.41057

75905 63593 797

32408 62169 155
02975 14102 572
87619 26450 817
86355 07678 418

0.71177
0.71105
0.71034
0.70963
0.70892

03227 62609 715

89082 06409 751
82047 09177 248
82115 60208 649
89280 49510 748

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

1.41198
1.41340
1.41481
1.41623
1.41764

99196 67659 075

26158 17677 066
67253 70428 658
22497 40023 522
91903 41986 146

0.70822
0.70751
0.70680
0.70609
0.70539

03534 67799 973

24871 06501 685
53282 57749 463
88762 14384 398
31302 69954 390

0.350

1.41906 75485 93257 248

[(-;I21

0.70468 80897 18713 434

C-29

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL
EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

e=

1.23
Table

4.4

e-=

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

1.41906
1.42048
1.42190
1.42333
1.42475

75485
73259
85237
11434
51864

93257
12195
18577
33601
79888

248
200
438
886
380

0.70468
0.70398
0.70328
0.70257
0.70187

80897
37538
01219
71933
49673

18713
55620
76340
77241
55394

434
921
929
521
037

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

1.42618
1.42760
1.42903
1.43046
1.43189

06542
75482
58698
56204
68015

81480
63844
53876
79897
71658

082
915
979
983
672

0.70117
0.70047
0.69977
0.69907
0.69837

34432
26202
24977
30750
43513

08572
35252
34611
06525
51573

398
!399
008
666
587

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

1.43332
1.43476
1.43619
1.43763
1.43907

94145
34608
89419
58592
42141

60340
78555
60351
41209
58046

258
848
880
556
276

0.69767
0.69697
0.69628
0.69558
0.69489

63260
89984
23678
64334
11947

71031
66872
41770
99095
42910

057
738
967
062
621

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

1.44051
1.44195
1.44339
1.44484
1.44628

40081
52426
79191
20389
76036

49217
54516
15177
73879
74739

078
071
881
090
677

0.69419
0.69350
0.69280
0.69211
0.69142

66508
28012
96450
71816
54104

77978
09755
44391
88730
50308

831
768
707
425
508

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

1.44773
1.44918
1.45063
1.45208
1.45353

46146
30733
29812
43398
71504

63324
86644
93158
32775
56852

462
554
799
223
487

0.69073
0.69004
0.68935
0.68866
0.68797

43306
39415
42425
52328
69118

37354
58789
24222
43955
28979

660
010
423
806
422

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

1.45499
1.45644
1.45790
1.45936
1.46082

14146
71337
43093
29428
30357

18201
71086
71225
75796
43431

336
052
910
632
842

0.68728
0.68660
0.68591
0.68523
0.68454

92787
23330
60738
05006
56126

90972
42301
96020
65870
66278

199
040
141
297
222

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

1.46228
1.46374
1.46521
1.46667
1.46814

45894
76054
20851
80300
54416

34224
09728
32959
68398
81989

532
512
881
485
380

0.68386
0.68317
0.68249
0.68181
0.68113

14092
78896
50532
28992
14271

12355
19899
05390
85990
79547

858
696
084
553
125

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

1.46361
1.47108
1.47255
1.47402
1.47550

43214
46708
64912
97842
45513

41144
14743
73135
88141
33054

302
133
370
592
939

0.68045
0.67977
0.67909
0.67841
0.67773

06362
05256
10949
23432
42700

04587
80321
26636
64104
13971

638
060
810
077
142

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

1.47698
1.47845
1.47993
1.48141
1.48290

07938
85134
77114
83893
05486

82642
13147
02288
29264
74753

577
180
401
352
084

0.67705
0.67638
0.67570
0.67502
0.67435

68744
01560
41139
87475
40562

98164
39289
60626
86133
40444

700
177
058
209
198

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
0.399

1.48438
1.48586
1.48735
1.48884
1.49033

41909
93175
59300
40299
36186

20914
51389
51306
07277
07402

066
667
642
615
565

0.67368
0.67300
0.67233
0.67166
0.67099

00392
66959
40256
20276
07013

48867
37386
32657
62009
53445

624
438
274
771
901

0.400

1.49182

46976

41270

318

0.67032

00460.35639
C-l)9

[ 1
c-y

1 1

301

124

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

Table 4.4

EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

ez

e+

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

1.49182
1.49331
1.49481
1.49630
1.49780

46976
72684
13326
68916
39469

41270
99960
76042
63582
58138

318
030
686
585
840

0.67032
0.66965
0.66898
0.66831
0.66764

00460
00610
07456
20993
41212

35639
37934
90346
23560
68928

301
596
733
309
902

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

1.49930
1.50080
1.50230
1.50380
1.50531

25000
25524
41056
71611
17204

56766
58019
61950
70111
85559

870
898
452
860
754

0.66697
0.66631
0.66564
0.66497
0.66431

68108
01674
41903
88788
42323

58474
24886
01521
22401
22216

400
338
227
888
786

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

1.50681
1.50832
1.50983
1.51134
1.51285

77851
53565
44363
50259
71268

12853
58058
28744
33993
84394

578
082
838
742
526

0.66365
0.66298
0.66232
0.66166
0.66100

02501
69316
42760
22828
09512

36319
00727
52122
27848
65912

366
386
256
372
454

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

1.51437
1.51588
1.51740
1.51892
1.52044

07406
58688
25129
06744
03547

92048
70568
35084
02239
90196

265
894
718
927
115

0.66034
0.65968
0.65902
0.65836
0.65770

02807
02704
09199
22284
41952

04982
84389
44120
24827
67816

886
050
673
158
932

0,420
0,421
0.422
0.423
0.424

1.52196
1.52348
1.52500
1.52653
1.52806

15556
42784
85246
42959
15937

18633
08753
83279
66456
84057

796
926
422
685
126

0.65'704
0.65639
0.65573
0.65507
0.65442

68198
01014
40393
86331
38819

15056
09171
93441
11806
08858

782
201
728
293
560

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

1.52959
1.53112
1.53265
1.53418
1.53572

04196
07751
26617
60809
10343

63378
33247
24018
67579
97349

690
382
802
666
347

0.65376
0.65311
0.65246
0.65181
0.65115

97851
63421
35522
14147
99291

29847
20675
27900
98731
81032

271
593
462
930
515

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

1.53725
1.53879
1.54033
1.54187
l.54341

75235
55499
51151
62207
88681

48281
56865
61127
00632
16487

402
110
008
428
038

0.65050
0.64985
0.64920
0.64856
0.64791

90947
89107
93766
04918
22554

23316
74749
85147
04976
85350

545
506
398
075
604

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

1.54496
1.54650
1.54805
1.54960
1.55115

30589
87947
60770
49074
52873

51338
49377
56340
19508
87714

384
427
096
826
108

0.64726
0.64661
0.64597
0.64532
0.64468

46670
77259
14314
57828
07796

78034
35439
10624
57294
29801

611
635
479
565
285

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

1.55270
1.55426
1.55581
1.55737
1.55893

72185-11336
07023 42305
57404 34107
23343 41779
04856 21915

042
879
580
367
277

0.64403
0.64339
0.64274
0.64210
0.64146

64210
27065
96354
72070
54208

83141
72956
55531
87795
27319

359
185
200
233
863

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

1.56049
1.56205
1.56361
1.56517
1.56674

01958
14665
42992
86956
46571

719
035
055
663
356

0.64082
0.64018
0.63954
0.63890
0.63826

42760
37720
39082
46840
60986

32318
61647
74800
31916
93768

776
123
880
208
809

0.450

1.56831

21854 90168 811

0.63762

81516 21773 293

32666
33744
86418
53521
99451

1 1
t-p

IIc-y1

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL
5

125

FUNCXIONS

FUNCTION

Table

ez

4.4

ecz

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

1.56831
1.56988
1.57145
1.57302
1.57459

21854 90168 811

12820 93202 449
19485 77649 003
41865 14175 089
79974 75018 775

0.63762
0.63699
0.63635
0.63571
0.63508

81516 21773 293

08421 77982 535
41697 25087 037
81336 26414 293
27332 45928 153

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

1.57617
1.57775
1.57932
1.53090
1.53249

33830 33991 152

03447 66477 911
88842 49440 916
90030 61419 781
07027 82533 449

0.63444
0.63381
0.63318
0.63254
0.63191

79679 48228 182

38370 98549 030
03400 62759 794
74762 07363 387
52448 99495 898

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

1.53407 39849 94481 775

1.55565 88512 80547 101
1.5~372453032 25595 846
1.5'3883 33424 16080 087
1.5'3042 29704 40039 147

0.63128
0.63065
0.63002
0.62939
0.62876

36455 06925 969

26773 98054 154
23399 41912 291
26325 08162 872
35544 67098 411

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

1.5'3201 41888 87101 182

1.5'3360 69993 48484 772
1.5'3520 14034 17000 511
1.5'3679 74026 87052 601
1.59839 49987 54640 444

0.62813
0.62750
0.62688
0.62625
0.62562

51051 89640 814

72840 47340 750
00904 12377 027
35236 57555 956
75831 56310 730

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

1.5'3999 41932 17360 241

1.61)159 49876 74406 589
1.60319 73837 26574 077
1.61148013829 76258 891
1.60640 69870 27460 416

0.62500
0.62437
0.62375
0.62313
0.62250

22682 82700 796

75784 11411 229
35129 17752 104
00711 77657 876
72525 67686 754

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

1.60801 41974 85782 835

1.60962 30159 58436 741
1.6X123 34440 54240 740
1.6:!284 54833 83623 064
1.6:1445 91355 58623 174

0.62188
0.62126
0.62064
0.62002
0.61940

50564 65020 075

34822 47461 685
25292 93437 314
21969 81993 957
24846 92799 250

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

l-6:.607
1.6:.769
1.6:.930
1.6:!092
1.6:!255

44021 92893 382

12849 01700 456
97853 01927 238
99050 12074 265
16456 52261 382

0.61878
0.61816
0.61754
0.61692
0.61631

33918 06140 853

49177 02925 827
70617 64680 018
98233 73547 436
32019 12289 639

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

1.6:!417
1.6;!579
1.6;!742
1.6;!905
1.6:,068

50088 44229 364

99962 11341 538
66093 78585 406
48499 72574 272
47196 21548 865

0.61569
0.61508
0.61446
0.61385
0.61323

71967 64285 113

18073 13528 659
70329 44630 776
28730 42817 043
93269 93927 508

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

1.6:1231 62199 55378 970

1.63394 93526 05565 057
1.63558 41192 05239 912
1.6:,722 05213 89170 270
1.6:)885 85607 93758 453

0.61262
0.61201
0.61140
0.61079
0.61018

63941 84416 069

40740 01349 867
23658 32408 668
12690 65884 251
07830 90679 799

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

1.64049
1.64213
1.64378
1.64542
1.64707

82390 57044 002

95578 18705 315
25187 20061 292
71234 04072 971
33735 15345 173

0.60957 09072 96309 287

Oi60896 16410 72896 868
0.60825 29838 11176 269
Oi60774 49349 02490 178
0.60713 74937 38789 634

0.500

1.61187212707 00128 147

0.60653 06597 12633 424

1(72 1

[ c-y1

ELEMENTARY

Table

TRANSCENDENTAL

4.4

EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

e2

e-x

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

1.64872
1.65037
1.65202
1.65367
1.65532

12707
08166
20128
48611
93631

00128
06319
83464
82760
57054

147
214
418
175
920

0.6065:3
0.60592
0.60531
0.60471
0.60410

06597
44322
88106
37943
93828

12633
17187
46224
94122
55864

424
470
228
075
709

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

1.65698
1.65864
1.66030
1.66196
li66362

55204
33347
28076
39409
67361

60850
50305
83232
19105
19058

766
156
516
918
736

0.603510
0.602910
0.60229
0.6016'3
0.60109

55754
23715
97704
77717
63747

27040
03842
83065
62109
38975

541
093
390
362
237

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

1.66529
1.66695
1.66862
1.67029
1.67196

11949
73190
51101
45698
56998

45886
64047
39666
40535
36112

308
601
871
333
826

0.60049
0.59989
0.5992'3
0.5986'3
0.5980'3

55788
53833
57878
67916
83940

12265
81185
45538
05729
62761

943
502
434
153
369

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

1.67363
1.67531
1.67698
1.67866
1.68034

85017
29773
91283
69562
64627

97529
97587
10762
13205
82744

486
414
348
342
439

0.59750
0.596910
0.596310
0.59571
0.59511

05946
33926
67876
07789
53658

18237
74358
33920
00321
77550

489
019
965
238
053

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

1.68202
1.68371
1.68539
1.68708
1.68876

76496
05186
50712
13093
92344

98886
42818
97408
47211
78463

347
123
851
326
738

0.59452
0.59392
0.59333
0.5927.3
0.59214

05479
63245
26951
96589
72156

70194
83436
23052
95412
07481

339
138
015
460
294

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

1.69045
1.69215
1.69384
1.69553
1.69723

88483
01527
31492
78396
42254

79091
38708
48618
01819
93001

359
232
855
881
803

0.5915s
0.59096
0.5903'7
0.58978
0.58919

53643
41046
34359
33576
38690

66815
81562
60463
12850
48643

082
533
912
450
749

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
oI534

1.69893
1.70063
1.70233
1.70403
1.70574

23086
20906
35733
67583
16474

18550
76549
66781
90727
51574

654
702
146
817
883

0.58860
0.5880:1
0.58742
0.58684
0.5862!5

49696
66589
89361
18008
52523

78355
13085
64523
44946
67219

196
372
463
670
626

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

1.70744
1.70915
1.71086
1.71257
1.71429

82422
65445
65559
82781
17130

54211
05232
12940
87347
40175

545
748
887
510
036

0.58566
0.58508
0.5844'3
0.58391
0.58333

92901
39135
91221
49151
12920

44793
91706
22582
52628
97638

803
932
409
716
836

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

1.71600
1.71772
1.71944
1.72116
1.72288

68621
37273
23102
26125
46360

84858
36547
12106
30118
10887

460
069
159
747
296

0.58274
0.58216
0.581513
0.581013
0.58042

82523
57953
39205
26273
19151

73989
98641
89137
63601
40742

665
430
107
839
351

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

1.72460
1.72633
1.72806
1.72978
1.73152

83823
38533
10506
99760
06311

76435
50509
58581
27847
87233

429
656
095
197
477

0.57984
0.57926
0.57868
0.57810
0.57752

17833
22313
32586
48646
70487

39846
80782
83997
70519
61954

373
055
389
631
718

0.550

1.73325 30178 67395 237

c-y

1 1

0.57694 98103 80486 695

C-i)8

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL
EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

ez

127
Table

4.4

e-2

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

1.73325
1.73498
1.73672
1.73846
1.74019

30178
71378
29927
05843
99144

67395
00719
21325
65069
69542

237
302
750
647
780

0.57694
0.57637
0.57579
0.57522
0.57464

98103
31489
70638
15546
66205

80486
48877
90464
29163
89465

695
132
548
839
693

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

1.74194
1.74368
1.74542
1.74717
1.74892

09847
37970
83529
46543
27028

74075
19737
49342
07446
40349

399
955
837
121
310

0.57407
0.57349
0.57292
0.57235
0.57178

22611
84758
52640
26251
05586

96436
75715
53518
56633
12420

024
391
425
257
941

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

1.75067
1.75242
1.75417
1.75593
1.75768

25002
40484
73489
24037
92143

96101
24499
77091
07179
69816

083
041
459
036
648

0.57120
0.57063
0.57006
0.56949
0.56892

90638
81402
77873
80045
87911

48814
94320
78013
29541
79121

886
280
522
648
561

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

1.75944
1.76120
1.76297
1.76473
1.76649

77827
81105
01995
40515
96682

21815
21742
29927
08459
21189

104
902
989
520
621

0.56836
0.56779
0.56722
0.56665
0.56609

01467
20706
45624
76213
12469

57540
96153
26884
82224
95233

464
288
125
657
792

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

1.76826
1.77003
1.77180
1.77357
1.77535

70514
62029
71244
98177
42846

33735
13479
29574
52941
56273

152
471
208
024
392

0.56552
0.56496
0.56439
0.56383
0.56326

54386
01959
55181
14047
78551

99537
29326
19358
04955
22004

097
229
370
664
648

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

1.77713
1.77890
1.78068
1.78246
1.78425

05269
85463
83445
99235
32850

14038
02478
99612
85240
40940

362
341
864
377
016

0.56270
0.56214
0.56158
0.56101
0.56045

48688
24451
05837
92838
85449

06955
96822
29181
42170
74490

693
437
224
538
445

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

1.78603
1.78782
1.78961
1.79140
1.79319

84307
53624
40820
45912
68918

50073
97786
71010
58466
50662

382
336
772
414
599

0.55989
0.55933
0.55877
0.55822
0.55766

83665
87480
96888
11884
32463

65402
54726
82846
90701
19791

033
843
320
245
179

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

1.79499
1.79678
1.79858
1.80038
1.80218

09856
68744
45599
40441
53286

39900
20272
87669
39776
76077

067
757
600
313
198

0.55710
0.55654
0.55599
0.55543
0.55488

58618
90344
27635
70486
18892

12173
10464
57836
98018
75294

905
868
621
264
892

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

1.80398
1.80579
1.80760
1.80940
1.81121

84153
33061
00026
85067
88202

97856
08202
12004
15959
28572

940
413
477
787
596

0.55432
0.55377
0.55321
0.55266
0.55211

72847
32345
97380
67948
44043

34507
21050
80873
60481
06930

035
107
848
771
610

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

1.81303
1.81484
1.81666
1.81847
1.82029

09449
48827
06353
82045
75923

60156
22836
30550
99051
45908

569
588
566
264
101

0.55156
0.55101
0.55046
0.54991
0.54936

25658
12789
05431
03577
07222

67829
91340
26176
21601
27429

766
753
649
542
984

0.600

1.82211 88003 90508 975

c-y

[ 1

0.54881 16360 94026 433

C-i)7

128

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

Table 4.4

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION
e-a

ez

0.600
0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

1.82211
ii82394
1.82576
1.82759
1.82942

88003
18305
66846
33645
18719

90508
54062
59597
31970
97859

975
083
740
203
499

0.54881
0.54826
0.54771
0.54716
0.54662

16360
30987
51097
76683
07741

94026
72304
13727
70305
94597

433
710
448
543
605

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

1.83125
1.83308
1.83491
1.83675
1.83859

22088
43770
83782
42143
18872

85773
26048
50853
94189
91893

244
479
497
676
312

0.54607
0.54552
0.54498
0.54443
0.54389

44266
86251
33692
86582
44917

39709
59293
07547
39217
09589

413
368
943
140
946

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

1.84043
1.84227
1.84411
1.84596
1.84780

13987
27507
59448
09832
78674

81637
02933
97134
07433
78869

455
750
270
364
496

0.54335
0.54280
0.54226
0.54172
0.54118

08690
77897
52533
32591
18066

74499
90323
13983
02940
15202

787
981
200
922
890

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

1.84965
1.85150
1.85335
1.85521
1.85707

65995
71812
96145
39011
00429

58327
94538
38085
41401
58772

090
381
258
120
725

0.54064
0.54010
0.53956
0.53902
0.53848

08953
05246
06940
14030
26510

09316
44370
79994
76357
94167

571
616
313
053
789

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

1.85892
1.86078
1.86264
1.86451
1.86637

80418
78996
96182
31995
86452

46342
62108
65928
19523
86472

044
121
925
215
402

0.53794
0.53740
0.53686
0.53633
0.53579

44375
67620
96238
30226
69576

94674
39663
91459
12924
67456

492
618
568
149
037

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

1.86824
1.87011
1.87198
1.87385
1.87573

59574
51378
61683
91108
39071

32222
24085
31242
24743
77511

407
530
321
442
543

0.53526
0.53472
0.53419
0.53365
0.53312

14285
64346
19754
80505
46591

18990
31997
71484
02990
92592

242
571
093
602
086

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

1.87761
1.87948
1.88136
1.88325
1.88513

05792
91289
95581
18687
60625

64343
61910
48763
05331
13924

132
454
361
198
678

0.53259
0.53205
0.53152
0.53099
0.53046

18010
94754
76818
64198
56888

06897
13047
78717
72114
61974

190
683
927
344
883

0.635
0.636
0.637
00.
.E

1.88702
1.88891
1.89079
1.89269
1.89458

21414
01074
99623
17079
53463

58737
25849
03226
80722
50084

766
565
199
703
912

0.52993
0.52940
0.52887
0.52834
0.52781

54883
58177
66765
80641
99802

17568
08694
05682
79390
01207

489
574
485
975
673

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

1.89648
1.89837
1.90027
1.90217
1.90408

08793
83087
76365
88646
19949

04951
40855
55225
47391
18580

353
140
865
502
301

0.52729
0.52676
0.52623
0.52571
0.52518

24240
53951
88930
29172
74670

43048
77357
77105
15790
67436

557
426
369
242
140

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

1.90598
1.90789
1.90980
1.91171
1.91362

70292
39696
28178
35758
62456

71922
12453
47112
84748
36119

692
188
287
384
674

0.52466
0.52413
0.52361
0.52309
0.52256

25421
81418
42656
09131
80836

06592
08335
48263
02500
47694

872
432
478
807
830

0.650

1.91554 08290 13896 070

0.52204 57767 61016 048

C-i)7

c 1

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

129

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

Table

4.4

e-z

0.650
0.651
0.652
0,653
0.654

1.91!554 08290 13896 070

1.91'745 73279 32661 108
1.91'337 57443 08913 867
1.92129 60800 61070 883
1.92321 83371 09468 067

0.52204
0.52152
0.52100
0.52048
0.51996

57767 61016 048

39919 20157 530
27286 03334 394
19862 89283 277
17644 57261 823

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

1.92514 25173 76362 630

1.92706 86227 85934 997
1.92899 66552 64290 740
1.92'092 66167 39462 496
1.92128585091 41411 902

0.51944
0.51892
0.51840
0.51788
0.51736

20625 87048 156

28801 58940 364
42166 53755 974
60715 52831 438
84443 38021 612

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

1.9:!479
1.93672
1.93866
1.94060
1.94254

23344 02031 522

80944 55146 776
57912 36517 879
54266 83841 774
70027 36754 070

0.51685
0.51633
0.51581
0.51530
0.51478

13344 91699 238

47414 96754 426
86648 36594 140
31039 95141 674
80584 56836 146

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

1.94449
1.94643
1.94838
1.95033
1.95228

05213 36830 982

59844 27591 272
33939 54498 192
27518 64961 432
40601 08339 065

0.51427
0.51375
0.51324
0.51273
0.51222

35277 06631 974

95112 29998 365
60085 12918 798
30190 41890 516
05423 03924 002

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

1 =1542373206 35939 496

1:(:,5619 25354 01023 417
1.05814 97063 58805 754
1.')6010 88354 66457 630
1.96206 99246 83108 314

0.51170
0.51119
0.51068
0.51017
0.50966

85777 86542 478

71249 77781 383
61833 66187 865
57524 40820 271
58316 91247 632

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

l/36403 29759 69847 187

ii 96599 79912 89725 700
1.96796 49726 07759 335
1.96993 39218 90929 575
1.97190 48411 08185 868

0.50915
0.50864
0.50813
0.50763
0.50712

64206 07549 157

75186 80313 718
91254 00639 348
12402 60132 723
38627 50908 661

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

1.97387
1.97585
1.97782
1.97980
1.98178

77322 30447 594

25972 30606 040
94380 83526 371
82567 66049 605
90552 56994 589

0.50661
0.50611
0.50560
0.50509
0.50459

69923 65589 610

06285 97305 142
47709 39691 448
94188 86890 827
45719 33551 185

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

1.98377 18355 37159 979

1: 98575 65995 89326 220
1,98774 33493 98?57 531
1,98973 20869 50703 885
1.99172 28142 35403 001

0.50409
0.50358
0.50308
0.50258
0.50207

02295 74825 526

63913 06371 449
30566 24350 644
"2250 25428 387
.3960 06773 037

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

1.99371
1.99571
1.99770
1.99970
2.00170

55332 43082 329

02459 66461 043
69544 00252 033
56605 41163 899
63663 87902 948

0.50157
0.50107
0.50057
0.50007
0.49957

60690 66055 534

47437 01448 895
39194 11627 713
35956 95767 658
37720 53544 971

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

Z!.OO37090739 41175 193

:!.00571 37852 03688 356
:!.00772 05021 80153 865
2.00972 92268 77288 865
2.01173 99613 03818 219

0.49907
0.49857
0.49807
0.49757
0.49708

44479 85i.35 969

56229 91216 541
72965 72961 653
94682 32044 844
21374 70637 732

0.700

2.01375 27074 70476 522

0.49658 53037 91409 515

(-;I6

!Lc-y 1

[I 1

ELEMENTARY

Table

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

4.4

FVNCTIONS

FUNCTION
e-z

ez

0.700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

2.01375
2.01576
2.01778
2.01980
2.02182

27074
74673
42430
30365
38498

70476
90010
77179
48759
23544

522
108
065
247
296

0.49658
0.49608
0.49559
0.49509
0.49460

53037
89666
31256
77802
29299

91409
97526
92651
80943
67056

515
471
465
451
976

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

2.02384
2.02587
2.02789
2.02992
2.03195

66849
15438
84286
73414
82840

22347
68004
85374
01341
44819

653
586
210
511
374

0.49410
0.49361
0.49312
0.49262
0.49213

85742
47126
13446
84698
60875

56141
53841
66295
00135
62485

685
826
756
445
987

0.710
0.711
0.712
0.713
0.714

2.03399
2.03602
2.03806
2.04010
2.04214

12586
62672
33118
23945
35173

46750
40109
59906
43184
29026

612
996
288
280
822

0.49164
0.49115
0.49066
0.49017
0.48968

41974
27990
18916
14750
15485

60965
03682
99240
56730
85736

102
649
129
197
169

0.715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

2.04418
2.04623
2.04827
2.05032
2.05237

66822
18913
91467
84503
98043

58556
74939
23384
51146
07529

873
531
083
049
226

0.48919
0.48870
0.48821
0.48772
0.48723

21117
31641
47053
67346
92516

96331
99079
05032
25731
73205

534
460
312
153
263

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

2.05443
2.05648
2.05854
2.06060
2.06266

32106
86714
61886
57644
74008

43887
13628
72211
77154
88034

743
106
257
626
189

0.48675
0.48626
0.48577
0.48529
0.48480

22559
57469
97243
41873
91357

59971
99034
03884
88500
67343

650
560
990
207
253

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

2.06473
2.06679
2.06886
2.07093
2.07300

10999
68637
46943
45938
65642

66486
76210
82971
54598
60992

529
896
273
438
036

0.48432
0.48384
0.48335
0.48287
0.48239

45689
04864
68878
37725
11401

55362
67990
21146
31229
15125

467
997
315
734
923

0.730
0.731
0.732
0.733
0.734

2.07508
2.07715
2.07923
2.08131
2.08339

06076
67261
49218
51967
75529

74122
68033
18844
04749
06025

645
852
323
882
589

0.48190
0.48142
0.48094
0.48046
0.47998

89900
73219
61352
54295
52042

90202
74309
85778
43422
66536

427
180
027
238
031

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

2.08548
2108756
2.08965
2109174
2.09384

19925
85175
71302
78325
06265

05027
86196
36056
43220
98392

819
344
419
868
173

0.47950
0.47902
0.47854
0.47806
0.47759

54589
61931
74064
90982
12680

74894
88751
28841
16377
73052

090
082
182
589
052

0.740
0.741
0.742
0.743
0.744

2.09593
2.09803
2.10013
2.10223
2.10433

55144
24983
15801
27621
60464

94364
26026
90360
86450
15478

563
109
816
725
007

0.47711
0.47663
0.47616
0.47568
0.47520

39155
70400
06412
47186
92716

21034
82972
81989
41687
86144

388
004
423
803
466

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748
0.749

2.10644
2.10854
2.11065
2.11277
2.11488

14349
89299
85335
02477
40747

80727
87586
43551
58226
43325

065
641
917
625
155

0.47473
0.47425
0.47378
0.47331
0.47283

42999
98029
57801
22312
91555

39912
28019
75969
09739
55779

416
867
767
326
537

0.750

2.11700

00166
12674
C-l)3

669

0.47236

65527

41014

707

(96

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

131

FVNCTIONS

FUNCTION

Table

ez

4.4

e-z

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

2.11700
2.11911
2.12123
2.12336
2.12548

00166 12674 669

80754 a2217 212
a2534 70011 a30
05526 96236 688
49752 a3191 190

0.47236
0.47189
0.47142
0.47095
0.47048

65527 41014 707

44222 92841 982
27637 39130 a75
15766 08222 791
08604 28930 562

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

2.12761
2.12974
2.13187
2.13400
2.13613

15233 55298 098

0.1990 39105 663
10044 63289 745
39417 58655 946
90130 58141 739

0.47001
0.46954
0.46907
0.46860
0.46813

06147 30537 969

08390 42799 274
15328 95938 749
26958 20650 211
43273 48096 543

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

2.13827
2.14041
2.14255
2.14470
2.14684

62204 96818 602

55662 11894 152
70523 42714 282
06810 30765 301
64544 19676 075

0.46766
0.46719
0.46673
0.46626
0.46579

64270 09909 234

89943 38187 907
20288 65499 852
55301 24879 557
94976 49828 242

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

2.14899
2.15114
2.15329
2.15545
2.15760

43746 55220 173

44438 a5318 010
66642 60038 993
10379 31603 678
75670 54385 916

0.46533
0.46486
0.46440
0.46394
0.46347

39309 74313 393

88296 32768 297
41931 60091 573
00210 91646 708
63129 63261 598

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

2.15976
2.16192
2.16409
2.16625
2.16842

62537 a4915 008

71002 ala77 a66
01087 06121 167
52812 20653 514
26199 90647 604

0.46301
0.46255
0.46208
0.46162
0.46116

30683 11228 073

02866 72301 444
79675 83700 034
61105 83104 714
47152 08658 446

0.775
0.77
0.77 t
0.778
0.779

2.17059
2.17276
2.17493
2.17711
2.17929

21271 a3442 386

38049 68545 234
76555 17634 114
36810 04559 757
18836 05347 a30

0.46070
0.46024
0.45978
0.45932
0.45886

37809 98965 ala

33074 93092 580
32942 30565 la9
37407 51370 344
46465 95954 527

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

2.18147
2.18365
2.18583
2.18802
2.19021

22654 98201 117

48288 63501 691
95758 a3813 099
65087 43882 545
56296 30643 070

0.45840 60113 05223 545

Oi45794 78344 20542 069
0.45749 01154 a3733 175
0.45703 28540 37077 a90
0.45657 60496 23314 727

0.785
0.786
0.787
0.788
0.789

2.19240
2.19460
2.19679
2.19899
2.20119

69407 33215 744

04442 42911 a52
61423 53235 086
40372 59883 740
41311 60752 903

0.45611
0.45566
0.45520
0.45475
0.45429

97017 85639 236

38100 67703 540
83740 13615 885
33931 67940 176
88670 75695 532

0.790
0.791
0.792
0.793
0.794

2.20339
2.20560
2.20780
2.21001
2.21222

64262 55936 659

09247 47730 288
76288 40632 465
65407 41347 466
76626 58787 377

0.45384
0.45339
0.45293
0.45248
0.45203

47952 82355 822

11773 33849 215
80127 76557 724
53011 57316 754
30420 23414 649

0.795
0.796
0.797
0.798
0.799

2.21444
2.21665
2.21887
2.22109
2.22331

09968 04074 299

65453 90542 561
43106 33740 936
42947 51434 850
64999 63608 607

0.45158
0.45112
0.45067
0.45022
0.44977

12349 22592 237

98794 03042 379
89750 13409 518
a5213 02789 227
a5178 20727 758

0.800

2.22554 09284 92467 605

C-l)3

0.44932 a9641 17221 591

(96

[1 1

132

ELEMENTARY

Table

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

4.4

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

ecz

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

2.22554
2.22776
2.22999
2.23222
2.23446

09284
75825
64644
75762
09202

92467
62440
00181
34513
96726

605
556
717
111
759

0.44932
0.44887
0.44843
0.44798
0.44753

89641
98597
12042
29971
52381

17221
42716
48109
84743
04412

591
986
530
691
369

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

2.23669
2.23893
2.24117
2.24341
2.24566

64988
43140
43681
66635
12022

19986
39932
94378
23379
69230

909
270
249
186
599

0.44708
0.44664
0.44619
0.44574
0.44530

79265
10621
46442
86726
31467

59356
02264
86271
64960
92358

447
340
556
242
738

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

2.24790
2.25015
2.25240
2.25466
2.25691

79866
70189
83014
18363
76258

76471
91886
64507
45618
88752

419
242
569
061
788

0.44485
0.44441
0.44396
0.44352
0.44308

80662
34305
92392
54918
21880

22941
11626
13780
85209
82167

134
826
063
512
806

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

2.25917
2.26143
2.26369
2.26596
2.26823

56723
59779
85450
33758
04725

49701
86510
59486
31195
66470

480
786
532
979
087

0.44263
0.44219
0.44175
0.44131
0.4408'7

93273
69092
49333
33992
23064

61351
79898
95392
65856
49756

106
654
332
218
146

0:822
0.823
0.824

2.27049
2.27277
2.27504
2.27732
2.27960

98375
14729
53812
15645
00251

32405
98368
35993
19188
24138

781
215
046
700
650

0.44043
0.43999
0.43955
0.43911
0.43867

16545
14429
16714
23395
34466

05999
93933
73347
04469
47967

263
588
574
662
847

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

2.28188
2.28416
2.28644
2.28873
2.29102

07653
37874
90936
66863
65678

29303
15424
65522
64904
01164

690
217
506
998
583

0.43823
0.43779
0.43735
0.43692
0.43648

49924
69765
93983
22575
55537

64949
16959
65982
74441
05193

237
611
985
171
342

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

2.29331
2.29561
2.29790
2.30020
2.30251

87402
32060
99674
90267
03862

64182
46132
41479
46985
61709

888
567
593
553
945

0.43604
0.43561
0.43517
0.43474
0.43430

92863
34549
80592
30987
85729

21535
87200
66356
23608
23995

593
502
699
428
109

0.835
0:838
0.839

2.30481
2.30712
2.30942
2.31173
2.31405

40482
00151
82890
88724
17676

87012
26555
86305
74537
01834

474
358
628
437
366

0.43387
0.43344
0.43300
0.43257
0.43214

44814
08238
75996
48084
24498

32990
16504
40877
72886
79740

906
293
616
664
233

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

2.31636
2.31868
2.32100
2.32332
2.32565

69767
45023
43465
65117
10003

81091
27518
58641
94304
56672

734
913
644
351
462

0.43171
0.43127
0.43084
0.43041
0.42998

05234
90286
79652
73326
71304

29079
88978
27942
14906
19239

693
558
052
679
788

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849

2.32797
2.33030
2.33263
2.33497
2.33730

78145
69567
84292
22343
83745

70234
61805
60527
97872
07647

734
575
370
812
233

0.42955
0.42912
0.42869
0.42827
0.42784

73582
80155
91020
06172
25606

10739
59632
36577
12659
59395

148
516
204
654
005

0.850

2.33964

68519
25990
C-i)3

937

0.42741

49319

48726

670

8*Ei

8. $76

[ 1
(536

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

133

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

ez

Table

4.4

e-2

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

2.33964
2.34198
2.34433
2.34667
2.34902

68519
76689
08280
63314
41814

25990
91381
44636
28914
89719

937
538
295
459
607

0.42741
0.42698
0.42656
0.42613
0.42570

49319
77306
09563
46085
86869

48726
53025
45091
98148
85850

67n
901

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

2.35137
2.35372
2.35608
2.35843
2.36079

43805
69310
18352
90954
87141

74901
34660
21547
90464
98674

997
911
002
656
336

0.42528
0.42485
0.42443
0.42400
0.42358

31910
81204
34746
92533
54560

82274
61924
99730
71047
51652

123
574
893
281
373

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

2.36316
2.36552
2.36789
2.37026
2.37263

06937
50363
17445
08206
22669

05794
73806
67050
52237
98442

948
196
946
586
400

0.42316
0.42273
0.42231
0.42189
0.42147

20823
91317
66039
44983
28147

17748
45962
13343
97363
75917

817
841
840
945
606

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

2.37500
2.37738
2.37976
2.38214
2.38452

60859
22799
08513
18024
51357

77111
62065
29496
57978
28460

933
359
863
010
126

0.42105
0.42063
0.42021
0.41979
0.41937

15526
07115
02910
02908
07103

27321
30312
64050
08114
42503

165
439
296
234
963

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

2.38691
2.38929
2.39168
2.39408
2.39647

08535
89582
94522
23379
76177

24276
31145
37171
32849
11065

682
671
999
872
184

0.41895
0.41853
0.41811
0.41769
0.41727

15492
28071
44834
65779
90901

47638
04358
93919
97998
98691

983
162
324
822
126

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

2.39887
2.40127
2.40367
2.40608
2.40849

52939
53690
78455
27255
00117

67097
98624
05720
90861
58929

915
518
327
947
666

0.41686
0.41644
0.41602
0.41561
0.41519

20196
53660
91288
33076
79020

78508
20380
07652
24088
53866

403
096
513
408
560

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

2.41089
2.41331
2.41572
2.41814
2.42056

97064
18119
63308
32654
26181

17209
75397
45597
42330
82530

851
361
956
708
413

0.41478
0.41436
0.41395
0.41354
0.41312

29116
83360
41748
04276
70938

81581
92242
71274
04515
78218

367
420
097
140
250

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

2.42298
2.42540
2.42783
2.43026
2.43269

43914
85877
52094
42590
57387

85550
73163
69565
01380
97656

015
018
911
593
799

0.41271
0.41230
0.41188
0.41147
0.41106

41732
16653
95698
78861
66139

79049
94088
10827
17170
01433

666
753
593
568
949

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

2.43512
2.43756
2.44000
2.44244
2.44488

96512
59989
47841
60092
96769

89874
11946
00220
93481
32956

527
472
460
882
134

0.41065
0.41024
0.40983
0.40942
0.40901

57527
53022
52620
56315
64106

52345
59044
11078
98410
11406

488
001
959
082
922

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

2.44733
2.44978
2.45223
2.45468
2.45714

57894
43493
53589
88208
47374

62311
27659
77561
63026
37516

060
394
203
343
904

0.40860
0.40819
0.40779
0.40738
0.40697

75986
91952
12001
36127
64327

40848
77922
14226
41763
52948

458
685
207
826
135

0.900

2.45960 31111 56949 664

C-l)3

[ 1

d,

?A7
I.

726
193

0.40656 96597 40599 112

(-;I5

'

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table

EXPONENTIAL

4.4

FUNCTION

eI

e+

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

2.45960
2.46206
2.46452
2.46699
2.46946

31111 56949 664

39444 79698 548
72398 66597 083
29997 80940 863
12266 88490 006

0.40656
0.40616
0.40575
0.40535
0.40494

96597 40599 112

32932 97943 710
73330 18615 453
17784 96654 028
66293 26504 879

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

2.47193
2.47440
2.47688
2.47935
2.48183

19230 57471 626

50913 58582 298
07340 64990 529
88536 52339 232
94525 98748 200

0.40454
0.40413
0.40373
0.40333
0.40292

18851 03018 802

75454 21451 540
36098 77463 377
00780 67118 736
69495 86885 773

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

2.48432 25333 84816 587

2.48680 80984 93625 386
2.48929'61504 10739 912
2.49178 66916 24212 291
2.49427 97246 24583 942

0.40252
0.40212
0.40171
0.40131
0.40091

42240 33635 975

19010 04643 753
99800 97586 047
84609 10541 915
73430 41992 136

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

2.49677
2.49927
2.50177
2.50427
2.50678

52519 04888 075

32759 60652 177
37992 89900 513
68243 93156 620
23537 73445 810

0.40051
0.40011
0.39971
0.39931
0.39891

66260 90818 809

63096 56304 950
63933 38134 089
68767 36389 877
77594 51555 677

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

2.50929
2.51180
2.51431
2.51682
2.51934

03899 36297 671

09353 89748 577
39926 44344 189
95642 13141 971
76526 11713 703

0.39851
0.39812
0.39772
0.39732
0.39692

90410 84514 173

07212 36546 962
27995 09334 165
52755 04954 021
81488 25882 492

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

2.52186
2.52439
2.52691
2.52944
2.53197

82603 58147 991

13899 73052 794
70439 79557 936
52249 03317 633
59352 72513 022

0.39653
0.39613
0.39573
0.39534
0.39494

14190 74992 866

50858 55555 360
91487 71236 720
36074 26099 830
84614 24603 311

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

2.53450
2.53704
2.53958
2.54212
2.54466

91776 17854 680

49544 72585 166
32683 72481 544
41218 55857 927
75174 63568 010

0.39455
0.39415
0.39376
0.39337
0.39297

37103 71601 130

93538 72342 199
53915 32469 987
18229 58022 122
86477 55429 996

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

2.54721
2.54976
2.55231
2.55486
2.55742

34577 39007 611

19452 28117 220
29824 79384 537
65720 43847 026
27164 75094 464

0.39258
0.39219
0.39180
0.39140
0.39101

58655 31518 373

34758 93504 997
14784 49000 198
98728 06006 497
86585 72918 221

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

2.55998
2.56254
2.56510
2.56767
2.57024

14183 29271 496

26801 65080 189
65045 43782 593
28940 29203 299
18511 87732 007

0.39062
0.39023
0.38984
0.38945
0.38906

78353 58521 102

74027 71991 894
73604 22897 977
77079 21196 971
84448 77236 34i

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

2.57281
2.57538
2.57796
2.58054
2.58312

33785 88326 089

74788 02513 161
41544 04393 651
34079 70643 376
52420 80516 117

0.38867
0.38829
0.38790
0.38751
0.38712

95709 01753 010

10856 05872 971
29886 01110 896
52794 99369 747
79579 12940 390

0.950

2.58570 96593 15846 199

C-l)3

[ 1

0.38674 10234 54501 207

[C-l)5 1

'

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL
x

135

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

Table

er

4.4

e-=

0.950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

2.58570
2.58829
2.59088
2.59347
2.59607

96593
66622
62535
84356
32112

15846
61051
03133
31686
38890

199
072
898
135
126

0.38674
0.38635
0.38596
0.38558
0.38519

10234
44757
83143
25389
71491

54501
37117
74242
79713
67755

207
707
140
111
194

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

2.59867
2.60127
2.60387
2.60647
2.60908

05829
05532
31248
83003
60823

19521
70952
93153
88696
62757

695
740
828
799
366

0.38481
0.38442
0.38404
0.38365
0.38327

21445
75247
32893
94380
59703

52978
50378
75335
43613
71361

545
516
273
409
560

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

2.61169
2.61430
2.61692
2.61954
2.62216

64734
94761
50932
33272
41807

23117
80169
46914
38971
74573

718
136
592
373
688

0.38289
0.38251
0.38212
0.38174
0.38136

28859
01844
78654
59286
43734

75112
71780
78665
13447
94189

023
368
061
076
517

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

2.62478
2.62741
2.63004
2.63267
2.63530

76564
37569
24848
38428
78334

74575
62452
64304
08861
27480

291
101
825
583
539

0.38098
0.38060
0.38022
0.37984
0.37946

31997
24069
19947
19628
23107

39337
67716
98534
51378
46217

233
437
325
697
574

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

2.63794
2.64058
2.64322
2.64587
2.64851

44593
37232
56276
01753
73689

54152
25503
80798
61940
13478

532
708
158
558
808

0.37908
0.37870
0.37832
0.37794
0.37756

30381
41445
56296
74931
97345

03398
43649
88076
58165
75777

818
757
798
054
964

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

2.65116
2.65381
2.65647
2.65913
2.66179

72109
97042
48512
26548
31174

82606
19166
75651
07209
71643

682
470
628
434
642

0.37719
0.37681
0.37643
0.37606
0.37568

23535
53497
87227
24721
65976

63156
42920
38065
71965
68367

913
859
949
147
855

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

2.66445
2.66712
2.66979
2.67246
2.67513

62419
20308
04868
16127
54109

29417
43654
80145
07345
96380

138
602
169
099
441

0.37531
0.37493
0.37456
0.37418
0.37381

10988
59753
12267
68527
28529

51399
45561
75729
67156
45466

539
350
751
142
482

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

2.67781
2.68049
2.68317
2.68585
2.68854

18844
10356
28673
73822
45830

21049
57826
85862
86989
45722

708
547
418
272
235

0.37343
0.37306
0.37269
0.37232
0.37194

92269
59743
30948
05880
84535

36660
67113
63571
53155
63358

918
412
361
231
181

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

2.69123
2.69392
2.69662
2.69932
2.70202

44723
70528
23273
02984
09688

49262
87498
53013
41079
49668

289
962
016
142
652

0.37157
0.37120
0.37083
0.37046
0.37009

66910
53000
42802
36313
33529

22045
57455
98195
73247
11961

691
187
674
362
296

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

2.70472
2.70743
2.71013
2.71285
2.71556

43412
04184
92030
06977
49053

79452
33802
18796
43219
18566

181
382
637
755
687

0.36972
0.36935
0.36898
0.36861
0.36824

34445
39058
47366
59363
75046

44058
99632
09141
03418
13662

983
024
744
822
921

1.000

2.71828

18284
59045
C-l)3

235

0.36787

94411
(-!I5

71442

322

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUrVCTIONS

Table

EXPONENTIAL

4.4

FUNCTION
e-l

e2

1.00000
1.10517
1.22140
1.34985
1.49182

00000 00000
09180 75648
27581 60170
88075 76003
46976 41270

1.00000

00000

0.90483
0.81873
0.74081
0.67032

74180 35959 57316

07530 77981 85867
82206 81717 86607
00460 35639 30074

1.64872
1.82211
2.01375
2.22554
2.45960

12707 00128
88003 90509
27074 70477
09284 92468
31111 56950

0.60653
0.54881
0.49658
0.44932
0.40656

06597 12633 42360

16360 94026 43263
53037 91409 51470
89641 17221 59143
96597 40599 11188

2.71828
3.00416
3.32011
3.66929
4.05519

18284 59045
60239 46433
69227 36547
66676 19244
99668 44675

0.36787
0.33287
0.30119
0.27253
0.24659

94411 71442 32160

10836 98079 55329
42119 12202 09664
17930 34012 60312
69639 41606 47694

4.48168
4.95303
5.47394
6.04964
6.68589

90703 38065
24243 95115
73917 27200
74644 12946
44422 79269

0.22313
0.20189
0.18268
0.16529
0.14956

01601 48429 82893

65179 94655 40849
35240 52734 65022
88882 21586 53830
86192 22635 05264

22:10
s-23
2:4

7.38905
8.16616
9.02501
9.97418
11.02317

60989 30650
99125 67650
34994 34121
24548 14721
63806 41602

0.13533
0.12245
0.11080
0.10025
0.09071

52832 36612 69189

64282 52981 91022
31583 62333 88333
88437 22803 73373
79532 89412 50338

2.5

12.18249
13.46373
14.87973
16.44464
18.17414

39607 03473
80350 01690
17248 72834
67710 97050
53694 43061

0.08208
0.07427
0.06720
0.06081
0.05502

49986 23898 79517

35782 14333 88043
55127 39749 76513
00626 25217 96500
32200 56407 22903

20.08553
22.19795
24.53253
27.11263
29.96410

69231 87668
12814 41631
01971 09349
89206 57887
00473 97013

0.04978
0.04504
0.04076
0.03688
0.03337

70683 67863 94298

92023 93557 80607
22039 78366 21517
31674 01240 00545
32699 60326 07948

33.11545
36.59823
40.44730
44.70118
49.40244

19586 92314
44436 77988
43600 67391
44933 00823
91055 30174

0.03019
0.02732
0.02472
0.02237
0.02024

73834 22318 50074

37224 47292 56080
35264 70339 39120
07718 56165 59578
19114 45804 38847

t-23
414

54.59815
60.34028
66.68633
73.69979
81.45086

00331 44239
75973 61969
10409 25142
36995 95797
86649 68117

0.01831
0.01657
0.01499
0.01356
0.01227

56388 88734 18029

26754 01761 24754
55768 20477 70621
85590 12200 93176
73399 03068 44118

i-56
4: 7
4.8
4.9

90.01713
99.48431
109.94717
121.51041
134.28977

13005 21814
56419 33809
24521 23499
75187 34881
96849 35485

0.01110
0.01005
0.00909
0.00822
0.00744

89965 38242 30650

18357 44633 58164
52771 01695 81709
97470 49020 02884
65830 70924 34052

E
t:

0: 4
0. 5
i-76
0: 8
0.9
1. 0
1.1
1'3
1:4
1. 5
1.6
11-i
1:9

3:;
;:t
3. 0
z
3:s
3.4
3.5
3::
z
210

00000

00000

148.41315 91025 76603

0.00673 79469 99085 46710
5.0
From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tablesof the exponentialfunction and of the circular sine and cosine
to radian arguments, Memoirsof the National Academy of Sciences,
vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington,D.C., 1921(with permission)
for e-",x12.4.

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

137

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

Table

ez

4.4

e-2

148.41315
164.02190
181.27224
200.33680
221.40641

91025 77
72999 02
18751 51
99747 92
62041 87

0.00673
0.00609
0.00551
0.00499
0.00451

79469 99085 46710

67465 65515 63611
65644 20760 77242
15939 06910 21621
65809 42612 66798

244.69193
270.42640
298.86740
330.29955
365.03746

22642 20
74261 53
09670 60
99096 49
78653 29

0.00408
0.00369
0.00334
0.00302
0.00273

67714 38464 06699

78637 16482 93082
59654 57471 27277
75547 45375 81475
94448 18768 36923

403.42879 34927 35
445.85777 00825 17
492.74904 10932 56
544.57191 01259 29
601.84503 78720 82

0.00247
0.00224
0.00202
0.00183
0.00166

87521 76666 35842

28677 19485 80247
94306 36295 73436
63047 77028 90683
15572 73173 93450

665.14163
735.09518
812.40582
897.84729
992.27471

30443 62
92419 73
51675 43
16504 18
56050 26

0.00150
0.00136
0.00123
0.00111
0.00100

34391 92977 57245

03680 37547 89342
09119 02673 48118
37751 47844 80308
77854 29048 51076

1096.63315 84284 59
1211.96707 44925 77
1339.43076 43944 18
1480.29992 75845 45
1635.98442 99959 27

0.00091
0.00082
0.00074
0.00067
0.00061

18819 65554 51621

51049 23265 40427
65858 08376 67937
55387 75193 84424
12527 61129 57256

1808.04241 44560 63
1998.19589 51041 18
2208.34799 18872 09
2440.60197 76244 99
2697.28232 82685 09

0.00055
0.00050
0.00045
0.00040
0.00037

30843 70147 83358

04514 33440 61070
28271 82886 79706
97349 78979 78671
07435 40459 08837

2980.95798 70417 28
3294.46807 52838 41
3640.95030 73323 55
4023.87239 38223 10
4447.06674 76998 56

0.00033
0.00030
0.00027
0.00024
0.00022

54626 27902 51184

35391 38078 86666
46535 69972 14233
85168 27107 95202
48673 24178 84827

4914.76884 02991 34
5431.65959 13629 80
6002.91221 72610 22
6634.24400 62778 85
7331.97353 91559 93

0.00020
0.00018
0.00016
0.00015
0.00013

34683 69010 64417

41057 93667 57912
65858 10987 63341
07330 75095 47660
63889 26482 01145

8103.08392 75753 84
8955.29270 34825 12
9897.12905 87439 16
10938.01920 81651 84
12088.38073 02169 84

0.00012
0.00011
0.00010
0.00009
0.00008

34098 04086 67955

16658 08490 11474
10394 01837 09335
14242 31478 17334
27240 65556 63226

13359.72682 96618 72
14764.78156 55772 73
16317.60719 80154 32
18033.74492 78285 11
19930.37043 82302 89

0.00007
0.00006
0.00006
0.00005
0.00005

48518 29887 70059

77287 36490 85387
12834 95053 22210
54515 99432 17698
01746 82056 17530

22026.46579 48067 17

0.00004 53999 29762 48485

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table

EXPONENTIAL

4.4

FUNCTION

e*

0)1.00000 00000 00000 000

0)2.71828 18284 59045 235
I 112.00855
0)7.38905 60989
36923 30650
18766 774
227 e( lj5.45981 50033 14423 908

::
12
13
14

1.48413
4.03428
1.09663
2.98095
3)8.10308

15910 25766 034 79349 27351 226,-31584 28458 599

79870 41728 275
39275 75384 008 --

4)2.20264
5.98741
1.62754
4.42413
1.20260

65794 80671 65241715 19781 846 -79141 90039 208

39200 89205 03342841 64776 778--c

( 6)3.26901
6)8.88611
7)2.41549
6.56599
1.78482

73724 72110 639 05205 07872 637

52.75357529 821
69137 33051 114~
30036 31872 608

4.85165
1.31881
3.58491
9.74480
2.64891

19540 97902 78057344 83214 69728461 31591 562-p

34462 48902 60022129 84347 229

25
26
27
28
29

7.20048
1.95729
5.32048
1.44625
3.93133

30

e-=

1.00000
3.67879
1.35335
4.97870
1.83156

00000 00000 000

44117 14423 216
28323 66126 919
68367 86394 298
38888 73418 029

Ii

f- 3j6.73794 69990 85467 097

- 3
4 2.47875
3.35462 21766
9.11881
1.23409
62790 66358
80408
96555
25118
45162
66795 423
388
495
080
4.53999
1.67017
6.14421
2.26032
8.31528

29762 48485 154

00790 24565 931
23533 28209 759
94069 81054 326
71910 35678 841

!- 713.05902 32050 18257 884

Ii

- 7
9 1.12535
8
1.52299 17471
5.60279
4.13993
64375 85166
79744
77187
37267 844
71262
92591
540
660
145
2.06115
7.58256
2.78946
1.02618
3.77513

36224 38557 828

04279 11906 728
80928 68924 808
79631 70189 030
45442 79097 752

99337 38587 252--.

60942 88387 643
24060 17986 167
70642 91475 17442971 44042 074-

-11 1.38879
-12 5.10908
-12 1.87952
-13 6.91440
I -13 I 2.54366

43864 96402 059

90280 63324 720
88165 39083 295
01069 40203 009
56473 76922 910

1.06864
2.90488
7.89629
2.14643
5.83461

74581 52446 215,

49665 24742 5232
60182 68069 516
57978 59160 646~
74252 74548 814

-14 9.35762
-14 3.44247
-14 1.26641
-15 4.65888
I -15 I 1.71390

29688 40174 605

71084 69976 458
65549 09417 572
61451 03397 364
84315 42012 966

(15)1.58601
4.31123
1.17191
3.18559
(16)8.65934

34523 13430 728

15471 15195 227,
42372 80261 1311
31757 11375 622~
00423 99374 695

6.30511
2.31952
8.53304
3.13913
1.15482

67601 46989 386

28302 43569 388
76257 44065 794
27920 48029 629
24173 01578 599

(17)2.35385
6.39843
1.73927
4.72783
(19)1.28516

26683 70199 854

49353 00549 492
49415 20501 047
94682 29346 561
00114 35930 828

4.24835
1.56288
5.74952
2.11513
7.78113

42552 91588 995

21893 34988 768
22642 93559 807
10375 91080 487
22411 33796 516

45
46
47
48
49

I 19
20I 9.49611
3.49342 28861
2.58131
7.01673
59120 48509
94206
71057
97631
90067
02448 535
396
739
875

2.86251
1.05306
3.87399
1.42516
5.24288

85805 49393 644

17357 55381 238
76286 87187 113
40827 40935 106
56633 63463 937

50

(21)5.18470 55285 87072 464

::
;34

40
2
43
44

(21)1.90734 65724 95099 691

(-22)1.92874 98479 63917 783

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

ez

Table

4.4

ec2

5.18470
1.40934
3.83100
1.04137
2.83075

55285
90824
80007
59433
33032

87072
26938
16576
02908
74693

464
796
849
780
900

1.92874
7.09547
2.61027
9.60268
3.53262

98479
41622
90696
00545
85722

63917
84704
67704
08676
00807

783
139
805
030
030

7.69478
2.09165
5.68571
1.54553
4.20121

52651
94960
99993
89355
04037

42017
12996
35932
90103
90514

138
154
223
930
255

1.29958
4.78089
1.75879
6.47023
2.38026

14250
28838
22024
49256
64086

07503
85469
24311
45460
94400

074
081
649
326
606

1.14200
3.10429
8.43835
2.29378
6.23514

73898
79357
66687
31594
90808

15684
01919
41454
69609
11616

284
909
489
879
883

8.75651
3.22134
Iv.18506
4.35961
1.60381

07626
02859
48642
00000
08905

96520
92516
33981
63080
48637

338
089
006
974
853

(28)1.69488
4.60718
1.25236
3.40427
9.25378

92444
66343
31708
60499
17255

10333
31291
42213
31740
87787

714
543
781
521
600

2.51543
6.83767
1.85867
5.05239
1.37338

86709
12297
17452
36302
29795

19167
62743
84127
76104
40176

006
867
980
195
188

3.97544
1.46248
5.38018
1.97925
7.28129

97359
62272
61600
98779
01783

08646
51230
21138
46904
21643

808
947
414
554
834

3.73324
1.01480
2.75851
7.49841
2.03828

19967
03881
34545
69969
10665

99001
13888
23170
90120
12668

640
728
206
435
767

2.67863
9.85415
3.62514
1.33361
4.90609

69618
46861
09191
48155
47306

08077
11258
43559
02261
49280

944
029
224
341
566

(34j5.54062
1.50609
4.09399
1.11286
3.02507

23843
73145
69621
37547
73222

93510
85030
27454
91759
01142

053
548
697
412
338

1.80485
6.63967
2.44260
8.98582
3.30570

13878
71995
07377
59440
06267

45415
80734
40527
49380
60734

172
401
679
670
298

8.22301
2.23524
6.07603
1.65163
4.48961

27146
66037
02250
62549
28191

22913
34715
56872
94001
74345

510
047
150
856
246

1.21609
4.47377
1.64581
6.05460
2.22736

92992
93061
14310
18954
35617

52825
81120
82273
01185
95743

564
735
651
885
739

1.22040
3.31740
9.01762
2.45124
6.66317

32943
00983
84050
55429
62164

17840
35742
34298
20085
10895

802
626
931
786
834

8.19401
3.01440
1.10893
4.07955
1.50078

26239
87850
90193
86671
57627

90515
65374
12136
77560
07394

430
553
379
158
888

1.81123
4.92345
1.33833
3.63797
9.88903

90828
82860
47192
09476
03193

89023
12058
04269
08804
46946

282
400
500
579
771

5.52108
2.03109
7.47197
2.74878
1.01122

22770
26627
23373
50079
14926

28532
34810
42990
10214
10448

732
926
161
930
530

(43)2.68811
For 1zj>lOO see

139

Example

11.

71418 16135 448

II

f-29)5.90009

05415 97061 391

-30
-29 2.93748
7.98490 20113
2.17052
1.08063
21117 03639
42456
92777
10802 412
07278
86978
808
495
947

(-44)3.72007

59760 20835 963

140
Table

ELEMENTARY

4.5

TRANSCENDENTAL

RADIX
@O-

TABLE

FUNCTIONS

OF THE

EXPONENTIAL

fl

FUNCTION
e-2210-n

1.00000
1.00000
1I00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00001
00002
00003
00004
00005
00006
00007
00008
00009

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99998
99997
99996
99995
99994
99993
99992
99991

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060
00070
00080
00090

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04050

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00001

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99990
99980
99970
99960
99950
99940
99930
99920
99910

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02449
03199
04049

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
99999
99999
99999

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00100
00200
00300
00400
00500
00600
00700
00800
00900

00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00003
00004

05000 00002
20000 00013
45000 00045
80000 00107
25000 00208
80000 00360
45000 00572
20000 00853
05000 -01215

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99900
99800
99700
99600
99500
99400
99300
99200
99100

00000
00000
00000
00000
00001
00001
00002
00003
00004

04999
19999
44999
79999
24999
79999
44999
19999
04999

99998
99987
99955
99893
99792
99640
99428
99147
98785

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

01000
02000
03000
04000
05000
06000
07000
08000
09000

00005
00020
00045
00080
00125
00180
00245
00320
00405

00000
00000
00000
00001
00002
00003
00005
00008
00012

01667
13333
45000
06667
08333
60000
71667
53334
15000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.94999

99000
98000
97000
96000
95000
94000
93000
92000
91000

00004
00019
00044
00079
00124
00179
00244
00319
00404

99999
99999
99999
99998
99997
99996
99994
99991
99987

98333
86667
55000
93333
91667
40000
28333
46667
85000

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000

00500
02000
04500
08000
12500
18000
24500
32000
40500

00016
00133
00450
01066
02083
03600
05716
08533
12150

66667
33340
00034
66773
33594
00540
67667
35040
02734

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000

00499
01999
04499
07999
12499
17999
24499
31999
40499

99983
99866
99550
98933
97916
96400
94283
91466
87850

33334
66673
00034
33440
66927
00540
34334
68373
02734

Compiled from C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine
and cosine to radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences,vol. 14, Fifth
Memoir. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission),

ELEMENTARY

RADIX

13

Table

4.5

16666
33334
50003
66677
83359
00054
16766
33504
50273

70833
00000
37502
33342
37526
00065
70973
00273
37992

0.99999
0.99998
0.99997
0.99996
0.99995
0.99994
0.99993
0.99992
0.99991

00000
00001
00004
00007
00012
00017
00024
00031
00040

49999
99998
49995
99989
49979
99964
49942
99914
49878

83333
66667
50003
33343
16692
00053
83433
66837
50273

1.00010
1.00020
1.00030
1.00040
1.00050
1.00060
1.00070
1.00080
1.00090

00050
00200
00450
00800
01250
01800
02450
03200
04051

001%
01333
04500
10667
20835
36005
57176
85350
21527

67083
40000
33752
73341
93776
40064
67223
40273
34242

34167
26668
02510
86724
04384
80648
40801
10308
14882

0.99990
0.99986
0.99970
0.99960
0.99950
0.99940
0.99930
0.99920
0.99910

00049
30199
00449
00799
01249
01799
02449
03199
04048

99833
98666
95500
89334
79169
64005
42843
14683
78527

33749 99167
73333 06668
33747

97512

39991
27057
39935
33609
73060
33257

46724
29384
20648
95801
30307
99880

1.00100
1.00200
1.00300
1.00400
1.00501
1.0060.1
1.00702
1.00803
1.00904

05001
20013
45045
80106
25208
80360
45572
20855
06217

66708
34000
03377
77341
59401
54064
66848
04273
73867

34166
26675
02601
87235
06338
86485
55523
43117
81406

80558
55810
29341
88080
35662
55845
16000
20736
25705

0.99900
0.99800
0.99700
0.99600
0.99501
0.99401
0.99302
0.99203
0.99104

04998
19986
44955
79893
24791
79640
44429
19148
03787

33374
67333
03372
43991
92682
53935
33235
37060
72883

99166
06675
97601
47235
31335
26474
10490
63033
66216

80554
55302
20662
23064
25642
44988
47970
98697
45648

1.01005
1.02020
1.03045
1.04081
1.05127
1.06183
1.07250
1.08328
1.09417

01670
13400
45339
07741
10963
65465
81812
70676
42837

84168
26755
53516
92388
76024
45359
54216
74958
05210

05754
81016
85561
22675
03969
62222
47905
55443
35787

21655
01439
24400
70448
75176
46849
31039
59878
28976

0.99004
0.98019
0.97044
0.96078
0.95122
0.94176
0.93239
0.92311
0.91393

98337
86733
55335
94391
94245
45335
38199
63463
11852

49168
06755
48508
52323
00714
84248
05948
86635
71228

05357
30222
17693
20943
00909
70953
22885
78291
18674

39060
08141
25284
92107
14253
71528
79726
07598
73535

09180
27581
88075
46976
12707
88003
27074
09284
31111

75647
60169
76003
41270
00128
90508
70476
92467
56949

62481
83392
10398
31782
14684
97487
52162
60457
66380

17078
10720
37443
48530
86508
53677
45494
95375
01266

0.90483
0.81873
0.74081
0.67032
0.60653
0.54881
0.49658
0.44932
0.40656

74180
07530
82206
00460
06597
16360
53037
89641
96597

35959
77981
81717
35639
12633
94026
91409
17221
40599

57316
85866
86606
30074
42360
43262
51470
59143
11188

42491
99355
68738
44329
37995
84589
48001
01024
34542

18284 59045 23536 02875

0.36787

94411 71442 32159 55238

2.71828

FUNCTION

50000
00001
50004
00010
50020
00036
50057
00085
50121

1
1

8'

EXPONENTIAL

00000
00002
00004
00008
00012
00018
00024
00032
00040

OF THE

141

FTJNCTIONS

1.00001
1.00002
1.00003
1.00004
1.00005
1.00006
1.00007
1.00008
1.00009

1.10517
1.22140
1.34985
1.49182
1.64872
1.82211
2.01375
2.22554
2.45960

54 ;

TABLE

TRANSCENDENTAL

37500
33333
37498
99991
70807
99935
37360
33060
37008

142

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL
SINES

AND

COSINES

0.000

sin z
0.00000 00000 00000 00000 000

0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0.00399

99998
99986
99955
99893

33333
66666
00002
33341

34166
93333
02499
86666

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

0.00499
0.00599
0.00699
0.00799
0.00899

99791
99640
99428
99146
98785

66692
00064
33473
66939
00492

0.010
0.011
00. 0::
0: 014

0.00999
0.01099
0.01199
0.01299
0.01399

98333
97781
97120
96338
95426

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

0.01499
0.01599
0.01699
0.01799
0.01899

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

FUNCTIONS
FOR

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

cos x

667
331
957
342

1.00000
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

00000
95000
80000
55000
20000

00000
00041
00666
03374
10666

00000
66666
66657
99898
66097

000
528
778
750
778

70831
79994
39150
73291
07405

783
446
327
723
100

0.99998
0.99998
0.99997
0.99996
0.99995

75000
20000
55001
80001
95002

26041
53999
00041
70666
73374

64496
93520
50326
30257
26188

529
004
542
El9
857

34166
68008
02073
36427
71148

66468
75446
59289
42921
51241

254
684
053
659
801

0.99995
0.99993
0.99992
0.99991
0.99990

00004
95006
80008
55011
20016

16665
10039
63995
90034
00656

27778
20617
85281
96278
20901

026
059
066
551
438

94375
93173
91811
90280
88568

06328
42071
78498
15746
53967

09109
41340
72691
27852
31431

944
585
726
832
205

0.99988
0.99987
0.99985
0.99983
0.99981

75021
20027
55034
80043
95054

09359
30643
80008
73952
29976

17975
36508
14243
76107
32558

106
430
829
331
650

0.01999
0.02099
0.02199
0.02299
0.02399

86666
84565
82253
79722
76960

93333
34033
76279
20302
66354

07936
81764
77175
18277
28999

649
335
771
769
311

0.99980
0.99977
0.99975
0.99973
0.99971

00066
95081
80097
55116
20138

66577
03255
60509
59836
23734

77841
88132
19593
06320
58193

270
556
878
750
002

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

0.02499
0.02599
0.02699
0.02799
0.02899

73959
70707
67196
63414
59353

14712
65676
19572
76750
37589

33066
53973
14955
38952
48577

217
517
411
746
881

0.99968
0.99966
0.99963
0.99960
0.99957

75162
20190
55221
80256
95294

75702
40237
42836
09997
69215

58624
62215
92299
38394
53557

967
698
214
779
207

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

0.02999
0.03099
0.03199
0.03299
0.03399

55002
50350
45389
40108
34497

02495
71904
46280
26119
11951

66076
13288
11602
81908
44553

853
752
188
762
435

0.99955
0.99951
0.99948
0.99945
0.99942

00337
95384
80436
55494
20556

48987
78809
89175
11581
78521

51627
04381
38584
32936
14926

216
810
710
824
773

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

0.03499
0.03599
0.03699
0.03799
0.03899

28546
22245
15584
08553
01142

04336
03869
11180
26937
51841

19281
25183
80633
03228
09720

702
461
489
414
085

0.99938
0.99935
0.99931
0.99927
0.99923

75625
20699
55780
80868
95963

23488
80976
86478
76484
88487

57581
76116
24487
91840
98862

460
700
902
819
358

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

0.03998
0.04098
0.04198
0.04298
0.04398

93341
85141
76530
67500
58040

86634
32096
89047
58349
40905

15945
36751
85918
76078
18626

255
449
946
755
492

0.99920
0.99915
0.99911
0.99907
0.99903

01066
96177
81296
56424
21561

60977
33444
46376
41262
60588

94031
49770
58494
28564
80138

457
040
043
524
853

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

0.04498
0.04598
0.04698
0.04798
0.04898

48140
37790
26980
15701
03941

37660
49604
77774
23249
87159

23632
99745
54095
92191
17808

066
054
689
340
403

0.99898
0.99894
0.99889
ii99884
0.99879

76708
21865
57033
82211
97401

47842
47508
05071
67013
80818

40921
41817
12480
76767
48087

992
869
849
299
272

0.050

0.04997

91692

70678

32879

487

0.99875

02603

94966

24656

287

C-79)6
For conversion from degrees to radians see Example
13.
For use and extension of the table see Examples
15-17.
From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential functionand of thecircular sine and cosine to radian arguments,Memoirs of the National Academy of
Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1921 (with permission).
Known errors have been corrected.

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

COSINES

TRANSCENDENTAL
FOR

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin 2

143

FUNCTIONS
Table
co9

4.6

0.050
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

0.04997
0.05097
0.05197
0.05297
0.05397

91692 70678 32879 487

78943 75032 37375 800
65685 01496 29184 649
51906 51396 03981 925
37598 26109 55099 505

0.99875
0.99869
0.99864
0.99859
0.99854

02603 94966 24656 287

97818 58936 84647 237
83046 23208 81242 407
58287 39259 37585 623
23542 59564 41634 531

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

0.05497
0.05597
0.05696
0.05796
0.05896

22750 27067 73387 446

07352 55755 47070 891
91395 13712 61601 567
74868 02534 99503 794
57761 23875 40214 896

0.99848
0.99843
0.99837
0.99831
0.99826

78812 37598 40913 005

24097 27834 37163 704
59397 85743 80900 770
84714 67796 65862 676
00048 31461 23365 235

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

0.05996
0.06096
0.06196
0.06295
0.06395

40064 79444 59919 909

21768 71012 31380 500
02863 00408 23757 982
83337 69523 02430 343
63182 80309 28803 166

0.99820
0.99814
0.99807
0.99801
0.99795

05399 35204 16554 766

00768 38490 34561 437
86156 01782 86552 769
61562 86542 95687 334
26989 55229 92968 628

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

0.06495
0.06595
0.06694
0.06794
0.06894

42388 34782 60114 361

20944 35022 49232 601
98840 83173 44449 361
76067 81445 89264 458
52615 32117 22165 004

0.99788
0.99782
0.99775
0.99768
0.99762

82436 71301 10999 144

27904 99211 77634 635
63395 04415 09538 592
88907 53362 05636 926
04443 13501 40472 866

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

0.06994
0.07094
0.07193
0.07293
0.07393

28473 37532 76397 655

03632 00106 79734 071
78081 22323 54229 480
51811 06738 15974 250
24811 55977 74838 360

0.99755
0.99748
0.99740
0.99733
0.99726

10002 53279 57462 091

05586 42140 62048 084
91195 50526 14757 726
66830 49875 24157 139
32492 12624 39707 777

0.075
0.076
0.077
0.078
0.079

0.07492
0.07592
0.07692
0.07792
0.07891

97072 72742 34208 684

68584 59805 90718 980
39337 20017 33972 485
09320 56301 46257 015
78524 71660 02252 478

0.99718
0.99711
0.99703
0.99695
0.99688

88181 12207 44522 774

33898 23055 48023 568
69644 20596 78496 785
95419 81256 75551 417
11225 82457 82476 279

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

0.07991
0.08091
0.08190
0.08290
0.08390

46939 69172 68730 688

14555 51998 04247 389
81362 23374 58826 394
47349 86621 73635 718
12508 45140 80655 638

0.99680
0.99672
0.99663
0.99655
0.99647

17063 02619 38497 771

12932 21157 70937 933
98834 18485 87272 823
74769 76013 67091 212
40739 76147 53953 598

0.085
0.086
0.087
0.088
0.089

0.08489
0.08589
0.08689
0.08788
0.08888

76828 02416 02338 544

40298 62015 51260 514
02910 27592 29764 492
64653 02885 29594 973
25516 91720 31524 112

0.99638
0.99630
0.99621
0.99613
0.99604

96745 02290 47151 570

42786 38841 93367 506
78864 71197 78234 626
04980 85750 17797 412
21135 69887 49872 388

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

0.08987
0.09087
0.09187
0.09286
0.09386

85491 98011 04969 125

44568 25760 07600 919
02735 79059 84943 819
59984 62093 69966 323
16304 79136 82662 751

0.99595
0.99586
0.99577
0.99567
0.99558

27330 11994 25309 284

23565 01450 99152 586
09841 28634 21703 483
86159 84916 29482 217
52521 62665 36090 844

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

0.09485
0.09585
0.09684
0.09784
0.09883

71686 34557 29625 724

26119 32817 03609 347
79593 78472 83083 006
32099 76177 31775 683
83627 30679 98210 683

0.99549
0.99539
0.99529
0.99520
0.99510

08927 55245 22976 426

55378 57015 30094 649
91875 63330 46473 881
18419 70541 00679 686
35011 75992 51179 796

0.100

0.09983 34166 46828 15230 681

0.99500 41652 78025 76609 556

144

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

SINES

AND COSINES

FOR RADIAN

cos x

sin x

ARGUMENTS

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

0.09983
0:10082
0.10182
0;10281
0.10381

34166 46828 15230 681

83707 29567 99512 975
32239 83945 51074 864
79754 15107 52769 040
26240 28302 69768 897

0.99500
0.99490
0.99480
0.99470
0.99459

41652 78025 76609 556

38343 75976 65937 840
25085 70176 08533 469
01879 61949 84132 117
68726 53618 52703 737

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

0.10480
0.10580
0.10679
0.10779
0.10878

71688 28882 49043 655

16088 22302 18823 209
59430 14121 88052 588
01704 10007 45835 941
42900 15731 60869 939

0.99449
0.99438
0.99428
0.99417
0.99406

25627 48497 44220 501

72583 50896 48325 268
09595 66120 03900 596
36665 00466 88538 307
53792 61230 07909 607

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

0.10977
0.11077
0.11176
0.11275
0.11375

83008 37174 80866 495

22018 80326 31964 714
59921 51285 18131 952
96706 56261 20553 909
32364 01575 97013 636

0.99395
0.99384
0.99373
0.99362
0.99350

60979 56696 85035 784

58226 96148 49459 483
45535 89860 26316 578
22907 49101 25308 652
90342 86134 29576 080

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

0.11474
0.11574
0.11673
0.11772
0.11871

66883 93663 81259 372

00256 39072 82361 097
32471 44465 84055 722
63519 16621 44080 790
93389 62434 93496 613

0.99339
0.99327
0.99316
0.99304
0.99292

47843 14215 84471 755

95409 47595 86235 439
33043 01517 70568 768
60744 92218 01110 921
78516 36926 57814 950

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

0.11971
0.12070
0.12169
0.12269
0.12368

22072 88919 35996 735

49559 03206 47206 615
75838 12547 73970 447
00900 24315 33626 003
24735 46003 13267 407

0.99280
0.99268
0.99256
0.99244
0.99232

86358 53866 25224 810

84272 62252 80653 067
72259 82294 82259 329
50321 35193 57029 382
18458 43142 88655 070

0.125
0.126
0.127
0.128
0.129

0.12467
0.12566
0.12665
0.12765
0.12864

47333 85227 68995 744

68685 49729 25157 389
88780 47372 73569 978
07608 86148 72735 909
25160 74174 47043 273

0.99219 76672 29329 05314 910

Oi99207 24964 17930 67355 462
0.99194 63335 34118 54873 474
0.99181 91787 04055 55198 803
0.99169 10320 54896 50278 123

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

0.12963
0.13062
0.13161
0.13260
0.13359

41426 19694 85954 121

56395 31083 43179 968
70058 16843 35844 433
82404 85608 43632 907
93425 46144 07929 171

0.99156
0.99143
0.99130
0.99116
0.99103

18937 14788 03959 451

17638 12868 49177 481
06424 79267 75039 751
85298 45107 13813 659
54260 42499 27814 325

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

0.13459
0.13558
0.13657
0.13756
0.13855

03110 07348 30938 844

11448 78252 74799 575
18431 68023 60677 867
24048 85962 67852 453
28290 41508 32784 107

0.99090
0.99076
0.99063
0.99049
0.99035

13312 04547 96193 339

62454 65348 01628 375
01689 59985 16913 714
31018 24535 91451 667
50441 96067 37644 937

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

0.13954
0.14053
0.14152
0.14251
0.14350

31146 44236 48171 799

32607 03861 61995 092
32662 30237 76542 691
31302 33359 47427 025
28517 23362 82584 791

0.99021
0.99007
0.98993
0.98979
0.98964

59962 12637 17189 895

59580 13293 27270 829
49297 38073 86655 145
29115 28007 21689 546
99035 25111 52197 214

0.145
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149

0.14449
0.14548
0.14647
0.14746
0.14844

24297 10526 41263 332

18632 05272 32992 773
11512 18167 16543 800
02927 59922 98870 997
92868 41398 34041 627

0.98950
0.98936
0.98921
0.98906
0.98892

59058 72394 77275 984

09187 13854 60997 551
49421 94478 18007 704
79764 60241 99027 617
00216 58111 76256 193

0.150

0.14943 81324 73599 22149 773

p-p1
L

0.98877 10779 36042 28673 498

cc-y1

ELEMENTARY

~IR~UIAR SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS

AND COSINES FOR RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6
cos x

sin z

145

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

0.14943
0.15042
Oil5141
0.15240
0.15339

81324
68286
53744
37687
20107

73599
67680
34944
86847
34994

22149
08215
81070
72225
54727

773
725
532
604
267

0.98877
0.98862
0.98847
0.98831
0.98816

10779 36042
11454.42977
02243 28849
83147 44579
54168 42076

28673
27245
20028
17178
75856

498
283
611
614
382

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

0.15438
0.15536
0.15635
0.15734
0.15833

00992
80334
58122
34347
08998

91143
67205
75247
27490
36311

41996
86651
79319
47428
53983

190
555
902
529
354

0.98801
0.98785
0.98770
0.98754
0.98738

15307
66566
07947
39451
61079

74239
94954
59094
22522
42087

85038
50224
78054
60814
60855

006
794
663
736
150

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

0.15931
0.16030
0.16129
0.16227
0.16326

82066
53540
23412
91670
58306

14245
73987
28387
90460
73379

96331
04906
41960
00278
01876

146
020
095
226
705

0.98722
0.98706
0.98690
0.98674
0.98658

72833
74715
66727
48869
21144

75626
81965
20914
53272
40826

94904
18284
09029
51905
22328

095
099
574
638
234

0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169

0.16425
0.16523
0.16622
0.16721
0.16819

23309
86670
48378
08424
66798

90480
55265
81396
82704
73183

96685
61216
97208
30268
08481

825
228
916
843
981

0.98641
0.98625
0.98608
0.98592
0.98575

83553
36098
78780
11602
34564

46347
33596
67316
13241
38088

70185
03560
72356
51818
25966

554
791
233
712
434

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

0.16918
0.17016
0.17115
0.17213
0.17312

23490
78490
31789
83376
33241

66996
78473
22117
12595
64750

01015
96702
02607
42577
55773

762
805
812
560
865

0.98558
0.98541
0.98524
0.98507
0.98490

47669
50917
44312
27854
01546

09560
96348
68126
95555
50280

70917
38117
37476
20391
62691

193
998
124
598
158

0.175
0.176
0.177
0.178
0.179

0.17410
0.17509
0.17607
0.17706
0.17804

81375
27769
72411
15292
56403

93595
14318
42278
93011
82230

95189
26146
24778
76492
74417

433
505
176
317
975

0.98472
0.98455
0.98437
0.98419
0.98402

65389
19384
63534
97840
22304

04933
33129
09469
09537
09903

47463
47797
09416
33225
57745

670
052
699
443
046

0.180
0.181
0.182
0.183
0.184

0.17902~95734
0.180Dl 33274
0.18099 69014
0.18198 02944
0.18296 35054

25824
39859
40581
44417
67974

17834
10581
59452
72574
57756

180
029
980
233
116

0.98384
0.98366
0.98348
0.98330
0.98311

36927
41713
36661
21775
97056

88121
22728
93246
80179
65017

41459
45058
13586
58485
39552

272
522
083
974
448

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.;89

0.18394
0.18492
0,18591
0.18689
0.18787

65335
93776
20368
45100
67964

28041
41589
25775
97940
75611

20836
64000
84083
70855
05288

370
231
224
554
013

0.98293
0.98275
0.98256
0.98237
0.98219

62506
18126
63919
99886
26029

30231
59276
36591
47595
78693

46781
82121
41132
94537
69683

122
799
959
971
022

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

0.18885
0.18984
0.19082
0.19180
0.19278

88949
08046
25244
40533
53905

76500
18510
19732
98445
73120

57799
86484
35325
32380
87958

285
571
424
691
485

0.98200
0.98181
0.98162
0.98143
0.98124

42351
48852
45535
32402
09455

17270
51693
71313
66461
28451

31896
65751
56228
69777
35290

788
875
034
178
214

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

0.19376
0.19474
0.19572
0.19670
Oil9768

65349
74855
82414
88016
91650

62421
85204
60517
07604
45907

92769
16058
03723
76404
27565

058
510
204
820
917

0.98104
0.98085
0.98065
0.98046
0.98026

76695
34125
81746
19561
47571

49577
23115
43322
05437
05677

24965
35080
66661
06062
05434

723
479
867
170
796

0.200

0.19866 93307 95061 21545 941

c-y

c 1

0.98006 65778 41241 63112 420

c-y

146

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin x

cos x

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

0.19866 93307 95061 21545 941

0.19964 92978 74900 91597 545
OI20062 90653 05459 37903 151
0.20160 86321 06969 25571 640
0.20258 79972 99863 82615 083

0.98006 65778 41241 63112 420

0.97986 74185 10310 03887 090
0.97966 72793 12041 59192 306
0.97946 61604 46575 47187 084
OI97926 40621 15030 52742 047

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

0.20356
0.20454
0.20552
0.20650
0.20748

71599 04777 97905 397

61189 42549 19110 856
48734 34218 50612 330
34224 01031 51399 175
17648 64439 32944 665

0.97906
0.97885
0.97865
0.97844
0.97823

09845 19505 07327 536

69278 63076 68803 784
18923 49802 01113 156
58781 84716 53874 491
88855 73834 41879 553

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

0.20845
0.20943
0.21041
0.21139
0.21237

98998 46099 57060 871

78263 67877 33732 895
55434 51846 18932 346
30501 20289 12409 982
03453 95699 55467 398

0.97803
0.97782
0.97761
0.97740
0.97718

09147 24148 24491 614

19658 43628 84946 201
20391 41225 09554 014
11348 26863 66806 039
92531 11448 86380 882

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

0.21334
0.21432
0.21530
0.21627
0.21725

74283 00782 28707 677

42978 58454 49764 905
09530 91846 71012 439
73930 24303 77249 851
36166 79385 83368 434

0.97697
0.97676
0.97654
0.97633
0.97611

63942 06862 38054 344

25583 25963 10511 247
77456 82586 90059 555
19564 91546 39246 782
51909 68630 75378 736

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

0.21822
0.21920
0.22018
0.22115
0.22213

96230 80869 31995 179

54112 52747 91115 124
09802 19233 51671 977
63290 04757 25146 920
i4566 33970 41115 484

0.97589
0.97567
0.97545
0.97523
0.97501

74493 30605 48940 602

87317 95212 21920 392
90385 81168 46034 788
83699 08167 40857 388
67259 96877 71849 392

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

0.22310
0.22408
0.22505
0.22602
0.22700

63621 31745 44782 417

10445 23176 94494 428
55028 33582 59230 720
97360 88504 16071 214
37433 13708 47642 363

0.97479
0.97457
0.97434
0.97412
0.97389

41070 68943 28292 737

05133 46983 01125 708
59450 54590 60681 052
04024 16334 34326 607
38856 57756 84008 477

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

0.22797
0.22895
0.22992
0.23089
0.23187

75235 35188 39540 462

10757 79163 77732 354
43990 72082 45933 437
74924 40621 22962 869
03549 11686 80075 884

0.97366
0.97343
0.97320
0.97297
0.97274

63950 0.537483696 773

79306 86678 96733 940
84929 30133 53085 695
80819 65176 26494 602
66980 22218 11536 294

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

0.23284
0.23381
0.23478
0.23575
0.23673

29855 12416 78273 112

53832 70180 65586 809
75472 12580 74343 904
94763 67453 18405 752
11697 62868 90384 520

0.97251
0.97228
0.97204
0.97181
0.97157

43413 32643 00578 389

10121 28807 60642 091
67106 44041 10166 529
14371 12644 95675 843
51917 69892 68349 034

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

0.23770
0.23867
0.23964
0.24061
0.24158

26264 27134 58836 079

38453 88793 65429 334
48256 76627 22091 869
55663 19655 08131 828
60663 47136 67335 933

0.97133
0.97109
0.97086
0.97062
0.97037

79748 52029 60492 618

97865 96272 61916 095
06272 40809 96210 262
04970 24800 96928 391
93961 88375 83670 294

0.245
0.246
0.247
0.248
0.249

0.24255
0.24352
0.24449
0.24546
0.24643

63247 88572 05043 522

63406 73702 85196 546
61130 32513 27365 389
56408 95231 03750 445
49232 92328 36159 337

0.97013
0.96989
0.96965
0.96940
0.96915

73249 72635 38069 313

42836 19650 79682 233
02723 72463 41782 166
52914 75084 47054 425
93411 72494 83195 397

0.250

0.24740 39592 54522 92959 685

c-:)3

[ 1

0.96891 24217 10644 78414 459

1c-y1

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

.4ND COSINES

FOR RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

Table

4.6

cos x

sin x

147

FUNCTIONS

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

0.24740
0.24837
0.24934
0.25030
0.25127

39592 54522 92959 685

27478 12778 86007 332
12879 98307 67549 922
95788 42569 27105 742
76193 77272 88317 722

0.96891
0.96866
0.96841
0.96816
0.96791

24217 10644 78414 459

45333 36453 76838 955
56762 97810 13822 250
58508 43570 91154 897
50572 23561 52178 941

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

0.25224
0.25321
0.25418
0.25514
0.25611

54086 34378 05782 506

29456 46095 61854 486
02294 44888 63424 714
72590 63473 38674 587
40335 34820 33804 209

0.96766
0.96741
0.96715
0.96690
0.96664

32956 88575 56805 375

05664 90374 56434 780
68698 81687 68781 180
22061 16211 52599 126
65754 48609 82314 035

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

0.25708
0.25804
0.25901
0.25997
0.26094

05518 92155 09735 339

68131 68959 38788 820
28163 98972 01336 401
85606 16189 82426 844
40448 54868 68386 239

0.96638
0.96613
0.96587
0.96561
0.96535

99781 34513 22555 822

24144 30519 02595 835
38845 94190 90687 131
43888 84058 68308 107
39275 59618 04309 520

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

0.26190
0.26287
0.26383
0.26480
0.26576

92681 49524 43392 399

42295 34933 86023 278
89280 46135 65779 278
33627 18431 39579 372
75325 87386 48230 942

0.96509
0.96483
0.96456
0.96430
0.96403

25008 81330 28964 923

01091 10622 07924 537
67525 09885 16072 584
24313 42476 11288 118
71458 72716 08109 368

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

0.26673
0.26769
0.26865
0.26962
0.27058

14366 88831 12873 229

50740 58861 31394 301
84437 33839 74821 451
15447 50396 83684 915
43761 45431 64354 828

0.96377
0.96350
0.96323
0.96296
0.96269

08963 65890 51301 623

36830 88248 89328 696
55063 07004 47727 972
63662 90334 02389 084
62633 07377 52736 246

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

0.27154
0.27250
0.27347
0.27443
0.27539

69369 56112 85351 302

92262 19879 73627 557
12429 74443 10825 981
29862 57786 29507 043
44551 08166 09350 952

0.96242
0.96215
0.96188
0.96160
0.96133

51976 28237 94814 248

31695 23980 94278 169
01792 66634 59286 807
62271 29189 13299 879
13133 85596 67778 997

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

0.27635
0.27731
0.27827
0.27923
0.28019

56485 64113 73331 967

65656 64435 83865 270
72054 48215 38926 293
75669 54812 68142 411
76492 23866 28856 909

0.96105 54383 10770 94792 459

0.96077 86021 80586 99523 878
0.96050 08052 71880 92684 682
0.96022 20478 62449 62830 504
Oi95994 23302 31050 48581 495

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

0.28115
0.28211
0.28307
0.28403
0.28499

74512 95294 02165 110

69722 09293 88922 591
62110 06345 05725 374
51667 27208 80861 997
38384 12929 50237 384

0.95966
0.95938
0.95909
0.95881
0.95852

16526 57401 10746 590

00154 22179 04351 746
74188 07021 50572 193
38630 94525 08568 713
93485 68245 47227 984

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

0.28595
0.28691
0.28786
0.28882
0.28978

22251 04835 53268 394

03258 44540 28750 981
81396 73943 10698 841
56656 35230 24153 475
29027 70875 80965 551

0.95824
0.95795
0.95767
0.95738
0.95709

38755 12697 16807 013

74442 13353 20481 688
00549 56644 85799 478
17080 29961 36036 308
24037 21649 61457 636

0.295
0.296
0.297
0.298
0.299

0.29073
Oi29169
0.29265
Oi29360
0.29456

98501 23642 75547 489

65067 36583 80597 155
28716 53042 42792 582
89439 16653 78457 616
47225 71345 69198 389

0.95680 21423 21013 90483 768

Oi95651 09241 18315 60759 429
0.95621 87494 04772 90127 632
Oi95592 56184 72560 47507 858
0.95563 15316 14809 23678 590

0.300

0.29552 02066 61339 57510 532

0.95533 64891 25606 01964 231

[C-f)4 1

[ (-;)I1

148

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS
FOR RADIAN

cos x

sin x

ARGUMENTS

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

0.29552
0.29647
0.29743
0.29838
0.29933

02066 61339 57510 532

53952 31151 42357 025
02873 25592 74716 586
48819 89771 53102 518
91782 69093 19051 897

0.95533
0.95504
0.95474
0.95444
0.95414

64891 25606 01964 231

04912 99993 28826 414
35384 33968 84359 763
56308 24485 52692 116
67687 69450 92289 242

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

0.30029
0.30124
0.30220
0.30315
0.30410

31752 09261 52585 026

68718 56279 67635 045
02672 56451 07447 613
33604 56380 39950 549
61505 02974 53093 365

0.95384
0.95354
0.95324
0.95294
0.95263

69525 67727 06164 084

61825 19130 11990 559
44589 24430 12121 945
17820 85350 63513 878
81523 04568 47552 001

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

0.30505
0.30601
0.30696
0.30791
0.30886

86364 43443 50156 564

08173 25301 45030 632
26921 96367 57464 615
42601 04767 08284 189
55200 98932 14579 138

0.95233
0.95202
0.95172
0.95141
0.95110

35698 85713 39784 281

80351 33367 79558 038
15483 53066 39561 711
41098 51295 95271 383
57199 35494 94302 111

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

0.30981
i:j1076
0.31171
0.31266
0.31361

64712 27602 84860 120

71125 39828 14184 658
74430 84966 79252 234
74619 12688 33468 402
71680 72974 01977 833

0.95079
0.95048
0.95017
0.94986
0.94954

63789 14053 25664 080

60870 96311 88923 617
48447 92562 63269 094
26523 14047 76481 749
95099 72959 73811 467

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

0.31456
0.31551
0.31646
0.31741
0.31836

65606 16117 76666 176

56385 92727 11130 659
44010 53724 15619 332
28470 50346 51938 844
09756 34148 28330 674

0.94923
0.94892
0.94860
0.94828
0.94796

54180 82440 86757 531

03769 56583 01754 395
43869 10427 28762 501
74482 59963 69764 173
95613 22130 87164 613

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

0.31930
0.32025
0.32120
0.32215
0.32309

87858 57000 94315 718

62767 71094 35507 128
34474 28937 68391 319
02968 83360 35077 048
68241 87512 98012 460

0.94765
0.94733
0.94701
0.94668
0.94636

07264 14815 72098 048

09438 56853 12639 034
02139 68025 61918 976
85370 69063 06147 877
59134 81642 32541 351

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

0.32404
0.32498
0.32593
0.32687
Oij2782

30283 94868 34670 020

89085 59222 32199 224
44637 34694 82047 011
96929 75730 74545 756
45953 37100 93468 777

0.94604
0.94571
0.94539
0.94506
0.94473

23435 28386 97152 941

78275 32866 92611 768
23658 19598 15765 535
59587 14042 35228 939
86065 42606 58837 502

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

0.32876
0.32971
0.33065
0.33160
0.33254

91698 73903 10553 241

34156 41562 79990 386
73316 95834 32882 957
09170 92801 71669 766
41708 88879 64517 288

0.94441
0.94408
0.94375
0.94341
0.94308

03096 32643 01006 864

10683 12448 49997 577
08829 11264 35085 413
97537 59275 93637 243
76811 87612 38092 499

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

0.33348
0.33442
0.33537
0.33631
0.33725

70921 40814 39678 177

96799 05684 79816 635
19332 40903 16300 519
38512 04216 23460 104
54328 53706 12813 399

0.94275
0.94242
0.94208
0.94174
0.94141

46655 28346 22850 264

07071 14493 11062 025
58062 80011 41330 105
99633 59801 94311 834
31786 89707 59229 468

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

0.33819
0.33913
0.34007
0.34101
0.34195

66772 47791 27257 928

75834 45227 35228 880
81505 05108 24823 531
83774 86866 97891 850
82634 50276 64093 188

0.94107
0.94073
0.94039
0.94005
0.93971

54526 06513 00285 905

67854 47944 22986 218
71775 52668 40365 059
66292 60293 39119 944
51409 11367 45650 473

0.350

0.34289 78074 55451 34918 963

0.93937 27128 47378 92003 503

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR RADIAN

149

ARGUMENTS

Table

4.6

cos x

sin z

0.34289 78074 55451 34918 963

0.34383 70085 62847 17681 237

0.93937
0.93902

93454

0.34477
0.34571
0.34665

58658

0.93799

36103

03447

99266

461

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

0.34759
0.34852
0.34946
0.35040

03652
78377
49617
17363

0.93764
0.93729
0.93694
0.93659
0.93624

64888
84296
94332

19349
88839
59978

27409
87337
89202

412
915
418

86299

04124

73578

312

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

0.35227
0.35320
0.35414
0.35508
0.35601

42332
99538
53211
03343
49923

75089
05683
26351
01729

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

0.35694
0.35788

92944
32396

76911
07756

39203

863

0.35975
0.36068

00552
29239

86229
67042

93504
91160

0.36161
0.36254
0.36347

54319
75783
93621

64961
47479
82448

25290
28534

86047
16625

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

33263

09467

102

43783 27841 91058 778

25451
08071 20819 319
35784
73161
82729
27364

28543
09276
17091

852
237
064

58840 a91
0.35133 al604 70292 87868 632
97684
15610
96384
15734

991
866
608
065

96801 63913 294

27128 47378 92003 503

10755
al724 321
0.93868 50389 44865 55613 a41
0.93833 97937 94014 57391 a69

94998 al762 72980 716

0.93589 68236 77934 85835 091

40815 54999 29438 322
0.93519 04038 88060 13742 042
0.93483 57910 30795 02492 a55
0.93448 02433 37816 78462 165
0.93554

37611
63448
79948

354
721

0.93412
0.93376
0.93340
0.93304

a7113 33740 a7371 606

0.93268 84948 14096 19348 a71

97803
21412
31502

729
373

al3
0.36441 07825 38085 52343 006
0.36534
la384 a2970 56131 067

0.93232
0.93196
0.93160

73456
52640
22505

06034
70704

42320
74082

381
737

70188 65151 560

0.93123 a3054 67499 62553 347
0.93087 34291 26582 73524 125

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

0.36627
0.36720

56137
99809

291
733

0.93050
0.93014
0.92977
0.92940
0.92903

76219

12314

29114

948

0.380

0.37092

04694
12982 67184 549
0.37184 89484 33562 49909 aal

0.92866

46355

76510

24949

253

i* 33::
0: 383

0.37277
0.37370
0.37463

70556

0.92792
0.92754

09378

03592

76777

471

0.385
0.386

0.37555
0.37648
0.37741

91367
57472

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

0.38018
0.38111
0.38203
0.38296

a4151 23161 42823 118

31339 34675 51860 671
74716 33087 43373 349
14272 94059 55222 774

0.38388

49999

0.395
0.396

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

0.384

41380 647
0.35881 68268 55391 65142 021

0.36813 28105 44381 61843 251

0.36906
0.36999

23995
16194

39357
71964

05224

37211
34164

88020

926
758

096

47899 99862 72083 la4

21506
a9741 70366 479
21610
27762

089
945

07984
05404
97425

897
739
922

08841 90501 47704 265

32163
27881 98417 211
46186 92123 64451 a36
50916
51824 06312 328

0.92829 32508 36638 24806 a58

76968 49686 81063 030
0.92717 35283 48161 29943 792
84326 73184 70454 235

0.92679
0.92642
0.92604
0.92566

24101
54613

99852

0.92490
0.92452
0.92414
0.92376

90598
84090
68337
43342

57313
51063

04145
22192

068
776

35142

86457

070

0.92299
0.92261
0.92222

65643
12947
51025

63117
40199
06064

25225
97879
84939

693
040
589

it ;z;
0:399

0.38480 ala88 08245 02477 888

0.38573 09928 14697 01854 707
0.38665 34110 90188 34186 658
0.38757 54427 12300 79611 426
0.38849
70867
59002
a3601 363

0.400

0.38941 a3423 08650 49166 631

0.92106

09940

02885 08279 a53

2 ;:i
01389

47501
46155

64673
67846
04751

19812 59093 46681 397

0.37833 78378 60081 a4790 240
0.37926
33161
23263
89706
110

93636

r(-_sbq
L

'_I

29011

366

66966

223

04187 63679 438

75863 63138 47019 143
oI9252a 87857 54580 07941 297

16481 39537 314

0.92338 09109 a9547 07898 401

0.92183 79880 46904 06602 584

0.92144 99517 49832 05558 150

cC-f)
1

150

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS

SIRES AND COSINES

FOR RADIAN

cos x

sin x

ARGUIMENTS

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

0.38941
0.39033
0.39125
0.39217
0.39309

83423
92084
96842
97687
94611

08650
39988
32150
64660
17434

49166
29019
17700
43663

631
595
358
363

61324 955

0.92028 03157 16118 16919 248

0.91988 85959 56976 45007 979
0.91949 59563 09315 43137 110

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

0.39401
0;j9493
0.39585
0.39677
0.39769

87603
76656
61759
42903
20080

70780
05398
02384
43226
09812

43071

820

0.91910

29995
97324
36782

816
356
508

0.91870
0.91831
0.91791
0.91751

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

0.39860
0.39952

93279
62493

84422
49738

89359
65238

380
251

71230 202

0.40044 27711 88838 35528 558

0.40135 88925 85200 23958 010
0.40227

46126

22702

98524

766

0.40318 99303 85626 63109 550

0.40410 48449 58653 49047 645
0.40501 93554 26869 06660 654

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

0.40593
0.40684

34608
71603

75762
91229

96747
82037

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

0.40776
0.40867
0.40958
0.41049
0.41140

04530
33379
58142
78808
95370

59570
67491
02108
50946
01936

0.425
0.426
0.421
0.428
0.429

0.41232
0.41323

07817

43424

16141 64165 31825 593

0.41414 20333 53326 15081 889
0.41505 20384 00488 14189 067
0.41596

16283

95646

32014

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

0.41687
0.41777
0.41868
0.41959
0.42050

08024
95595
78989
58196
33207

29210
92007
75279
70687
70310

0.435
0.436

0.42141
0,42231
0.42322

04013
70605
32974

ii* t;;
0:439

0.42412

0.92106
0.92067

0.91712
0.91672
0.91632
0.91592
0.91551

09940
11151

02885
95020

08279
86221

853
075

23971
79189
25219
62067
89735

65774
19913
66209
00060
17781

72800
45073
81253
73416
44815

745
295
568
956
737

08228
17549

16605
94682

10547
37232
03796
61266
92832

564
150
202
649
194

17704 51081
08695
90527

85785
99696

0.91511 63204 94631 73753 232

939
655

0.91471
0.91430
0.91390
0.91349

26730
81109
26344
62441

73322
39416
97475
52975

31180
03880
01872
65972

180
251
722
725

18597
47203
84671
15143
81337

279
546
703
980
201

0.91308
0.91268
0.91227
0.91186
0.91145

89403
07233
15937
15518
05981

12308
82776
12591
90901
47728

27243
66357
72866
04379
45647

609
915
996
332
576

75749

435

301

0.91103
0[91062
0.91021
Oi90979
0.90938

87329
59567
22698
76727
21659

54033
21681
63449
93022
24998

67564
86066
20950
54591
90577

373
990
808
701
360

76621
52231
50136
39579
58584

692
243
257
028
774

0.90896
0.90854
0.90813
0.90771
0.90729

57496
84244
01906
10488
09991

74885
59097
94960
00709
95484

12247
41143
95366
47844
84510

591
638
563
729
435

0.42503

66648
52619
21565
91110 67248
45005
83856

04753
26011
11315
81323
79016

684
018
146
456
027

0.90687
Oi90644
0.90602
0.90560
0.90517

00422
81785
54083
17320
71502

99336
33221
19003
79452
38245

62385
67577
73181
97096
59741

731
465
601
848
647

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

0.42593
0.42684
0.42774
0.42865
0.42955

94650
40036
81153
17992
50545

65999
08712
07458
58123
57025

60276
84433
04751

972
381
750

59317

145

0.90475
0.90432
0.90389
0.90346
0.90304

16632
52714
79753
97753
06718

19963
50093
55027
62061
99394

41716
41286
31889
19473
99766

554
061
904
892
305

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

0.43045
0.43136
0.43226
0.43316
0.43406

78803
02755
22395

00908
86947
12746

83666
65073
82453

443
141
917

48696

76203

11100

244

0.90261
0.90217
0.90174
0.90131
0.90088

06653
97562
79449
52319
16175

96132
82279
88745
47341
90780

15457
13291
01061
04523
24210

899
573
718
319
832

0.450

0.43496

55341

11230

21042

084

0.90044

71023

58891 823

37711 76342 50745 219

[1(-y 1
52676

92166

884

ELEMENTARY

CIRCULAR

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

151

FUNCTIONS

FOR RADIAN

ARGCMENTS

Table

4.6

cos x

sin x

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

0.43496
0.43586
0.43676
0;43766
0.43856

55341
57635
55571
49140
38331

11230
80759
84561
22842
96246

21042
44573
42243
61170
25020

084
567
681
507
568

0.90044
0.90001
0.89957
Oi89913
0.89870

71023
16866
53709
81556
00412

52676
67546
70803
98765
88646

92166
28580
98337
67474
59552

884
847
319
569
965

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

0.43946
0.44036
0.44125
0.44215
0.44305

23138
03549
79557
51152
18326

05853
53183
40194
69287
43301

23944
04468
59344
17350
33053

492
918
542
215
008

0.89826
0.89782
0.89738
0.89693
0.89649

10281
11168
03076
86010
59975

78561
07522
15441
43127
32287

11933
31966
53089
90836
98759

463
167
030
721
714

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

0.44394
0.44484
0.44573
0.44663
0.44752

81069
39373
93228
42626
87558

65519
39668
69916
60878
17615

76524
23010
42563
89618
92537

151
752
218
275
506

0.89605
0.89560
0.89516
0.89471
0.89426

24975
81014
28097
66229
95414

25525
66339
99127
69179
22683

24253
64298
21110
57699
53342

639
937
867
908
602

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

0.44842
0.44931
0.45020
0745110
0.45199

28014
63986
95465
22442
44907

45634
50888
39782
19166
96343

43101
85958
08029
27868
84976

319
244
479
603
342

0.89382
Oi89337
0.89292
Oi89247
0.89202

15656
26959
29329
22770
07286

06720
69266
59190
26256
21120

58962
52423
93730
80142
01196

873
883
459
134
857

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

0.45288
0.45377
0.45466
0.45555
0.45644

62853
76270
85149
89482
89259

79068
75545
94432
44843
36343

29070
09309
63474
07100
22566

327
736
735
635
671

0.89156
0.89111
0.89066
0.89020
0.88974

82881
49562
07330
56193
96153

95328
01323
92437
22891
47800

93645
96296
04773
26178
33674

402
541
005
292
367

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

0.45733
0.45822
0.45911
0.46000
0.46089

84471
75110
61167
42633
19498

78955
83158
59888
20540
76967

48139
66969
96047
75103
55473

307
994
279
180
739

0.88929
0.88883
0.88837
0.88791
0.88745

27216
49386
62667
67065
62583

23168
05888
53744
25407
80438

20970
56721
38842
48723
05369

288
822
074
197
212

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

0.46177
0.46266
0.46355
0.46443
0.46532

91755
59394
22406
80783
34515

41482
26861
46338
13613
42849

88913
16364
56679
95295
72867

664
968
522
430
132

0.88699
0.88653
0.88606
0.88560
0.88514

49227
27001
95910
55958
07150

79284
83281
54652
56506
52837

19439
47206
44417
20075
90129

995
469
051
401
517

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

0.46620
0.46709
0.46797
0.46886
Oi46974

83594
28011
67757
02823
33201

48672
46175
50915
78918
46678

73849
15033
34040
77761
90760

162
451
104
558
024

0.88467
0.88420
0.88374
0.88327
0.88280

49491
82984
07636
23450
30432

08528
89343
61933
93833
53462

31072
33453
55301
75463
46844

223
094
874
416
214

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

0.47062
0.47150
0.47238
0.47327
Oi47415

58881
79855
96114
07649
14451

71158
69788
60472
61583
91970

03618
21242
11121
91533
19709

136
715
556
149
261

0.88233
0.88186
0.88138
0.88091
0.88044

28586
17916
98427
70125
33014

10121
33995
96151
68537
23984

49570
44058
23994
69230
98588

547
307
541
763
075

0.49'5
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

0.47503
0.47591
0.47679
0.47766
0.47854

16512
13823
06374
94157
77164

70950
18319
54345
99774
75827

79950
71693
97532
51191
05452

264
150
118
668
099

0.87996
0.87949
0.87901
0.87853
0.87806

87098
32382
68872
96571
15485

36204
79786
30204
63808
57828

22574
96012
70581
47270
28743

157
154
529
917
023

0.500

0.47942

55386

04203

00027

329

0.87758

25618

r, 90372-\.-,

71611

628

c(6;W 1

l-:l

152

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR RADIAN

sin x

ARGUMENTS
cos 2

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

0.47942
0.48030
0.48117
0.48205
0.48293

55386 04203 00027 329

28813 07080 29394 947
97437 07116 30578 414
61249 27448 70881 314
20240 91696 35573 583

0.87758
0.87710
0.87662
0.87614
0.87565

25618 90372 71611 628

26976 40428 38630 733
19562 87859 50795 903
03383 13407 39357 847
78441 98689 97748 295

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

0.48380
0.48468
0.48555
0.48643
0.48730

74403 23960 15529 617

23727 48823 94818 170
68204 91355 38243 967
07826 77106 78840 928
42584 32116 05316 931

0.87517
0.87469
0.87420
0.87371
0.87323

44744 26201 33418 203

02294 79311 19588 355
51098 42264 46912 391
91160 00180 75052 318
22484 39053 84166 561

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

0.48817
0.48904
0.48992
0.49079
0.49166

72468 82907 49450 013

97471 56492 73435 934
17583 80371 57187 006
32796 82532 85582 104
43101 91455 35667 778

0.87274
0.87225
0.87176
0.87127
0.87078

45076 45751 26310 581

58941 08013 76750 129
64083 14454 85187 176
60507 54560 26898 565
48219 18687 53787 441

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

0.49253
0.49340
0.49427
0.49514
0.49601

48490 36108 63810 364

48953 45953 92799 025
44482 50944 98899 617
35068 81528 98859 309
20703 68647 36861 855

0.87029
0.86979
0.86930
0.86881
0.86831

27222 98065 45347 504

97523 84793 59540 132
59126 71841 83584 429
12036 53049 84660 240
56258 23126 60524 189

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

0.49688
0.49774
0.49861
0.49948
0.50034

01378 43736 71433 446

77084 38729 62299 043
47812 86055 57189 109
13555 18641 78596 658
74302 69914 10484 518

0.86781
0.86732
0.86682
0.86632
0.86582

91796 77649 90038 785

18657 13065 83614 647
36844 26688 33565 898
46363 16698 64378 779
47218 82144 82893 524

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

0.50121
0.50207
0.50294
0.50380
0.50467

30046 73797 84942 748

80778 64718 68796 092
26489 77603 50161 411
67171 47881 24954 981
02815 11483 83349 596

0.86532
0.86482
0.86431
0.86381
0.86331

39416 22941 28399 561

22960 39868 22644 077
97856 34571 19753 996
64109 09560 56071 436
21723 68210 99902 671

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

0.50553
0.50639
0.50725
0.50811
0.50898

33412 04846 96181 366

58953 64911 01306 143
79431 29121 89905 473
94836 35431 92741 999
05160 22300 66364 220

0.86280
0.86230
0.86179
0.86128
0.86077

70705 14761 01380 670

11058 54312 41041 248
42788 92829 81312 894
65901 37140 13920 311
80400 94932 10201 726

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

0.50984
0.51070
0.51156
0.51241
0.51327

10394 28695 79260 534

10529 94093 97962 456
05558 58481 73096 946
95471 62356 25387 754
80260 46726 31605 686

0.86026
0.85975
0.85924
0.85873
0.85822

86292 74755 70140 025

83581 86021 71507 760
72273 39001 18926 068
52372 44824 92837 581
23884 15482 98393 339

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

0.51413
0.51499
0.51585
0.51670
0.51756

59916 53113 10467 728

34431 23551 08484 914
03796 00588 85758 874
68002 27290 01726 969
27041 47234 00855 920

0.85770
0.85719
0.85667
0.85616
0.85564

86813 63824 14253 797

41166 03555 41303 947
86946 49241 51282 623
24160 16304 35326 032
52812 21022 52425 567

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

0.51841
0.51927
0.52012
0.52098
0.52183

80905 04516 98283 861

29584 43752 65410 714
73071 10073 15436 812
11356 49129 88849 675
44432 07094 38858 868

0.85512 72907 80530 77799 957

0.85460 84452 12819 51181 787
0.85408 87450 36734 25018 472
0.85356 81907 71975 12587 703
Oi85304 67829 39096 36027 442

0.550

0.52268 72289 30659 16778 838

C-f)7

0.85252 45220 59505 74280 498

C-J)1

1 1

[ 1

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

TRANSCENDENTAL
COSINES

FOR

153

FUNCTIONS
RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin 2

Table

4.6

cos x

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

0.52268
0.52353
0.52439
0.52524
0.52609

72289
94919
12314
24465
31364

30659
67038
63969
69712
33053

16778
57359
64065
94301
44585

838
653
565
297
976

0.85252
0.85200
0.85147
0.85095
0.85042

45220
14086
74432
26263
69585

59505
55464
50084
67333
32026

74280
10953
82092
23867
20180

498
761
114
il0
431

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

0.52694
0.52779
0.52864
0.52949
0.53033

33002
29370
20460
06264
86773

03301
30292
64391
56488
58002

35674
97627
54824
10933
33815

635
180
757
415
002

0.84990
0.84937
0.84884
0.84831
0.84778

04402
30721
48545
57881
58734

69831
07267
71701
91352
95285

50182
35704
88608
58049
77652

218
287
318
047
517

0.560
0.561
0.562
0.563
0.564

0.53118
0.53203
0.53287
0.53372
0.53457

61979
31872
96446
55691
09598

20883
97610
41195
05179
43639

40385
81418
26300
47726
06347

187
533
543
585
607

0.84725
0.84672
0.84619
0.84565
0.84512

51110
35012
10448
77421
35938

13416
76506
16165
64850
55863

12609
06683
29136
21564
44654

452
799
481
438
991

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

0.53541
0.53626
0.53710
0.53794
0.53878

58160
01367
39212
71686
98780

11183
62956
54637
42441
83121

35362
25057
07291
39926
91211

572
521
168
969
553

0.84458
0.84405
0.84351
0.84297
0.84244

86004
27624
60803
85547
01861

23353
02313
28580
38838
70611

24855
00958
70603
36691
53715

579
945
796
011
445

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

0.53963
0.54047
0.54131
0.54215
0.54299

20487
36797
47702
53195
53266

33969
52812
98021
28505
03714

24099
80524
65614
31859
63213

446
005
465
028
905

0.84190
0.84136
0.84082
0.84027
0.83973

09751
09222
00279
82928
57175

62268
53020
82920
92863
24582

74013
93925
99876
14368
41893

376
658
632
839
605

0.575
0.576
0.577
0.578
0.579

0.54383
0.54467
0;54551
0.54634
0.54718

47906
37109
20865
99165
72002

83642
28825
00342
59818
69423

59158
18694
24296
25797
24232

222
718
136
231
321

0.83919
0.83864
0.83810
0.83755
0.83701

23024
80481
29551
70241
02555

20654
24493
80354
33330
29351

14757
38825
39176
05683
38499

543
019
658
918
807

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

0.54802
0.54886
0.54969
0.55053
0.55136

39367
01252
57649
08548
53942

91873
90432
28912
71672
83624

55618
74682
38538
90300
42652

270
851
382
563
424

0.83646
0.83591
0.83536
0.83481
0.83426

26499
42078
49298
48164
38683

15186
38442
47559
91816
21326

93465
27434
43511
36205
36508

789
927
337
988
907

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

0.55219
0.55303
0.55386
0.55469
0.55552

93823
28181
57009
80299
98041

30227
77494
91989
40829
91685

61353
48692
26889
21434
44380

309
799
504
637
278

0.83371
0.83315
0.83260
0.83205
0.83149

20858
94697
60204
17385
66245

87037
40732
35026
23370
60044

56877
36143
84331
27399
51895

861
543
337
720
332

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

0.55636
0.55719
0.55802
0.55885
0.55968

10229
16852
17904
13375
03258

12783
72905
41388
88127
83575

77572
55827
50056
50327
48880

254
556
192
409
201

0.83094
0.83038
Oi82982
0.82926
Oi82870

06791
39026
62959
78593
85934

00163
99672
15348
04797
26455

49524
61643
23660
09361
75147

800
346
255
243
786

0.595
0.596
0.597
0.598
0.599

0.56050
0.56133
0.56216
0.56299
0.56381

87544
66226
39293
06739
68555

98744
05205
75090
81092
96468

23078
18307
30821
90525
43709

004
516
541
792
545

0.82814
0.82758
0.82702
0.82646
Oi82589

84988
75761
58257
32484
98446

39590
04294
81491
32932
21193

04193
50517
82974
29164
19254

468
407
799
660
799

0.600

0.56464 24733 95035 35720 095

C-f)7

[ 1

0.82533 56149 09678 29724 095

154

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND

COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR

RADIAN

sin x

ARGUMENTS
cos x

0.601
0.602
0.603
0.604

0.56464
O;i6546
0.56629
0.56711
0.56793

24733 95035 35720 095

75265 51175 93580 897
20142 39837 08553 336
59356 36531 18642 028
92899 17336 91043 574

0.82533
0.82477
0.82420
0.82363
0:82307

56149 09678 29724 095

05598 62617 27022 123
46800 45065 11146 193
79760 22901 59135 858
04483 62830 68484 934

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

0.56876 20762 58900 04538 687

Oi56958 42938 38434 31827 607
0.57040 59418 33722 21808 719
0.57122 70194 23115 81800 299
0.57204 75257 85537 59705 300

0.82250
0.82193
0.82136
0.82079
0.82022

20976 32380 00471 116

29243 99900 23403 216
29292 34564 55786 102
21127 06368 09403 380
04753 86127 32317 893

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

0.57286
0:$7368
0.57450
O:i7532
0.57614

74601 00481 26119 098

68215 48012 56380 111
56093 08770 12563 221
38225 63966 25415 904
14604 95387 76236 989

0.81964
0.81907
0.81850
0.81792
0.81734

80178 45479 51790 075

47406 56882 17114 225
06443 93612 42372 770
57296 29766 49108 549
99969 40259 08915 198

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

0.57695
0.57777
0.57859
0.57940
0.58022

85222 85396 78697 975

50071 16931 60606 809
09141 73507 45614 047
62426 39217 34861 330
09916 98732 88572 073

0.81677
0.81619
0.81561
0.81503
0.81445

34469 00822 85945 685

60800 88007 79339 051
78970 79180 65565 411
88984 52524 40689 288
90847 87037 62551 318

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

0.58103
0.58184
0.58266
0.58347
0.58428

51605 37305 07584 296

87483 40765 14825 522
17542 95525 36729 641
41775 88579 84595 681
60174 07505 35888 387

0.81387
0.81329
0.81271
0.81213
0.81154

84566 62533 92868 400

70146 59641 39252 335
47593 59801 97147 027
16913 45270 91684 290
78111 99116 19458 331

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

0.58509
0.58590
0.58671
0.58752
0.58833

72729 40462 15480 540

79433 76194 76836 923
80279 04032 83139 861
75257 13891 88356 252
64359 96274 18246 006

0.81096
0.81037
0.80979
0.80920
0.80861

31195 05217 90218 953

76168 48267 68483 556
13038 13768 15067 973
41809 88032 28536 214
62489 58182 86569 178

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

0.58914
0.58995
0.59075
0.59156
0.59237

47579 42269 51311 811

24907 43555 99690 151
96335 92400 89983 484
61856 81661 44033 509
21462 04785 59635 440

0.80802
0.80743
0.80684
0.80625
0.80566

75083 12151 87252 371

79596 38679 90282 722
76035 27315 58094 522
64405 68414 96904 569
44713 53140 97676 566

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

0.59317
0.59398
0.59478
0.59559
0.59639

75143 55812 91193 198

22893 29375 30315 454
64703 20697 86352 425
00565 25599 66873 364
30471 40494 58084 641

0.80507
0.80447
0.80388
0.80328
0.80269

16964 73462 77004 837

81165 22155 17917 411
37320 92798 10598 548
85437 79775 93030 752
25521 78276 91556 338

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

0.59719
0.59799
0.59879
0.59959
0.60039

54413 62392 05188 355

72383 88897 92681 375
84374 18215 24594 757
90376 49145 04673 426
90382 81087 16496 070

0.80209
0.80149
0.80089
0.80030
0.79970

57578 84292 61358 611

81614 94617 26862 715
97636 06847 22056 216
05648 19380 30729 469
05657 31415 26635 842

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

0.60119
0.60199
0.60279
0.60359
0.60439

84385 14041 03535 151

72375 48606 49156 949
54345 85984 56561 576
30288 27978 28662 868
00194 76993 47908 070

0.79909
0.79849
0.79789
0.79729
0.79668

97669 42951 13571 848

81690 54786 65377 243
57726 68519 65855 159
25783 86546 48612 327
85868 12061 36819 444

0.650

0.60518 64057 36039 56037 252

0.600

0.79608 37985 49055 82891 760

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

TRANSCENDENTAL
COSINES

FOR

RADIAN

ARGKMENTS

sin x

155

FUNCTIONS
Table

4.6

cos x

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

0.60518
0.60598
0.60677
0.60757
0.60836

64057 36039 56037 252

21868 08730 33782 358
73618 99284 80505 ala
19302 12527 93778 646
58909 53891 48897 929

0.79608
0.79547
0.79487
0.79426
0.79365

37985 49055 a2891 760

a2142 02318 08089 927
la343 77432 42041 la3
46596 80778 62180 929
66907 19531 33114 757

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

0.60915
0.60995
0.61074
0.61153
0.61232

92433 29414 78343 652

19865 45745 51174 755
41198 10140 52364 359
56423 30466 62074 073
65533 15201 34867 307

0.79304
0.79243
0.79182
0.79121
0.79060

79281 01659 45900 987

83724 35925 57253 785
80243 31885 28666 909
68843 99886 65458 154
49532 51069 55734 550

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

0.61311
0.61390
0.61469
0.61548
0.61627

68519 73433 78861 515

65375 14865 34819 272
56091 49810 55178 137
40660 a9197 a3019 la6
19075 44570 30974 165

0.78999
0.78937
0.78876
0.78814
0.78753

22314 97365 09278 382

a7197 51494 96354 080
44186 26970 a6436 061
93287 38093 86857 558
34506 99953 81380 523

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

0.61705
0.61784
0.61863
0.61941
0.62020

91327 28086 60071 171

57408 52521 58518 785
17311 31267 20428 576
71027 78333 24475 901
la550 08348 12498 919

0.78691
0.78629
0.78568
0.78506
0.78444

67851 28428 68686 643

93326 40184 00789 551
10938 52672 21368 279
20693 a4132 04022 017
22598 53587 90446 244

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

0.62098
0.62176
0.62255
0.62333
0.62411

59870 36559 68035 744

94980 78835 94799 654
23873 51665 95092 281
46540 72160 48154 700
62974 58052 a8456 349

0.78382
0.78320
0.78257
0.78195
0.78133

16658 80849 28530 294

02880 86510 10376 414
81270 91948 10240 374
51835 19324 22393 698
14579 91581 98907 578

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

0.62489
0.62567
0.62645
0.62723
0.62801

73167 27699 a3921 682

77111 00082 14094 496
74797 94805 48239 849
66220 32101 23383 477
51370 32827 22288 658

0.78070
0.78008
0.77945
0.77882
0.77820

69511 32446 a7358 526

16635 66425 68455 a30
55959 18805 93590 a77
a7488 15655 22308 414
11228 a3820 59699 786

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

0.62879
0.62957
0.63034
0.63112
0.63189

30240 18468 51370 418

02822 11138 la547 018
69108 33578 11028 644
29091 09159 73043 207
a2762 61884 a3499 197

0.77757
0.77694
0.77631
0.77568
0.77505

27187 50927 93718 239

35370 45381 32416 339
35783 96362 41105 566
28434 33829 79438 156
13327 88518 38411 247

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

0.63267
0.63344
0.63422
0.63499
0.63576

30115 16386 33585 498

71140 97929 04308 084
05832 32410 43963 542
34181 46361 45549 306
56180 66947 24110 566

0.77441
0.77378
0.77315
0.77251
0.77188

90470 91938 77293 390

59869 76376 60473 500
21530 74891 94232 293
75460 21318 63436 286
21664 50263 68154 418

0.690
0.691
0.692
0.693
0.694

0.63653
0.63730
0.63807
0.63884
0.63961

71822 21967 94023 743

al098 39859 46216 467
84001 49694 25323 984
80523 81182 06781 a99
70657 64670 73855 200

0.77124
0.77060
0.76997
0.76933
0.76869

60149 97106 60197 354

90922 97998 79579 541
13989 89862 90904 069
29357 10392 19670 418
37030 98049 @SO5 132

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

0.64038
0.64115
0.64192
0.64268
0.64345

54395 31146 94603 464

31729 12236 98782 Ii5
02651 40207 54600 136
67154 47966 i5a92 698
25230 69063 48031 063

0.76805
0.76741
0.76677
0.76612
0.76548

37017 92068 53315 502

29324 32449 39366 321
13956 59961 77279 757
90921 16142 38958 434
60224 43294 73431 759

0.700

0.64421 76872 37691 05367 261

[ c-y1

0.76484 21872 84488 42625 586

[c-y 1

156

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS
FOR RADIAN

sin 5

ARGUMENTS
cos x

0.700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

0.64421
0.64498
0.64574
0.64650
0.64727

76872 37691 05367 261

22071 88685 07414 902
60821 57525 65445 583
93113 80337 88940 870
18940 93892 61979 783

0.76484 21872 84488 42625 586

0.76419 75872 83558 57055 252
Oi76355 22230 85105 i1442 075
0.76290 60953 34492 20253 368
0.76225 92046 77847 53166 023

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

0.64803
0.64879
0.64955
0.65031
0.65107

38295 35607 19561 705

51169 43546 23864 641
57555 56422 40438 747
57446 13597 14335 062
50833 55081 46169 354

0.76161
0.76096
0.76031
0.75966
0.75901

15517 62061 70453 752

31372 34787 58298 030
39617 44439 64022 815
40259 40193 31253 107
33304 71984 34997 406

0.710
0.711
0.712
0.713
0.714

0.65183
0.65259
0.65334
0.65410
0.65486

37710 21536 68121 013

18068 54275 19866 915
91900 95261 24450 173
59199 87111 64083 709
19957 73096 55888 565

0.75836
0.75770
0.75705
0.75640
0.75574

18759 90508 16654 146

96631 47219 18942 159
66925 94330 20755 235
29649 84811 71940 852
84809 72391 28003 128

0.715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

0.65561
0.65637
0.65712
0.65787
0.65863

74166 97140 27566 883

21820 03821 93009 463
62909 38376 27837 851
97427 46694 44880 853
25366 75324 69585 417

0.75509
0.75443
0.75378
0.75312
0.75246

32412 11552 84730 074

72463 57536 12745 203
04970 66335 91983 563
29939 94701 46092 263
47378 00135 76755 558

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

0.65938
0.66013
0.66088
0.66163
0.66238

46719 71473 15361 800

61478 83004 58862 952
69636 58443 15198 027
71185 46973 13079 967
66117 98439 69907 065

0.75180
0.75114
0.75048
0.74982
0.74916

57291 40894 97944 549

59686 75987 70091 576
54570 65174 34189 363
41949 68966 45814 983
21830 48626 09078 707

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

0.66313
0.66388
0.66463
0.66537
0.66612

54426 63349 66778 441

36103 92872 23443 354
11142 38839 73184 280
79534 53748 37633 666
41272 90759 01524 309

0.74849
0.74783
0.74717
0.74650
0.74584

94219 66165 10497 806

59123 84344 52795 369
16549 66673 88624 209
66503 77410 54215 910
08992 81559 02955 103

0.730
0.731
0.732
0.733
0.734

0.66686
0.66761
0.66835
0.66910
0.66984

96350 03697 87373 259

44758 47057 30099 195
86490 75996 51573 181
21539 46342 35102 739
49897 14589 99849 159

0.74517
0.74450
0.74383
0.74317
0.74250

44023 44870 38879 013

71602 33841 50102 364
91736 15714 42167 693
04431 58475 71321 153
09695 30855 77713 862

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

0.67058
0.67132
0.67206
0.67280
0.67354

71556 37903 75177 973

86509 74117 74942 523
94749 81736 71700 537
96269 19936 70863 650
91060 48565 84779 796

0.74183
0.74115
0.74048
0.73981
0.73914

07534 02328 18528 866

97954 43109 01033 791
80963 24156 15559 237
56567 17168 68402 998
24772 94586 14660 158

0.740
0.741
0.742
0.743
0.744

0.67428
0.67502
0.67576
0.67650
0.67723

79116 28145 06748 388

60429 19868 84968 216
34991 85605 96417 996
02796 87900 20669 485
63836 89971 13633 096

0.73846
0.73779
0.73711
0.73644
0.73576

85587 29587 90979 142

39016 96092 48243 787
85068 68756 84181 492
23749 22975 75897 532
55065 34881 12335 582

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748
0.749

0.67797
0.67870
0.67944
0.68017
0.68090

18104 55714 81235 936

65592 49704 53032 193
06293 37191 55745 803
40199 84105 86745 313
67304 57056 87450 880

0.73508
0.73440
0.73373
0.73305
0.73237

79023 81341 26664 537

95631 39960 28591 681
04894 89077 36602 285
06821 07766 10125 695
01416 75833 81627 975

0.750

0.68163 87600 23334 16673 324

[(-;GJ
1

0.73168 88688 73820 88631 184

[(-;)I1

ELEMENTARY

CIRCULAR

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

FOR RADIAN

.4RGUMENTS

sin x

157

FUNCTIONS

Table

4.6

cos x

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

0.68163
0.68237
0.68310
0.68383
0.68456

87600 23334 16673 324

01079 50908 23885 163
07735 08431 22423 554
07559 65237 62625 080
00545 91345 04892 285

0.73168
0.73100
0.73032
0.72964
0.72895

88688 73820 88631 184

68643 83000 05659 342
41288 85375 76111 160
06630 63683 44059 608
64676 01388 85978 367

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

0.68528
0.68601
0.68674
0.68747
0.68819

86686 57454 92691 917

65974 34953 25484 772
38401 95911 31587 089
03962 13086 40963 419
62647 59922 57950 885

0.72827
0.72758
0.72689
0.72621
0.72552

15431 82687 42395 268

58904 92503 49472 750
95102 16489 70515 436
24030 41026 27404 8k7
45696 53220 31961 494

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

0.68892
0.68964
0.69036
0.69109
0.69181

14451 10551 33914 776

59365 39792 39835 383
97383 23154 38826 030
28497 36835 58582 200
52700 57724 63761 700

0.72483
0.72414
0.72345
0.72276
0.72207

60107 40905 17233 969

67269 92639 68715 814
67190 97707 55489 548
59877 46116 61298 318
45336 28598 15545 123

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

0.69253
0.69325
0.69397
0.69469
0.69541

69985 63401 28295 794

80345 32137 07631 223
83772 42896 10903 039
80259 75335 73038 195
69800 09807 26789 802

0.72138
0.72068
0.71999
0.71930
0.71860

23574 36606 24219 693

94598 62317 00753 084
58415 98627 96800 072
15033 39157 32949 410
64457 78243 29362 010

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

0.69613
0.69685
0.69756
0.69828
0.69900

52386 27356 74701 988

28011 09725 61005 296
96667 39351 43442 524
58347 99368 65024 972
13045 73609 25718 983

0.71791
0.71721
0.71651
0.71581
0.71512

06696 10943 36337 129

41755 33033 64806 626
69642 41008 lb757 355
90364 32078 15581 770
03928 04171 36356 807

0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

0.69971
0.70043
0.70114
0.70185
0.70256

60753 46603 54062 747

01464 03580 78713 256
35170 30469 99923 379
61865 13900 60948 949
81541 41203 19385 818

0.71442
0.71372
0.71302
0.71231
0.71161

10340 55931 36051 117

09608 86716 83660 709
01739 96600 90273 093
86740 86370 39059 972
64618 57525 15198 564

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

0.70327
0.70398
0.70469
0.70540
0.70611

94192 00410 18436 790

99809 80256 58108 374
98387 70180 66337 280
89918 60324 70046 581
74395 41535 66131 480

0.71091
0.71020
0.70950
0.70880
0.70809

35380 12277 35721 626

99032 53550 79296 239
55582 84980 15931 435
05038 10910 36614 737
47405 36395 82877 671

0.785
0.786
0.787
0.788
0.789

0.70682
0.70753
0.70823
0.70894
0.70964

51811 05365 92374 614

22158 44073 98290 801
85430 50625 15901 193
41620 18692 30436 730
90720 42656 50970 857

0.70738
0.70668
0.70597
0.70526
0.70455

82691 67199 76290 330

10904 09793 47885 059
32049 71355 67509 330
46135 59771 73107 880
53168 83632 99934 173

0.790
0.791
0.792
0.793
0.794

0.71035
0.71105
0.71175
0.71246
0.71316

32724 17607 80981 403

67624 39345 88841 574
95414 04380 78239 979
16086 09933 58529 620
29633 53937 15005 776

0.70384
0.70313
0.70242
0.70171
0.70099

53156 52236 09691 278

46105 75582 19602 208
32023 64376 31409 812
10917 30026 60306 275
82793 84643 63792 314

0.795
0.796
0.797
0.798
0.799

0.71386
0.71456
0.71526
0.71596
0.71665

36049 35036 79112 713

35326 52590 98579 148
27458 06672 07482 391
12436 98066 96241 109
90256 28277 81536 630

0.70028
0.69957
0.69885
0.69814
0.69742

47660 41039 70466 123

05524 12728 08742 151
56392 13922 35499 779
00271 59535 64661 971
37169 65179 95703 964

0.800

0.71735 60908 99522 76162 718

[c-y1

0.69670 67093 47165 42092 075

C-f,9

158

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR RADIAN

co5 x

sin x

ARGUMENTS

0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.804

0.71735
0.71805
0.71874
0.71944
0.72013

60908
24388
80686
29797
71714

99522
14736
77571
92397
64303

76162
58803
43741
50488
73354

718
753
255
651
263

0.69670
0.69598
0.69527
0.69455
0.69383

67093
90050
06047
15091
17189

47165
22499
08886
24727
89116

42092
59652
74871
13123
26831

075
695
538
218
236

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

0.72083
0.72152
0.72221
0.72290
0.72359

06429
33937
54228
67298
73139

99098
03310
84188
49704
08550

50932
35522
62476
19472
15721

396
503
322
935
677

0.69311
0.69239
0.69166
0.69094
0.69022

12350
00579
81884
56273
23752

21844
43394
74945
38365
56214

23558
94027
40074
02528
89026

425
956
951
784
151

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

0.72428
Oi72497
0.72566
0.72635
0.72703

71743
63105
47217
24072
93664

70142
44620
42849
76416
57636

51092
85175
06266
00277
19583

818
959
069
085
027

0.68949
0.68877
0.68804
0.68732
0.68659

84329
38011
84805
24719
57759

51747
48903
72316
47306
99881

01754
65129
53394
18165
15892

964
158
472
280
545

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

0.72772
Oi72841
0.72909
Oi72977
0.73046

55985
11030
58790
99259
32430

99550
15926
21260
30776
60427

51786
884L4
93542
72343
39565

534
775
651
223
302

0.68586
0.68514
0.68441
0.68368
0.68295

83934
03250
15714
21335
20118

56737
45257
93509
30246
84907

35262
24529
18772
67094
59742

969
414
652
544
692

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

0.73114
0.73182
0.73250
0.73318
0.73386

58297
76852
88089
92001
88581

26895
47595
40670
24998
20187

87938
56503
98872
51414
01366

131
084
320
329
283

0.68222
0.68148
0.68075
0.68002
0.67929

12072
97204
75521
47030
11740

87613
69169
61060
95457
05207

55166
07005
91008
31885
30088

656
802
857
232
213

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

0.73454
0.73522
0.73590
0.73658
0.73725

77822
59718
34261
01446
61264

46578
25249
78008
27404
96715

54873
04953
99391
08557
93150

150
477
793
557
579

0.67855
0.67782
0.67708
0.67635
0.67561

69656
20786
65139
02720
33538

23839
85563
25264
78508
81536

88530
39229
69888
50409
59331

058
106
949
750
781

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

0.73793
0.73860
0.73927
0.73995
0.74062

13711
58777
96458
26746
49635

09962
91899
68020
64557
08481

71872
89026
82039
48913
15603

858
752
434
544
989

0.67487
0.67413
0.67339
0.67265
0.67191

57600
74913
85485
89323
86434

71267
85293
61885
39984
59207

10211
77928
24928
27394
01352

246
481
580
537
983

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

0.74129
0.74196
0.74263
0.74330
0.74397

65117
73186
73836
67059
52849

27503
50074
05390
23383
34732

03320
95758
06248
44844
85324

808
049
576
755
932

0.67117
0.67043
0.66969
0.66895
0.66820

76826
60506
37482
07761
71351

59842
82850
69864
63185
05786

28712
83235
56439
83438
68708

570
098
445
385
357

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

0.74464
0.74531
0.74597
0.74664
0.74730

31199
02103
65554
21545
70070

70859
63927
46848
53275
17609

32125
87199
16798
18184
86260

657
577
923
539
385

0.66746
0.66671
0.66597
0.66522
0.66447

28258
78491
22056
58962
89216

41308
14059
69016
51824
08791

11792
32935
98654
47240
14192

267
396
482
065
152

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
0.849

0.74797
0.74863
0.74929
0.74995
0.75062

11121
44693
70779
89371
00464

74999
61339
13273
68190
64233

80133
89598
01550
66317
63922

429
886
724
368
547

0.66373
0.66298
0.66223
0.66148
0.66073

12824
29796
40137
43857
40961

86891
33764
97713
27703
73363

57589
83391
70674
96802
62530

286
100
409
946
783

0.850

0.75128

04051

40292
i-8)9

70271

207

0.65998

31458

[ 71

[c-w1
84982
7

17039

542

ELEMENTARY

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES AND COSINES

FOR RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin z

159

FUNCTIONS

Table 4.6

cos x

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

0.75128
0.75194
0.75259
0.75325
0.75391

04051
00125
88679
69708
43204

40292
36009
91775
48737
48790

70271
23260
88815
26849
57151

207
432
295
594
380

0.65998
0.65923
0.65847
0.65772
0.65697

31458
15356
92661
63381
27524

84982
13509
10556
28392
19944

17039
82909
81024
55410
98010

542
449
321
547
152

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

0.75457
0.75522
0.75588
0.75653
0.75718

09161
67572
18431
61731
97466

34586
49528
37776
44244
14602

25193
67867
79144
75659
62217

237
227
450
143
260

0.65621
0.65546
0.65470
0.65395
0.65319

85097
36108
80564
18474
49843

38799
39199
76042
04884
81933

73388
43373
91635
48193
13861

013
300
218
134
148

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

0.75784
0.75849
0.75914
0.75979
0.76044

25628
46213
59212
64620
62430

95276
33451
77068
74826
76186

97229
58068
06350
53141
24087

459
441
566
684
122

0.65243
0.65167
0.65092
0.65016
0.64940

74681
92995
04791
10079
08865

64051
08756
74216
19251
03332

84627
75966
47091
25131
29254

203
794
357
418
574

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

0.76109
0.76174
0.76239
0.76303
0.76368

52636
35230
10208
77561
37284

31366
91346
07866
33429
21299

24465
04168
22598
13500
49706

750
673
272
144
858

0.64864
0.64787
0.64711
0.64635
0.64559

01156
86962
66288
39144
05536

86580
29767
94312
42282
36391

94718
96858
75010
56369
79782

373
196
176
276
561

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

0.76432
0.76497
0.76561
0.76625
0.76690

89370
33813
70606
99742
21217

25505
00837
02852
87869
12977

07814
32779
02438
91953
38182

480
191
134
834
114

0.64482
0.64406
0.64329
0.64253
0.64176

65472
18960
66007
06621
40810

40001
17117
32390
51117
39234

19477
08727
63447
05733
87329

766
234
280
091
202

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

0.76754
0.76818
0.76882
0.76946
0.77010

35022
41152
39600
30359
13424

36027
15638
11198
82862
91555

03963
42337
60682
84773
22769

458
736
252
027
271

0.64099
0.64022
0.63946
0.63869
0.63792

68581
89942
04901
13466
15643

63325
90610
88955
26862
73477

13035
64049
21244
88380
15258

656
903
528
872
639

0.880
0.881
0.882
0.883
0.884

0.77073
0.77137
0.77201
0.77264
0.77328

88788
56445
16388
68611
13107

98969
67568
60587
42032
76680

29120
68399
79051
37074
19618

965
506
337
497
049

0.63715
0.63638
0.63560
0.63483
0.63406

11441
00868
83931
60638
30997

98580
72592
66570
52208
01835

20801
16079
27264
18529
14874

550
131
710
695
218

0.885
0.886
0.887
0.888
0.889

0.77391
0.77454
0.77518
0.77581
0.77644

49871
78895
00174
13701
19470

30081
68560
59214
69915
69310

68504
53673
36552
33343
78237

290
706
600
321
045

0.63328
0.63251
0.63174
0.63096
0.63018

95014
52699
04059
49102
87834

88415
85546
67460
09021
85724

24894
63485
74481
53235
69127

213
020
571
256
530

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

0.77707
0.77770
0.77832
0.77895
0.77958

17475
07709
90165
64839
31723

26823
12654
97778
53950
53704

86549
17776
38577
85676
28683

033
316
722
211
432

0.62941
0.62863
0.62785
0.62707
0.62629

20265
46402
66252
79824
87125

73696
49694
91105
75942
82849

88020
94643
14919
38222
39581

355
540
057
428
242

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

0.78020
0.78083
0.78145
0.78208
0.78270

90811
42097
85575
21238
49080

70350
77980
51465
66458
99392

32846
21716
39740
14771
20508

443
548
163
667
171

0.62551
0.62473
0.62395
0.62317
0.62239

88163
82946
71482
53778
29842

91096
80578
31818
25961
44779

01810
37587
11458
61790
22654

880
545
656
683
524

0.900

0.78332 69096 27483 38846 138

[c-p1
1

0.62160 99682 70664 45648 472

[ (-f)S
1

160

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES
sin

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR RADIAN

ARGUMENTS
cos x

0.900
0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

0.78332
0.78394
0.78456
0.78518
0.78580

69096 27483 38846 138

81278 28730 22159 796
85620 81914 55501 279
82117 66602 18722 439
70762 63143 48518 260

0.62160 99682 70664 45648 472

0.62082 63306 86633 21658 870
0.62004 20722 76323 02558 530
0.61925 71938 23992 22842 983
Oib1847 16961 14519 21204 658

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

0.78642
0.78704
0.78765
0.78827
0.78888

51549 52674 00391 817

24472 17115 10540 713
89524 39174 57664 940
46700 02347 24696 094
95992 90915 60447 888

0.61768
0.61689
0.61611
0.61532
0.61453

55799 33401 62045 040

88460 66755 56924 921
14953 01314 85952 792
35284 24430 19111 466
49462 24068 37523 020

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

0.78950
0.79011
0.79072
0.79134
0.79195

37396 89950 41187 896

70905 85311 32130 474
96513 63647 48850 789
14214 12398 18619 897
24001 19793 41660 812

0.61374
0.61295
0.61216
0.61137
0.61058

57494 88811 54652 118

59390 07856 37447 803
55155 71013 27423 839
44799 68705 61677 674
28329 91968 93848 110

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0,919

0.79256
0.79317
0.79378
0.79438
0.79499

25868 74854 52325 499

19810 67394 80192 738
05820 88020 11086 785
83893 28129 48016 785
54021 79915 72036 860

0.60979
0.60899
0.60820
0.60741
0.60661

05754 32450 15011 758

77080 82406 74518 350
42317 34706 00764 999
01471 82824 21909 476
54552 20845 86522 589

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

0.79560
0.79620
0.79681
0.79741
0.79801

16200 36366 03026 828

70422 91262 60393 471
16683 39183 23692 319
54975 75501 93169 858
85293 96389 50226 129

0.60582
0.60502
0.60422
0.60343
0.60263

01566 43462 84179 741

42522 45973 65991 745
77428 24282 65074 984
06291 74899 16960 980
29120 94936 79945 468

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

0.79862
0.79922
0.79982
0.80042
0.80102

07631 98814 17797 639

21983 80542 20660 537
28343 40138 45653 978
26704 76967 01823 638
17061 91191 80485 294

0.60183
0.60103
0.60023
0.59943
0.59863

45923 82112 55377 043

56708 34746 07885 466
61482 51758 85549 703
60254 32673 40005 791
53031 77612 46494 584

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

0.80161
0.80221
0.80281
0.80340
0.80400

99408 83777 15208 432

73739 56488 41719 806
40048 11892 57726 899
98328 53358 82661 218
48574 85059 17341 371

0.59783
0.59703
0.59622
0.59542
0.59462

39822 87298 23849 491

20635 63051 54424 260
95478 06791 03960 905
64358 21032 41397 846
27284 08887 58618 345

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

0.80459
0.80519
0.80578
0.80637
0.80696

90781 11969 03555 863

24941 39867 83565 545
51049 75339 59525 671
69100 25773 52827 488
79086 99364 63359 313

0.59381
0.59301
0.59220
0.59140
0.59059

84263 74063 90139 324

35305 20863 32740 634
80416 54181 65034 867
19605 79507 66977 785
52881 02922 39319 443

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

0.80755
0.80814
0.80873
0.80932
0.80991

81004 05114 28687 022

74845 52830 83153 915
60605 53130 16899 872
38278 17436 34799 758
07857 57982 15321 017

0.58978
0.58898
0.58817
0.58736
0.58655

80250 31098 22996 099

01721 71298 18462 976
17303 31375 04967 973
27003 19770 59766 388
30829 45514 77276 748

0.945
0.946
0.947
0.948
0.949

0.81049
0.81108
0.81166
0.81225
0.81283

69337 87809 69300 383

22713 20770 98639 669
67977 71528 54920 560
05125 55555 97938 351
34150 89138 54154 591

0.58574
0.58493
0.58412
0.58330
0.58249

28790 18224 88177 827

20893 48104 78446 913
07147 45944 08339 436
87560 23117 31310 012
62139 91583 12874 994

0.950

0.81341 55047 89?73 75068 542

1 1
c-y

0.58168 30894 63883 49416 618

[ !-;I81

ELEMENTARY

CIRCULAR

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

FOR RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin x

161

FUNCTIONS

Table

4.6

cos x

0:950
0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

0.81341
0.81399
0.81457
0.81515
0.81573

55047 89373 75068 542

67810 74171 95507 433
72433 62256 91835 411
68910 73166 40081 165
57236 27252 73984 145

0.58168 30894 63883 49416 618

0.58086 93832 53142 86928 810
0.58005 50961 73067 39704 748
0.57924 02290 37944 08966 251
Oi57842 47826 62640 01435 096

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

0.81631
0.81689
0.81746
0.81804
0.81861

37404 45683 42959 322

09409 50441 69980 433
73245 64327 09381 654
28907 10956 04577 644
76388 14762 45701 891

0.57760
0.57679
0.57597
0.57515
0.57433

87578 62601 47846 300

21554 53853 21403 511
49762 52997 56176 536
72210 77213 65441 113
88907 44256 59961 007

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

0.81919
0.81976
0.82033
0.82090
0.82147

15683 00998 27163 322

46785 95734 05121 101
69691 25859 54877 569
84393 19084 28189 263
90886 03938 10495 962

0.57351
0.57270
0.57188
0.57105
0.57023

99860 72456 66212 505

05078 80718 44551 395
04569 88520 07322 513
98342 15912 36911 940
86403 83518 03741 923

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

0.82204
0.82261
0.82318
0.82375
0.82432

89164 09771 78067 694

79221 66757 55069 656
61053 05889 70544 986
34652 58985 15315 328
00014 58683 98799 136

0.56941
0.56859
0.56777
0.56694
0.56612

68763 12530 84208 614

45428 24714 78562 699
16407 42403 28733 004
81708 88498 36093 162
41340 86469 79171 417

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

0.82488
0.82545
0.82601
0.82657
0.82714

57133 38450 05747 662

06003 32571 52898 564
46618 76161 45547 087
78974 05158 34034 750
03063 56326 70155 495

0.56529
0.56447
0.56364
0.56282
0.56199

95311 60354 31303 653

43629 34754 78229 727
86302 34839 35633 190
23338 86340 66624 480
54747 15554 99167 663

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

0.82770
0.82826
0.82882
0.82938
0.82993

18881 67257 63479 226

26422 76369 37592 699
25681 22907 86257 689
16651 46947 29486 397
99327 89390 69534 022

0.56116
0.56034
0.55951
0.55868
0.55785

80535 49341 43450 813

00712 15121 09200 110
15285 40876 22937 736
24263 55149 45183 654
27654 87042 87601 358

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

0.83049
0.83105
0.83160
0.83216
0.83271

73704 91970 46808 453

39776 97248 95697 028
97538 48619 00310 290
46983 90304 50142 703
88107 67360 95650 254

0.55702
0.55619
0.55536
0.55452
0.55369

25467 66217 30087 666

17710 22891 37806 645
04390 87840 78167 757
85517 92397 37748 295
61099 68448 39160 207

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

0.83327
0.83382
0.83437
0.83492
0.83547

20904 25676 03744 902

45368 11970 13205 801
61493 73796 90007 262
69275 59543 82563 379
68708 18432 76889 279

0.55286
0.55202
0.55119
0.55036
0.54952

31144 48435 57861 376

95660 65354 38911 453
54656 52753 13672 322
08140 44732 16453 272
56120 75943 01100 969

0.990
0.991
0.992
0.993
0.994

0.83602
0.83657
0.83712
0.83766
0.83821

59786 00520 51678 926

42503 56699 33299 444
16855 38697 50701 883
82835 99079 90248 385
40439 91248 50455 694

0.54868
0.54785
0.54701
0.54617
0.54534

98605 81587 57534 313

35603 97417 28224 252
67123 59732 24618 647
93173 05380 43512 268
13760 71756 83362 006

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

0.83875
0.83930
0.83984
0.84038
0.84093

89661 69442 96654 953

30495 88741 15567 733
62937 05059 69798 245
86979 75154 52241 668
02618 56621 40408 555

0.54450
0.54366
0.54282
0.54198
0.54114

28894 96802 60547 375

38584 19004 25576 412
42836 77392 79237 026
41661 11542 88693 907
35065 61572 03531 067

1.000

0.84147 09848 07896 50665 250

IIC-f)1
1

0.54030 23058 68139 71740 094

[c-p7 1

162

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS
FOR RADIAN

cos x

sin x

ARGUMENTS

1.000
1. 001
1.002
1.003
1.004

0.84147
0.84201
0.84254
0.84308
0.84362

09848 07896 50665 250

08662 88256 92390 268
99057 57821 22046 578
81026 77549 97169 747
54565 09246 30271 873

0.54030
0.53946
0.53861
0.53777
0.53693

23058 68139 71740 094

05648 72446 55654 214
82844 16233 47828 237
54653 41780 86864 465
21084 91907 73184 669

1.005
1.006
1.007
1.008
1.009

0.84416
0.84469
0.84523
0.84576
0.84629

19667 15556 42661 273

76327 59970 18177 851
24541 06821 56844 116
64302 21289 28431 774
95605 69397 25943 853

0.53608
0.53524
0.53439
0.53355
0.53270

82147 09970 84748 188

37848 39863 92716 262
88197 26016 77062 668
33202 13394 42130 747
72871 47496 32136 904

1.010
1.011
1.012
1.013
1.014

0.84683
0.84736
0.84789
0.84842
0.84895

18446 18015 19012 310

32818 34859 07211 051
38716 88491 73284 331
36136 48323 36290 466
25071 84612 04660 810

0.53186
0.53101
0.53016
0.52931
0.52846

07213 74355 46620 673

36237 40537 55841 426
59950 93140 16121 808
78362 79791 85137 984
91481 48651 37156 798

1.015
1.016
1.017
1.018
1.019

0.84948
0.85000
0.85053
0.85105
0.85158

05517 68464 29173 940

77468 71835 55845 003
40919 67530 78730 164
95865 29204 92646 111
42300 31363 45804 549

0.52761
0.52677
0.52591
0.52506
0.52421

99315 48406 78219 896

01873 28274 61274 932
99163 37999 01253 921
91194 27850 90098 832
77974 48627 11734 503

1.020
1.021
1.022
1.023
1.024

0.85210
0.85263
0.85315
0.85367
0.85419

80219 49362 92361 655

09617 59411 44882 415
30489 38569 26719 808
42829 64749 24308 778
46633 16717 39374 945

0.52336
0.52251
0.52166
0.52080
0.51995

59512 51649 56988 961

35816 88764 38461 245
06896 12341 05336 792
72758 75271 58150 502
33413 30969 63497 542

1.025
1.026
1.027
1.028
1.029

0.85471
0.85523
0.85575
0.85626
0.85678

41894 74093 41057 997

28609 17351 17949 715
06771 27819 30046 586
76375 87681 60616 931
37417 79977 67982 525

0.51909
0.51824
0.51738
0.51653
0.51567

88868 33369 68691 985

39132 36926 16373 373
84213 96612 59061 276
24121 67920 73657 956
58864 06859 75899 186

1.030
1.031
1.032
1.033
1.034

0.85729
0.85781
0.85832
0.85883
0.85935

89891 88603 37214 627

33792 98311 31744 398
69115 94711 44887 626
95855 64271 51283 734
14006 94317 58248 998

0.51481
0.51396
0.51310
0.51224
0.51138

88449 69955 34753 350

12887 14248 86768 878
32184 97296 50370 116
46351 77168 40101 715
55396 12447 80821 625

1.035
1.036
1.037
1.038
1.039

0.85986
0.86037
0.86088
0.86139
0.86189

23564 73034 57043 938

24523 89466 7.4054 819
16879 33518 21889 224
00625 95953 50385 634
75758 68397 97536 975

0.51052
0.50966
0.50880
0.50794
0.50708

59326 62230 21842 776

58151 86122 51023 535
51880 44242 08807 028
40520 97216 02209 404
24082 06180 18757 138

1.040
1.041
1.042
1.043
1.044

0.86240
0.86291
0.86341
0.86391
0.86442

42272 43338 40328 079

00162 14123 45486 997
49422 74964 20150 131
90049 20934 62441 124
22036 47972 11963 456

0.50622
0.50535
0.50449
0.50363
0.50276

02572 32778 40373 447

76000 39161 57213 919
44374 87986 81451 427
07704 42416 61010 426
65997 66117 93250 711

1.045
1.046
1.047
1.048
1.049

0.86492
0.86542
0.86592
0.86642
0.86692

45379 52878 00206 699

60073 33318 00866 385
66112 87822 80077 424
63493 15788 46561 037
52209 17477 01685 140

0.50190
0.50103
0.50017
0.49930
0.49843

19263 23261 38600 728

67509 78520 34140 520
10745 97070 07134 396
48980 44586 88513 415
82221 87247 26307 756

1.050

0.86742 32255 94016 89438 141

[(-;)I1

0.49757 10478 91726 99029 085

c-8)7
7

II 1

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND

COSINES

FOR

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin z

163

FUNCTIONS
Table

4.6

cos x

1.050
1.051
1.052
1.053
1.054

0.86742
0.86792
0.86841
0.86891
0.86940

32255
03628
66321
20330
65651

94016
47403
80499
97035
01611

89438
46316
51123
74685
29477

141
092
146
276
198

0.49757
0.49670
0.49583
0.49496
0.49409

10478
33760
52074
65430
73836

91726
25200
55338
50311
78782

99029
29002
95651
48726
21490

085
975
499
051
510

1.055
1.056
1.057
1.058
1.059

0.86990
0.87039
0.87088
0.87137
0.87186

02276
30203
49427
59941
61741

99694
97621
02601
22711
66899

19162
88046
70443
39954
58660

460
624
529
543
794

0.49322
0.49235
0.49148
0.49061
0.48974

77302
75835
69444
58139
41927

09910
13349
59246
18239
61459

43854
55459
18707
31756
41446

806
008
979
732
534

1.060
1.061
1.062
1.063
1.064

0.87235
0.87284
0.87333
0.87381
0.87430

54823
39181
14811
81707
39866

44986
67663
46494
93918
23243

26228
28925
88556
11299
36468

295
947
345
356
402

0.48887
0.48799
0.48712
0.48625
0.48537

20818
94820
63943
28194
87582

60527
87554
15140
16372
64825

56191
58818
19351
07757
06632

864
317
528
202
362

1.065
1.066
1.067
1.068
1.069

0.87478
0.87527
0.87575
0.87623
0.87671

89281
29948
61863
85020
99415

48654
85211
48845
56366
25458

85179
08932
38105
30362
18969

424
453
753
492
874

0.48450
0.48362
0.48275
0.48187
0.48100

42117
91807
36660
76686
11893

34560
00124
36547
19345
24514

23847
05142
46667
07484
22014

867
311
387
800
811

1.070
1.071
1.072
1.073
1.074

0.87720
0.87768
0.87815
0.87863
0.87911

05042
01898
89976
69274
39784

74681
23471
92149
01900
74797

61030
85627
41877
46904
33716

706
336
919
963
111

0.48012
0.47924
0.47836
0.47749
0.47661

42290
67886
88689
04709
15953

28534
08365
41447
05700
79522

12436
01039
22529
36282
38551

509
904
904
289
762

1.075
1.076
1.077
1.078
1.079

0.87959
0.88006
0.88053
0.88101
0.88148

01504
54428
98551
33868
60376

33788
02703
06248
70011
20461

98997
50816
56244
88879
76291

101
869
731
619
297

0.47573
0.47485
0.47397
0.47309
0.47221

22432
24153
21126
13359
00861

41788
71851
49538
55152
69469

74632
50968
47223
28292
56273

160
911
840
396
392

1.080
1.081
1.082
1.083
1.084

0.88195
0.88242
0.88289
0.88336
0.88383

78068
86941
86990
78210
60596

84947
91699
69831
49337
61096

47373
79609
46247
63390
36998

533
169
031
660
790

0.47132
0.47044
0.46956
0.46868
0.46779

83641
61708
35070
03737
67717

73740
49685
79499
45845
31856

02391
58871
50767
47743
75803

353
547
810
217
727

1.085
1.086
1.087
1.088
1.089

0.88430
Oi88476
0.88523
0.88570
0.88616

34144
98849
54706
01710
39858

36869
09301
11921
79145
46272

09797
08104
88562
84791
53940

534
243
972
522
000

0.46691
0.46602
0.46514
0.46425
0.46337

27019
81651
31624
76945
17623

21135
97750
46239
51605
99315

28984
80991
96791
44159
05181

862
522
014
401
235

1.090
1.091
1.092
1.093
1.094

0.88662
0.88708
0.88755
0.88801
0.88846

69144
89564
01113
03786
97579

49487
25861
13352
50807
77956

23160
35990
98641
26207
88779

860
371
470
951
948

0.46248
0.46159
0.46071
0145982
0.45893

53668
85088
11892
34089
51687

75300
65958
58145
39181
96847

87702
36738
45833
68372
28855

790
852
190
764
783

1.095
1.096
1.097
1.098
1.099

0.88892
0.88938
0.88984
0.89029
0.89075

82488
58507
25633
83860
33184

35422
64713
08227
09252
11966

57470
50354
78315
90807
21527

660
274
047
488
609

0.45804
0.45715
0.45626
0.45537
0.45448

64697
73125
76983
76277
71018

19382
95485
14314
65483
39062

34113
84487
84956
56224
45757

686
142
158
382
688

1.100

0.89120 73600 61435 33995 180

c(-;I1
1

0.45359 61214 25577 38777 137

C-78)6

c 1

164

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL
AND

COSINES

FUNCTIONS
FOR

RADIAN

cos x

sin x

ARGUMENTS

1.100
1.101
1.102
1.103
1.104

0.89120
0.89166
0.89211
0.89256
0.89301

73600 61435 33995 180

05105 03618 67046 971
27692 85365 80240 901
41359 54417 99171 080
46100 59408 60693 678

0.45359
0.45270
0.45181
0.45092
0.45002

61214 25577 38777 137

46874 16008 69206 400
28007 01790 30573 730
04621 74808 86868 576
76727 27402 83352 928

1.105
1.106
1.107
1.108
1.109

0.89346
0.89391
0.89436
0.89480
0.89525

41911 49863 58063 585

28787 76201 85981 812
06724 89735 85553 594
75718 42671 89157 146
35763 88110 65223 027

0.44913
0.44824
0.44734
0.44645
0.44555

44332 52361 57327 478

07446 42924 48852 689
66077 92780 11424 866
20235 96065 22607 305
69929 47363 94616 628

1.110
1.111
1.112
1.113
1.114

0.89569
0.89614
0.89658
0.89702
0.89747

86856 80047 62924 063

28992 73373 56775 801
62167 23874 91147 427
86375 88234 24683 120
01614 24030 74633 785

0.44466
0.44376
0.44286
0.44197
0.44107

15167 41706 84864 374

55958 74570 06453 951
92312 41874 38633 030
24237 39984 37201 474
51742 65707 44874 890

1.115
1.116
1.117
1.118
1.119

0.89791
0.89835
0.89878
0.89922
0.89966

07877 89740 61099 138

05162 44737 51180 079
93463 49293 03041 321
72776 64577 09884 230
43097 52658 43829 826

0.44017
0.43927
0.43838
0.43748
0.43658

74837 16293 01603 891

93529 89431 54849 166
07829 83253 69812 438
17745 96329 39623 410
23287 27666 95482 777

1.120
1.121
1.122
1.123
1.124

0.90010
0.90053
0.90097
0.90140
0.90183

04421 76504 99711 910

56744 99984 38780 263
00062 87864 32313 880
34371 05813 05144 201
59665 20399 79088 276

0.43568
0.43478
0.43388
0.43298
0.43207

24462 76712 16761 399

21281 43347 41055 736
13752 27890 74199 612
01884 31095 00232 420
85686 54146 91323 845

1.125
1.126
1.127
1.128
1.129

0.90226
0.90269
0.90312
0.90355
0.90398

75940 99095 16291 842

83194 10271 62482 258
81420 23203 90131 256
70615 08069 41527 464
50774 35948 71758 658

0.43117 65167 98666 17655 197

0.43027 40337 66704 57257 452
0.42937 11204 60745 05806 078
0.42846 77777 83700 86372 749
0142756 40066 38914 59134 030

1.130
1.131
1.132
1.133
1.134

0.90441
0.90483
0.90526
0.90568
0.90611

21893 78825 91603 708

83969 09589 10334 160
36996 02030 78425 425
80970 30848 30177 523
15887 71644 26245 348

0.42665
0.42575
0.42485
0.42394
0.42303

98079 30157 31037 122

51825 61627 65422 763
01314 37950 91605 376
46554 64178 14410 540
87555 45785 23669 902

1.135
1.136
1.137
1.138
1.139

0.90653
0.90695
0.90737
0.90779
0.90821

41744 00926 96078 401

58534 96110 80269 960
66256 35516 72815 632
64903 98372 63281 260
54473 64813 78880 126

0.42213
0.42122
0.42031
0.41941
0.41850

24325 88672 03673 585

56874 99161 42580 219
85211 83998 41784 656
09345 50349 25243 478
29285 05800 48758 379

1.140
1.141
1.142
1.143
1.144

0.90863
0.90905
0.90946
0.90988
0.91029

34961 15883 26459 422

06362 33532 34395 940
68673 00620 94400 939
21889 00918 03234 153
66006 19102 04326 885

0.41759
0.41668
0.41577
0.41486
0.41395

45039 58358 09217 519

56618 16446 53794 933
64029 88907 89108 094
67283 85000 90333 707
66389 14400 10281 852

1.145
1.146
1.147
1.148
1.149

0.91071
0.91112
0.91153
0.91194
0.91235

01020 40761 29314 164

26927 52394 39475 912
43723 41410 67087 073
51403 96130 56676 684
49965 05786 06195 821

0.41304
0.41213
0.41122
0.41031
0.40940

61354 87194 88428 529

52190 13888 59906 732
38904 05397 64456 120
21505 73050 55331 381
00004 28587 08169 395

1.150

0.91276 39402 60521 08094 403

0.40848 74408 84157 29815 258

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

TRANSCENDENTAL
COSINES

FOR

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin x

165

FUNCTIONS
Table

4.6

cos x

1.150
1.151
1.152
1.153
1.154

0.91276
0.91317
0.91357
Oi91398
0.91439

39402
19712
90890
52933
05835

60521
51391
70367
10330
65075

08094
90306
57146
30107
88579

403
792
165
602
865

0.40848
0.40757
0.40666
0.40574
0.40483

74408
44728
10972
73149
31269

84157
52320
46045
78706
64086

29815
67107
15621
28372
24481

258
284
071
706
224

1.155
1.156
1.157
1.158
1.159

0.91479
0.91519
0.91560
0.91600
0.91640

49594
84204
09663
25966
33109

29314
98669
69679
39800
07401

10465
12711
91743
63815
05261

816
431
383
143
556

0.40391
0.40300
0.40208
0.40117
0.40025

85341
35373
81375
23357
61326

16372
50159
80441
22620
92496

97790
25449
76456
20152
34689

397
945
266
779
958

1.160
1.161
1.162
1.163
1.164

0.91680
0.91720
0.91759
0.91799
0.91839

31087
19898
99536
69999
31282

71766
33100
92520
52063
14682

92661
42911
53200
40902
83374

866
136
023
883
147

0.39933
0.39842
0.39750
0.39658
0.39566

95294
25267
51257
73271
91320

06273
80553
32340
79035
38435

15445
83402
93491
42889
79278

164
355
775
706
377

1.165
1.166
1.167
1.168
1.169

0.91878
0.91918
0.91957
0.91996
0.92035

83380
26291
60010
84533
99857

84250
65556
64310
87139
41592

57652
80075
45798
68222
18336

941
906
178
492
360

0.39475
0.39383
0.39291
0.39199
0.39107

05412
15556
21762
24039
22396

28737
68530
76800
72926
76682

09066
05567
17146
75312
02789

125
898
187
486
366

1.170
1.171
1.172
1.173
1.174

0.92075
0.92114
0.92152
0.92191
0.92230

05977
02889
90590
69076
38343

36135
80158
83968
58796
16793

63957
08886
31967
26061
36915

301
071
851
369
902

0.39015
0.38923
0.38830
0.38738
0.38646

16843
07387
94040
76809
55705

08230
88126
37316
77135
29304

21533
60718
64679
00821
67479

266
072
599
054
575

1.175
1.176
1.177
1.178
1.179

0.92268
0.92307
0.92345
0.92384
0.92422

98386
49203
90789
23140
46253

71033
35513
25145
55777
44173

01956
88974
34733
83468
25312

127
783
097
944
701

0.38554
0.38462
0.38369
0.38277
0.38184

30736
01911
69240
32733
92397

15936
59525
82956
09495
62792

01753
87293
62048
25982
48743

942
547
718
487
902

1.180
1.181
1.182
1.183
1.184

0.92460
0.92498
0.92536
0.92574
0.92612

60124
64748
60123
46244
23108

08020
65932
37446
43024
04056

34610
08156
03329
76141
19188

754
619
642
242
645

0.38092
0.38000
0.37907
0.37814
0.37722

48243
00280
48517
92963
33627

66881
46178
25478
29958
85174

77302
43547
71840
86542
19493

960
271
534
917
444

1.185
1.186
1.187
1.188
1.189

0.92649
0.92687
0.92724
0.92762
0.92799

90710
49047
98116
37912
68432

42853
82657
47634
62876
54404

99516
96383
38942
43819
52606

095
480
352
290
588

0.37629
0.37537
0.37444
0.37351
0.37258

70520
03649
33025
58656
80552

17058
51921
16451
37709
43133

17454
49518
14476
48149
30684

471
342
334
962
752

1.190
1.191
1.192
1.193
1.194

0.92836
0.92874
0.92911
0.92947
0.92984

89672
01628
04297
97675
81758

49166
75038
60825
36260
32004

69260
97404
77546
24192
62877

202
950
899
928
403

0.37165
0.37073
0.36980
0.36887
0.36794

98722
13176
23922
30970
34330

60532
18091
44362
68273
19116

93806
28040
89893
08995
95213

568
589
026
672
382

1.195
1.196
1.197
1.198
1.199

0.93021
0.93058
0.93094
0.93131
0.93167

56542
22025
78201
25068
62622

79650
11719
61664
63866
53638

67095
95146
26876
00337
48349

956
303
083
679
974

0.36701
0.36608
0.36515
0.36422
0.36328

34010
30020
22369
11066
96122

26558
20629
31729
90622
28438

45714
52004
06923
11604
82399

570
819
698
876
631

1.200

0.93203 90859 67226 34967 013

[C-f)1
1

0.36235 77544 76673 57763 837

p-y51
L

166

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS
FOR RADIAN

sin x

ARGUMENTS
cos x

1.200
1.201
1.202
1.203
1.204

0.93203
0.93240
0.93276
0.93312
0.93348

90859 67226 34967 013

09776 41805 91853 542
19369 15485 54567 367
19634 27305 98748 519
10568 17240 76215 175

0.36235
0.36142
0.36049
0.35956
0.35862

77544 76673 57763 837

55343 67184 05108 539
29528 32190 27614 189
00108 04273 71008 651
67092 16376 30309 065

1.205
1.206
1.207
1.208
1.209

0.93383 92167 26196 50966 302

0.93419 64427 96013 35090 992
Oi93455 27346 69465 24584 444
0.93490 80919 90260 35070 567
0.93526 25144 03041 37431 162

0.35769
0.35675
0.35582
0.35488
0.35395

30490 01799 56527 660

90310 94203 63341 607
46564 27606 33727 018
99259 36382 26557 166
48405 55261 83165 039

1.210
1.211
1.212
1.213
1.214

0.93561
0.93596
0.93632
0.93667
0.93702

60015 53385 93341 646

85530 87806 90713 291
01686 53752 79041 926
08478 99608 04663 095
05904 74693 45913 598

0.35301
0.35208
0.35114
0.35021
0.34927

94012 19330 33870 301

36088 64027 04470 775
74644 25144 22698 521
09688 38826 24640 616
41230 41568 61124 730

1.215
1.216
1.217
1.218
1.219

0.93736
0.93771
0.93806
0.93841
0.93875

93960 29266 48199 416

72642 14521 58969 959
41946 82590 62598 617
01870 86543 15169 574
52410 80386 79170 848

0.34833
0.34739
0.34646
0.34552
0.34458

69279 70217 04069 578

93845 61966 52800 358
14937 54360 40329 260
32564 85289 39601 140
46736 92990 69704 455

1.220
1.221
1.222
1.223
1.224

0.93909
0.93944
0.93978
0.94012
0.94046

93563 19067 58093 524

25324 58470 30937 151
47691 55418 86621 257
60660 67676 58302 957
64228 53946 57600 622

0.34364
0.34270
0.34176
0.34082
0.33988

57463 16047 02047 552

64752 93385 66500 405
68615 64277 57501 890
69060 68336 40132 702
66097 45517 56153 996

1.225
1.226
1.227
1.228
1.229

0.94080
0.94114
0.94148
0.94181
0.94215

58391 73872 08723 559

43146 88036 82507 685
18490 57965 30357 157
84419 46123 18091 912
40930 15917 59701 104

0.33894
0.33800
0.33706
0.33612
0.33518

59735 36117 30011 855

49983 80771 74807 668
36852 20455 98234 533
20349 96483 08479 750
00486 50503 20093 523

1.230
1.231
1.232
1.233
1.234

0.94248
0.94282
0.94315
0.94348
0.94381

88019 31697 51002 382

25683 58754 03206 998
53919 63320 76390 684
72724 12574 12870 299
82093 74633 70486 175

0.33423
0.33329
0.33235
0.33140
0.33046

77271 24502 59823 955

50713 60802 72418 427
20823 02059 26391 462
87608 91261 19759 164
51080 71729 85740 328

1.235
1.236
1.237
1.238
1.239

0.94414
0.94447
0.94480
0.94513
0.94545

82025 18562 55790 164

72515 14367 57139 322
53560 32999 77695 223
25157 46354 68328 851
87303 27272 60431 046

0.32952
0.32857
0.32763
0.32668
0.32574

11247 87117 98424 316

68119 81408 78405 786
21705 98914 98386 387
72015 84277 88743 487
19058 82466 43066 054

1.240
1.241
1.242
1.243
1.244

0.94578
0.94610
0.94643
0.94675
0.94707

39994 49538 98628 471

83227 87884 73405 063
17000 17986 53628 942
41308 16467 18984 738
56148 60895 92311 309

0.32479
0.32385
0.32290
0.32195
0.32101

62844 38776 23657 769

03381 98828 67007 475
40681 08569 89227 042
74751 14269 91456 764
05601 62521 65238 364

1.245
1.246
1.247
1.248
1.249

0.94739
0.94771
0.94803
0.94835
0.94866

61518 29788 71844 815

57414 02608 63367 118
43832 59766 12259 472
20779 82619 35461 479
88225 53474 53335 262

0.32006
0.31911
0.31816
0.31721
0.31627

33242 00239 97855 712

57681 74660 77643 341
78930 33339 99262 871
96997 24152 68947 423
11891 95292 09714 116

1.250

0.94898 46193 55586 21434 849

0.31532 23623 95268 66544 754

[c-y1

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

TRANSCENDENTAL
COSINES

FOR

167

FUNCTIONS

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table

4.6

cos x

1.250
1.251
1.252
1.253
1.254

0.94898
0.94929
0.94961
0.94992
0.95023

46193
94671
33656
63145
83135

55586
73157
91340
96237
74899

21434
62180
96439
75008
10006

849
713
444
528
196

0.31532
0.31437
0.31342
0.31247
0.31152

23623
32202
37637
39938
39114

95268
72909
77355
58064
64805

66544
11534
49010
20615
10363

754
791
665
601
979

1.255
1.256
1. 257
1.258
1.259

0.95054
0.95085
0.95116
0.95147
0.95178

93623
94605
86078
68040
40486

15326
06469
38232
01466
87975

06166
92038
51091
52726
83188

303
225
729
783
287

0.31057
0.30962
0.30867
0.30772
0.30676

35175
28130
17989
04761
88456

47660
57024
43600
58403
52756

49664
22311
69445
94485
68021

355
242
729
052
196

1.260
1.261
1.262
1.263
1.264

0.95209
0.95239
0.95270
0.95300
0.95330

03415
56824
00708
35065
59892

90515
02793
19468
36151
49407

76385
44617
09200
31003
40886

682
416
227
222
709

0.30581
0.30486
0.30391
0.30295
0.30200

69083
46652
21173
92654
61106

78289
86939
30948
62866
35544

32688
08001
95158
81822
46859

634
291
833
373
693

1.265
1.266
1.267
1.268
1.269

0.95360
0.95390
0.95420
0.95450
0.95480

75186
80944
77163
63840
40972

56753
56660
48552
32808
10759

70045
80258
94039
24694
06289

767
512
032
963
671

0.30105
0.30009
0.29914
0.29819
0.29723

26538
88959
48379
04808
58254

02136
16100
31192
01472
81295

65060
11818
67791
23518
84019

070
814
595
675
121

1.270
1.271
1.272
1.273
1.274

0.95510
0.95539
0.95569
0.95598
0.95627

08555
66588
15067
53989
83351

84692
57849
34427
19578
19409

23509
41432
35209
19640
78657

018
673
944
104
170

0.29628
0.29532
0.29437
0.29341
0.29245

08729
56240
00799
42413
81094

25318
88493
26068
93588
46891

73355
39166
57175
35661
19906

114
425
182
000
579

1.275
1.276
1.277
1.278
1.279

0.95657
0.95686
0.95715
0.95744
0.95772

03150
13383
14048
05142
86661

40985
92326
82408
21166
19488

94719
78101
96095
02109
64678

118
497
419
886
437

0.29150
0.29054
0.28958
0.28863
0.28767

16850
49691
79626
06666
30819

42108
35665
84278
44951
74982

96613
98290
07609
61732
56616

869
890
308
860
726

1.280
1.281
1.282
1.283
1.284

0.95801
0.95830
0.95858
0.95887
0.95915

58602
20964
73742
16935
50539

89224
43180
95120
59764
52796

96370
82604
10371
96853
17957

075
453
286
962
320

0.28671
0.28575
0.28479
0.28383
0.28288

52096
70505
86057
98761
08626

31955
73742
58503
44681
91007

51277
72036
16730
58895
51923

939
934
332
050
831

1.285
1.286
1.287
1.288
1.289

0.95943
0.95971
0.95999
0.96027
0.96055

74551
88969
93790
89011
74629

90853
91535
73400
55966
59710

36739
31748
25260
11427
84322

577
357
814
805
094

0.28192
0.28096
0.28000
0.27904
Oi27808

15663
19881
21288
19896
15714

56494
00438
82417
62291
00198

33192
28157
54428
25809
56310

303
651
993
577
871

1.290
1.291
1.292
1.293
1.294

0.96083
0.96111
0.96138
0.96166
0.96193

50642
17046
73839
21018
58580

06072
17450
17203
29652
80080

65890
33810
49249
84528
50693

556
354
056
675
590

0.27712
0.27615
0.27519
3.27423
0.27327

08750
99015
86519
71271
53280

56557
92064
67693
44692
84588

64138
75651
29289
79480
00512

661
234
769
997
263

1.295
1.296
1.297
1.298
1.299

0.96220
0.96248
0.96275
0.96302
0.96329

86523
04845
13541
12610
02048

94730
00807
26481
00880
54098

24982
78203
02013
36103
95282

339
231
782
915
920

0.27231
0.27135
0.27038
0.26942
0.26846

32557
09111
82951
54087
22529

49177
00534
01003
13198
00008

90379
74605
10035
88600
41057

053
108
206
711
992

1.300
/

0.96355 81854 17192 96470 135

[c-y1

0.26749 88286 24587 40699 798

C-7834

L 1

168

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR RADIAN

sin 2:

ARGUMENTS
CO8 2

1.300
1.301
1.302
1.303
1.304

0.96355 81854 17192 96470 135

0.96382 52024 22181 85589 331
0.96409 12556 02048 64366 761
0.96435 63446 90740 17032 855
0796462 04694 23167 36927 537

0.26749
0.26653
0.26557
0.26460
0.26364

88286 24587 40699 798

51368 50360 07039 695
11785 41018 09469 650
69546 60519 70890 877
24661 73088 71318 016

1.305
1.306
1.307
1.308
1.309

0.96488
0.96514
0.96540
0.96566
0.96592

36295 35205 53009 126

58247 63694 56266 806
70548 46439 26036 635
73195 22209 56221 061
66185 30740 81411 924

0.26267
0.26171
0.26074
0.25978
0.25881

77140 43213 51456 761

26992 35646 16255 031
74227 15401 38427 774
18854 47755 61955 494
60883 98246 05556 626

1.310
1.311
1.312
1.313
1.314

0.96618
0.96644
0.96669
0.96695
0.96720

49516 12734 02916 926

23185 09856 14689 520
87189 64740 29162 218
41527 20986 02983 276
86195 23159 62656 736

0.25785
0.25688
0.25591
0.25495
0.25398

00325 32669 66133 818

37188 17082 22194 242
71482 17797 37244 030
03217 01385 63156 911
32402 34673 43517 173

1.315
1.316
1.317
1.318
1.319

0.96746
0.96771
0.96796
0.96821
0.96846

21191 16794 3gO85 794

46512 48390 48019 478
62156 65416 05402 607
68121 16306 62628 991
64403 50465 76697 879

0.25301
0.25204
0.25108
0.25011
0.24914

59047 84742 16937 022

83163 18927 20348 457
04758 04816 92269 738
23842 10251 76046 556
40425 03323 23067 996

1.320
1.321
:* 2:
1:324

0.96871
0.96896
0.96920
0.96945
0.96970

51001 18265 26273 590

27911 71045 36648 340
95132 61115 04608 211
52661 41752 23202 252
00495 67204 06414 685

0.24817
0.24720
0.24623
0.24526
0.24429

54516 52372 95957 398

66126 25991 71738 199
75263 93018 44974 865
81939 22539 30889 004
86161 83886 68450 760

1.325
1.326
1.327
1.328
1.329

0.96994
0.97018
0.97042
0.97066
0.97090

38632 92687 13740 188

67070 74387 74662 236
85806 69462 13034 465
94838 36036 71365 051
94163 33208 35004 060

0.24332
0.24235
0.24138
0.24041
0.23944

87941 46638 23445 582

87287 80615 91516 463
84210 55885 01181 759
78719 42753 16828 662
70824 11769 41682 448

1.330
1.331
1.332
1.333
1.334

0.97114
0.97138
0.97162
0.97185
0.97209

83779 21044 56233 768

63683 60583 78261 900
33874 13835 59117 786
94348 43780 95451 405
45104 14372 46235 282

0.23847
0.23750
0.23653
0.23556
0.23458

60534 33723 20751 578

47859 79643 43748 768
32810 20797 47988 097
15395 28690 21258 288
95624 75063 04672 221

1.335
1.336
1.337
1.338
1.339

0.97232
0.97256
0.97279
0.97302
0.97325

86138 90534 56369 230

17450 38163 80187 900
39036 24129 04871 129
50894 16271 73757 0146
53021 83406 09557 931

0.23361
0.23264
0.23167
0.23069
0.22972

73508 31892 95492 805

49055 71391 49935 286
22276 66003 85946 099
93180 88407 85958 358
61778 11512 99624 085

1.340
1.341
1.342
1.343
1.344

0.97348
0.97371
0.97394
0.97416
0.97439

45416 95319 37478 787

28077 22772 08238 616
01000 37498 N994 365
64184 12205 46167 522
17626 20575 48173 349

0.22875
0.22777
0.22680
0.22583
0.22485

28078 08459 46523 264

92090 52617 18849 831
53825 17584 84074 691
13291 77188 87585 859
70500 05482 55305 819

1.345
1.346
1.347
1.348
1.349

0.97461
0.97483
0.97506
0.97528
0.97550

61324 37264 08052 713

95276 37901 46006 501
19479 99092 43832 603
33932 98416 67265 423
38633 14428 88217 916

0.22388
0.22290
0.22193
0.22095
0.21998

25459 76744 96286 212

78180 65480 05279 929
28672 46415 65290 729
76944 94502 50100 463
23007 84913 26774 007

1.350

0.97572 33578 26659 06926 111

(-;I1

[ 1

0.21900 66870 93041 58142 002

c-p3

II 1

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

TRANSCENDENTAL
COSINES

FOR

169

FUNCTIONS
RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin x

Table

4.6

cos x

1.350
1.351
1.352
1.353
1.354

0.97572
0.97594
0.97615
0.97637
0.97659

33578
18766
94194
59861
15764

26659
15612
62771
50591
62506

06926
73996
12353
39095
87244

111
110
536
407
418

0.21900
0.21803
0.21705
0.21607
0.21510

66870
08543
48036
85358
20520

93041
94501
65124
80961
18281

58142
05261
29854
96725
76154

002
504
627
291
163

1.355
1.356
1.357
1.358
1.359

0.97680
0.97701
0.97723
0.97744
0.97765

61901
98270
24869
41696
48748

82927
97238
91804
53965
72037

27405
89325
83352
21803
40225

609
386
894
706
805

0.21412
0.21314
0.21217
0.21119
0.21021

53530
84399
13137
39753
64257

53567
63517
25046
15278
11553

46271
95410
24434
49048
02083

899
772
790
406
908

1.360
1.361
1.362
1.363
1.364

0.97786
0.97807
0.97828
0.97848
0.97869

46024
33521
11237
79171
37319

35316
34074
59561
04006
60615

18567
02249
23135
20406
61343

849
690
125
864
685

0.20923
0.20826
0.20728
0.20630
0.20532

86658
06968
25195
41349
55440

91419
32637
13175
11211
05130

35767
23964
64404
80880
25435

598
842
112
089
952

1.365
1.366
1.367
1.368
1.369

0.97889
0.97910
0.97930
0.97950
0.97970

85681
24253
53035
72024
81217

23574
88047
50175
07082
56868

61999
07786
73954
45982
39862

774
196
516
521
027

0.20434
0.20336
0.20238
0.20140
0.20042

67477
77471
85432
91369
95291

73521
95182
49113
14517
70801

80524
61151
16990
34489
38946

932
240
457
495
217

1.370
1.371
1.372
1.373
1.374

0.97990
0.98010
0.98030
0.98050
0.98069

80613
70211
50007
20000
80189

98614
32380
59206
81114
01103

22288
30754
93540
49613
68424

769
328
094
233
652

0.19944
0.19846
0.19748
0.19650
0.19552

97209
97133
95072
91036
85036

97572
74640
82010
99890
08682

96568
16515
52911
06852
28380

820
079
545
798
853

1.375
1.376
1.377
1.378
1.379

0.98089
0.98108
0.98128
0.98147
0.98166

30570
71142
01903
22852
33986

23155
52232
94276
56212
45944

69608
42586
66065
27452
42153

920
155
826
479
343

0.19454
0.19356
0.19258
0.19160
0.19062

77079
67178
55340
41577
25898

88987
21600
87511
67905
44156

18444
30840
74132
13553
72884

822
918
912
129
094

1.380
1.381
1.382
1.383
1.384

0.98185
0.98204
0.98223
0.98241
0.98260

35303
26802
08480
80336
42368

72359
45326
75694
75296
56947

72787
48298
82965
95320
26961

813
791
850
221
571

0.18964
0.18865
0.18767
0.18669
0.18571

08312
88831
67462
44217
19105

97834
10696
64691
41955
24813

36320
50314
25395
37980
32156

915
508
757
715
930

1.385
1.386
1,387
1.388
1.389

0.98278
0.98297
0.98315
0.98333
0.98352

94574
36952
69500
92216
05100

34442
22562
37068
94707
13205

61276
42059
92032
31273
95537

561
162
708
673
148

0.18472
0.18374
0.18276
0.18178
0.18079

92135
63119
32665
00183
65884

95776
37540
32988
65185
17379

21451
90577
97169
73489
28124

016
542
360
451
404

1.390
1.391
1.392
1.393
1.394

0.98370
0.98388
0.98405
0.98423
0.98441

08148
01359
84731
58262
21952

11276
08614
25898
84790
07939

54484
29809
13274
84637
29485

004
722
870
207
405

0.17981
0.17882
0.17784
0.17686
0.17587

29776
91871
52177
10704
67464

72999
15656
29142
97424
04651

47659
98336
27690
66173
28756

616
311
484
860
976

1. 39-5
1.396
1.397
1.398
1.399

0.98458
0.98476
0.98493
0.98510
0.98527

75797
19796
53948
78250
92701

18974
42512
04152
30479
49063

56974
17462
20048
50013
86162

360
083
145
670
846

0.17489
0.17390
0.17292
0.17193
0.17095

22464
75715
27228
77011
25074

35146
73409
04115
12112
82423

16514
18192
11759
65937
41718

467
681
690
830
833

1.400

0.98544

97299

947

0.16996

71429

00240

93861

675

[ (-/I11
88460

18065

II(-;j31

170

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR RADIAN

cos x

sin z

1:

ARGUMENTS

1.400
1.401
1.402
1.403
1.404

0.98544
0.98561
0.98578
0.98595
0.98612

97299 88460 18065 947

92043 78208 63203 840
76931 48834 84013 966
51961 31850 04837 776
17131 59751 28769 609

0.16996
0.16898
0.16799
0.16701
0.16602

71429 00240 93861 675

16083 50929 72373 233
59048 20024 23971 842
00332 93227 93533 854
39947 56412 25523 303

1.405
1.406
1.407
1.408
1.409

0.98628
0.98645
0.98661
0.98677
0.98693

72440 66021 54406 982

17886 85129 92502 294
53468 52531 82515 912
79184 04669 09070 631
95031 78970 18307 486

0.16503
0.16405
0.16306
0.16207
0.16109

77901 95615 65404 770

14205 97042 61039 544
48869 47062 64065 184
81902 32209 31258 571
13314 39179 25882 568

1.410
1.411
1.412
1.413
1.414

0.98710
0.98725
0.98741
0.98757
0.98773

01010 13850 34142 909

97117 48711 74427 198
83352 23943 67004 304
59712 80922 65672 895
26197 62012 66048 706

0.16010
0.15911
0.15812
0.15714
0.15615

43115 54831 19016 356

71315 66184 90869 577
97924 60420 32080 359
22952 24876 44997 336
46408 47050 44945 751

1.415
1.416
1.417
1.418
1.419

0.98788
0.98804
0.98819
0.98834
0.98850

82805 10565 21328 142

29533 70919 57953 120
66381 88402 91177 144
93348 09330 40532 586
10430 81005 45199 170

0.15516
0.15417
0.15319
0.15220
0.15121

68303 14596 61477 752

88646 15325 39606 967
07447 37202 41027 471
24716 68347 45317 231
40463 97033 51126 135

1.420
1.421
1.422
1.423
1.424

0.98865
0.98880
0.98895
0.98909
0.98924

17628 51719 79273 627

14939 70753 66940 521
02362 88375 97544 222
79896 55844 40562 021
47539 25405 60478 351

0.15022
0.14923
Oil4824
0.14725
0.14626

54699 11685 77348 698

67432 00880 64281 559
78672 53344 74765 840
88430 57953 95314 499
96716 03732 37224 747

1.425
1.426
1.427
1.428
1.429

0.98939
0.98953
0.98967
0.98982
0.98996

05289 50295 31560 129

53145 84738 52533 174
91106 83949 61159 714
19171 04132 48716 941
37337 02480 74376 619

0.14528
0.14429
0.14330
0.14231
0.14132

03538 79851 37675 648

08908 75628 60810 986
12835 80526 98807 514
15329 84153 72928 666
16400 76259 34563 848

1.430
1.431
1.432
1.433
1.434

0.99010
0.99024
0.99038
0.99052
0.99065

45603 37177 79485 729

43968 67397 01748 121
32431 53301 89307 176
10990 56046 14729 460
79644 37773 88889 346

0.14033
0.13934
0.13835
0.13736
0.13637

16058 46736 66253 390

14312 85619 82699 275
11173 83083 31761 733
06651 29440 95441 799
00755 15144 90849 940

1.435
1.436
1.437
1.438
1.439

0.99079
0.99092
0.99106
0.99119
0.99132

38391 61619 74754 605

87230 91709 01072 941
26160 93157 75959 459
55180 32073 00385 060
74287 75552 81565 735

0.13537
0.13438
0.13339
0.13240
0.13141

93495 30784 71160 849

84881 67086 26554 495
74924 14910 85143 546
63632 65254 13887 244
51017 09245 19491 852

1.440
1.441
1.442
1.443
1.444

0.99145
0.99158
0.99171
0.99184
0.99197

83481 91686 46252 760

82761 49554 53923 766
72125 19229 09874 676
51571 71773 78212 505
21099 79243 94748 990

0.13042
0.12943
0.12844
0.12744
0.12645

37087 38145 49297 752

21853 43347 92153 306
05325 16375 79275 576
87512 48881 85098 002
68425 32647 28105 135

1.445
1.446
1.447
1.448
1.449

0.99209
0.99222
0.99234
0.99247
0.99259

80708 14686 79795 055

30395 52141 50856 088
70160 66639 35228 024
00002 34203 82494 216
19919 31850 76923 086

0.12546
0.12447
0.12348
0.12248
0.12149

48073 59580 71654 525

26467 21717 24785 871
03616 11217 43017 513
79530 20366 29130 391
54219 41572 33939 548

1.450

0.99271 29910 37588 49766 535

1c-y1

0.12050 27693 67366 57053 287

(-92

[ 1

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

.4ND

TRANSCENDENTAL

COSINES

FOR

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

sin x

171

FTJNCTIONS
Table

4.6

cos x

1.450
1.451
1.452
1.453
1.454

0.99271
0.99283
0.99295
0.99307
0.99318

29910 37588 49766 535

29974 30417 91459 118
20109 90332 63717 946
00315 98319 11543 325
70591 36356 75120 114

0.12050
0.11950
0.11851
0.11752
0.11653

27693 67366 57053 287

99962 90401 47620 080
71037 03450 05063 327
40925 99404 79804 068
09639 71276 73971 735

1.455
1.456
1.457
1.458
1.459

0.99330
0.99341
0.99353
0.99364
0.99375

30934 87418 01619 777

81345 35468 56903 143
21821 65467 37123 830
52362 63366 80232 355
72967 16112 77380 893

0.11553
0.11454
0.11355
0.11255
0.11156

77188 12194 42103 061

43581 15402 91829 237
08828 74262 84551 407
72940 82249 36104 618
35927 32951 17410 313

1.460
1.461
1.462
1.463
1.464

0.99386
0.99397
0.99408
0.99419
0.99430

83634 11644 84228 683

84362 38896 32148 075
75150 87794 39331 194
55998 49260 21797 223
26904 15209 04300 286

0.11056
0.10957
0.10858
0.10758
0.10659

97798 20069 55117 465

58563 37417 32232 463
18232 78917 88737 835
76816 38604 22199 915
34324 10617 88365 556

1.465
1.466
1.467
: . tb6:

0.99440
0.99451
0.99461
0.99472
0.99482

87866 78550 31137 923

38885 33187 76860 141
79958 74019 56879 043
11085 96938 37979 012
32265 98831 48727 437

0.10559
0.10460
0.10361
0.10261
0.10162

90765 89208 01747 983

46151 68730 36201 884
00491 43646 25487 846
53795 08521 63826 230
06072 58026 06440 584

1.470
1.471
1.472
1.473
1.474

0.99492
0.99502
0.99512
0.99522
0.99531

43,49777580 89785 993

44780 32063 44122 430
36112 62150 87122 898
17493 68709 96604 762
88922 53602 62729 932

0.10062 57333 86931 70090 698

0.09963 07588 90112 33595 391
0.09863 56847 62542 38345 147
0.09764 05119 99295 88804 678
OiO9664 52415 95545 53005 525

1.475
1.476
1.477
1.478
1.479

0.99541
0.99551
0.99560
0.99569
0.99578

50398 19685 97818 664

01919 70812 46063 854
43486 11829 93145 787
75096 48581 75747 356
96749 87906 90969 720

0.09564
0.09465
0.09365
0.09266
0.09166

98745 46561 63028 806

44118 47711 15478 186
88544 94456 71943 189
32034 82355 59452 948
74598 07058 70920 484

1.480
1.481
1.482
1.483
1.484

0.99588
0.99597
0.99606
0.99614
0.99623

08445 37640 05648 408

10182 06611 65569 851
01959 04648 04588 337
83775 42571 53643 374
55630 32200 49677 461

0.09067
0.08967
0.08867
0.08768
0.08668

16244 64309 65577 623

56984 49943 69400 641
96827 59886 75526 752
35783 90154 44661 519
73863 36851 05477 303

1.485
1.486
1.487
1.488
1.489

0.99632
0.99640
0.99649
0.99657
0.99665

17522 86349 44454 246

69452 18829 13277 079
11417 44446 63607 933
43417 79005 43586 693
65452 39305 50450 815

0.08569
0.08469
0.08369
0.08270
0.08170

11075 96168 55002 845

47431 64385 59004 070
82940 37866 52356 240
17612 13060 39407 518
51456 86499 94334 076

1.490
1.491
1.492
1.493
1.494

0.99673
0.99681
0.99689
0.99697
0.99705

77520 43143 38855 320

79621 09312 29093 143
71753 57602 15215 811
53917 08799 73054 448
26110 84688 68141 099

0.08070
0:0797i
0.07871
0.07771
0.07672

84484 54800 61486 832

i6705 i4659 55729 907
48128 62854 62770 926
78764 96243 39483 234
08624 11762 14220 152

1.495
1.496
1.497
:*. t;:

0.99712
ii99720
0.99727
0.99735
0.99742

88334 08049 63530 364

40586 02660 27521 334
62865 93295 41279 821
15173 05727 06360 877
37506 66724 52131 595

0.07572
0.07472
0.07372
0.07273
0.07173

37716 06424 87121 354

66050 77322 30411 478
93638 21620 88691 060
20488 36561 79219 898
46611 19459 92192 943

1.500

0.99749 49866 04054 43094 172

r-,71
L

-I

0.07073 72016 67702 91008 819

C-7812

[ 1

172

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.6

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND

COSINES

FUNCTIONS
FOR

RADIAN

sin x

ARGUMENTS
cos x

1.500
1.501
1.502
1.503
1.504

0.99749
0.99756
0799763
0.99770
0.99776

49866
52250
44659
27091
99547

04054
46480
23765
66667
06942

43094
86109
37519
10173
80349

172
251
509
501
750

0.07073
0.06973
0.06874
0.06774
0.06674

72016
96714
20715
44028
66664

67702
78750
50131
79447
64365

91008
12531
67342
39990
89231

819
065
208
761
245

1.505
1.506
1.507
1.508
1.509

0.99783
0.99790
0.99796
0.99802
0.99809

62024
14524
57044
89585
12145

77346
11631
44547
11841
50260

94581
76379
32859
61264
55394

063
092
104
976
397

0.06574
0.06475
0.06375
0.06275
0.06175

88633
09943
30607
50633
70031

02623
92023
30434
15789
46086

48257
24928
01988
37280
63952

343
268
470
758
953

1.510
1.511
1.512
2.513
1.514

0.99815
0.99821
0.99827
0.99833
0.99838

24724
27322
19938
02571
75221

97548
92446
74695
85033
65198

11924
36636
50542
95912
42198

274
332
912
947
118

0.06075
0.05976
0.05876
0.05776
0.05676

88812
06985
24560
41548
57959

19385
33809
87538
78816
05945

90658
01748
57464
94113
24248

160
769
281
053
072

1.515
1.516
1.517
1.518
1.519

0.99844
0.99849
0.99855
0.99860
0.99865

37887
90569
33265
65976
88701

57923
06943
56990
53793
44081

91859
86092
10456
00399
46683

188
495
612
163
784

0.05576
0.05476
0.05377
0.05277
0.05177

73801
89086
03823
18023
31695

67282
61243
86301
40981
23862

36836
97425
48297
08625
74620

851
545
399
609
716

1.520
1.521
1.522
1.523
1.524

0.99871
0.99876
0.99880
0.99885
0.99890

01439
04190
96954
79730
52517

75583
97023
58128
09621
03224

00717
79776
72136
42098
34913

231
634
872
089
328

0.05077
0.04977
0.04877
0.04777
0.04677

44849
57495
69644
81305
92488

33579
68814
28305
10835
15238

19672
94487
27218
23593
67036

613
284
360
598
388

1.525
1.526
1.527
1.528
1.529

0.99895
0.99899
0.99904
0.99908
0.99912

15314
68123
10941
43769
66606

91658
28645
68902
68148
83100

81616
03749
17990
40684
92265

285
180
729
234
762

0.04578
0.04478
0.04378
0.04278
0.04178

03203
13460
23270
32642
41586

40397
85239
48738
29915
27830

18782
17991
81854
05695
63073

371
291
166
871
262

i.530
1.531
1.532
1.533
1.534

0.99916
0.99920
0.99924
0.99928
0.99932

79452
82306
75169
58038
30915

71476
91989
04354
69286
48498

01592
10170
76285
79026
22220

427
755
152
436
463

0.04078
0.03978
0.03878
0.03778
0.03678

50112
58230
65951
73283
80238

41591
70343
13276
69617
38633

05868
64380
47406
42326
15178

899
513
277
008
390

1.535
1.536
1.537
1.538
1.539

0;99935
0.99939
0.99942
0.99946
0.99949

93799
46689
89585
22486
45393

04701
01607
03928
77374
88654

38256
91817
83506
53376
84360

819
592
202
306
752

0.03578
0.03478
0.03378
0.03279
0.03179

86825
93054
98935
04478
09693

19628
11943
14956
28078
50755

10734
52566
43115
63750
74831

312
435
073
505
796

1.540
1.541
1.542
1.543
1.544

0.99952
0:99955
0.99958
0.99961
0.99964

58306
61222
54144
37069
09999

05479
96555
31593
81300
17383

05600
95674
85726
62497
71251

596
180
242
095
832

0.03079
0.02979
0.02879
0.02779
0.02679

14590
19180
23471
27475
31200

82466
22720
71058
27051
90300

15762
05041
40314
98418
35423

248
568
858
526
217

1.545
1.546
1.547
1.548
1.549

0.99966
0.99969
0.99971
0.99974
0.99976

72932
25868
68807
01749
24694

12550
40506
75959
94615
73179

18609
75272
78656
35418
23886

586
821
660
249
150

0.02579
0.02479
0.02379
0.02279
0.02179

34658
37858
40810
43524
46010

60430
37097
19980
08784
03238

86673
66826
69885
69229
17647

867
971
184
328
934

1.550

0.99978 37641 89356 96389 761

[(-;)I1

0.02079 48278 03092 47364 391

[(-;I91

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES AND

TRANSCENDENTAL

COSINES

FOR RADIAN

FUNCTIONS

173

ARGUMENTS

Table 4.6

.c
1.550
1.551
1.552
1.553
1.554

0.99978
0.99980
0.99982
0.99984
0.99985

37641
40591
33542
16495
89450

sin x
89356
21853
50374
55624
19308

96389
81488
86102
97539
85428

761
767
606
966
298

0.02079
0.01979
0.01879
0.01779
0.01679

48278
50338
52200
53874
55370

03092
08120
18116
32894
52286

47364
70061
76905
38564
05229

391
827
802
929
507

1.555
1,556
1.557
1.558
1.559

0.99987
0.99989
0.99990
0.99991
0.99993

52406
05363
48321
81281
04241

24131
53795
93 07
279470
43888

03543
91538
76575
74851
93030

342
676
277
093
623

0.01579 56698
0.01479 57869
0.01379 58891
0.01279 59775
0.01179,60532

76142
04329
36731
73245
13782

06628
52043
30323
09896
38778

284
433
849
874
533

1.560
1.561
1.562
1.563
1.564

0.99994
0.99995
0.99996
0.99996
0.99997

17202
20163
13125
96087
69050

29966
74406
66914
98192
59945

29574
75969
17856
36062
07529

517
172
344
758
731

0.01079
0.00979
0.00879
0.00779
0.00679

61170
61701
62133
62478
62744

58267
06636
58835
14822
74562

44582
34527
95443
93777
75597

392
146
014
062
546

1.565
1.566
1.567
1.568
1.569

0.99998
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

32013
84976
27939
60902
83866

44876
46689
60087
80775
05456

06142
03461
69348
72499
80873

794
318
142
201
162

0.00579
0.00479
0.00379
0.00279
0.00179

62943
63084
63176
63231
63258

38028
05200
76064
50611
28835

66597
72096
77045
46023
23243

372
784
359
436
059

1.570
1.571
1.572
1.573
1.574

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

96829
99792
92755
75719
48682

31834
58612
85495
13185
43386

62021
83315
12082
15626
61164

053
895
337
285
539

+0.00079
-0.00020
-0.00120
-0.00220
-0.00320

63267
36732
36729
36714
36677

10733
03695
14450
21533
24944

32548
22583
59042
14087
45343

541
254
804
901
613

1.575
1.576
1.577
1.578
1.579

0.99999
0.99998
0.99998
0.99997
0.99996

11645
64609
07572
40536
63500

78803
23138
81096
58379
61693

15654
45523
16298
92137
35254

423
419
798
261
568

-0.00420
-0.00520
-0.00620
-0.00720
-0.00820

36608
36497
36334
36109
35811

24688
20771
13205
02006
87197

30802
68822
78129
97812
87324

109
280
029
142
647

1.580
1.581
1.582
1.583
1.584

0.99995
0.99994
0.99993
0.99992
0.99991

76464
79429
72395
55361
28327

98740
78223
09847
04315
73330

05255
58361
46545
16554
08844

179
895
499
408
324

-0.00920 35432 68808 26480 539

-0.01020. 34961 46876 15451 796
-0.01120 34388 21448 74764 568
-0.01220 33702 92583 45294 454
-0.01320 32895 60348 88260 743

1.585
1.586
1.587
1.588
1.589

0.99989
0.99988
0.99986
0.99985
0.99983

91295
44263
87233
20204
43177

29595
86814
59691
63927
16226

56407
83504
04289
21344
24106

893
374
313
232
322

-0.01420
-0.01520
-0.01620
-0.01720
-0.01820

31956
30874
29641
28245
26678

24825
86108
44304
99538
51948

85219
38055
68973
20485
55400

553
737
475
440
452

1.590
1.591
1.592
1.593
1.594

0.99981
0.99979
0.99977
0.99975
0.99973

56151
59127
52105
35085
08068

34290
36823
43527
75103
53254

87198
68657
08066
24582
14867

158
422
646
972
933

-0.01920
-0.02020
-0.02120
-0.02220
-0.02320

24929
22987
20843
18488
15910

01692
48945
93900
36773
77799

56809
28070
92788
94801
98151

503
065
583
039
502

1.595
1.596
1.597
1.598
1.599

0.99970
0.99968
0.99965
0.99963
0.99960

71054
24042
67033
00029
23027

00681
41086
99171
00635
72179

50917
77790
11241
35248
99440

259
702
891
219
759

-0.02420
-0.02520
-0.02620
-0.02720
-0.02819

13101
10049
06745
03180
99342

17236
55365
92491
28945
65082

87068
65939
59282
11714
87922

552
492
234
764
093

1.600

0.99957 36030 41505 16434 211

-0.02919

95223 01288 72620 577

C-79)3

For 01.6

cos 2

c(-;I11

see Example 16.

;=I.57079

63267 94896 61923 132

[ 1

u=3.14159 26535 89793 23846 264

174

ELEMENTARY
Table

TRANSCENDENTAL

RADIX

4.7

TABLE

OF

FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

sin .~10-a
0.00000

00001

00000

00000

cos ,110-n
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0;99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99998
99995
99992
99987
99982
99975
99959

50000
00000
50000
00000
50000
00000
50000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99950
99800
99550
99200
98750
98200
97550

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

96800

00000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99998
99998
99997

95000
80000
55000
20000
75000
20000
55000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

99996

80000

00000

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99995
99980
99955
99920
99875
99820
99755

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

99680

00000

00000

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99500
98000
95500
92000
87500
82000
75500

00000
00000
00000

00000
00007
00034

00000
00000

00107
00260

68000

00000

00000

0:99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

59500

00000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00002 00000 00000

00003 00000 00000
00004 00000 00000
00005 00000 00000
00006 00000 00000
00007 00000 00000
00008 00000 00000
00009 00000 00000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00010
00020
00030
00040
00050
00060

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

0.00000

00069

99999

99999

99999

0.00000
0.00000

00079
00089

99999
99999

99999
99999

00000
00000.
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

99999
99999

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

00099
00199
00299
00399
00499
00599

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

0.00000

00699

99999

99999

99640
99428

99999
99999

99147
98785

o;ooooo
0.00000

00799
00899

99999
99999

99998
99987
99955
99893
99792

0.00000

00999

99999

99999

98333

0.00000

01999

99999

99999

86667

0.00000
0.00000
0.n0n00
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

02999
03999
114999
05999
06999

07999
08999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99999
99998
99997
99996
99994
99991
99987

COSINES

55000
93333
91667
40000
28333
46667
85000

99595

95950

95000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

09999 99999
19999 99999
29999 99999
39999 99999
49999 99999
59999 99999

99963

0.00000

69999
79999

99999

89999

99999
99999

94283

00000

00540
01000
01707
02734

0.00000
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005

99999

99999

83333

33333

0.99999

99999

50000

00000

041bl

99999

99998

bbbbb

bbbbl

0.99999

99996

00000

00000

bbbb7

99999
99999
99999
99999

99995
99989
99979

50000
33333
16666

00002
33342
66693

99987

00000
50000

00026

66667
04167

O.OOOOb
0.00007

99999
99999

99964
99942

00000
83333
bbbbb

00065
33473
bb940

0.99999

0.99999

99968

00492

99959

0.00009
0.00019
0.00029
0.00039
0.00049
0.00059

99833
98666
95500
89333
79166

33333
bbbbb
00002
33341
bbb92

34167
93333
02500
86667
70833

0.99999
0.99999

64000

00064

80000

0.00069
0.00079

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

39167

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999

bb939
00492

73333
07499

0.99999

96800

99998

14666
78500

0.99999

0.00099

99998

33333

34166

bbbb5

0.99999

0.00000
0.00000

0.00008

0.00089

99999

99914
99878

42833

99866

99550
98933
97916
96400
91466
87850

50000

33473

33333
bbbb7
00000
33333
66667
00000

99995

99968

50000

33333
66667

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99995
99992
99982
99975

50000
00000
50000

00000
00000

00003
00010

37500

50000

00054
00100
00170
00273

04167
bbbb7
37500

99950

00000

0041b

66667

99800

00000

06666

66666

99550
99200
98750
98200
97550

33749

99990
66610

95950

00000
00001
00002
00005
OOOlD
00017
00027

95000

00041

00000

06666

60416
39999
00416

00000

66450

99352
65033

Obbbb

63026

33749

92619

bb6bb

52118

For )I >lO, sin ,110-n = .rlO-n; cos .rlO-n = 1 -i .c210-2n; to 25~.

From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of ttie exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to
radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission).

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES AND COSINES

FOR LARGE

175

FUNCTIONS

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

Table 4.8

00000
23058
68365
24966
36208

cos x
00000
68139
47142
00445
63611

00000
71740
38699
45727
91463

000
094
757
157
917

0.00000
+0.84147
+0.90929
+0.14112
-0.75680

00000
09848
74268
00080
24953

sin 5
00000
07896
25681
59867
07928

-0.95892
-0.27941
+0.65698
+0.98935
+0.41211

42746
54981
65987
82466
84852

63138
98925
18789
23381
41756

46889
87281
09039
77780
56975

315
156
700
812
627

+0.28366
+0.96017
+0.75390
-0.14550
-0.91113

21854
02866
22543
00338
02618

63226
50366
43304
08613
84676

26446
02054
63814
52586
98836

664
565
120
884
829

-0.54402
-0I99999
-0.53657
+0:42016
+0.99060

11108
02065
29180
70368
73556

89369
50703
00434
26640
94870

81340
45705
97166
92186
30787

475
156
537
896
535

-0.83907
+0.00442
+0.84385
+0.90744
+0.13673

15290
56979
39587
67814
72182

76452
88050
32492
50196
07833

45225
78574
10465
21385
59424

886
836
396
269
893

+0.65028
-0.28790
-0.96139
-0.75098
+0.14987

78401
33166
74918
72467
72096

57116
65065
79556
71676
62952

86582
29478
85726
10375
32975

974
446
164
016
424

-0.75968
-0.95765
-0.27516
+0.66031
+0.98870

79128
94803
33380
67082
46181

58821
23384
51596
44080
86669

27384
64189
92222
14481
25289

815
964
034
610
835

+0.91294 52507 27627 65437 610

+0.83665 56385 36056 03186 648
-0.00885 13092 90403 87592 169
-0.84622 04041 75170 63524 133
-0.90557 83620 06623 84513 579

+0.40808
-0.54772
-0I99996
-0.53283
+0.42417

20618
92602
08263
30203
90073

13391
24268
94637
33397
36996

98606
42138
12645
55521
97593

227
427
417
576
705

-0.13235 17500 97773

+0.76255 84504 79602
+0.95637 59284 04503
+0.27090 57883 07869
-0.66363 38842 12967

02890
73751
01343
01998
50215

201
582
234
634
117

+0.99120
+0.64691
-0:29213
-0.96260
-0.74805

28118
93223
88087
58663
75296

63473
28640
33836
13566
89000

59808
34272
19337
60197
35176

329
138
140
545
519

-0.98803
-0.40403
+0.55142
+0.99991
+0.52908

16240
76453
66812
18601
26861

92861
23065
41690
07267
20023

78998
00604
55066
14572
82083

775
877
156
808
249

+0.15425
+0.91474
+0.83422
-0.01327
-0.84857

14498
23578
33605
67472
02747

87584
04531
06510
23059
84605

05071
27896
27221
47891
18659

866
244
553
522
997

-0.42818
-0.99177
-0.64353
+0.29636
+0.96379

26694
88534
81333
85787
53862

96151
43115
56999
09385
84087

00440
73683
46068
31739
75326

675
529
567
230
066

-0.90369
-0.12796
+0.76541
+0.95507
+0.26664

22050
36896
40519
36440
29323

91506
27404
45343
47294
59937

75984
68102
35649
85758
25152

730
833
108
654
683

ti

+0.74511 31604 79348 78698 771

-0.15862 26688 04708 98710 332
-0.91652 15479 15633 78589 899
-0.83177 47426 28598 28820 958
+0.01770 19251 05413 57780 795

-0.66693
-0.98733
-0.39998
+0.55511
+0.99984

80616
92775
53149
33015
33086

52261
23826
88351
20625
47691

84438
45822
29395
67704
22006

409
883
471
483
901

442
47
48
49

+0.85090
+0.90178
+0.12357
-0.76825
-0.95375

+0.52532
-0.43217
-0.99233
-0.64014
+0.30059

19888
79448
54691
43394
25437

17729
84778
50928
69199
43637

69604
29495
71827
73131
08368

746
278
975
294
703

::
12
13
14

20
t:
23
24

310
;23
34
;56
;78
39
40
t:

35245
83476
31227
46613
26527

34118
48809
45224
23666
59471

00000
50665
69539
22210
25137

000
250
602
074
264

1.00000
+0.54030
-0.41614
-0.98999
-0.65364

42486
18503
00406
79904
81836

238
329
153
497
042

50
+0.96496 60284 92113 27406 896
-0.26237 48537 03928 78591 439
From C. E. Van Orstrand, Tables of the exponential function and of the circular sine and cosine to
radian arguments, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 14, Fifth Memoir. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1921 (with permission) for x_<lOO.

176

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.8

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR LARGE

RADIAN

sin x

ARGUMENTS
co5 x

-0.26237
+0.67022
+0.98662
+0,39592
-0.55878

48537
91758
75920
51501
90488

03928
43374
40485
81834
51616

78591
73449
29658
18150
24581

439
435
757
339
787

+0.96496
+0.74215
-0.16299
-0.91828
-0.82930

60284
41968
07807
27862
98328

92113
13782
95705
12.118
63150

27406
53946
48100
89119
14772

896
738
333
973
785

-0.99975
-0.52155
+0.43616
+0.99287
+0.63673

51733
10020
47552
26480
80071

58619
86911
47824
84537
39137

83659
88018
95908
11816
88077

863
741
053
509
123

+0.02212
+0.85322
+0.89986
+0.11918
-0.77108

67562
01077
68269
01354
02229

61955
22584
69193
48819
75845

73456
11396
78650
28543
22938

356
968
300
584
744

-0.30481
-0.96611
-0.73918
+0.16735
+0.92002

06211
77700
06966
57003
60381

02216
08392
49222
02806
96790

70562
94701
86727
92152
68335

565
829
602
784
154

-0.95241
-0.25810
+0.67350
+0.98589
+0.39185

29804
lb359
71623
65815
72304

15156
38267
23586
82549
29550

29269
44570
25288
69743
00516

382
121
783
864
171

+0.82682
-0.02655
-0.85551
-0.89792
-0.11478

86794
11540
99789
76806
48137

90103
23966
75322
89291
83187

46771
79446
25899
26040
22054

021
384
683
073
507

-0.56245
-0.99964
-0.51776
+O, 44014
+0.99339

38512
74559
97997
30224
03797

38172
66349
89505
96040
22271

03106
96483
06565
70593
63756

212
045
339
105
155

+0.77389
+0.95105
+0.25382
-0.67677
-0.98514

06815
46532
33627
19568
62604

57889
54374
62036
87307
68247

09778
63665
27306
62215
37085

733
657
903
498
189

+0.63331
-0.30902
-0.96725
-0.73619
+0.17171

92030
27281
05882
27182
73418

86299
66070
73882
27315
30777

83233
70291
48729
96016
55609

201
749
171
815
845

-0.38778
+0.56610
+0.99952
+0.51397
-0.44411

lb354
76368
01585
84559
26687

09430
98180
80731
87535
07508

43773
32361
24386
21169
36850

094
028
610
609
760

+0.92175
+0.82433
-0.03097
-0.85780
-0.89597

12697
13311
50317
30932
09467

24749
07557
31216
44987
90963

31639
75991
45752
85540
14833

230
501
196
835
703

-0.99388
-0.62988
+0.31322
+0.96836
+0.73319

86539
79942
87824
44611
03200

23375
74453
33085
00185
73292

18973
87856
15263
40435
lb636

081
521
353
015
321

-0.11038
+0.77668
+0.94967
+0.24954
-0.68002

72438
59820
76978
01179
34955

39047
21631
82543
73338
87338

55811
15768
20471
12437
79542

787
342
326
735
720

-0.17607
-0.92345
-0.82181
+0.03539
+0.86006

56199
84470
78366
83027
94058

48587
04059
30822
33660
12453

07696
80260
54487
68362
22683

212
163
211
543
685

-0.98437
-0.38369
+0.56975
+0.99937
+0.51017

66433
84449
03342
32836
70449

94041
49741
65311
95124
41668

89491
84477
92000
65698
89902

821
893
851
442
379

+0.89399
+0.10598
-0.77946
-0.94828
-0.24525

66636
75117
60696
21412
19854

00557
51156
15804
69947
67654

89051
85002
68855
23213
32522

827
021
400
104
044

-0.44807
-ii99436
-0.62644
+0.31742
+0.96945

36161
74609
44479
87015
93666

29170
28201
10339
19701
69987

15236
52610
06880
64974
60380

548
672
027
551
439

+0.68326
+0.98358
+0.37960
-0.57338
-0.99920

17147
77454
77390
18719
68341

36120
34344
27521
90422
86353

98369
85760
69648
88494
69443

958
773
192
922
272

+0.73017
-Oil8043
-0.92514
-Or81928
+0.03982

35609
04492
75365
82452
08803

94819
91083
96413
91459
93138

66479
95011
89170
25267
89816

352
850
475
566
180

-0.50636

56411

09758

79365

656

+0.86231

88722

87683

93410

194

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR
X

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

sin 5

FOR LARGE

CO8x

RADIAN
X

177

FUNCTIONS
ARGUMENTS

Table 4.8

sin z

co9 2

102
103
104

-0.50636
+0.45202
+0.99482
-0.62298
-0.32162

564
579
679
863
240

+0.86231
+0.89200
+0.10158
-0.78223
-0.94686

887
487
570
089
801

150
151
152
153
154

-0.71487
+0.20214
+0.93332
+0.80640
-0.06192

643
988
052
058
034

+0.69925
+0.97935
+0.35904
-0.59136
-0.99808

081
460
429
968
109

105
106
107
108
109

-0.97053
-0.72714
+0.18478
+0.92681
+0.81674

528
250
174
851
261

-0.24095
+0.68648
+0.98277
+0.37550
-0.57700

905
655
958
960
218

155
156
157
158
159

-0.87331
-0.88178
-0.07954
+0.79582
+0.93951

198
462
854
410
973

-0.48716
+0.47165
+0.99683
+0.60552
-0.34249

135
229
099
787
478

110
111
112
113
114

-0.04424
-0.86455
-0.88999
-0.09718
+0.78498

268
145
560
191
039

-0.99902
-0.50254
+0.45596
+0.99526
+0.61952

081
432
910
664
061

160
161
162
163
164

+0.21942
-0.70240
-0.97845
-0.35491
+0.59493

526
779
035
018
278

-0.97562
-0.71177
+0.20648
+0.93490
+0.80377

931
476
223
040
546

115
116
117
118
119

+0.94543
+0.23666
-0.68969
-0.98195
-0.37140

533
139
794
217
410

-0.32580
-0.97159
-0.72409
+0.18912
+0.92847

981
219
720
942
132

165
166
167
168
169

+0.99779
+0.48329
-0.47555
-0.99717
-0.60199

728
156
019
329
987

-0.06633
-0.87545
-0.87968
-0.07513
+0.79849

694
946
859
609
619

120
121
122
123
124

+0.58061
+0.99881
+0.49871
-0.45990
-0.99568

118
522
315
349
699

+0.81418
-0.04866
-0.86676
-0.88796
-0.09277

097
361
709
891
620

170
171
172
173
174

+0.34664
+0.97659
+0.70865
-0.21081
-0.93646

946
087
914
053
197

+0.93799
+0.21510
-0.70555
-0.97752
-0.35076

475
527
101
694
911

125
126
127
128
129

-0.61604
+0.32999
+0.97263
+0.72103
-0.19347

046
083
007
771
339

+0.78771
+0.94398
+0.23235
-0.69289
-0.98110

451
414
910
582
552

175
176
177
178
179

-0.80113
+0.07075
+0.87758
+0.87757
+0.07072

460
224
979
534
217

+0.59848
+0.99749
+0.47941
-0.47943
-0.99749

422
392
231
877
605

130
131
132
133
134

-0.93010
-0.81160
+0.05308
+0.86896
+0.88592

595
339
359
576
482

-0.36729
+0.58420
+0.99859
+0.49487
-0.46382

133
882
007
222
887

180
181
182
183
184

-0.80115
-0.93645
-0.21078
+0.70868
+0.97658

264
140
107
041
438

-0.59846
+0.35079
+0.97753
+0.70552
-0.21513

007
734
329
964
471

135
136
137
138
139

+0.08836
-0.79043
-0.94251
-0.22805
+0.69608

869
321
445
226
013

-0.99608
-0.61254
+0.33416
+0.97364
+0.71796

784
824
538
889
410

185
186
187
188
189

+0.34662
-0.60202
-0.99717
-0.47552
+0.48331

118
394
102
367
795

-0.93800
-0.79847
+0.07516
+0.87970
+0.87544

520
804
615
293
489

140
141
142
143
144

+0.98023
+0.36317
-0.58779
-0.9.9834
-0.49102

966
137
501
536
159

-0.19781
-0.93172
-0.80900
+0.05750
+0.87114

357
236
991
253
740

190
191
192
193
194

+0.99779
+0.59490
-0.35493
-0.97845
-0.70238

928
855
836
657
633

+0.06630
-0.80379
-0.93488
-0.20645
+0.71179

686
339
971
273
593

145
146
147
148
149

+0.46774
+0.99646
+0.60904
-0.33833
-0.97464

516
917
402
339
865

+0.88386
+0.08395
-0.79313
-0.94102
-0.22374

337
944
642
631
095

195
196
197
198
199

+0.21945
+0.93953
+0.79580
-0.07957
-0.88179

467
006
584
859
884

+0.97562
+0.34246
-0.60555
-0.99682
-0.47162

270
646
186
859
571

150

-0.71487 643

+0.69925 081

200

-0.87329 730

11ooY

+0.48718 768

178

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.8
X

CIRCULAR

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES
co9 x

sin x

FUNCTIONS

FOR LARGE
5

RADIAN
sin x

ARGUMENTS
cos x

200
201
202
203
204

-0.87329
-0.06189
+0.80641
+0.93330
+0.20212

730
025
841
970
036

+0.48718
+0.99808
+0.59134
-0.35907
-0.97936

768
296
538
242
069

250
251
252
253
254

-0.97052
-0.32159
+0.62301
+0.99482
+0.45199

802
386
221
373
890

+0.24098
+0.94687
+0.78221
-0.10161
-0.89201

831
771
211
569
850

205
206
207
208
209

-0.71489
-0.97464
-0.33830
+0.60906
+0.99646

751
190
503
793
664

-0.69922
+0.22377
+0.94103
+0.79311
-0.08398

926
033
651
806
947

255
256
257
258
259

-0.50639
-0.99920
-0.57335
+0.37963
+0.98359

163
803
717
563
318

-0.86230
-0.03979
+0.81930
+0.92513
+0.18040

361
076
553
609
080

210
211
212
213
214

+0.46771
-0.49104
-0.99834
-0.58777
+0.36319

852
785
709
062
945

-0.88387
-0.87113
-0.05747
+0.80902
+0.93171

747
260
243
763
141

260
261
262
263
264

+0.68323
-0.24528
-0.94829
-0.77944
+0.10601

970
121
171
719
749

-0.73019
+X96945
-0.31740
+0.62646
+0.99436

416
197
012
794
427

215
216
217
218
219

+0.98024
+0.69605
-0.22808
-0.94252
-0.79041

562
849
161
453
474

+0.19778
-0.71798
-0.97364
-0.33413
+0.61257

403
508
202
697
207

265
266
267
268
269

+0.89401
+0.86005
+0.03536
-0.82183
-0.92344

017
403
818
501
688

+0.44804
-0.51020
-0.99937
-0.56972
+0.38372

667
297
435
556
628

220
221
222
223
224

+0.08839
+0.88593
+0.86895
+0.05305
-0.81162

871
880
084
349
100

+0.99608 517
+Q.46380 216
-0.49489 841
-0.99859 167
-0.58418 435

270
271
272
273
274

-0.17604
+0.73321
+0.96835
+0.31320
-0.62991

595
082
694
015
141

+0.98438 195
+0168000 139
-0.24956 931
-0194968 714
-0.77666 699

225
226
227
228
229

-0.93009
-0.19344
+0.72105
+0.97262
+0.32996

488
382
860
306
237

+0.36731
+0.98111
+0.69287
-0.23238
-0.94399

937
135
409
a42
409

275
276
277
278
279

-0.99388
-0.44408
+0.51400
+0.99952
+0.56608

533
566
431
109
279

+0.11041
+0.89598
+0.85778
+0.03094
-0.82434

720
433
760
490
840

230
231
232
233
234

-0.61606
-0.99568
-0.45987
+0.49873
+0.99881

420
419
672
928
669

-0.78769
+0.09280
+0.88798
+0.86675
+0.04863

594
622
277
206
350

280
281
282
283
284

-0.38780
-0.98515
-0.67674
+0.25385
+0.95106

942
144
976
252
397

-0.92173
-Oil7168
+0.73621
+0:96724
+0.30899

958
765
312
294
406

235
236
237
238
239

+0.58058
-0.37143
-0.98195
-0.68967
+0.23669

664
209
787
611
068

-0.81419
-0.92846
-0.18909
+0.72411
+0.97158

847
012
982
799
506

285
286
287
288
289

+0.77387
-0.11481
-0.89794
-0.85550
-0.02652

159
476
095
437
102

-0.63334
-0.99338
-0.44011
+0.51779
+0.99964

253
692
595
559
826

240
241
242
243
244

+0.94544
+0.78496
-0.09721
-0.89000
-0.86453

515
171
191
935
630

+0.32578
-0.61954
-0.99526
-0.45594
+0.50257

131
428
371
228
038

290
291
292
293
294

+0.82684
+0.92001
+0.16732
-0.73920
-0.96610

563
423
598
100
999

+0.56242
-0.39188
-0.98590
-0.67348
+0.25813

893
496
163
488
076

245
246
247
248
249

-0.04421
+0.81676
+0.92680
+0.18475
-0.72716

256
000
719
212
319

+0.99902
+0.57697
-0.37553
-0.98278
-0.68646

215
756
754
515
463

295
296
297
298
299

-0.30478
+0.63676
+0.99286
+0.43613
-0.52157

191
125
906
763
672

+0.95242
+0.77106
-0.11921
-0.89987
-0.85320

217
103
006
997
439

250

-0.97052 802

+0.24098 831

300

-0.99975 584

-0.02209 662

ELEMENTARY

CIRCULAR

SINES

sin x

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

FOR LARGE

cos x

RADIAN
x

179

ARGUMENTS
sin x

Table 4.8
cos x

300
301
302
303
304

-0.99975
-0.55876
+O. 39595
+O. 98663
+O. 67020

584
405
283
250
680

-0.02209
+O. 82932
+O. 91827
+O. 16296
-0.74217

662
668
085
104
440

350
351
352
353
354

+O. 14114

985

+o. 90930
+O. 84145

997
470

305
306
307
308
309

-0.26240
-0.95376
-0.76823
+O. 12360
+O. 90180

394
171
536
304
137

-0.96495
-0.30056
+O. 64016
+O. 99233
+O. 43215

812
379
750
174
076

355
356
357
358
359

-0.00003
-0.84148
-0.90928
-0.14109
+O. 75682

014
727
488
017
220

-1.00000

000

-0.54027
+O. 41617
+O. 98999
+O. 65362

694
425
675
081

310
311
312
313
314

+O. 85088
+O. 01767
-0.83179
-0.91650
-0.15859

769
179
148
949
291

-0.52534
-0.99984
-0.55508
+O. 40001
+O. 98734

764
384
823
294
406

360
361
362
363
364

+O. 95891
+O. 27938
-0.65700
-0.98935
-0.41209

572
655
932
386
102

-0.28369
-0.96017
-0.75388
+O. 14552
+O. 91114

109
871
245
986
268

315
316
317
318
319

+O. 74513
+O. 96378
+O. 29633
-0.64356
-0.99177

326
735
979
121
500

+O. 66691
-0.26667
-0.95508
-0.76539
+O. 12799

560
199
258
465
359

365
366
367
368
369

+O. 54404
+o. 99999
+O. 53654
-0.42019
-0.99061

640
007
748
439
148

+O. 83905
-0.00445
-0.84387
-0.90743
-0.13670

513
584
013
412
736

320
;s:
323
324

-0.42815
+O. 52910
+O. 99991
+o. 55140
-0.40406

543
827
226
153
522

+o. 90370
+O. 84855
+O. 01324
-0.83423
-0.91473

511
433
661
998
018

370
371
372
373
374

-0.65026
+O. 28793
+O. 96140
+O. 75096
-0.14990

494
218
579
734
701

+O. 75970
+O. 95765
+O. 27513
-0.66033
-0.98870

752
080
436
935

325
326
327
328
329

-0.98803
-0.66361
+O. 27093
+O. 95638
+O. 76253

627
133
481
473
895

-0.15422
+O. 74807
+O. 96259
+O. 29210
-0.64694

167
753
770
998
231

375
376
377
378
379

-0.91295
755
-0.83663
913
+o. 00888 145
+O. 84623 647
+O. 90556 557

-0.40805
+O. 54775
+O. 99996
+O. 53280
-0.42420

454
448
056
751
631

330
331
332
333
334

-0.13238
-0.90559
-0.84620
-0.00882
+O. 83667

163
115
434
117
215

-0.99119
-0.42415
+O. 53285
+O. 99996
+o. 54770

882
171
853
109
404

380
381
382
383
384

+O. 13232
-0.76257
-0.95636
-0.27087
+O. 66365

187
795
712
677
643

-0.99120
-0.64689
+O. 29216
+O. 96261
+O. 74803

680
634
764
403
752

335
336
337
338
339

+O. 91293
+O. 14984
-0.75100
-0.96138
-0.28787

295
741
715
920
445

-0.40810
-0.98870
-0.66029
+O. 27519
+O. 95766

958
914
407
232
816

385
386
387
388
389

+O. 98802
+o. 40401
-0.55145
-0.99991
-0.52905

697
007
183
146
711

-0.15428
-0.91475
-0.83420
+O. 01330
+O. 84858

123
454
674
689
622

340
341
342
343
344

+O. 65031
+O. 99060
+O. 42013
-0.53659
-0.99999

074
323
968
836
034

+O. 75966
-0.13676
-0.90745
-0.84383
-0.00439

831
708
945
778
555

390
391
392
393
394

+O. 42820
+O. 99178
+O. 64351
-0.29639
-0.96380

991
271
506
737
342

+O. 90367
+O. 12793
-0.76543
-0.95506
-0.26661

930
379
345
471
388

345
346
347
348
349

-0.54399
+O. 41214
+O. 98936
+O. 65696
-0.27944

582
595
263
387
444

+O. 83908
+O. 91111
+o. 14547
-0.75392
-0.96016

793
021
206
186

395
396
397
398
399

-0.74509
+O. 15865
+O. 91653
+O. 83175
-0.01773

306
243
361
801
206

+O. 66696
+O. 98733
+O. 39995
-0.55513
-0.99984

052
450
769
837
277

350

-0.95893

283

-0.28363

328

400

-0.85091

936

-0.52529

634

784

-0.95893
-0.75678

283
279

-0.28363
+O. 65366
+O. 98998
+O. 41611
-0.54032

328
643
824
943
767

010

180

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.8
5

CIRCULAR
sin 2

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES
co9

FUNCTIONS

FOR LARGE
X

RADIAN
sin x

ARGUMENTS
co9

400
401
402
403
404

-0.85091
-0.90177
-0.12354
+0.76827
+0.95374

936
532
321
396
359

-0.52529
+0.43220
+0.99233
+0.64012
-0.30062

634
513
919
118
129

450
451
452
453
454

-0.68328
-0.98358
-0.37957
+0.57340
+0.99920

373
231
985
657
563

-0.73015
+0.18046
+0.92515
+0.81927
-0.03985

296
010
898
096
100

405
406
407
408
409

+0.26234
-0.67025
-0.98662
-0.39589
+0.55881

577
155
268
747
405

-0.96497
-0.74213
+0.16302
+0.91829
+0.82929

394
399
052
472
299

455
456
457
458
459

+0.50633
-0.45205
-0.99482
-0.62296
+0.32165

965
268
985
505
095

-0.86233
-0.89199
-0.10155
+0.78224
+0.94685

414
124
572
967
832

410
411
412
413
414

+0.99975
+0.52152
-0.43619
-0.99287
-0.63671

451
528
188
624
476

-0.02215
-0.85323
-0.89985
-0Ii1915
+0.77109

689
583
368
021
942

460
461
462
463
464

+0.97054
+0.72712
-0.18481
-0.92682
-0.81672

255
181
137
982
521

+0.24092
-0.68650
-0.98277
-0.37548
+0.57702

979
847
401
166
680

415
416
417
418
419

+0.30483
+0.96612
+0.73916
-0.16738
-0.92003

933
555
039
542
785

+0.95240
+0.25807
-0.67352
-0.98589
-0.39182

379
251
944
154
950

465
466
467
468
469

+0.04427
+0.86456
+0.88998
+0.09715
-0.78499

279
660
186
190
906

+0.99901
+0.50251
-0.45599
-0.99526
-0.61949

948
826
593
957
695

420
421
422
423
424

-0.82681
+0.02658
+0.85553
+0.89791
+0.11475

172
129
559
441
487

+0.56247
+0.99964
+0.51774
-0.44017
-0.99339

878
666
401
009
384

470
471
472
473
474

-0.94542
-0.23663
+0.68971
+0.98194
+0.37137

551
211
977
647
611

+0.32583
+0.97159
+0.72407
-0.18915
-0.92848

830
932
641
902
252

425
426
427
428
429

-0.77390
-0.95104
-0.25379
+0.67679
+0.98514

977
534
421
415
108

-0.63329
+0.30905
+0.96725
+0.73617
-0.17174

587
140
824
232
704

475
476
477
478
479

-0.58063
-0.99881
-0.49868
+0.45993
+0.99568

573
376
703
026
978

-0.81416
+0.04869
+0.86678
+0.88795
+0.09274

347
372
212
504
619

430
431
432
433
434

+0.38775
-0.56613
-0.99951
-0.51395
+0.44413

385
249
922
260
968

-0.92176
-0.82431
+0.03100
+0.85781
+0.89595

296
427
516
859
756

480
481
482
483
484

+0.61601
-0.33001
-0.97263
-0.72101
+0.19350

671
928
707
682
297

-0.78773
-0.94397
-0.23232
+0:69291
+0.98109

308
419
978
756
969

435
436
437
438
439

+0.99389
+0.62986
-0.31325
-0.96837
-0.73316

198
458
741
198
982

+0.11035
-0.77670
-0.94966
-0.24951
+0.68004

728
497
826
093
560

485
486
487
488
489

+0.93dll
+0.81158
-0.05311
-0.86898
-0.88591

702
578
369
067
083

+0.36726
-0.58423
-0.99858
-0.49484
+0.46385

329
328
847
603
557

440
441
442
443
444

+0.17610
+0.92347
+0.82180
-0.03542
-0.86008

529
001
066
843
478

+0.98437
+0.38367
-0.56977
-0.99937
-0.51015

134
061
511
222
112

490
491
492
493
494

-0.08833
+0.79045
+0.94250
+0.22802
-0.69610

866
167
438
291
177

+0.99609
+0.61252
-0.33419
-0.97365
-0.71794

050
441
379
577
312

445
446
447
448
449

-0.89398
-0.10595
+0.77948
+0.94827
+0.24522

316
754
495
257
276

+0.44810
+0.99437
+0.62642
-0.31745
-0.96946

056
066
095
729
676

495
496
497
498
499

-0.98023
-0.36314
+0.58781
+0.99834
+0.49099

370
328
939
363
533

+0.19784
+0.93173
+0.80899
-0.05753
-0.87116

312
331
219
262
220

450

-0.68328 373

-0.73015 296

500

-0.46777 181

-0.88384 927

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR
x

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

FOR LARGE

co9 x

sin z

RADIAN
x

181

FUNCTIONS
ARGUMENTS

Table 4.8

sin x

co9 x

500
501
502
503
504

-0.46777
-0.99647
-0.60902
+0.33836
+0.97465

181
170
011
176
539

-0.88384
-0.08392
+0.79315
+0.94101
+0.22371

927
940
478
611
157

550
551
552
553
554

-0.21948
-0.93954
-0.79578
+0.07960
+0.88181

408
038
759
864
305

-0.97561
-0.34243
+0.60557
+0.99682
+0.47159

608
814
585
620
913

505
506
507
508
509

+0.71485
-0.20217
-0.93333
-0.80638
+0.06195

535
940
135
275
042

-0.69927
-0.97934
-0.35901
+0.59139
+0.99807

236
850
615
399
923

555
556
557
::98

+0.87328
+0.06186
-0.80643
-0.93329
-0.20209

261
016
623
888
084

-0.48721
-0.99808
-0.59132
+0.35910
+0.97936

400
483
107
055
678

510
511
512
513
514

+0.87332
+0.88177
+0.07951
-0.79584
-0.93950

667
040
849
235
941

+0.48713
-0.47167
-0.99683
-0.60550
+0.34252

502
887
339
389
310

560
561
562
563
564

+0.71491
+0.97463
+0.33827
-0.60909
-0.99646

859
516
666
184
411

+0.69920
-0.22379
-0.94104
-0.79309
+0.08401

771
971
671
970
951

515
516
517
518
519

-0.21939
+0.70242
+0.97844
+0.35488
-0.59495

585
924
413
199
701

+0.97563
+0.71175
-0.20651
-0.93491
-0.80375

593
358
172
110
753

565
566
567
568
569

-0.46769
+0.49107
+0.99834
+0.58774
-0.36322

187
411
883
623
754

+0.88389
+0.87111
+0.05744
-0.80904
-0.93170

157
780
234
534
046

520
521
522
523
524

-0.99779
-0.48326
+0.47557
+0.99717
+0.60197

528
517
670
555
580

+0.06636
+0.87547
+0.87967
+0.07510
-0.79851

701
403
426
603
433

570
571
572
573
574

-0.98025
-0.69603
+0.22811
+0.94253
+0.79039

158
684
096
460
628

-0.19775
+0.71800
+0.97363
+0.33410
-0.61259

448
607
514
856
589

525
526
527
528
529

-0.34667
-0.97659
-0.70863
+0.21084
+0.93647

773
735
787
000
255

-0.93798
-0.21507
+0.70557
+0.97752
+0.35074

430
583
237
059
088

575
576
577
578
579

-0.08842
-0.88595
-0.86893
-0.05302
+0.81163

874
278
592
338
861

-0.99608
-0.46377
+0.49492
+0.99859
+0.58415

251
546
461
327
989

530
531
532
533
534

+0.80111
-0.07078
-0.87760
-0.87756
-0.07069

655
230
424
088
210

-0.59850
-0.99749
-0.47938
+0.47946
+0.99749

837
179
586
522
818

580
581
582
583
584

+0.93008
+0.19341
-0.72107
-0.97261
-0.32993

380
424
948
606
391

-0.36734
-0.98111
-0.69285
+0.23241
+0.94400

740
719
235
774
403

535
536
537
538
539

+0.80117
+0.93644
+0.21075
-0.70870
-0.97657

068
083
160
168
790

+0.59843
-0.35082
-0.97753
-0.70550
+0.21516

592
557
965
828
415

585
586
587
588
589

+0.61608
+0.99568
+0.45984
-0.49876
-0.99881

795
139
996
541
816

+0.78767
-0.09283
-0.88799
-0.86673
-0.04860

737
623
663
702
339

540
541
542
543
544

-0.34659
+0.60204
+0.99716
+0.47549
-0.48334

290
801
876
715
434

+0.93801
+0.79845
-0.07519
-0.87971
-0.87543

565
989
621
726
032

590
591
592
593
594

-0.58056
+0.37146
+0.98196
+0.68965
-0.23671

210
008
357
428
997

+0.81421
+0.92844
+0.18907
-0.72413
-0.97157

597
893
022
878
792

545
546
547
548
549

-0.99780
-0.59488
+0.35496
+0.97846
+0.70236

128
432
654
280
487

-0.06627
+0.80381
+0.93487
+0.20642
-0.71181

678
133
901
324
710

595
596
597
598
599

-0.94545
-0.78494
+0.09724
+0.89002
+0.86452

497
304
191
309
115

-0.32575
+0.61956
+0.99526
+0.45591
-0.50259

281
794
078
545
644

550

-0.21948 408

-0.97561 608

600

+0.04418 245

-0.99902 348

182

ELEMENTARY

Table
x

4.8

CIRCULAR
sin x

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES
cos x

FUNCTIONS

FOR LARGE
X

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS
cos x

sin x

600
601
602
603
604

+0.04418
-0.81677
-0.92679
-0.18472
+0.72718

245
739
586
249
389

-0.99902
-0.57695
+0.37556
+0.98279
+0.68644

348
294
547
072
271

650
651
652
653
654

+0.30475
-0.63678
-0.99286
-0.43611
+0.52160

320
449
546
050
244

-0.95243
-0;77104
+0.11923
+0:89989
+0.85318

136
183
999
312
866

605
606
607
608
609

+0.97052
iO:32156
-0.62303
-0i99482
-0.45197

075
532
579
067
201

-0.24101
-0.94688
-0.78219
+0.10164
+0.89203

756
740
333
568
212

655
656
657
658
659

+0.99975
+0.55873
-0.39598
-0.98663
-0.67018

651
905
051
742
443

+0.02206
-0.82934
-0.91825
-0.16293
+0.74219

648
352
891
130
460

610
611
612
613
614

+0.50641
+0.99920
+0.57333
-0.37966
-0.98359

763
923
248
351
862

+0.86228
+0.03976
-0.81932
-0.92512
-0.18037

834
064
281
465
115

660
661
662
663
664

+0.26243
+0.95377
+0.76821
-0.12363
-0.90181

303
077
607
295
440

+0.96495
+0.30053
-0.64019
-0.99232
-0.43212

021
504
066
802
358

615
616
617
618
619

-0.68321
+0.24531
+0.94830
+0.77942
-0.10604

769
043
128
830
746

+0.73021
+0.96944
+0.31737
-0.62649
-0.99436

475
458
153
144
107

665
666
667
668
669

-0.85087
-0.01764
+0.83180
+0.91649
+0.15856

185
165
821
743
314

+0.52537
+0:99984
+0.55506
-0.40004
-0.98734

329
437
315
057
884

620
621
622
623
624

-0.89402
-0.86003
-0.03533
+0.82185
+0.92343

368
865
805
218
531

-0.44801
+0.51022
+0.99937
+0.56970
-0.38375

972
890
542
079
412

670
671
672
673
674

-0.74515
-0.96377
-0.29631
+0.64358
+0.99177

337
931
100
428
114

-0.66689
+0.26670
+0.95509
+0.76537
-0.12802

314
104
151
525
348

625
626
627
628
629

+0.17601
-0.73323
-0.96834
-0.31317
+0.62993

627
132
941
153
482

-0.98438
-0.67997
+0.24959
+0.94969
+0.77664

726
929
850
658
801

675
676
677
678
679

+0.42812
-0.52913
-0.99991
-0.55137
+0.40409

819
384
266
639
279

-0.90371
-0.84853
-0.01321
+0.83425
+0.91471

802
838
646
660
800

630
631
632
633
634

+0.99388
+0.44405
-0.51403
-0.99952
-0.56605

200
865
017
202
794

-0.11044
-0.89599
-0.85777
-0.03091
+0.82436

716
772
210
477
546

680
681
682
683
684

+0.98804
+0.66358
-0.27096
-0.95639
-0.76251

092
878
382
354
945

+0.15419
-0.74809
-0.96258
-0.29208
+0.64696

188
754
953
115
529

635
636
637
638
639

+0.38783
+0.98515
+0.67672
-0.25388
-0.95107

721
661
757
168
328

+0.92172
+0.17165
-0.73623
-0.96723
-0.30896

789
795
352
528
539

685
686
687
688
689

+0.13241
+0.90560
+0.84618
+0.00879
-0.83668

151
393
828
102
866

+0.99119
+0.42412
-0.53288
-0.99996
-0.54767

483
441
404
136
882

640
641
642
643
644

-0.77385
+0.11484
+0.89795
+0.85548
+0.02649

250
470
421
876
089

+0.63336
+0.99338
+0:44008
-0.51782
-0.99964

586
346
889
138
905

690
691
692
693
694

-0.91292
-0.14981
+0.75102
+0.96138
+0.28784

065
760
706
090
558

+0.40813
+0.98871
+0.66027
-0.27522
-0.95767

710
365
143
130
684

645
646
647
648
649

-0.82686
-0.92000
-0.16729
+0.73922
+0.96610

259
241
626
130
221

-0.56240
+0.39191
+0.98590
+0.67346
-0.25815

400
270
667
260
988

695
696
697
698
699

-0.65033
-0I99059
-0.42011
+0.53662
+0.99999

364
911
233
379
047

-0.75964
+0.13679
+0.90747
+0.84382
+0.00436

871
694
211
161
541

650

+0.30475 320

-0.95243 136

700

+0.54397 052

-0.83910 433

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR
x

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

sin x

FOR LARGE

cos x

FUNCTIONS

RADIAN
X

183

ARGUMENTS

Table

sin z

cos x

4.8

700
701
702
703
704

+0.54397
-0.41217
-0.98936
-0.65694
+0.27947

052
342
702
115
339

-0.83910
-0.91110
-0.14544
+0.75394
+0.96015

433
541
039
186
344

750
751
752
753
754

+0.74507
-0.15868
-0.91654
-0.83174
+0.01776

295
219
566
127
220

-0.66698
-0.98732
-0.39993
+0.55516
+0.99984

298
971
006
345
224

705
706
707
708
709

+0.95894
+0.75676
-0.14117
-0.90932
-0.84143

137
309
969
251
841

+0.28360
-0.65368
-0.98998
-0.41609
+0.54035

437
925
399
202
304

755
756
757
758
759

+0.85093
+0.90176
+0.12351
-0.76829
-0.95373

519
229
330
325
453

+0.52527
-0.43223
-0.99234
-0.64009
+0.30065

069
231
292
802
004

710
711
712
713
714

+O.OOOOb029
+0.84150 356
+0.90927 234
+0.14106 032
-0.75684 190

+1.00000
+0.54025
-0.41620
-0.99000
-0.65359

000
157
166
100
799

760
761
762
763
764

-0.26231
+0:67027
+0.98661
+0.39586
-0.55883

668
392
776
979
905

+0.96498
+0.74211
-0.16305
-0.91830
-0.82927

184
379
026
665
614

715
716
717
718
719

-0.95890
-0.27935
+0.65703
+0.98934
+0.41206

717
761
205
947
355

+0.28372
+0.96018
+0.75386
-0.14555
-0.91115

000
713
264
968
511

765
766
767
768
769

-0.99975
-0.52149
+0.43621
+0.99287
+0.63669

384
956
901
983
152

+0.02218
+0.85325
+0.89984
+0.11912
-0.77111

703
155
053
028
861

720
721
722
723
724

-0.54407
-0.99998
-0.53652
+0.42022
+0.99061

170
994
204
174
560

-0.83903
+0.00448
+0.84388
+0.90742
+0.13667

873
599
631
145
750

770
771
772
773
774

-0.30486
-0.96613
-0.73914
+0.16741
+0.92004

804
333
009
514
966

-0.95239
-0.25804
+0.67355
+0.98588
+0.39180

460
339
173
649
176

725
726
727
728
729

+0.65024
-0.28796
-0.96141
-0.75094
+0.14993

204
105
408
744
682

-0.75972
-0.95764
-0.27510
+0.66036
+0.98869

712
212
538
198
558

775
776
777
778
779

+0.82679
-0.02661
-0.85555
-0.89790
-Oil1472

477
142
119
114
492

-0.56250
-0.99964
-0.51771
+0.44019
+0.99339

370
585
822
716
730

730
731
732
733
734

+0.91296
+0.83662
-0.00891
-0.84625
-0.90555

985
262
160
253
279

+0.40802
-0.54777
-0.99996
-0.53278
+0.42423

702
970
029
200
360

780
781
782
783
784

+0.77392
+0.95103
+0.25376
-0.67681
-0.98513

886
602
505
634
591

+0.63327
-0.30908
-0.96726
-0.73615
+0.17177

255
007
589
192
673

735
736
737
738
739

-0.13229
+0.76259
+0.95635
+0.27084
-0.66367

199
745
831
775
898

+0.99121
+0:64687
-0.29219
-0.96262
-0.74801

079
335
647
220
752

785
786
787
788
789

-0.38772
+0.56615
+0.99951
+0.51392
-0.44416

606
733
829
674
668

+0.92177
+0.82429
-0.03103
-0.85783
-0.89594

465
720
529
408
417

740
741
742
743
744

-0.98802
-0.40398
+0.55147
+0.99991
+0.52903

232
250
697
106
153

+0.15431
+0.91476
+0.83419
-0.01333
-0.84860

102
672
011
703
217

790
791
792
793
794

-0.99389
-0.62984
+0.31328
+0.96837
+0.73314

531
117
604
950
932

-0.11032
+0.77672
+0.94965
+0.24948
-0.68006

732
396
881
174
770

745
746
747
748
749

-0.42823
-0.99178
-0.64349
+0.29642
+0.96381

715
657
199
616
146

-0.90366
-0.12790
+0.76545
+0.95505
+0.26658

639
390
285
577
483

795
796
797
798
799

-0.17613
-0.92348
-0.82178
+0.03545
+0.86010

497
158
349
855
016

-0.98436
-0.38364
+0.56979
+0.99937
+0.51012

603
277
988
115
519

750

+0.74507 295

-0.66698 298

800

+0.89396 965

-0.44812 751

184

ELEMENTARY
Table
X

4.8

CIRCULAR
sin 5

SINES

TRANSCENDENTAL
AND COSINES

FOR LARGE
X

cos 5

FUNCTIONS
RADIAN
sin 2

ARGUMENTS
co5 x

800
801
802
803
804

+0.89396
+0.10592
-0.77950
-0.94826
-0.24519

965
756
384
300
354

-0.44812
-0.99437
-0.62639
+0.31748
+0.96947

751
385
745
587
415

850
851
852
853
854

+0.98022
+0.36311
-0.58784
-0.99834
-0.49096

773
519
378
189
907

-0.19787
-0.93174
-0.80897
+0.05756
+0.87117

267
426
447
271
700

805
806
807
808
809

+0.68330
.tO.98357
+0.37955
-0.57343
-0.99920

573
687
196
126
443

+0.73013
-0.18048
-0.92517
-0.81925
+0.03988

237
975
042
368
112

855
856
857
858
859

+0.46779
+0.99647
+0.60899
-0.33839
-0.97466

845
423
620
013
214

+0.88383
+0.08389
-0.79317
-0.94100
-0.22368

517
936
314
591
219

810
811
812
813
814

-0.50631
+0.45207
+0.99483
+0.62294
-0.32167

365
956
291
147
949

+0.86234
+0.89197
+0.10152
-0.78226
-0.94684

940
762
573
845
862

860
861
862
863
864

-0.71483
+0.20220
+0.93334
+0.80636
-0.06198

427
893
217
493
051

+0.69929
+0.97934
+0.35898
-0.59141
-0.99807

390
241
802
830
736

815
816
817
818
819

-0.97054
-0.72710
+0.18484
+0.92684
+0.81670

981
111
099
114
782

-0.24090
+0.68653
+0.98276
+0.37545
-0.57705

054
039
844
372
142

865
866
867
868
869

-0.87334
-0.88175
-0.07948
+0.79586
+0.93949

135
618
845
060
908

-0.48710
$0.47170
+0.99683
+0.60547
-0.34255

870
545
579
989
142

820
821
822
823
824

-0.04430
-0.86458
-0.88996
-0.09712
+0.78501

291
174
811
190
774

-0.99901
-0.50249
+0.45602
+0:99527
+0.61947

814
220
276
249
329

870
871
872
873
874

+0.21936
-0.70245
-0.97843
-0.35485
+0.59498

644
070
790
381
124

-0.97564
-0.71173
+0.20654
+0.93492
+0.80373

254
241
122
180
959

825
826
827
828
829

+0.94541
+0.23660
-0.68974
-0.98194
-0.37134

569
282
159
076
812

-0.32586
-0.97160
-0.72405
+0.18918
+0.92849

680
646
561
862
371

875
876
877
878
879

+0.99779
+0.48323
-0.47560
-0.99717
-0.60195

328
878
322
782
173

-0.06639
-0.87548
-0.87965
-0.07507
+0.79853

709
859
992
597
248

830
831
832
833
834

+0.58066
+0.99881
+0.49866
-0.45995
-0.99569

027
229
090
702
258

+0.81414
-0.04872
-0.86679
-0.88794
-0.09271

596
383
716
118
618

880
881
882
883
884

+0.34670
+0.97660
+0.70861
-0.21086
-0.93648

601
383
660
947
312

+0.93797
+0.21504
-0.70559
-0.97751
-0.35071

385
639
373
423
265

835
836
837
838
839

-0.61599
+0.33004
+0.97264
+0.72099
-0.19353

297
774
407
594
254

+0.78775
+0.94396
+0.23230
-0.69293
-0.98109

165
424
046
929
386

885
886
887
888
889

-0.80109
+0.07081
+0.87761
+0.87754
+0.07066

851
237
869
643
203

+0.59853
+0.99748
+0.47935
-0.47949
-0.99750

252
965
940
167
031

840
841
842
843
844

-0.93012
-0.81156
+0.05314
+0.86899
+0.88589

809
816
379
559
685

-0.36723
+0.58425
+0.99858
+0.49481
-0.46388

525
775
687
983
228

890
891
892
893
894

-0.80118
-0.93643
-0.21072
+0.70872
+0.97657

871
025
213
294
141

-0.59841
+0.35085
+0.97754
+0.70548
-0.21519

177
380
600
692
358

845
846
847
848
849

+0.08830
-0.79047
-0.94249
-0.22799
+0.69612

863
014
431
356
342

-0.99609
-0.61250
+0.33422
+0.97366
+0.71792

316
058
221
264
213

895
896
897
898
899

+0.34656
-0.60207
-0.99716
-0.47547
+0.48337

463
208
649
063
073

-0.93802
-0.79844
+0.07522
+0.87973
+0.87541

610
174
627
159
575

850

+0.98022 773

-0.19787 267

900

+0.99780 327

+0.06624 670

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES
sin 5

TRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

185

FUNCTIONS

FOR LARGE RADIAN

5
cos 2

ARGUMENTS
sin x

Table 4.8
cos x

900
901
902
903
904

+0.99780
+0.59486
-0.35499
-0.97846
-0.70234

327
009
472
902
341

+0.06624
-0.80382
-0.93486
-0.20639
+0.71183

670
926
831
374
827

950
951
952
953
954

+0.94546
+0.78492
-0.09727
-0.89003
-0.86450

479
436
191
684
600

+0.32572
-0.61959
-0.99525
-0.45588
+0.50262

431
160
784
862
250

905
906
907
908
909

+0.21951
io.93955
+0.79576
-0.07963
-0.88182

349
070
933
869
727

+0.97560
+0.34240
-0.60559
-0.99682
-0.47157

947
981
984
380
255

955
956
957
958
959

-0.04415
+0.83679
+0.92678
+0.18469
-0.72720

233
478
454
287
458

+0.99902
+0.57692
-0.37559
-0.98279
-0.68642

481
832
341
629
079

910
911
912
913
914

-0.87326
-0.06183
+0.80645
+0.93328
+0.20206

792
008
406
805
131

+0.48724
+0.99808
+0.59129
-0.35912
-0.97937

032
669
676
869
287

960
961
962
963
964

-0.97051
-0.32153
+a.62305
+0.99481
+0.45194

349
677
937
760
512

+0.24104
+0.94689
+0.78217
-0.10167
-0.89204

682
709
455
567
574

915
916
917
918
919

-0.71493
-0.97462
-0.33824
+0.60911
+0.99646

966
841
829
575
158

-0.69918
+0.22382
+0.94105
+0.79308
-0.08404

616
909
690
134
955

965
966
967
968
969

-0.50644
-0.99921
-0.57330
+0.37969
+0.98360

362
043
778
140
406

-0.86227
-0.03973
+0.81934
+0.92511
+0.18034

308
052
009
320
150

920
921
922
923
924

+0.46766
-0.49110
-0.99835
-0.58772
+0.36325

523
037
056
184
562

-0.88390
-0.87110
-0.05741
+0.80906
+0.93168

567
299
224
306
952

970
971
972
973
974

+0.68319
-0.24533
-0.94831
-0.77940
+0.10607

568
966
084
942
744

-0.73023
-0.96943
-0.31734
+0.62651
+0.99435

535
718
294
493
787

925
926
927
928
929

+0.98025
+0.69601
-0.22814
-0.94254
-0.79037

754
520
031
467
781

+0.19772
-0.71802
-0.97362
-0.33408
+0.61261

493
705
827
015
972

975
976
977
978
979

+0.89403
+0.86002
+0.03530
-0.82186
-0.92342

718
327
793
936
374

+0.44799
-0.51025
-0.99937
-0.56967
+0.38378

277
482
648
601
195

930
931
932
933
934

+0.08845
+0.88596
+0.86892
+0.05299
-0.81165

877
676
100
328
622

+0.99607
+0.46374
-0.49495
-0.99859
-0.58413

984
875
080
487
542

980
981
982
983
984

-0.17598
+0.73325
+0.96834
+0.31314
-0.62995

660
181
189
290
823

+0.98439
+0.67995
-0.24962
-0.94970
-0.77662

256
719
769
602
902

935
936
937
938
939

-0.93007
-0.19338
+0.72110
+0.97260
+0.32990

273
467
037
905
546

+0.36737
+0.98112
+0.69283
-0.23244
-0.94401

544
302
061
706
398

985
986
987
988
989

-0.99387
-0.44403
+0.51405
+0.99952
+0.56603

867
164
603
296
309

+0.11047
+0.89601
+0.85775
+0.03088
-0.82438

712
111
661
464
252

940
941
942
943
944

-0.61611
-0.99567
-0.45982
+0.49879
+0.99881

169
859
319
154
962

-0.78765
+0.09286
+0.88801
+0.86672
+0.04857

880
625
049
199
328

990
991
992
993
994

-0.38786
-0.98516
-0.67670
+0.25391
+0.95108

499
179
538
083
260

-0.92171
-0.17162
+0.73625
+0.96722
+0.30893

620
825
392
763
672

945
946
947
948
949

+0.58053
-0.37148
-0.98196
-0.68963
+0.23674

755
806
927
246
926

-0.81423
-0.92843
-0.18904
+0.72415
+0.97157

347
773
062
957
078

995
996
997
998
999

+0.77383
-0.11487
-0.89796
-0.85547
-0.02646

341
465
748
315
075

-0.63338
-0.99338
-0.44006
+0.51784
+0.99964

919
000
182
716
985

+0.94546 479
+0.32572 431
For x>lOOOsee Example 16.

1000

+0.82687 954

+0.56237 908

186

ELEMENTARY
Table

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS

4.9

CIRCULAR

TANGENTS,

COTANGENTS,

SECANTS

AND

COSECANTS

FOR

RADIAN

ARGUMENTS

67
35
39
79

x-l-cot
0.00000
0.00333
0.00666
0.01000
0.01333

x
000
335
684
060
476

0.00166
0.00333
0.00500
0.00666

668
349
053
791

20.00833
16.67667
14.29738
12.51334
11.12612

58
09
76
32
53

0.01666
0.02000
0.02334
0.02667
0.03001

944
480
096
805
621

0.00833
0.01000
O.Oll.67
0.01334
0.01501

576
420
334
330
419

09
07
35
99
07

10.01668
9.10926
8.35336
7.71401
7.16624

61
83
70
72
39

0.03335
0.03669
0.04003
0.04338
0.04672

558
628
845
223
776

0.01668
0.01835
0.02003
0.02170
0.02338

614
925
365
946
680

1.01135
1.01293
1.01462
1.01642
1.01832

64
80
61
16
55

6.69173
6.27674
5.91078
5.58566
5.29495

24
65
21
93
84

0.05007
0.05342
0.05677
0.06013
0.06348

516
458
615
000
628

0.02506
0.02674
0.02842
0.03011
0.03180

578
653
915
379
054

49
81
35
77
78

1.02033
1.02246
1.02469
1.02704
1.02950

88
26
78
58
78

5.03348 95
4.79708 57
4.58232 93
4.38639 73
4.20693.71

0.06684
0.07020
0.07357
0.07693
0.08030

512
667
105
841
889

0.03348
0.03518
0.03687
0.03857
0.04027

955
092
477
124
044

3.91631
3.75909
3.61326
3.47760
3.35106

74
41
32
37
28

1.03208
1.03477
1.03759
1.04052
1.04357

50
89
10
27
57

4.04197
3.88983
3.74908
3.61852
3.49708

25
14
94
56
77

0.08368
0.08705
0.09044
0.09382
0.09721

264
978
046
483
302

0.04197
0.04367
0.04538
0.04709
0.04881

250
754
569
707
181

625
751
941
487
688

3.23272
3.12180
3.01759
2.91949
2.82696

81
50
80
61
00

1.04675
1.05005
1.05347
1.05703
1.06072

16
22
94
51
13

3.38386
3.27805
3.17897
3.08600
2.99861

34
83
74
99
68

0.10060
0.10400
0.10740
0.11080
0.11421

519
147
202
697
648

0.05053
0.05225
0.05397
0.05570
0.05744

003
186
744
689
034

876
0:38
0.39

0.36502
0.37640
0.38786
0.39941
0.41105

849
285
316
272
492

2.73951
2.65672
2.57822
2.50367
2.43276

22
80
89
59
50

1.06454
1.06849
1.07258
1.07681
1.08118

02
38
47
50
74

2.91632
2.83869
2.76536
2.69599
2.63027

08
75
87
57
48

0.11763
0.12104
0.12447
0.12790
0.13133

070
976
383
306
759

0.05917
0.06091
0.06266
0.06441
0.06617

792
976
601
678
222

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.42279
0.43463
0.44657
0.45862
0.47078

322
120
255
102
053

2.36522
2.30080
2.23927
2.18044
2.12413

24
12
78
95
20

1.08570
1.09036
1.09518
1.10015
1.10527

44
89
36
15
57

2.56793
2.50872
2.45242
2.39882
2.34775

25
20
03
48
15

0.13477
0.13822
0.14167
0.14513
0.14859

758
318
456
185
524

0.06793
0.06969
0.07146
0.07324
0.07502

246
763
789
336
418

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.48305
0.49544
0.50796
0.52061
0.53338

507
877
590
084
815

2.07015
2.01837
1.96863
1.92082
1.87480

74
22
61
05
73

1.11055
1.11600
1.12161
1.12740
1.13335

94
60
91
22
91

2.29903
2.25251
2.20805
2.16553
2.12483

27
55
98
72
00

0.15206
0.15554
0.15902
0.16251
0.16600

486
089
348
280
901

0.07681
0.07860
0.08040
0.08220
0.08401

051
247
022
390
366

0.50

0.54630 249
c-y

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

tanx
0.00000 0000
0.01000 0333
0.02000 2667
0.03000 9003
0.04002 1347

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.05004
0.06007
0.07011
0.08017
0.09024

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

x
0.00

cot x

set x

csc x

99.990066666
49.99333 32
33.32333 27
24.98666 52

1.00000
1.00005
1.00020
1.00045
1.00080

00
00
00
02
05

100.0:166
50.00333
33.33833
25.00666

1708
2104
4558
1105
3790

19.98333
16.64666
14.26237
12.47332
11.08109

06
19
33
19
49

1.00125
1.00180
1.00245
1.00320
1.00406

13
27
50
86
37

0.10033
0.11044
0.12057
0.13073
0.14092

467
582
934
732
189

9.96664
9.05421
8.29329
7.64892
7.09612

44
28
49
55
94

1.00502
1.00608
1.00724
1.00850
1.00988

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.15113
0.16137
0.17165
0.18196
0.19231

522
946
682
953
984

6.61659
6.19657
5.82557
5.49542
5.19967

15
54
68
56
16

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.20271
0.21314
0.22361
0.23414
0.24471

004
244
942
336
670

4.93315
4.69169
4.47188
4.27088
4.08635

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.25534
0.26602
0.27675
0.28755
0.29841

192
154
814
433
279

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.30933
0.32032
0.33138
0.34252
0.35373

0.35

[ 1

1.83048 77

1.13949 39
C-j)2

II 1

2.08582 96

csc x-x-l
0.00000

0.16951 228

000

0.08582 964
c-p9
[hyperbolictangentsand
1 [.C-l)8cotan-1

Compilation of tansand cots from National Bureau of Standards, Table ofcircularand

gents for radian arguments, 2d printing. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

TANGENTS,

TRANSCENDENTAL
COTANGENTS,
FOR

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

tanx
0.54630
0.55935
0.57256
0.58591
0.59942

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

187

FUNCTIONS
SECANTS

RADIAN

AND

COSECANTS

Table

4.9

ARGUMENTS

249
872
183
701
962

cot x
1.83048
1.78776
1.74653
1.70672
1.66825

772
154
626
634
255

set x
1.13949
1.14581
1.15231
1.15900
1.16589

39
07
38
77
70

csc x
2.08582
2.04843
2.01255
1.97810
1.94501

96
63
78
89
07

0.61310
0.62694
0.64096
0.65516
0.66955

521
954
855
845
565

1.63104
1.59502
1.56013
1.52632
1.49352

142
471
894
503
784

1.17298
1.18028
1.18778
1.19551
1.20345

68
21
81
06
53

1.91319
1.88257
1.85311
1.82473
1.79739

00
90
45
78
41

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.68413
0.69891
0.71390
0.72911
0.74454

681
886
901
473
382

1.46169
1.43078
1.40073
1.37152
1.34310

595
125
873
626
429

1.21162
1.22003
1.22868
1.23758
1.24673

83
59
47
16
39

1.77103
1.74560
1.72106
1.69737
1.67449

22
45
62
57
37

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.76020
0.77610
0.79225
0.80866
0.82533

440
491
417
138
611

1.31543
1.28848
1.26222
1.23661
1.21162

569
559
118
155
759

1.25614
1.26583
1.27580
1.28605
1.29660

92
52
04
34
31

1.65238
1.63101
1.61034
1.59034
1.57100

34
05
23
84
01

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.84228
0.85952
0.87706
0.89491
0.91308

838
867
790
753
953

1.18724
1.16342
1.14016
1.11742
1.09518

183
833
258
140
285

1.30745
1.31863
1.33013
1.34196
1.35415

93
17
09
77
38

1.55227
1.53413
1.51656
1.49954
1.48304

03
35
54
35
60

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.93159
0.95045
0.96966
0.98926
1.00924

646
146
833
154
629

1.07342
1.05213
1.03128
1.01085
0.99083

615
158
046
503
842

1.36670
1.37962
1.39293
1.40664
1.42076

11
24
10
08
67

1.46705
1.45154
1.43650
1.42190
1.40775

27
43
25
99
03

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.02963
1.05045
1.07171
1.09343
1.11563

857
514
372
292
235

0.97121
0.95196
0.93308
0.91455
0.89635

460
830
500
085
264

1.43532
1.45032
1.46580
1.48175
1.49821

42
96
02
42
08

1.39400
1.38066
1.36771
1.35513
1.34292

78
78
62
96
52

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.13833
1116155
1.18532
1.20966
1.23459

271
586
486
412
946

0.87847
0.86091
0.84365
0.82667
0.80997

778
426
058
575
930

1.51519
1.53271
1.55080
1.56948
1.58878

02
39
46
63
44

1.33106
1.31953
1.30833
1.29745
1.28688

09
53
72
63
25

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.26015
1.28636
1.31326
1.34087
1.36923

822
938
370
383
448

0.79355
0.77738
0.76146
0.74578
0.73033

115
169
169
232
510

1.60872
1.62933
1.65065
1.67270
1.69552

58
92
49
52
44

1.27660
1.26661
1.25691
1.24747
1.23830

62
84
05
40
10

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.39838
1.42835
1.45920
1.49095
1.52367

259
749
113
827
674

0.71511
0.70010
0.68530
0.67070
0.65630

188
485
649
959
719

1.71914
1.74361
1.76897
1.79525
1.82252

92
84
37
95
32

1.22938
1.22071
1.21228
1.20409
1.19613

40
57
91
77
51

1.00

1.55740 772

0.64209 262

[ Y21

1.85081 57

[(-$11

1.18839 51

1 1
c-412
5

ELEMENTARY
Table

CIRCULAR

4.9

TRANSCENDENTAL

TANGENTS,
FOR

FUNCTIONS

COTANGENTS,
SECANTS
RADIAN
ARGUMENTS

AND

COSECANTS

262
942
141
260
722

set x
1.85081
1.88019
1.91070
1.94243
1.97542

57
15
a9
08
47

1.18839
1.18087
1.17356
1.16645
1.15954

51
20
01
42
90

0.57361
0.56040
0.54733
0.53441
0.52162

970
467
693
147
342

2.00976
_ 2.04552
2.08279
2.12166
2.16223

32
49
43
31
06

1.15283
1.14632
1.13999
1.13384
1.12787

98
17
02
11
01

97
82
53
01
51

0.50896
0.49644
0.48403
0.47175
0.45958

811
096
759
371
520

2.20460
2.24890
2.29524
2.34378
2.39466

44
16
97
77
75

1.12207
1.11644
1.11098
1.10569
1.10055

33
69
71
05
37

2.23449
2.29579
2.35998
2.42726
2.49789

69
85
11
64
94

0.44752
0.43557
0.42373
0.41198
0.40033

802
829
221
610
638

2.44805
2.50413
2.56310
2.62518
2.69063

57
48
57
99
21

1.09557
1.09074
1.08607
1.08154
1.07715

35
67
04
17
79

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

2.57215
2.65032
2.73275
2.81981
2.91192

16
46
42
57
99

0.38877
0.37731
0.36593
0.35463
0.34341

957
227
119
310
486

2.75970
2.83270
2.90997
2.99188
3.07885

36
55
35
25
30

1.07291
1.06881
1.06485
1.06102
1.05732

64
46
01
06
39

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

3.00956
3.11326
3.22363
3.34135
3.46720

97
91
32
00
57

0.33227
0.32120
0.31020
0.29928
0.28841

342
577
899
023
670

3.17135
3.26993
3.37517
3.48778
3.60853

77
04
57
15
36

1.05375
1.05032
1.04700
1.04382
1.04076

79
05
98
41
14

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

3.60210
3.74708
3.90334
4.07230
4.25561

24
10
78
98
79

0.27761
0.26687
0.25619
0.24556
0.23498

565
440
034
088
350

3.73833
3.87822
4.02940
4.19329
4.37153

41
33
74
31
10

1.03782
1.03499
1.03229
1.02970
1.02723

00
a5
53
88
77

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

4.45522
4.67344
4.91305
5.17743
5.47068

18
12
a1
74
86

0.22445
0.21397
0.20353
0.19314
0.18279

572
509
922
574
234

4.56607
4.77923
5.01379
5.27312
5.56133

06
14
49
60
39

1.02488
1.02263
1.02050
1.01848
1.01656

07
65
39
18
93

1.40
i.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

5.79788
6.16535
6.58111
7.05546
7.60182

37
61
95
38
61

0.17247
0.16219
0.15194
0.14173
0.13154

673
663
983
413
734

5.88349
6.24592
6.65666
7.12597
7.66731

01
80
08
85
76

1.01476
1.01306
1.01147
1.00999
1.00861

51
85
85
43
52

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

8.23809
8.98860
9.88737
10.98337
12.34985

28
76
49
93
64

0.12138
0.11125
0.10113
0.09104
0.08097

732
194
908
6660
2601

8.29856
9.04406
9.93781
11.02880
12.39027

45
25
58
87
66

1.00734
1.00616
1.00510
1.00413
1.00327

05
95
15
62
29

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

14.10141
16.42809
19.66952
24.49841
32.46113

99
17
78
04
89

0.07091
0.06087
0.05084
0.04081
0.03080

4844
1343
0061
8975
6066

14.13683
16.45849
19.69493
24.51881
32.47653

29
92
14
14
83

1.00251
1.00185
1.00129
1.00083
1.00047

13
09
15
27
44

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

48.07848
92.62049
+1255.76559
- 108.64920
- 52.06696

25
63
15
36
96

0.02079
0.01079
+ 0.00079
- 0.00920
- 0.01920

9325
6746
6327
3933
6034

48.08888
92.62589
+1255.76598
- 108.65380
- 52.07657

10
45
97
55
18

1.00021
1.00005
1.00000
1.00004
1.00018

63
83
03
24
44

1.60

tan

cot

.I

1.00

1.01
1.02
1103
1.04

1.55740
1.59220
1.62813
1.66524
1.70361

77
60
04
40
46

0.64209
0.62805
0.61420
0.60051
0.58698

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

1.74331
1.78442
1.82702
1.87121
1.91709

53
48
82
73
18

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1.96475
2.01433
2.06595
2.11975
2.17587

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

34.23253 27

For 01.6, use 4.3.44.

- 0.02921 1978
(-552
[
3

csc .x

34.24713 56

1.00042 66
t--p3

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

TRANSCENDENTAL
COSINES

TO

TENTHS

A DEGREE

Table

4.10

sin 0
00000
53283
06514
59638
12602

00000
65898
15224
31420
97962

1.00000
0.99999
0.99999
0.99998
0.99997

cos e
00000
84769
39076
62922
56307

00000
13288
57790
47427
05395

90.0
89.9
89.8
89. 7
89.6

0.00872
0.01047
0.01221
0.01396
0.01570

65354
17841
70008
21803
73173

98374
16246
35247
39145
11821

0.99996
0.99994
0.99992
0.99990
0.99987

19230
51693
53696
25240
66324

64171
65512
60452
09304
81661

89.5
89.4
89.3
89.2
89.1

0.01745
0.01919
0.02094
0.02268
0.02443

24064
74423
24198
73335
21781

37284
99690
83357
72781
52653

0.99984
0.99981
0.99978
0.99974
0.99970

76951
57121
06834
26093
14897

56391
21644
74845
22698
81183

E
88:8
88.7
88.6

0.02617
0.02792
0.02966
0.03141
0.03315

69483
16387
62440
07590
51783

07873
23569
85111
78128
88526

0.99965
0.99961
0.99955
0.99950
C.99945

73249
01150
98601
65603
02159

75557
40354
19384
65732
41757

88.5
88.4
88.3
88.2
88.1

0.03489
0.03664
0.03838
0.04013
0.04187

94967
37087
78090
17925
56537

02501
06556
87520
32560
29200

0.99939
0.99932
0.99926
0.99919
0.99912

08270
83937
29164
43951
28300

19096
78656
10621
14446
98858

88.0
87.9
87.8
87. 7
87.6

0.04361
0.04536
0.04710
0.04884
0.05059

93873
29881
64507
97697
29400

65336
29254
09643
95613
76713

0.99904
0.99897
0.99888
0.99880
0.99871

82215
05697
98749
61373
93571

81858
90715
61970
41434
84186

87.5
87.4
87.3
87.2
87.1

0.05233
0.05407
0.05582
0.05756
0.05930

59562
88129
15049
40269
63735

42944
84775
93164
59567
75962

0.99862
0.99853
0.99844
0.99834
0.99823

95347
66703
07641
18166
98279

54574
26212
81981
14028
23765

87.0
86.9
86.8
86. 7
86.6

0.06104
0.06279
0.06453
0.06627
0.06801

85395
05195
23082
39004
52906

34857
29313
52958
00000
65248

0.99813
0.99802
0.99791
0.99780
0.99768

47984
67284
56182
14682
42788

21867
28272
72179
92050
35605

86.5
86.4
86.3
86.2
86.1

0.06975
0.07149
0.07323
0.07497
0.07671

64737
74443
81971
87268
90281

44125
32686
27632
26328
26819

0.99756
0.99744
0.99731
0.99718
0.99705

40502
07829
44772
51335
27522

59824
30944
24458
25116
26920

86.0
85.9
85.8
85.7
85.6

0.07845
0.08019
0.08193
0.08367
0.08541

90957
89243
85086
78433
69231

27845
28859
30041
32315
37367

0.99691
0.99677
0.99663
0.99649
0.99634

73337
88784
73868
28592
52961

33128
56247
18037
49504
90906

85.5
85.4
85.3
85.2
85.1

0.99619 46980 91746

sin e

85.0
e

For conversionfrom radiansto degreesseeExample

page II.

OF

0.00000
0.00174
0.00349
0.00523
0.00698

0.08715 57427 47658

co.36

See

189

FUNCTIONS

14.

9o-e

190

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.10

CIRCULAR

SINES

.4ND

COSINES

FUNCTIONS
TO

TENT.HS

sin 0

e
0
::1
z-23
5: 4
5.5
5. 6
55'87
5:9
6.0
2:
6:3
6.4
6. 5
66.76
6:8
6.9
:::
;*:
714
77.56
717
::i
8. 0
88:;
2:
$56
8:l
29"

T:Z
x
9:9
10. 0
90-e

page Il.

OF

A DEGREE

cos e

90-e

0.08115
0.08889
0.09063
0.09237
0.09410

57427
42968
25801
05874
83133

47658
66442
97780
46562
18514

0.99619
0.99604
0.99588
0.99572
0.99556

46980 91746
10654 10770
43986 15970
46981
84582
19646 03080

85.0'
84.9
84.8
84.7
84.6

0.09584
0.09758
0.09931
0.10105
0.10279

57525
28997
97497
62971
25367

20224
59149
43639
82946
87247

0.99539
0.99522
0.99505
0.99488
0.99470

b1983

73999 81831
55699 61226
07088 28788
28171 17174

84.5
84.4
84.3
84.2
84.1

67653
36233
06023
91045

0.11146 89322 06325

0.99452 18953 68273

0.99433 79441 33205
0.99415 09639 72315
0.99396
09554
55180
0.99376 79191 60596

84.0
83.9
83.8
83.7
83. b

0.11320
0.11493
0.11667
0.11840
0.12013

32137
71504
07370
39683

67907
92867
99333
06501

68388

34647

0.99357 18556 76587

0.99337 27656 00396
0.99317 06495 38486
0.99296
55081 06537
0.99275 73419 29446

83.5
83.4
83.3
83.2
83.1

0.12186
0.12360
0.12533
0.12706
0.12879

93434
14767
32335
46086
55965

05147
40493
64304
01350
77563

0.99254
0.99233
0.99211
0.99189
0.99167

61516
19378
47013
44425
11623

41322
85489
14478
90030
83090

83.0
82.9
82.8
82.7
82.6

0.13052
0.13225
0.13398
0.13571
0.13744

61922
63902
61854
55724
45460

20052
57122
18292
34304
37147

0.99144
0.99121
0.99098
0.99074

48613
55402
31997
78404

73810
51542
14836
71444

Oi99050

94632

38309

82.5
82.4
82.3
82.2
82.1

0.13917
0.14090
0.14262
0.14435
0.14608

31009
12319
89337
62010
30285

bOO65
37583
05512
00973
62412

0.99026
0.99002
0.98977
0.98952
0.98927

80687
36577
62309
57890
23329

41570
lb558
07789

0.14780
0.14953
0.15126
0.15298
0.15471

94111
53434
08202
58362
03862

29611
43710
47219
84038
99468

0.98901
0.98875
0.98849
0.98822
0.98795

58633 61917
63810 47006
38868 08684
83814 46553

0.15643
0.15815

44650

40231

0.98768
0.98741
0.98713
0.98685

0.10452 84632
0.10626
0.10799
0.10973

40713
93557
43110

80672
0.15988 11876
0.16160 38211
0.16332 59622

54484
91835
03361
41622

0.16504
0.16676
0.16848
0.17020
0.17192

60678
16102
65003
66033
79410

76058
87467
93795
94991
91002

0.17364 81776 66930

cos e
*

*see

TRANSCENDENTAL

[t--8)75 1

0.98657

67179

68969

62988

98657

69389

83405
38067
62650
57164
21616

95138
50911
72988
06807
06969

82.0
81.9
81.8
81.7
81.6
81.5
81.4
81.3
81.2
81.1
81.0
80.9
80.8
80.7
80.6

0.98628

56015 37231
0.98599 60370 70505
0.98570 34690 88854
0.98540 78984 83490
0.98510 93261 54774

80.5
80.4
80.3
80.2
80.1

C.98480 77530 12208

sin 8
t-l)4

80.0
a

c 1

191

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR

SINES

AND COSINES

TO TENTHS

OF A DEGREE

sin 0

Table

4.10

cos e

900-e

lO.OO
10.1
10.2
10. 3
10. 4

0.17364 81776 66930

0.17536 67260 91987
0.17708 47403 19583
0.17880 22151 16350
i1;18051 91452 50560

0.98480
0.98450
0.98419
0.98388
0.98357

77530 12208
31799 74437
56079 69242
50379 33542
14708 13386

80.0
79.9
79.8
79.7
79.6

10.5
10.6
10.7
10. 8
10.9

0.18223
0.18395
0.18566
0.18738
0.18909

55254 92147
13506 12720
66153 85577
13145 85725
54429 89891

0.98325
0.98293
0.98261
0.98228
0.98195

49075 63955
53491 49554
27965 43615
72507 28689
87126 96444

79.5
79.4
79.3
79.2
79Il

11.0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

0.19080
0.19252
0.19423
0.19594
0.19765

89953 76545
19665 25907
43512 19972
61442 42518
73403 79126

0.98162
0.98129
0.98095
0.98061
0.98027

71834 47664
26639 92245
51553 49192
46585 46613
11746 21722

79.0
78.9
78.8
78.7
78.6

11. 5
11. 6
11. 7
11.8
11.9

0.19936
0.20107
0.20278
0.20449
0.20620

79344 17197
79211 45965
72953 56512
60518 41790
41853 96630

0.97992
0.97957
0.97922
0.97886
0.97850

47046 20830
52495 99344
28106 21766
73887 61685
89851 01778

78.5
78.4
78.3
78.2
78.1

12. 0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.20791
0.20961
0.21132
0.21303
0.21473

16908 17759
85629 03822
47964 55389
03862 74977
53271 67063

0.97814
0.97778
0.97741
0.97704
0.97667

76007 33806
32367 58606
58942 86096
55744 35264
22783 34168

78.0
77.9
77.8
77.7
77.6

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

0.21643
0.21814
0.21984
0.22154
0.22325

96139 38103
32413 96543
62043 52838
84976 19467
01160 10951

0.97629
0.97591
0.97553
0.97514
0.97476

60071 19933
67619 38747
45439 45857
93543 05563
11941 91222

77.5
77.4
77.3
77.2
77.1

13. 0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

0.22495
0.22665
0.22835
0.23004
0.23174

10543 43865
13074 36855
08701 10656
97371 88104
79034 94157

0.97437
0.97397
0.97357
0.97317
0.97277

00647 85235
59672 79052
89028 73160
88727 77088
58782 09397

77.0
76.9
76.8
76.7
76.6

13. 5
13. 6
13.7
13.8
13.9

0.23344
0.23514
0.23683
0.23853
0.24022

53638 55905
21131 02590
81460 65619
34515 78581
80424 71264

0.97236
0.97196
0.97154
0.97113
0.97071

99203 97677
10005 78546
91199 97646
42799 09636
64815 78191

76.5
76.4
76.3
76.2
76.1

14. 0
14.1
14.2
14. 3
14.4

0.24192
0.24361
0.24530
0.24699
0.24868

18955 99668
50117 86023
73858 78803
90127 22743
98871 64855

0.97029
0.96987
0.96944
0.96901
0.96858

57262 75996
20152 84747
53498 95139
57314 06870
31611 28631

76.0
75.9
75.8
75.7
75.6

14. 5
14. 6
14.7
14.8
14.9

0.25038
0.25206
0.25375
0.25544
0.25713

00040 54441
93582 43114
79445 84806
57579 35791
27931 54696

0.96814
0.96770
0.96726
0.96682
0.96637

76403 78108
91704 81971
77527 75877
33886 04459
60793 21329

75.5
75.4
7513
75.2
75.1

15.0
90-e

0.25881 90451 02521

cose
* (--7)l
5

*see

c 1

page Il.

0.96592 58262 89068

sin e
c-y4

II 1

15.0
e

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.10

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

sin 0

15.0
15.1
15.2
15. 3
15.4

0.25881 90451 02521

0.2605ti 45086 42648
0.26218 91786 40865
Oi26387 30499 65373
0.26555 61174 86809

15.5
15. 6
15.7
15.8
15.9

0.26723
0:2689i
0.27060
0:27228
0.27395

16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

0.21563
0.27731
0.27899
0.28066
0.28234

16.5
16.6
16.1
16.8
16.9

FUNCTIONS

TO TENTHS

OF A DEGREE

cose

90-e

0.96592
0.96547
0.96501
0.96455
0.96409

58262 89068
26308 79225
64944 72311
14184 5719i
54042 34110

74.9
74.8
74.7
14.6

83760 78257
98206 15266
04459 75864
02470 40574
92186 9'2432

0.96363
0.96316
0.96269
0.96221
0.96174

04532 08623
25667 97658
17464 26479
79935 29285
13095 49211

74.5
74.4
74.3
74.2
74.1

73558

16999
46533 02378
11060 39229
67089 20788
14568 42816

0.96126
0.96011
0.96029
0.95980
0.95931

16959 38319
91541 57594
36856 16943
52919 75187
39745 40058

74.0
73.9
73.8
73.7
73.6

0.28401
0.28568
0.28736
0.28903
0.29070

53447 03923
83674 04974
05198 49712
17969 44472
21935 98252

0.95881
0.95832
0.95782
0.95731
0.95681

97348 68193
25744 65133
24948 45315
94975 32067
35840 57607

73.5
73.4
13.3
73.2
73.1

17.0
17.1
11.2
17.3
17.4

0.29237
0.29404
0.29570
0.29737
0.29904

17041

03252 32304
80500 44047
48740 77786
07922 56087

0.95630
0.95579
0.95527
0.95476
0.95424

47559 63035
30147 98330
83621 22344
07995 02797
03285 16277

73.0
72.9
72.8
72.7
72.6

17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9

0.30070
0.30236
0.30403
0.30569
0.30735

57995 04273
98907 50445
30609 25490
53049 63106
66177 99807

0.95371
0.95319
0.95266
0.95212
0.95159

69507 48227
06677 92947
14812 53586
93927 42139
44038 79438

72.5
72.4
12.3
72.2
72.1

18.0
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

0.30901
0.31067
0.31233
0.31399
0.31564

69943 74947
64296 30732
49185 12233
24559 67405
90369 47102

0.95105
0.95051
0.94997
0.94942
0.94887

65162 95154
57316 27784
20515 24653
54776 41904
60116 44491

72.0
71.9
71.8
71.7
71.6

18. 5
18.6
18.1
18.8
18.9

0.31730
0.31895
0.32061
0.32226
0.32391

46564 05092
93092 98070
29905 85676
56952 30511
74181 98149

0.94832
0.94776
0.94721
0.94664
0.94608

36552 06199
84100 09586
02777 46029
92601 15696
53588 27545

71.5
71.4
71.3
71.2
71.1

19.0
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4

0.32556
0.32721
0.32886
0.33051
0.33216

81544 57157
78989 79104
66467 38583
43927 13223
11318 83703

0.94551
0.94494
0.94437
0.94380
0.94322

85755 99317
89121 57531
63702 37481
09515 83229
26579 47601

71.0
70.9
70.8
70.7
70.6

19. 5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9

0.33380
0.33545
0.33709
0.33813
0.34037

68592 33771
15697 50255
52584 23082
79202 45291
95502 13050

0.94264
0.94205
0.94147
0.94088
0.94028

14910 92178
74521 87297
05448 12038
07689 54225
81270 10419

70.5
70.4
70.3
70.2
70.1

0.93969 26207 85908

70.0
e

20.0
90"-e

22737

0.34202 01433 25669

cos e
*

[51
(-7)l

sin 0
c-:,4

c 1

15. o

193

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR

SINES

AND COSINES

TO TENTHS

OF A DEGREE

sin t9

Table

4.10

co5e

90-e

20.0
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4

0.34202
0.34365
0.34529
0.34693
0.34857

01433 25669
96945 85616
81989 98535
56515 73256
20473 21815

0.93969
0.93909
0.93849
0.93788
0.93728

26207 85908
42520 94709
30227 59556
89346 11898
19894 91892

70.0
69.9
69.8
69.7
69.6

20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9

0.35020
0.35184
0.35347
0.35510
0.35673

73812 59467
16484 04702
48437 79257
69624 08137
79993 19625

0.93667
0.93605
0.93544
0.93482
0.93420

21892 48398
95357 38973
40308 29867
56763 96014
44743 21030

69.5
69.4
69.3
69.2
69.1

21.0
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4

0.35836
0.35999
0.36162
0.36325
0.36487

79495 45300
68081 20051
45700 82092
12304 72978
67843 37620

0.93358
0.93295
0.93232
0.93169
0.93105

04264 97202
35348 25489
38012 15512
12275 85549
58158 62528

69.0
68.9
68.8
68.7
68.6

21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9

0.36650
0.36812
0.36974
0.37136
0.37298

12267 24297
45526 84678
67572 73829
78355 50235
77825 75809

0.93041
0.92977
0.92913
0.92848
0.92783

75679 82025
64858 88251
25715 34056
58268 80914
62538 98920

68.5
68.4
68.3
68.2
68.1

22.0
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4

0.37460
0.37622
0.37784
0.37945
0.38107

65934 15912
42631 39366
07868 18467
61595 29005
03763 50274

0.92718
0.92652
0.92587
0.92520
0.92454

38545 66787
86308 71837
05848 09995
97183 85782
60336 12313

68.0
67.9
67.8
67.7
67.6

22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9

0.38268
0.38429
0.38590
0.38751
0.38912

34323 65090
53226 59804
60423 24319
55864 52103
39501 40206

0.92387
0.92321
0.92253
0.92186
0.92118

95325 11287
02171 12981
80894 56246
31515 88501
54055 65721

67.5
67.4
67. 3
67.2
67.1

23.0
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4

0.39073
0.39233
0.39394
0.39554
0.39714

11284 89274
71166 03561
19095 90951
55025 62965
78906 34781

0.92050
0.91982
0.91913
0.91844
0.91775

48534 52440
14973 21738
53392 55234
63813 43087
46256 83981

67.0
66.9
66.8
66.7
66.6

23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9

0.39874 90689 25246

0.40034 90325 56895
0.40194 77766 55960
0.40354 52963 52390
Oi40514 15867 79863

0.91706
0.91636
0.91566
0.91495
0.91425

00743 85124
27295 62240
25933 39561
96678 49825
39552 34264

66.5
66.4
66.3
66.2
66.1

24.0
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4

0.40673 66430 75800

0.40833 04603 81385
Oi40992 30338 41573
0.41151 43586 05109
0.41310 44298 24542

0.91354
0.91283
0.91212
0.91140
0.91068

54576 42601
41772 33043
01161 72273
32766 35445
36608 06177

66.0
65.9
65.8
65.7
65.6

24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9

0.41469
0.41628
0.41786
0.41945
0;42103

0.90996
0.90923
0.90850
0.90777
0.90704

12708 76543
61090 47069
81775 26722
74785 32909
40142 91465

65.5
65.4

0.90630 77870 36650

65.0
e

25.0
90-e

0.42261 82617 40699

cos0
*

See page n.

32426 56239
07922 60401
70738 01077
20824 46177
58133 67491

5 1
[(-712

sin 0

cC-i)4 1

E-23
.
65.1

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Table

4.10

CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

COSINES

TO

TENTHS

sin 0

OF

DEGREE

cos e

9o-e

25.0'
25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4

0.42261 82617 40699

0.42419 94227 45390
Oi42577 92915 65073
0.42735 78633 87192
0.42893 51334 03146

0.90630
0.90556
0.90482
i;90408
0.90333

77870 36650
87990 11140
70524 66020
25496 60778
52928 63301

65.0'
64.9
64.8
64.7
64.6

25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9

0.43051
0.43208
0.43365
0.43523
0.43680

10968 08295
57488 01982
90845 87544
10993 72328
17883 67702

0.90258
0.90183
0.90107
0.90031
0.89955

52843 49861
25264 05114
70213 22092
87714 02194
77789 55180

64.5
64.4
64.3
64.2
64.1

26.0
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4

0.43837
0.43993
0.44150
0.44307
0.44463

11467 89077
91698 55915
58527 91745
11908 24180
51791 84927

0.89879
0.89802
0.89725
0.89648
0.89571

40462 99167
75757 60616
83696 74328
64303 83441
17602 39413

64.0
63.9
63.8
63.7
63.6

26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9

0.44619
0.44775
0.44931
0.45087
0.45243

78131 09809
90878 38770
89986 15897
75406 89431
47093 11783

0.89493
0.89415
0.89337
0.89258
0.89179

43616 02025
42368 39368
13883 27838
58184 52125
75296 05214

63.5
63.4
63.3
63.2
63.1

27.0
27.1
27.2
21.3
21.4

0.45399
0.45554
0.45709
0.45864
0.46019

04997 39547
49072 33516
79270 58694
95544 84315
97847 83852

0.89100
0.89021
0.88941
0.88861
0.88781

65241 88368
28046 11127
63732 91298
72326 54949
53851 36401

63.0
62.9
62.8
62.7
62.6

27.5
27.6
21.7
27.8
27.9

0.46174
0.46329
0.46484
0.46638
0.46792

86132 35034
60351 19862
20457 24620
66403 39891
98142 60573

0.88701
0.88620
0.88539
0.88458
0.88376

08331 78222
35792 31215
36257 54416
09752 15084
56300 88693

62.5
62.4
62.3
62.2
62.1

28.0
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4

0.46947
0.47101
0.47255
0.47408
0.47562

15627 85891
18812 19410
07648 69054
82090 47116
42090 70275

0.88294
0.88212
0.88130
0.88047
0.87964

75928 58927
68660 17668
34520 64992
13535 09162
85728 66617

62.0
61.9
61.8
61.7
61.6

28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9

0.47715
0.47869
0.48022
0.48175
0.48328

87602 59608
18579 40607
34914 43189
36741 01715
23832 55002

0.87881
0.87798
0.87714
0.87630
0.87546

71126 61965
29754 27981
61637 05589
66800 43864
45270 00018

61.5
61.4
61. 3
61.2
61.1

29.0
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4

0.48480
0.48633
0.48785
0.48938
0.49090

96202 46337
53804 23490
96591 38733
24517 48846
37536 15141

0.87461
0.87377
0.87292
0.87206
0.87121

97071 39396
22230 35465
20772 69810
92724 32121
38111 20189

61.0
60.9
60.8
60.7
60.6

29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9

0.49242
0.49394
0.49545
0.49697
0.49848

35601 03467
18665 84231
86684 32408
39610 27555
17397 53830

0.87035 56959 39900

0.86949 49295 05219
0.86863 15144 38191
0.86776 54533 68928
Oi86689 67489 35603

60.5
60.4
60.3
60.2
60.1

0.50000 00000 00000

cose
* (-7)2
[ 5 I

0.86602 54037 84439

60.0
e

30.0
9o"-s

*See page n.

sin

5 1
[C-7)4

ELEMENTARY

CIRCULAR

SINES

ZRANSCENDENTAL

AND COSINES

195

FUNCTIONS

TO TENTHS

OF A DEGREE

sin 0

cos

Table

4.10
9o-s

30.0
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4

0.50000
0.50151
0.50301
0.50452
0.50603

00000 00000
07371 59457
99466 30235
76238 15019
37641 21164

0.86602 54037 84439

0.86515 14205 69704
Oi86427 48019 53705
0.86339 55506 06772
0.86251 36692 07257

60.0'
59.9
59.8
59.7
59.6

30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9

0.50753
0.50904
0.51054
0.51204
0.51354

83629 60704
14157 50371
29179 11606
28648 70572
12520 58170

0.86162
0.86074
0.85985
0.85895
0.85806

91604 41526
20270 03944
22715 96873
98969 30664
49057 23645

59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
59.1

31. 0
31.1
31.2
31.3
31.4

0.51503
0.51653
0.51802
0.51951
0.52100

80749 10054
33288 66642
70093 73130
91118 79509
96318 40576

0.85716
0.85626
0.85536
0.85445
0.85355

73007 02112
70846 00328
42601 60507
88301 32807
07972 75327

59.0
58.9
58.8
58.7
58.6

31.5
31.6
31.7
31.8
31.9

0.52249
0.52398
0.52547
0.52695
0.52843

85647 15949
59059 70079
16510 72268
57954 96678
83347 22347

0.85264
0.85172
0.85081
0.84989
0.84897

01643 54092
69341 43048
11094 24051
26929 86864
16876 29141

58.5
58.4
58.3
58.2
58.1

32.0
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4

0.52991
0.53139
0.53287
0.53435
0.53582

92642 33205
85795 18083
62760 70730
23493 89826
67949 78997

0.84804
0.84712
0.84619
0.84526
0.84432

80961 56426
19213 82137
31661 27564
18332 21856
79255 02015

58.0
57.9
57.8
51.7
57.6

32.5
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.9

0.53729
0.53877
0.54024
0.54170
0.54317

96083 46824
07850 06863
03204 77655
82102 82740
44499 50671

0.84339 14458 12886

0.84245 23970 07148
0.84151 07819 45306
0.84056 66034 95684
Oi83961 98645 34413

57.5
57.4
57.3
57.2
57.1

33.0
33.1
33.2
33. 3
33.4

0.54463
0.54610
0.54756
0.54902
0.55048

90350 15027
19610 14429
32234 92550
28179 98132
07400 84996

0.83867
0.83771
0.83676
0.83580
0.83484

05679 45424
87166 20439
43134 58962
73613 68270
78632 63407

57.0
56.9
56.8
56.7
56.6

33.5
33.6
33.7
33.8
33.9

0.55193
0.55339
0.55484
0.55629
0.55774

69853 12058
15492 43344
44274 47999
56155 00305
51089 79690

0.83388 58220 67168

0.83292 12407 10099
0.83195 41221 30483
0.83098 44692 74328
0:SSOOl 22850 95367

56.5
56.4
56.3
56.2
56.1

34.0
34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4

0.55919
0.56063
0.56208
0.56352
0.56496

29034 70747
89945 63242
33778 52131
60489 37571
70034 24938

0.82903
0.82806
0.82708
0.82609
0.82511

75725 55042
03346 22494
05742 74562
82944 95764
34982 78295

56.0
55.9
55.8
55.7
55.6

34.5
34.6
34.7
34.8
34.9

0.56640
0.56784
0.56927
0.57071
0.57214

62369 24833
37450 53101
95234 30844
35676 84432
58734 45516

0.82412
0.82313
Oi82214
0.82114
0.82015

61886 22016
63685 34442
40410 30737
92091 33704
18758 73772

55.5
55.4
55.3
55.2
55.1

35.0
9o"- e

0.57357 64363 51046

cos e

0.81915 20442 88992

55. 0
e

sin 0

196

ELEMENTARY

Table

4.10

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

SINES

AND COSINES

FUNCTIONS

TO TENTHS

sin e

I9

OF A DEGREE

cos e

900-e

35.0
35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4

0.57357
0.57500
0.57643
0.57785
0.57928

64363 51046
52520 43279
23161 69793
76243 83505
11723 42679

0.81915
0.81814
0.81714
0.81613
0.81512

20442 88992
97174 25023
48983 35129
75900 80160
77957 28554

55.0
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.6

35.5
35.6
35.7
35.8
35.9

0.58070 29557 10940

0.58212 29701 57289
0.58354 12113 56118
0.58495 76749 87215
Oi58637 23567 35789

0.81411
0.81310
0.81208
0.81106
0.81004

55183 56319
07610 47028
35268 91806
38189 89327
16404 45796

54.5
54.4
54.3
54.2
54.1

36.0
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4

0.58778
0.58919
0.59060
0.59201
0.59341

52522 92473
63573 53342
56676 19925
31787 99220
88866 03701

0.80901
0.80798
0.80696
0.80592
0.80489

69943 74947
98838 98031
03121 43802
82822 48516
37973 55914

54.0
53.9
53.8
53.7
53.6

36.5
36.6
36.7
36.8
36.9

0.59482
0.59622
0.59762
0.59902
0.60042

27867 51341
48749 65616
51469 75521
35985 15586
02253 25884

0.80385
0.80281
0.80177
0.80073
0.79968

68606 17217
74751 91115
56442 43754
13709 48733
46584 87091

E3.5
53.4
53.3
53.2
53.1

37.0
37.1
37.2
37.3
37.4

0.60181
0.60320
0.60459
0.60598
0.60737

50231 52048
79877 45282
91148 62375
84002 65711
58397 23287

0.79863
0.79758
0.79652
0.79547
0.79441

55100 47293
39288 25229
99180 24196
34808 54896
46205 35418

53.0
52.9
52.8
52.7
52.6

37.5
37.6
37.7
37.8
37.9

0.60876
0.61014
0.61152
0.61290
0.61428

14290 08721
51639 01268
70401 85831
70536 52976
52000 98943

0.79335
0.79228
0.79122
0.79015
0.78908

33402 91235
96433 55191
35329 67490
50123 75690
40848 34691

52.5
52.4

38.0
38.1
38.2
38.3
38.4

0.61566
0.61703
0.61840
0.61977
0.62114

14753 25658
58751 40749
83953 57554
90317 95140
77802 78310

0.78801
0.78693
0.78585
0.78477
0.78369

07536 06722
50219 61337
68931 75402
63705 33083
34573 25840

52.0
51.9
51.8
51.7
51.6

38.5
38.6
38. 7
38.8
38.9

0.62251
0.62387
0.62524
0.62660
0.62796

46366 37620
95967 09386
26563 35705
38113 64461
30576 49338

0.78260
0.78152
0.78043
0.77933
0.77824

81568 52414
04724 18819
04073 38330
79649 31474
31485 26021

51.5
51.4
51.3
51.2
51.1

39.0
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.4

0.62932 03910 49837

Oi63067 58074 31286
0.63202 93026 64851
Oi63338 08726 27550
0.63473 05132 02268

0.77714
0.77604
0.77494
0.77384
0.77273

59614 56971
64070 66546
44887 04180
02097 26506
35734 97351

51. 0
50.9
50.8
50.7
50.6

39.5
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9

0.63607
0.63742
0.63876
0.64010
0.64144

0.77162
0.77051
0.76939
0.76828
0.76716

45833 87720
32427 75789
95550 46895
35235 93523
51518 15300

50.5
50.4
50.3
50.2
50.1

0.76604 44431 18978

50.0
e

40.0
go"- e

82202 77764
39897 48690
78175 15598
96994 84955
96315 69158

0.64278 76096 86539

cose
*

[(-7)25 1

sin 9

[IC-57131

z
52:l

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

CIRCULAR

SINES

AND

COSINES

TO

TENTHS

OF

A DEGREE

sin 0

cos e

197
Table

4.10
90-e

40.0
40.1
40.2
4.0.3
40.4

0.64278
0.64412
0.64545
0.64678
0.64811

76096 86539
36297 61387
76877 23951
97795 10460
99010 63131

0.76604
0.76492
0.76379
0.76266
0.76153

44431 18978
14009 18432
60286 34642
83296 95688
83075 36737

50.0
49.9
49.8
49.7
49.6

40.5
40.6
40.7
40.8
40.9

0.64944
0.65077
0.65209
0.65342
0.65474

80483 30184
42172 65851
84038 30392
06039 90105
08137 17340

0.76040
0.75927
0.75813
0.75699
0.75585

59656 00031
13073 34881
43361 97652
50556 51756
34691 67640

49.5
49.4
49. 3
49.2
49.1

41.0
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.4

0.65605
0.65737
0.65868
0.66000
0.66131

90289 90507
52457 94096
94601 18680
16679 60937
18653 23652

0.75470
0.75356
0.75241
0.75126
0.75011

95802 22772
33923 01638
49088 95724
41335 03511
10696 30460

49.0
48.9
48.8
48.7
48.6

41.5
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.9

0.66262 00482 15737

0.66392 62126 52242
0.66523 03546 54361
0.66653 24702 49452
Oi66783 25554 71047

0.74895
0.74779
0.74663
0.74547
0.74431

57207 89002
80904 98532
81822 85391
59996 82862
15462 31154

48.5
48.4
48.3
48.2
48.1

42.0
42.1
42.2
42.3
42.4

0.66913
0.67042
0.67172
0.67301
0.67430

06063 58858
66189 58799
05893 22990
25135 09773
23875 83723

0.74314
0.74197
0.74080
0.73963
0.73845

48254 77394
58409 75616
45962 86750
10949 78610
53406 25884

48.0
47.9
47.8
47.7
47.6

42.5
42.6
42.7
42.8
42.9

0.67559
0.67687
0.67815
0.67944
0.68072

02076 15660
59696 82661
96698 68071
13042 61517
08689 58918

0.73727
0.73609
0.73491
0.73372
0.73254

73368 10124
70871 19734
45951 49960
98645 02876
28987 87379

47.5
47.4
47.3
47.2
47.1

43.0
43.1
43.2
43.3
43.4

0.68199
0.68327
0.68454
0.68581
0.68708

83600 62499
37736 80799
71059 28689
83529 27376
75108 04423

0.73135
0.73016
0.72896
0.72777
0.72657

37016 19170
22766 20752
86274 21412
27576 57210
46709 70976

47.0
46.9
46.8
46.7
46.6

43.5
43.6
43.7
43.8
43.9

0.68835
0.68961
0.69088
0.69214
0.69340

45756 93754
95437 35670
24110 76858
31738 70407
18282 75813

0.72537
0.72417
0.72296
0.72176
0.72055

43710 12288
18614 37468
71459 09568
02280 98362
11116 80330

46.5
46.4
46.3
46.2
46.1

44.0
44.1
44.2
44.3
44.4

0.69465
0.69591
0.69716
0.69841
0.69966

83704 58997
27965 92314
51028 54565
52854 31006
33405 13365

0.71933
0.71812
0.71691
0.71569
0.71447

98003 38651
62977 63189
06076 50483
27337 03736
26796 32803

46.0
45.9
45.8
45.7
45.6

44.5
44.6
44.7
44.8
44.9

0.70090
0.70215
0.70339
0.70463
0.70587

92642 99851
30529 95162
47028 10504
42099 63595
15706 78681

0.71325
0.71202
0.71079
0.70957
0.70833

04491 54182
60459 90996
94738 72992
07365 36521
98377 24529

45.5
45.4
45.3
45.2
45.1

45. 0
9o"-s

0.70710 67811 86548

cose
* (-7)3
5

0.70710 67811 86548

45.0
e

[ 1

See

page

Il.

sin 0

[(-yj7)31

198

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.11

CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS

TANGENTS,
COTANGENTS,
SECANTS AND COSECANTS
TO FIVE TENTHS
OF A DEGREE

90-e

0.00000
0.00872
0.01745
0.02618
0.03492

tan 0
cot e
00000 00000
68677 90759 114.58865 07293 09608
50649 28217 57.28996 16307 59424
59215 69187 38.18845 92970 25609
07694 91747 28.63625 32829 15603

set 9
csc9
1.00000 000
1.00003 808 114.5;301 348
1.00015 233 57.29868 850
1.00034 279 38.20155 001
1.00060 954 28.65370 835

0.04366
0.05240
0.06116
0.06992
0.07870

09429 08512
77792 83041
26201 50484
68119 43510
17068,24618

22.90376
19.08113
16.34985
14.30066
12.70620

55484 31198
66877 28211
54760 99672
62567 11928
47361 74704

1.00095
1.00137
1.00186
1.00244
1.00309

269
235
869
190
220

22.92558
19.10732
16.38040
14.33558
12.74549

563
261
824
703
484

87.5
87.0
86.5
86.0
85.5

0.08748
0.09628
0.10510
0.11393
0.12278

86635 25924
90481 97538
42352 65676
56083 01645
45609 02904

11.43005
10.38539
9.51436
8.77688
8.14434

23027 61343
70801 38159
44542 22585
73568 69956
64279 74594

1.00381
1.00462
1.00550
1.00646
1.00750

984
509
828
973
983

11.47371
10.43343
9.56677
8.83367
8.20550

325
052
223
147
905

85.0
84.5
84.0
83.5
83.0

0.13165
0.14054
0.14945
0.15838
0.16734

24975 87396
08347 02391
10013 49128
44403 24536
26090 81419

7.59575
7.11536
6.69115
6.31375
5.97576

41127 25150
97223 84209
62383 17409
15146 75043
43644 33065

1.00862
1.00982
1.01110
1.01246
1.01390

896
757
613
513
510

7.66129
7.18529
6.76546
6.39245
6.05885

758
653
908
322
796

82.5
82.0
81.5
81. 0
80.5

10. 0
10.5
11. 0
11.5
12.0

0.17632 69807 08465

0.18533 90449 31534
0.19438 03091 37718
0.20345 22994 23699
0121255 65616 70022

5.67128
5.39551
5.14455
4.91515
4.70463

18196 17709
71743 19137
40159 70310
70310 71205
01094 78454

1.01542
1.01703
1.01871
1.02048
1.02234

661
027
670
657
059

5.75877
5.48740
5.24084
5.01585
4.80973

049
427
307
174
435

80.0
79.5
79.0
78.5
78.0

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

0.22169 46626 42940

0.23086 81911 25563
0.24007 87590 80116
0.24932 80028 43180
0125861 75843 55890

4.51070
4.33147
4.16529
4.01078
3.86671

85036 62057
58742 84155
97700 90417
09335 35844
30948 98738

1.02427
1.02630
1.02841
1.03061
1.03290

951
411
519
363
031

4.62022
4.44541
4.28365
4.13356
3.99392

632
148
757
550
916

77.5
77.0
76.5
76.0
75.5

15.0
15.5
16. 0
16.5
17.0

0.26794
0.27732
0.28674
0.29621
0.30573

91924 31122
45440 59838
53857 58808
34949 62080
06814 58660

3.73205
3.60588
5.48741
3.37594
3.27085

08075 68877
35087 60874
44438 40408
34225 91246
26184 84141

1.03527
1.03774
1.04029
1.04294
1.04569

618
221
944
891
176

3.86370
3.74197
3.62795
3.52093
3.42030

331
754
528
652
362

75.0
74.5
74.0

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

0.31529
0.32491
0.33459
0.34432
0.35411

87888 78983
96962 32906
53195 02073
76132 89665
85725 30698

3.17159
3.07768
2.98868
2.90421
2.82391

48023 63212
35371 75253
49627 42893
08776 75823
28856 00801

1.04852
1.05146
1.05449
1.05762
1.06084

913
222
231
068
870

3.32550
3.23606
3.15154
3.07155
2.99574

952
798
530
349
431

72.5
72.0
71.5
71. 0
70.5

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

0.36397
0.37388
0.38386
0.39391
0.40402

02342 66202
46794 84804
40350 35416
04756 14942
62258 35157

2.74747
2.67462
2.60508
2.53864
2.47508

74194 54622
14939 26824
90646 93801
78956 64307
68534 16296

1.06417
1.06760
1.07114
1.07478
1.07853

777
936
499
624
474

2.92380
2.85545
2.79042
2.72850
2.66946

440
095
811
383
716

70.0
69.5
69.0
68.5
68.0

2.61312 593
set 0

67.5
e

3-Z
3:5
:::
E
t-50
7:o
i:'o
E
9:5

22.5
90-0

0.41421 35623 73095

cot e

[c-y1

2.41421 35623 73095

tan 0

1.08W0220

[(-;I11

90.0
89.5
89.0
88.5
88.0

:33-z
.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

199

CIRCULAR

TANGENTS,
COTANGENTS,
SECANTS
AND COSECANTS
TO FIVE TENTHS
OF A DEGREE
tan 8
set H
csc e
cot e

Table

4.11

e
22.5O
23.0
23.5
24. 0
24.5

0.41421
0.42447
0.43481
0.44522
0.45572

35623 73095
48162 09604
23749 60933
86853 08536
62555 32584

2.41421
2.35585
2.29984
2.24603
2.19429

35623 73095
23658 23753
25472 36257
67739 04216
97311 65038

1.08239
1.08636
1.09044
1.09463
1.09894

220
038
110
628
787

2.61312
2.55930
2.50784
2.45859
2.41142

593
467
285
334
102

9o-s
67.5'
67.0
66.5
66.0
65.5

25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0

0.46630
0.47697
0.48773
0.49858
0.50952

76581 54998
55326 98160
25885 65861
16080 53431
54494 94429

2.14450 69205 09558

2109654 35990 88174
2.05030 38415 79296
2.00568 97082 59020
1.96261 05055 05150

1.10337
1.10792
1.11260
1.11740
1.12232

792
854
194
038
624

2.36620
2.32282
2.28117
2.24115
2.20268

158
050
203
845
926

65.0
64.5
64.0
63.5
63.0

27.5
28.0
28.5
29. 0
29.5

0.52056
0.53170
0.54295
0.55430
0.56577

70505 51746
94316 61479
56996 38437
90514 52769
27781 87770

1.92098
1.88072
1.84177
1.80404
1.76749

21269 71166
64653 46332
08860 33458
77552 71424
40162 42891

1.12738
1.13257
1.13789
1.14335
1.14895

195
005
318
407
554

2.16568
2.13005
2.09573
2.06266
2.03077

057
447
853
534
204

62.5
62.0
61.5
61.0
60.5

30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0

0.57735
0.58904
0.60086
0.61280
0.62486

02691 89626
50164 20551
06190 27560
07881 39932
93519 09327

1.73205
1.69766
1.66427
1.63185
1.60033

08075 68877
31193 26089
94823 50518
16871 28789
45290 41050

1.15470
1.16059
1.16663
1.17282
1.17917

054
210
340
770
840

2.00000
1.97029
1.94160
1.91388
1.88707

000
441
403
086
991

60.0
59.5
59.0
58.5
58.0

32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5

0.63707
0.64940
0.66188
0.67450
0.68728

02608 07493
75931 97510
55611 95691
85168 42426
09586 01613

1.56968
1.53986
1.51083
1.48256
1.45500

55771 17490
49638 14583
51936 14901
09685 12740
90286 72445

1.18568
1.19236
1.19920
1.20621
1.21340

905
329
494
795
641

1.86115
1.83607
1.81180
1.78829
1.76551

900
846
103
165
728

57.5
57. 0
56.5
56.0
55.5

35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0

0.70020
0.71329
0.72654
0.73996
0.75355

75382 09710
30678 97005
25280 05361
10750 ,28487
40501 02794

1.42814
1.40194
1.37638
1.35142
1.32704

80067 42114
82944 76336
19204 71173
24379 45808
48216 20410

1.22077
1.22832
1.23606
1.24400
1.25213

459
691
798
257
566

1.74344
1.72205
1.70130
1.68117
1.66164

680
082
162
299
014

55.0
54.5
54.0
53.5
53.0

37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
39.5

0.76732
0.78128
0.79543
0.80978
0.82433

69879 78960
56265 06717
59166 67828
40331 95007
63858 17495

1.30322
1.27994
1.25717
1.23489
1.21309

53728 41206
16321 93079
22989 18954
71565 35051
70040 92932

1.26047
1.26901
1.27777
1.28675
1.29596

241
822
866
957
700

1.64267
1.62426
1.60638
1.58901
1.57213

963
925
793
573
369

52.5
52.0
51.5
51. 0
50.5

40.0
40.5
41.0
41.5
42.0

0.83909
0.85408
0.86928
0.88472
0.90040

96311 77280
06854 63466
67378 16226
52645 55944
40442 97840

1.19175
1.17084
1.15036
1.13029
1.11061

35925 94210
95661 12539
84072 21009
43863 61753
25148 29193

1.30540
1.31508
1.32501
1.33519
1.34563

729
700
299
242
273

1.55572
1.53976
1.52425
1.50916
1.49447

383
904
309
050
655

50.0
49.5
49.0
48.5
48.0

42.5
43. 0
43.5
44.0
44.5

0.91633
0.93251
0.94896
0.96568
0.98269

11740 17423
50861 37661
45667 14880
87748 07074
72631 15690

1.09130
1.07236
1.05378
1.03553
1.01760

85010 69271
87100 24682
01252 80962
03137 90569
73929 72125

1.35634
1.36732
1.37859
1.39016
1.40203

170
746
847
359
206

1.48018
1.46627
1.45273
1.43955
1.42671

723
919
967
654
819

47.5
47.0
46.5
46. 0
45.5

45.0
90-e

1.00000 00000 00000

cot tJ

[ 1
C-i)4

1.00000 o~ooy 00000

[ 1
C-f!4

[-431
L

1.41Q&356

-1

1.414&356

[ 1
c-:)3

45.0
e

ELEMENTARY

200
Table

4.12

CIRCULAR
sin

1:

TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS

FOR

FUNCTIONS
THE

ARGUMENT

co9 T

T r,
2

; x

l-x

taniz

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.01570
0.03141
0.04710
0.06279

00000
73173
07590
64507
05195

00000
11820
78128
09642
29313

00000 1.00000
67575 0.99987
29384 0.99950
66090 0.99888
37607 0.99802

2"
00000 00000
66324 81660
65603 65731
98749 61969
67284 28271

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.07845
0.09410
0.10973
0.12533
0.14090

90957
83133
43110
32335
12319

27844
18514
91045
64304
37582

94503
31847
26802
24537
66116

0.99691
0.99556
0.99396
0.99211
0.99002

73337
19646
09554
47013
36577

33127
03080
55179
14477
16557

97620
01290
68775
83105
56725

0.07870
0.09452
0.11040
0.12632
0.14232

17068
78311
10278
93784
10757

24618
79282
15818
46108
02942

44806
04901
94497
17478
94229

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.15643
0.17192
0.18738
0.20278
0.21814

44650
91002
13145
72953
32413

40230
79409
85724
56512
96542

86901
54661
63054
48344
55202

0.98768
0.98510
0.98228
0.97922
0.97591

83405
93261
72507
28106
67619

95137
54773
28688
21765
38747

72619
91802
68108
78086
39896

0.15838
0.17452
0.19076
0.20709
0.22352

44403
79388
02022
00444
64828

24536
94365
18566
27938
97149

29384
08461
74856
70402
10184

0.90
0.89
0.88

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.23344
0.24868
0.26387
0.27899
0.29404

53638
98871
30499
11060
03252

55905
64854
65372
39229
32303

41177
78824
89696
25185
95777

0.97236
0.96858
0.96455
0.96029
0.95579

99203
31611
74184
36856
30147

97676
28631
57798
76943
98330

60183
11949
09366
07175
12664

0.24007
0.25675
0.27356
0.29052
0.30764

87590
63603
90430
68567
01696

80116
67726
82237
31916
59898

03926
78332
23655
45432
29067

0.85
0. 84
0.83
0. 82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.30901
0.32391
0.33873
0.35347
0.36812

69943
74181
79202
48437
45526

74947
98149
45291
79257
84677

42410
41440
38122
12472
95915

0.95105
0.94608
0.94088
0.93544
0.92977

65162
53588
07689
40308
64858

95153
27545
54225
29867
88251

57211
31853
47232
32518
40366

0.32491
0.34237
0.36002
0.37786
0.39592

96962
65257
21530
85117
80087

32906
28683
95756
75820
97721

32615
05965
62634
93670
26049

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
E;
0:29

0.38268
0.39714
0.41151
0.42577
0.43993

34323
78906
43586
92915
91698

65089
34780
05108
65072
55915

77173
61375
77405
64886
14083

0.92387
0.91775
0.91140
0.90482
0.89802

95325
46256
32766
70524
75757

11286
83981
35445
66019
60615

75613
14114
24821
52771
63093

0.41421
0.43273
0.45151
0.47056
0.48989

35623
86422
73130
42812
49450

73095
47425
86983
12251
22477

04880
93197
28945
49308
05270

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.45399
0.46792
0.48175
0.49545
0.50904

04997
98142
36741
86684
14157

39546
60573
01715
32407
50371

79156
37723
27498
53805
30028

0.89100
0.88376
0.87630
0.86863
0.86074

65241
56300
66800
15144
20270

88367
88693
43863
38191
03943

86236
42432
58731
24777
63716

0.50952
0.52947
0.54975
0.57038
0.59139

54494
27451
46521
99296
83513

94428
82014
92770
73294
99471

81051
63252
07429
88698
09817

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
00%
.

0.52249
0.53582
0.54902
0.56208
0.57500

85647
67949
28179
33778
52520

15948
78996
98131
52130
43278

86499
61827
74352
60010
56590

0.85264
0.84432
0.83580
0.82708
0.81814

01643
79255
73613
05742
97174

54092
02015
68270
74561
25023

22152
07855
25847
82492
43213

0.61280
0.63461
0.65687
0.67959
0.70281

07881
92975
72224
92982
17712

39931
44148
01279
24526
40357

99664
10071
37691
52184
33761

0. 65
0. 64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.58778
0.60042
0.61290
0.62524
0.63742

52522
02253
70536
26563
39897

92473
25884
52976
35705
48689

12917
04976
49336
17290
71017

0.80901
0.79968
0.79015
0.78043
0.77051

69943
46584
50123
04073
32427

74947
87090
75690
38329
75789

42410
53868
36516
73585
23080

0.72654
0.75082
0.77567
0.80115
0.82727

25280
12380
95110
10705
19459

05360
38764
49613
58751
72475

88589
68575
10378
23382
63403

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.64944
0.66131
0.67301
0.68454
0.69591

80483
18653
25135
71059
27965

30183
23651
09773
28688
92314

65572
87657
33872
67373
32549

0.76040
0.75011
0.73963
0.72896
0.71812

59656
10696
10949
86274
62977

00030
30459
78609
21411
63188

93817
54151
69747
52314
83037

0.85408
0.88161
0.90992
0.93906
0.96906

06854
85923
99881
25058
74171

63466
63189
77737
17492
93793

63752
11465
46579
35255
27618

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

0.70710 67811 86547 52440

1.00000 00000 00000 00000

0.50

l-x

cos ;x

(-62

[ ii3 1

00000
59864
55700
97264
56195

0.00000
0.01570
0.03142
0.04715
0.06291

00000
92553
62660
88028
46672

00000
23664
43351
77480
53649

00000
91632
14782
47448
75722

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.70710 67811 86547 52440

sin

g2

[(-i$3 1

cot

;x

[(J4jl
1

00%
.

ELEMENTARY
CIRCULAR

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS

FOR

201

FUNCTIONS

THE

ARGUMENT

Table

f x

csc;x

4.12
1-X

1 00000
1'00012
1:00049
1.00111
1.00197

00000
33827
36832
13587
71730

00000
39761
37144
85243
71142

00000
81169
42400
76109
10978

63 66459
31:83622
21.22851
15.92597

53060:0564
52090 97622
50958 16816
11099 08654

58546
95566
17580
59358

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

0.05 12.70620 47361 74704 64602

0.06 10.57889 49934 05635 52417
0.07 9.05788 66862 38928 19329
0.08 7.91581 50883 05826 84427
0.09 7.02636 62290 41380 19848

1.00309
1.00445
1.00607
1.00794
1.01007

21984
78193
57361
79708
68726

82825
57019
86291
09297
13784

50283
51480
90575
28943
19104

12.74549
10.62605
9.11292
7.97872
7.09717

48431
37962
00161
97555
00264

82374
83115
49841
59476
69225

28619
99865
72675
60149
38129

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

6.31375
5.72974
5.24218
4.82881
4.47374

15146
16467
35811
73521
28292

75043
24314
13176
92759
11554

09898
86192
73758
97818
62415

1.01246
1.01511
1.01803
1.02121
1.02467

51257
57576
21481
80406
75534

88002
62501
91042
26567
55900

93136
87437
38259
47910
33566

6.39245
5.81635
5.33671
4.93127
4.58414

32214
10329
14122
53949
38570

99661
24944
92458
49859
27373

54704
03199
78659
96253
56913

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

4.16529
3789474
3.65538
3:44202
3.25055

97700
28549
43546
25766
08012

90417
29859
52259
69218
99836

20387
33474
73004
62809
37634

1.02841
1.03243
1.03674
1.04134
1.04625

51936
58734
49162
80947
16303

65208
17339
32016
70681
39647

54585
88710
53065
14007
78848

4.28365
4.02107
3.78970
3.58434
3.40089

75697
22333
11465
36523
40753

31185
75967
59780
72161
61802

03924
50952
81919
57038
31848

0. 85
0.84
0. 83
0.82
0. 81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

3.07768
2.92076
2.77760
2.64642
2.52571

35371
09892
68539
32102
16894

75253
98816
14974
86631
47304

40257
40048
88865
86514
99451

1.05146
1.05698
1.06283
1.06901
1.07552

22242
70790
39243
10439
73070

38267
93232
36113
98926
22247

21205
61183
96396
01199
78234

3.23606
3.08720
2.95213
2.82905
2.71647

79774
66268
47928
56388
18916

99789
08416
09339
91501
65871

69641
38088
97327
64260
74307

0. 80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25 2.41421 35623 73095 04880

0.26 2.31086 36538 82410 63708
0.27 2.21475 44978 13361 51875
0.28 2.12510 81731 57202 76115
0..29 2.04125 39671 21703 26026

1.08239
1.08961
1.09720
1.10518
1.11355

22002
58646
91341
35787
15511

92393
48705
29537
56399
90413

96880
30888
26252
59380
37268

2.61312
2.51795
2.43004
2.34863
2.27304

59297
36983
88648
46560
15214

52753
10349
55296
54351
61957

05571
34110
52041
86300
72361

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.96261
1.88867
1.81899
1.75318
1.69090

05055
13416
32472
66324
76557

05150
31067
81066
72237
85011

58230
67620
27571
08332
24674

1.12232
1.13152
1.14115
1.15123
1.16178

62376
17133
30035
61494
82810

34360
97749
92241
81376
72765

80715
42882
17245
51287
98515

2.20268
2.13707
2.07574
2.01833
1.96447

92645
26325
96076
18280
66988

85266
27611
48793
89559
67248

62156
85837
05903
43676
48330

0.70
0.69
0.68
0. 67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.63185
1.57574
1.52235
1.47145
1.42285

16871
78599
45068
53158
60774

28789
68651
96131
19969
31870

61767
08688
24085
04283
59031

1.17282
1.18437
1.19644
1.20907
1.22227

76966
39497
79450
20434
01770

14008
36918
89806
06541
86068

94955
17500
17366
15436
14117

1.91388
1.86627
1.82141
1.77909
1.73911

08554
47167
79214
54854
45497

30942
00567
74081
79867
30640

72280
54120
38479
33350
74960

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.37638
1.33187
1.28919
1.24820
1.20879

19204
49515
22317
40363
23504

71173
02597
85066
53049
09609

53820
59439
67042
43751
13115

1.23606
1.25049
1.26557
1.28134
1.29783

79774
29154
44560
42308
62271

99789
09784
72090
20677
84727

69641
85573
15648
31999
12712

1.70130
1.66550
1.63156
1.59937
1.56881

16167
01910
87575
90408
45035

04079
65749
13749
68062
05365

86436
08074
73007
88301
75750

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.17084
1.13427
1.09898
1.06489
1.03191

95661
73492
56505
18403
99492

12539
55405
36301
24791
80495

22520
46422
56382
86700
57182

1.31508
1.33313
1.35202
1.37180
1.39251

69998
59054
53634
11480
27141

90784
50172
40027
64918
49012

80424
40410
12805
28453
49662

1.53976
1.51214
1.48585
1.46081
1.43696

90432
58610
64735
98491
16493

22366
31226
81717
22513
57094

30748
40092
76608
12750
20394

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50
l-x

1.00000 00000 00000 00000

tan;x

1.41421 35623 73095 04880

0.50

0.00

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

63.65674
31.82051
21.20494
15.89454

1162;
59537
87896
48438

71580
73958
88751
65303

99500
03934
52283
44576

1.41421 35623 73095 04880

cscTx
2

SW;X

202

ELEMENTARY
Table

4.13

TRANSCENDENTAL
HARMONIC

2r7
sin -;

0.86602

54038

0.86602
0.86602
0.00000

54038
54038
00000

0.64278
0.98480
0.86602
0.34202

76097
77530
54038
01433

0.50000
0.86602
1.00000
0.86602
0.50000
0.00000

00000
54038
00000
54038
00000
00000

0.40673
0.74314
0.95105
0.99452
0.86602
0.58778
0.20791

66431
48255
65163
18954
54038
52523
16908

0.34202
0.64278
0.86602
0.98480
0.98480
0.86602
0.64278
0.34202
0.00000

01433
76097
54038
77530
77530
54038
76097
01433
00000

0.29475
0.56332
0.78183
0.93087
0.99720
0.91492
0.86602
0.68017
0.43388
0.14904

51744
00580
14825
37486
37972
79122
54038
27378
37391
22662

0.25881
0.50000
0.70710
0.86602
0.96592
1.00000
0.96592
0.86602
0.70710
0.50000
0.25881
0.00000

9045;
00000
67812
54038
58263
00000
58263
54038
67812
00000
90451
00000

ANALYSIS

(30s 2s

s=3
-0.50000

84

00000

1.00000
0.00000

00000
00000

+o.ooooo
-1.00000

00000
00000

0.95105
0.58778

65163
52523

00000
00000
00000

0.78183
0.97492
0.43388

14824
79122
37391

s=7
+0.62348
-0.22252
-0.90096

98019
09340
88679

0.70710
1.00000
0.70710
0.00000

67812
00000
67812
00000

44431
81777
00000
26208

0.58778
0.95105
0.95105
0.58778
0.00000

52523
65163
65163
52523
00000

s=lO
0.80901
to.30901
-0.30901
-0.80901
-1.00000

69944
69944
69944
69944
00000

0.54064
0.90963
0.98982
0.75574
0.28173

s=6
+0.50000
-0.50000
-1.00000

s=g
0.76604
+0.17364
-0.50000
-0.93969

FUNCTIONS

0.70710
+o.ooooo
-0.70710
-1.00000

67012
00000
67812
00000

08174
19953
14419
95743
25568

0.84125
+0.41541
-0.14231
-0.65486
-0.95949

35328
50130
48383
07340
29736

0.43388
0.78183
0.97492
0.97492
0.78183
0.43388
0.00000

37391
14825
79122
79122
14825
37391
00000

s=14
0.90096
0;62348
+0.22252
-0.22252
-0.62348
-0.90096
-1.00000

88679
98019
09340
09340
98019
88679
00000

95325
67812
34324
00000
34324
67812
95325
00000

0 36124
0:67369
0.89516
0.99573
0.96182
0.79801
0.52643
0.18374

16662s=
56436
32913
41763
56432
72273
21629
95178

=17
0.93247
0.73900
0.44573
+0.09226
-0.27366
-0.60263
-0.85021
-0.98297

22294
89172
03558
a3595
29901
46364
71357
30997

72417
05094
81581
54872
93455
54247
15716
37512
13034

0.30901
0.58778
0.80901
0.95105
1.00000
0.95105
0.80901
0.58778
0.30901
0.00000

69944
52523
69944
65163
00000
65163
69944
52523
69944
00000

29736
35328
07340
50130
48383
48383
50130
07340
35328
29736
00000

0.26979
0.51958
0.73083
oiaa788
0.97908

67711
39500
59643
52184
40877
87692
09221
98930

s=ll

54038
00000
00000
00000
54038
00000

s=15
0.38268
0.70710
0.92387
1.00000
0.92387
0.70710
0.38268
0.00000

34324
67812
95325
00000
95325
67812
34324
00000

0.93969
0.76604
0.50000
+0.17364
-0.17364
-0.50000
-0.76604
-0.93969
-1.00000

26208
44431
00000
81777
81777
00000
44431
26208
00000

0 32469
0:61421
0.83716
0.96940
0.99658
0.91577
0.73572
0.47594
0.16459

94692?
27127
64782
02659
44930
33266
39107
73930
45903

-21
0.95557
0.82623
0.62348
0.36534
+0.07473
-0.22252
-0.50000
-0.73305
-0.90096
-0.98883

28058
a7743
98019
10244
00936
09340
00000
18718
88679
08262

0.28173
0.54064
0.75574
0.90963
0.98982
0.98982
0.90963
0.75574
0.54064
0.28173
0.00000

25568
08174
95743
19953
14419
14419
19953
95743
08174
25568
00000

58263
54038
67812
00000
90451
00000
90451
00000
67812
54038
58263
00000

0.24868
0.48175
0.68454
0.84432
0.95105
0.99802
ii98228
0.90482
0.77051

98872
36741
71059
79255
65163
67284
72507
70525
32428
52523
45527
32336

s=18

SC

s=16
-6.92307
0.70710
0.38268
+o.ooooo
-0.38268
-0.70710
-0.92387
-1.00000

54576
06064
69944
a4633
00000
69944
76007

0.91354
0.66913
+0.30901
-0.10452
-0.50000
-0.80901
-0.97814

8
0.96592
0.86602
0.70710
0.50000
0.25881
+ 0.00000
-0.25881
-0.50000
-0.70710
-0.86602
-0.96592
-1.00000

94581
0:78914
0.54694
+0.24548
-0.08257
-0.40169
-0.67728
-0.87947
-0.98636

s=22
0.95949
0.84125
0.65486
0.41541
+0.14231
-0.14231
-0.41541
-0.65486
-0.84125
-0.95949
-1.00000
b-=25

=24

0.58178

0.36812
0.12533

0.96858
0.87630
0.72896
0.53582
0.30901
+0.06279
-0.18738
-0.42577
-0.63742
-0.80901
-0.92977
-0.99211

69944
69944

~43

s=12
0.86602
0.50000
+o.ooooo
-0.50000
-0.86602
-1.00000

s=5
+0.30901
-0.80901

31611
66801
86274
67950
69944
05196
13146
92916
39898
69944
64859
47013

0.99166

0.94226
0.81696
0.63108
0.39840
0.13616

s=20

0.95105
0.80901
0.50778
0.30901
+o.ooooo
-0.30901
-0.58778
-0.80901
-0.95105
-1.00000

65163
69944
52523
69944
00000
69944
52523
69944
65163
00000

s==23
0. 96291 72874
0. a5441 94046
0. 68255 31432
0. 46006 50378
+ 0. 20345 60131
-0. 06824 24134
33487 96122
10": 57668 03221
19443
77571 12907
10898 1; 91721 13015
66491
-0: 99068 59460

ELEMENTARY

INVERSE

TRANSCENDENTAL

CIRCULAR

SINES

0.oo0 0.00000 00000 00

0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

0.00100
0.00200
0.00300
0.00400

00001 67
00013 33
00045 00
00106 67

arctan z
0.00000 00000 00
0.00099
0.00199
0.00299
0.00399

0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

0.00500
0.00600
0.00700
0.00800
0.00900

00208 34
00360 01
00571 68
00853 36
01215 04

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

0.01000
0.01100
0.01200
0.01300
0.01400

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

arcsin 1:

203

FWCTIONS

AND

Table

TANGENTS

4.14

arctan L

99996 67
99973 33
99910 00
99786 67

0.;50
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054

0 OSO:i%?5:8 06
0:05102 21344 17
0.05202 34632 28
0.05302 48442 51
0.05402 62784 97

0.04995
0.05095
0.05195
0.05295
0.05394

83957 22
58518 77
32065 61
04578 05
76036 42

0.00499
0.00599
0.00699
0.00799
0.00899

99583 34
99280 02
98856 70
98293 40
97570 12

0.055
0.056
0.057
0.058
0.059

0.05502
0.05602
0.05703
0.05803
0.05903

77669 81
93107 15
09107 14
25679 92
42835 64

0.05494
0.05594
0.05693
0.05793
0.05893

46421 07
15712 34
83890 60
50936 23
16829 64

01666 74
02218 45
02880 19
03661 95
04573 74

0.00999
0.01099
0.01199
0.01299
0.01399

96666 87
95563 66
94240 50
92577 41
90'954 41

0.060
0.061
0.062
0.063
0.064

0.06003
0.06103
0.06203
0.06304
0.06404

605'84 45
789.36 52
97902 01
17491 09
37713 94

0.05992
0.06092
0.06192
0.06291
0.06391

81551 21
45081 38
07400 58
68489 26
28327 89

0.01500
0.01600
0.01700
0.01800
0.01900

05625 57
06827 45
08189 40
09721 42
11433 52

0.01499
0.01599
0.01699
0.01799
0.01899

88751 52
86348 76
83626 17
80!563 78
77141 62

0.065
0.066
0.067
0.068
0.069

0.06504 58580 75
0.06604 80101 69
0.06705 02286 97
0.06805 25146 79
0~06905 48691 36

0.06490
0.06590
0.06690
0.06789
0.06889

86896 93
44176 90
00148 29
54791 63
08087 46

0.020
0.021
0.022
0.023
0.024

0.02000
0.02100
0.02200
0.02300
0.02400

13335 73
15438 06
17750 53
20283 16
23045 97

0.01999 73339 73
0.02099 69113817
0.02199 64516 97
0.02299 59456 20
OiO2399 53935 92

0.070
0.071
0.072
0.073
0.074

0.07005 72930 88
0.07105 97875 58
0.07206 23535 68
0.07306 49921 42
OiO7406 77043 03

0.06988
0.07088
0.07187
0.07287
0.07386

60016 35
10558 85
59695 56
07407 09
53674 06

0.025
0.026
0.027
0.028
0.029

0.02500
0.02600
0.02700
0.02800
0.02900

26048 99
29302 25
32815 77
36599 58
40663 72

0.02499
0.02599
0.02699
0.02799
0.02899

47936 19
41437 08
34418 68
26861 07
18744 33

0.075
0.076
or 077
0.078
0.079

0.07507 04910 77
0.07607 33534 87
OiO7707 62925 62
0.07807 93093 26
0.07908 24048 07

0.07485 98477 11
0.07585 41796 89
OiO7684 83614 08
0.07784 23909 37
0.07883 62663 48

0.030
0.031
0.032
0.033
0.034

0.03000
0.03100
0.03200
0.03300
0.03400

45018 23
49673 15
54638 51
59924 37
65540 77

0.02999
0.03099
0.03198
0.03298
0.03398

10048 57
00753 89
30840 39
80288 21
69077 46

0.080
0.081
0.082
0.083
0.084

0.08008
0.08108
0.08209
0.08309
0.08409

55800 34
88360 35
21738 40
55944 79
90989 83

0.07982
0.08082
0.08181
0.08281
0.08380

99857 12
35471 05
69486 04
01882 86
32642 31

0.035
0.036
0.037
0.038
0.039

0.03500
0.03600
0.03700
0.03800
0.03900

71497 75
77805 38
84473 72
91512 81
98932 73

0.03498
0.03598
0.03698
0.03798
0.03898

57188 29
44600 82
31295 22
17251 64
02450 25

0.085
ii* E
0:oss
0.089

0.08510
0.08610
0.08711
0.08811
0.08911

26883 84
63637 15
01260 09
39763 00
79156 23

0.08479
0.08578
0.08678
0.08777
0.08876

61745 23
89172 45
14904 84
38923 27
61208 65

0.040
0.041
0.042
0.043
0.044

0.04001
0.04101
0.04201
0.04301
0.04401

06743 54
14955 31
23578 12
32622 04
42097 16

0.03997
0.04097
0.04197
0.04297
0.04397

86871 23
70494 77
53301 05
35270 30
16382 71

0.090
0.091
0.092
0.093
0.094

0.09012
0.09112
0.09213
0.09313
0.09413

19450 15
60655 11
02781 49
45839 68
89840 07

0.08975
0.09075
0.09174
0.09273
0.09372

81741 90
00503 96
17475 79
32638 38
45972 74

0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049

0.04501
0.04601
0.04701
0.04801
0.04901

52013 56
62381 33
73210 57
84511 37
96293 83

0.04496
0.04596
0.04696
0.04796
0.04896

96618 52
75957 97
54381 30
31868 77
08400 65

0.095
0.096
0.097
0.098
0.099

'0.09514
0.09614
0.09715
0.09815
0.09916

34793 06
80709 05
27598 48
75471 75
24339 32

0.09471
0.09570
0.09669
0.09768
0.09867

57459 88
67080 87
74816 76
80648 65
84557 66

0.050

0.05002 08568 06

0.04995 83957 22

0.100

0.10016 74211 62

[ 1

0.09966 86524 91

(916

For use and extension of the table see Examples 21-25.

For other inverse functions see 4.4 and
4.3.45.
;=1.57079 63267 95
Compilation of arcsin :c from National Bureau of Standards, Table of arcsin z. Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

204

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.14
X

INVERSE
arcsin z

TRANSCENDENTAL

CIRCULAR

FUNCTIONS

SINES AND TANGENTS

arctan x

arcsin 2

arctan r

0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104

0.10016
0.10117
0.10217
0.10318
0.10418

74211
25099
77012
29961
83957

62
11
25
53
41

0.09966
0.10065
0.10164
0.10263
0.10362

86524
86531
84558
80587
74599

91
58
83
89
97

0.150
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.154

0.15056
0.15157
0.15259
0.15360
0.15461

82727
97940
14716
33066
53001

77
40
20
23
61

0.14888
0.14986
0.15084
0.15182
0.15279

99476
77989
53616
26338
96139

09
58
21
59
37

0.105
0.106
0.107
0.108
0.109

0.10519
0.10619
0.10720
0.10821
0.10921

39010
95131
52329
10617
70003

40
00
72
08
62

0.10461
0.10560
0.10659
0.10758
0.10857

66576
56498
44346
30103
13750

33
23
99
93
39

0.155
0.156
0.157
0.158
0.159

0.15562
0.15663
0.15765
0.15866
0.15967

74533
97672
22431
48819
76848

44
86
01
05
15

0.15377
0.15475
0.15572
0.15670
0.15768

63001
26906
87838
45780
00713

20
78
86
19
58

0.110
0.111
0.112
0.113
0.114

0.11022
0.11122
0.11223
0.11324
0.11424

30499
92116
54863
18752
83793

88
41
77
55
32

0.10955
0.11054
0.11153
0.11252
0.11350

95267
74637
51840
26859
99674

74
38
74
25
40

0.160
0.161
0.162
0.163
0.164

0.16069
0.16170
0.16271
0.16373
0.16474

06529
37874
70893
05599
42001

52
35
88
34
99

0.15865
0.15963
0.16060
0.16157
0.16255

52621
01487
47294
90024
29661

86
91
61
91
78

0.115
0.116
0.117
0.118
0.119

0.11525
0.11626
0.11726
0.11827
0.11928

49996
17373
85933
55688
26648

68
23
61
42
32

0.11449
0.11548
0.11647
0.11745
0.11844

70267
38620
04714
68531
30052

67
60
73
63
90

0.165
Oiibk
0.167
0.168
0.169

0.16575
Oii6677
0.16778
0.16880
0.16981

80113
19943
61505
04810
49868

10
96
87
17
19

0.16352
0.16449
0.16547
0.16644
0.16741

66188
99587
29841
56935
80850

21
25
97
49
93

0.120
0.121
0.122
0.123
0.124

0.12028
0.12129
0.12230
0.12331
0.12431

98823
72225
46865
22751
99897

95
97
07
92
22

0.11942
0.12041
0.12140
0.12238
0.12337

89260
46135
00659
52814
02582

18
12
40
72
82

0.170
0.171
0.172
0.173
0.174

0.17082
0.17184
0.17285
0.17387
0.17489

96691
45290
95678
47864
01862

29
84
23
87
19

0.16839
0.16936
0.17033
0.17130
0.17227

01571
19080
33360
44396
52169

48
34
78
07
54

0.125
oIi2k
0.127
0.128
0.129

0.12532
OIi2633
0.12734
0.12835
0.12936

78311
58006
38990
21277
04875

68
02
98
29
72

0.12435
0:125>3
0.12632
0.12730
0.12829

49945
94884
37381
77418
14977

47
45
58
71
71

i* E
0:177
0.178
0.179

0.17590
0.17692
0.17793
0.17895
0.17996

57681
15334
74832
36187
99410

64
66
75
40
13

0.17324
0.17421
0.17518
0.17615
0.17712

56664
57864
55752
50312
41528

52
43
68
74
10

0.130
0.131
0.132
0.133
0.134

0.13036
0.13137
0.13238
0.13339
0.13440

89797
76052
63651
52606
42926

03
01
45
16
95

0.12927
0.13025
0.13124
0.13222
0.13320

50040
82588
12605
40070
64968

48
96
10
89
35

0.135
0.136
0.137
0.138
0.139

0.13541
0.13642
0.13743
0.13844
Oil3945

34624
27710
22194
18087
15401

67
15
25
85
83

0.13418
0.13517
0.13615
0.13713
0.13811

87279
06986
24071
38516
50303

0.140
0.141
0.142
0.143
0.144

0.14046
0.14147
0.14248
0.14349
0.14450

14147
14334
15975
19079
23659

10
56
13
77
42

0.13909
0.14007
0.14105
0.14203
0.14301

0.145
Oil46
0.147
0.148
0.149

0.14551
Oil4652
0.14753
0.14854
0.14955

29725
37287
46358
56947
69067

04
64
19
71
22

0.14399
Oil4497
0.14595
0.14693
0.14791

0.150

0.15056 82727 77

II(792 1

0.18098 64512 47

0.17809 29382 31

0:182
;;;;
0.183
0.184

0.18200 00402
0.18302
31505 97
20
0.18403 71212 76
0.18505 43949 25

0.17906 13858
0.18002
94941 94
59
0.18099 72613 91
0.18196 46859 59

52
49
35
25
34

0.185
0.186
0.187
0.188
0.189

0.18607
0.18708
0.18810
0.18912
0.19014

18623
95246
73830
54387
36928

31
57
71
40
36

0.18293
0.18389
0.18486
0.18583
0.18679

17662
85005
48874
09250
66119

35
94
16
85
87

59414
65832
69539
70518
68749

82
92
90
03
65

0.190
0.191
0.192
0.193
0.194

0.19116
0.19218
0.19319
0.19421
0.19523

21465
08009
96574
87169
79808

31
99
17
63
18

0.18776
0.18872
0.18969
0.19065
0.19161

19465
69270
15520
58198
97288

14
59
22
05
15

64217
56902
46789
33858
18093

09
74
00
33
19

0.195
0.196
0.197
0.198
0.199

0.19625
0.19727
0.19829
0.19931
0.20033

74501
71261
70100
71030
74061

64
85
69
03
80

0.19258
0.19354
0.19450
0.19547
0.19643

32774
64641
92873
17453
38367

60
55
18
71
38

0.14888 99476 09

0.200

0.20135 79207 90

[c-y4 1

[ C-f)3 1
;=1.57079 63267 95

0.19739 55598 50

[c-j15 1

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

205

FUNCTIONS

INVERSE CIRCULAR SINES AND TANGENTS

X

arcsin x

arctan x

arcsin x

Table 4.14
arctan x

0.200
0.201
0.202
0.203
0.204

0.20135
0.20237
0.20339
0.20442
0.20544

79207 90
86480 31
95890 97
07451 90
21175 10

0.19739
0.19835
0.19931
0.20027
0.20123

55598 50
69131 40
78950 44
85040 06
87384 69

0.250
0.251
0.252
0.253
0.254

0.25268
0.25371
0.25474
0.25577
0.25681

02551 42
31886 28
63988 49
98871 33
36548 08

0.24497
0.24591
0.24686
0.24780
0.24873

86631 27
96179 19
01284 51
01933 77
98113 53

0.205
0.206
0.207
0.208
0.209

0.20646
0.20748
0.20850
0.20952
0.21055

37072 61
55156 48
75438 81
97931 68
22647 22

0.20219
0.20315
0.20411
0.20507
0.20603

85968 83
80777 01
71793 81
59003 83
42391 73

0.255
0.256
0.257
0.258
0.259

0.25784
0.25888
0.25991
0.26095
0.26198

77032 07
20336 66
66475 22
15461 18
67307 97

0.24967
0.25061
0.25155
0.25249
0.25343

89810 38
77010 99
59702 05
37870 29
11502 51

0.210
0.211
0.212
0.213
0.214

0.21157
0.21259
0.21362
0.21464
0.21566

49597 58
78794 93
10251 46
43979 39
79990 96

0.20699
0.20794
0.20890
0.20986
0.21082

21942 20
97639 97
69469 83
37416 57
01465 06

0.260
0.261
0.262
0.263
0.264

0.26302
0.26405
0.26509
0.26613
0.26716

22029 08
79638 02
40148 31
03573 53
69927 28

0.25436
0.25530
0.25624
0.25717
0.25811

80585 53
45106 23
05051 53
60408 40
11163 83

0.215
0.216
0.217
0.218
0.219

0.21669
0.21771
0.21874
0.21976
0.22078

18298 42
58914 06
01850 19
47119 15
94733 28

0.21177
0.21273
0.21368
0.21464
0.21559

61600 20
17806 92
70070 19
18375 04
62706 53

0.265
0.266
0.267
0.268
0.269

0.26820
0.26924
0.27027
0.27131
0.27235

39223 20
11474 95
86696 22
64900 75
46102 31

0.25904
0.25997
0.26091
0.26184
0.26277

57304 89
98818 68
35692 33
67913 04
95468 05

0.220
0.221
0.222
0.223
0.224

0.22181
0.22283
0.22386
0.22489
0.22591

44704 97
97046 62
51770 66
08889 55
68415 75

0.21655
0.21750
0.21845
0.21941
0.22036

03049 76
39389 87
71712 05
00001 53
24243 57

0.270
0.271
0.272
0.273
0.274

0.27339
0.27443
0.27547
0.27651
0.27754

30314 67
17551 69
07827 21
01155 13
97549 38

0.26371
0.26464
0.26557
0.26650
0.26743

18344 62
36530 10
50011 84
58777 27
62813 84

0.225
0.226
0.227
0.228
0.229

0.22694
0.22796
0.22899
0.23002
0.23105

30361 79
94740 17
61563 45
30844 22
02595 07

0.22131
0.22226
0.22321
0.22416
0.22511

44423 48
60526 61
72538 37
80444 19
84229 53

0.275
0.276
0.277
0.278
0.279

0.27858
0.27962
0.28067
0.28171
0.28275

97023 92
99592 75
05269 90
14069 43
26005 45

0.26836
0.26929
0.27022
0.27115
0.27208

62109 06
56650 49
46425 71
31422 39
11628 19

0.230
0.231
0.232
0.233
0.234

0.23207
0.23310
0.23413
0.23516
0.23618

76828 63
53557 56
32794 53
14552 26
98843 48

0.22606
0.22701
0.22796
0.22891
0.22986

83879 94
79380 96
70718 22
57877 34
40844 03

0.280
0.281
0.282
0.283
0.284

0.28379
0.28483
0.28587
0.28692
0.28796

41092 08
59343 51
80773 93
05397 58
33228 75

0.27300
0.27393
0.27486
0.27578
0.27671

87030 87
57618 19
23377 99
84298 14
40366 55

0.235
0.236
0.237
0.238
0.239

0.23721
0.13824
0.23927
0.24030
0.24133

85680 94
75077 44
67045 78
61598 80
58749 37

0.23081
0.23175
0.23270
0.23365
0.23459

19604 03
94143 10
64447 07
30501 80
92293 19

0.285
0.286
0.287
0.288
0.289

0.28900
0.29004
0.29109
0.29213
0.29318

64281 74
98570 89
36110 61
76915 30
20999 43

0.27763
0.27856
0.27948
0.28041
0.28133

91571 20
37900 08
79341 26
15882 83
47512 95

0.240
0.241
0.242
0.243
0.244

0.24236
0.24339
0.24442
0.24545
0.24648

58510 39
60894 77
65915 47
73585 45
83917 73

0.23554
0.23649
0.23743
0.23837
0.23932

49807 21
03029 83
51947 10
96545 10
36809 95

0.290
0.291
0.292
0.293
0.294

0.29422 68377 49
Oi29527 19064 01
0.29631 73073 57
0.29736 30420 76
0.29840 91120 25

0.28225
0.28317
0.28410
0.28502
0.28594

74219 81
95991 65
12816 76
24683 46
31580 14

0.245
0,246
0.247
0.248
0.249

0.24751
0.24855
0.24958
0.25061
0.25164

96925 34
12621 33
31018 81
52130 88
75970 69

0.24026
0.24121
0.24215
0.24309
0.24403

72727 81
04284 90
31467 47
54261 82
72654 29

0.295
0.296
0.297
Oi298
0.299

0.29945
0.30050
0.30154
0.30259
0.30364

0.28686
0.28778
0.28870
0.28962
0.29053

33495 23
30417 18
22334 53
09235 83
91109 69

0.250

0.25268 02551 42

0.24497 86631 27

0.300

0.30469 26540 15

[y4 1

55186 70
22634 85
93479 45
67735 30
45417 24

[C-j)6 1 P2'1.57079 6326795 [F-f)4 1

0.29145 67944 78

[C-i)31

206

ELEMENTARY
Table
x

INVERSE

4.14

arcsin x

TRANSCENDENTAL

CIRCULAR

SINES

nrctan x

AND

FUNCTIONS
TANGENTS

arcsin x

arctan x

0.300
0.301
0.302
0.303
0.304

0.30469
0.30574
0.30678
0.30783
0.30888

26540 15
11118 95
99168 60
90704 09
85740 46

0.29145
0.29237
0.29329
0.29420
0.29512

67944 78
39729 79
06453 47
68104 62
24672 09

0.350
0.351
0.352
0.353
0.354

0.35757
0.35863
0.35970
0.36077
0.36184

11036 46
88378 55
69995 85
55905 70
46125 51

0.33667
0.33756
0.33845
0.33934
0.34023

48193 a7
54100 58
54442 85
49211 al
38398 61

0.305
0.306
0.307
0.308
0.309

0.30993
0.31098
0.31203
0.31309
0.31414

a4292 78
a6376 19
92005 83
01196 91
13964 68

0.29603
0.29695
0.29786
0.29877
0.29969

76144 75
22511 55
63761 46
99883 52
30866 80

0.355
0.356
0.357
0.358
0.359

0.36291
0.36398
0.36505
0.36612
0.36719

40672 71
39564 82
42819 39
50454 05
62486 46

0.34112
0.34200
0.34289
0.34378
0.34467

21994 49
99990 70
72378 56
39149 42
00294 69

0.310
0.311
0.312
0.313
0.314

0.31519
0.31624
0.31729
0.31835
0.31940

30324 41
50291 43
73881 12
01108 aa
31990 la

0.30060
0.30151
0.30242
0.30334
0.30425

56700 42
77373 55
92875 41
03195 25
08322 38

0.360
0.361
0.362
0.363
0.364

0.36826
0.36933
0.37041
0.37148
0.37255

78934 37
99815 54
25147 84
54949 16
89237 46

0.34555
0.34644
0.34732
0.34820
0.34909

55805 a2
05674 30
49891 68
a8449 54
21339 52

0.315
0.316
0.317
0.318
0.319

0.32045
0.32151
0.32256
0.32361
0.32467

66540 50
04775 38
46710 42
92361 24
41743 51

0.30516
0.30607
0.30697
0.30788
0.30879

08246 16
02955 99
92441 31
76691 62
55696 46

0.365
0.366
0.367
0.368
0.369

0.37363
0.37470
0.37578
0.37685
0.37793

28030 75
71347 12
19204 71
71621 69
28616 34

0.34997
0.35085
0.35173
0.35261
0.35350

48553 30
70082 60
a5919 21
96054 93
00481 64

0.320
0.321
0.322
0.323
0.324

0.32572
0.32678
0.32784
0.32889
0.32995

94872 95
51765 31
12436 42
76902 11
45178 29

0.30970
0.31060
0.31151
0.31242
0.31332

29445 42
97928 14
61134 29
19053 60
71675 a4

0.370
0.371
0.372
0.373
0.374

0.37900
0.38008
0.38116
0.38224
0.38331

90206 96
56411 93
27249 69
02738 73
82897 61

0.35437
0.35525
0.35613
0.35701
0.35789

99191 23
92175 68
79426 98
60937 la
36698 38

0.325
0.326
0.327
0.328
0.329

0.33101
0.33206
0.33312
0.33418
0.33524

17280 a9
93225 91
73029 38
56707 38
44276 04

0.31423
0.31513
0.31603
0.31694
0.31784

la990 a4
60988 47
97658 63
28991 30
54976 47

0.375
0.376
0.377
0.378
0.379

0.38439
0.38547
0.38655
0.38763
0.38871

67744 96
57299 45
51579 a3
50604 92
54393 57

0.35877
0.35964
0.36052
0.36139
0.36227

06702 71
70942 35
29409 56
82096 58
28995 76

0.330
0.331
0.332
0.333
0.334

0.33630
0.33736
0.33842
0.33948
0.34054

35751 54
31150 09
30487 98
33781 50
41047 05

0.31874
0.31964
0.32055
0.32145
0.32235

75604 21
90864 60
00747 al
05244 03
04343 49

0.380
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384

0.38979
0.39087
0.39195
0.39304
0.39412

62964 74
76337 42
94530 68
17563 64
45455 51

0.36314
0.36402
0.36489
0.36576
0.36663

70099 46
05400 09
34890 12
58562 04
76408 40

0.335
0.336
0.337
0.338
0.339

0.34160
0.34266
0.34372
0.34479
0.34585

52301 02
67559 88
86840 15
10158 39
37531 21

0.32324
0.32414
0.32504
0.32594
0.32684

98036 48
86313 34
69164 46
46580 25
la551 19

0.385
0.386
0.387
0.388
0.389

0.39520
0.39629
0.39737
0.39846
0.39954

78225 54
15893 06
58477 48
05998 24
58474 a9

0.36750
0.36837
0.36924
0.37011
0.37098

88421 al
94594 90
94920 36
a9390 92
77999 35

0.340
0.341
0.342
0.343
0.344

0.34691
0.34798
0.34904
0.35010
0.35117

68975 27
04507 29
44144 03
87902 30
35798 98

0.32773
0.32863
0.32953
0.33042
0.33131

85067 al
46120 66
01700 37
51797 60
96403 04

0.390
0.391
0.392
0.393
0.394

0.40063
0.40171
0.40280
0.40389
0.40497

15927 01
78374 28
45836 44
la333 27
95884 67

0.37185
0.37272
0.37359
0.37445
0.37532

60738 49
37601 la
08580 36
73668 96
32860 01

0.345
0.346
0.347
0.348
0.349

0.35223
0.35330
0.35437
0.35543
0.35650

87850 97
44075 25
04488 a4
69108 al
37952 29

0.33221
0.33310
0.33399
0.33489
0.33578

35507 47
69101 67
97176 49
19722 a3
36731 63

0.395
0.396
0.397
0.398
Oi399

0.40606
0.40715
0.40824
0.40933
0.41042

78510 57
66231 00
59066 02
57035 al
60160 60

0.37618
0.37705
0.37791
0.37878
0.37964

a6146 53
33521 62
74978 43
10510 12
40109 93

0.350

0.35757 11036 46

0.33667 48193 a7

0.400

0.41151 68460 67

cc-:)8)51

1C-f)6 1

[ c-t)7 1
;=I.57079 6326795

0.38050 63771 12

[c-pa
1

ELEMENTARY
INVERSE
X

arcsin x

TRANSCENDENTAL

CIRCULAR

SINES

arctan x

207

FUNCTIONS

AND TANGENTS

Table

arcsin z

4.14

arctan z

0.400
0.401
0.402
0.403
0.404

0.41151
0.41260
0.41370
0.41479
0.41588

68460 67
81956 42
00668 29
24616 80
53822 54

0.38050
0.38136
0.38222
0.38308
0.38394

63771 12
81487 02
93250 97
99056 39
98896 72

0.450
0.451
0.452
0.453
0.454

0.46676 53390 47
0.46788 54404 09
0.46900 61761 03
0.47012 75486 20
Oi47124 95604 59

0.42285
0.42368
0.42451
0.42534
0.42617

39261 33
52156 87
58823 89
59257 92
53454 56

0.405
0.406
0.407
0.408
0.409

0.41697
0.41807
0.41916
0.42026
0.42135

88306 20
28088 50
73190 29
23632 45
79435 96

0.38480
0.38566
0.38652
0.38738
0.38824

92765 46
80656 14
62562 34
38477 69
08395 85

0.455
0.456
0.457
0.458
0.459

0.47237
0.47349
0.47461
0.47574
0.47686

22141 29
55121 50
94570 53
40513 79
92976 80

0.42700
0.42783
0.42865
0.42948
0.43031

41409 43
23118 21
98576 60
67780 36
30725 28

0.410
0.411
0.412
0.413
0.414

0.42245
0.42355
0.42464
0.42574
0.42684

40621 87
07211 31
79225 49
56685 70
39613 30

0.38909
0.38995
0.39080
0.39166
0.39251

72310 55
30215 54
82104 62
27971 64
67810 48

0.460
0.461
0.462
0.463
0.464

0.47799
0.47912
0.48024
0.48137
0.48250

51985 19
17564 68
89741 12
68540 46
53988 75

0.43113
0.43196
0.43278
0.43361
0.43443

87407 19
37821 96
81965 51
19833 80
51422 81

0.415
0.416
0.417
0.418
0.419

0.42794
0.42904
0.43014
0.43124
0.43234

28029 74
21956 53
21415 30
26427 72
37015 57

0.39337
0.39422
0.39507
0.39592
0.39677

01615 09
29379 43
51097 52
66763 44
76371 29

0.465
0.466
0.467
0.468
0.469

0.48363
0.48476
0.48589
0.48702
0.48815

46112 18
44937 02
50489 67
62796 64
81884 55

0.43525
0.43607
0.43690
0.43772
0.43854

76728 58
95747 19
08474 74
14907 40
15041 36

0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424

0.43344
0.43454
0.43565
0.43675
0.43785

53200 70
75005 03
02450 60
35559 49
74353 90

0.39762
0.39847
0.39932
0.40017
0.40102

79915 22
77389 43
68788 14
54105 66
33336 29

0.470
0.471
0.472
0.473
0.474

0.48929
0.49042
0.49155
0.49269
0.49382

07780 14
40510 26
80101 88
26582 08
79978 07

0.43936
0.44017
0.44099
0.44181
0.44263

08872 85
96398 14
77613 55
52515 43
21100 17

0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.429

0.43896
0.44006
0.44117
0.44227
0.44338

18856 10
69088 44
25073 36
86833 39
54391 16

0.40187
0.40271
0.40356
0.40440
0.40525

06474 40
73514 42
34450 79
89278 00
37990 60

0.475
0.476
0.477
0.478
0.479

0.49496
0.49610
0.49723
0.49837
0.49951

40317 17
07626 82
81934 59
63268 16
51655 34

0.44344
0.44426
0.44507
0.44589
0.44670

83364 20
39303 99
88916 06
32196 95
69143 24

0.430
0.431
0.432
0.433
0.434

0.44449
0.44560
0.44670
0.44781
0.44892

27769 36
06990 78
92078 31
83054 92
79943 67

0.40609
0.40694
0.40778
0.40862
0.40946

80583 18
17050 34
47386 77
71587 18
89646 31

0.480
0.481
0.482
0.483
0.484

0.50065
0.50179
0.50293
0.50407
0.50522

47124 05
49702 34
59418 39
76300 52
00377 13

0.44751
0.44833
0.44914
0.44995
0.45076

99751 57
24018 60
41941 03
53515 61
58739 11

0.435
0.436
0.437
0.438
0.439

0.45003
0.45114
0.45226
0.45337
0.45448

82767 71
91550 28
06314 71
27084 44
53882 99

0.41031
0.41115
0.41199
0.41283
0.41366

01558 96
07319 97
06924 22
00366 64
87642 17

0.485
0.486
0.487
0.488
0.489

0.50636
0.50750
0.50865
0.50979
0.51094

31676 79
70228 19
16060 14
69201 57
29681 57

0.45157
0.45238
0.45319
0.45400
0.45480

57608 36
50120 20
36271 55
16059 33
89480 51

0.440
0.441
0.442
0.443
0.444

0.45559
0.45671
0.45782
0.45894
0.46005

86733 96
25661 07
70688 11
21838 99
79137 71

0.41450
0.41534
0.41618
0.41701
0.41785

68745 85
43672 70
12417 83
74976 36
31343 48

0.490
0.491
0.492
0.493
0.494

0.51208
0.51323
0.51438
0.51553
0.51668

97529 34
72774 22
55445 69
45573 34
43186 93

0.45561
0.45642
0.45722
0.45803
0.45883

56532 11
17211 17
71514 78
19440 06
60984 16

0.445
0.446
0.447
0.448
0.449

0.46117
0.46229
0.46340
0.46452
0.46564

42608 35
12275 10
88162 25
70294 19
58695 40

0.41868
0.41952
0.42035
0.42118
0.42202

81514 38
25484 34
63248 66
94802 67
20141 75

0.495
0.496
0.497
0.498
0.499

0.51783
0.51898
0.52013
0.52129
0.52244

48316 32
60991 55
81242 77
09100 26
44594 47

0.45963
0.46044
0.46124
0.46204
0.46284

96144 30
24917 71
47301 65
63293 45
72890 44

0.450

0.46676 53390 47

0.42285 39261 33

0.500

0.52359 87755 98

1C-J)8
1

[c-y1 ;=1.57079
6326795

[c-y1

[c-y1

0.46364 76090 01

ELEMENTARY

208
Table

4.14

INVERSE

arcsin x

TRANSCENDENTAL

CIRCULAR

SINES

arctan 2

AND

FUNCTIONS
TANGENTS

arcsin x

arctan 2

0.550
0.551
0.552
0.553
0.554

0.58236 42378 69
0.58356 20792 89

0.50284 32109 28
0.50361 06410 37

0.58476

08688

0.50437

74226

76090
01
98 0.46364
51 0.46444
72889
58
91 ' 0.46524 63286 62
20 0.46604
47278
61
24863
09
54 0.46684

0.500
0.501
0.502
0.503
0.504

0.52359
0.52475
0.52590
0.52706
0.52822

87755
38615
97203
63552
37691

0.505
0.506
0.507
0.508
0.509

0.52938
0.53054
0.53170
0.53286
0.53402

19653 22
09468 69
07169 56
12787 56
26354 61

0.46763
0.46843
0.46923
0.47002
0.47082

96037 63
60799 83
19147 34
71077 82
16589 00

0.555
0.556
0.557
0.558
0.559

0.58836
0.58956
0.59076
0.59197
0.59317

29661 37
55882 10
91785 32
37411 92
92803 04

0.50667
0.50743
0.50820
0.50896
0.50972

38759 68
80629 53
16011 02
44903 52
67306 43

0.510
0.511
0.512
0.513
0.514

0.53518
0.53634
0.53751
0.53867
0.53984

47902 76
77464 20
15071 30

55678 62
88344 48
14584 38
34396 20
47777 82

0.560
0.561

14552 69

0.47161
0.47240
0.47320
0.47399
0.47478

0.59438 58000 01
0.59559 33044 41
0.59680
17978 05
0.59801 12842 95
0.59922 17681 37

0.51048
0.51124
0.51200
0.51276
0.51352

83219 17
92641 21
95572 04
92011 19
81958 22

0.515
0.516
0.517
0.518
0.519

0.54100
0.54217
0.54334
0.54451
0.54568

76492

0.47557 54727 17

0.60043

32535
81
0.60164 57448 99
0.60285 92463 89
0.60407 37623 71
0.60528 92971 89

0.51428
0.51504
0.51580
0.51655
0.51731

65412 69
42374 25
12842 52
76817 18
34297 96

0.520
0.521
0.522
0.523
0.524

0.54685
0.54802
0.54919
0.55036
0.55154

09506

0.60650 58552 13
0.60772 34408 36
0.61016 17125 74
0.61138 24076 01

0.51806 85284 57
0.51882 29776 79
0.51957
67774
41
0.52032 99277 27
0.52108 24285 22

0.525
0.526
0.527
0.528
0.529

0.577
0.578
0.579

0.61260 41480 49
69384 37
0.61505 07833 09
0.61627 56872 37
0.61750 16548 17

0.52183
0.52258
0.52333
0.52408
0.52483

42798 14
54815 96
60338 62
59366 09
51898 38
37935

60756

57

0.562

0.563
0.564

33

0.58596 06104 84
0.58716 13082 43

73

0.50514 35557 57
0.50590 90402 12

0.47636

55242

0.47715 49320 97
0.47794 36961 45
0.47873 18161 73

0.565
0.566
0.567
0.568
0.569

21007 28
40885 61
69176 11
05913 07

0.47951
0.48030
0.48109
0.48187
0.48266

92919 93
61234 17
23102 64
78523 54
27495 12

0.570
0.571
0.572
0.573
0.574

0.55271
0.55389
0.55506
0.55624
0.55742

51130 97
04864 46
67148 37
38017 69
17507 59

0.48344
0.48423
0.48501
0.48579
0.48657

70015 67

0.575

06083

0.576

0.530
0.531
0.532
0.533
0.534

0.55860
0.55978
0.56096
0.56214
0.56332

05653 43
02490 72
08055 18
22382 69
45509 33

0.48735
0.48813
0.48891
0.48969
0.49047

85795 05
89575 18
86893 19
77747 65
62137 12

0.580
0.581
0.582
0.583
0.584

0.61872 86906 72
0.61995 67994 52
0.62118 59858 34
0.62241 62545 21
0.62364 76102 44

0.52558
0.52633

0.535
0.536
0.537
0.538
0.539

0.56450 77471 34
0.56569
18305 17

0.49125
0.49203
0.49280
0.49358
0.49435

40060 25
11515 68
76502 10
35018 23
87062 83

0.585
0.586
0.587
0.588
0.589

0.62488 00577 61
0.62611 36018 60
0.62734 82473 54
0.62858

39990

0.52931 70697 19
0.53006 17765 76
0.53080 58340 23
0.53154
92420 86
0.53229 20007 93

0.540
0.541
0.542
0.543
0.544

0.57043
0.57162
0.57281
0.57400
0.57519

71094 00
56840 08
51680 58
55653 28
68796
15

0.49513 32634 68
0.49590 71732 62

0.590
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594

0.63105
0.63229
0.63353
0.63477

88407 78
79405 66
81bb2 50
95228 17
20152 84

0.53303
0.53377
0.53451
0.53525
0.53599

41101 77
55702 73
63811 18

0.545
0.546
0.547
0.548
0.549

0.57638
0.57758
0.57877
0.57997
0.58116

91147 36
22745 29
63628 51
13835 79
73406 12

0.49899

49185 66
31328 39
06980 90
76143 74
38817 48

0.550

0.58236 42378 69

0.56687

49

46608 96
24935 25
11504 67
06350 69

68047

96

44

0.56806 26734 97
0.56924 94404 76

[IC-l)1
1

0.49668

22

50

35696 94
58854 40
75554 29

04355

48

0.49745 30502 17
0.49822 50171 59
0.49976

63362
70074

0.60894

20584

75

0.61382

87

0.62982 08619 28

0.63602

52

17477 57
0.52707 90524 63
0.52782 57076 82
0.52857 17134 28

65427

53

60552 20

71

0.595

50

0.596

0.63851

0.63726 56487 00
04281 42
0.63975 63587 17
0.64100 34455 66
0.64225 16938 57

0.53673
0.53747
0.53821
0.53894
0.53968

0.600

0.64350 11087 93

0.54041 95002 71

0.50053 70305 98
0.50130 64056 22
0.50207 51324 28

c(-y 1 f=

0.50284 32109 28

0.597
0.598
0.599

[(-;I2 1
1.570796326795

[c-y1

ELEMENTARY

INVERSE
X

arcsin 5

TRANSCENDENTAL

CIRCULAR
arctan x

209

FUNCTIONS

SINES

AND TANGENTS
X

Table 4.14

arcsin x

arctan 22

0.600
0.601
0: 602
0.603
0.604

0.64350
0.64475
0.64600
0.64725
0.64851

11087 93
16956 07
34595 63
64059 60
05401 26

0.54041
0.54115
0.54188
0.54262
0.54335

95002 71
44700 04
87910 15
24633 69
54871 37

0.650
0.651
0.652
0.653
0.654

0.70758
0.70890
0.71021
0.71153
0.71285

44367 25
10818 82
92154 53
88447 93
99773 14

0.57637
0.57707
0.57777
0.57848
0.57918

52205 91
78870 95
99113 37
12935 07
20337 94

0.605
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.609

0.64976
0.65102
0.65228
0.65353
0.65479

58674 24
23932 51
01230 34
90622 38
92163 58

0.54408
0.54481
0.54555
0.54628
0.54701

78623 92
95892 10
06676 70
10978 51
08798 38

0.655
0.656
0.657
0.658
0.659

0.71418
0.71550
0.71683
0.71815
0.71948

26204 76
67817 97
24688 45
96892 45
84506 75

0.57988
0.58058
0.58128
0.58197
0.58267

21323 94
15895 01
04053 13
85800 31
61138 57

0.610
0.611
0.612
0.613
0.614

0.65606
0.65732
0.65858
0.65985
0.66111

05909 25
31915 05
70237 00
20931 44
84055 09

0.54774
0.54846
0.54919
0.54992
0.55065

00137 16
84995 75
63375 05
35276 01
00699 59

0.660
0.661
0.662
0.663
0.664

0.72081
0.72215
0.72348
0.72481
0.72615

87608 70
06276 21
40587 76
90622 40
56459 74

0.58337
0.58406
0.58476
0.58545
0.58615

30069 94
92596 49
48720 31
98443 49
41768 17

0.615
0.616
0.617
0.618
0.619

0.66238
0.66365
0.66492
0.66619
0.66746

59665 02
47818 67
48573 84
61988 69
88121 78

0.55137
0.55210
0.55282
0.55354
0.55427

59646 79
12118 61
58116 10
97640 33
30692 38

0.665
0.666
0.667
0.668
0.669

0.72749
0.72883
0.73017
0.73151
0.73286

38180 01
35864 02
49593 16
79449 44
25515 49

0.58684
0.58754
0.58823
0.58892
0.58961

78696 50
09230 63
33372 77
51125 11
62489 89

0.620
0.621
0.622
0.623
0.624

0.66874
0.67001
0.67129
0.67257
0.67385

27032 02
78778 71
43421 53
21020 54
11636 20

0.55499
0.55571
0.55643
0.55715
0.55787

57273 39
77384 48
91026 82
98201 62
98910 07

0.670
0.671
0.672
0.673
0.674

0.73420
0.73555
0.73690
0.73825
0.73961

87874 53
66610 44
61807 69
73551 41
01927 39

0.59030
0.59099
0.59168
0.59237
0.59306

67469 35
66065 77
58281 44
44118 66
23579 77

0.625
0.626
0.627
0.628
0.629

0.67513
0.67641
0.67769
0.67898
0.68026

15329 37
32161 29
62193 62
05488 41
62108 12

0.55859
0.55931
0.56003
0.56075
0.56147

93153 44
80932 97
62249 97
37105 74
05501 63

0.675
0.676
0.677
0.678
0.679

0.74096
0.74232
0.74367
0.74503
0.74639

47022 03
08922 43
87716 32
83492 13
96338 96

0.59374
0.59443
0.59512
0.59580
0.59649

96667 11
63383 05
23729 99
77710 32
25326 49

0.630
0.631
0.632
0.633
0.634

0.68155
0.68284
0.68413
0.68542
0.68671

32115 63
15574 24
12547 66
23100 04
47295 93

0.56218
0.56290
0.56361
0.56433
0.56504

67439 00
22919 24
71943 75
14513 97
50631 37

0.680
0.681
0.682
0.683
0.684

0.74776
0.74912
0.75049
0.75186
0.75323

26346 60
73605 52
38206 91
20242 68
19805 42

0.59717
0.597&6
0.59854
0.59922
0.59990

66580 93
01476 11
30014 52
52198 66
68031 06

0.635
0.636
0.637
0.638
0.639

0.68800
0.68930
0.69060
0.69189
0.69319

85200 35
36878 74
02396 97
81821 37
75218 73

0.56575
0.56647
0.56718
0.56789
0.56860

80297 42
03513 63
20281 53
30602 67
34478 63

0.685
0.686
0.687
0.688
0.689

0.75460
0.75597
0.75735
0.75872
0.76010

36988 49
71885 95
24592 63
95204 10
83816 68

0.60058
0.60126
0.60194
0.60262
0.60330

77514 26
80650 81
77443 31
67894 35
52006 54

0.640
0.641
0.642
0.643
0.644

0.69449
0.69580
0.69710
0.69840
0.69971

82656 27
04201 68
39923 13
89889 23
54169 09

0.56931
0.57002
0.57073
0.57143
0.57214

31911 01
22901 42
07451 52
85562 98
57237 47

0.690
0.691
0.692
01693
0.694

0.76148
0.76287
0.76425
0.76564
0.76703

90527 48
15434 36
58636 00
20231 84
00322 15

0.60398
0.60466
0.60533
0.60601
0.60668

29782 53
01224 96
66336 52
25119 88
77577 76

0.645
0.646
0.647
0.648
0.649

0.70102
0.70233
0.70364
0.70495
0.70626

32832 27
25948 84
33589 34
55824 80
92726 76

0.57285
0.57355
0.57426
0.57496
0.57567

22476 73
81282 48
33656 48
79600 51
19116 38

0.695
0.696
0.697
0.698
0.699

0.76841
0.76981
0.77120
0.77260
0.77399

99008 00
16391 29
52574 75
07661 95
81757 30

0.60736
0.60803
0.60870
0.60938
0.61005

23712 89
63528 01
97025 88
24209 28
45081 01

0.650

0.70758 44367 25
(-;I2

0.700 0.7753;-WY;66 11
(-JP
[ I- ;=1.57079 6326795 [ 5 1

0.57637 52205 91

0.61072 59643 89

[c-y3
1

210

ELEMENTARY
INVERSE

Table 4.14
X

arcsin x

TRANSCENDENTAL

CIRCULAR

SINES

arctan x

FUNCTIONS

AND TANGENTS
arcsin z

arctan x

0.700
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704

0.77539
0.77679
0.77820
0.77960
0.78101

74966 11
87394 52
19149 57
70339 20
41072 23

0.61072
0.61139
0.61206
0.61273
0.61340

59643 89
67900 75
69854 44
65507 83
54863 79

0.750
0.751
0.752
0.753
0.754

0.84806
0.84957
0.85109
0.85260
0.85413

20789 81
52355 56
10007 70
93916 63
04254 45

0.64350
0.64414
0.64477
0.64541
0.64605

11087 93
08016 53
98804 75
83456 20
61974 52

0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709

0.78242
0.78383
0.78524
0.78666
0.78807

31458 43
41608 47
71633 95
21647 44
91762 45

0.61407 37925 25
Or61474 14695 10
0.61540 85176 29
Oi61607 49371 78
0.61674 07284 52

0.755
0.756
0.757
0.758
0.759

0.85565
0.85718
0.85870
0.86024
0.86177

41195 04
04914 02
95588 84
13398 74
58524 85

0.64669
0.64733
0.64796
0.64860
0.64923

34363 37
00626 40
60767 30
14789 75
62697 45

0.710
0.711
0.712
0.713
0.714

0.78949
0.79091
0.79234
0.79376
0.79519

82093 46
92755 96
23866 39
75542 24
47901 99

0.61740
0.61807
0.61873
0.61939
0.62006

58917 52
04273 76
43356 27
76168 09
02712 26

0.760
0.761
0.762
0.763
0.764

0.86331
0.86485
0.86639
0.86794
0.86949

31150 16
31459 55
59639 86
15879 89
00370 42

0.64987 04494 12
Oi65050 40183 48
0.65113 69769 28
0.65176 93255 25
0.65240 10645 18

0.715
0.716
0.717
0.718
0.719

0.79662 41065 16
0.79805 55152 32
0.79948 90285 08
Oi80092 46586 13
0.80236 24179 26

0.62072
0.62138
0.62204
0;62270
0.62336

22991 86
37009 97
44769 70
46274 14
41526 45

0.765
0.766
0.767
0.768
0.769

0.87104
0.87259
0.87415
0.87571
0.87727

13304 26
54876 26
25283 38
24724 65
53401 29

0.65303
0.65366
0.65429
0.65492
0.65555

21942 83
27151 99
26276 46
19320 05
06286 59

0.720
0.721
0.722
0.723
0.724

0.80380
0.80524
0.80668
0.80813
0.80958

23189 33
43742 33
85965 35
49986 66
35935 64

0.62402
0.62468
0.62533
0.62599
0.62665

30529 77
13287 26
89802 10
60077 48
24116 63

0.770
0.771
0.772
0.773
0.774

0.87884
0.88040
0.88198
0.88355
0.88513

11516 69
99276 42
16888 33
64562 55
42511 51

0.65617
0.65680
0.65743
0.65805
0.65868

87179 91
62003 87
30762 31
93459 11
50098 15

0.725
0.726
0.727
0.728
0.729

0.81103
0.81248
0.81394
0.81540
0.81685

43942 88
74140 11
26660 28
01637 58
99207 37

0.62730
0.62796
0.62861
0.62927
0.62992

81922 76
33499 11
78848 95
17975 54
50882 17

0.775
0.776
0.777
0.778
0.779

0.88671
0.88829
0.88988
0.89147
0.89306

50950 00
90095 19
60166 70
61386 58
93979 43

0.65931
0.65993
0.66055
0.66118
0.66180

00683 33
45218 55
83707 72
16154 79
42563 67

0.730
or731
0.732
0.733
0.734

0.81832
0.81978
0.82125
0.82272
0.82419

19506 32
62672 31
28844 52
18163 44
30770 85

0.63057 77572 15
Oi63122 98048 79
0.63188 12315 41
0.63253 20375 38
0.63318 22232 04

0.780
0.781
0.782
0.783
0.784

0.89466
0.89626
0.89786
0.89947
0.90108

58172 34
54195 03
82279 83
42661 72
35578 41

0.66242
0.66304
0.66366
0.66428
0.66490

62938 33
77282 73
85600 83
87896 62
84174 09

0.735
0.736
0.737
0.738
0.739

0.82566
0.82714
0.82862
0.83010
0.83158

66809 86
26424 94
09761 92
16968 01
48191 83

0.63383
0.63448
0.63512
0.63577
0.63642

17888 78
07348 99
90616 06
67693 42
38584 50

0.785
0.786
0.787
0.788
0.789

0.90269 61270 38
Oi90431 19980 87
0.90593 11956 01
0.90755 37444 80
0.90917 96699 17

0.66552 74437 26
Oi66614 58690 12
0.66676 36936 71
0.66738 09181 07
0.66799 75427 24

0.740
0.741
0.742
0.743
0.744

0.83307
0.83455
0.83604
0.83754
0.83903

03583 42
83294 24
87477 24
16286 83
69878 93

0.63707 03292 76
Oi63771 61821 64
0.63836 14174 63
Oi6i900 60355 21
0.63965 00366 89

0.790
0.791
0.792
0.793
0.794

0.91080 89974 07
0.91244 17527 48
0.91407 79620 46
Oi91571 76517 23
0.91736 08485 19

0.66861 35679 28
Oi66922 89941 25
0.66984 38217 24
Oi67045 80511'32
0.67107 16827 61

0.745
0.746
0.747
0.748
0.749

0.84053 48410 98
Oi84203 52041 95
0.84353 80932 39
0.84504 35244 42
0.84655 15141 77

0.64029 34213 19
Oi64093 61897 63
0.64157 83423 76
0.64221 98795 14
0.64286 08015 33

0.795
0.796
0.797
0.798
0.799

0.91900 75795 02
Oi92065 78720 67
0.92231 17539 49
0.92396 92532 24
0.92563 03983 15

0.67168 47170 20
Oi67229 71543 22
0.67290 89950 79
0.67352 02397 05
0.67413 08886 15

0.750

0.84806 20789 81

0.64350 11087 93

0.800

0.92729 52180 02

0.67474 09422 24

;=1.57079 6326795

[ c-:15 1

[I(-f)8
1

211

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

INVERSE
X

arcsin x

CIRCULAR

SINES

arctan x

AND

TANGENTS

Table

arcsin x

4.14

arctan x

0.800
O.SOl
0.802
0.303
0.804

0.92729
0.92896
0.93063
0.93231
0.93399

52180 02
37414 22
59980 83
20178 64
18310 25

0.67474
0.67535
0.67595
0.67656
0.67717

09422 24
04009 49
92652 08
75354 19
52120 01

0.850
0.851
0.852
0.853
0.854

1.01598
1.01788
1.01979
1.02170
1.02362

52938 15
65272 25
36361 62
66824 41
57289 29

0.70449
0.70507
0.70565
0.70623
0.70681

40642 42
43293 58
40219 63
31425 16
16914 73

0.805
0.806
0.807
0.808
0.809

0.93567
0.93736
0.93905
0.94074
0.94244

54682 12
29604 66
43392 28
96363 49
88840 95

0.67778 22953 77
0.67838 87859 65
0.67899 46841 90
0.67959 99904 74
Oi68020 47052 41

0.855
0.856
0.857
0.858
0.859

1.02555
1.02748
1.02941
1.03136
1.03331

08395 76
20794 40
95147 10
32127 41
32420 77

0.70738
0.70796
0.70854
0.70912
0.70969

96692 96
70764 42
39133 73
01805 50
58784 34

0.810
0.811
0.812
0.813
0.814

0.94415
0.94585
0.94757
0.94928
0.95100

21151 54
93626 48
06601 38
60416 29
55415 87

0.68080
0.68141
0.68201
0.68261
0.68321

88289 16
23619 25
53046 96
76576 55
94212 31

0.860
0.861
0.862
0.863
0.864

1.03526
1.03723
1.03920
1.04117
1.04316

96724 81
25749 68
20218 39
80867 05
08445 30

0.71027
0.71084
0.71141
0.71199
0.71256

10074 87
55681 72
95609 52
29862 92
58446 55

0.815
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819

0.95272
0.95445
0.95618
0.95792
0.95966

91949 40
70370 88
91039 18
54318 04
60576 23

0.68382
0.68442
0.68502
0.68562
0.68621

05958 54
11819 54
11799 62
05903 10
94134 31

0.865
0.866
0.867
0.868
0.869

1.04515
1.04714
1.04915
1.05116
1.05317

03716 61
67458 63
00463 62
03538 76
77506 61

0.71313
0.71370
0.71428
0.71485
0.71542

81365 07
98623 14
10225 41
16176 56
16481 25

0.820
0.821
0.822
0.823
0.824

0.96141
0.96316
0.96491
0.96667
0.96843

10187 64
03531 36
40991 79
22958 76
49827 60

0.68681
0.68741
0.68801
0.68860
0.68920

76497 59
52997 28
23637 73
88423 31
47358 39

0.870
0.871
0.872
0.873
0.874

1.05520
1.05723
1.05927
1.0613!
1.0633

23205 49
41489 91
33231 01
99317 03
40653 78

0.71599
0.71656
0.71712
0.71769
0.71826

11144 16
00169 99
83563 41
61329 12
33471 82

0.825
0.826
0.827
0.828
0.829

0.97020
0.97197
0.97375
0.97553
0.97731

21999 29
39880 56
03884 00
14428 17
71937 77

0.68980
0.69039
0.69098
0.69158
0.69217

00447 34
47694 55
89104 41
24681 33
54429 71

0.875
0.876
0.877
0.878
0.879

1.06543
1.06750
1.06958
1.07166
1.07376

58165 11
52793 43
25500 24
77266 67
09094 07

0.71882
0.71939
0.71996
0.72052
0.72109

99996 22
60907 02
16208 94
65906 70
10005 03

0.830
0.831
0.832
0.833
0.834

0.97910
0.98090
0.98270
0.98450
0.98631

76843 68
29583 19
30600 05
80344 64
79274 13

0.69276
0.69335
0.69395
0.69454
0.69513

78353 97
96458 54
08747 85
15226 33
15898 44

0.880
0.881
0.882
Oi883
0.884

1.07586
1.07797
1.08008
liO8221
1.08435

22004 54
17041 59
95270 75
57780 22
05681 59

0.72165
0.72221
0.72278
0.72334
0.72390

48508 65
81422 30
08750 71
30498 64
46670 83

0.835
0.836
0.837
0.838
0.839

0.98813
0.98995
0.99177
0.99360
0.99544

27852 56
26551 06
75847 95
76228 94
28187 22

0.69572 10768 63
0;69630 99841 36
0.69689 83121 11
0169748 60612 34
0.69807 32319 55

0.885
OI886
0.887
0.888
0.889

1.08649
1.08864
1.09080
1.09297
1.09515

40110 49
62227 36
73218 22
74295 43
66698 56

0.72446
0.72502
0.72558
0.72614
0.72670

57272 04
62307 01
61780 53
55697 34
44062 23

0.840
0.841
0.842
0.843
0.844

0.99728
0.99912
1.00097
1.00283
1.00469

32223 72
88847 18
98574 39
61930 35
79448 46

0.69865
0.69924
0.69983
0.70041
0.70100

98247 21
58399 85
12781 94
61398 02
04252 59

0.890
0.891
0.892
0.893
0.894

1.09734
1.09954
1.10175
1.10396
1.10619

51695 23
30581 99
04685 30
75362 43
44002 56

0.72726
0.72782
0.72837
0.72893
0.72949

26879 97
04155 34
75893 12
42098 11
02775 09

0.845
0.846
0.847
0.848
Oi849

1.00656
1.00843
1.01031
1.01220
1.01408

51670 67
79147 75
62439 41
02114 56
98751 50

0.70158
0;70216
0.70274
0.70333
0.70391

41350 19
72695 35
98292 60
18146 49
32261 58

0.895
0.896
0.897
0.898
0.899

1.10843
1.11067
1.11293
1.11520
1.11748

12027 75
80894 12
52092 94
27151 85
07636 13

0.73004
0.73060
0.73115
0.73170
0.73226

57928 87
07564 24
51686 02
90299 00
23408 01

0.850

1.01598 52938 15
(-[)7

0.70447~4'$42 42

0.900

1.11976 95149 99

.[

;=1.57079 6326795

I,-6)1
6

0.73281 51017 87

1C-l)7 1

212
Table

ELEMENTARY
4,.14

TRANSCENDENTAL

INVERSE

arcsin J

0.900 1.11976 95149 99

arctan .t

87
38
38
70
lb

CIRCULAR

SINES

O.&O

0.951
0.952
0.953
0.954

1.25323
1.25645
1.25970
1.26298
1.26630

AND

TANGENTS

arcsin.t

f (2)

0.901
0.902
0.903
0.904

1.12206
1.12437
1.12670
1.12903

91337
97886
lb524
49026

93
21
29
45

0.905
0.906
0.907
0.908
0.909

1.13137
1.13373
1.13610
1.13848
1.14087

97213
62953
48166 99
54823
84946 E

zl

73557
73612
73666
73721
73776

06748
01464
90715
74506
52841

0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959

1.26965
1.27304
1.27647
1.27994
1.28345

97812
97667
76222
46878
23838

42
20
92
88
00

0.76238
0.76290
0.76342
0.76395
0.76447

43244
70690
92916
09927
21729

37
08
23
81
78

1.00378
1.00370
1.00361
1.00353
1.00344

84851
34492
84523
34944
85754

78
58
57
39
69

0.910
0.911
0.912
0.913
0.914

1.14328 40618
1.14570 23976 2
1.14813 37219 91
1.15057 82610 10
1.15303 62474 12

73831
73885
73940
73995
74049

25725
93163
55160
11721
62850

0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964

1.28700
1.29059
1.29423
1.29792
1.30165

22175
57917
48124
10987
65939

87
69
14
43
20

0.76499
0.76551
0.76603
0.76655
0.76707

28327
29724
25927
16941
02769

11
78
75
02
55

1.00336
1.00327
1.00319
1.00310
1.00302

36954
88542
40518
92883
45635

10
28
88
53
89

0.915
0.916
0.917
0.918
0.919

1.15550
1.15799
1.16049
1.16300
1.16553

79206
35274
33215
75647
65266

90
19
50
25
04

0.74104 08553 83
0.74158 48835 32
0.74212 83700 10
0.74267 13153 04
0.74321 37199 05

0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969

1.30544 33771 97
1.30928 36776 35
1.31317 98896 52
1.31713 45907 19
1.32115 05615 54

0.76758
0.76810
0.76862
0.76913
0.76965

83418
58892
29196
94335
54315

33
33
53
92
49

1.00293
1.00285
1.00277
1.00268
1.00260

98775
52302
06215
60515
15201

61
33
71
39
02

0.920
0.921
0.922
0.923
0.924

1.16808
1.17063
1.17321
1.17580
1.17841

04852
97273
45487
52550
21615

14
lb
95
71
31

0.74375
0.74429
0.74483
0.74537
0.74591

99
76
25
35
97

0.970
0.971
0.972
0.973
0.974

1.32523 08092 80
1.32937 85940 93
1.33359 74601 02
1.33789 12711 79
1.34226 42528 47

0.77017
0.77068
0.77120
0.77171
0.77222

09140
58815
03345
42735
76990

20
06
05
14
34

1.00251
1.00243
1.00234
1.00226
1.00217

70272
25728
81570
37796
94406

25
74
13
07
23

0.925
0.926
0.927
0.928
0.929

1.18103
1.18367
1.18633
1.18900
1.19170

55939
58892
33953
84725
14936

97'
09
44
71
35

0.74645

68203 00

0.74699

54537

6174753 35503 92
0.74807 11107 62
0.74860 81353 36

0.975
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.979

1.34672
1.35126
1.35590
1.36064
1.36549

10414
67425
69996
80777
69629

93
45
85
70
42

0.77274
0.77325
0.77376
0.77427
0.77478

06115
30116
48996
62761
71417

63
01
45
95
51

1.00209 51400 25
1.00201 08777 78
1.00192 66538 49
1.00184 24682 01
1.00175 83208 02

0.930
0.931
0.932
0.933
0.934

1.19441
1.19714
1.19989
1.20266
1.20544

28444
29249
21492
09472
97647

77
00
75
92
69

0.74914
0.74968
0.75021
0.75075
0.75128

46246 Ob
05790 63
59991 99
08855 06
52384 76

0.980
0.981
0.982
0.983
0.984

1.37046
1.37555
1.38077
1.38614
1.39167

14844
04644
39033
32129
15119

72
29
32
70
16

0.77529
0.77580
0.77631
0.77682
0.77733

74968
73418
66774
55040
38220

12
77
45
17
91

1.00167 42116 16
1.00159 01406 08
1.00150 61077 45
1.00142 21129 93
1.00133 81563 16

0.935
0.936
0.937
0.938
0.939

1.20825
1.21108
1.21394
1.21681
1.21971

90645
93272
10524
47598
09898

07
10
70
22
74

0.75181
0.75235
0.75288
0.75341
0.75394

90586
23463
51022
73268
90205

03
79
96
49
30

0.985
0.986
0.987
0.988
0.989

1.39737
1.40326
1.40937
1.41572
1.42233

40056
84832
59766
16538
60557

99
96
46
31
98

0.77784 16321 67
0.77834 a9347 44
0.77885 57303 23
0.77936
20194 04
0.77986 78024 85

1.00125
1.00117
1.00108
1.00100
1.00091

0.940
0.941
0.942
0.943
0.944

1.22263
1.22557
1.22854
1.23153
1.23455

03055
32932
05645
27575
05382

22
59
81
05
02

0.75448
0.75501
0.75554
0.75607
0.75659

01838
08172
09212
04964
95431

34
55
86
22
57

0.990
0.991
0.992

1.42925
1.43653
1.44422
1.45240
1.46119

68534
14207
07408
56012
69689

70
77
32
67
63

0.78037
0.78087
0.78138
0.78188
0.78238

30800
78526
21207
58848
91453

67
49
32
15
98

1.00083 52139 33
1.00075 15228 31
1.00066 78695
32
1.00058 42540 02
1.00050 06762 08

0.945
0,946
0.947
0,948
0.949

1.23759
1.24066
1.24376
1.24689
1.25004

46027
56791
45292
19509
87811

74
62
24
90
06

0.75712
0.75765
0.75818
0.75871
0.75923

80619
60534
35179
04559
68681

86
05
08
90
48

0.995
0.996
0.997
0.998
0.999

1.47075 46131 83
1.48132 37665 90
1.49331 72818 71
1.50754 02279.20
1.52607 12396 26

0.78289
0.78339
0.78389
0.78439
0.78489

19029
41580
59111
71627
79133

81
64
47
31
14

1.00041
1.00033
1.00025
1.00016
1.00008

0.950

1.25323

58975 03

0.75976 27548 76

1.000

1.57079

0.78539

81633 97

c 1

55842
69089
76944
79411
76495

35

58975 03
42223 06
47250 03

arcian z

0.73281
0.73336
0.73391
0.73447
0.73502

(-i)4
For arctan ,v,.~>l seeExample

51017
73133
a9759
00900
06562

FUNCTIONS

64000 67

84259

28

0.75976 27548 76
0.76028 81166 70
0.76081 29540 28
0.76133
72674 43
0.76186 10574 14

1.00421
1.00412
1.09404
1.00395
1.00387

42513
90197
38274
86742
35601

02
55
04
15
52

63267 95

71361
36336
01689
67417
33520

$=1.570796326795

80
52
98
82
72

15
91
01
11
89

1.000000000000
(-!)5

[ 1

22.

arcsin.x=;-[2(1-:t)]tJ(x)

42376
03570
65143
27096
89428

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

HYPERBOLIC

sinh x
0.00000 0000

'

FUNCTIONS

Table

FUNCTIONS

cash I(:
1.00000 0000

tanh x
0.00000 000

4.15

coth x
00

0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04001

0167
1333
4500
0668

1.00005
1.00020
1.00045
1.00080

0000
0007
0034
0107

0.00999
0.01999
0.02999
0.03997

967
733
100
868

0.05002
0.06003
0.07005
0.08008
0.09012

0836
6006
7181
5361
1549

1.00125
1.00180
1.00245
1.00320
1.00405

0260
0540
1001
1707
2734

0.04995
0.05992
0.06988
0.07982
0.08975

838
810
589
977
779

20.01666
16.68666
14.30904
12.52665
11.14109

0.10016
0.11022
0.12028
0.13036
0.14045

6750
1968
8207
6476
7782

1.00500
1.00605
1.00720
1.00846
1.00981

4168
6103
8644
1907
6017

0.09966
0.10955
0.11942
0.12927
0.13909

800
847
730
258
245

10.03331 11
9.12754 62
8.37329 50
7.73559 23
7118946 29

0.15
0. 16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.15056
0.16068
0.17082
0.18097
0.19114

3133
3541
0017
3576
5232

1.01127
1.01282
1.01448
1.01624
1.01810

1110
7330
4834
3787
4366

0.14888
0.15864
0.16838
0.17808
0.18774

503
850
105
087
621

6.71659
6.30324
5.93891
5.61542
5.32633

18
25
07
64
93

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.20133
0.21154
0.22177
0.23203
0.24231

6003
6907
8966
3204
0645

1.02006
1.02213
1.02429
1.02656
1.02893

6756
1153
7764
6806
8506

0.19737
0.20696
0.21651
0.22602
0.23549

532
650
806
835
575

5.06648
4.83169
4.61855
4.42422
4.24636

96
98
23
37
11

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.25261
0.26293
0.27329
0.28367
0.29408

2317
9250
2478
3035
1960

1.03141
1.03399
1.03667
1.03945
1.04234

3100
0836
1973
6777
5528

0.24491
0.25429
0.26362
0.27290
0.28213

866
553
484
508
481

4.08298
3.93243
3.79326
3.66427
3.54440

82
24
93
77
49

0.30
0.31
0.32
0. 33
0.34

0.30452
0.31498
0.32548
0.33602
0.34658

0293
9079
9364
2198
8634

1.04533
1.04843
1.05163
1.05494
1.05835

8514
6035
8401
5931
8957

0.29131
0.30043
0.30950
0.31852
0.32747

261
710
692
078
740

3.43273
3.32848
3.23094
3.13951
3.05364

84
38
55
26
59

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.35718
0.36782
0.37850
0.38921
0.39996

9729
6544
0142
1590
1960

1.06187
1.06550
1.06923
1.07307
1.07701

7819
2870
4473
2999
8834

0.33637
0.34521
0.35399
0.36270
0.37136

554
403
171
747
023

2.97286
2.89675
2.82492
2.75704
2.69280

77
36
49
28
32

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.41075
0.42158
0.43245
0.44337
0.45433

2326
3767
7368
4214
5399

1.08107
1.08523
1.08950
1.09388
1.09837

2372
4018
4188
3309
1820

0.37994
0.38847
0.39693
0.40532
0.41364

896
268
043
131
444

2.63193
2.57418
2.51933
2.46717
2.41753

24
36
32
85
52

0.45
0.46
0.47
0. 48
0.49

0.46534
0.47639
0.48749
0.49864
0.50984

2017
5170
5962
5505
4913

1.10297
1.10767
1.11249
1.11742
1.12247

0169
8815
8231
8897
1307

0.42189
0.43008
0.43819
0.44624
0.45421

901
421
932
361
643

2.37023
2.32512
2.28206
2.24092
2.20159

55
60
66
84
36

0.05
0.06
0. 07
0.08
0.09

0.52109 5305

1.12762 5965

0.46211 716

100.00333 33
50.00666 65
33.34333 27
25.01333 19
39
19
00
53
49

2.16395 34

For coth 2, x 2 .l use 4.5.67.

Compilation of tanh x and coth x from National Bureau of Standards, Table
of circular and hyperbolic tangents and cotangents for radian arguments, 2d
printing.
Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

214

ELEMENTARY

FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC

Table 4.15
2

TRANSCENDENTAL

cash x

sinh x

FUNCTIONS
tanhx

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.52109
0.53239
0.54375
0.55516
0.56662

5305
7808
3551
3669
9305

1.12762
1.13289
1.13827
1.14376
1.14937

5965
3387
4099

0.55
0.57
0. 58
0.59

0.57815
0.58973
0.60137
0.61307
0.62483

1604
1718
0806
0032
0565

1.15510
1.16094
1.16689
1.17296
1.17915

1414
0782
6245
8399
7850

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.b3665
0.64854
0.66049
0.67250
0.68459

3582
0265
1802
9389
4228

1.18546
1.19189
1.19843
1.20510
1.21188

5218
1134
6240
1190
6652

0.53704
0.54412
0.55112
0.55805

0.65
0.66
0. 67

7526
0500
4371
0370
9732

1.21879
1.22582
1.23297
1.24024
1.24764

3303
1834
2949

0.68
0.69

0.69674
0.70897
0.72126
0.73363
0.74606

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.75858
0.77117
0.78384
0.79658
0.80941

3702
3531
0477
5809
0799

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

8639

7557

0.46211
0.46994
0.47770
0.48538
0.49298

coth x
716
520
001
109
797

2.06023

68

2.02844 71
1.99792
1.96859
1.94039
1.91326
1.88716

13
14
39
98
42

957
710
803
222

55

955

1.86202
1.83780
1.81446
1.79194
1.77022

997
341
988
940
200

1.74926
1.72901
1.70946
1.69056
1.67229

10

5801

0.57166
0.57836
0.58497
0.59151
0.59798

1.25516
1.26281
1.27059
1.27849
1.28652

9006
7728
2733
4799
4715

0.60436
0.61067
0.61690
0.62306
0.62914

778

1.65462
1.63752
1.62098
1.60496
1.58945

lb
73

0.82231 6732
0.83530 4897
0.84837 6593
0.86153 3127
0.87477 5815

1.29468
1.30297
1.31138
1.31993
1.32862

3285
1324
9661
9138
0611

0.63514 895
0.64107 696

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.88810
0.90152
0.91503
0.92863
0.94232

5982
4960
4092
4727
8227

1.33743
1.34638
1.35546
1.36468
1.37403

4946
3026
5746
4013
8750

0.66403 677
0.66959 026
0.67506
0.68047

987

0. 85
0.86
0.87
0. 88
0.89

0.95611
0.96999
0.98397
0.99805
1.01223

5960
9306
9652
8397
6949

1.38353
1.39316
1.40293
1.41284
1.42289

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.02651
1.04089
1.05538
1.06997
1.08467

6726

0.95
0.96
0.97
0. 98
0.99

1.09948
1.11440
1.12943
I.14457
1.15982

1.00

1.17520 1194

0. 56

7362

0.50052 021
0.50797 743
0.51535 928

2.16395 34
2.12790 77
2.09336 40

0.52266

543

0.52989 561

0.56489

0.64692

683

930
535
516

945

0.65270 671
0.65840 904

59
04
70
62
67

05
16

11

38

81
83

1.57443'38
1.55987 51
1.54576 36
1.53208 17
1.51881 27

601
0.68580 906

1.50594
1.49345
1.48132
1.46955
1.45813

07
06
81
95
18

0892
1388
1201
1309
2702

0.69106
0.69625
0.70137
0.70641
0.71139

947
413
932
373

1.44703
1.43624
1.42577
1.41558
1.40569

25
99

6791

1.43308
1.44342
1.45390
1.46453
1.47530

6385
3379
4716
1444

0.71629
0.72113
0.72589
0.73059
0.73522

787
225
742
390
225

1.39606
iii8670
1.37760
1.36874
1.36013

73
82
51
95
29

4318
1794
0711
2572
8891

1.48622
1.49729
1.50851
1.51988
1.53140

5341
4680
3749

0.73978
0.74427
0.74870
0.75306
0.75736

305

1.35174
1.34358
1.33564
1.32790
1.32037

76

9155
5674
7734

[c-y1

4627

3670

5582

1.54308 0635
C-i2

767

687

429
591
232

0.76159 416

[c-y9
1

26

98
13

60
08
50
20

1.31303 53
c-y

'

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

HYPERBOLIC
X

sinh x

FUNCTIONS

cash z

215

FUNCTIONS
Table

tanhx

4.15

cothx

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

1.17520
1.19069
1.20629
1.22202
1.23788

1194
1018
9912
9437
1166

1.54308
1.55490
1.56689
1.57903
1.59133

0635
9997
4852
6398
5848

0.76159
0.76576
0.76986
0.77390
0.77788

416
202
654
834
807

1.31303
1.30588
1.29892
1.29214
1.28553

53
87
64
27
20

1. 05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1. 09

1.25385
1.26995
1.28618
1.30254
1.31902

6684
7589
5491
2013
8789

1.60379
1.61641
1.62919
1.64213
1.65524

4434
3400
4009
7538
5283

0.78180
0.78566
0.78946
0.79319
0.79687

636
386
122
910
814

1.27908
1.27280
1.26668
1.26071
1.25489

91
90
67
75
70

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1.33564
1.35239
1.36928
1.38631
1.40347

7470
9717
7204
1622
4672

1.66851
1.68195
1.69556
1.70934
1.72329

8554
8678
6999
4878
3694

0.80049
0.80406
0.80756
0.81101
0.81441

902
239
892
926
409

1.24922
1.24368
1.23828
1.23301
1.22787

08
46
44
63
66

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

1.42077
1.43822
1.45581
1.47354
1.49142

8070
3548
2849
7732
9972

1.73741
1.75170
1.76617
1.78082
1.79565

4840
9728
9790
6471
1236

0.81775
0.82103
0.82427
0.82745
0.83057

408
988
217
161
887

1.22286
1.21796
1.21319
1.20852
1.20397

15
76
15
99
96

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1.50946
1.52764
1.54597
1.56446
1.58311

1355
3687
8783
8479
4623

1.81065
1.82584
1.84120
1.85676
1.87249

5567
0966
8950
1057
8841

0.83365
0.83667
0.83965
0.84257
0.84545

461
949
418
933
560

1.19953
1.19520
1.19096
1.18683
1.18279

75
08
65
19
42

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

1.60191
1.62088
1.64001
1.65930
1.67875

9080
3730
0470
1213
7886

1.88842
1.90453
1.92084
1.93733
1.95402

3877
7757
2092
8513
8669

0.84828
0.85106
0.85379
0.85648
0.85912

364
411
765
492
654

1.17885
1.17499
1.17123
1.16756
1.16397

10
96
77
29
29

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

1.69838
1.71817
1.73814
1.75828
1.77859

2437
6828
3038
3063
8918

1.97041
1.98799
2.00527
2.02276
2.04044

4230
6884
8340
0324
4587

0.86172
0.86427
0.86678
0.86924
0.87167

316
541
393
933
225

1.16046
1.15703
1.15369
1.15041
1.14722

55
86
01
79
02

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

1.79909
1.81976
1.84062
1.86166
1.88288

2635
6262
1868
1537
7374

2.05833
2.07642
2.09472
2.11324
2.13196

2896
7039
8828
0090
2679

0.87405
0.87639
0.87869
0.88095
0.88317

329
307
219
127
089

1.14409
1.14104
1.13805
1.13513
1.13228

50
05
50
66
37

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

1.90430
1.92590
1.94770
1.96969
1.99188

1501
6060
3212
5135
4029

2.15089
2.17004
2.18941
2.20900
2.22881

8465
9344
7229
4057
1788

0.88535
0.88749
0.88959
0.89166
0.89369

165
413
892
660
773

1.12949
1.12676
1.12410
1.12149
1.11894

47
80
21
54
66

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

2.01427
2.03686
2.05965
2.08265
2.10586

2114
1627
4828
3996
1432

2.24884
2.26909
2.28958
2.31029
2.33123

2402
7902
0313
1685
4087

0.89569
0.89765
0.89957
0.90146
0.90332

287
260
745
799
474

1.11645
1.11401
1.11163
1.10930
1.10702

41
67
30
17
16

1.50

2.12927 9455
C-j)3

2.35240 9615
(-[)3

0.90514 825

[c-y1

1.10479 14
C-i2

216

ELEMENTARY
Table
x

4.15

TRANSCENDENTAL
HYPERBOLIC

sinh x

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

cash x

tanhx

coth x

1.50
1.51

1.52
1.53
1.54

2.12927
2.15291
2.17675
2.20082
2.22510

9455
0408
6654
0577
4585

2.35240
2.37382
2.39546
2.41735
2.43948

9615
0386
8541
6245
5686

0.90514
0.90693
0.90869
0.91042
0.91212

a25
905
766
459
037

1.10479
1.10260
1.10047
1.09838
1.09634

14
99
60
86
65

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

2.24961
2.27434
2.29930
2.32449
2.34991

1104
2587
1506
0357
1658

2.46185
2.48447
2.50734
2.53046
2.55383

9078
8658
6688
5455
7270

0.91378
0.91542
0.91702
0.91860
0.92014

549
046
576
189
933

1.09434
1.09239
1.09048
1.08861
1.08678

87
42
19
09
01

1.60
1.61
1. 62
1. 63
1.64

2.37556
2.40146
2.42759
2145397
2.48059

7953
1807
5809
2572
4735

2.57746
2.60134
2.62549
2.64990
2.67457

4471
9421
4508
2146
4777

0.92166
0.92316
0.92462
0.92606
0.92747

855
003
422
158
257

1.08498
1.08323
1.08152
1.07984
1.07819

87
58
04
18
90

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

2.50746
2.53458
2.56196
2.58959
2.61748

4959
5932
0366
0998
0591

2.69951
2.72472
2.75020
2.77596
2.80200

4868
4912
7431
4974
0115

0.92885
0.93021
0.93155
0.93286
0.93414

762
718
168
155
721

1.07659
1.07501
1.07347
1.07197
1.07049

13
78
77
04
51

1. 70
1. 71
1.72
1. 73
1.74

2.64563
2.67404
2.70273
2.73168
2.76091

1934
7843
1158
4749
1511

2.82831
2.85491
2.88179
2.90896
2.93643

5458
3635
7306
9159
1912

0.93540
0.93664
0.93786
0.93905
0.94022

907
754
303
593
664

1.06905
1.06763
1.06625
1.06489
1.06357

10
75
38
93
34

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

2.79041
2.82019
2.85026
2.88060
2.91124

4366
6265
0186
9136
6148

2.96418
2.99224
3.02059
3.04924
3.07820

8310
1129
3175
7283
6318

0.94137
0.94250
0.94360
0.94469
0.94576

554
301
942
516
057

1.06227
1.06100
1.05976
1.05854
1.05735

53
46
05
25
01

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

2.94217
2.97339
3.00491
3.03673
3.06886

4288
6648
6349
6545
0417

3.10747
3.13705
3.16694
3.19715
3.22767

3176
0785
2100
0113
7844

0.94680
0.94783
0.94883
0.94982
0.95079

601
la5
a42
608
514

1.05618
1.05503
1.05392
1.05282
1.05175

26
95
02
43
13

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

3.10129
3.13403
3.16708
3.20045
3.23414

1178
2071
6369
7378
8436

3.25852
3.28970
3.32121
3.35304
3.38522

8344
4701
0031
7484
0245

0.95174
0.95267
0.95359
0.95449
0.95537

596
884
412
211
312

1.05070
1.04967
1.04866
1.04767
1.04671

05
17
42
76
15

1.90
1.91
1. 92
1.93
1.94

3.26816
3.30250
3.33717
3.37218
3.40752

2912
4206
5754
1022
3510

3.41773
3.45058
3.48378
3.51732
3.55122

1531
4593
2716
9220
7460

0.95623
0.95708
0.95791
0.95873
0.95953

746
542
731
341
401

1.04576
1.04483
1.04393
1.04304
1.04217

53
88
14
28
25

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

3.44320
3.47923
3.51560
3.55233
3.58941

6754
4322
9816
6874
9168

3.58548
3.62009
3.65506
3.69040
3.72611

0826
2743
6672
6111
4594

0.96031
0.96108
0.96184
0.96258
0.96331

939
983
561
698
422

1.04132
1.04048
1.03966
1.03886
1.03808

02
55
79
72
29

2. 00

3.62686 0408
C-55)4

3.76219 5691
C-f)5

0.96402 758
(-J)4

1 1

1.03731 47
C-i

1 1

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

HYPERBOLIC
2

sinh x

217

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

cash x

Table

4.15

coth x

tanh x

3.62686
4.02185
4.45710
4.93696
5.46622

0408
6742
5171
1806
9214

3.76219
4.14431
4.56790
5.03722
5.55694

5691
3170
8329
0649
7167

0.96402
0.97045
0.97574
0.98009
0.98367

75801
19366
31300
63963
48577

1.03731 47207
1.03044 77350
1.02485 98932
1.02030 78022
1.01659 60756

6.05020
6.69473
7.40626
8.19191
9.05956

4481
2228
3106
8354
1075

6.13228
6.76900
7.47346
8.25272
9.11458

9480
5807
8619
8417
4295

0.98661
0.98902
0.99100
0.99263
0.99396

42982
74022
74537
15202
31674

I.01356
1.01109
1.00907
1.00742
1.00607

73098
43314
41460
31773
34973

10.01787
11.07645
12.24588
13.53787
14.96536

4927
1040
3997
7877
3389

10.06766
11.12150
12.28664
13.57476
14.99873

1996
0242
6201
1044
6659

0.99505
0.99594
0.99668
0.99728
0.99777

47537
93592
23978
29601
49279

1.00496
1.00406
1.00332
1.00272
1.00223

98233
71152
86453
44423
00341

16.54262
18.28545
20.21129
22.33940
24.69110

7288
5361
0417
6861
3597

16.57282
18.31277
20.23601
22.36177
24.71134

4671
9083
3943
7633
5508

0.99817
0.99850
0.99877
0.99899
0.99918

78976
79423
82413
95978
08657

1.00182
1.00149
1.00122
1.00100
1.00081

54285
42872
32532
14040
98059

27.28991
30.16185
33.33566
36.84311
40.71929

7197
7461
7732
2570
5663

27.30823
30.17843
33.35066
36.85668
40.73157

2836
0136
3309
1129
3002

0.99932
0.99945
0.99955
0.99963
0.99969

92997
08437
03665
18562
85793

1.00067
1.00054
1.00044
1.00036
1.00030

11504
94581
98358
82794
15116

45.00301
49.73713
54.96903
60.75109
67.14116

1152
1903
8588
3886
6551

45.01412
49.74718
54.97813
60.75932
67.14861

0149
3739
3865
3633
3134

0.99975
0.99979
0.99983
0.99986
0.99988

32108
79416
45656
45517
91030

1.00024
1.00020
1.00016
1.00013
1.00011

68501
20992
54618
54666
09093

74.20321
82.00790
90.63336
100.16590
110.70094

0578
5277
2655
9190
9812

74.20994
82.01400
90.63887
100.17090
110.70546

8525
2023
9220
0784
6393

0.99990
0.99992
0.99993
0.99995
0.99995

92043
56621
91369
01692
92018

1.00009
1.00007
1.00006
1.00004
1.00004

08040
43434
08668
98333
07998

55-i
5: 8
5.9

122.34392
135.21135
149.43202
165.14826
182.51736

2746
4781
7501
6177
4210

122.34800
135.21505
149.43537
165.15129
182.52010

9518
2645
3466
3732
3655

0.99996
0.99997
0.99997
0.99998
0.99998

65972
26520
76093
16680
49910

1.00003
1.00002
1.00002
1.00001
1.00001

34040
73488
23912
83323
50092

6. 0

201.71315

7370

201.71563

6122

0.99998

77117

1.00001

22885

;*t

2:2
2.3
2.4
2.5
$2
2;
3. 0
;=:
3:3
3. 4
E
3:7
Z
t-10
4: 2
t5
4. 5
4.6
4. 7
44::
5. 0
;*:
5: 3
5.4
5.5

cc-y1

c 1
c-p

218
Table

ELEMENTARY

4.15

TRANSCENDENTAL

HYPERBOLIC

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

sinh x
201.71315 7370
222.92776 3607
246.37350 5831
272.28503 6911
300.92168 8157

coshx
201.71563 6122
222.93000 6475
246.37553 5262
272.28687 3215
300.92334 9715

tanhx
0.99998 77117
0.99998 99391
0.99999 17629
0.99999 32560
0.99999 44785

cothx
1.00001 22885
1.00001 00610
1.00000 82372
1.00000 67441
1.00000 55216

332.57006
367.54691
406.20229
448.92308
496.13685

4803
4437
7128
8938
3910

332.57156
367.54827
406.20352
448.92420
496.13786

8242
4805
8040
2713
1695

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

54794
62988
69697
75190
79687

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

45207
37012
30303
24810
20313

548.31612
605.98312
669.71500
740.14962
817.99190

3273
4694
8904
6023
9372

548.31703
605.98394
669.71575
740.15030
817.99252

5155
9799
5490
1562
0624

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

83369
86384
88852
90873
92527

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

16631
13616
11148
09127
07473

904.02093
999.09769
1104.17376
1220.30078
1348.64097

0686
7326
9530
3945
8762

904.02148
999.09819
1104.17422
1220.30119
1348.64134

3770
7778
2357
3680
9506

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

93882
94991
95899
96642
97251

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

06118
05009
04101
03358
02749

1490.47882
1647.23388
1820.47501
2011.93607
2223.53326

5790
5872
6339
2653
1416

1490.47916
1647.23418
1820.47529
2011.93632
2223.53348

1252
9411
0993
1170
6284

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

97749
98157
98491
98765
98989

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

02251
01843
01509
01235
01011

2457.38431
2715.82970
3001.45602
3317.12192
3665.98670

8415
3629
5338
7772
1384

2457.38452
2715.82988
3001.45619
3317.12207
3665.98683

1884
7734
1923
8505
7772

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99172
99322
99445
99546
99628

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00828
00678
00555
00454
00372

4051.54190
4477.64629
4948.56447
5469.00955
6044.19032

2083
5908
8852
8370
3746

4051.54202
4477.64640
4948.56457
5469.00964
6044.19040

5493
7574
9892
9795
6471

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99695
99751
99796
99833
99863

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00305
00249
00204
00167
00137

6679.86337
7382.39074
8158.80356
9016.87243
9965.18519

7405
8924
8366
6188
4028

6679.86345
7382.39081
8158.80362
9016.87249
9965.18524

2257
6653
9649
1640
4202

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99888
99908
99925
99939
99950

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00112
00092
00075
00061
00050

11013.23287 4703
Forx>>O,sinhx-coshx-i

11013.23292 0103
ez. Forx>lO, tanhx-l-2e-22,

0.99999 99959
* (-58)5

1.00000 00041
(-;I7

1
1
[cothx-1+2e-2zto
1
10D.

ELEMENTARY
EXPONENTIAL

AND

erz

0. 00
0. 01

1.00000 00000
1.03191 46153
1.06484 77733

0.02
0. 03
0. 04

1.09883

19803

1.13390 07803

TRANSCENDENTAL

HYPERBOLIC
e-2

FUNCTIONS

1.00000 00000

219

FUNCTIONS

FOR

sinh zr
0.00000 00000
0.03142 10945

THE

ARGUMENT

cash ti

ti

Table

4.16

tanh ti

0.06287
0.09438
0.12599

32029
73698
47010

1.00000
1.00049
liOO197
1.00444
1.00790

59992
41813
98355
76792
32120

0.15772
0.18961
0.22168
0.25398
0.28652

63942
37699
83022
16502
56886

1.01236
1.01781
1.02427
1.03174
1.04023

23933
79512
81377
93294
89006

0.15580
0.18629
0.21643
0.24616
0.27544

03292
43856
36952
60434
21974
61929
55730
15776
92833
76928

0.96907
0.93910
0.91005
0.88191

24263
13674
72407
13783

00000
35208
45704
46105
60793

0.00000
0.06274
0.09396
0.12500

63906

00000

0.03140 55952
93000

97111

0.05
0.06
0. 07
0.08
0. 09

1.17008 87875
1.20743

17210

1.24596 64399
1.28573 09795
1.32676 45892

0.85463
0.82820
0.80258
0.77776
0.75371

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.36910
1.41280
1.45789
1.50441
1.55243

77706
23184
13610
94029
23694

0.73040
0.70781
0.68592
0.66470
0.64415

26910
31080
21659
82576
04440

0.31935
0.35249
0.38598
0.41985
0.45414

25398
46052
45975
55727
09627

1.04975 52308
1.06030 77132
1.07190 67634
2.08456

1.09829 14067

38303

0.30421
0.33244
0.36009
0.38711
0.41349

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.60197
1.65310
1.70586
1.76030
1.81648

76513
41518
23348
42750
37088

0.62422
0.60492
0.58621
0.56808
0.55051

84336
25628
37756
36059
41583

0.48887
0.52409
0.55982
0.59611
0.63298

46088
07945
42796
03346
47753

1.11310
1.12901
1.14603
1.16419
1.18349

30425
33573
80552
39405
89335

0.43919
0.46420
0.48848
0.51203
0.53484

97777
24748
66406
69673
18637

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.87445 60876
1.93427 86325
1.99601 03910

0.67048
0.70864
0.74750
0.78710
0.82747

39982
50169
54976
37973
90013

20893

22948
72203

80911
85988
93958
47001
92177

1.20397

2.05971
2.12544

0.53348
0.51698
0.50099
0.48550
0.47048

1.29796

82190

0.55689
0.57818
0.59872
0.61849
0.63751

33069
66683
05188
64181
86920

0.25
0.26
0. 27
0.28
0.29

2.19328
2.26327
2.33550
2.41004
2.48696

00507
77398
93782
62616
19609

0.45593
0.44183
0.42817
0.41492
0.40209

81278
70677
21192
97945
70227

0.86867
0.91072
0.95366
0.99755

09615
03361
86295
82336

1.32460
1.35255
1.38184
1.41248
1.44452

90893
74038
07487
80280
94918

0.65579
0.67333
0.69014
0.70624
0.72164

42026
21140
36583
19035
15276

0.30
0. 31
0. 32
0.33
0.34

2.56633
2.64823
2.73275
2.81996
2.90996

23952
59064
33366
81081
63054

0.38966
0.37760
0.36593
0.35461
0.34364

11374
98638
13069
39395
65907

1.08833
1.13531
1.18341
1.23267
1.28315

56289
30213
10148
70843
98573

1.47799 67663
1.51292 28851
1.54934 23218
1.58729

10238

0.73635
0.75041
0.76381
0.77659
0.78876

85995
03695
50706
17313
00021

0.35
0.36
0. 37
0.38
0. 39

3.00283
3.09867
3.19756
3.29961
3.40491

67606
11407
40381
30643
89460

0.33301
0.32271
0.31273
0.30306
0.29369

84355
89833
80681
58385
27474

1.33490
1.38797
1.44241
1.49827
1.55561

91626
60787
29850
36129
30993

1.66792
1.71069
1.75515
1.80133

75980
50620
10531
94514

0.80033
0.81135
0.82181
0.83175
0.84118

99933
21279
70068
52873
75743

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0. 44

3.51358
3.62572
3.74143
3.86084
3.98405

56243
03579
38283
02496
74810

0.28460
0.27580
0.26727
0.25901
0.25100

95433
72607
72113
09757
03946

1.61448
1.67495
1.73707
1.80091
1.86652

80405
65486
83085
46370
85432

43239
57589
17947
19762
54241

0. 45
0.46
0. 47
0.48
0.49

4.11120
4.24241
4.37780
4.51752
4.66170

71429

0.24323
0.23571
0.22842
0.22136
0.21451

75614
48138
47266
01040
39731

2.00334
2.07469
2.14808
2.22359

07899
62194
93236
71557
61950

0.50

4.81047

47373
97717
58864
09873
73810

(-;I6
c

0.20787
95764
r( -p) 11
L
0 J

1.04243 24691

1.84930 58467
1.89909 75838
1.95076 38093
2.00435
2.05992
2.11752

55198
56127
89378

99617
25226
28912
35071

2.17722
2.23906
2.30311
2.36944
2.43810

23522
47756
72491
29952
74802

0.88828
0.89472
0.90081
0.90657
0.91201

89023

2.50917

84787

0.91715

[ 1
(d3

1.62680 64481

0.85013
0.85861
0.86665
0.87426
0.88146

1.93398 47907

2.30129

li22563 36157
1.24850 48934
1.27260 84975

c-y1
[
Circular and
23357

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Mathematical Tables, vol. 1.
hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine integrals, factorial function and allied functions, Hermitian
probability functions, 3d ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1951 (with permission). Known
errors have been corrected.

220
Table

ELEMENTARY

EXPONENTIAL

4.16

AND

TRANSCENDENTAL

HYPERBOLIC

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

FOR

THE

ARGUMENT

0.50
0.51
0. 52
0.53
0. 54

4.81047
4.96400
5.12242
5.28590
5.45460

erz
73810
19160
61276
63869
40558

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0. 59

5.62868
5.80832
5.99369
6.18497
6.38237

56460
29831
33767
97951
10460

0.17766
0.17216
0.16684
0.16168
0.15668

13694
67343
20350
20156
15832

2.72551
2.81807
2.91342
3.01164
3.11284

21383
81244
56709
88897
47314

2.90317
2.99024
3.08026
3.17333
3.26952

35077
48587
77058
09054
63146

0.93880
0.94242
0.94583
0.94904
0.95207

44259
38675
52160
97460
82009

0.60
0. 61
0.62
0. 63
0. 64

6.58606
6.79625
7.01315
7.23697
7.46794

19627
35967
34158
55091
07985

0.15183
0.14713
0.14258
0.13817
0.13390

58020
98890
92093
92710
57214

3.21711
3.32455
3.43528
3.54939
3.66701

30804
68538
21032
81191
75386

3.36894
3.47169
3.57787
3.68757
3.80092

88823
67428
13125
73901
32600

0.95493
0.95761
0.96014
0.96252
0.96477

08086
72978
69151
84417
02118

0.65
0. 66
0.67
0. 68
0.69

7.70627
7.95222
8.20601
8.46790
8.73815

72563
01304
21768
38986
37941

0.12976
0.12575
0.12186
0.11809
0.11444

43423
10461
18713
29793
06500

3.78825
3.91323
4.04207
4.17490
4.31185

64570
45422
51527
54597
65720

3.91802
4.03898
4.16393
4.29299
4.42629

07993
55883
70240
84390
72220

0.96688
0.96886
0.97073
0.97249
0.97414

01293
56859
39783
17255
52857

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0. 74

9.01702
9.30480
9.60176
9.90819
10.22441

86109
36103
28381
94054
57779

0.11090
0.10747
0.10414
0.10092
0.09780

12784
13709
75422
65114
50993

4.45306
4.59866
4.74880
4.90363
5.06330

36663
61197
76480
64470
53393

4.56396
4.70613
4.85295
5.00456
5.16111

49447
74906
51901
29584
04386

0.97570
0.97716
0.97853
0.97983
0.98104

06726
35718
93563
31019
96015

0.75
0. 76
0.77
0. 78
0. 79

10.55072
10.88744
11.23491
11.59347
11.96347

40742
63743
50371
30285
42604

0.09478
0.09184
0.08900
0.08625
0.08358

02248
89025
82388
54299
77587

5.22797
5.39779
5.57295
5.75360
5.93994

19247
87359
33992
87993
32508

5.32275
5.48964
5.66196
5.83986
6.02353

21495
76384
16379
42292
10095

0.98219
0.98326
0.98427
0.98522
0.98612

33800
87071
96111
98912
31297

0.80
0. 81
0. 82
0.83
0.84

12.34528
12.73927
13.14584
13.56539
13.99832

39392
89270
81133
27988
70916

0.08100
0.07849
0.07606
0.07371
0.07143

25922
73785
96451
69955
71077

6.13214
6.33039
6.53488
6.74583
6.96344

06735
07743
92341
79017
49919

6.21314
6.40888
6.61095
6.81955
7.03488

32657
81528
88792
48972
20996

0.98696
0.98775
0.98849
Oi98919
0.98984

27033
17946
34022
b3509
53014

0.85
0.86
0.87
0. 88
0.89

14.44507
14.90608
15.38180
15.87271
16.37928

83157
74333
94795
40119
55735

0.06922
0.06708
0.06501
0.06300
0.06105

77313
66855
18571
11981
27239

7.18792
7.41950
7.65839
7.90485
8.15911

52922
03739
88112
64069
64248

7.25715
7.48658
7.72341
7.96785
8.22016

30235
70594
06683
76050
91487

0.99046
0.99103
0.99158
0.99209
0.99257

07591
90830
24938
30818
28142

0.90
0. 91
0.92
0.93
0.94

16.90202
17.44144
17.99808
18.57248
19.16521

41717
57711
28034
46925
83968

0.05916
0.05733
0.05556
0.05384
0.05217

45113
46965
14735
30919
78557

8.42142
8.69205
8.97126
9.25932
9.55652

98302
55373
06650
08003
02706

8.48059
8.74939
9.02682
9.31316
9.60869

43415
02338
21384
38922
81263

0.99302
0.99344
0.99384
0.99421
0.99456

35419
70066
48468
86036
97268

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0. 99

19.77686
20.40804
21.05935
21.73145
22.42500

89693
01345
48847
60946
71560

0.05056
0.04900
0.04748
0.04601
0.04459

41212
02956
48354
62446
30738

9.86315
10.17951
10.50593
10.84271
11.19020

24240
99195
50247
99250
70411

9.91371
10.22852
10.55341
10.88873
11.23480

65453
02151
98601
61696
01149

0.99489
0.99520
0.99550
0.99577
0.99603

95797
94443
05263
39591
08084

1. 00

23.14069 26328
t-t)3

0.04321 39183
(-;I3

11.54873

93573
(-y
[ 1

11.59195

95764
03654
99944
23136
13637

sinh
2.30129
2.38127
2.46360
2.54836
2.63563

TX
89023
57753
30666
20366
63461

cash TX
2.50917 84787
2.58272 61407
2.65882 30610
2.73754 43503
2.81896 77098

tanh
0.91715
0.92200
0.92657
0.93089
0.93496

~fl:
23357
08803
65378
34251
50714

e-rz

0.20787
0.20145
0.19521
0.18918
0.18333

1 1

32755
t-y
[ 1

0.99627 20762
(-[I4

1 1

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

INVERSE

221

FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC

Table

FUNCTIONS

arcsinh x

4.17

arctanh z

arcsinh x
0.00000 0000

0.02
0.03
0. 04

9833
0.01999 8667
0.02999 5502
0.03998 9341

arctanh .E
0.00000 0000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04002

0333
2667
9004
1353

o.x5o
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.48121
0.49013
0.49902
0.50788
0.51669

1825
8161
8444
2413
9824

0.54930
0.56272
0.57633
0.59014
0.60415

6144
9769
9754
5160
5603

0. 05
0. 06
0. 07
0. 08
0.09

0.04997
0.05996
0.06994
0.07991
0.08987

9190
4058
2959
4912
8941

0.05004
0.06007
0.07011
0.08017
0.09024

1729
2156
4671
1325
4188

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.52548
0.53422
0.54293
0.55159
0.56023

0448
4074
0505
9562
1077

0.61838
0.63283
0.64752
0.66246
0.67766

1313
3186
2844
2707
6068

0.10
0. 11
0. 12
0. 13
0.14

0.09983
0.10977
0.11971
0.12963
0.13954

4079
9366
3851
6590
6654

0.10033
0.11044
0.12058
0.13073
0.14092

5347
6915
1028
9850
5576

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.56882
0.57738
0.58589
0.59437
0.60282

4899
0892
8932
8911
0733

0.69314
0.70892
0.72500
0.74141
0.75817

7180
1359
5087
6144
3745

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.14944
0.15932
0.16919
0.17904
0.18887

3120
5080
1636
1904
5015

0.15114
0.16138
0.17166
0.18198
0.19233

0436
6696
6663
2689
7169

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.61122
0.61958
0.62791
0.63620
0.64445

4314
9584
6485
4970
5005

0.77529
0.79281
0.81074
0.82911
0.84795

8706
3631
3125
4038
5755

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.19869
0.20848
0.21826
0.22801
0.23775

0110
6350
2908
8972
3749

0.20273
0.21317
0.22365
0.23418
0.24477

2554
1346
6109
9466
4112

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.65266
0.66083
0.66897
0.67707
0.68512

6566
9641
4227
0332
7974

0.86730
0.88718
0.99764
0.92872
0.95047

0527
3863
4983
7364
9381

0.25
0.26
0:27
0.28
0.29

0.24746
0.25715
0.26682
0.27646
0.28608

6462
6349
2667
4691
1715

0.25541
0.26610
0.27686
0.28768
0.29856

2812
8407
3823
2072
6264

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.69314
0.70112
0.70907
0.71697
0.72484

7181
7988
0441
4594
0509

0.97295
0.99621
1.02032
1.04537
1.07143

5074
5082
7758
0548
1684

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.29567
0.30523
0.31477
0.32428
0.33376

3048
8020
5980
6295
8352

0.30951
0.32054
0.33164
0.34282
0.35409

9604
5409
7108
8254
2528

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.73266
0.74045
0.74820
0.75592
0.76359

8256
7912
9563
3300
9222

1.09861
1.12702
1.15681
1.18813
1.22117

2289
9026
7465
6404
3518

0.35
0.36
0.37
0. 38
0.39

0.34322
0.35264
0.36203
0.37140
0.38073

1555
5330
9121
2391
4624

0.36544
0.37688
0.38842
0.40005
0.41180

3754
5901
3100
9650
0034

0. 85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.77123
0.77883
0.78640
0.79392
0.80141

7433
8046
1177
6950
5491

1.25615
1.29334
1.33307
1.37576
1.42192

2811
4672
9629
7657
5871

0. 40
0. 41
0.42
0.43
0. 44

0.39003
0.39930
0.40854
0.41774
0.42691

5320
4001
0208
3500
3454

0.42364
0.43561
0.44769
0.45989
0.47223

8930
1223
2023
6681
0804

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.80886
0.81628
0.82365
0.83100
0.83830

6936
1421
9091
0091
4575

1.47221
1.52752
1.58902
1.65839
1.73804

9490
4425
6915
0020
9345

0.45
0.46
0. 47
0. 48
0.49

0.43604
0.44515
0.45421
0.46325
0.47224

9669
1759
9359
2120
9713

0.48470
0.49731
0.51007
0.52298
0.53606

0279
1288
0337
4278
0337

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.84557
0.85280
0.86000
0.86716
0.87428

2697
4617
0498
0507
4812

1.83178
1.94591
2.09229
2.29755
2.64665

0823
0149
5720
9925
2412

0.50

0.48121 1825

0.54930 6144

1.00

0.88137 3587

co

cLxoo
0. 01
0.00999

For use of the table see Examples 26-28.

Qo(x) (Legendre Function-Second

Kind)=arctanh
x(/x!<l)
=arccoth ~(1~1>1)
Compiled from Harvard Computation
Laboratory, Tables of inverse hyperbolic
functions.
Harvard Univ. Press, Cambrid@, Mass., 1949 (with permission).

222

ELEMENTARY

Table 4.17

TRANSCENDENTAL

INVERSE

FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC

FUNCTIONS

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

arcsinh x
1.19476 3217
1.20029 7449
1.20580 6263
1.21128 9840
1.21674 8362

arccosh x
(S--l)+
0.86081 788
0.85849 554
0.85618 806
0.85389 528
0.85161 706

968
798
099
841
994

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

1.22218
1.22759
1.23297
1.23833
1.24367

2008
0958
5390
5478
1400

0.84935
0.84710
0.84486
0.84264
0.84043

324
368
823
676
913

0.96794
0.96487
0.96182
0.95880
0.95579

529
415
625
131
904

1.60
1. 61
1.62
1.63
1.64

1.24898
1.25427
1.25953
1.26477
1.26999

3328
1436
5895
6877
4549

0.83824
0.83606
0.83389
0.83174
0.82960

520
483
788
424
376

6154
1729
5013
6208
5514

0.95281
0.94986
0.94692
0.94401
0.94111

918
146
561
139
853

1.65
1.66
1.67
1. 68
1.69

1.27518
1.28036
1.28550
1.29063
1.29573

9081
0639
9389
5495
9120

0.82747
0.82536
0.82326
0.82117
0.81909

632
179
005
097
443

1.01597
1.02235
1.02871
1.03503
1.04133

3134
9270
4123
7896
0792

0.93824
0.93539
0.93256
0.92975
0.92696

678
589
563
576
604

1.70
1.71
1. 72
1.73
1.74

1.30082
1.30587
1.31091
1.31593
1.32092

0427
9576
6727
2038
5666

0.81703
0.81497
0.81293
0.81091
0.80889

032
850
888
132
572

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
l-29

1.04759
1.05382
1.06002
1.06619
1.07233

3013
4760
6237
7645
9185

0.92419
0.92144
0.91871
0.91600
0.91331

624
613
550
411
175

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

1.32589
1.33084
1.33577
1.34068
1.34557

7767
8496
8006
6450
3978

0.80689
0.80489
0.80291
0.80095
0.79899

197
994
954
066
318

1.30
1. 31
1. 32
1.33
1. 34

1.07845
1.08453
1.09058
1.09661
1.10260

1059
3467
6610
0688
5899

0.91063
0.90798
0.90534
0.90272
0.90012

821
328
676
843
810

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

1.35044
1.35528
1.36011
1.36491
1.36970

0740
6886
2562
7914
3089

0.79704
0.79511
0.79318
0.79127
0.78937

701
203
816
527
328

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

1.10857
1.11451
1.12042
1.12630
1.13215

2442
0515
0317
2042
5887

0.89754
0.89498
0.89243
0.88990
0.88738

557
064
313
284
959

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

1.37446
1.37921
1.38393
1.38864
1.39333

8228
3477
8975
4863
1280

0.78748
0.78560
0.78373
0.78187
0.78002

209
160
170
231
334

1.40
1.41
1. 42
1.43
1.44

1.13798
1.14378
1.14955
1.15529
1.16101

2046
0715
2086
6351
3703

0.88489
0.88241
0.87995
0.87750
0.87507

320
348
026
336
261

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

1.39799
1.40264
1.40727
1.41188
1.41647

8365
6254
5083
4987
6099

0.77818
0.77635
0.77453
0.77272
0.77093

468
625
796
971
142

1. 45
1.46
1.47
1. 48
1. 49

1.16670
1.17236
1.17800
1.18361
1.18920

4331
8425
6174
7765
3384

0.87265
0.87025
0.86787
0.86550
0.86315

784
888
557
774
523

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

1.42104
1.42560
1.43013
1.43465
1.43915

8552
2476
8002
5259
4374

0.76914
0.76736
0.76559
0.76383
0.76208

300
437
544
612
633

1.50

1.19476 3217
t-f)4

2.00

1.44363 5475
(-i)3

0.76034

600

1. 00
1. 01
1. 02
1.03
1. 04

arcsinh x
0.88137 3587
0.88842 7007
0.89544 5249
0.90242 8496
0.90937 6928

arccosh x
(227
1.00000 000
0.99667 995
0.99338 621
0.99011 848
0.98687 641

1.05
1.06
1.07
1. 08
1. 09

0.91629
0.92317
0.93001
0.93682
0.94360

0732
0094
5204
6251
3429

0.98365
0.98046
0.97730
0.97415
0.97103

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.95034
0.95705
0.96373
0.97037
0.97698

6930
6950
3684
7331
8088

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

0.98356
0.99011
0.99662
1.00310
1.00955

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

[ 1

0.86081 788
(-!)3
1

c 1

[I 1

[ 1
y2

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL

IUVERSE

arccosh z-ln I
0.62381 07164
0.62685 90940
0.62981 77884
0.63268 90778
0.63547 51194

t-1
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46

arcsinh
0.75048
0.74839
0.74632
0.74428
0.74228

z-111 z
82946
16011
48341
85962
34908

0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41

0.74031
0.73836
0.73646
0.73458
0.73274

01215
90921
10057
64641
60676

0.63817
0.64079
0.64334
0.64580
0.64819

0.40
0.39
0. 38
0.37
0. 36

0.73094
0.72917
0.72743
0.72573
0.72407

04145
01001
57167
78524
70912

223

FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC

Table

FUNCTIONS

<Zi

2-I

arcsinh z-111 z
0.70841 81861
0.70724 57326
0.70611 72820
0.70503 32895
0.70399 41963

arccosh z-ln z
0.67714 27078
0.67842 57947
0.67965 18411
0.68082 14660
0.68193 52541

04288
23983
05002
51134
66000

0.68299
0.68399
0.68494
0.68584
0.68668

37571
74947
69555
25981
48518

0. 24
0.25

t
2

0.23
0.22
0.21

79566
95268
16670
61207
45429

0.19
0.
20

0.18
0.17

0.16

0.70300
0.70205
0.70115
0.70029
0.69948

0.65050
0.65274
0.65491
0.65701
0.65904

85051
95004
89477
81952
85249

0.15
3; 14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.69872
0.69801
0.69734
0.69672
0.69615

53043
15527
56533
78946
85462

0.68747
0.68821
0.68889
0.68952
0.69010

41175
07683
51504
75836
83616

11555
72458
78974
41577
70226

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0. 06

0.69563
0.69516
0.69474
0.69436
0.69404

78573
60572
33542
99357
59680

0.69063
0.69111
0.69154
0.69191
0.69224

77531
60018
33269
99235
59631

74382
63038
44732
27575
19258

::
4

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0. 01

0.69377
0.69354
0.69337
0.69324
0.69317

15954
69408
21047
71656
21796

0.69252 15938
0.69274 69403
0.69292 21046
0.69304 71656
0.69312 21796

0. 00

0.69314

71806

0.69314

0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31

0.72245
0.72086
0.71932
0.71781
0.71634

40117
91873
31846
65636
98766

0.66101
0.66290
0.66473
0.66650
0.66820

0.30
0.29
0.28
0.27
0.26

0.71492
0.71353
0.71219
0.71089
0.70963

36678
84725
48165
32154
41742

0.66984
0.67142
0.67294
0.67440
0.67580

0.25

0.70841 81861
C-56)5
[
3

:
:

3
:
:

0.67714 27078
C-65) 1
[
I

0>=nearest

ROOTS

z,,, OF

integer

COL) r,, cash

4.73004
7.85320

46
07

i
5

10.99560
14.13716
17.27875

78
55
96

to .I.

x,=1

For ~25, .J,,=; [2~+l]r

ROOTS

[ 1
C-56)6

a.,, OF

cos z, eoah

II

%I

ii

4.69409
1.87510

41
11

3
z

7.85475
14.13716
10.99554

74
84
07

For )!>5, .z,,=: [2/t- 11~

x,,= - 1

4.17

71806

[ 1
t-y

Table

4.18

224

ELEMENTARY
Table
-A
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

3.14159
2.99304
2.86277
2.75032
2.65366

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

TRANSCENDENTAL

FUNCTIONS

ROOTS x uOF tan X )I : pt,

4.19
Xl

26

27

12.5?637
12.02503
11.70268
11.52018
11.40863

15.7%#96
15.06247
14.73347
14.56638
14.46987

18.84956
18.11361
17.79083
17.64009
17.55621

21.99115
21.17717
20.86724
20.73148
20.65782

25.;;274
24.25156
23.95737
23.83468
23.76928

28 ;;433
27:33519
27.05755
26.94607
26.88740

11.33482
11.28284
11.24440
11.21491
11.19159

14.40797
14.36517
14.33391
14.31012
14.29142

17.50343
17.46732
17.44113
17.42129
17.40574

20.61203
20.58092
20.55844
20.54146
20.52818

23.72894
23.70166
23.68201
23.66719
23.65561

26.85142
26.82716
26.80971
26.79656
26.78631

8.09616
8.07544
8.05794
8.04298
8.03004

11.17271
11.15712
11.14403
11.13289
11.12330

14.27635
14.26395
14.25357
14.24475
14.23717

17.39324
17.38298
17.37439
17.36711
17.36086

20.51752
20.50877
20.50147
20.49528
20.48996

23.64632
23.63871
23.63235
23.62697
23.62235

26.77809
26.77135
26.76572
26.76096
26.75688

4.97428
4.95930
4.94592
4.93389
4.92303

8.01875
8.00881
7.99999
7.99212
7.98505

11.11496
11.10764
11.10116
11.09538
11.09021

14.23059
14.22482
14.21971
14.21517
14.21110

17.35543
17.35068
17.34648
17.34274
17.33939

20.48535
20.48131
20.47774
20.47457
20.47172

23.61834
23.61483
23.61173
23.60897
23.60651

26.75333
26.75023
26.74749
26.74506
26.74288

4.91318

7.97867

11.08554

14.20744

17.33638

20.46917

23.60428

26.74092

4.932318 7.97867
4.90375 7.97258
4.89425 7.96648
4.88468 7.96036
4.87504 7.95422

ll'r$554
11:08110
11.07665
11.07219
11.06773

14 i:744
14:20395
14.20046
14.19697
14.19347

17.37638
17.33351
17.33064
17.32777
17.32490

20 4?917
20:46673
20.46430
20.46187
20.45943

23.6?428
23.60217
23.60006
23.59795
23.59584

26 7:092
26:73905
26.73718
26.73532
26.73345

1.93974
1.92035
1.90036
1.87976
1.85852

4.86534
4.85557
4.84573
4.83583
4.82587

7.94807
7.94189
7.93571
7.92950
7.92329

11.06326
11.05879
11.05431
11.04982
11.04533

14.18997
14.18647
14.18296
14.17946
14.17594

17.32203
17.31915
17.31628
17.31340
17.31052

20.45700
20.45456
20.45212
20.44968
20.44724

23.59372
23.59161
23.58949
23.58738
23.58526

26.73159
26.72972
26.72785
26.72598
26.72411

-0.50
-0.45
-0.40
-0.35
-0.30

1.83660
1.81396
1.79058
1.76641
1.74140

4.81584
4.80575
4.79561
4.78540
4.77513

7.91705
7.91080
7.90454
7.89827
7.89198

11.04083
11.03633
11.03182
11.02730
11.02278

14.17243
14.16892
14.16540
14.16188
14.15835

17.30764
17.30476
17.30187
17.29899
17.29610

20.44480
20.44236
20.43992
20.43748
20.43503

23.58314
23.58102
23.57891
23.57679
23.57467

26.72225
26.72038
26.71851
26.71664
26.71477

-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05

1.71551
1.68868
1.66087
1.63199
1.60200

4.76481
4.75443
4.74400
4.73351
4.72298

7.88567
7.87936
7.87303
7.86669
7.86034

11.01826
11.01373
11.00920
11.00466
11.00012

14.15483
14.15130
14.14777
14.14424
14.14070

17.29321
17.29033
17.28744
17.28454
17.28165

20.43259
20.43014
20.42769
20.42525
20.42280

23.57255
23.57043
23.56831
23.56619
23.56407

26.71290
26.71102
26.70915
26.70728
26.70541

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.57080
1.53830
1.50442
1.46904
1.43203

4.71239
4.70176
4.69108
4.68035
4.66958

7.85398
7.84761
7.84123
7.83484
7.82844

10.99557
10.99102
10.98647
10.98192
10.97736

14.13717
14.13363
14.13009
14.12655
14.12301

17.27875
17.27586
17.27297
17.27007
17.26718

20.42035
20.41790
20.41545
20.41300
20.41055

23.56194
23.55982
23.55770
23.55558
23.55345

26.70354
26.70166
26.69979
26.69792
26.69604

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.39325
1.35252
1.30965
1.26440
1.21649

4.65878
4.64793
4.63705
4.62614
4.61519

7.82203
7.81562
7.80919
7.80276
7.79633

10.97279
10.96823
10.96366
10.95909
10.95452

14.11946
14.11592
14.11237
14.10882
14.10527

17.26428
17.26138
17.25848
17.25558
17.25268

20.40810
20.40565
20.40320
20.40075
20.39829

23.55133
23.54921
23.54708
23.54496
23.54283

26.69417
26.69230
26.69042
26.68855
26.68668

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.16556
1.11118
1.05279
0.98966
0.92079

4.60422
4.59321
4.58219
4.57114
4.56007

7.78988
7.78344
7.77698
7.77053
7.76407

10.94994
10.94537
10.94079
10.93621
10.93163

14.10172
14.09817
14.09462
14.09107
14.08752

17.24978
17.24688
17.24398
17.24108
17.23817

20.39584
20.39339
20.39094
20.38848
20.38603

23.54071
23.53858
23.53646
23.53433
23.53221

26.68480
26.68293
26.68105
26.67918
26.67730

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.84473
0.75931
0.66086
0.54228
0.38537

4.54899
4.53789
4.52678
4.51566
4.50454

7.75760
7.75114
7.74467
7.73820
7.73172

10.92704
10.92246
10.91788
10.91329
10.90871

14.08396
14.08041
14.07686
14.07330
14.06975

17.23527
17.23237
17.22946
17.22656
17.22366

20.38357
20.38112
20.37867
20.37621
20.37376

23.53008
23.52796
23.52583
23.52370
23.52158

26.67543
26.67355
26.67168
26.66980
26.66793

1.00

0.00000

4.49341

7.72525

10.90412

14.06619

17.22075

20.37130

23.51945

26.66605

6.28~19

9.4iT78

2.57043
2.49840
2.43566
2.38064
2.33208

5.99209
5.76056
5.58578
5.45435
5.35403
5.27587
5.21370
5.16331
5.12176

9.00185
8.70831
8.51805
8.39135
8.30293
8.23845
8.18965
8.15156
8.12108

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

2.28893
2.25037
2.21571
2.18440
2.15598

5.08698
5.05750
5.03222
5.01031
4.99116

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

2.13008
2.10638
2.08460
2.06453
2.04597

1.00

2.02876

x-1
-1.00
-0.95
-0.90
-0.85
-0.80

2.02876
2.01194
1.99465
1.97687
1.95857

-0.75
-0.70
-0.65
-0.60
-0.55

Xl

x3

For h-0, seejl. Sof Table 10.6.

<x>=nearest integer to X.

<A>
1:
-1
1:

ELEMENTARY

TRANSCENDENTAL
ROOTS

x,, OF

225

FUNCTIONS

cot

xn =Xx,,

Table

4.20

x1

22

53

24

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.57080
1.49613
1.42887
1.36835
1.31384

4.71239
4.49148
4.30580
4.15504
4.03357

7.85398
7.49541
7.22811
7.04126
6.90960

10.99557
10.51167
10.20026
10.01222
9.89275

14,13717
13.54198
13.21418
13.03901
12.93522

17.27876
16.58639
16.25936
16.10053
16.01066

x7
20.42035
19.64394
19.32703
19.18401
19.10552

23.5*6194
22.71311
22.41085
22.28187
22.21256

26 70354
25:79232
25.50638
25.38952
25.32765

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.26459
1.21995
1.17933
1.14223
1.10820

3.93516
3.85460
3.78784
3.73184
3.68433

6.81401
6.74233
6.68698
6.64312
6.60761

9.81188
9.75407
9.71092
9.67758
9.65109

12.86775
12.82073
12.78621
12.75985
12.73907

15.95363
15.91443
15.88591
15.86426
15.84728

19.05645
19.02302
18.99882
18.98052
18.96619

22.16965
22.14058
22.11960
22.10377
22.09140

25.28961
25.26392
25.24544
25.23150
25.22062

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.07687
1.04794
1.02111
0.99617
0.97291

3.64360
3.60834
3.57756
3.55048
3.52649

6.57833
6.55380
6.53297
6.51508
6.49954

9.62956
9.61173
9.59673
9.58394
9.57292

12.72230
12.70847
12.69689
12.68704
12.67857

15.83361
15.82237
15.81297
15.80500
15.79814

18.95468
18.94523
18.93734
18.93065
18.92490

22.08147
22.07333
22.06653
22.06077
22.05583

25.21190
25.20475
25.19878
25.19373
25.18939

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.95116
0.93076
0.91158
0.89352
0.57647

3.50509
3.48590
3.46859
3.45292
3.43865

6.48593
6.47392
6.46324
6.45368
6.44508

9.56331
9.55486
9.54738
9.54072
9.53473

12.67121
12.66475
12.65904
1?.65395
12.64939

15.79219
15.78698
15.78237
15.77827
15.77459

18.91991
18.91554
18.91168
18.90825
18.90518

22.05154
22.04778
22.04447
22.04151
22.03887

25.18563
25.18234
25.17943
25.17684
25.17453

1.00 0.86033

3.42562

6.43730

9.52933

12.64529

15.77128

18.90241

22.03650

25.17245

X5

X6

x7

25

29

Xl

22

53

x4

1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80

0.86033
0.84426
0.82740
0.80968
0.79103

3.42562
3.41306
3.40034
3.38744
3.37438

6.43730
6.42987
6.42241
6.41492
6.40740

9.52933
9.52419
9.51904
9.51388
9.50871

12.64529
12.64138
12.63747
12.63355
12.62963

15.77128
15.76814
15.76499
15.76184
15.75868

18.90241
18.89978
18.89715
18.89451
18.89188

22.03650
22.03424
22.03197
22.02971
22.02745

25.17245
25.17047
25.16848
25.16650
25.16452

0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55

0.77136
0.75056
0.72851
0.70507
0.68006

3.36113
3.34772
3.33413
3.32037
3.30643

6.39984
6.39226
6.38464
6.37700
6.36932

9.50353
9.49834
9.49314
9.48793
9.48271

12.62570
12.62177
12.61784
12.61390
12.60996

15.75553
15.75237
15.74921
15.74605
15.74288

18.88924
18.88660
18.88396
18.88132
18.87868

22.02519
22.02292
22.02066
22.01839
22.01612

25.16254
25.16055
25.15857
25.15659
25.15460

0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

0.65327
0.62444
0.59324
0.55922
0.52179

3.29231
3.27802
3.26355
3.24891
3.23409

6.36162
6.35389
6.34613
6.33835
6.33054

9.47749
9.47225
9.46700
9.46175
9.45649

12.60601
12.60206
12.59811
12.59415
12.59019

15.73972
15.73655
15.73338
15.73021
15.72704

18.87604
18.87339
18.87075
18.86810
18.86546

22.01386
22.01159
22.00932
22.00705
22.00478

25.15262
25.15063
25.14864
25.14666
25.14467

2
2

0.25 0.48009 3.21910 6.32270

0.20 0.43284 3.20393 6.31485
0.15 0.37788 3.18860 6.30696
0.10 0.31105 3.17310 6.29906
0.05 0.22176 3.15743 6.29113

9.45122
9.44595
9.44067
9.43538
9.43008

12.58623
12.58226
12.57829
12.57432
12.57035

15.72386
15.72068
15.71751
15.71433
15.71114

18.86281
18.86016
18.85751
18.85486
18.85221

22.00251
22.00024
21.99797
21.99569
21.99342

25.14268
25.14070
25.13871
25.13672
25.13473

0.00 0.00000 3.14159 6.28319

*
[c-y]
['-;'l]

9.42478 12.56637 15.70796 18.84956 21.99115 25.13274

[(-p]
['-y]
['-;"]
[(-p]
[y;"]
~[(-y'!

A-

3%

59

<A> =nearest integer to X.

For h-l > .20, the maximum

error

in linear

interpolation

For A-l c .20,

I--&+&2-&3+..:
*see page n.

is (- 4)7; five-point

interpolation

gives 5D.

<A>

:
:
1
:
H
2

z
3

G
:oo
Co

5. Exponential

Integral

WALTER

GAUTSCHI

and Related
l AND WILLIAM

Functions

I?. CAHILL

Contents
Page
Mathematical
Properties
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1. Exponential Integral
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2. Sine and Cosine Integrals

Numerical

Methods

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

233
233

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

235

5.3. Use and Extension

References
Table

of the Tables

5.1. Sine, Cosine and Exponential

x-Si(x),

x-2[Ci(x)-ln

cc-[Ei(x)-ln
Si(x), Ci(x),
Si(x), Ci(x),
Table

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2.

Integrals

(O<sl 10) . . . .

238

x-r]

x-r],

x-[E,(x)+ln
x+-r], x=0(.01).5,
10s
10D; Ei(x), El(x),
9D; x=.5(.01)2
10D; xP Ei(x), xez El(x),
9D; x=2(.1)10

Sine, Cosine and Exponential

Integrals

for Large Arguments

(101x1 a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
qf(x), 9D; x2g(x), 7D; ze-Ei(x),
8D; xezEl(s), 10D
f(x)=-si(x)
cos x+Ci(x) sin 2, g(x)=-si(x)
sin x-C;(x)
co9 x
x-=.l(-.005)0
Table

5.3.

Si(rx),
Table

5.4.

228
228
231

Sine and Cosine Integrals

for Arguments

Gin(m), x=0(.1)10,

7D

Exponential

E,(x)

Integrals

243

TIZ (0 Ix 210) . . .

244

(0 5x 52) . . . . . . . . . .

245

E2(x)--2 In 2, E,(x), n=3,4, 10, 20, x=0(.01).5

E,(x), 12=2, 3, 4, 10, 20, x=.5(.01)2,
7D
Table

5.5. Exponential
Integrals E,(x) for Large Arg,urnents (2 Ix _< 03) a
(x+n)eE,(x),
n=2, 3, 4, 10, 20,
x-=.5(-.05).1(-.01>0,
5D

248

Table

5.6. Exponential Integral for Complex Arguments (jzj<29)

zezEl(z), z=X+iy,
x=-19(1)20,
y=O(1)20,
6D

. .

249

(l.4 <5) .

251

Table

5.7.

Exponential

Integral

for Small Complex Arguments

ezEl(z), z=x+iy,
x=-4(.5)-2,
y=O(.2)1,
6D
E,(z)+ln
z, z=x+iy,
x=-2(.5)2.5,
y=O(.2)1,
6D
The authors acknowledge the assistance of David S. Liepman in the preparation
and
checking of the tables, Robert L. Durrah for the computation
of Table 5.2, and Alfred E.
Beam for the computation of Table 5.6.
r Guest worker, National Bureau of Standards, from the American
Purdue University.)
2 National Bureau of Standards.
(Presently NASA.)

University.

(Presently

227

5. Exponential

Integral
Mathematical

5.1. Exponential

and Related
Properties
Explicit

Integral

Definitions

5.1.8

&(z)

5.1.2

5.1.3

Expressions

for

(Y,,(Z)

and

(l-l-z++ 22

a,(z)=n!z-*-le-

/3,,(z)

. . . d-5)

5.1.9

(larg zl<?r>

f e-
r edt
Ei(x)=--J1
t dt=Tt
2
m

Functions

=n!2-n-1(e

[l-z+&.

. . +(-l)$]

(xx9
--e-z (l+~+~+

22

. . . +$I .

(x>l)

5.1.4
E,(z)=jy

e;

at

(D
%(4
s

(n=O,

1,2,

. . .; ~z>O)

(n=O,

1,2,

. . .; 92>0)

5.1.5

t*e-z*dt

5.1.6

pn(z)=J:,

te-dt

(n=O, 1, 2, . . . )

In 5.1.1 it is assumed that the path of integration

excludes the origin and does not cross the negative
real axis.
Anal&
continuation
of the functions in 5.1.1,
5.1.2, and 5.1.4 for n>O yields multi-valued
functions with branch points at z-0 and z= a.3
They are single-valued
functions in the z-plane
cut along the negative real axis.* The function
ii(z), the logarithmic
integral, has an additional
branch point at z=I.
Interrelations

E1(-xfiO)=-Ei(x):)ii?r,
-Ei(x)=~[~l(-x+iO)+E1(-x--iO)]
[5.14], [5.16] use the entire

5.1.

y=Ei(x)

and y=&(x).

5.1.7

* Some authors

FIGURE

(x>O)
function

: (I-e-g)dt/t
89 the basic function and denote
IEm(z). We have Ein(z)=Er(z)+ln
2+7.

it by

4 Various authors define the integral

z-plane cut along the
by Ei(z).
For 2=z>O
(e.g., in [5.10], [5.25]),
then used to designate
Correspondingly,
El(z)

_, (et/t)& in the
s
positive real axis and denote it also
additional notations such as %%(a$
E*(z) (in [5.2]), Ei*(z) (in [5.6]) are
the principal value of the integral.
is often denoted by - Ei( -z).

FIGURE

5.2.

y=&(x)
n=O, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

AND

RELATED

Y
4
5

229

FUNCTIONS
Symmetry

n=O n=l

n.2

w3

n-4

n.5

n=6

5.1.13

am

Relation

.=Ez (2)

4
Recurrence
3

Relations

5.1.14
E.+,(z)=~[~---zE.(z)]

5.1.15
1-s.
0

.5

I.0

I.5

2.0

2.5

FIGURE 5.3.

3.0

3.5

y=an(z)

(n=1,2,3,.

aY,(z)=4-z+mYn-1(2)

(n=1,2,3,.

. .)

(n=1,2,3,.

. .)

5.1.16
zSn(z)=(-l)ne-e-+n~,-,(z)

n=0(1)6

. .)

Inequalities

[5.8],

[5.4]

5.1.17
n+En(x)<E.+l(x)<E,(x)

(x>O;n=l,

2,3, . . .)

5.1.18
(x>O;n=1,2,3,.

J%(4<J%1wL+1(4

. .)

5.1.19
$n<ezE,(x)

I&

(x>O;n=1,2,3,.

<e%(x)<h

(I+:)

. .)

5.1.20

n:l
\

-151

FIGURE 5.4.
Series

Ei(z)=r+lnz+FI

5.1.10

y=&,(x)
n=O, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15

5.1.21
&[&]>O

(x>O;n=1,2,3,...)
Continued

Expansions

n$

5.1.12

E,(z)=e-*

5.1.23

(larg 4<4

$0)=--r, W=-r+~2~ 4
56649 . . *. is Eulers

Fraction

5.1.22

(XX)

--$$-n$-&.

. .)

Special

r=.57721

(x>O)

am

Values

=A

(n>l)

E,(z)=$

5.1.24

(n>l>

constant.

5.1.25

d4

=$,

@,,(,z)=~sinh z

(b-g 4-G)

230

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

AND

-dEz)---E

(n==1,2,3,.

12- 1 (z)

dz

FUNCTIONS

5.1.36

Derivatives

5 . 126
.

RELATED

le --Otsin bt

. .)

S0

dt=arctan

k +Y&(a+ib)
(a>O, b real)

5.1.27
5.1.37
~n[eEl(z)l=&l

[eE,(z)l

1 e(l-cos

+(-W-l)!

2 3
, , ,-**

(+l
2

Definite

and

S t bt)

Indefinite

5.1.38

Integrals

+WE,(-a+ib)

(a>O,b real)

bt)
t
+%S(a+ib)
2l-e-
S

(a>O, b real)

1 e-(l--OS

(For more
[5.3],

[5.6],

involving

extensive
[5.11],

tables

[5.12],

of integrals see
[5.13]. For integrals

S
0

Z,(x) see [5.9].)

5.1.39

- e-l
o b+t dt=eubEl(ab)

5.1.28

5.1.40

5.1.29

op &

+Ei(a)

dt=$ In (1+$)-&(a)

- t

z e-1
t

dt=&(z)+ln

dt=Ei

S0

(x)-In

z+y
x--y

(XX)

5.1.41

dt=eciQbE,(--iab)

(a>% b>O)
S

G2

dx=$

[e-E,(-a--ix)-eeE,(u--ix)]

5.1.30

+const.

om s2

eta~dt=eabEl(ub)

(a>% b>O)

5.1.42
a$ti

t+ib
S

5.1.43

(a>% b>O)

m
S
S

e--emb
t
0

5.1.33

[e-I$(-a--ix)+eE,(a--ix)]

+const.

o t2+b2 eIldt=e-(-Ei(ub)+ir)

5.1.32

dx-;

5.1.31

dt=h

b
a

a&

9(efEI(-x+ia))+const.

(a>O)

5.1.44

s2

mE:(t)dt=2

dx=-;

ln 2

Relation

5.1.34

m
S

e+E,(t)dt=

dx=-L2(efEI(-x+ia))+const.
to Incomplete

(a>O)

Gamma

Function

(see 6.5)

5.1.45

E,(z)=P-'r(l-n,
2)

5.1.46

q&)=2-*--lIyTL+1,

2)

q[ln

5.1.47

(1 +a) +g:

q]

(a>-1)

5.1.35

SF bt dt=?r--arctan

Relation

5.1.48

i +A?Z,(-a+ib)

(a>% b>O)

j3,(z)=z--[r(n+l,
to Spherical

d4=

-z)-Iyn+1,
Bessel

Functions

z)]
(see 10.2)

EXPONENTIAL
Number-Theoretic

Significance

INTEGRAL

AND RELATED

li (z)

of

ao= - .57721 566

al=
.999!39 193
az= - .249!Jl 055

(Assuming Riemanns hypothesis that all nonreal zeros of t(z) have a real part of 3)
5.1.50

li (x)-7r(x)=O(@

r(x) is the number

to 2.

In 2)

of primes

5.1.54

(x+=>

231

PUNG!CIONS

a3= .05519 968

a4= - .00976 004
as= .00107 857

l<z<=J

less than or equal

x2+a:x+T+6
x+b

xe=J%c4=x2+b

(2)

I&> 1<5x 10-6

a,=2.334733
a2= 250621
5.1.55

b1=3.330657
bz= 1.681534

lOSx<w

l&)l<lO-
a1=4.03640
%=1.15198
5.1.56

0Y

400

I
600

FIGUR.E 5.5.

y=li(x)

200

Asymptotic

I
000

I
1000

lix<w

~e(x>1<2Xlo-*

L-X

al= 8.57332 87401

as= 18.05901 69730
a3= 8.63476 08925
a(=
.26777 37343

and y=~(x)

Expansion

5.1.51
En(z)m e+il-n+n(n+l)
2
2 7-

b,=5.03637
b2=4.19160

n(n+l)(n+2)+
z3

bI= 9.57332
b2=25.63295
b,=2 1.09965
b4= 3.95849

23454
61486
30827
69228

5.2. Sine and Cosine Integrals

j
*-*

Definitions
(larg

Representation

of E,(z)

for

Large

4 <%d

5.2.1

5.1.52

5.2.2 ta

Ci(z)=r+ln
+n(6x2-8nx+d)
(x+nY

+Nn,

-.36nm4<R(n,x)<

-
x+n-1

Polynomial

Approximations

5.1.53

&(x)+ln

and

Rational

>

4 1

nT4 (x>O)
6

Ie(x)~<2Xlo-
6 The approximation
5.1.53 is from E. E. Allen, Note
169, MTAC
8, 240 (1954); approximations
5.1.54 and
5.1.56 are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations
for digital
computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1955;
approximation
5.1.55 is from C. Hastings, Jr., Note 143,
MTAC 7, 68 (1953) (with permission).

(larg 4<4

s 0 Ydt

Shi(z)=

5.2.3 I

sinh

S
0

dt

5.2.4 7

Chi(z)=r+ln

O<s<l
--

x=a0+aIx+azx2+a3i+a4x4+ap6+e(x)

zf

6 Some authors

z+

s 0 z coshtt-l

[5.14],

dt

(lax 4<4

[5.16] use the entire

function

*(l- cos t)dt/t as the basic function and denote it by

s
Coin(a). We have
Gin(z)= -Ci(z)+ln
2+-r.
7 The
Cinh(z) =

notations
s

Sib(z)=

O(cosh t- l)dt/t

s0

sinh t dt/t,

have also been proposed (5.14.1

EXPONENTIAL

232

Auxiliary

Functions

f(z)=Ci(z)

5.2.6

g(z)=

5.2.7
and

Cosine

in

Shi(z)=~o

co9 2

cos z-si(z)

Integrals
Functions

- (-l)%!~

W) =r+ln z+zl

5.2.17

sin z--i(z)

-Ci(z)

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

5.2.16

si(z.)=Si(z)-5

5.2.5

Sine

INTEGRAL

sin 2

Terms

5.2.8

Si(z)=i--f(z)

5.2.9

Ci(z)=f(z)

sin z-g(z)

Integral

Representations

of

co9 z-g(z)

Auxiliary

sin 2

(2n+$L+1)!

Chi(z)=r+ln

5.2.18

dgl

Symmetry

&,

Relations

Si(--z)=-Si(z),

5.2.19

2n(2n)r

Si(Z)=si(z)

5.2.20
co9 2

Ci(-z)=Ci(z)--.i7r

(O<w

z<d

C;(Z)=-)

I
Relation

5.2.10

si(z)=-

e-2 cont cos (2 sin t)dt

Si(z)=&
5.2.11

5.2.12
5.2.13

Ci(z) +&(z)=l

to Exponential

Integral

5.2.21
[E,(k)-EI(--iz)l+~

(kg

zl<t$

e- coB sin (z sin t)dt

5.2.22
j(z)=S,'$$dt=l-g dt (.%'z>o)
(&>O)5.2.23
g(z)=
t+zt (jt=
so-cos

Si(iz)=E

Ci(z)=-k

5.2.24

[Ei(z) +ITI(z)]

(x>O)

[E,(iz)+IG(--iz)]
Ci(iz)=k

(larg 4-C:)

[Ei(z)--E,(x)]+i:
Value

b>O)

at Infinity

lim Si (2) =i
z-P-

5.2.25

Integrals

(For more extensive

tables of integrals
15.31, [5.6], [5.11], [5.12], 15.131.)
5.2.26
s I

FIGURE 5.6.
Series

y=Si(z)

and y=Ci(z)

5.2.15
*See page If.

&=-si

5.2.27

my
s E

&=-Ci

5.2.28

a e-Wi
s Cl

(t)dt=

Expansions

5.2.!29

5.2.14

OD!E$
*

S
SOD

m e-=si

(2)

(2)

-&

(t)dt=--1

Si(z)=a

gO

JZ+t (g)

5.2.30

cos t Ci (t)dt=

(taris

(!urg

In (l+u*)

arctan a

m
S

4<4

zl<d

(.@a>O)*
(9?a>o)

sin t si (t)dl=-5

see

EXPONENTIAL

5.2.31

s0

5.2.32*

ODCi2 (t)dt=

INTEGRAL

AND RELATED

5.2.37

m si2 (t)dt=E

233

l_<s<m

s0

.a Ci (t) si (t)dt=

In 2

I4~>l<lo-*

5.2.33

OS
bt&=i
ln(I+$)
+Ci
(b)
s(1-e-a)
t

FUNCTIONS

a,=7.547478
a~= 1.564072
5.2.38

b1=12.723684

bz= 15.723606

l<z<m

+ %?I$ (a+ ib) (a real, b>O)

Asymptotic

Expansions

5.2.34
,(z)+(l-$+$-$+.

. .)

le(z)1<5Xlo-
38.027264
b1= 40.021433
&-265.187033
bz=322.624911
a3=335A77320
b3=570.236280

al=

(larg zl<r)

5.2.35

a,=

5.2.39
Rational

5.2.36

Approximations

38.102495

b,=157.105423

l<s<=J

152<a
(&):<3Xlo-

1~(z)1<2xlo-
a1=7.241163
b1=9.068580
&=2.463936

bz=7.157433

Numerical
5.3. Use and Extension of the Tables
Example 1. Compute Ci (.25) to 5D.
From Tables 5.1 and 4.2 we have

Ci (.25) - M.25)
(.25)*

-Y=

_ .24g350

Ci (.25)=(.25)2(-.249350)+(-l.38629)
+.577216=

Ei (8) =440.38.
page

II.

8 From C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations

computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton,
(with permission).

bl=

a,=302.757865

bz= 482.485984

a,=352.018498

b3= 1114.978885

a*= 21.821899

br= 449.690326

48.196927

Methods
Example 3.

Compute Si (20) to 5D.

Since l/20=.05
from Table 5.2 we find
j(20) = .049757, g(20) = .002464. From Table 4.8,
sin 20 = .912945, cos 20 = .408082. Using 5.2.8
Si(20) =;-j(20)

co9 20-g(20) sin 20

=1.570796-.022555=1.54824.

-.82466.

Example 2. Compute Ei (8) to 5s.

From Table 5.1 we have ze-Ei (z) =1.18185 for
s=8. From Table 4.4, e8=2.98096X103.
Thus

*see

al = 42.242855

for digital
N.J., 1955

Example 4. Compute E,(z), n=l(l)N,

to 5S
for z= 1.275, N= 10.
If z is less than about five, the recurrence
relation 5.1.14 can be used in increasing order of n
without serious loss of accuracy.
By quadratic interpolation
in Table 5.1 we get
& (1.275) = .1408099, and from Table 4.4, e-l.*
=. 2794310. The recurrence formula 5.1.14 then
yields

234

EXPONENTIAL

n
1
2
3
4
5

EJ1.275)

a&(1.275)

.1408099
.0998984
.0760303
.0608307
.0504679

INTEGRAL

6
7
8
9
10

.0430168
.0374307
.0331009
.0296534
.0268469

Interpolating
directly in Table 5.4 for n=lO
we get E,,(1.275)= .0268470 as a check.
Example
5. Compute E,(z), n= l(l)N; to 5s
for 2= 10, N= 10.
If, as in this example, z is appreciably larger
than five and N<z, then the recurrence relation
5.1.14 may be safely used in decreasing order of
n([5.5]). From Table
5.5 for z-*=.1
we get
(s-t 10)eZElo(z)=1.02436 so that E,,(lO) =2.32529
x10-6. Using this as the initial value we obtain
column (2).
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

YfO)
.41570
.38300
.355oz
.33ozi
.31oG
.28=
.27667
.25333
.25084
.22573

n
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

FUNCTIONS

106E,(12.3)
.191038
.199213
208098
: 217793
.228406
240073
: 252951
.267234
283155
: 300998
.321117
.343953

106E,,(12.3)
. 191038
. 183498
. 176516
170042
: 164015
158397
: 153144
. 148226
. 143608

n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

From Tables 5.2 and 5.5 we find E1(12.3) = .343953

X lo-*, E,,(12.3)=.143609X
lOmeas a check.
Example
7. Compute (~~(2) to 6s for n= 1(1)5.
The recurrence formula 5.1.15 can be used for
all x>O in increasing order of n without loss of
From

5.1.25 we have a0(2)=f

esa

=.0676676, so we get
i
1
2
3
4
5

+ .02032- .00043- .OOOOl)

= 1.91038X lo-.

Using the recurrence relation 5.1.14,

we get

RELATED

accuracy.

lw%Yo)
.41570
.38302
.35488
.33041
.30898
.29005
.27325
.25822
.24472
.23253

From Table
5.2 we get zeZEl(z)= .915633 SO
that E,(10)=4.15697X10-E
as a check. Forward
recurrence starting with E1(10)=4.1570X10-e
yields the values in column (1). The underlined
figures are in error.
Example
6. Compute E,(z), n=l(l)N,
to 5s
for x=12.3, N=20.
If N is appreciably larger than z, and x appreciably larger than five, then the recurrence relation 5.1.14 should be used in the backward direction to generate E,(x) for n<nO, and in the forward
direction to generate E,(x) for n>nO, where
n,=(x).
From 5.1.52, with n0=12, x=12.3, we have
En,(x) =e;;(l

AND

as indicated,

ffnca
.0676676
.101501
.169169
.321421
.710510
1.84394

Independent calculation with 5.1.8 yields the

same result for (~~(2).
The functions W,(X) and q(z) can be obtained
from Table 10.8 using 5.1.48, 5.1.49.
Example
8. Compute p,(x), n=O(l)N
to 6s
for x=1, N=5.
Use the recurrence relation 5.1.16 in increasing
order of n if
x>.368N+.184

In N+.821

and in decreasing order of n otherwise [5.5].

From 5.1.9 with n=5 we get /3,(l)= -.324297
correctly rounded to 6D. Using the recurrence
formula 5.1.16 in decreasing order of n and
carrying 9D we get the values in column (2).
n
0
1
2
3
4
5

w
2.35040 2
-.73575 9269
.87888 3849
-.44950 9722
.55236 3499
-.32434 3774

B#
2.35040
- .73575
.87888
- .44950
.55237
-.32429

2382
888_0
4629
7385
28g
7-

Using forward recurrence instead, starting with

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

AND

p,(l)=2
sinh 1=2.350402 and again carrying 9D,
we obtain column (1). The underlined
figures
are in error.
The above shows that three significant figures are lost in forward recurrence, whereas
about three significant figures are gained in backward recurrence!

RELATED

0.lw)

10

.280560
- .2oE?z
.319908
-.253812
.40465

8
7
6

n5

- .324297
a(l)

4
3
2
1
0

552373
- .449507
.878885
- .735759
2.350402

+6.8943i.
From Table

9.

Compute

E,(z)

for

z=3.2578

1
2
3

. 059898
. 008174
-. 001859
. 000088

.095598i,

eoE,(zo)=.059898-.107895i.

=f(zo+Az>

=f(zo>

+T

-. 10789%
+. 012795i
+. 000155i

. 059898
. 003460
-. 000094

-. 1078952
f. 0024352
+. 000110i

-.

-.

-.

000212i

000003

000004i

-.105354i
-.022075i
-.004716i

.711093
-3.784225+-12.7i
.278518
.010389
-!- -1.90572+12.7i+2.0900+12.7i

- .0184106- .0736698i
E,(z)z--1.87133-4.7054Oi.

From Taylors formula with f(z) =ezEI (z) we have

f(z)

(AZ) ffk)(zo)/k!

Example
10. Compute E,(z)
for z=-4.2
+ 12.7i.
Using the formula at the bottom of Table 5.6

5.6 we have for z,,=z0+iy,=3+7i

(zo) = .934958+

5.1.27

Repeating the calculation with zo=3+6i

and
Az=.2578+.8943,i
we get the same result.
An alternative ,procedure is to perform bivariate
interpolation in t.he real and imaginary parts of
zeEl (2).

eE,(z) =
z&~El

Thus with

fk)(&/k!

f(z)==.063261
e-==.031510
El(z)= --.000332

The functions ,&(s) and &(x) can be obtained

from Table 10.8 using 5.1.48, 5.1.49.
Example

235

with Az=z-zo=.2578-.1057i.
we get

An alternative procedure is to start with an

arbitrary value for n sufficiently large (see also
15.11). To illustrate, starting with the value
zero at n= 11 we get

1:

FUN(!TIONS

AZ

+jq

(A,@+.

. .

References
Texts

[5.1] F. J. Corbat6, On the computation

of auxiliary
functions for two-center integrals by means of a
high-speed computer, J. Chem. Phys. 24,452-453
(1956).
[5.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1953).
[5.3] A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms, ~01s.
1, 2 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1954).

[5.6] W.

[5.7]

[5.8]

[5.9]

[5.4] W. Gautschi, Some elementary inequalities relating

to the gamma and incomplete gamma function,
J. Math. Phys. 38, 77-81 (1959).

[5.10]

[5.5] W. Gautschi, Recursive computation

of certain
integrals, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 8, 21-40
(1961).

[5.11]

Grijbner
and N. Hofreiter,
Integraltafel
(Springer-Verlag,
Wien and Innsbruck, Austria,
1949-50).
C. Hastings, *Jr., Approximations
for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
E. Hopf, Mathematical
problems
of radiative
equilibrium,
Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics
and Mathematical
Physics, No. 31 (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1934).
V. Kourganofl, Basic methods in transfer problems
(Oxford Un:v. Press, London, England, 1952).
F. Lijsch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultiit und verwandte Funktionen
(B. G. Teubner,
Leipzig,
Germany, 1951).
N. Nielsen, Theorie des Integrallogarithmus
(B. G.
Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1906).

EXPONENTIAL

236

INTEGRAL

[5.12] F. Oberhettinger,
Tabellen zur Fourier Transformation (Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Germany, 1957).
[5.13] I. M. Ryshik and I. S. Gradstein, Tables of series,
products and integrals (VEB Deutscher Verlag
der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Germany, 1957).
[ 5.141 S. A. Schelkunoff, Proposed symbols for the modified
cosine and exponential
integral, Quart. Appl.
Math. 2, 90 (1944).
(5.151 J. Todd, Evaluation of the exponential integral for
large complex arguments, J. Research NBS 52,
313-317 (1954) RP 2508.
[ 5.161 F. G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche
confluenti
(Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954).
Tables
[5.17] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Mathematical
Tables, vol. I. Circular
and
hyperbolic functions, exponential, sine and cosine
integrals, etc., 3d ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1951). Ei(z)-ln
z, -El(z)
--In z, Ci(z)-In
2, Si(z), z=O(.1)5,
11D; Ei(z),
2=5(.1)15,
10-115; &(z),z=5(.1)15,
13-14D;
Si(x), Ci(z), x=5(.1)20(.2)40,
IOD.
[5.18] L. Fox, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions
and other functions for large arguments, Mathematical Tables, vol. 4, National Physical Laboratory (Her Majestys Stationery Office, London,
England, 1960). e-ZEi(z), e=&(z), x-1=0(.001).1,
10D; f(z), Q(Z), z-=O(.OOl).l,
10D.
[5.19] J. W. L. Glaisher, Tables of the numerical values
of the sine-integral,
cosine-integral
and expoTrans.
Roy. Sot.
nential
integral,
Philos.
London 160, 367-388 (1870). Si(z), Ci(z), Ei(z),
18D, 2=1(.1)5(1)15,
11D.
-l&(x),
z=O(.Ol)l,
[5.20] B. S. Gourary and M. E. Lynam, Tables of the
auxiliary
molecular
integrals
A,(s)
and the
auxiliary functions C,,(z), The Johns Hopkins
Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory,
CM Report
905, Baltimore,
Md. (1957).
a,,(z), n!e,,(z),
z= .05(.05) 15, n=O(l) 18, 9s.
[5.21] F. E. Harris, Tables of the exponential
integral
Ei(z), Math. Tables Aids Comp. 11, 9-16 (1957).
El(z), eZEl(z), Ei(z), e-*Ei(z), z=1(1)4(.4)8(1)50,
18-19s.
[5.22] Harvard University, The Annals of the Computation Laboratory, ~01s. 18, 19; Tables of the generalized sine- and cosine-integral
functions, parts
I, II (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,
=1-cosu
1949). 8&z)=
cZ~dz,C(o,z)=
c Tax,
S
s
6D; Ss(a, z)= s= s+
sin xdx, &(a, z) =
s
-zsin u
co8 xdx, 6D; Cs(a, 2) = c 7
sin z&r,
s-0 u
s
Cc(a,x)=Jyy

(l-cos

2)&r,

6D;u=&q$

0 <a<25,0
Ix 125.
[5.23] Harvard University, The Annals of the Computation Laboratory, vol. 21; Tables of the generalized
exponential-integral
functions
(Harvard
Univ.
Press, Cambridge,
Mass., 1949).
E(a, z) =

AND RELATED

FUNCTIONS

2 l--e*
u

a?, Es&, 2) = , F
dz, Ec(a, z) =
s
* l-e~cosu
clx, 6D; ~=&+a~,
O<a<lO,

s- 0

s0
0 Ix< 10.
15.241 A. V. Hershey, Computing programs for the complex exponential
integral, U.S. Naval Proving
Ground, Dahlgren, Va., NPG Report No. 1646
(1959).
-E,(-z),.
z=x+iy,
z=-20(1)20,
y=O(1)20, 13s.
t5.251E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications,
Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945). --El(x), Ei(s), 2=0(.01)1(.1)5(1)15,
46s; Si(s), Ci(z), 2=0(.01)1(.1)5(1)15(5)100(10)
200(100) 10s(1)7, generally
4-55;
maxima and
minima of Ci(z) and si(z), O<s<16,
55.
[5.26] K. A. Karpov and S. N. Razumovskili, Tablitsy
integral
nogo logarifma
(Izdat. Akad. Nauk
SSSR., MOSCOW,
U.S.S.R.,
1956).
ii(z), .r=
O(.OOOl) 2.5 (001) 20 (.01)200 (1) 500 (1) 10000 (10)
25000, 75; Ii(z)--In
/l--2],
z=.95(.0001)1.05,
6D.
[5.27] M. Kotani, A. Amemiya, E. Ishiguro, T. Kimura,
Table of molecular integrals (Maruzen Co., Ltd.,
Tokyo, Japan, 1955). a(z), x=.25(.25)9(.5)19(1)
25, n=0(1)15,
11s; ,8,,(z), 2=.25(.25)8(.5)19(l)
25, n=0(1)8,
11s.
[5.28] M. Mashiko, Tables of generalized exponential-,
sine- and cosine-integrals,
Numerical Computation Bureau Report No. 7, Tokyo, Japan (1953).
E&r)+ln]z(=C&)+ln
.&i&(t),
z=[ee, E=0(.05)
5, a=O(2)600(10)900,
6D; ze~E,(z) =A.&)
exp
[i&(q)],

z=-! eh, q=.O1(.01).2,

~=0(2~)60~(1~)

900, 5-6D?
[5.29] G. F. Miller,
Tables of generalised exponential
integrals, Mathematical
Tables, vol. 3, National
Physical Laboratory
(Her Majestys Stationery
Office, London, England, 1958). (z+n)e=E.(z),
z=O(.Ol)l,
n=1(1)8,
2=0(.1)20,
n=1(1)24,
z-1=0(.001).05,
n=1(1)24;
8D.
[5.30] J. Miller, J. M. Gerhauser, and F. A. Matsen,
Quantum chemistry integrals and tables (Univ. of
Texas Press, Austin, Tex., 1959). a,,(z), z=.125
(.125)25,n=0(1)16,
14S;&,(z),s=O(.125)24.875,
n=0(1)16,
12-14s.
[5.31] J. Miller and R. P. Hurst, Simplified calculation of
the exponential
integral,
Math.
Tables Aids
Comp. 12, 187-193
(1958). e-l%(z),
Ei(z),
etE,(x), El(x), z=.2(.05)5(.1)10(.2)20(.5)50(1)80;
165.
[5.32] National
Bureau of Standards,
Tables of sine,
cosine and exponential
integrals, vol. I (U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C.,
1940). Si(z), Ci(z), Ei(s), El(z), z=O(.OOO1)2,
z=O(.l)lO;
9D.
[5.33] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of sine, cosine
and exponential integrals, vol. II (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1940).
Si(z), a(z), Ei(z), El(z), z=O(.OO1)10,
9-10 D
or S; Si(z), Ci(z), 2=10(.1)40,
1OD; Ei(z),
E,(z), z= 10(.1)15,
7-11s.

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

[5.34] National Bureau of Standards, Table of sine and

cosine integrals for arguments from 10 to 100,
Applied
Math.
Series 32 (U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1954). Si(r),
Ci(x), z= lO(.Ol)lOO,
10D.
[5.35] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions
and of zeros of functions, Collected short tables
of the Computation
Laboratory,
Applied Math.
Series 37 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office,
Washington,
D.C., 1954). E,(z),
n=0(1)20,
s=O(.O1)2(.1)10,
4-9s; E&)-z
In 2, x=0(.01)
.5, 75; Ea(z)+~2* In 2, z=O(.Ol).l,
75.
[5.36] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the exponential integral for complex arguments, Applied Math. Series 51 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington,
D.C., 1958). Ei(z)+ln
z,
6D, 2=0(.02)1,
y=O(.O2)1,
2=-l(.l)O,
y=
O(.l)l; E,(z),
6D, x=0(.02)4,
y=O(.O2)3(.05)10,
2=0(1)20,
y=O(1)20, x=-3.1(.1)0,
y=O(.1)3.1,
z= -4.5(.5)0,
y= 0(.1)4(.5)10,
z= - 10(.5) -4.5,
y=O(.5)10,2=
-2O(l)O, y=O(1)20; efEi(z),
6D,
2=4(.1) 10, y=O(.5) 10.
[5.37] S. Oberliinder, Tabellen von Exponentialfunktlonen
und-integralen
zur Anwendung auf Gebieten der
Thermodynamik,
Halbleitertheorie
und Gaskinetik
(Akademie-Verlag.
Berlin,
Germanv.

AND

RELATED

237

FUNCTIONS

El (ff),

1-$exp($$)

T=

1000,

25(25)

exp ( --&:I,

El (g);
T=

z exp (-z-l),

150(10)390,

AE=.2(.2)2,
3-4s;

z-1,

El (z-l),

eexp (-t-l)dt,
s
z-1 exp (x-1) El (z-l), I.--z-l exp (z-i) El (z-1) ; z = .Ol
(.OOOl) .l, 5-6s.
[5.38] .V. I. Pagurova, Tables of the exponential integral
E,(z)=

; e-zuu-*du.

Translated

from the Rus-

sian by D. G. Fry (Pergamon Press, New York,

N.Y.; Oxfford, London, England; Paris, France,
1961). E,(z), n=0(1)20,
2=0(.01)2(.1)10,
49s; Es(z) --a In z, 2=0(.01)5,
75; E&r) +&* In z,
s=O(.Ol).l,
75; eZEn(z),
n=2(1)10,
%=10(.1)20,
7D; e*E,(x), r=O(.l)l,
z=.01(.01)7(.05)12(.1)20,
7 S or D.
[5.39] Tablitsy
integralnogo
sinusa i kosinusa (Izdat.
Akad. Na.uk SSSR., MOSCOW, U.S.S.R., 1954).
Si(z), Ci(;:), ~=0(.0001)2(.001)10(.005)100,
7D;
Ci(r) --In :G,~=0(.0001).01,
7D.
[5.40] Tablitsy integralnol
pokasatelnol
funktsii (Izdat.
Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).
Ei(s), E1(~),r=0(.0001)1.3(.001)3(.0005)10(.1)15,
7D.
[5.41] D. K. Trubey, A table of three exponential
integrals, Oak: Ridge National
Laboratory
Report
2750, Oak. Ridge, Tenn. (June 1959). E,(z),
R(z),
E&z),
~=0(.0005).1(.001)2(.01)10(.1)20,
6s.

238

EXPONENTIAL

Table

5.1

INTEGRAL

SINE, COSINE

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

AND EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRALS

0. 01
0.02
0.03
0.04

r-ISi
1.00000 00000
0.99999 44444
0.99997 77781
0.99995 00014
0.99991 11154

r-z[Ci(s)-ln 2--y] I
-0.25000 00000
-0.24999 89583
-0.24999 58333
-0.24999 06250
-0.24998 33339

0.05
0.06
0.07
0. 08
0.09

0.99986 11215
OI99980 06216
0.99972 78178
OI99964 45127
0.99955 01094

-0.24997
-0.24996
-0.24994
-0.24993
-0.24991

39598
25030
89639
33429
56402

1.01264
1.01520
1.01777
1.02036
1.02295

0202
2272
5836
0958
7705

0.98763
0.98519
0.98276
0.98035
0.97794

75971
77714
86889
02898
25142

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.99944
0.99932
0.99920
0.99906
0.99891

46111
80218
03455
15870
17512

-0.24989
-0.24987
-0.24985
-0.24982
-0.24979

58564
39923
00480
40244
59223

1.02556
1.02818
1.03081
1.03346
1.03611

6141
6335
8352
2259
8125

0.97554
0.97315
0.97078
0.96841
0.96606

53033
85980
23399
64710
09336

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.99875
0.99857
0.99839
0.99820
0.99799

08435
88696
58357
17486
66151

-0.24976
-0.24973
-0.24969
-0.24966
-0.24962

57422
34850
91516
27429
42598

1.03878
1.04146
1.04415
1.04686
1.04957

6018
6006
8158
2544
9234

0.96371
0.96138
0.95905
0.95674
0.95443

56702
06240
57383
09569
62237

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.99778
0.99755
0.99731
0.99706
0.99680

04427
32390
50122
57709
55242

-0.24958
-0.24954
-0.24949
-0.24944
-0.24940

37035
10749
63752
96056
07674

1.05230
1.05504
1.05780
1.06057
1.06334

8298
9807
3833
0446
9719

0.95214
0.94985
0.94758
0.94531
0.94306

14833
66804
17603
66684
13506

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.99653
0.99625
0.99595
0.99565
0.99533

42813
20519
88464
46750
95489

-0.24934
-0.24929
-0.24924
-0.24918
-0.24912

98618
68902
18540
47546
55938

1.06614
1.06894
1.07176
1.07459
1.07743

1726
6539
4232
4879
8555

0.94081
0.93857
0.93635
0.93413
0.93192

57528
98221
35046
67481
94997

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.99501
0.99467
0.99432
0.99396
0.99360

34793
64779
85570
97288
00064

-0.24906
-0.24900
-0.24893
-0.24886
-0.24879

43727
10933
57573
83662
89219

1.08629
1.08316
1.08604
1.08894
1.09185

5334
5293
8507
5053
5008

0.92973
0.92754
0.92536
0.92319
0.92103

17075
33196
42845
45510
40684

0. 35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.99321 94028
OI99282 79320
0.99242 56078
0.99201 24449
0.99158 84579

-0.24872
-0.24865
-0.24857
-0.24850
-0.24842

74263
38813
82887
06507
09693

1.09477
1.09771
1.10066
1.10363
1.10660

8451
5458
6108
0481
8656

0.91888
0.91674
0.91460
0.91248
0.91036

27858
06533
76209
36388
86582

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0. 44

0.99115
0.99070
0.99025
0.98978
0.98930

36619
80728
17063
45790
67074

-0.24833
-0.24825
-0.24816
-0.24808
-0.24799

92466
54849
96860
18528
19870

1.10960
1.11260
1.11562
1.11866
1.12170

0714
6735
6800
0991
9391

0.90826
0.90616
0.90407
0.90199
0.89992

26297
55048
72350
77725
70693

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.98881
0.98831
0.98780
0.98728
0.98675

81089
88008
88010
81278
67998

-0.24790
-0.24780
-0.24771
-0.24761
-0.24751

00913
61685
02206
22500
22600

1.12477
1.12784
1.13094
1.13404
1.13716

2082
9147
0671
6738
7432

0.89786
0.89581
0.89376
0.89173
0.88970

50778
17511
70423
09048
32920

0.50

0.98621 48361

o.oo

See Examples

[c-y1

l-2.

crl[Ei(z)-In
1.00000
1.00250
1.00502
1.00755
1.01008

-0.24741 02526

[c-y1

y=0.57721 56649

s--y1
0000
5566
2306
0283
9560

1.14030 2841
C-612
4

rl[E:l(z)+ln z+y]
1.00000 00000
0.99750 55452
0.99502 21392
0.99254 97201
0.99008 82265

0.88768 41584
c-y

EXPONENTIAL
SINE,

INTEGRAL
COSINE

AND

AND

RELATED

EXPONENTIAL

Si(X)

239

FUNCTIONS
INTEGRALS

Ci(x)

Ei(x)

Table

5.1

El(x)

0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.49310
0.50268
0.51225
0.52179
0.53132

74180
77506
15212
84228
al492

-0.17778
-0.16045
-0.14355
-0.12707
-0.11099

40788
32390
37358
07938
04567

0.45421

9905

2167
0633
0445
5931

0.55977
0.54782
0.53621
0.52495
0.51400

3595
2352
9798
1510
3886

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.54084
0.55033
0.55981
0.56926
0.57870

03951
48563
12298
92137
85069

-0.09529
-0.07998
-0.06503
-0.05044
-0.03618

95274
55129
65744
14815
95707

0.61529
0. 64667
0.67781
0.70872
0.73940

0657
74190
8642
5720
9764

0.50336
0.49301
0.48296
0.47317
0.46364

4081
9959
0034
3433
9849

0.60
0. 61
0.63
0.64

0.58812
0.59752
0.60691
0.61627
0.62561

88096
98233
12503
27944
41603

-0.02227
-0.00867
+o.O0460
0.01758
0.03026

07070
52486
59849
17424
03686

0.76988
0.80015
0.83022
0.86011
0.88983

1290
0320
6417
8716
5949

0.45437
0.44535
0.43656
0.42799
0.41965

9503
3112
1854
7338
1581

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.63493
0.64423
0.65351
0.66277
0.67200

50541
51831
42557
19817
80721

0.04264
0.05475
0.06659
0.07815
0.08946

98293
77343
13594
76659
33195

0.91938
0.94877
0.97801
1.00711
1.03607

6468
a277
9042
6121
6576

0.41151
0.40358
0.39585
0.38830
0.38095

6976
6275
2563
9243
0010

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.68122
0.69041
0.69958
0.70873
0.71785

22391
41965
36590
03430
39660

0.10051
0.11131
0.12187
0.13220
0.14229

47070
79525
a9322
32879
64404

1.06490
1.09361
1.12220
1.15068
1.17905

7195
4501
4777
40159
8208

0.37376
0.36675
0.35991
0.35323
0.34671

8843
9981
7914
7364
3279

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.72695
0.73603
0.74508
0.75411
Oi76311

42472
09067
36664
22494
63804

0.15216
0.16180
0.17123
0.18045
0.18946

36010
97827
98110
a3335
98290

1.20733
1.23551
1.26360
1.29161
1.31954

28:16
33:19
4960
2805
17!j3

0.34034
0.33411
0.32803
0.32208
0.31627

0813
5321
2346
7610
7004

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.77209
0.78105
0.78997
0.79888
0.80776

57855
01921
93293
29277
07191

0.19827
0.20688
0.21530
0.22352
0.23156

a6160
88610
45659
96752
78824

1.34739
1.37518
1.40290
1.43056
1.45816

6548
1783
1245
3978

0.31059
0.30504
0.29961
0.29429
0.28910

6579
2539
1236
9155
2918

0. a5
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.81661
0.82543
0.83423
0.84300
0.85175

24372
78170
65953
a5102
33016

0.23942
0.24709
0.25459
0.26192
Oi26907

28368
80486
69153
27264
86687

1.48571
1.51321
1.54067
1.56808
1.59546

4176
574'1
2664
8534
7036

0.28401
0.27904
0.27417
0.26941
0.26474

9269
5070
7301
3046
9496

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.86047
0.86916
0.87782
0.88645
0.89506

07107
04808
23564
60839
14112

0.27606
0.28289
0.28955
0.29606
0.30241

78305
32065
77018
41358
52458

1.62281
1.65012
1.67741
1.70467
1.73191

1714
6019
3317
6891
994.6

0.26018
0.25571
0.25133
0.24704
0.24285

3939
3758
6425
9501
0627

0.95
0.96
0. 97
0.98
0.99

0.90363
0.91218
0.92070
0.92919
0.93765

80880
58656
44970
37370
33420

0.30861
0.31466
0.32056
0.32631
0.33193

36908
20547
28495
85183
14382

1.75914
1.78635
1.81355
1.84074
1.86793

5612
6947
6941
8519
4543

0.23873
0.23470
0.23075
0.22689
0.22309

7524
7988
9890
1167
9826

1.00

0.94608 30704
c-p4

o.;o

0.62

c 1

0.337:03;229

II 6 1

0.48703
0.51953
0.55173
0.58364

19110

1.89511 7816
c-y4

0.21938 3934
C-514
5

II 1

240

EXPONENTIAL
Table

5.1

SINE,

INTEGRAL
COSINE

AND

AND

EXPONENTIAL
Ci(x)

Si(X)

RELATED

FUNCTIONS
INTEGRALS
Ei(X)

El(x)

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.94608
Oi95448
0.96285
Oi97119
0.97949

30704
26820
19387
06039
a4431

0.33740
0.34273
0.34793
0.35300
0.35793

39229
82254
65405
10067
37091

1.89511
1.92230
1.94948
1.97667
2.00387

7816
1085
7042
8325
7525

0.21938
0.21574
0.21217
0.20867
0.20523

3934
1624
1083
0559
8352

1.05
1.06
1. 07
1.08
1.09

0.98777
0.99602
1.00423
liO1241
1.02056

52233
07135
46846
69091
71617

0.36273
0.36741
0.37196
0.37638
0.38069

66810
19060
13201
68132
02312

2.03108
2.05830
2.08554
2.11280
2.14007

7184
9800
7825
3672
9712

0.20187
0.19857
0.19533
0.19216
0.18904

2813
2347
5403
0479
6118

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

1.02868
1703677
1.04482
1.05284
1.06083

52187
08583
38608
40082
10845

0.38487
0.38893
0.39288
0.39671
0.40043

33774
80142
58645
86134
79090

2.16737
2:19470
2.22205
2.24943
2.27684

8280
1672
2152
1949
3260

0.18599
0.18299
0.18005
0.17716
0.17433

0905
3465
2467
6615
4651

1.15
1.16
1. 17
1.18
1.19

1.06878
1.07670
1.08459
1.09244
1.10026

48757
51696
17561
44270
29760

0.40404
0.40754
0.41093
0.41421
0.41738

53647
25593
10390
23185
78816

2.30428
2.33176
2.35928
2.38684
2.41444

8252
9062
7800
6549
7367

0.17155
0.16882
0.16615
0.16352
0.16094

5354
7535
0040
1748
1567

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1.10804
1.11579
1.12351
1.13119
1.13883

71990
68937
18599
18994
68160

0.42045
0.42342
0.42629
0.42906
0.43172

91829
76482
46760
16379
98802

2.44209
2.46978
2.49752
2.52531
2.55315

2285
3315
2442
1634
2836

0.15840
0.15592
0.15347
0.15108
0.14872

8437
1324
9226
1164
6188

1.25
1.26
1.27
:'22:
.

1.14644
1.15402
1.16155
1.16906
1.17652

64157
05063
88978
14023
78340

0.43430
0.43677
0.43915
0.44144
0.44363

07240
54665
53815
17205
57130

2.58104
2.60899
2.63700
2.66507
2.69320

7974
8956
7673
5997
5785

0.14641
0.14414
0.14191
0.13971
0.13756

3373
1815
0639
8989
6032

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

1.18395
1.19135
1.19870
1.20602
1.21331

80091
17459
88649
91886
25418

0.44573
0.44775
0.44967
0.45151
G.45326

85675
14723
55955
20863
20753

2.72139
2.74965
2.77798
2.80637
2.83484

8880
7110
2287
6214
0677

0.13545
0.13337
0.13133
0.12932
0.12735

0958
2975
1314
5224
3972

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

1.22055
1.22776
1.23493
1.24207
1.24916

87513
76460
90571
28180
87640

(1.45492
0.45650
0.45800
0.45941
0.46075

66752
69811
40711
90071
28349

2.86337
2.89198
2.92067
2.94943
2.97828

7453
8308
4997
9263
2844

0.12541
0.12351
0.12164
0.11980
0.11799

6844
3146
2198
3337
5919

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

1.25622
1.26324
1.27022
1.27717
1.28407

67328
65642
81004
11854
56658

0.46200
0.46318
0.46427
0.46529
0.46624

65851
12730
78995
74513
09014

3.00720
3.03621
3.06530
3.09448
3.12375

7464
4843
6691
4712
0601

0.11621
0.11447
0.11275
0.11106
0.10940

9313
2903
6090
8287
8923

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

1.29094
1.29776
1.30455
1.31130
1.31801

13902
82094
59767
45473
37788

0.46710
0.46790
0.46862
0.46927
0.46984

92094
33219
41732
26848
97667

3.15310
3.18255
3.21209
3.24172
3.27145

6049
2741
2355
6566
7042

0.10777
0.10617
0.10459
0.10304
0.10151

7440
3291
5946
4882
9593

1.50

1.32468 35312
C-j)5

0.47035 63172
c-5)2
5

ll 1

3.30128 5449
C--5)1
5

I: 1

0.10001 9582

[(-;I91

EXPONENTIAL

SINE,

COSINE

INTEGRAL

AND EXPONENTIAL

RELATED

241

FUNCTIONS

Table

INTEGRALS

Ci(x)

Si(X)

l.GO 1.32468
1.51
1.33131

AND

Ei(xl

5.1

El(x)

35312
36664
1.33790 40489
1.34445 45453
1.35096 50245

0.47035
0.47079
0.47116
0.47146
0.47169

63172
32232
13608
15952
47815

3.30128
3.33121
3.36124
3.39137
3.42161

5449
3449
2701
4858
1576

0.10001 9582
0.09854
0.09709
0.09566
0.09426

4365
3466
6424
2786

1.55

1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

1.35743
1.36386
1.37025
1.37660
1.38291

53577
54183
50823
42275
27345

0.47186
0.47196
0.47200
0.47197
0.47188

17642
33785
04495
37932
42164

3.45195
3.48240
3.51296
3.54363
3.57442

4503
5289
5580
7024
1266

0.09288
0.09152
0.09018
0.08887
0.08758

2108
3960
7917
3566
0504

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

1.38918
1.39540
1.40159
1.40773
1.41384

04859
73666
32640
80678
16698

0.47173
0.47151
0.47124
0.47091
0.47052

25169
94840
58984
25325
01507

3.60531
3.63633
3.66746
3.69871
3.73009

9949
4719
7221
9099
1999

0.08630
0.08505
0.08382
0.08261
0.08142

8334
6670
5133
3354
0970

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

1.41990
1.42592
1.43190
1.43784
1.44373

39644
48482
42202
19816
80361

0.47006
0.46956
0.46899
0.46837
0.46769

95096
13580
64372
54812
92169

3.76158
3.79320
3.82495
3.85682
3.88882

7:569
7456
3.310

0.08024
0.07909
0.07795
0.07683
0.07573

7627
2978
6684
8412

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

1.44959
1.45540
1.46117
1.46690
1.47258

22897
46507
50299
33404
94974

0.46696
0.46618
0.46534
0.46445
0.46351

83642
36359
57385
53716
32286

3.92096
3.95322
3.98562
4.01816
4.05084

3201
9462
9972
6395

0400

0.07465
0.07358
0.07253
0.07150
0.07048

4644
8518
9154
6255
9527

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78

34189
50249
42379
09830
51872

0.46251
0.46147
0.46038
0.45924

99967
63568
29839
05471

1.79

1.47823
1.48383
1.48939
1.49491
1.50038

0.45804 97097

4.08365
4.11660
4.14970
4.18294
4.21633

3659
7647
4645
5736
2809

0.06948
0.06850
0.06753
0.06657
0.06563

8685
3447
3539
8691
8641

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

1.50581
1.51120
1.51655
1.52185
1.52711

67803
56942
18633
52243
57165

0.45681
0.45552
0.45419
0.45281
0.45139

11294
54585
33436
54262
23427

4.24986
4.28355
4.31738
4.35137
4.38551

7557
1681
6883
4872
7364

0.06471
0.06380
0.06290
0.06202
0.06115

3129
1903
4715
1320
1482

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

1.53233 32813
1.53750 78626
1.54263 94066

0.44992
0.44841
0.44685
0.44526
0.44362

47241
31966
83813
08948
13486

4.41981
4.45427
4.48888
4.52366
4.55860

6080
2746
9097
6872
7817

0.06029
0.05945
0.05862
0.05780
0.05699

4967
1545
0994
3091
7623

1.90

1.55777 53137
1.56273 42192
1.56764 98545

0.44194
0.44021
0.43845
0.43665
0.43481

03497
85005
63991
38088

4.59371
4.62898
4.66442
4.70003
4.73582

3687
62142
7249
8485
1734

0.05620
0.05542
0.05465
0.05389
0.05314

3149
3731
5927
9540

44941
72752
27288
14273
39391

4.77177
4.80791
4.84422
4.88071
4.91738

8785
1438
1501
0791

1131

0.05241
0.05169
0.05097
0.05027
0.04958

4380
0257
6988
4392
2291

4356

0.04890

1.52
1.53
1.54

1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

1.54772

78621

1.55277 31800

1.57252
1.57735

21801

11591

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

1.58213 67567
1.58687 89407
1.59623 29502
1.60084 47231

0.43293
0.43101
0.42906
0.42707
0.42504

2.00

1.60541 29768

0.42298

1.59157

76810

[C-j)5
1

46388

cc-y1
08288

4.95423

6783
9528

c 1
(592

7839

4378

0511

c 1
(-!I3

242

EXPONENTIAL

Table

SINE,

5.1

INTEGRAL

AND

COSINE

AND

1.60541
1.64869
1.68762
1.72220
1.75248

Si(x)
29768
86362
48272
74818
55008

0.42298
0.40051
0.37507
0.34717
0.31729

1.77852
1.80039
1.81821
1.83209
1.84219

01734
44505
20765
65891
01946

0.28587
0.25333
0.22008
0.18648
0.15289

1.84865
1.85165
1.85140
1.84808
1:84191

25280
93077
08970
07828
39833

1.83312
1.82194
1.80862
1.79339
1.77650

FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTI.iL

INTEGRALS

se-"Ei(x)
1.34096 5420
1.37148 6802
1.39742 1992
1.41917 1534
1.43711 8315

sexI
0.72265
0.73079
0.73843
0.74562
0.75240

(x)
7234
1502
1132
2149
4829

11964
66161
48786
83896
53242

1.45162
1.46303
1.47166
1.47780
1.48174

5159
3397
2153
8187
6162

0.75881
0.76488
0.77063
0.77610
0.78130

4592
2722
6987
2123
0252

0.11962
0.08699
0.05525
+0.02467
-0.00451

97860
18312
74117
82846
80779

1.48372
1.48398
1.48274
1.48017
1.47646

9204
9691
0191
4491
8706

0.78625
0.79097
0.79548
0.79979
0.80391

1221
2900
1422
1408
6127

53987
81156
16809
03548
13604

-0.03212
-0.05797
-0.08190
-0.10377
-0.12349

85485
43519
10013
81504
93492

1.47178
1.46625
1.46003
1.45321
1.44590

2389
9659
0313
0902
5765

0.80786
0.81165
0.81529
0.81878
0.82214

7661
7037
4342
8821
8967

1.75820
1.73874
1.71836
1.69731
1.67583

31389
36265
85637
98507
39594

-0.14098
-0.15616
-0.16901
-0.17950
-0.18766

16979
53918
31568
95725
02868

1.43820
1.43020
1.42195
1.41354
1.40501

8032
0557
6813
1719
2424

0.82538
0.82849
0.83149
0.83439
0.83718

2600
6926
8602
3794
8207

1.65414
1.63246
1.61100
1.58997
1.56955

04144
03525
51718
52782
89381

-0.19349
-0.19704
-0.19839
-0.19760
-0.19477

11221
70797
12468
36133
98060

1.39641
1.38780
1.37920
1.37066
1.36219

9030
5263
9093
3313
6054

0.83988
0.84249
0.84501
0.84745
0.84982

7144
5539
7971
8721
1778

1.54993
1.53125
1.51367
1.49731
1.48230

12449
32047
09468
50636
00826

-0.19002
-0.18347
-0.17525
-0.16550
-0.15438

97497
62632
36023
59586
59262

1.35383
1.34558
1.33748
1.32953
1.32175

1278
9212
6755
7845
3788

0.85211
0.85432
0.85648
0.85856
0.86059

0880
9519
0958
8275
4348

1.46872
1.45666
1.44619
1.43735
1.43018

40727
83847
75285
91823
43341

-0.14205
-0.12867
-0.11441
-0.09944
-0.08393

29476
17494
07808
06647
26741

1.31414
1.30671
1.29947
1.29241
1.28555

3566
4107
0536
6395
3849

0.86256
0.86447
0.86633
0.86813
0.86989

1885
3436
1399
8040
5494

1.42468
1.42086
1.41870
1.41817
1.41922

75513
73734
68241
40348
29740

-0.06805
-0.05198
-0.03587
-0.01988
-0.00418

72439
25290
30193
82206
14110

1.27888
1.27240
1.26612
1.26002
1.25411

3860
6357
0373
4184
5417

0.87160
0.87327
0.87489
0.87647
0.87801

5775
0793
2347
2150
1816

1.42179
1.42581
1.43120
1.43786
1.44570

42744
61486
53853
84161
24427

+0.01110
0.02582
0.03985
0.05308
0.06539

15195
31381
54400
07167
23140

1.24839
1.24284
1.23748
1.23228
1.22726

1155
8032
2309
9952
6684

0.87951
0.88097
0.88240
0.88379
0.88515

2881
6797
4955
8662
9176

1.45459 66142
(-;)5

0.07669

52785

1.22240 8053
r( -$"l

0.88648

7675

c 1

Ci(x)
08288
19878
45990
56175
16174

RELATED

1 1
C-i4

-I

C-i6

EXPONENTIAL
SINE,

INTEGRAL

COSINE

AND

AND

RELATED

EXPONENTJAL

243

FUNCTIONS

INTEGRAL!?

Table

.a-rEi(r)

:fPlr:,

3.1

1.51068
1.52331
1.53610
1.54893
1.56167

15309
37914
92381
74581
10702

Ci (.r)
0.07669 52785
0.08690 68881
0.09595 70643
0.10378 86664
0.11035 76658
0.11563 32032
0.11959 75293
0.12224 58319
0.12358 59542
0.12363 80071

1.57418
1.58636
1.59809
1.60921
1.61980

68217
66225
85106
75419
65968

0.12243
0.12001
0.11644
0.11176
0.10607

38825
66733
00055
72931
09196

1.18184
1.17849
1.17524
1.17210
1.16906

7987
2509
6676
6376
7617

0.89823
0.89927
0.90029
0.90129
0.90227

7113
7888
7306
6033
4695

1.62959
1.63856
1.64665
1.65379
1.65993

70996
96454
45309
21861
35052

1.66504
1.66908
1.67204
1.67392
1.67412
1.67446
1.67315
1.67084
1.66756
1.66338
1.65834

00758
43056
94480
95283
91725
33423
69801
45697
96169
40566
75942

0.09943
0.09193
0.08367
0.07475
0.06528
0.05534
0.04506
0.03455
0.02391
0.01325

13586
62396
93696
97196
03850
75313
93325
49134
33045
24187

1.16612
1.16327
1.16052
1.15785
1.15526
1.15275
1.15032
1.14797
1.14568
1.14347

6526
9354
2476
2390
5719
9209
9724
4251
9889
3855

0.90323
0.90417
0.90509
0.90600
0.90688
0.90775
0.90861
0.90944
0.91027
0.91107

3900
4228
6235
0459
7415
7602
1483
9530
2177
9850

+O. 00267
-0.00770
-0.01780
-0.02751

80588
70361
40977
91811

-0.03616

39563

1.14132
1.13923
1.13720
1.13524
1.13332

3476
6185
9523
1130
8746

0.91187
0.91265
0.91341
0.91416
0; 91490

2958
1897
7043
8766
7418

Si (.T)
1.45459 66142
1.46443 32441
1.47508 90554
1.48643 64451
1.49834 47533

-0.04545 64330

(2)

1.22240
1.21770
1.21316
1.20877
1.20452
1.20042
1.19645
1.19261
1.18890
1.18531

8053
9472
6264
3699
7026
1500
2401
5063
4881
7334

0.88648
0.88778
0.88905
0.89029
0.89150
0.89268
0.89384
0.89497
0.89608
0.89717

7675
5294
3119
2173
3440
7854
6312
9666
8737
4302

1.13147 0205

(-55)2

[ 1

0.91563 3339
(-46)4

[ 1
Table

SINE,

COSINE

AND

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRALS

FOR

0351
4427
9171
1776
9405
9188
8244
3695
2682
2385

0.94885
0.95323
0.95748
0.96160
0.96557

39
18
44
17
23

.~.v*Ei (.v)
1.13147 021
1.12249 671
1.11389 377
1.10564 739
1.09773 775

0.075
0.070
0.065
0; 060
0.055

0.98191
0.98353
0.98509
0.98660
0.98803
0.98940
0.99070
0.99193
0; 99308
0.99415

0.96938
0.97302
0.97649
0.97976
0.98283

56
98
35
47
17

1.09014 087
1; 08283 054
1.137578 038
1.06896 548
1.06236 365

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.99514
0.99604
0. 99685
0.99758
0.99821

0052
3013
8722
4771
a937

0.98568
0.98830
0.99068
0.99282
0.99469

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.99875
0.99920
0.99955
0.99980
0.99995

9204
3795
1207
0239
0015

0.99629
0.99761
0.99865
0.99940
0.99985

0.000

24
52
al
12
37
57
a9
60
12
01
00

1.00000 0000
1.00000
c (-5)l
5
c (-Z)4
3
3
Si (,I,)= ; -f (.v)cos .I.-q(.r) sin .I

1.05595 591
1.04972 640
1.04366 194
1.03775 135
I.03198 503
1.02635 451
1.02085 228
1.01547 157
1.01020 625
1.00505 077
1.00000 000
(65)5

.c-

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

.rf (I)

.Jg(.r)

; =1.57079 63268
See Exat~~ple

3.

II 1

LARGE

ARGtiMEhTS

.NEl
0. 91563
0.91925
0.92293
0.92665
0.93044
0.93427
0.93817
n. 94213
i: 94614
0.95022

(.I.)
33394
68286
15844
90998
09399
87466
424%
924%
56670
55126

0.95437
0.95858
0.96286
0.96722
0.97165
0.97616
0.98075
0.98543
0.99019
0.99504
1.00000

09099
41038
74711
35311
49596
46031
54965
08813
42287
92646
00000

c-y1
[
Ci (,c)=J (.Y)sin .~-y [I,) ~0s .L

<*>=nearest

5.2

integer to ,!,.

<s>
10
::

:23
13
14
15
:87
:;
22;
33
40
50
lob07
200
cm

244

EXPONENTIAL
Table 5.3

SINE AND COSINE

Ci

INTEGRALS

FOR ARGUMENTS

TX

Si(sx)
1.63396 48
1.63088 98
1.62211 92
1.60871 21
1.59212 99
1.57408 24
1.55635 75
1.54064 a2
1.52839 53
1.52065 96

Cin (*.r)
3.32742 23
3.36670 50
3.40335 al
3.43582 68
3.46297 82
3.48419 47
3.49941 45
3.50911 a9
3.51426 a9
3.51619 al

1.51803 39
1.52060 20
1.52794 77
1.53921 04
1.55318 17
1.56843 12
1.58344 97
1.59679 62
1.60723 30
1.61383 a5

3.51647 44
3.51674 38
3.51857 25
3.52330 06
3.53192 30
3.54500 55
3.56264 55
3.58447 72
3.60972 10
3.63727 15

1.61608 55
1.61388 08
1.60756 la
1.59785 21
1.58578 13
1.57257 88
1.55954 96
1.54794 a1
1.53885 a4
1.53309 50

3.66581 26
3.69395 05
3.72034 97
3.74385 98
3.76362 13
3.77914 01
3.79032 64
3.79749 22
3.80131 21
3.80274 91

2.80993 76
2.87498 49
2.93491 77
2.98737 63
3.03074 73
3.06427 25
3.08807 51
3.10310 38
3.11100 53
3.11393 95

1.53113 13
1.53306 26
1.53860 67
1.54713 99
1.55776 52
1.56940 54
1.58091 06
1.59117 06
1.59922 11
1.60433 29

3.80295 56
3.80315 a3
3.80453 aa
3.80812 16
3.81467 97
3.82466 68
3.83818 15
3.85496 61
3.87444 05
3.89576 52

1.49216 12
1.49599 24
1.50687 40
1.52343 40
1.54382 74
1.56593 04
1.58755 15
1.60664 04
1.62147 45
1.63080 69

3.11435 65
3.11475 a2
3.11746 60
3.12441 61
3.13699 91
3.15595 79
3.18134 a4
3.21256 74
3.24843 a5
3.28734 92

1.60607 69
1.60435 a5
1.59942 00
1.59180 91
1.58232 00
1.57191 16
1.56161 12
1.55241 46
1.54519 00
1.54059 74

3.91792 84
3.93984 77
3.96047 61
3.97890 22
3.99443 58
4.00666 94
4.01551 22
4.02119 22
4.02422 80
4.02537 29

1.63396 48
(-s3)5

3.32742 23
(-s3)6

Cin(ux)
0.00000 00
0.02457 28
0.09708 67
0.21400 75
0.36970 10
0.55679 77
0.76666 63
0.98995 93
1.21719 42
1.43932 68

1.85193 70
1.83732 28
1.79815 90
1.74191 10
1.67621 68
1.60837 27
1.54487 36
1.49103 51
1.45072 37
1.42621 05

1.64827 75
1.83737 48
2.00168 51
2.13821 22
2.24595 41
2.32581 a2
2.38040 96
2.41370 98
2.43067 75
2.43680 30

6. 0

1.41815 16
1.42569 13
1.44667 38
1.47794 03
1.51568 40
1.55583 lo
1.59441 60
1.62792 16
1.65355 62
1.66945 05

2.43765 34
2.43844 23
2.44365 73
2.45676 95
2.48004 47
2.51446 40
2.55975 53
2.61452 59
2.67647 93
2.74269 41

7. 0

1.67476 la
1.66968 11
1.65535 02
1.63369 a2
1.60721 aa
1.57870 92
1.55099 62
1.52667 49
1.50788 19
1.49612 20

a:
21
2::
55::
E

5: a
5. 9
z-:
6: 3
2:
6: 6
2:
6: 9
;:
7: 3
::5"
::7"
::9"

1.53902 91
4.02553 78
c-y
(-;)7
[
I
[
I
Ci(m)=r+ln *+ln x-Cin(rxi)
r+ln r=1.72194 55508
maximum
values
of si(x) if 7~>0is odd, and minimum values if n>O is even.

are

K )I
NT

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Si(Rx)
0.00000 00
0.31244 la
0.61470 01
0.89718 92
1.15147 74
1.37076 22
1.55023 35
1.68729 94
1.78166 12
1.83523 65

[ 1

Si(nr)

INTEGRAL

?r ,are

odd. We have

maximum

10.0

[ 1

values

of

ci(.z)

if n>O is even, and minimum values if n>Ois

si(7z7r)mi-@$[1-n+2+&-.

. .] (n+~0)

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

EXPONENTIAL

RELATED

INTEGRALS

245

FUNCTIONS

En(z)

Table

5.4

0.01
0. 02
0.03
0. 04

&(x)-x
1.00000
0.99572
0.99134
0.98686
0.98229

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.97762 11
0.97285 08
0.96798 34
0.96301 94
0.95795 93

0.45491
0.44676
0.43883
0.43111
0.42360

88
09
27
97
96

0.30949
0.30498
0.30055
0.29620
0.29193

45
63
85
89
54

0.10503
0.10386
0.10270
0.10155
0.10042

63
24
18
44
00

0.04992
0.04940
0.04888
0.04837
0.04786

60
19
33
02
24

0. 10
0.11
0. 12
0.13
0. 14

0.95280
0.94755
0.94220
0.93676
0.93123

35
26
71
72
36

0.41629
0.40915
0.40219
0.39539
0.38876

15
57
37
77
07

0.28773
0.28360
0.27955
0.27556
0.27164

61
90
24
46
39

0.09929
0.09818
0.09709
0.09600
0. 09,493

84
96
34
95
80

0.04736
0.04686
0.04637
0.04588
0.04540

00
29
10
43
27

0.15
0. 16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.92560 67
0.91988 70
0.91407 48
0.90817 06
0.90217 50

0.38227
0.37593
0.36974
0.36367
0.35774

61
80
08
95
91

0.26778
0.26399
0.26026
0.25660
0.25299

89
79
96
26
56

0.09387
0.09,283
0.09179
0.09077
0.08975

86
12
56
18
95

0.04492
0.04445
0.04398
0.04352
0.04306

62
47
82
66
98

0.20
0.21
0. 22
0.23
0. 24

0.89608 82
0.88991 09
0.88364 33
0.87728 60
0.87083 93

0.35194
0.34626
0.34070
0.33525
0.32991

53
38
05
18
42

0.24944 72
0.24595 63
0.24252 16
0.23914 19
0.23581 62

0.081375
0.08'776
0.08679
0. 08!582
0.08486

87
93
10
38
75

0.04261
0.04217
0.04172
0.04129
0.04085

79
07
82
03
71

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.86430 37
0.85767 97
0.85096 76
0.84416 78
0.83728 08

0.32468
0.31955
0.31453
0.30960
0.30477

41
85
43
86
87

0.23254 32
0.22932 21
0.22615 17
0.22303 11
0.21995 93

0.08392 20
0.08298 72
0.08206 30
0.08U4 92
0.08024 57

0.04042
0.04000
0.03958
0.03916
0.03875

85
43
46
93
84

0.30

0.83030 71
0.82324 69
0.81610 07
0.80886 90
0.80155 21

0.30004
0.29539
0.29083
0.28636
0.28197

18
56
74
52
65

0.21693
0.21395
0.21102
0.20814
0.20529

52
81
70
11
94

0.07935 24
0.07846 93
0.07759 60
0.07673 27
0.07587 90

0.03835
0.03794
0.03755
0.03715
0.03676

18
95
15
76
78

8%
p;
.

0.79415
0.78666
0.77909
0.77144
0.76370

04
44
43
07
39

0.27766
0.27344
0.26929
0.26521
0.26121

93
16
13
65
55

0.20250
0.19974
0.19703
0.19435
0.19172

13
58
22
97
76

0.07503
0.07420
0.07337
0 072!55
0:071!75

50
06
55
97
31

0.03638
0.03600
0.03562
0.03524
0.03487

22
06
31
95
98

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.75588
0.74798
0.73999
0.73193
0.72378

43
23
82
24
54

0.25728
0.25342
0.24963
0.24591
0.24225

64
76
73
41
63

0.18913
0.18658
0.18406
0.18158
0.17914

52
16
64
87
79

0.07095
0.07016
0.06938
0.06061
0. 06785

57
71
75
67
45

0.03451 40
0.03415 21
0.03379 39
0.03343 96
0.03308 89

0.45
0. 46
0.47
0.48
0. 49

0.71555
0.70724
0.69886
0.69039
0.68184

75
91
05
21
43

0.23866
0.23513
0.23166
0.22825
0.22489

25
13
12
08
90

0.17674 33
0.17437 44
0.17204 05
0.16974 10
0.16747 53

0.06710
0.06635
0.06561
0.06489
0.064117

09
58
91
07
04

0.03274
0.03239
0.03205
0.03172
0.03139

20
87
90
29
03

0.50

0.67321

0.16524

0. 06?145 83

0.03106
(-;I7

12

2
0. 00

i-33:
0: 33
0.34
0.35

&X

Examples

la x
00
22
50
87
39

AND

75
c-y
1. 1
4-6.

E3(4

E4 (x)

&o(x)

1~1oCx)

0.49027 66
0.48096 83
0.47199 77
0.46332 39

0.33333
0.32838
0.32352
0.31876
0.31408

33
24
64
19
55

0.11111
0.10986
0.10863
0.10742
0.10622

11
82
95
46
36

0.05263
0.05207
0.05153
0.05099
0.05045

16
90
21
11
58

0.50000

00

0.22160 44
C-i)5

II 1

28
(-;)I
II 1

c(-92 1

c 1

246

EXPONENTIAL
Table

EXPONENTIAL

5.4

Edx)

Ed4
o.so
0.51
0.52
0. 53
0. 54
0.55
0. 56
0.51
0.58
0. 59

0.32664

39

0.31568

63

0.32110 62
0.31038 07
0.30518 62
0.30009

96

0.29511 79
0.29023
0.28545
0.28077

82
78
39

0.60
0.61
0. 62
0. 63
0. 64

0.27618

39

0.26295

35

0. 65
0.66
0. 61
0. 68
0.69

0.25455
0.25048
0.24648
0.24256
0.23872

97
44
74
67
06

0. 70

0. 71

0.23494 71
0.23124 46

0. 72
0. 73
0. 74

0.22761
0.22404
0.22054

0.75
0. 76
0. 77
0. 78
0. 79

0.21711 09
0.21373 88

0.27168 55
0.26727 61
0.25871 54

14
57
61

0.21042
0.20717
0.20398

82
77
60

0.80
0.81
0. 82
0. 83
0. 84

0.20085
0.19777

17
36

0.85
0.86
0. 87
0.88
0.89

0.18599 86
0.18318 33
0.18041 73

0.90

0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

INTEGRAL

0.19475 04
10
0.18886 41

0.19178

0.17769
0.17502

94
87

0.17240
0.16982
0.16728

41
47
95

0.16479 77
0.16234 82

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.15757
0.15524
0.15295
0.15070

0.15994 04

1.00

0.14849

32
59
78
79

cc-y1
55

RELATED

INTEGR.4LS

44
57
18
16

0.20897

39

0.20594
0.20297
0.20004

75
15
48

0.19716 64
0.19433 53

0.16524

FUNCTIONS
E,(r)

EIO(X)

E4b3

0.22160
0.21836
0.21518
0.21205

0.19155
0.18881
0.18611
0.18346
0.18085

AND

28

0.16304 30
0.16087 53
0.15873
0.15663

92
41

0.15455
0.15251

96
50

0.15050 00
0.14851 39
0.14655 65

83
42
80
96
89

0.06001
0.05935
0.05869

59
05
25

0.05804 19

0.05489
0.05428

69
89

50
12

77
33
55

0.02652
0.02624
0.02596
0.02569
0.02542

04
25
75
54
62

0.02515
0.02489
0.02463
0.02437
0.02412

98
62
53
72
19

0. 02386

92

0.16606

12

0.12678

08

0.05078

0.12513
0.12350
0.12190
0.12032

19
61
31
24

0.04966
0.04911

0.11876

38

0.15476
0.15261
0.15049
0.14840
0.14634

67
25
17
37
79

0.14432
0.14233
0.14036
0.13843
0.13653

0.11722 70

0.05192 43
0.05134 97
15
0.05021 96

0.04803
0.04750
0.04697
0.04645
0.04594

44
33
81
88
53

0.04543
0.04493
0.04443
0.04394
0.04346

15
70
33

38
07
81
55
24

0.11129
0.10985

00
67

0.10704
0.10567

93
44

0.13465
0.13281
0.13099
0.12920
0.12744

81
22
43
37

0.10431
0.10298

85
12

0.04298
0.04250
0.04203

01

0.09907

80

0.12570
0.12399
0.12230
0.12064
0.11901

30
19
63
59
02

0.04066

0.09656
0.09533
0.09411
0.09291

39
24
77
94

0.11739
0.11581
0.11424
0.11270

88
13
72
63

0.11118 80

0.09173
0.09057
0.08942
0.08828
0.08716

74
13
11
63
69

0.10969 20

0.08606

25

0.03639

[ c-y1

0.10166 22
0.10036 12
0.09781 23

40
47

0.04857 15

0.11571
0.11421
0.11274

0.10844 33

25

0.02855 01
48
18

58
94

03
60
78
49

0.02885

0.02795
0.02766
0.02737
0.02708
0.02680

0.05613 36
0.05551 18

0.17083
0.16842

0.16373
0.16143
0.15917
0.15695

70

0.02915 81

26

0.05368
0.05309
0.05250

0.17328 10

0.02946

0.05676

55
53
01
95
33

58

46
91

08

0.13538
0.13361
0.13187
0.13014
0.12845

0.17576

0.03041 34
0.03009
0.02977

0.02825

0.17829 10

0.13718 13

12
56

86

0.14462

71
53
07
28

0.03106
0.03073

0.05739

06
14
66
56
73

0.14272
0.14085
0.13900

&o(x)

0.06345
0.06275
0.06205
0.06136
0.06068

19

0.02361 91
0.02337

17

0.02288

46

76
56
91
82
28

0.02264
0.02240

49
78

29
82
89

0.04157 49

0.02148
0.02125
0.02103
0.02081

37
87
61
58

0.04111

60

0.02059

78

22

0.02038
0.02016
0.01995
0.01974

21
87
75
86

0.04021 35
0.03976

98

0.03933 11

0.02312 69

0.02217 31
0.02194 08
0.02171 11

0.03889

73

0.01954 18

0.03846

83

0.03762
0.03720
0.03679

46
98
96

0.01933
0.01913
0.01893
0.01873
0.01854

0.03804 41

c(-;I11
40

72
47
44
62
01

0.01834 60

[I(-P4
1

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

AND RELATED

1.00
1. 01
1.02
1. 03
1.04

82 (.r)
0.14849 55
0.14631 99
0.14418 04
0.14207 63
0.14000 68

EXPONENTIAL
&::I(J)
0.10969 20
0.10821 79
0.10676 54
0.10533 42
0.10392 38

INTEGRALS

1.05
1. 06
1. 07
1. 08
1.09

0.13797
0.13596
0.13399
0.13206
0.13015

13
91
96
22
62

0.10253
0.10116
0.09981
0.09848
0.09717

39
43
45
42
31

0.08075
0.07974
0.07873
0.07774
0.07676

1.10
1. 11
1.12
1.13
1. 14

0.12828
0.12643
0.12462
0.12283
0.12107

11
62
10
50
75

0.09588
0.09460
0.09335
0.09211
0.09089

09
74
21
49
53

1.15
1. 16
1.17
1. 18
1.19

0.11934
0.11764
0.11597
0.11432
0.11270

81
62
14
31
08

1.20
1. 21
1.22
1.23
1.24

0.11110
0.10953
0.10798
0.10646
0.10496

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

Table

5.4,

0.01834
0.01815
0.01796
0.01777
0.01758

(.I.)
60
39
39
59
98

90
06
57
42
59

0.03443
0.03405
0.03367
0.03330
0.03294

28
35
85
77
10

0.01740
0.01722
0.01704
0.01686
0.01668

57
35
33
49
84

0.07580
0.07484
0.07390
0.07298
0.07206

07
83
85
12
61

0.03257
0.03221
0.03186
0.03151
0.03116

84
98
52
45
78

0.01651
0.01634
0.01616
0.01600
0.01583

37
09
99
07
33

0.08969 32
0.08850 83
0.08734 02
0.08618 88
0.08505 37

0.07116
0.07027
0.06939
0.06852
0.06766

32
22
30
53
91

0.03082
0.03048
0.03015
0.02981
0.02949

49
58
05
89
10

0.01566
0.01550
0.01534
0.01518
0.01502

76
37
14
09
21

41
25
55
27
37

0.08393
0.08283
0.08174
0.08067
0.07961

47
15
39
17
46

0.06682
0.06599
0.06516
0.06435
0.06355

42
04
75
55
40

0.02916
0.02884
0.02852
0.02821
0.02790

68
61
90
55
54

0.01486
0.01470
0.01455
0.01440
0.01425

49
94
55
32
26

0.10348
0.10203
0.10060
0.09919
0.09781

81
53
51
70
06

0.07857
0.07754
0.07653
0.07553
0.07454

23
47
16
26
76

0.06276
0.06198
0.06121
0.06045
0.05970

31
25
22
19
15

0.02759 88
0.02729 55
0.02699 57
0.02669 91
0.02640 59

0.01410
0.01395
0.01381
0.01366
0.01352

35
59
00
55
26

1.30
1. 31
1.32
1.33
1.34

0.09644
0.09510
0.09377
0.09247
0.09119

55
15
80
47
13

0.07357
0.07261
0.07167
0.07074
0.06982

63
86
42
29
46

0.05896
0.05822
0.05750
0.05679
0.05609

09
99
85
64
36

0.02611
0.02582
0.02554
0.02526
0.02498

59
91
55
51
78

0.01338
0.01324
0.01310
0.01296
0.01283

11
12
27
57
01

1.35
1. 36
1. 37
1. 38
1. 39

0.08992
0.08868
0.08745
0.08624
0.08506

75
29
71
99
10

0.06891 91
0.06802 60
0.06714 53
0.06627 68
0.06542 03

0.05539
0.05471
0.05403
0.05337
0.05271

98
51
93
22
37

0.02471
0.02444
0.02417
0.02390
0.02364

35
23
41
88
65

0.01269
0.01256
0.01243
0.01230
0.01217

59
31
17
17
31

1. 40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

0.08388
0.08273
0.08160
0.08048
0.07937

99
65
04
13
89

0.06457
0.06374
0.06292
0.06211
0.06131

55
24
07
04
11

0.05206
0.05142
0.05078
0.05016
0.04954

37
22
89
37
66

0.02338
0.02313
0.02287
0.02262
0.02237

72
06
70
61
80

0.01204
0.01191
0.01179
0.01167
0.01154

58
98
52
19
99

1.45
1.46
1.47
1. 48
1.49

0.07829
0.07722
0.07616
0.07513
0.07410

30
33
94
13
85

0.06052
0.05974
0.05897
0.05822
0.05747

27
52
82
17
55

0.04893
0.04833
0.04774
0.04715
0.04657

74
61
25
65
80

0.02213
0.02189
0.02165
0.02141
0.02117

27
01
01
28
82

0.01142
0.01130
0.01119
0.01107
0.01095

91
96
14
44
86

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

0.07310
0.07210
0.07112
0.07016
0.06921

08
80
98
60
64

0.05673
0.05601
0.05529
0.05459
0.05389

95
35
73
08
39

0.04600
0.04544
0.04488
0.04433
0.04379

70
32
67
72
48

0.02094
0.02071
0.02048
0.02026
0.02004

61
67
97
53
33

0.01084
0;01073
0.01061
0.01050
0.01039

40
07
85
75
77

1.55
1.56
1. 57
1.58
1.59

0.06828
0.06735
0.06645
0.06555
0.06467

07
87
02
49
26

0.05320
0.05252
0.05185
0.05119
0.05054

64
83
92
92
81

0.04325
0.04273
0.04220
0.04169
0.04118

93
07
87
35
47

0.01982
0.01960
0.01939
0.01917
0.01896

38
67
21
98
98

0.01028
0.01018
0.01007
0.00996
0.00986

90
15
50
97
56

1.60

0.06380 32
C-3615

0.04990 57
C-i)3

0.04068

25

0.01876

22

0.00976 24
C-l)3

[ 1 [ 1

(A)
25
30
81
76
13

E,(z)

247

~,~(.r)
0.03639 40
0.03599 29
0.03559 63
0.03520 41
0.03481 63

.I:

0.08606
0.08497
0.08389
0.08283
0.08179

FUNCTIONS

JY4

c-y
[

(-;I6
I

-f320

[ 1

248

EXPONENTIAL
Table

INTEGRAL
EXPONENTIAL

5.4

l.iO
1. 61

0.06380
0.06294

32
64

0.06044

97

0.06210 20
0.06126 98

1. 65
1.66
1. 61

0.05964 13

1. 70

1.71
1. 72
1.73
1.74

0.05884
0.05805
0.05728
0.05652

46
94
54
26

0.05577
0.05502
0.05429
0.05357
0.05286

06
94
88
86
86

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

0.05216 87
0.05147 88
86
0.05012 81

1.80
1.81
1. 82
1. 83
1. 84

0.04881 53
0.04817 27

1. 85
1. 86
1.87
1. 88

0.05079
0.04946

70

0.04753

92

0.04629

87

0.04569
0.04509
0.04450
0.04392
0.04334

15
28
24
03
63

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1. 96
1.97
1.98
1. 99

0.04278
0.04222

03
22

0.04059

38

0.04006
0.03954
0.03903
0.03852
0.03802

2. 00

0.03753

1. 89

0.04691 46

57
20
67
99

0.04682
0.04622
0.04564
0.04506
0.04449

25
66
70

0.03873

64

09
84
39
72
82

0.03826
0.03779
0.03734
0.03688
0.03643

52
99
06
70
92

0.04393
0.04338

67
27

0.03599
0.03556

70
04

0.04176

45

0.03428

34

0.03386
0.03345
0.03305
0.03265
0.03225

84
86
39
44
98

0.04123

93

0.04020
0.03970
0.03920

97
51
71

0.03871
0.03823
0.03775
0.03728
0.03681

57
08
22
00
39

0.03635

40

0.03545

21

5.5

0.03329
0.03288
0.03247

86
46
59

60
55
22
59
67

0.03207

27

43

0.03013 34

(.c+3)eZE&)

1.10937

1.11329

0. 07

0.06
0.05
0.04
0. 03

0.02
0.01
0.00

1.01045

1.00861
1.00688
1.00528
1.00384
1.00258
1.00152
1.00071
1.00019

0.02823
0.02789
0.02755
0.02722
0.02690

23
30
79
70
02

0.02657
0.02625
0.02594

75
87
40

0.02563 31
0.02532 61
0.02502 28

68
38
30
43
79
37
16

1.10285
1.09185
1.08026
1.06808
1.05536
1.04222
1.02895
1.01617
1.01377
1.01147
1.00927
1.00721
1.00531
1.00361
1.00217
1.00103
1.00027

INTEGRALS

E,,(x)

(r+4)eE,(s)

1.10937
1.10071
1.09136
1.08125
1.07031
1.05850
1.04584
1.03247
1.01889
1.01624
1.01366
1.01116
1.00878
1.00654
1.00451
1.00275
1.00133
1.00036

FOR

16
37

0.01680
0.01662
0.01644
0.01626
0.01608

79
42
24
27
50

0.01590
0.01573
0.01556
0.01539
0.01522
0.01505
0.01489
0.01473
0.01457
0.01441

92
54
34
34
53
90
45
18
10
19

0.01425
0.01409
0.01394
0.01379
0.01364

46
90
51
29
24

0.01349
0.01334
0.01320
0.01305
0.01291
0.01277
0.01263
0.01249
0.01236
0.01222
0.01209

35
63
07
67
43
34
41
64
01
54
21

LARGE

(z+lO)e=E,o(z)

1.07219
1.06926
1.06586
1.06187
1.05712
1.05138
1.04432
1.03550
1.02436
1.02182
1.01917
1.01642
:* %!8
1:00790
1.00516
1.00271
1.00081

<.r>=nearest integer to .I.

0.00976
0.00966
0.00955
0.00945
0.00936

24
04
95
96
07

0.00926

29

0.00907
0.00897

03
56

0.00869
0.00860

72
63

0.00833
0.00825

94
22

0.00799

63

0.00916 61
0.00888 18
0.00878 90
0.00851 64
0.00842 74
0.00816 60
0.00808 07
0.00791 28
0.00783 02
0.00774
0.00766
0.00758

84
74
74

0.00750 81
97
0.00735 21

0.00742
0.00727

53

0.00712
0.00704
0.00697
0.00690
0.00683

42
98
62
33
12

0.00675
0.00668

99
93

0.00648

20

0.00719 93

[ 1

(.r+2)@&(.)

1.04770

38

22

0.01718
0.01699

(-l)3

T-1

1.03522
1.02325
1.01240

0.02927
0.02892

0.02857 59

0.03167 46
0.03128 17
0.03089
39
0.03051 12

EXPONENTIAL

1.09750
1.08533
1.07292
1.06034

04
99

0.02999 41
0.02963 28
61

0.03371 80

0. 50
0.45

0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.09
0.08

0.03073
0.03035

0.03501 00
0.03457 37

1 1
Table

0.03187 02
0.03148 55
0.03110 56

0.03590 01

30

0.01855
0.01835
0.01815
0.01795
0.01775
0.01756
0.01737

0.03512 93
0.03470 37

0.04072 11

0.03414

0.01876

0.03921 36

0.04283 61
0.04229 67

Go (J)

J%o(.r)

0.04068
0.04018
0.03969

13

FUNCTIONS
E,,(z)

E14(T)

0.04990
0.04927
0.04864
0.04802
0.04742

0.04167 18
0.04112 91

c-y

INTEGRALS

Id:< (.r)

I& (.r)

1. 62
1.63
1. 64

1.68
1. 69

AND RELATED

0.00661 95
0.00655 04
0.00641 43

[(-p1

ARGUMENTS
(a+20)e~E~o(.c)

1.04270
1.04179
1.04067
t 00:;::
1:03543
1.03249
1.02837
1.02222
1.02060
1.01883
1.01688
1.01472
1.01234
:* ~0096;;
1:00401
1.00137

St?

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

.f

-19

Y\X

-18

AND

RELATED

FOR COMPLEX
zeZEl(2)
$3
.Y-

-17

249

FUNCTIONS

Table 5.6

ARGUMENTS

?z
-16

&

Jf

-15

1.063087
1.062827
1.062061
1.060829
1.059190

0.000001
0.004010
0.007918
0.011633
0.015079

1.067394
1.067073
1.066135
1.064636
1.062657

0.000002
0.004584
0.009032
0.013226
0.017075

1.072345
1.071942
1.070774
1.068925
1.066508

0.000006
0.005296
0.010403
0.015172
0.019486

1.078103
1.077584
1.076102
1.073783
1.070793

0.000014
0.006195
0.012118
0.017579
0.022432

1.057215
1.054981
1.052565
1.050037
1.047458

0.018202
0.020969
0.023364
0.025391
0.027066

1.060297
1.057655
1.054829
1.051905
1.048958

0.020512
0.023505
0.026044
0.028141
0.029824

1.063659
1.060510
1.057187
1.053795
1.050421

0.023272
0.026499
0.029167
0.031306
0.032960

1.067318
1.063538
1.059610
1.055664
1.051797

0.026598
0.030055
0.032823
0.034957
0.036527

1.044880
1.042345
1.039882
1.037515
1.035259

0.028412
0.029461
0.030245
0.030796
0.031148

1.046045
1.043212
1.040490
1.037901
1.035456

0.031130
0.032102
0.032781
0.033211
0.033431

1.047129
1.043967
1.040965
1.038140
1.035501

0.034183
0.035034
0.035567
0.035836
0.035888

1.048081
1.044559
1.041259
1.038192
1.035359

0.037609
0.038282
0.038616
0.038677
0.038520

0.029511
0.029445
0.029296

1.033123
1.031110
1.029222
1.027456
1.025809

0.031330
0.031368
0.031288
0.031110
0.030854

1.033162
1.031019
1.029025
1.027174
1.025459

0.033476
0.033377
0.033162
0.032855
0.032474

1.033049
1.030780
1.028685
1.026756
1.024981

0.035765
0.035502
0.035129
0.034672
0.034150

1.032754
1.030365
1.028180
1.026183
1.024360

0.038193
0.037735
0.037179
0.036552
0.035873

0.029080

1.024275

0.030534

1.023872

0.032037

1.023349

0.033582

1.022695

0.035160

1.084892
1.084200
1.082276
1.079313
1.075560

0.000037
0.007359
0.014306
0.020604
0.026075

1.093027
1.092067
1.089498
1.085635
1.080853

0.000092
0.008913
0.017161
0.024471
0.030637

1.102975
1.101566
1.098025
1.092873
1.086686

0.000232
0.011063
0.020981
0.029507
0.036422

1.115431
1.113230
1.108170
1.101137
1.093013

0.000577
0.014169
0.026241
0.036189
0.043843

1.131470
1.127796
1.120286
1.110462
1.099666

0.001426
0.018879
0.033700
0.045218
0.053451

1.071279
1.066708
1.062046
1.057448
1.053021

0.030642
0.034303
0.037117
0.039174
0.040580

1.075522
1.069960
1.064412
1.059054
1.053997

0.035599
0.039405
0.042169
0.044041
0.045176

1.079985
1.073185
1.066578
1.060352
1.054606

0.041724
0.045552
0.048115
0.049644
0.050359

1.084526
1.076197
1.068350
1.061159
1.054687

0.049336
0.052967
0.055093
0.056057
0.056158

1.088877
1.078701
1.069450
1.061235
1.054046

0.058817
0.061886
0.063225
0.063322
0.062566

1.048834
1.044928
1.041320
1.038010
1.034989

0.041444
0.041867
0.041938
0.041734
0.041321

1.049303
1.044997
1.041080
1.037537
1.034344

0.045719
0.045801
0.045531
0.044999
0.044277

1.049380
1.044674
1.040464
1.036713
1.033378

0.050452
0.050084
0.049384
0.048452
0.047365

1.048933
1.043853
1.039389
1.035473
1.032040

0.055640
0.054695
0.053465
0.052056
0.050547

1.047807
1.042417
1.037766
1.033752
1.030282

0.061249
0.059584
0.057719
0.055758
0.053773

1.032241
1.029747
1.027486
1.025437
1.023580

0.040751
0.040066
0.039301
0.038481
0.037629

1.031474
1.028895
1.026579
1.024499
1.022628

0.043422
0.042477
0.041475
0.040444
0.039401

1.030414
1.027781
1.025438
1.023352
1.021489

0.046180
0.044941
0.043679
0.042417
0.041170

1.029026
1.026377
1.024043
1.021981
1.020155

0.048991
0.047428
0.045883
0.044374
0.042912

1.027274
1.024658
1.022375
1.020375
1.018617

0.051808
0.049894
0.048049
0.046282
0.044599

1.021896

0.036759

1.020942

0.038361

1.019824

0.039950

1.018533

0.041505

1.017066

0.043001

1.152759
1.146232
1.134679
1.120694
1.106249

0.003489
0.026376
0.044579
0.057595
0.065948

1.181848
1.169677
1.151385
1.131255
1.111968

0.008431
0.038841
0.060814
0.074701
0.082156

1.222408
1.199049
1.169639
1.140733
1.115404

0.020053
0.060219
0.085335
0.098259
0.102861

1.278884
1.233798
1.186778
1.146266
1.114273

0.046723
0.097331
0.122162
0.130005
0.128440

1.353831
1.268723
1.196351
1.142853
1.105376

0.105839
0.160826
0.175646
0.170672
0.158134

1.092564
1.080246
1.069494
1.060276
1.052450

0.070592
0.072520
0.072580
0.071425
0.069523

1.094818
1.080188
1.067987
1.057920
1.049645

0.085055
0.084987
0.083120
0.080250
0.076885

1.094475
1.077672
1.064339
1.053778
1.045382

0.102411
0.099188
0.094618
0.089537
0.084405

1.089952
1.071684
1.057935
1.047493
1.039464

0.122397
0.114638
0.106568
0.098840
0.091717

1.079407
1.061236
1.048279
1.038838
1.031806

0.143879
0.130280
0.118116
0.107508
0.098337

1.045832
1.040241
1.035508
1.031490
1.028065

0.067197
0.064664
0.062063
0.059482
0.056975

1.042834
1.037210
1.032539
1.028638
1.025359

0.073340
0.069803
0.066381
0.063128
0.060070

1.038659
1.033231
1.028808
1.025171
1.022152

0.079462
0.074821
0.070524
0.066576
0.062962

1.033205
1.028260
1.024300
1.021090
1.018458

0.085271
0.079488
0.074315
0.069688
0.065542

1.026459
1.022317
1.019052
1.016439
1.014319

0.090413
0.083544
0.077561
0.072320
0.067702

:;
19

1.025132
1.022608
1.020426
1.018530
1.016874

0.054573
0.052291
0.050135
0.048106
0.046201

1.022583
1.020219
1.018192
1.016444
1.014929

0.057215
0.054559
0.052094
0.049806
0.047684

1.019626
1.017494
1.015681
1.014129
1.012790

0.059658
0.056638
0.053874
0.051341
0.049015

1.016277
1.014452
1.012912
1.011600
1.010476

0.061817
0.058460
0.055424
0.052670
0.050161

1.012577
1.011130
1.009915
1.008887
1.008009

0.063610
0.059962
0.056694
0.053752
0.051092

20

1.015422

0.044413

1.013607

0.045714

1.011629

0.046875

1.009505

0.047870

1.007254

0.048675

1.059090
1.059305

0.003539
0.000000

:
4

1.058456
1.057431
1.056058

0.007000
0.010310
0.013410

5
6
;

1.054391
1.052490
1.050413
1.048217

0.016252
0.018806
0.021055
0.022996

1.045956

0.024637

10

1.043672

0.025993

::

1.039177
1.041402

0.027940
0.027086

:i

1.034942
1.037018

0.028581
0.029034

:z

1.032959
1.031076

0.029477
0.029326

:'8
19

1.029296
1.027620
1.026046

20

1.024570

-13

-14

Y\X

::
14
:'b

For [21>4, linear interpolation

yield about six decimals.
See Example39

-10.

-10

-6

-7

-8

:i

-11

-12

-5

will yield about four decimals, eight-point

interpolation

will

250
Table

5.6
.?A

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

.f

9f

AND

RELATED

FOR COMPLEX
.zeZEl (2)
.%
./

-2

-3

FUNCTIONS

ARGUMENTS
9

92

&

-1

1.438208
1.287244
1.185758
1.123282
1.085153

0.230161
0.263705
0.247356
0.217835
0.189003

1.483729
1.251069
1.136171
1.080316
1.051401

0.469232
0.410413
0.328439
0.262814
0.215118

1.340965
1.098808
1.032990
1.013205
1.006122

0.850337
0.561916
0.388428
0.289366
0.228399

0.697175
0.813486
0.896419
0.936283
0.957446

1.155727
0.570697
0.378838
0.280906
0.222612

0.577216
0.621450
0.798042
0.875873
0.916770

0.000000
0.343378
0.289091
0.237665
0.198713

1.061263
1.045719
1.035205
1.027834
1.022501

0.164466
0.144391
0.128073
0.114732
0.103711

1.035185
1.025396
1.019109
1.014861
1.011869

0.180487
0.154746
0.135079
0.119660
0.107294

1.003172
1.001788
1.001077
1.000684
1.000454

0.187857
0.159189
0.137939
0.121599
0.108665

0.969809
0.977582
0.982756
0.986356
0.988955

0.183963
0.156511
0.136042
0.120218
0.107634

0.940714
0.955833
0.965937
0.972994
0.978103

0.169481
0.147129
0.129646
0.115678
0.104303

1.018534
1.015513
1.013163
1.011303
1.009806

0.094502
0.086718
0.080069
0.074333
0.069340

1.009688
1.008052
1.006795
1.005809
1.005022

0.097181
0.088770
0.081673
0.075609
0.070371

1.000312
1.000221
1.000161
1.000119
1.000090

0.098184
0.089525
0.082255
0.076067
0.070738

0.990887
0.992361
0.993508
0.994418
0.995151

0.097396
0.088911
0.081769
0.075676
0.070419

0.981910
0.984819
0.987088
0.988891
0.990345

0.094885
0.086975
0.080245
0.074457
0.069429

:8'
19

1.008585
1.007577
1.006735
1.006025
1.005420

0.064959
0.061086
0.057640
0.054555
0.051779

1.004384
1.003859
1.003423
1.003057
1.002747

0.065803
0.061786
0.058227
0.055052
0.052202

1.000070
1.000055
1.000043
1.000035
1.000028

0.066102
0.062032
0.058432
0.055224
0.052349

0.995751
0.996246
0.996661
0;997011
0.997309

0.065838
0.061812
0.058246
0.055066
0.052214

0.991534
0.992518
0.993342
0.994038
0.994631

0.065024
0.061135
0.057677
0.054583
0.051801

20

1.004902

0.049267

1.002481

0.049631

1.000023

0.049757

0.997565

0.049640

0.995140

0.049284

0.596347
0.777514
0.673321

0.000000
0.147864
0.1865.70

0.722657
0.747012
0.796965

0.000000
0.045686
0.078753
0.096659
0.103403

0.825383
0.831126
0.846097
0.865521
0.885308

0.000000
0.030619
0.055494
0.072180
0.081408

0.852111
0.855544
0.864880
0.877860
0.892143

0.000000
0.021985
0.040999
0.055341
0.064825

:
3
4
2
7
9"
:;
::
14
:2

Y\X

0.847468
0.891460

0.165207
0.181226

0.844361
0.881036

0.131686
0.132252

0.919826
0.938827
0.952032
0.961512
0.968512

0.148271
0.132986
0.119807
0.108589
0.099045

0.907873
0.927384
0.941722
0.952435
0.960582

0.125136
0.116656
0.107990
0.099830
0.092408

0.903152
0.921.006
0.934958
0.945868
0.954457

0.103577
0.100357
0.095598
0.090303
0.084986

0.903231
0.918527
0.931209
0.941594
0.950072

0.085187
0.085460
0.083666
0.080755
0.077313

0.906058
0.918708
0.929765
0.939221
0.947219

0.070209
0.072544
0.072792
0.071700
0.069799

::
13
14

0.973810
0.977904
0.981127
0.983706
0.985799

0.090888
0.083871
0.077790
0.072484
0.067822

0.966885
0.971842
0.975799
0.979000
0.981621

0.085758
0.079836
0.074567
0.069873
0.065679

0.961283
0.966766
0.971216
0.974865
0.977888

0.079898
0.075147
0.070769
0.066762
0.063104

0.957007
0.962708
0.967423
0.971351
0.974646

0.073688
0.070080
0.066599
0.063300
0.060206

0.953955
0.959626
0.964412
0.968464
0.971911

0.067447
0.064878
0.062242
0.059630
0.057096

15

0.987519

0.063698

:;
18
19

0.988949
0.990149
0.991167
0.992036

0.060029
0.056745
0.053792
0.051122

0.983791
0.985606
0.987138
0.988442
0.989561

0.061921
0.058539
0.055485
0.052717
0.050199

0.980414
0.982544
0.984353
0.985902
0.987237

0.059767
0.056723
0.053941
0.051394
0.049057

0.977430
0.979799
0.981827
0.983574
0.985089

0.057322
0.054644
0.052162
0.049861
0.047728

0.974858
0.977391
0.979579
0.981478
0.983135

0.054671
0.052371
0.050200
0.048160
0.046245

20

0.992784

0.048699

0.990527

0.047900

0.988395

0.046909

0.986410

0.045749

0.984587

0.044449

0.871606
0.873827
0.880023
0.889029
0.899484

0.000000
0.016570
0.031454
0.043517
0.052380

0.886488
0.888009
0.892327
0.898793
0.906591

0.000000
0.012947
0.024866
0.034995
0.042967

0.898237
0.899327
0.902453
0.907236
0.913167

0.000000
0.010401
0.020140
0.028693
0.035755

0.907758
0.908565
0.910901
0.914531
0.919127

0.000000
0.008543
0.016639
0.023921
0.030145

0.915633
0.916249
0.918040
0.920856
0.924479

0.000000
0.007143
0.013975
0.020230
0.025717

0.910242
0.920534
0.929945
0.938313
0.945629

0.058259
0.061676
0.063220
0.063425
0.062714

0.914952
0.923283
0.931193
0.938469
0.945023

0.048780
0.052667
0.054971
0.056047
0.056211

0.919729
0.926481
0.933096
0.939359
0.945154

0.041242
0.045242
0.047942
0.049570
0.050349

0.924336
0.929836
0.935365
0.940731
0.945812

0.035208
0.039123
0.041986
0.043936
0.045128

0.928664
0.933175
0.937807
0.942398
0.946833

0.030334
0.034063
0.036944
0.039060
0.040514

0.951965
0.957427
0.962128
0.966178
0.969673

0.061408
0.059735
0.057855
0.055877
0.053874

0.950850
0.955987
0.960495
0.964444
0.967903

0.055725
0.054790
0.053560
0.052146
0.050627

0.950427
0.955176
0.959421
0.963201
0.966559

0.050481
0.050135
0.049444
0.048514
0.047425

0.950535
0.954870
0.958814
0.962379
0.965591

0.045711
0.045818
0.045563
0.045038
0.044319

0.951035
0.954959
0.958586
0.961913
0.964949

0.041413
0.041861
0.041948
0.041755
0.041347

:9"

0.972699
0.975326
0.977617
0.979622
0.981384

0.051894
0.049966
0.048109
0.046332
0.044641

0.970935
0.973551
0.975940
0.978009
0.979839

0.049062
0.047489
0.045935
0.044419
0.042951

0.969539
0.972185
0.974538
0.976632
0.978500

0.046236
0.044992
0.043724
0.042456
0.041205

0.968477
0.971067
0.973393
0.975481
0.977357

0.043463
0.042516
0.041512
0.040477
0.039431

0.967710
0.970214
0.972484
0.974540
0.976402

0.040780
0.040095
0.039329
0.038508
0.037653

20

0.982938

0.043036

0.981465

0.041538

0.980169

0.039980

0.979047

0.038388

0.978090

0.036781

:
:

2
i
9
10

Y\X
0
:
3
4
5
;
i
10
::
13
14
15
:7"

0.000000
0.075661
0.118228

0.786251
0.797036
0.823055
0.853176
0.880584

INTEGRAL

-4

Y\X
0

EXPONENTIAL

10

If ~~10 or y>lO then (see [5.15])

eZEl(z)x 0.711093 +------+--------+e,161<3~10-6.
0.278518 0.010389
2+0.415775 z+2.29428 z+6.2900
El(iy)=-Ci(y)+i si(y) (y real)
l S8e

page Ix.

EXPONENTIAL

INTEGRAL

EXPONENTIAL
9

.f

.P

11

y\x

INTEGRAL

12

AND

RELATED

251

FUNCTIONS

FOR COMPLEX
zezE1 (2)
9
Y
13

Table

ARGUMENTS
x

.A4

14

5.6
4

15

0.922260
0.922740
0.924143
0.926370
0.929270

0.000000

0.927914
0.928295
0.929416
0.931205
0.933560

0.000000

0.003972
0.007847
0.011540
0.014974

0.940804
0.941014
0.941636
0.942643
0.943994

0.000000

0.004528
0.008932
0.013098
0.016934

0.937055
0.937308
0.938055
0.939261
0.940870

0.000000

0.005212
0.010258
0.014991
0.019295

0.932796
0.933105
0.934013
0.935473
0.937408

0.000000

0.006063
0.011902
0.017321
0.022171

0.932672
0.936400
0.940297
0.944229
0.948093

0.026361
0.029857
0.032670
0.034847
0.036453

0.936356
0.939462
0.942757
0.946132
0.949500

0.023091
0.026339
0.029036
0.031205
0.032887

0.939729
0.942338
0.945140
0.948047
0.950985

0.020373
0.023378
0.025934
0.028052
0.029756

0.942816
0.945024
0.947419
0.949933
0.952502

0.018095
0.020867
0.023273
0.025315
0.027004

0.945640
0.947522
0.949582
0.951765
0.954018

0.016169
0.018725
0.020980
0.022931
0.024582

10
11
12
13
14

0.951816
0.955347
0.958659
0.961739
0.964583

0.037566
0.038261
0.038612
0.038684
0.038534

0.952792
0.955958
0.958968
0.961800
0.964447

0.034134
0.035004
0.035552
0.035833
0.035893

0.953895
0.956729
0.959454
0.962049
0.964499

0.031081
0.032068
0.032761
0.033201
0.033428

0.955075
0.957610
0.960073
0.962443
0.964702

0.028365
0.029426
0.030221
0.030781
0.031140

0.956296
0.958563
0.960787
0.962947
0.965026

0.025949
0.027052
0.027915
0.028564
0.029024

El
17
18
19

0.967199
0.969597
0.971789
0.973792
0.975621

0.038211
0.037756
0.037200
0.036572
0.035893

0.966907
0.969184
0.971285
0.973220
0.974999

0.035775
0.035515
0.035144
0.034687
0.034166

0.966799
0.968947
0.970946
0.972802
0.974521

0.033479
0.033384
0.033172
0.032865
0.032485

0.966843
0.968860
0.970752

0.031327
0.031370
0.031293

0.972521
0.974172

0.031117
0.030862

0.967011
0.968897
0.970680
0.972359
0.973936

0.029320
0.029476
0.029512
0.029448
0.029301

20

0.977290

0.035179

0.976634

0.033597

0.976112

0.032049

0.975709

0.030542

0.975414

0.029086

0.000000

0.000000

0.002290
0.004549
0.006745
0.008853

0.954371
0.954467
0.954752
0.955219
0.955856

0.000000

0.002527
0.005016
0.007430
0.009735

0.952181
0.952291
0.952619
0.953156
0.953887

0.000000

0.002804
0.005560
0.008223
0.010754

0.949769
0.949897
0.950277
0.950898
0.951741

0
:
i

y\x
0

17

16

19

18

0.003512
0.006949
0.010242
0.013331

20

0.944130
0.944306
0.944829
0.945678
0.946824

0.000000
0.003128
0.006196
0.009150
0.011940

0.947100
0.947250
0.947693
0.948416
0.949395

0.948226
0.949842
0.951624
0.953527
0.955509

0.014529
0.016886
0.018994
0.020847
0.022445

0.950600
0.951995
0.953545
0.955212
0.956960

0.013121
0.015296
0.017265
0.019019
0.020555

0.952782
0.953995
0.955349
0.956815
0.958363

0.011904
0.013916
0.015753
0.017409
0.018878

0.954793
0.955853
0.957043
0.958337
0.959712

0.010847
0.012709
0.014425
0.015986
0.017387

0.956650
0.957581
0.958631
0.959779
0.961004

0.009922
0.011649
0.013253
0.014723
0.016056

0.957530
0.959559
0.961568
0.963534
0.965443

0.023797
0.024917
0.025823
0.026534
0.027070

0.958758
0.960576
0.962391
0.964181
0.965931

0.021878
0.022998
0.023927
0.024679
0.025271

0.959966
0.961598
0.963238
0.964868
0.966472

0.020163
0.021270
0.022207
0.022984
0.023616

0.961144
0.962612
0.964097
0.965582
0.967052

0.018628
0.019712
0.020645
0.021436
0.022094

0.962288
0.963611
0.964956
0.966310
0.967658

0.017250
0.018305
0.019227
0.020021
0.020694

19

0.967280
0.969038
0.970712
0.972300
0.973800

0.027453
0.027700
0.027831
0.027862
0.027809

0.967628
0.969264
0.970832
0.972328
0.973751

0.025720
0.026041
0.026249
0.526361
0.026388

0.968039
i;9695i8
0.971023
0.972430
01973775

0.024114
0.024493
0.024765
0.024943
0;0i503s

0.968496
0.969906
0.971273
0.972594
0.973863

0.022629
0.023052
0.023375
0.023607
0.023760

0.968990
0.970297
0.971571
0.972808
0.974004

0.021255
0.021712
0.022075
0.022352
0.022552

20

0.975215

0.027685

0.975099

0.026343

0.975057

0.025062

0.975079

0.023842

0.975155

:
4'
2
7

9"
:1"
::
14
15
16

:i

EXPONENTIAL
I

.9?

-4.0

y\r

2:

-0.359552
-0.347179
-0.333373
-0.318556
-0.303109
-0.287369

Y\"

-0.057540
-0.078283
-0.096648
-0.112633
-0.126301
-0.137768

0.636779
0.000000

2
0:8

-4.094686
-3.890531
-3.611783
-3.265262

1.260867
1.859922
2.422284
2.937296

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

1.0

-0.133374
-0.126168
-0.104687
-0.069328
-0.020743
+0.040177

0.5
0.000000
0.157081
0.312331
0.463961
0.610264
0.749655

-2.895820
-2.867070

COMPLEX
.B?

.f

-0.094868
-0.119927

-0.141221
-0.158890
-0.173169
-0.184355

-0.494576

-0.156411

-0.462493
-0.429554
-0.396730
-0.364785
-0.334280

-0.185573
-0.208800
-0.226575
-0.239500
-0.248231

El(z)+ln
-1.0

0.342700

0.679691
1.005410
1.314586
1.602372

-0.811327

0.000000

0.462804

-1.875155

0.917127
1.354712
1.767748

-2.210344

2.149077

-1.418052

0.000000
0.126210
0.251143
0.373547
0.492229
0.606074

-0.928842

0.505485
0.509410
0.521123
0.540441
0.567061
0.600568

-0.425168
-0.451225
-0.463193
-0.464163
-0.457088
-0.444528

0.000000
0.103432
0.205962
0.306707
0.404823
0.499516

0
0.000000
0.258840
0.513806
0.761122
0.997200

1.218731

-0.577216
-0.567232
-0.537482
-0.488555
-0.421423
-0.337404

2.0

1.5

1.0
0.219384
0.224661
0.240402
0.266336
0.302022
0.346856

-0.670483
-0.587558
-0.510543
-0.441128
-0.380013
-0.327140

-0.5
-1.147367
-1.133341
-1.091560
-1.022911

-1.895118

-2.781497
-2.641121
-2.449241

-0.257878
-0.289009
-0.310884
-0.324774
-0.332047
-0.334043

.@
-2.0

5.7

0.000000

-1.815717
-1.718135
-1.584591

-0.580650
-0.528987
-0.478303
-0.429978
-0.384941
-0.343719

0.022684

Table

ARGUMENTS
-2.5

-1.5

-4.219228
-4.261087

Y\X
0.0

-0.420509
-0.400596
-0.379278
-0.357202
-0.334923
-0.312894

FOR SMALL

.f

.?f
-2.5
-.-

-2.0

FE

1.0

INTEGRAL

.~~__

0.002085
0.004144
0.006151
0.008084

0.742048
0.745014
0.753871
0.768490
0.788664
0.814107

0.000000
0.086359
0.172075
0.256515
0.339075
0.419185

0.000000
0.199556
0.396461
0.588128
0.772095
0.946083

2.5
0.941206
0.943484
0.950289
0.961532
0.977068
0.996699

0.000000
0.073355
0.146246
0.218215
0.288822
0.357653

6. Gamma Function

and Related Functions

PHILIP

J. DAVIS 1

Contents
Page
Mathematical

Properties.

Gamma Function. . . . . .
Beta Function . . . . . . .
Psi (Digamma) Function. . .
Polygamma Functions. . . .
Incomplete Gamma Function.
Incomplete Beta Function.
.

255
258
258
260
260
263

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263

6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Means of Polygamma Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

263

Numerical

Methods

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

264

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

265

Gamma, Digamma and Trigamma Functions (1 Is_< 2) . .

267

References.
6.1.

.
.
.
.
.
.

255

.
.
.
.
.
.

6.1.

6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.

Table

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

r(x), In I(z), #(z), +(x)), x=1(.005)2,

10D
. . .

271

6.3. Gamma and Digamma Functions for Integer and HalfInteger Values (1 In< 101) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

272

Table

6.2. Tetragamma and Pentagamma Functions (15 ~12)

$(s),

$b3(x), x=1(.01)2,

10D

Table

r(n),

11s

uw,

9s

r(n+3),

ddn),

1011

n!/[(27r)%P++]e?,
In n+(n),

8s

8D

8D

n=l(l.>lOl
Table

6.4. Logarithms of the Gamma Function (1 In < 101). . . . . .

loglo r(n),

8s

log,tl r(n+i),

loglo r(n+*),

8s

klo

8s

r(n+$>,

In

r(n) -

274

8s
(n- +) In nfn,

8D

n=l(l)lOl

1 National

Bureau

of Standards.
253

254

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS
Page

6.5. Auxiliary
Functions for Gamma and Digamma Functions (66I:ZIm)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table

2!/[(2~)%P+k-~],
z-l=.015
Table

(-.OOl)O,

6.6. Factorials for Large Arguments (lOO<nI

1000) . . . . .

276

6.7. Gamma Function for Complex Arguments . . . . . . . .

277

In I(z+iy),
Table

In X+X, In z++(2)

8D

n!, ??I=100(100) 1000,

Table

In r(z)-((2-i)

276

x=1(.1)2,

20s

y=O(.l)lO,

12D

6.8. Digamma Function for Complex Arguments . . . . . . .

#(r+iy),

x=1(.1)2,

%W+iy),
S?$(l+iy)-ln

y=O(.l)lO,

288

5D

10D
y, y-l=.11

(-.Ol)O,

The author
acknowledges
the assistance
the tables;
and the assistance
of Patricia

8D

of Mary
01-r in the preparation
Farrant
in checking
the formulas.

and

checking

of

6. Gamma

Function

and Related

Mathematical
6.2. Gamma

6.1.1

r(z)=

s0
=k

(Factorial)

Eulers

Integral

- t-e-

0%

omt-em

Eulers

Functions

Properties

Function

Wz>O)
dt

(9?2>0,

9k>O)

Formula

6.1.2
r(z)=lim

n!n'
. . . (z+n)

n+os z&+1)

Eulers

Infinite

(z#O,-1,-2,

. . .)

Product

-3

l+k+j!j+a+.

r= lim

m+-

=.57721

. . +;-ln

56649. . .

Y is known as Eulers constant and is given to 25

decimal places in chapter 1. I(Z) is single valued
and analytic over the entire complex plane, save
for the points z=-n(n=O,
1, 2, . . . ) where it
possesses simple poles with residue (- l)/n!.
Its
reciprocal i/r (2) is an entire function possessing
simple zeros at the points z=-n(n=O,
1, 2, . . .).
Hankels

6.1.4

3
i,
PA ,\

n
/r
-5

7)X-j

&=&Jo

Contour

Integral

FIGURE 6.1. Gamma junction.

-,

y=r(z),

6.1.9

r(3/2)=#=.88622

6.1.10

r(,t+)=15913
l-(+)=3.62560

The path of integration

C starts at + a~ on the
real axis, circles the origin in the counterclockwise
direction and returns to the starting point.
Factorial

and

Integer

6.1.6

r(n+i)=i.2.3

6.1.11 r(n+#)=1a4e710
r(+)=2.67893

II Notations

II(Z) =2!= r(2+ 1)

6.1.5

y=l/l-(z)

69254. . . c(3)!
k;l (4n-3) r(t)

(-t)-es&

L
\-

- - - -,

6.1.12

r(n+$)

6.1.13

r(n+#)=25811

99082. , .
3 (3n-2)

r(+)

85347. . .

=1*3*5*7 * ;; (2n-1)

r(3)

Values

. . . (7+i)n=d

3; (3n-1)

r(g)

6.1.7

lb ----L-E
2-ln u-4

o=

l
(-n-l)!

Fractional

w =2J

e-,&=&=1.77245

r(#)=i.3541179394..

(n=O, 1, 2) . . .)
Values

6.1.14

r(n+f)

=371115

h; (4n-1)

r(j)

38509 . . . =(-$)!
r&)=1.22541

-*see

page

II.

67024 . . .
255

256

GAMMA
Recurrence

FUNCTION

AND

Formulas

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

i.1.29

r(i~)r(-iy)=lr(iy)[2=ysi~ny

il.30

r(d-+iy)r(t--iy)=lr(~+i21)12=~y

il.31

r(l+iy)r(l-iy)=lr(l+iy)l2=~

r(z+1)=zr(z)=z!=z(z-l)!

6.1.15
6.1.16

r(n+z)=(n-l+z)(n-2+2)
=(n-l+z)!

. . . (l+z)r(l+z)

=(n-l+z)(n-2+2)

. . . (l+z)z!

Reflection

6.1.17

Formula

r(2)r(i--2)=-2r(--2)rQ)=t

csc

TZ

Power

Series

5.1.33

III r(l+2)=-h(l+z)+z(i--y)
Duplication

6.1.18

r(22)=(2?r)-*22z-*

r(2) r(2++)

Triplication

c(m) is the Riemann

23).

Formula

Series

6.1.19

r(32)=(2d-138*-*
Gauss

6.1.20

Multiplication

Binomial

uz+l)

r(w+i)r+-w+i)

Pochhammers

Symbol

6.1.22
(z>c= 1,

Gamma

6.1.23
6.1.24

. . . @+?I-l)=W
Function

Expansion

* for

(see chapter

1 /r(z)

6.1.34

Formula

Coefficient

s--z
w!(z--w)!
0?V

(z).=z(z+l)(z+2)

Zeta Function

r(z)r(2++)r(2++)

r(nz)=(2rr)t"-"'~~'-l~~r(~+~)

6.1.21

ew>

+-g2 (-w-(+ll~/~

Formula

in the

Complex

Plane

r(z)=r(2); In r(B)=ln rl.2)

arg r(z+i)=arg

r(z)+arhnf

6.1.26
6.1.27

mgr b+id =8m +n$o(--&-arctan&-)

(z+iy#0,-1,-2,
where

~W=rWr(2)

6.1.28

r(i+iy)=iy

r(iy)

.. .)

k
'1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

l.oooooc~oooo
0.57721 56649
-0.65587
80715
-0.04200
26350
0.16653 86113
-0.04219
77345
-0.00962
19715
0.00721 89432
-0.00116
51675
-0.00021
52416
0.00012 80502
-0.00002
01348
-0.00000
12504
0.00000 11330
-0.00000
02056
0.00000 00061
0.00000 00050
-0.00000
00011
0.00000 00001
0.00000 00000
-0.00000
00000
0.00000 00000
-0.00000
00000
-0.00000
00000
0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000

000000
015329 I- *-,
202538 \ I
340952'
822915'5
555443Lit
278770 '
466630 918591
741149
823882
547807 0
934831 1
272320 2,
338417 3
160950 '-f
020075 3
812746 b
0434271
0778234
036968 A
005100 I'
000206k,
000054b
000014 i;
000001 (5

2 The coeffhxents ck are from H. T. Davis, Tables of

higher mathematical
functions, 2 vols., Principia Press,
Bloomington,
Ind., 1933, 1935 (with permission);
with
corrections due to H. E. Salzer.

GAMMA
Polynomial

FUNCTION

AND

Approximationsa

6.1.35

FUNCTIONS
Error

r(z+1)=2!=1+a,z+u~Z+u,23+a,~~+a,zbf~(~)

for

Asymptotic

Expansion

If

~e(z))115XlW~

R,(z)=
57486 46
.95123 63
aa=-. 69985 88

r (z)-(z-+)

In

In Z+z--4

al=
.42455 49
a5=-. 10106 78

al=-.
aa=

6.1.36

Term

257

6.1.42

Olxll

RELATED

-2

In (2~)
2n(iL)z

an-1

then

O<x<l

r(x+1)=2!=1+~,z+b,22+

. . . +b,xa+,(x)

where

(&)(~3XlO-7

bl=-.

57719 1652
bz= .98820 5891
ba=-. 89705 6937
b4= . 91820 6857
Stirlings

bs= -. 75670 4078

b,,= .48219 9394
b,=-.
19352 7818
bs= .03586 8343

K(z) =uppe;,~oundlzz/(3+24)

For z real and positive, R, is less in absolute value

than the first term neglected and has the same
sign.

Formula

6.1.43

6.1.37

S?ln r(iy)=Sln

r(--iy)

ln (%I -+7y-*ln

v,

cy--++ a>

6.1.44

x1=&rxz+&p(-x+&J
Asymptotic

(x>O,O<O<l)

3%

r(iy)=arg
=-An

r(-@)

r(iy)=-mg

q--iy)

Formulas

6.1.39
r(az+b)

$iiie-ae(uz)u+b-~

(lw 4<*, C-0)

6.1.40
In

(y++

6.1.45

r(2) ~(z-+) In Z--Z++ In

(274

+&

(2-m

2m(2mB>)z-1

-1

~~21r)-lr(z+iy)le~~1u11y11-=1
m

in Jarg z/<T)

For B, see chapter 23

6.1.41
In r(2) v(2-*)

In z-z+&

Zt,-a r(z+a)-,+(a-b)(a+b-1)
w+b)

In (2~)+&&:
(z+w

in larg zl<~)

* Prom C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations

computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton,
(with permission).

for digital
N.J., 1955

+&pi)

22

(3(a+b--1)2-a+b-l);+

...

as Z+W along any curve joining z=O and z= m,

providingzf
--a, --a-l,
. . . ; z# -b, -b-l,
. . . .

258

GAMMA
Continued

FUNCTION

AND RELATED

FUNCTIONS

Fraction

6.1.48

In r(z)+z-(z-*)

In z-+ln

a0

=-

_-al
z+

z+

\
i &:/
1

a2

---a3
z+

z+

(27r)
a4

z+

a5
z+

(92

. . .

>

0)

1
53
695
1
&=---, al=-9 a2=-)
a3=-,
12
30
210
371

I /

22999

10953534lOO9
48264275462

29944523

a4=ii%%

=19733142
Wallis

Formula

6.1.49

-4
-6

FIGURE 6.2. Psi junction.

y=$+)=dln

Some

Definite

Integrals

6.1.50

In r(z)=

o- (z-l) e-Qy-$J
S[
=(z-&)
In z-z+&
In 2s

(g z > 0)

6.3.2

r
:

nteger

Values

n-1
p-l

7, It(n)=--+

lw)=

x_.

rkr)/dx

. ..

(n22>

2+
Fractional

Values

(s?~>O)
6.3.3
6.2. Beta

Function

9G) =-y-2ln

6.2.1
1

B(z,w)

S
S

p-1 (l--t)-

dt=

Psi (Digamma)

+(z) =d[ln

6.3.4

at

#(n, +$)=--r--2ln2+2

(2)1/h=

l+i+...

Function
r(2)p

6Some authors write $(z) =-$ In I(z+

Recurrence

functions.

Formulas

6.3.5

(2)

1) and similarly

+A) (nil)

2)

4 Some authors employ the special double factorial

tion as follows:
(27~) ! ! =2*4-f? . . . (2n)=2n
i
(2n-1)
! ! =1*3*5. . (27&--1)=*-f
2 r(n++)
the polygamma

00260 21423 . . .

(92~>0,~>00)

f&Y ,w)2(2)r(wLB(w
r(z+w)
6.3.

6.3.1

om(l;;;z+w

4
o (sin t)2E-1 (cos t)2w-1 dt

=2

6.2.2

2=-1.96351

nota-

6.3.6
Hn+

for

+ &+&+w+4

GAMMA
Reflection

FUNCTION

AND RELATED

FUNCTIONS

259

6.3.19

Formula

Td

6.3.7

~(1--2)=~(2)+7r

cot ?Tz

Duplication
b.3.8

Formula

~@~)=W(z)++h
Psi

Function

in

6.3.9

(zS9)
the

bm

Complex

=ln y+&+i+l+.

Sin

. .

12oy4 252y6

Plane

(y+w)

=1Lo

Extremae

of r(z)

Zeros

of +(r)

6.3.10
-

s?~(iy)=sz~(-iy)=%?1L(l+iy)=5z9(1--iy)

n
6.3.11

Y-$(iy)=+y-+;

6.3.12

Y+(i+&)

6.3.13

j$(l+iy)=-+y++

?r coth ny

>

=Yn~l(n+Y2~
Series

+o.sss
-3.545
+2.302
-0.888
$0.245
-XL053
+o. 009
-0.001

$1.462

=+T tanh 7~
rcoth

r (x?J

2%
__

-0.504
- 1.573

my

-2.611
-3.635
-4.653
-5.667
-6.678

-1

Expansions

6.3.14 #(l+~)=--r+~~(-l)~{(n)~-~

(lzl<l)
. -- x0=1.46163
I(x,)=
.88560

6.3.15
~(l+z)=+z--+

cot ?fz-(l--22)-1+1--y

-~~Ik(2n+~wn

6.3.20

xd=-n+(ln

Ma

Definite

21449

68362 gi

31944

10889

n>-+o[(ln
Integrals

I+&
\3

n>-1
-

6.3.21

6.3.16
@f--1,-2,-3,.

$(l+~)=-r+~$~&

. . >

+j-y[;--g&q

Wz>O)

dt
.

.m

6.3.17

~~(l+iy)=l--Y-&

=lnz--- S tat
I[ 0

e-

--

l222

+gl

(-l)+[r(2n+l)--lly2

n$l n-(n2Sy2) -l
(--~<Y<~)

Asymptotic

0 (t+z)(P-1)

(I&E 4< ;)

(lYl<2)
=-r+y2

&)z

6.3.22

Formulas

6.3.18
#(z>

--In

2 -L&-~$~

=ln

-&-&+&4-&o+.

&

. .

(z+ m in larg zI<7r)

6 From W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications

of the
gamma function, Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952
(with permission).

260

GAMMA
6.4. Polygamma

FUNCTION

AND

Functions

RELATED

FUNCTIONS
Series

6.4.9

6.4.1

$(l+z)=(-l)+
(n=1,2,3,

Expansions

[n![(n+i)

(n+l)!
-Tl(n+2)z+@i,*{(n+3)9-...
.

. . . )

Tifl<l)

6.4.10
)L()(2),(?%=0,1, . . .), is a single valued analytic
function over the cnt,irc complex plane save at,
the points z=-m(m=0,1,2,
. . . ) where it possesses poles of order (n + 1).

+(z)=(-l)n+Ln!~O

(z+k)--1
(z#O,-1,-2,.
Asymptotic

. .)

Formulas

6.4.11

0
Integer

Values

6.4.2'
#(l)=(-

l)+n!{(n+

(n=l,2,3,

1)

. .)

6.4.3

(2 + 02 in 1arg 2 1<T)
6.4.12

$(m)(n+l)=(-lpm!
1

i+
+2m+

- - * +nm+l

.
Fractional

6.4.4 ' '-'

p(*)

= (- l)+n!(2+-

#(n++)

=*nJ-4

Recurrence

l)l(n+

1)

(z--,-in

21-&j

I arg 2 I<*)

6.4.14

PI (2k- 1) -*
(z+-

Formuh

IL()(2+i)=~(n)(zj+(-i)112!2--.-1

6.4.6

in 1arg

Values

(12=1,2, . .

6.4.5

(z+6.4.13

6.5.

Incomplete

Gamma

in I arg 2 I<T)
Function

(see also 26.4)

Reflection

Formula

6.5.1

6.4.7
~((l-z)+(-l).+lll.(z)=(-l)n~~

cot *z

P(u, s) = &

s0

* e-W1 dt

6.5.2

6.4.8
*

Multiplication

P(mz)=bln

m+ &

Formula

gv)

r(a, x) =P(a,

(z+&)

n=O
b=O, n>O
.

oze-fte-l dt

6.5.3

(s&z>Ol

r (a, T) = r(u) +a,

b=l,

7 $ is known as the trigamma function.

$I, $(a), $tr) nre
the t&a-, penta-, and hesagamma functions respectively.
Some authors write $(z) =d[ln I(z+ l)]/dz, and similnrly
for the polygamma functions.
*See page II.

2) r(u) =

T) =

S
I

e-W1 dt

6.5.4
y*(u, r) =x-=qz,

r) = &$

(a, 4

y* is a single valued analytic function

z possessing no finite singularities.

of a and

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

RELATED

261

FUNCTIONS

a
t

-3

-4

FIGURE

*see page Il.

6.3. Incomplete gamma function.

y*(a +=
From F. G. Tricomi,

-I

-2

* e-V-W
r(a) s 0

Sulla funeione gamma incompleta,

Annali

di Matematica,

IV, 33, 1950 (with permission).

GAMMA FUNCTION

262

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

6.5.5
Probability

Integral

of the

6.5.16

y (3, x2)=2

6.5.17

r(+,z2)=2

+Distribution

6.5.18

6.5.6

S
m
S

oze-t2dt=J;;

erfx

e-f2dt=J;;

erfc x

x7*(+,-x2)=

ef2dt

(Pearsons

Form

of the

Incomplete

Gamma

Function)

6.5.19

164
P>
=r(pl+l)
sume-v&
=Np+l,

S(X,U)=~P-~

6.5.8

w]

[C(z,a)--iiS(

dp+l)
Recurrence

Wu<l)

Sz-ta-1 co5t dt

C(x,u)=

[El(x)-e-<g

r(a,ix)=e*rf

6.5.20

6.5.7

r(--n,x)=T

P(a+l,

6.5.21

sin t dt

Wa<l)

6.5.9

Formulas

x>=P(u,

x)-&

6.5.22

~(u+l,x)=uy(u,x)-xsae-z

6.5.23

r(a-l,x)=xr*(u,x)+~

E, (x)=~-~-~~~-df=x-Lr(l--n,x)
6.5.10

Derivatives

a,(d=sm

and

Differential

Equations

6.5.24

e-=tdt=x--lr(1+7,x)
(?j$)mmo

ar (w)
-=
ax

6.5.11
6.5.25
Incomplete
Gamma
Hypergeometric

6.5.12

Function
Function

Special

13)

ar(a2)
ax

------1-=y-le-z

f$ [2-ar(a,x)]=(-l)n2-a-r(a+n,x)
(n=O, 1,2, . . .)

1+a,-x)

6.5.27

g [e%.?y*
(u,x>]=ex-r*(u-n, 2)

Values

6.5.13

P(n,X)=l-

6.5.26

l+a,x)

M(a,

x=-&(x)--In

as a Confluent

(see chapter

y(u,x)=u-lxae-zM(l,
=u-lx=

=-lmeT-ln

(T&=0,1,2,.
(

1+X+$+.

. . +&

.>

emz

6.5.28

. .>

x~+(u+l+x)~+u-y*=O

=l-e,-l(x)e-Z
For relation

to the Poisson

distribution,

26.4.
6.5.14

6.5.15

Series

see

Developments

6.5.29

r*(--n,
r (0, x>=

x)=x

(2)
S2me-fl-ldt=El

~*(u,z)=e+

2
n-o r(a+n+l)

1 2
C-2)"
r(d n-~ b+dn!

(IzI<=>

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

RELATED

263

FUNCTIONS

Definite

6.5.30
r(a, x+Y)-r(a,
cm
n=o

,e-zxa-l

m
S

Integrals

6.5.36

5)
(a-1)(a-2).
_____

. . (4[l-e-Ye
?I

Xn

(y)J

-r(b,ct)

ha

l-

&]
(c%%+c)>O,9b>-1)

(lYl<l4)
Continued

6.5.37

trt=!%!.k!i
Smp-lr(b,t)

Fraction

6.5.31

1 1-a
( &1+icp

r(u,x)=e-.P

1 2-u 2
1+ s+

(9 (a+ b) >O,

>

(x>O,bl<m>
Asymptotic

6.6. Incomplete

Expansions

B,(a,b)=

6.6.1

Beta

Bu>O>

Function

= ta-(l--2)b-dt

6.5.32

r(a, Z)-p-le-r

,+!!$+(a-y-2)+.

6.6.2

. .]

For statistical applications, see 26.5.

2-m

in jarg zI<F

Symmetry

>

!nn(w)!
and sign I?,(a,z)=sign

6.5.34

I&b)=

6.6.3

R,(u,z)=u,+,(u,z)+
. . . is t,lie remainder after R terms in this scrics. Then if a,2
arc real, WC have for n>u-2
SUppOW

6 .5 .33

I,(a,b)=B,(u,b)lB(u,b)

Relation

6.6.4

_<lu,+,b,z)l

(a-+

in 1arg

zl<+f)

Numerical

Formulas

r,(a,b)=~:l,(a--l,b)+(l--s)r,(cl;,b-1)

6.6.6

(a+ b-m)l&,b>
=u(l-x)l,(u+l,b-l)+bl,(u,b+l)

6.6.7

(a+b>Iz(a,b) =alz(a+

to Hypergeometric

B,(a,b)=a-xF(u,l-bb;

6.6.8

l,b)+bIz(a,b+

1)

Function

a+l;

x)

Methods

of the Tables

Compute r(6.88) to 8s. Using

the rccurrcIicc relation 6.1.16 nntl Table
6.1 WC
11nvr,
r(6.R8)=[(5.38)(4.:~8)(:~.R8)(2.38)(1..78)]r(1.38)
Example

see 26.1.

6.6.5

Relation

Extension

()$(1--p)-

a)

0 for a>1
lim !l?LkTEJz 4 for a=1
p
,1--f1 for O<a<l

Use and

Expansion

I,(a,n-a+l)=I$

Recurrence

r@ 2)--&!?2a+n __n=o (u+n)n!

6.5.35

6.7.

to Binomial

For binomial distribution,

zr,z+,(u,z).

(z-03

1--I,-,(b,a)

1.

=232.43671.
Example
2. Compute ln r(56.38), using Table
6.4 and linear illtcrpolntion ill.f,.
\\-c have

In I(56.38) = (56.38---a) In (56.38) - (56.38)

+J2(56.38)

The error of linear interpolation in the table of

the function.fi is smaller tlian lo- in this region.
Hence, f,(56.38)=.92041
67 and In r(56.38)=
169.85497 42.
Direct interpolation in Table 6.4 of log,, I(n)
eliminates tlir necessity of employing logarithms.
However, the error of linear interpolation is .002 so
that log,0 r(n) is obtained wit11 a relative error
of lo-.
Wee

page

11.

264

GAMMA

Example

FUNCTION

AND

3. Compute

recurrence relation

lt(6.38) to 8s. Using the

6.3.6 and Table 6.1.

$(6.38)=1+1+1+1+1+$(1.38)
5.38 4.38 3.38
=1.77275

2.38

3.38

59.

4. Compute #(56.38).
Using Table
6.3 we have J/(56.38) =ln 56.38-ja(56.38).
The error of linear interpolation
in the table of
the function f3 is smaller than 8X10-
in this
region. Hence&56.38)
= .00889 53 and#(56.38) =
4.023219.
Example

Example 5. Compute In I(l-i).

reflection
principle
6.1.23 and
In I(l--i)=lnI(l+i)=---.6509+.3016i.

Compute In I(+++$.
of the recurrence relation

Example

the
6.7,

Taking
6.1.15 we

r (++*i) =ln r (g+g;)-In

(4+&Q
-.23419+.03467i
=- (+ In *+i arctan 1)
=.11239-.75073i

The logarithms
from 4.1.2.

of complex

numbers

FUNCTIONS

6.8. Summation
of Rational
Series
of Polygamma
Functions

by Means

An infinite series whose general term is a rational function of the index may always be reduced
to a finite series of psi and polygamma
functions.
The method will be illustrated by writing the explicit formula when the denominator
contains a
triple root.
Let the general term of an infinite series have
the form

2-W
U=&(n)d2(nMn)
where
dl(n)=(n+arl)(n+az)

6.

the logarithm
have,
In

From
Table

RELATED

. . . (n + 4

Un)=(n+W(n+W

. . . (n+i%Y

~dn)=(n+~d3(n+rd3

. . . (n+-d3

where p(n) is a polynomial of degree m + 2r + 3s - 2

at most and where the constants ai, pi, and yc are
distinct.
Expand u, in partial fractions as follows
are found

Example
7. Compute In I(3+7i)
using the
duplication formula 6.1.18. Taking the logarithm
of 6.1.18, we have

-+ In 27r= - .91894
(;+7i) In 2= 1.73287+

4.85203i

In r(++Ji)=-3.31598+
In r(Z+$i) = -2.66047+

2.32553i
293869i

In I(3+7i)=-5.16252+10.11625i
Example

8.

the asymptotic

Then,

we may express 2

u, in terms of the

75-l

constants appearing
sion as follows

in this partial

fraction expan-

Compute In I(3+7i)
to 5D using
formula 6.1.41. We have

ln (3+7i)=2.03022

15+1.16590

45i.

Then,
(2.5$7i)

In (3+7i) =-3.
0857779+ 17.1263119i
-(3+7i)=-3.
ooooooo7. oooooooi
+ In (2~r)=
. 9189385
[12(3+7i)]-=
.0043103.0100575i
-[360(3+7i)3]-1=
.0000059.0000022i
---------_-__
ln I(3+7i)=-5.
16252 +lO. 11625i

Higher order repetitions in the denominator

are
If
the
denominator
contains
handled similarly.

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND RELATED

only simple or double roots, omit the corresponding lines.

265

FUNCTIONS

Therefore
s=16~(1)-16~(1~)+~(1)+~(1~)=.013499.

Example 9.

Find
Example 11.

1
S=%
nsl (%+1)(2n+l)(4n+l)

we have

72
i
--i
Hence, al=-t a2=--,
6
6

( nii-n--2i

>*

i
--i
as=-)
ad=--
12
12

cY1=i, az=---i, (Y3=2i, (yq=-2i,

and therefore

Example 10.

F-y

Find s= 2

.)&=In2p3n+ 1)
Since

1
n2(8n+1)2=-x

16 16
1
+m+++;li+m

[$(l+i)-P(l-i)l+;

[#(142i)--$(l-2i)].

By 6.3.9, this reduces to

sf

&(l+i)-;

99(1f2i).

we have,
From Table 6.8, s= .13876.

References
Tables

Texts

[6.1] E. Artin, Einfiihrung

in die Theorie der Gammafunktion (Leipzig, Germany, 1931).
[6.2] P. E. Bohmer,
Differenzengleichungen
und bestimmte Integrale, chs. 3, 4, 5 (K. F. Koehler,
Leipzig, Germany, 1939).
[6.3] G. Doetsch,
tion, vol.
Switzerland,

Handbuoh
der
II, pp. 52-61
1955).

Laplace-Transforma(Birkhauser,
Basel,

[6.4] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental

functions,
vol. 1, ch. 1, ch. 2, sec. 5; vol. 2, ch. 9 (McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953).
[6.5] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations
for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
[6.61-F. L6soh and F. Schoblik, Die. Fakultiit und verwandte Funktionen
(B. G. Teubner,
Leipzig,
Germany, 1951).
[6.7] W. Sibagaki, Theory and applications of the gamma
function (Iwanami Syoten, Tokyo, Japan, 1952).
16.81 E. T. Whittaker
and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, ch. 12, 4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

[6.9] A. Abramov, Tables of In r(z) for complex argument. Translated from the Russian by D. G.
Fry (Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 1960).
In r(z+iy),
2=0(.01)10,
y=O(.O1)4, 6D.
[6.10] Ballistic Research Laboratory, A table of the factorial numbers and their reciprocals from l! through
lOOO! to 20 significant digits. Technical Note No.
351, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1951.
[6.1 I] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Mathematical
tables, vol. 1, 3d ed., pp. 40-59
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England,
1951). The gamma and polygamma functions.
Also lf
= loglo (t)!dt, z=o(.Ol)l,
10D.
s0
[6.12] H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical
functions, 2 ~01s. (Principia Press, Bloomington,
Extensive, many place tables
Ind., 1933, 1935).
of the gamma and polygamma functions up to
@o(x) and of their logarithms.
[6.13] F. J. Duarte, Nouvelles tables de log10 n! 2133 d&imales depuis n= 1 jusquil n=3000
(Kundig,
Geneva, Switzerland;
Index Generalis, Paris,
France, 1927).

266

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND RELATED

[6.14] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of nl and

P(n++)
for the first thousand values of n, Applied Math. Series 16 (U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1951). n!, lGS;P(n+&),
85.
[6.15] National Bureau of Standards, Table of Coulomb
wave functions, vol. I, pp. 114-135, Applied
Math.
Series 17 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1952).
&[F(l+i~)/F(l

+iq],rl=O(.OO5)2

(.01)6 (.02)10(.1)

2O(.2)60(.5)110,10D;a~gF(l+i~),~=0(.01)1(.02)
3 (.05)10(.2)20(.4)30(.5)85,
8D.
[6.16] National Bureau of Standards, Table of the gamma
function for complex arguments, Applied Math.
Series 34 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office,
Washington, D.C., 1954).
In F(z+iy),

z=9(.1)10,

y=O(.l)lO,

12D.

Contains an extensive bibliography.

(6.171 National
Physical Laboratory,
Tables of Weber
parabolic cylinder functions, pp. 226-233 (Her
Majestys Stationery Office, London, England,
1955).
RealandimaginarypartsoflnF($c+$a),k=0(1)3,
a=O(.1)5(.2)20,
8D; (Ir(4+aia)/r(t+~ia)I)-1
a=0(.02)1(.1)5(.2)20,
8D.

FUNCTIONS

(6.181 E. S. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the complete P-function, arguments 2 to 1200, Tracts for
Computers No. VIII (Cambridge
Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1922). Loglo P(p), p=2(.1)
5(.2)70(1)1200,
10D.
[6.19] J. Peters, Ten-place logarithm tables, vol. I, Appendix, pp. 58-68 (Frederick Ungar Publ. Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1957). nl, n=1(1)60,
exact;
(n!)-I, n=1(1)43,
54D; Logto(
n=1(1)1200,
18D.
[6.20] J. P. Stanley and M. V. Wilkes, Table of the reciprocal of the gamma function for complex argument (Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada,
1950). x=-.5(.01).5,
y=O(.Ol)l,
6D.
[6.21] M. Zyczkowski, Tablice funkcyj eulera i pokrewnych
(Panstwowe
Wydawnictwo
Naukowe,
Warsaw,
Poland, 1954).
Extensive tables of integrals
involving gamma and beta functions.
For references to tabular material on the incomplete
gamma and incomplete beta functions, see the references
in chapter 26.

GAMMA FUNCTION
GAMMA,

DIGAMMA

267

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

AND TRIGAMMA

Table

FUNCTIONS

6.1

ti (x)

1.00000
0.99713
0.99432
0.99156
0.98884

00000
85354
58512
12888
42033

In r(x)
0.00000 00000
-0.00286 55666
-0.00569 03079
-0.00847 45187
-0.01121 84893

3 (.r)

1.000
1.005
1.010
1.015
1.020

-0.57721 56649
-0.56902 09113
-0.56088 54579
-0.55280 85156
-0.54478 93105

1.6449340668
1.6329941567
1.6212135283
1.6095891824
1.5981181919

0.000

1.025
1.030
1.035
1.040
1.045

0.98617
0.98354
0.98097
0.97843
0.97594

39633
99506
15606
82009
92919

-0.01392
-0.01658
-0.01921
-0.02179
-0.02434

25067
68539
18101
76511
46490

-0.53682 70828
-0.52892 10873
-0.52107 05921
-0.51327 48789
-0.50553 32428

1.5867976993
1.5756249154
1.5645971163
1.55371 16426
1.5429658968

0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045

1.050
1.055
1.060
1.065
1.070

0.97350
0.97110
0.96874
0.96642
0.96415

42656
25663
36495
69823
20425

-0.02685
-0.02932
-0.03175
-0.03414
-0.03650

30725
31868
52537
95318
62763

-0.49784 49913
-0.49020 94448
-0.48262 59358
-0.47509 38088
-0.46761 24199

1.5323573421
1.5218835001
1.51154 19500
1.5013303259
1.4912463164

0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070

1.075
1.080
1.085
1.090
1.095

0.96191
0.95972
0.95757
0.95545
0.95338

83189
53107
25273
94882
57227

-0.03882
-0.04110
-0.04335
-0.04556
-0.04773

57395
81702
38143
29148
57114

-0.46018 11367
-0.45279 93380
-0.44546 64135
-0.43818 17635
-0.43094 47988

1.4812876622
1.4714521556
1.4617376377
1.4521419988
1.4426631755

0.075
0.080
0.085
0.090
0.095

1.100
1.105
1.110
1.115
1.120

0.95135
0.94935
0.94739
0.94547
0.94359

07699
41778
55040
43149
01856

-0.04987
-0.05197
-0.05403
-0.05606
-0.05806

24413
33384
86341
85568
33325

-0.42375 49404
-0.41661 16193
-0.40951 42761
-0.40246 23611
-0.39545 53339

1.4332991508
1.4240479514
1.4149076482
1.4058763535
1.3969522213

0.100
0.105
0.110
0.115
0.120

1.125
1.130
1.135
1.140
1.145

0.94174
0.93993
0.93815
0.93641
0.93471

26997
14497
60356
60657
11562

-0.06002
-0.06194
-0.06383
-0.06569
-0.06751

31841
83322
89946
53867
77212

-0.38849 26633
-0.38157 38268
-0.37469 83110
-0.36786 56106
-0.36107 52291

1.3881334449
1.3794182573
1.3708049288
1.3622917670
1.3538771152

0.125
0.130
0.135
0.140
0.145

1.150
1.155
1.160
1.165
1.170

0.93304
0,93140
0.92980
0.92823
0.92669

09311
50217
30666
47120
96106

-0.06930
-0.07106
-0.07278
-0.07447
-0.07612

62087
10569
24716
06558
58106

-0.35432 66780
-0.34761 94768
-0.34095 31528
-0.33432 72413
-0.32774 12847

1.3455593520
1.3373368900
1.3292081752
1.3211716859
1.3132259322

0.150
0.155
0.160
0.165
0.170

1.175
1.180
1.185
1.190
1.195

0.92519
0.92372
0.92229
0.92088
0.91951

74225
78143
04591
50371
12341

-0.07774
-0.07933
-0.08089
-0.08242
-0.08391

81345
78240
50733
00745
30174

-0.32119 48332
-0.31468 74438
-0.30821 86809
-0.30178 81156
-0.29539 53259

1.3053694548
1.2976008248
1.2899186421
1.2823215358
1.2748081622

0.175
0.180
0.185
0.190
0.195

1.200
1.205
1.210
1.215
1.220

0.91816
0.91685
0.91557
0.91432
0.91310

87424
72606
64930
61500
59475

-0.08537
-0.08680
-0.08820
-0.08956
-0.09090

40900
34780
13651
79331
33619

-0.28903 98966
-0.28272 14187
-0.27643 94897
-0.27019 37135
-0.26398 37000

1.2673772054
1.2600273755
1.2527574090
1.2455660671
1.2384521360

0.200
0.205
0.210
0.215
0.220

1.225
1.230
1.235
1.240
1.245

0.91191
0.91075
0.90962
0.90852
0.90744

56071
48564
34274
10583
74922

-0.09220
-0.09348
-0.09472
-0.09593
-0.09711

78291
15108
45811
72122
95744

-0.25780 90652
-0.25166 94307
-0.24556 44243
-0.23949 36791
-0.23345 68341

1.2314144258
1.2244517702
1.2175630254
1.2107470707
1.2040028063

0.225
0.230
0.235
0.240
0.245

1.250

0.90640 24771

-0.09827 18364

-0.22745 35334

1.1973291545

0.250

f lny!

f$ In y!

r(3)

lny!

Y!

[C-56161
For a>2 see Examples

l-4.

[i-56)51

log,, e=0.43429

[(-56)71

0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020

[C-55)21

44819

Compiled from H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 ~01s. (Principia
Press,Bloomington,Ind., 1933,1935)(with permission). Known error hasbeencorrected.

208

GAMMA

Table

6.1

$50
1.255

GAMMA,

r(x)

AND

DIGAMMA

In r(x)

RELATED

AND

FUNCTIONS

TRIGAMMA

e>

FUNCTIONS

+(4

1.260
1.265
1.270

0.90640
0.90538
0.90439
0.90343
0.90250

24771
57663
71178
62946
30645

-0.09827
-0.09939
-0.10048
-0.10154
-0.10258

18364
41651
67254
96809
31932

-0.22745
-0.22148
-0.21554
-0.20964
-0.20376

35334
34266
61686
14193
88437

1.19732
1.19072
1.18418
1.17772
1.17131

91545
50579
94799
14030
98301

0.250
0.255
0.260
0.265
0.270

1.275
1.280
1.285
1.290
1.295

0.90159
0.90071
0.89986
0.89904
0.89824

71994
84765
66769
15863
29947

-0.10358
-0.10456
-0.10550
-0.10642
-0.10731

74224
25269
86634
59872
46519

-0.19792
-0.19211
-0.18634
-0.18059
-0.17487

81118
88983
08828
37494
71870

1.16498
1.15871
1.15250
1.14635
1.14027

37821
22990
44385
92764
59053

0.275
0.280
0.285
0.290
0.295

1.300
1.305
1.310
1.315
1.320

0.89747
0.89672
0.89600
0.89530
0.89464

06963
44895
41767
95644
04630

-0.10817
-0.10900
-0.10981
-0.11058
-0.11133

48095
66107
02045
57384
33587

-0.16919
-0.16353
-0.15790
-Oil5231
-0.14674

08889
45526
78803
05782
23568

1.13425
1.12829
1.12238
1.11654
1.11075

34350
09915
77175
27706
53246

0.300
0.305
0.310
0.315
0.320

1.325
1.330
1.335
1.340
1.345

0.89399
0.89337
0.89278
0.89221
0.89167

66866
80535
43850
55072
12485

-0.11205
-0.11274
-0.11341
-0.11404
-0.11465

32100
54356
01772
75756
77697

-0.14120
-0.13569
-0.13020
-0.12475
-0.11932

29305
20180
93416
46279
76069

1.10502
1.09934
1.09372
1.08816
1.08265

45678
97037
99497
45379
27136

0.325

:*;::
1:360
1.365
1.370

0.89115
0.89065
0.89018
0.88973
0.88931

14420
59235
45324
71116
35074

-0.11524
-0.11579
-0.11632
-0.11682
-0.11730

08974
70951
64980
92401
54539

-0.11392
-0.10855
-0.10321
-0.09789
-0.09259

80127
55827
00582
11840
87082

1.07719
1.07178
1.06643
1.06112
1.05587

37361
68773
14226
66696
19286

0.350
0.355

1.375
1.380
1.385
1.390
1.395

0.88891
0.88853
0.88818
0.88785
0.88754

35692
71494
41041
42918
75748

-0.11775 52707
-0.11817 88209
-0.11857 62331
-0.11894 '76353
-0.11929 31538

-0.08733
-0.08209
-0.07687
-0.07168
-0.06652

23825
19619
72046
78723
37297

1.05066
1.04550
1.04040
1.03533
1.03032

65216
97829
10578
97036
50881

0.375
0.380
0.385

1.400
1.405
1.410
1.415
1.420

0.88726
0.88700
0.88676
0.88654
0.88635

38175
28884
46576
89993
57896

-0.11961
-0.11990
-0.12017
-0.12041
-0.12063

29142
70405
56559
88823
68406

-0.06138 45446
-0.05627 00879
-0.05118 01337
-0.04611 44589
-0.04107 28433

1.02535
1.02043
1.01555
1.01072
1.00593

65905
36002
55173
17518
17241

0.400
0.405
0.410
0.415
0.420

1.425
1.430
1.435
1.440
1.445

0.88618
0.88603
0.88590
0188580
0.88572

49081
62361
96587
50635
23397

-0.12082
-0.12099
-0.12114
-0.12125
-0.12135

96505
74307
02987
83713
17638

-0.03605
-0.03106
-0.02609
-0.02114
-0.01621

50697
09237
01935
26703
81479

1.00118
0.99648
0.99181
0.98719
0.98261

48640
06113
84147
77326
80318

0.425
0.430
0.435
0.440
0.445

1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470

0.88566
0.88562
0.88560
0.88560
0.88563

13803
20800
43364
80495
31217

-0.12142
-0.12146
-0.12148
-0.12148
-0.12145

05907
49657
50010
08083
24980

-0.01131
-0.00643
-0.00158
+0.00325
0.00806

64226
72934
05620
39677
64890

0.97807
0.97357
0.96911
0.96469
0.96031

87886
94874
96215
86921
62091

0.450
0.455
0.460
0.465
0.470

1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495

0.88567
0.88574
0.88583
0.88594
0.88607

94575
69646
55520
51316
56174

-0.12140
-0.12132
-0.12122
-0.12110
-0.12095

01797
39621
39528
02585
29852

0.01285
0.01762
0.02237
0.02710
0.03180

71930
62684
39013
02758
55736

0.95597
0.95166
0.94739
0.94316
0.93896

16896
46592
46509
12052
38700

0.475
0.480
0.485
0.490
0.495

1.500

0.88622 69255

-0.12078

22376

0.93480 22005

0.500

2/!

[C-56)4I
*See

FUNCTION

page

II.

lng!

0.03648 99740

* dy
d lny!

[c-y1

(-i)4
[
I
log,, e=O.43429 44819

* $$ lny!
(-;)9

[ 1

"0%
0:340
0.345

Ez
0:370

K%5"
.

!/

GAMMA FUNCTION
GAMMA,
t

DIGAMMA

r(z)

AND

AND RELATED
TRIGAMMA

FUNCTIONS

269

FUNCTIONS

+w

In r(r)

Table 6.1

ti (z)

1.500
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520

0.88622
0.88639
0.88659
0.88680
0.88703

69255
89744
16850
49797
87833

-0.12078
-0.12058
-0.12037
-0i12Oi3
-0.11986

22376
81200
07353
01860
65735

0.03648
0.04115
0.04579
0.05041
0.05502

99740
36543
67896
95527
21146

0.93480
0.93067
0.92658
0.92252
0.91850

22005
57588
41142
68425
35265

0.500
0.505
0.510
0.515
0.520

1.525
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.545

0.88729
0.88756
0.88786
0.88817
0.88851

30231
76278
25287
76586
29527

-0.11957
-0.11927
-0.11893
-0.11858
-0.11820

99983
05601
83580
34900
60534

0.05960
0.06416
0.06871
0.07323
0.07773

46439
73074
02697
36936
77400

0.91451
0.91055
0.90663
0.90274
0.89888

37552
71245
32361
16984
21253

0.525
0.530
0.535
0.540
0.545

1.550
1.555
1.560
1.565
1.570

0.88886
0.88924
0.88963
0.89005
0.89048

83478
37830
91990
45387
97463

-0.11780
-0.11738
-0.11693
-0.11647
-0.11598

61446
38595
92928
25388
36908

0.08222
0.08668
0.09113
0.09556
0.09997

25675
83334
51925
32984
28024

0.89505
0.89125
0.88749
0.88375
0.88005

41371
73596
14249
59699
06378

0.550
0.555
0.560
0.565
0.570

1.575
1.580
1.585
1.590
1.595

0.89094
0.89141
0.89191
0.89242
0.89296

47686
95537
40515
82141
19949

-0.11547
-0.11494
-0.11438
-0.11380
-0.11321

28415
00828
55058
92009
12579

0.10436
0.10873
0.11309
0.11742
0.12174

38544
66023
11923
77690
64754

0.87637
0.87272
0.86911
0.86552
0.86196

50766
89402
18871
35815
36921

0.575
0.580
0.585
0.590
0.595

1.600
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.620

0.89351
0.89408
0.89468
0.89529
0.89592

53493
82342
06085
24327
36685

-0.11259
-0.11195
-0.11128
-0.11060
-0.10990

17657
08127
84864
48737
00610

0.12604
0.13033
0.13459
0.13884
0.14307

74528
08407
67772
53988
68404

0.85843
0.85492
0.85145
0.84800
0.84457

18931
78630
12856
18488
92455

0.600
0.605
0.610
0.615
0.620

1.625
1.630
1.635
1.640
1.645

0.89657
0.89724
0.89793
0.89864
0.89936

42800
42326
34930
20302
98138

-0.10917
-0.10842
-0.10765
-0.10687
-0.10606

41338
71769
92746
05105
09676

0.14729
0.15148
0.15566
0.15983
0.16398

12354
87158
94120
34529
09660

0.84118
0.83781
0.83446
0.83115
0.82785

31730
33330
94315
11790
82897

0.625
0.630
0.635
0.640
0.645

1.650
1.655
1.660
1.665
1.670

0.90011
0.90088
0.90166
0.90247
0.90329

68163
30104
83712
28748
64995

-0.10523
-0.10437
-0.10350
-0.10261
-0.10170

07282
98739
84860
66447
44301

0.16811
0.17222
Oil7632
0.18040
0.18447

20776
69122
55933
82427
49813

0.82459
0.82134
Oi818i2
0.81493
0.81176

04826
74802
90092
48001
45875

0.650
0.655
0.660
0.665
0.670

1.675
1.680
1.685
1.690
1.695

0.90413
0.90500
0.90588
0.90678
0.90770

92243
10302
18996
18160
07650

-0.10077
-0.09981
-0.09884
-0.09785
-0.09684

19212
91969
63351
34135
05088

0.18852
0.19256
0.19658
0.20058
0.20457

59282
12015
09180
51931
41410

0.80861
0.80549
0.80239
0.79931
0.79626

81094
51079
53282
85198
44350

0.675
0.680
0.685
0.690
0.695

1.700
1.705
1.710
1.715
1.720

0.90863
0.90959
0.91057
0.91156
0.91258

87329
57079
16796
66390
05779

-0.09580
-0.09475
-0.09368
-0iO9259
-0.09147

76974
50552
26573
05785
88929

0.20854
0.21250
0.21645
0.22037
0.22429

78749
65064
01462
89037
28871

0.79323
0.79022
0.78723
0:78427
0.78132

28302
34645
61012
05060
64486

0.700
0.705
0.710
0.715
0.720

1.725
1.730
1.735
1.740
1.745

0.91361
0.91466
0.91573
0.91682
0.91793

34904
53712
62171
60252
47950

-0.09034
-0.08919
-0.08802
-0.08683
-0.08562

76741
69951
69286
75466
89203

0.22819
0.23207
0.23594
0.23980
0.24364

22037
69593
72589
32061
49038

0.77840
0.77550
0.77262
0.76976
0.76692

37011
20396
12424
10915
13714

0.725
0.730
0.735
0.740
0.745

1.750

0.91906 25268

-0.08440

11210

0.24747 24535

0.76410 18699

0.750

Y!

[ 1
(El)3

lny!

[ 1
(-46)3

log,,

e=0.43429

lny!

[ 1
(-f)3

44819

d$2 lny!

[ 1
(-56)4

270

GAMMA

Table

6.1

GAMMA,

1.750
1.755
1.760
1.765
1.770

0.91906
0.92020
0.92137
0192255
0.92376

1.775
1.780
1.785
1.790
1.795

r(x)

FUNCTION

AND

DIGAMMA

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

TRIGAMMA

In r(r)

FUNCTIONS

+(2)

d+)

25268
92224
48846
95178
31277

-0.08440
-0.08315
-0.08188
-0.08060
-0.07929

11210
42192
82847
33871
95955

0.24747
0.25128
0.25508
0.25887
0.26264

24535
59559
55103
12154
31686

0.76410
0.76130
0.75852
0.75576
0.75302

18699
23773
26870
25950
19003

0.750
0.755
0.760
0.765
0.770

0.92498
0.92622
O-92748
0:92876
0.93006

57211
73062
78926
74904
61123

-0.07797
-0.07663
-0.07527
-0.07389
-0.07249

69782
56034
55386
68509
96070

0.26640
0.27014
0.27387
0.27759
0.28129

14664
62043
74769
53776
99992

0.75030
0.74759
0.74491
0.74224
0.73960

04040
79107
42268
91617
25271

0.775
0.780
0.785
0.790
0.795

1.800
1.805
1.810
1.815
1.820

0.93138
0.93272
0.93407
0.93545
0.93684

37710
04811
62585
11198
50832

-0.07108
-0.06964
-0.06819
-0.06672
-0.06523

38729
97145
71969
63850
73431

0.28499
0.28866
0.29233
0.29598
0.29962

14333
97707
51012
75138
70966

0.73697
0.73436
0.73177
0.72919
0.72663

41375
38093
13620
66166
93972

0.800
0.805
0.810
0.815
0.820

1.825
1.830
1.835
1.840
1.845

0.93825
0.93969
0.94114
0.94261
0.94410

81682
03951
17859
23634
21519

-0.06373
-0.06220
-0.06066
-0.05910
-0.05752

01353
48248
14750
01483
09071

0.30325
0.30686
0.31046
0.31405
0.31763

39367
81205
97335
88602
55846

0.72409
0.72157
0.71907
0.71658
0.71411

95297
68426
11662
23333
01788

0.825
0.830
0.835
0.840
0.845

1.850
1.855
1.860
1.865
1.870

0.94561
0.94713
0.94868
0.95025
0.95184

11764
94637
70417
39389
01855

-0.05592
-0.05430
-0.05267
-0.05102
-0.04935

38130
89276
63117
60260
81307

0.32119
0.32475
0.32829
0.33182
0.33533

99895
21572
21691
01056
60467

0.71165
0.70921
0.70679
0.70438
0.70199

45396
52546
21650
51138
39461

0.850
0.855
0.860
0.865
0.870

1.875
1.880
1.885
1.890
1.895

0.95344
0.95507
0.95671
0.95837
0.96006

58127
08530
53398
93077
27927

-0.04767
-0.04596
-0.04424
-0.04251
-0.04075

26854
97497
93824
16423
65875

0.33884
0.34233
0.34581
0.34928
0.35273

00713
22577
26835
14255
85596

0.69961
0.69725
0.69491
0.69258
0.69027

85089
86512
42236
50790
10717

0.875
0.880
0.885
0.890
0.895

1.900
1.905
1.910
1.915
1.920

0.96176
0.96348
0.96523
0.96699
0.96877

58319
84632
07261
26608
43090

-0.03898
-0.03719
-0.03538
-0.03356
-0.03172

42759
47650
81118
43732
36054

0.35618
0.35961
0.36304
0.36645
0.36985

41612
83049
10646
25136
27244

0.68797
0.68568
0.68341
0.68116
0.67892

20582
78965
84465
35696
31293

0.900
0.905
0.910
0.915
0.920

1.925
1.930
1.935
1.940
1.945

0.97057
0.97239
0.97423
0.97609
0.97797

57134
69178
79672
89075
97861

-0.02986
-0.02799
-0.02609
-0.02419
-0.02226

58646
12062
96858
13581
62778

0.37324
0.37661
Oij7998
0.38334
0.38668

17688
97179
66424
26119
76959

0.67669
0.67448
0.67228
0.67010
0.66793

69903
50194
70846
30559
28044

0.925
0.930
0.935
0.940
0.945

1.950
1.955
1.960
1.965
1.970

0.97988
0.98180
0.98374
0.98570
0.98768

06513
15524
25404
36664
49838

-0.02032
-0.01836
-0.01639
-0.01439
-0.01239

44991
60761
10621
95106
14744

0.39002
0.39334
0.39665
0.39996
0.40325

19627
54805
83163
05371
22088

0.66577
0.66363
0.66150
0.65938
0.65728

62034
31270
34514
70538
38134

0.950
0.955
0.960
0.965
0.970

1.975
1.980
1.985
1.990
1.995

0.98968
0.99170
0.99375
0.99581
0.99789

65462
84087
06274
32598
63643

-0.01036
-0.00832
-0.00626
-0.00419
-0.00210

70060
61578
89816
55291
58516

0.40653
0.40980
0.41306
0.41631
0.41955

33970
41664
45816
47060
46030

0.65519
0.65311
0.65105
0.64900
0.64696

36104
63266
18450
00505
08286

0.975
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.995

2.000

1.00000 00000

0.64493 40668

1.000

Y!

II 3
c-y

0.00000 00000

0.42278 43351

lny!

$ In y!

[ 1
(512

log,o e=0.43429

c-y

44819

GAMMA

FUNCTION

TETRAGAMMA

.,

# (.I,)

AND

RELATED

AND PENTAGAMMA

+m) (.r)

.I

271

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

Tal,le 6.2

V(T)

$(:I) (x)

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

-2.40411
-2.34039
-2.27905
-2.21996
-2.16303

38063
86771
42052
85963
63855

6.49393
6.25106
6.01969
5.79918
5.58891

94023
18729
49890
38573
68399

0. 00
0. 01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

-0.82879
-0.81487
-0.80129
-0.78803
-0.77509

66442
76121
51399
87419
83287

1.40909
1.37489
1.34177
1.30967
1.27856

10340
70527
21104
56244
88154

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

-2.10815
-2.05523
-2.00419
-1.95493
-1.90737

80219
94833
19194
13213
82154

5.38832
5.19686
5.01404
4.83939
4.67247

23132
56970
67303
69702
74947

0. 05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

-0.76246
-0.75012
-0.73807
-0.72630
-0.71480

41904
69793
76946
76669
85441

1.24841
1.21917
1.19082
1.16332
1.13663

46160
75841
38216
08979
77770

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

-1.86145
-1.81709
-1.77423
-1.73279
-1.69272

73783
75731
13035
45852
67342

4.51287
4.36020
4.21411
4.07424
3.94028

67903
88083
11755
35447
60717

0.10
0. 11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

-0.70357
-0.69259
-0.68185
-0.67136
-0.66110

22779
11105
75627
44220
47316

1.11074
1.08561
1.06121
1.03752
1.01452

47490
33658
63792
76835
22608

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

-1.65397
-1.61647
-1.58017
-1.54503
-1.51100

01677
02206
49731
50903
36723

3.81193
3.68891
3.57095
3.45780
3.34922

80220
64540
50416
29554
38402

0.15
0. 16
0. 17
0.18
0.19

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

-0.65107
-0.64125
-0.63166
-0.62226
-0.61308

17793
90881
04061
96973
11332

0.99217
0.97046
0.94937
0.92886
0.90893

61290
62927
06973
81843
84502

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

-1.47803
-1.44608
-1.41512
-1.38510
-1.35598

61144
99765
48602
22950
56308

3.24499
3.14490
3.04875
2.95636
2.86754

48647
58422
84139
52925
95589

0.20
0. 21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

-0.60408
-0.59528
-0.58667
-0.57823
-0.56997

90841
81112
29593
85490
99702

0.88956
0.87072
0.85239
0.83456
0.81722

20066
01433
48922
89940
58660

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-1.32773
-1.30033
-1.27372
-1.24790
-1.22282

99375
19112
97857
32496
33691

2.78214
2.69999
2.62093
2.54484
2.47158

40092
05478
96227
97000
67746

0.25
0. 26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

-0.56189
-0.55397
-0.54621
-0.53861
-0.53116

24756
14738
25238
13291
37320

0.80034
0.78392
0.76793
0.75237
0.73721

95719
47929
68005
14300
50564

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

1.30
1.31
1432
1.33
1.34

-1.19846
-1.17479
-1.15179
-1.12943
-1.10769

25147
42923
34794
59642
86881

2.40102
2.33304
2.26752
2.20436
2.14345

39143
08348
35032
37678
90132

0. 30
0. 31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

-0.52386
-0.51671
-0.50970
-0.50283
-0.49609

57084
33630
29242
07396
32712

0.72245
0.70807
0.69407
0.68042
0.66712

45705
73565
12710
46226
61527

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

-1.08655
-1.06599
-1.04599
-1.02652
-1.00757

95925
75682
24073
47586
60850

2.08471
2.02802
1;97332
1.92051
1.86951

18367
97472
48830
37473
69616

0.35
E
0:38
0.39

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

-0.48948
-0.48300
-0.47665
-0.47042
-0.46431

70921
88813
54207
35909
03677

0.65416
0.64153
0.62921
0.61720
0.60549

50169
07680
33389
30270
04793

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

-0.98912
-0.97116
-0.95366
-0.93662
-0.92002

86236
53479
99322
67177
06808

1.82025
1.77266
1.72667
1.68221
1.63923

90339
81419
59295
73161
03178

0.40
0. 41
0. 42
0.43
0.44

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0.45831
-0.45242
-0.44665
-0.44098
-0.43542

28188
81007
34549
62055
37563

0.59406
0.58292
0.57205
0.56144
0.55108

66772
29238
08299
23020
95304

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0.90383
-0.88806
-0.87268
-0.85768
-0.84306

74031
30426
43070
84281
31376

1.59765
1.55743
1.51852
1.48085
1.44439

58792
77157
21649
80478
65370

0.45
0. 46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

-0.42996
-0.42460
-0.41934
-0.41417
-0.40909

35876
32537
03805
26631
78630

0.54098
0.53112
0.52149
0.51208
0.50290

49774
13668
16733
91127
71324

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.50

-0.82879

66442

1.40909 10340

0.50

2.00

-0.40411

38063

0.49393 94023

1.00

Lf- In 2/!
dy*

cln
W

y!

$ln

g!

In 2/!

(-74)3
(-65)4
rc-4)11
L 6 J
[
1
[
1
Compiled from H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 ~01s. (Principia Press,
Bloomington, Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission).
*See page II.

272

GAMMA

l-al ,Ic 6.3

GAMMA AND DICAMMA

r(u)

:54
:76
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

El
29
30

42
43

FlNClM)NS

RELATED

FOR

FUNCTIONS

lhlIS(;l3R

r(u+i)

l/r00

/III)

II.\I,F-I;\IFXER
,I1 (1,)

+Oc)

Vi\I,cE:s
,1.;01)

0)1.00000 000

-1)8.86226 93 -0.57721 56649

1.08443 755 0.57721 566

i 0i 2.00000
1.00000 00000
6.00000
( 1)2.40000 00000

I- 1
0)11.00000
5.00000 000
1.66666
667
(- 2)4.16666 667

76684
I 0
10)1.32934
13.32335
1.16317 10
04 +0.42278
28
1.25611 43351
0.92278
( 1)5.23427 78 1.50611 76684

1.02806 452
1.02100
1.04220
830 0.27036
712
0.17582 795
0.13017
669
285
1.01678 399 0.10332 024

(- 3)8.33333 333

( 2)2.87885 28
3)1.87125 43
4)1.40344 07

(- 6)2.75573 192

1.70611 76684
1.87278 43351
2.01564 14780
2.14064 14780
2.25175 25891

1.01397 285
1.01196 776
1.01046 565
1.00929 843
1.00836 536

0.08564 180
0.07312 581
0.06380 006
0.05658 310
0.05083 250

(- 7)2.75573 192

(-11)1.14707 456

( 7)1.18994 23
I 8)1.36843 37
9 1.71054 21
10 2.30923 18
11)3.34838 61

2.35175 25891
2.44266 16800
2.52599 50133
2.60291 80902
2.67434 66617

1.00760 243
1.00696 700
1.00642 958
1.00596 911
1.00557 019

0.04614 268
0.04224 497
0.03895 434
0.03613 924
0.03370 354

I -13
-14 17.64716
4.77947 733
373

85
(12)5.18999
13 8.56349 74

2.80351
2.74101 33283

539
1.00491 124
1.00522
343 0.03157
0.02970 002

-15)2.81145 725

I 15I 1.49861 21

68577
2.91789
2.86233 24133
2.97052 39922

1.00463 988
1.00439
519 0.02654
0.02803 490
657
1.00417 501 0.02520 828

(-19)4.11031 762

(19)1.10827 98

3.02052 39922
3.06814 30399
3.11359 75853
3.15707 58462
3.19874 25129

1.00397 584
1.00379 480
1.00362 953
1.00347 806
1.00333 872

0.02399 845
0.02289 941
0.02189 663
0.02097 798
0.02013 331

(-26)6.44695 029
(-27)2.47959 626
(-29 9.18368 986
i-30 3.27988 924
1-31I 1.13099 629

(25)7.87126 49
2712.08588 52
28 5.73618 43

3.23874 25129
3.27720 40513
3.31424 10884
3.34995 53741
3.38443 81327

1.00321 011
1.00309 105
1.00298 050
1.00287 758
1.00278 154

0.01935 403
0.01863 281
0.01796 342
0.01734 046
0.01675 925

(3212.65252 85981
86542
83693
76188
79904

-33)3.76998 763
-34)1.21612 504

(33)1.47092 26
(39)1.74039 42

3.41777 14660
3.45002 95305
3.48127 95305
3.51158 25608
3.54099 43255

1.00269 170
1.00260 748
1.00252 837
1.00245 392
1.00238 372

0.01621 574
0.01570 637
0.01522 803
0.01477 796
0.01435 374

47966
32679
53091
61747
82081

(-4:)9.67759 296

(-47)4.90246 976

40)6.17839 94
42)2.25511 58
43)8.45668 42
45)3.25582 34
47)1.28605 02

3.56956 57541
3.59734 35319
3.62437 05589
3.65068 63484
3.67632 73740

1.00231 744
1.00225 474
1.00219 534
1.00213 899
1.00208 546

0.01395 318
0.01357 438
0.01321 560
0.01287 530
0.01255 208

(47)8.15915 28325
i 49
52i 6.04152
51
3.34525 26613
1.40500
63063
61178

(-48)1.22561 744
I(-53)1.65521
-52 12.98931
-50
7.11740 087
083
673

48 5.20850 35
67
81
5112.16152
50
53
3.99612 90
9.18649

3.70132 73740
3.72571 29557
3.77278
3.74952
71417
76179

1.00203 455 0.01224 469

297
200
1.00193 570
1.00189
1.00198
983
606 0.01167
0.01195 668
0.01140

(54)2.65827 15748

(+5)3.76184 288

55)1.77827 64

3.79551 02284

1.00185 354 0.01115 226

I -60
-63
-58I13.86662
-57
-62
1.64397 471
1.81731
8.35965
8.05547
607
540
851
084

18
44
82
29
(63
58I 4.29046
61
60
56
1.78713 74
3.76238
8.66760
8.09115

96734
15102
15811
24506
3.83947 81768
3.81773
3.90198
3.88158
3.86074

759
803
210
321 0.01003
333
283
602
895
1.00166
1.00170
1.00181 460
1.00173
1.00177
0.01023
0.01090 879
0.01045
0.01067

(-65)3.28794 942

(65)2.16668 38

3.92198 96734

1.00163 530 0.00983 596

3.99168 00000

I1312)1.30767
2.09227 89888
43680
37057
I 14
15i 3.55687
6.40237 42810
(17)1.21645 10041
5.1OYO942172

(25)1.55112 10043
3.04888 34461

46
47
48
;;
51

AND

( 0)1.00000 00000

11
:3

FUNCTION

(64)3.04140 93202

(11-l)!
p,!= (2,)1,,4,4

l/(,1-1)!

()I -a)!

r(tr)=(2r)~,r"-~,,-)~f, (.)I)

Zn(tc-l)!

(2#=2.50662 82746 31001

+(u)=ln ~/-f:~(~~)
$0)) compiled from I-I. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, 2 ~01s. (Principia Press,
Bloomington,
Ind., 1933, 1935) (with permission).

fl(II)

GAMMA FUNCTION

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

GAMMA AND DICAMMA IWiXc'I'IOIvS FOR IKTE(;ER AND IIALF-Ih.rE(;ER VALl!&

tl
r(tt+3)
l/rot)
rot)
JOI)
./I 00

73)1.26964

3.96082
3.94159
33.92198
97969 96734
75166
62103
82858

1.00160 530
100154
1.00157
1.00163
383
438
355 0.00983
0 00928 596
0.00946
0.00964
784
363
620

(1 72)4.33193 547

63

3:99821 47288

1:OOlSl 628

( 73)9.47993
5.35616
3.07979
1.80167
( 81)1.07199

44
29
37
93
92

4.01639
4.03425
4.05179
4.06903
4.08598

65470 1.00148
36899 1.00146
75495 1.00143
89288 1.00141
80814 1.00138

919 0.00895 514

304 0.00879 758
780 0.00864 546
341 0.00849 852
984 0.00835 648

( 82)6.48559
( 84)3.98864
2.49290
1.58299
( 90)1.02102

51
10
06
19
98

4.10265
4.11904
4.13517
4.15105
4.16667

47481
81907
72229
02388
52388

1.00136
1.00134
1.00132
1.00130
1.00128

704 0.00821 912

498 0.00808 619
362 0.00795 750
292 0.00783 284
286 0.00771 203

( 91)6.68774
4.44735
3.00196
2.05634
1.42915

50
04
15
36
88

4.18205
4.19721
4.21213
4.22684
4.24133

98542
13693
67425
26248
53785

1.00126
1.00124
1.00122
1.00120
1.00119

341 0.00759 489

455 0.00748 125
623 0.00737 096
845 0.00726 388
118 0.00715 986

1.00755 70 4.25562 10927

7.20403 24 4.26970 55998
35 4.28359 31188
44887
3.83884 87
5.22292
4.29729
930 (108)2.85994 23 4.31080 66323

1.00117
1.00115
1.00114
1.00112
1.00111

439 0.00705 878

807 0.00696 052
675 0.00686 495
220
0.00677 197
172 0.00668 148

71 (100 1.19785 71670 (-101 8.34824 074

72 i 101I 8.50478 58857 i -102 I 1.17580 856
:i
105 4.47011
103
6.12344 54615
58377
-104 2.23707
-106
1.63306 744
868
54415

:;
78
2

40811

109)2.48091
116)8.94618

21308

(-108)3.02307

-117)1.11779

526

(110)2.15925
1.65183 12
64 4.32413
4.33729 99657
78604
1.28016 92 4.35028 48734
7.98921 28
1.00493
57 4.37576
4.36310 36140
53862
6.43131 87

81
E
84
85

126)3.31424

01346

128)2.81710

41144

0.80618 554

79 4.40060
4.41280 92931
44150
4.32425 47
5.24152
3.61075 53 4.42485 26078
127)3.05108 83 4.43675 73697

1.00100 677
1.00101
452
1.00099 255
1.00098 087

0.00603 995
0.00610
619
0.00596 419
0.00589 389

72
36
60
22
98

(157)9.33262
(II-l)

15444 (-158)1.07151
!

,I != (2T)fd+~~-~~fl (ttj
*see

p*ge II.

029

1.00108
1.00109 283
709 0.00659
0.00650 337
756
1.00106 894 0.00642 395
1.00105 220
540 0.00634 247
1.00104
0.00626 302
1.00102 933

1.56390 85 4.49424 38268

90

0:OOSll 846

4.38826 36140

'129)2.60868 05 4.44852 20756

2.25650 86 4.46014 99825
50 4.48300
4.47164 42354
78718
1.74738 38
1.97444

it

101

.f:;(l,)

I - 70)2.33924
65)3.28794
68
67
1.23979 942
6.44695
515
993
964 ( 65)2.16668 38
16
12
21
03354

75 (107)3.30788

273
'I;,],!,. (,.:s

(158)9.36756

l/(+1)!
r (t,) = (2r) f,,J~--,>-,y, (1,)

4.50535
4.51634
4.52721
4.53796
4.54860

49379
39489
35142
62023
45002

79 4.61016 18527

(1/-i)!

*-&

Zn(tr-l)!

+()I) =ln ef:~(~l)

1.00096 946 0.00582 522

1.00095 831 0.00575 814
1.00094 676
1.00093
741 0.00562
0.00569 850
258
1.00092 635

0.00556 584

1.00091
1.00090
1.00089
1.00088
1.00087

0.00550
0.00544
0.00538
0.00532
0.00527

617
620
646
691
757

1.00082 542
[C-37)2]

(2+2.50662

457
463
598
858
239

0.00495 866
['Ff'l]

82746 31001

274

GAMMA

LOGARITHMS

Table 6.4

log,,r (11)
0.00000000
0.00000000

0.30103 000
0.77815 125
1.38021 12

11
12
13
14
15

FUNCTION

log,, r (,l&)

AND

RELATED

OF THE

FUNCTIONS

GAMMA

log,, r ()I+;)

-0.04915
+0.07578
0.44375
0.96663
1.60345

851
023
702
576
79

-0.05245
+0.12363
0.52157
1.06564
1.71885

FUNCTION
log,,

f,N

r (n-t+)

506
620
621
43
68

-0.04443
+0.17741
0.60338
1:167&S
1.83666

477
398
271
41
09

2.07918
2.85733
3.70243
4.60552
5.55976

12
25
05
05
30

2.33045
3.13208
3.99739
4.91820
5.88824

66
89
04
91
59

2.45921
3.27213
4.14719
5.07661
6.05433

95
28
41
30
66

2.58998
3.41389
4.29850
5.23635
6.22163

86
73
39
60
27

6.55976
7.60115
8.68033
9.79428
10.94040

30
57
70
03
8

6.90248
7.95684
9.04792
10.17286
11.32921

63
40
45
3
0

7.07552
8.13622
9.23313
10.36346
11.52483

59
37
38
8
6

7.24966
8.31660
9.41927
lOI
11.72126

15
83
06
3
5

'

1.00000
0.96027
0.94661
0.93972
0.93558

000
923
646
921
323

0.93281
0.93083
0.92934
0.92819
0.92726

466
524
980
400
910

0.92651
0.92588
0.92534
0.92488
Oi92444

221
137
753
990
327

12.116500
13.320620
14.551069
15.806341
17.085095

12.514847
13.727922
14.966804
16.230045
17.516352

12.715167
13.932651
15.175689
16.442861
17.732896

12.916241
14.138090
15.385245
16.656311
17.950042

0.92414
0.92383
0.92356
0.92332
0.92310

619
993
769
409
485

18.386125
19.708344
21.050767
227412494
23.792706

18.824561
20.153619
21.502573
22.870550
24.256751

19.044649
20.377088
21.729270
23.100338
24.489504

19.265313
20.601105
21.956492
23.330629
24.722740

0.92290
0.92272
0.92256
0792241
0.92227

649
615
149
055
169

25.190646
26.605619
28.036983
29.484141
30.946539

25.660444
27.080949
28.517642
29.969940
31.437301

25.896045
27.319290
28.758623
30.213468
31.683290

26.132109
27.558078
29.000035
30.457412
31.929681

0.92214
0.92202
0.92191
Oi92181
0.92171

350
481
460
198
621

32.423660
33.915022
35.420172
36.938686
38.470165

32.919221
34.415228
35.924878
37;447757
38.983473

33.167590
34.665900
36.177784
37.702829
39.240648

33.416347
34.916950
36.431055
37.958255
39.498167

0.92162
0.92154
0.92146
0.92138
0.92131

661
262
371
944
942

40.014233
41.570535
43.138737
44.718520
46.309585

40.531658
42.091963
43.664060
45.247636
46.842397

40.790876
42.353169
43.927200
45.512661
47.109258

41.050429
42.614701
44.190658
45.777995
47.376420

0.92125
0.92119
0.92113
0.92107
0.92102

329
073
146
524
182

47.911645
49.524429
51.147678
52.781147
54.424599

48.448061
50.064362
51.691044
53.327866
54.974597

48.716713
50.334761
51.963150
53.601639
55.249999

48.985659
50.605448
52.235536
53.875686
55.525670

0.92097
0.92092
0.92087
0.92083
0.92079

101
262
648
244
035

4487
49
50

56.077812
57.740570
i9:412668
61.093909
62.784105

56.631014
58.296908
59.972075
61.656322
63.349462

56.908011
58.575464
60.252157
61.937899
63.632504

57.185269
58.854276
60.532491
62.219723
631915788

0.92075
0.92071
Oi92067
0.92063
0.92060

010
156
462
919
518

51

64.483075

65.051318

65.335796

65.620510

0.92057 250

3:
33
3354

41
42
t43
45
46

log,, (+f) !
log,,
(n-fj
!
log,, (n-l) !
log,, (n-+) !
In r(n)=ln (n-l)!=(+)
In n+l+fi(?t)
In 10=2.30258 509299
log,, r(n) compiled from E. S. Pearson, Table of the logarithms of the complete r-function, arguments
2 to 1200. Tracts for Computers No. VIII (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1922) (with
permission).

GAMMA

FUNCTION

LOGARITHMS

log,, r (11)

AND

RELATED

OF THE

275

FUNCTIONS

GAMMA

FUNCTION

Table 6.4

log,, r (?I++)

log,, r (n+t)

log,, r (n++)

64.483075
66.190645
67.906648
69.630924
71.363318

65.051318
66.761717
68.480496
70.207494
71.942561

65.335796
67.047603
68.767762
70.496116
72.232512

65.620510
67.333720
69.055256
70.784961
72.522683

0.92057
0.92054
0.92051
0.92048
0.92045

250
108
084
173
367

73.103681
74.851869
76.607744
78.371172
80.142024

73.685548
75.436313
77.194720
70.960637
80.733936

73.976805
75.728854
77.488522
79.255677
81.030194

74.268279
76.021606
77.782531
79.550922
81.326654

0.92042
0.92040
0.92037
0.92035
0.92032

661
051
530
095
741

81.920175
83.705505
85.497896
87.297237
89.103417

82.514493
84.302190
86.096910
87.898542
89.706978

82.811950
84.600825
86.396705
88.199479
90.009038

83.109604
84.899655
86.696691
88.500604
90.311284

0.92030
0.92028
0.92026
0.92024
0.92022

464
261
127
061
057

90.916330
92.735874
94.561949
96.394458
98.233307

91.522113
93.343845
95.172075
97.006708
98.847650

91.825280
93.648101
95.477405
97.313096
99.155080

92.128629
93.952538
95.782913
97.619659
99.462684

0.92020
0.92018
0.92016
0.92014
0.92012

115
231
401
625
900

.f&)

100.07841
101.92966
103.78700
105.65032
107.51955

100.69481
102.54810
104.40744
106.27274
108.14393

101.00327
102.85758
104.71791
106.58420
108.45636

101.31190
103.16722 \
105.02855
106.89582
108.76895

0.92011
0.92009
0.92008
0.92006
0.92004

223
593
008
465
964

109.39461
111.27543
113.16192
115.05401
116.95164

110.02091
111.90363
113.79200
115.68594
117.58540

110.33430
112.21797
114.10727
116.00214
117.90250

110.64785
112.53246
114.42269
116.31848
118.21976

0.92003
0.92002
0.92000
0.91999
0.91998

502
078
690
338
019

118.85473
120.76321
122.67703
124.59610
126.52038

119.49029
121.40056
123.31614
125.23696
127.16296

119.80830
121.71946
123.63591
125.55760
127.48445

120.12646
122.03850
123.95583
125.87838
127.80610

0.91996
0.91995
0.91994
0.91993
0.91991

733
479
254
059
892

128.44980
130.38430
132.32382
134.26830
136.21769

129.09407
131.03025
132.97143
134.91756
136.86857

129.41642
131.35344
133.29545
135.24239
137.19421

129.73891
131.67676
133.61959
135.56735
137.51999

0.91990
0.91989
0.91988
0.91987
0.91986

752
638
550
486
446

138.17194
140.13098
142.09477
144.06325
146.03638

138.82442
140.78505
142.75041
144.72044
146.69511

139.15086
141.11228
143.07842
145.04923
147.02467

139.47743
141.43964
143.40657
145.37815
147.35435

0.91985
0.91984
0.91983
0.91982
0.91981

428
433
459
505
572

148.01410
149.99637
151.98314
153.97437
155.97000

148.67435
150.65813
152.64639
154.63909
156.63619

149.00467
150.98920
152.97820
154.97164
156.96946

149.33511
151.32039
153.31013
155.30430
157.30285

0.91980
0.91979
0.91978
0.91978
0.91977

659
764
887
028
186

158.63763

158.97163

159.30574

0.91976 361

157.97000

log,, (n-l) !
ln r(n)=ln

log,, (14)
log,, (n-f) !
(n-l)!=(n-+)
In n-?L+.fz(n)

log,, (n- 8 !
In 10=2.30258

509299

276
Table

GAMMA

6.5

1
o.xoi15

AUXILIARY

FUNCTION

AND

FUNCTIONS
fl

FOR

RELATED

GAMMA

(x>

FUNCTIONS

AND

DIGAMMA

f2 (xl

FUNCTIONS

<X>
7;
;;

f3 (xl

0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011

1.00125
1.00116
1.00108
1.00100
1.00091

077
735
391
050
708

0.92018
0.92010
0.92002
0.91993
0.91985

852
519
186
853
520

0.00751
0.00701
0.00651
0.00601
0.00551

875
633
408
200
008

0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006

1.00083
1.00075
1.00066
1.00058
1.00050

368
028
689
350
012

0.91977
0.91968
0.91960
0.91952
0.91943

186
853
520
187
853

0.00500
0.00450
0.00400
0.00350
0.00300

833
675
533
408
300

100
111
125
143
167

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001

1.00041
1.00033
1.00025
1.00016
1.00008

675
339
003
668
334

0.91935
0.91927
0.91918
0.91910
0.91902

52C
187
853
520
187

0.00250
0.00200
0.00150
0.00100
0.00050

208
133
075
033
008

200
250
333
500
1000

0.000

1.00000

c(-;)l1

0.91893

853

0.00000

000

00

000

c 1
i-y

In r(x)=ln
+(x)

Table
n
100

6.6

=h

(x-l)!-(x-3)

In x- -z+f2(2)
.

x-f3f3(x)

(2r)*=2.50662

82746 31001

<x>=nearest

integer to x.

FACTORIALS
n!

91

FOR

LARGE

ARGUMENTS
n!

72316 22543 07425

21544 39441 52682
6;10
1408 1.2655
200
78673 64790 50355
700
1689 2.4220 40124 75027 21799
75122 16440 63604
800
1976 7.7105
30113 35386 00414
300
400
52284 66238 95262
900
2269 6.7526 80220 96458 41584
500
36825 99111 00687
1000
i 2567 I 4.0238 72600 77093 77354
l?(n+l)
Un+l>
A
tame
of
the
factorial
numbers
and their reciprocals
Compiled from Ballistic Research Laboratory,
from l! to lOOO! to 20significant digits, Technical Note No. 381, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.(1951)
(with permission).
9.3326
7.8865
3.0605
6.4034
1.2201

GAMMA
GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND RELATED

FUNCTION

FOR

COMPLEX

277

FUNCTIONS
Table

ARGUMENTS

6.7

z=l.O

Jln
~~~
0:2

- 0.00819
0.00000 00000
77805 00
65
- 0.03247 62923 18

00::

- 0.12528
0.07194 93748
62509 00
21

0.00000
0.05732
0.11230
0.16282
0.20715

r(z)

&Tln r(z)

!I

00000 00
2940417
22226 44
0672168
58263 16

Yin r(z)

:*:
5:3
5.4

6.13032
6.27750
6.42487
6.57242
6.72016

41445
24635
30533
85885
21547

53
84
35
29
03

3.81589
3.97816
4.14237
4.30850
4.47650

85746
38691
74050
21885
25956

15
88
86
83
68

Pi
5:9

6.86806
7.01613
7.16436
7.31275
7.46128

72180 48
75979 76
7442106
12034 30
36194 29

4.64634
4.81799
4.99142
5.16659
5.34347

42978
41933
03424
19085
91013

70
05
89
37
53

7.60995
7.75877
7.90772
8.05680
8.20600

96929
46746
40468
35089
89631

51
55
98
04
00

5.52205
5.70228
5.88415
6.06762
6.25267

31255
61315
11702
21500
37967

15
35
39
13
05
76
12
44
02
93

5.0

o"*z

- 0.19094
0.26729 5499187
00682 14

- 0.24405
0.27274 82989
38104 91
05

0:7

- 0.35276 86908 60
- 0.44597 87835 49
- 0.54570 51286 05

- 0.29282 6351187
- 0.30422 56029 76
- 0.30707 43756 42

:*:
1:4

0.30164
0.28826
0.26733
0.23921
0.20430

1.5

- 1.23448 30515 47

:::
::g"

- 1.3593122484
1.48608 96127 65
57
- 1.61459
1.74464 53960
427617400

0.16293 97694
0.11546 87935
0.06219 86983
0.0034166314
0.0606128742

80
89
29
77
95

8.35533 65025 11
8.50478 2399125
8.65434 30931 23
8.8040151829
10
8.95379 54158 79

6.43928
6.62742
6.81707
7.00820
7.20081

16159
18579
14837
81345
01014

21"

- 2.00876
1.87607 41504
87864 31
71

2'2
214

- 2.27743
2.14258 42092
81922 96
04
- 2.41323 81411 84

0.12964 63163
0.20345 94738
0.28184 56584
0.3646140489
0.45158 81524

10
33
26
50
41

9.10368 06798
9.25366 79950
9.40375 45067
9.55393 74783
9.7042142849

32
15
08
21
72

7.39485
7.59032
7.78719
7.98545
8.18508

62984 36
6235184
99928 77
82004 68
20125 03

22:;

- 2.54990
2.68737 61537
68424 95
50

0.54260 44058
0.6375109190
0.73616 63516
0.83843 89130
0.94420 54730

52
46
79
96
39

- 9.85458 24074
-10.00503 94267
-10.15558 30186
-10.3062109489
-10.45692 10687

86
90
86
48
39

8.38605
8.58835
8.79196
8.99687
9.20305

30880
35709
60705
36442
97799

89
62
87
29
25

1.05335 07710
1.16576 67132
1.28135 17459
1.4000102965
1.52165 22746

69
86
32
76
73

-10.6077113103
-10.75857 96829
-10.90952 42693
-11.06054 32217
-11.21163 47589

15
95
78
92
48

9.41050 83803
9.61920 37472
9.82913 05671
10.04027 38971
10.2526191518

12
42
62
80
09

1.64619 26242 69
1.77355 09225 91
1.903651019019
2.03642 0709693
2.17179 14436 05

-11.36279
-11.51402
-11.66532
-11.81669
-11.96812

71628
87756
79970
32818
31369

04
02
81
48
01

10.46615
10.68085
10.89672
11.11373
11.33188

20903 24
88047 12
5708177
9524157
72758 53

2.30969
2.45007
2.59287
2.73802
2.88548

0.65092 31993 02
0.76078 39588 41
0.87459 04638 95
1.11186 45664
0.99177
27669 59
26

22'87 - 2.96448
2.82558 5641191
14617 89
2:9
- 3.1040154399
01
33:;

- 3.24414
3.38482 90223
42995 90
77

:*:
314

- 3.52603
3.66772 81104
43067 09
88
- 3.80988 12618 23

:::

- 3.95246
4.09546 7126189
13204 51

zl
3:9

- 4.38258
4.23884 69752
14660 71
28
- 4.52667 88647 16

21"

- 4.67109
4.81583 95934
29197 96
09

i-3'
414

- 4.96086
5.10617 37766
81606 87
63
- 5.25176 30342 30

44:;
4;i

- 5.54369
5.39760 64183
62389 84
04
- 5;69002 29483 73

i:;
5.0

03204 68
66142 39
05805 81
67844 65
0724149

80565
85299
37713
74148
56389

73
47
19
20
27

-12.1196161192
-12.27117 08338
-12.42278 59312
-12.57446 01059
-12.72619 20940

81
67
81
08
29

11.55115
11.77153
11.99300
12.21556
12.43920

62762
41183
86662
80464
06390

- 5.83657
5.98334 58655
58764 54
32

3.03519 69999
3.1871122793
3.34118 43443
3.49736 80186
3.6556199647

22
89
27
15
12

-12.87798
-13.02982
-1ji18172
-13.33367
-13.48567

06720
46547
28939
42765
77234

44
89
51
47
95

12.66389
12.88964
13.11642
13.34423
13.57307

5070128
02037 08
51346 66
91814 77
18794 55

- 6.13032 41445 53

3.81589 85746 15

-13.63773

21882 47

10.0

02
09
85
79
90

13.80291 29742 30

Linear interpolation will yield about three figures;eight-point interpolation will yield about eight figures.
For z outsidethe range of the table, seeExamples
S?ln r(z)=ln Ir(z) /

5-8.

.P In r (2)=arg r (2)

278

GAMMA

Table

6.7

FUNCTION

GAMMA

AND

FUNCTION

FOR

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

.r=l.l

gin r(z)
0.04987 24412
0.05702 02290
0.07824 35801
0.1129143470
0.16008 21257

60
38
68
17
99

Jln
0.00000
0.04206
0.08230
0.11905
0.15086

r(z)
00000
65443
97383
06275
79240

00
76
98
18
09

0.21858
0.28718
0.36464
0144978
0.54157

96764
99839
38731
83131
54093

09
43
53
87
11

0.1766611398
0.19566 16788
0.20740 35526
0.21167 10325
0.20843 91333

43
64
60
55
00

:G!
1:2
1.3
1.4

0.63908
0.74153
0.84825
0.95868
1.07235

78153
80620
85646
73364
26519

48
74
26
97
67

0.1978178257
0.18000 55175
0.15525 33222
0.12383 93047
0.08605 08957

67
74
12
38
00

:-z
1:7

1.18885 84815
1.30787 15575
1.4291103402
1.55233 58336
1.67734 40572

22
95
04
11
49

- 0.04217 34907
+ 0.00751 65191
0.06275 56777
0.12329 53847
0.18890 25358

11
79
30
15
69

1.80395
1.93203
2.06142
2.19203
2.32375

99248
22878
99239
82866
68617

63
13
46
29
01

0.25935
0.33446
0.41402
0.49786
0758582

2.45649
2.59018
2.72473
2.86010
2.99622

70097
01959
65306
35591
52529

26
43
67
81
98

0.67775 04868
0.77349 56148
0.87292 80949
0.97592 26515
1.0823617859

3.13305 11644
3.27053 57144
3.40863 75892
3.5473192273
3.68654 63804

50
30
32
03
17

3.82628 77368
3.9665145962
4.10720 05882
4.24832 14278
4.38985 47017

4.53177 96812
4.67407 71584
4.81672 93009
4.9597195242
5.10303 23779

00~~
0:2
0.3
0.4

:::
2::
z
214
2.5
Z
29"
3.0
;::
;::
3.5
3.6
3.7
E
4.0
2:
413
4.4

44:;--t-i
4:9
5.0

514

Vln
5.96893
6.11415
6.25959
6.40526
6.55114

r(z)
91493
43840
93585
53566
41480

55'2
517
5.8
5.9

6.69722
6.84350
6.98998
7.13663
7.28347

7.43047
7.57764
7.72498
7.87247
8.02011

4 In r(z)
3.96198 63258
4.12446 68364
4.28888 73284
4i4552112743
4.62340 34819

60
90
80
47
04

7953189
94110 69
15495 70
77586 96
17659 19

4.79343
4.96525
5.13885
5.31419
5.49124

00232
81683
63238
39750
16322

04
67
91
77
40

76136
96383
24519
09237
01645

25
95
72
38
61

5.66997
5i85035
6.03236
6.21597
6.40116

07803 94
3832146
40835 50
56726 90
35407 92

8.16789 55118 88
8.31582 25159 69
8.46388 6927117
8.61208 46838 95
8.760411902172

6.58790
6.77617
6.96594
7.15720
7.34992

33956
16773
55256
27497
17993

8.90886
9.05744
9.20613
9.35494
9.50386

Y
E
:-;

6.5

93780 23
29085 79
4032150
66085 82
64745 04

52
05
61
40
20

67
32
30
24
20

48649
00129
39357
33637
51603

60
63
92
73
25

7.54408
7173966
7.93664
8i13500
8.33473

17375 09
2215113
34464 25
61862 70
17082 71

- 9.65289 63148
- 9.80203 39359
- 9.95127 52455
-10.100617572694
-10.25005 83482

29
83
81
21

8.53580
8.73819
8.94190
9.14690
9.35317

17842
86648
50606
41251
94376

76
33
84
84
01

50997
54469
70966
78390
55435

80
17
06
24
72

9.56071
9.76949
9.97950
10.19072
10.40315

49872
51583
47158
87913
28704

49
85
43
49
84

09
91
66
07
08

7.5

1.19213
1.30513
1.42127
1.54045
1.66258

51297 05
8858177
51595 43
17547 76
1463194

8.0

2:

-10.39959
-10.54922
-10.69894
-10.84875
-10.99865

25
20
64
81
40

1.78758
1.91537
2.04588
2.17904
2.31478

18092
46664
59340
52440
56943

68
26
24
32
26

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-11.14863
-11.29870
-11.44885
-11.59907
-11.74937

8155138
36905 72
02353 71
59405 42
90196 53

10.61676
10.83154
11.04748
11.26457
11.48278

27802
46772
50362
06394
85664

52
22
14
86
18

84
70
83
44
21

2.45304
2.59375
2.73687
2.88232
3.03007

36058
83010
19016
91437
72080

25
13
54
48
09

E!
9:2

-11.89975 77460 43
-12.050210450183
-12.20073 5517188
-12.35133 13844 58
-12.50199 65394 43

11.70212
11.92257
12.14411
12.36673
12.59043

61836
11355
13354
49565
04241

32
62
15
33
06

5.24665 34450 28
5.3905692519 72
5.53476 7188164
5.67923 54339 89
5.82396 2896129

3.18006
3.33224
3.48657
3.64299
3.80148

55643
58288
16324
84993
37357

29
43
07
84
79

-12.65272 95175 33
-12.80352 89000 52
-12.95439 33123 60
-13.10532 14220 44
-13.25631 19372 14

12.81518
13.04099
13.26783
13.49570
13.72459

64072
18113
57709
76423
69974

43
65
12
49
44

-13.40736

13.95449 36168 27

- 5.96893 91493 52

3.96198 63258 60

E
E
t::

9.3
9.4
Xi
Lx
9:9

10.0

36048 74

GAMMA

FUNCTION

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND
FOR

RELATED

279

FUNCTIONS

COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

Table

6.7

1=1.2
Y In T(z)

?I

tiln r(z)

0.0

- 0.08537 40900 03

8::

- 0.09169
0.11050 75124
89067 13
86

8::

- 0.18352
0.14135 09532
07443 62
57

0.5

- 0.23614 32688 51

0":;
0.8
0.9

- 0.36884
0.29824 98509
83560 35
49
- 0.44697 73864 90
- 0.53174 22756 96

1'::
:*:

- 0.71803
0.62233 46814
95313 87
44
- 0.81823
0.92237 79303
34133 78
20

1:4

- 1.0300106294

1.5
II*!

- 1.14073 5234162
- 1.25421
1.37015 22047
01536 37
39

1:8
1.9
z

55';
5:4

5.8073152672 85
5.95057 66519 39
6.09410 4721191
6.23788 94064 81
6.38192 11972 10

4.10609
4.26883
4.43349
4.60005
4.76847

87
13
28
16
71

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

6.52619 11003
6.67069 06038
6.8154116425
6.96034 65682
7.10548 81209

82
24
98
97
15

4.9387143339
5.11075 23127
5.28455 29803
5.46008 61980
5.63732 28266

56
64
68
02
55

0.10119 48344
0.07868 85726
0.04983 92764
0.01483 57562
0.026111520147

90
52
14
65

E!
6:2

7.25082
7.39636
7.54208
7.68798
7.83406

94030
38562
52390
76072
52949

54
29
70
47
57

5.81623
5.99679
6.17897
6.36275
6.54810

46788
44733
57929
30441
14200

41
73
16
11
83

61
38
01
48
35

6.5
6.6

- 1.48829 83245 09
- 1.60844 01578 57

0.07278 23932
0.12495 51937
0.1824121090
0.24494 25273
0.31234 49712

7.9803128978
8.12672 52570
8.27329 74450
8.42002 47512
8.56690 26702

26
99
10
17
20

6.73499
6.92341
7.11333
7.30473
7.49759

68651
60416
62984
56416
27064

55
24
34
32
69

0.38442
0.46101
0.54192
0.62700
0.71610

80719
09100
29484
37140
23338

73
87
31
16
39

7.0

x-32
214

- 1.85397
1.73038 79144
78680 93
87
- 1.97906 72374 32
- 2.23325
2.10553 56848
013711733

8.71392
8.86109
9.00839
9.15583
9.30340

74
24
89
37
98

7.69188
7188759
8.08470
8728319
8.48303

67310
75313
54778
14724
69297

43
86
77
22
94

2.5
2.6

- 2.36214 55727 43
- 2.4921123232 46

El
2:9

- 2.75497
2.62307 77928
19177 95
39
- 2.88773 16568 77

0.80907
0.90579
1.00612
1.10996
1.21718

69945 69
43715 71
9056143
29987 33
49784 62

- 9.45110
- 9.59892
- 9.74686
- 9.89492
-10.04309

37743 60
47746 01
64719 23
5764138
96669 84

8.68422
8.88673
9.09055
9.29565
9.50203

37525 82
4317155
14530 96
84265 39
89238 50

Z:!

- 3.15562
3.02130 00992
57049 07
65

E
314

- 3.42636
3.29066 53170
16590 00
56
- 3.56269 77297 54

1.32769
1.44137
1.55815
1.67794
1.80064

01044
93510
91278
08829
07379

18
29
68
56
67

-10.19138
-lo:33977
-10.48828
-iO:63688
-10.78559

53082 31
9922146
08443 04
55067 01
1433166

9.70967
9.91855
10.12866
10.33998
10.55250

70361
72443
44054
37387
08134

08
36
34
77
40

3::

- 3.69962
3.83710 90860
32317 85
24

5-i
3:9

- 4.11364
3.97512 5174107
37264 61
- 4.25263 90859 57

1.92617
2.05448
2.18547
2.31908
2.45526

91533 49
0621184
33836 08
91746 67
29835 70

-10.93439
-11108329
-11.23229
-11.38138
-11.53055

62350
76070
33237
12352
92646

38
93
11
53
46

10.76620
10.98107
11.19709
11.41426
11.63257

15360
21389
91694
94790
02129

05
38
76
19
90

4.0

- 4.39208 75003 42
- 4.67225
4.53196 69393
69332 70
23
- 4.81293 84293 30
- 4.95399 36651 50

28374
96019
67976
04316
88424

55
03
01
86
26

-11.67982 54041
-11.82917 77123
-11.978614311170
-12.12813 33832
-12.27773 31694

57
44

44::
4.3
4.4

2.59393
2.73503
2.87852
3.02434
3.17242

78
04

11.85198
12.07251
12.29413
12.51683
12.74059

88011
29482
06252
00607
97329

32
35
48
77
36

4.5
:-;
4:8
4.9

3.32274
3.47523
3.62985
3.78657
3.94533

25560
41545
81537
08902
04167

43
72
79
31
32

-12.42741
-12i57716
-12.72700
-12187690
-13.02688

19659 29
81225 64
0040142
61685 35
50046 68

12.96542
13.19130
13.41821
13.64615
13.87511

83615
49005
85311
86543
48849

35
92
47
64
16

5.0

- 5.80731 52672 85

-13.17693

50906 38

14.10507 70446 23

86

5.09540 60548 36
5.23716 00880 20
5.37924
5.52163 1239193
58863 97
5.66433 12381 00

0.00000
0.02865
0.05586
0.08025
0.10066

00000
84973
39903
91592
05658

00
21
67
09
03

5.0
5.1

0.11610
0.12588
0.12948
0.12663
0.11720

77219
00935
68069
80564
77278

9 In r(z)

x In r (2)

4.10609 64053 70

6.3
6.4

fx
6:9

;::

8.8
8.9

10.0

68896
32795
78818
69016
66975

64053 70
00575 53
40204 01
23089 91
02,339 50

280

GAMMA

Table

6.7

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

RELATED

FUNCTION

FOR

COMPLEX

FUNCTIONS
ARGUMENTS

.x=1.3
Y

:1 In r(z)

- 0.10817
0.11383 61080
48095 85
08

0:2

- 0.13070 20636 90

0":;

- 0.19649
0.15843 1008149
12771 78

0.5
0:8
E

- 0.24420 93680 45
- 0.30082 34434 02
- 0.36553
0.43754 39002
53407 19
27

0.9

- 0.51609 74046 40

::;

- 0.69006
0.60048 45154
62005 05
12

:*:
1:4

- 0.88259
0.78427 03001
13601 02
03
- 0.98458 61322 90

1.5
:*;

- 1.08986 76158 16
- 1.30898
1.19809 86148
54162 82
04

1:s
1.9

- 1.42227 1923714
- 1.53773 44011 63

2.0
- 1.65517 68709 10
2Il
- 1.77442 7143191
s-23 - 2.01776
1.89533 34239
14331 34
28

4ln r(z)

din r(z)

4 In r(z)

5.0

5.645414138133
5.78673 23355
5.92835 35606
6.07026 64370
6.21246 02140

37
66
51
03

4.24823 90621 27
4.41126 31957 95
4.57620 66023 67
4.74303 39118 17
4.9117110050 12

0.06126 78750 55
0.06229 79103 48
0.05805 28252 04
0.04820 73993 35
0.03257 37450 94

5.5

6.35492 47217 66
6ii9765 03105 97
6.64062 79133 72
617838488113 55
6.92730 48028 21

5.08220 49501 77
5.25448 39434 72
5.4285172533 50
5.60427 51684 12
5.78172 89485 09

- 0.01107 52190 48
+ 010162790894 04
0.04941 70710 23
0.08822 25250 96
0.13255 01649 50

6.0
6.1

7.07098 80742 52
7.21489 11938 62
7.35900 70872 13
7.50332 90147 58
7.64785 0551098

5.96085 07788 45
6.1416137268 52
6.32399 1701649
6.50795 94158 99
6.69349 23498 81

0.18223 70479 17
Oi2371109920 47
0.29699 65855 44
Oi3617193463 93
0.43110 85022 51

6.5

7.79256 55658 27
7.93746 82058 02
8.08255 28787 24
8.2278142379 13
8.37324 7168176

6.88056 67176 38
7.06915 94350 45
7.25924 80896 76
7.45081 09123 38
7.64382 67501 64

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.51884 67726 68
8.66460 83606 78
8.81052 74362 48
8.95659 96875 66
9.10282 09770 73

7.83827 50411 67
8.03413 57901 50
8.23138 95458 91
8.4300173795 19
8.63000 08640 04

7.5

9.24918 73322 19
9.39569 49368 29
9.54234 01230 14
9.68911 93636 11
9.83602 92650 88

8.83132 20546 97
9.03396 34708 43
9.23790 80780 23
9.44313 92714 58
9.64964 08601 22

0.00000

00000 00

0.0167199199 34
0.03225 84033 35
0.04549 95427 81
0.05544 82296 06

55':
5:s
5.9

z*:
6:4

2:4

- 2.14159 19646 87

0.50499 87656 67
0.58323 13926 09
0.66565 47394 67
0.75212 4475930
0.84250 35670 42

2.5
2.8
2.9

2.2667188222 04
2.39304 70725 18
2.52049 15659 37
2.64897 56799 18
2.77843 02497 03

0.93666 21049 03
1.03447 70464 53
1.13583 18965 15
1.2406163628 56
1.34872 60013 87

3-f

- 2.90879
3.04000 60402
26554 26
06

312

- 3.1720186387 60

;::

- 3.43825
3.30478 31979
64765 94
05

1.46006 18633 96
1.57453 01525 07
1.69204 18960 57
1.81251 26335 69
1.93586 21235 97

- 9.98306 65608 89
-10.13022 8105196
-10.27751 08670 60
-10.4249119248 88
-10.57242 84612 54

9.85739 70516 25
10.06639 24378 12
10.2766119810 47
10.48804 10011 24
10.70066 51627 91

;*87

- 3.57239 88099 07
- 3.70717 37325 19
- 3.84254
3.97848 9534695
76469 59

3:9

- 4.11497 07016 98

2.0620140693 37
2.19089 58627 45
2.32243 83465 44
2.45657 55932 86
2.59324 47004 59

-10.72005
-10.86779
-11.01564
-11.16359
-11.31165

77580 15
71917 09
42292 16
64236 64
14105 63

10.91447 04638 39
11.12944 32237 30
11.34557 00727 24
11.56283 79415 00
11.78123 40512 20

2:

- 4.38944
4.25196 64012
45543 12
38

t::
4.4

- 4.52739
4.66578 32778
37904 30
84
- 4.80459 79774 65

2.73238 56006 34
2.87394 08855 80
3.01785 56433 48
3.16407 73073 22
3.31255 55163 23

-11.45980
-11.60806
-11.75641
-11.90485
-12.05339

6904159
06939 74
06415 49
46773 52
0797849

12.00074 59040 23
12.22136 12739 31
12.44306 8198138
12.66585 49686 64
12.88971 01243 51

4.5
t::

- 4.9438171850 33
- 5.22340
5.08342 39564
19323 42
94

-12.20201 7062734
-12.35073 15923 02
-12.49953 2564949
-12.64841 82148 10
-12779738 68295 12

13.11462 2443199
13.34058 09350 03
13.56757 48342 95
13.79559 35935 62
14.02462 68767 33

-12.94643 6748034

14.25466 45529 28

t:,"

- 5.36373
5.5044110199
57615 52
31

3.46324 19848 78
3.61609 03828 59
3.77105 62237 32
3.92809 67607 19
4.08717 08902 55

5.0

- 5.64541 41381 33

4.24823 90621 27

:*;
7:8
7.9

9.4
9.5

10.0

99*!
9:8
9.9

GAMMA
GAMMA

din r(z)

i::
E

- 0.119612914172
0.12473 21357 76
- 0.14000
0.16515 01552
595518988

0:4

- 0.19978 93616 12

22

- 0.24337
0.29530 34438
16779 09
62

8G
0:9

- 0.35492
0.42158 4616110
20669 55
- 0.49462 85345 46

1.0
1.1
:2
1:4

1.5

- 1.03605 77156 27

::;
1.8
1.9

- 1.13933
1.24542 54742
63479 88
49
- 1.35407 41615 64
- 1.46505 2600714

3::

- 1.57816
1.69322 32702
14562 85
19

f-32
2:4

- 1.81008
1.92859 03838
23663 54
09
- 2.04863 37884 08

2.5
22:;

- 2.17009 23032 73
- 2.29286
2.41686 69570
69947 58
17

2.8
2.9

- 2.5420100734 84
- 2.66822 19640 86

33::

- 2.79543
2.92358 50784
79116 95
75

E
314

E
3:7

0.57345 1292103
0.65748 16506 41
0.74620 06322 98

FUNCTION

AND

RELATED

FUNCTION

FOR

COMPLEX

Pin r(z)
0.00000
0.00597
0.01097
0.01405
0.01439

00
43
66
03
49

5.0
5.1

- 0.01124 72025
- 0.0040177865
+ 0.00775 78473
0.02441 65124
0.04618 11610

18
38
84
32
42

5.5
5.6

2:
5:4

:*zI
5:9

Table

ilRGUMENTS

Xln r(z)

00000
40017
08056
93840
47989

281

FUNCTIONS

6.7

Xln r(z)

5.48319
5.62258
5.76231
5.90236
6.04272

80511
51037
08530
26637
85898

50
75
59
68
90

4.38842
4.55177
4.71703
4.88416
5.05313

59888
72808
54898
59286
51119

87
10
14
80
86

6.18339
6.32435
6.46560
6.60711
6.74889

73257
81614
09417
60288
42683

62
11
01
99
24

5.2239106968
5.3964614275
5.57075 70829
5.74676 84279
5.92446 71670

84
35
41
33
92

0.07317
0.10545
0.14300
0.18575
0.23362

82199
58409
11986
57618
80933

73
92
37
52
40

6.0

6.89092
7.03320
7.17572
7.31847
7.46144

69567
58135
29534
08625
23750

80
18
78
98
25

6.10382 59013 94
6.2848180874 01
6.46741 79988 09
6.65160 0690196
6.83734 19628 28

0.28650
0.34425
0.40674
0.47383
0.54537

41540
53337
45404
07041
20299

26
92
87
21
26

22 --i-87
6:9
-

7.60463
7.74802
7.89163
8.03543
8.17942

06520
91624
16647
21899
50262

25
64
23
02
34

7.0246183323
7.21340 69984
7.40368 58155
7.59543 32663
7.78862 84351

73
03
67
20
12

0.62122
0.70126
0.78534
0.87333
0.96512

82885 81
23803 49
13608 50
70735 61
6499100

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

8.32360 47045
8.46796 59849
8.61250 38438
8.7572134627
8.90209 02169

82
44
82
90
54

7.98325
8.17928
8.37669
8.57548
8.77562

09839
11291
96196
77156
71692

40
83
29
28
98

1.06059
1.15962
1.26210
li36794
1.47704

19035
08468
60952
54704
16591

92
95
18
02
47

7.5
7.6

9.04712
9.19232
9.33767
9.48318
9.62883

96653
75409
97419
23233
14889

17
21
53
58
78

8.97710
9.17988
9.38397
9.58934
9.79598

02057
95050
81856
97875
82575

23
80
34
68
76

19987
82510
63729
62885
16678

43
60
35
89
10

8.0

- 3.05262
3.18249 43245
29542 92
71
- 3.31314 67001 61

1.58930
1.70463
1.82296
1.94420
2.06828

- 9.77462
- 9.92055
-10.06662
-10.21282
-10.35915

35841
50889
26112
28810
27447

76
05
05
76
20

10.00387
10.21300
10.42335
10.63490
10.84764

7934191
35337 97
01372 94
31773 72
84263 58

2.1951197123 13
2.32465 09517 70
2.45680 90502 77
2.59153 06235 98
2.72875 5067188

-10.50560
-10.65218
-10.79888
-10.94570
-11.09264

9159110
91868 81
99915 05
88327 39
30623 27

11.06157
11.27666
11.49290
11.71027
11.92878

19846
02694
00045
82098
21916

19
74
92
57
70

-11.23969
-11.38684
-11.53411
-11.68148
-11.82895

01199
75293
28946
38972
82920

39
27
97
65
01

12.14839 95336
12.3691180877
12.59092 59658
12.81381 15312
13.03776 33912

59
89
40
39
29

39045
86282
04214
73048
73587

38
47
52
02
55

13.26277
13.48882
13.71590
13.94401
14.17313

53
45
03
46
16

87212 03

0.93588
0.83914 32199
04638 04
21

3.44454 22757 38
3.70940 25331
3.57663
98160 21
00
3.84279 64130 02
3.97678 99482 49

44'10 - 4.24646
4.11135 39012
10946 69
79

2.86842
3.01048
3.15487
3.30155
3.45047

43947 56
30870 18
7950177
79836 24
42563 18
97913
94580
98712
92973
75662

2:

3-i
7:9

2:
::i

9.0
9.1

4: 2

- 4.38208 62246 51

44::

- 4.65479
4.51820 74683
56949 47
75

22
4:7
29"

- 4.9293167880
4.79184 09340 18
70
- 5.06720 69267 30
- 5.20549
5.34416 30732
43497 23
30

3.60157
3.75482
3.91017
4.06758
4.22701

33
13
52
81
27

~~~
9:7
Z

-11.97653
-12.12420
-12.27198
-12.41984
-12.56780

5.0

- 5.48319 8051150

4.38842 59888 87

10.0

-12.71585

;*:
9:4

03893
15982
63127
40430
45087

14.40325 7632142

GAMMA

282
Table

3 111r(z)

Y
0.0
0.1
3

0:4
0"::
x*e7
0:9
1'::
:*;
1:4
1.5
:*;
1:8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
22::
E
217
::t
;::
3-c
314
3.5
;:;

GAMMA

6.7

FUNCTION
FUNCTION

AND
FOR

BELATED

FUNCTIONS

COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

.f In r(z)

9 In r(z)

9 In r(z)

0.12078 22376 35
0.12545 0392811
0.13938 53175 79
0.16238 37050 76
0.19412 35254 45

0.00000 00000 00
0.00378 68415 10
0.00839 39012 17
0.01460 80536 11
0.02315 34211 15

5.32063 00229 09
5.45809 92990 12
5.59594 21987 69
5.73414 48816 77
5.87269 42552 05

4.52667 02683 19
4.69038 4659451
4.85599 23475 89
5.02345 93914 30
5.19275 29984 42

0.23418 6347470
0.28208 36136 63
0.33728 34790 33
0.39923 5430120
0.46739 0870408

0.03466 89612 75
0.04969 46638 36
0.06866 64150 66
0.09191 83319 43
0.11969 06415 60

6.01157 79223 61
6.15078 41337 33
6.2903017435 55
6.43012 0169396
6.57022 9355139

5.36384 14702 24
5.53669 41510 65
5.71128 1379495
5.88757 44426 18
6.06554 55330 63

0.5412188685 47
0.6202170896 71
0.7039184698 97
0.79189 44573 28
0.88375 56946 74

0.15214 09934 52
0.18935 7309101
0.23137 07067 73
0.27816 75270 32
0.32969 99180 52

6.7106197369 14
6.85128 22117 36
6.99220 81085 67
7.13338 91616 09
7.27481 7485607

6.24516 77083 65
6.42641 48526 40
6.6092616403 83
6.79368 35022 65
6.97965 65928 01

0.97915 0939181
1.07776 48736 47
1.179315306181
1.28355 01134 19
1.39024 41643 92

0.38589 47712 67
0.44666 1020149
0.51189 54441 75
0.58148 71805 09
0.65532 1161093

7.41648 55529 97
7.55838 61727 29
7.7005124706 26
7.84285 7871149
7.9854160804 40

7.16715 77597 60
7.35616 45152 22
7.54665 50081 65
7.73860 79984 87
7.93200 28323 86

1.49919 6372585
1.61022 69592 23
1.72317 49667 28
1.83789 60327 96
1.95426 04180 71

0.73328 0681691
0.81524 92850 60
0.90111 2111692
0.99075 68430 94
1.08407 4337092

7.2
7.3
7.4

8.12818 10705 51
8.27114 70647 52
8.41430 85238 40
8.55766 01333 52
8.70119 67916 34

8.1268194190 02
8.32303 82082 45
8.52064 01697 48
8.71960 67728 67
8.9199199676 60

2.0721512706 83
2.19146 3106138
2.31210 04795 77
2.43397 68277 27
2.55701 34593 17

1.18095 90329 08
1.28130 91860 05
1.38502 69784 97
1.4920185397 98
1.60219 39035 70

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

8.84491 3598681
8.98880 5845698
9.13286 90053 22
9.27709 87224 65
9.42149 08057 13

9.12156 21668 12
9.3245162284 17
9.52876 54395 97
9.73429 35008 92
9.94108 45113 82

2.68113 86746 74
2.80628 69972 89
2.93239 85022 62
3.05941 82284 63
3.18729 56630 57

1.71546 69204 67
1.83175 5141118
1.95097 96800 61
2.07306 50684 28
2.19793 9101106

8.0

- 9.56604 12192 67
- 9.71074 60753 60
- 9.85560 1627136
-10.00060 42619 46
-10.14575 04950 41

10.14912 29545 01
10.35839 36845 06
10.56888 19135 53
10.78057 31993 69
10.99345 34334 60

3.31598 42885 64
3.44544 11840 65
3.57562 66733 10
3.70650 40135 44
3.83803 91197 27

2.32553 26824 38
2.45577 96733 92
2.588616742182
2.72398 32197 35
2.86182 0960836

8.5

-10.29103 69636 22
-10.43646 04212 40
-10.5820177325 09
-10.72770 5868109
-10.87352 19000 77

11.20750 88298 51
llii2272 59143 12
11.63909 15140 53
11.85659 27478 60
12.0752170166 56

3.97020 03195 93
4.10295 81356 26
4.23628 50905 75
4.37015 55336 09
4.50454 54845 89

3.00207 42115 08
3.14468 94828 47
3.2896154314 23
3.43680 2746151
3.58620 40415 07

9.0
9.1

-11.01946
-11.16552
-11.31170
-11.45800
-11.60442

29973 44
64215 28
95229 33
97367 84
45796 38

12.29495 19944 46
12.51578 56196 58
12.73770 60868 20
12.96070 18385 99
13.18476 1558147

4.63943 24943 00
4.77479 55187 51
4.9106148059 11
5.04687 17934 63
5i18354 90163 32

3.73777 37568 62
3.89146 80616 79
4.04724 47663 05
4.20506 32380 55
4.36488 43223 09

9.5

-11.75095
-11.89758
-12.04433
-12.19118
-12.33813

16459 94
86050 76
31977 78
32337 59
65886 95

13.40987 41617 61
13.63602 87918 31
13.86321 48100 75
14.09142 1791027
14.32063 95157 82

- 5.32063 00229 09

4.52667 02683 19

10.0

-12.48519 12016 51

14.55085 79659 84

2:
24'

2:
29"

z*:
9:4

Z
E

GAMMA FUNCTION
GAMMA

FUNCTION

283

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

FOR COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

Table 6.7

.r=1.6
Y

tiln I?(z)

o":!

- 0.11687
0.11259 93076
17656 97
07

8.:
0:4

- 0.12968
0.15085 38452
70233 13
14
- 0.18012 29875 82

Go*:
0:7

- 0.21715 7659172
- 0.26155
0.31289 07142
99560 69
50

0"::

- 0.43448
0.37068 83847
55339 40
80

1'::

- 0.50382
0.57825 21960
58588 58
66

:s
1:4

- 0.65736
0.74076 95833
82809 44
61
- 0.82810 01661 20

::'b

- 0.91903
1.01326 27864
10002 52
05

119
:*i

- 1.11052 43845 66
- 1.21057
1.3131811150
08228 70
50

22':

- 1.41815
1.525315986147
60399 85

2:2

- 1.63449 89215 98

24'

- 1.74555
1.85836 85219
24696 99
22

2.5

- 1.97279 09238 15

22:;

- 2.20609
2.08873 63358
51557 24
10

f:!

- 2.32478
2.44471 44606
74052 95
94

33:;

S In r(z)

%ln r(z)

xln r(z)

0.00000 00000
0.01272 17953
0.02614 08547
0.04092 98346
0.0577147266

00
11
67
69
93

5.15767 38696
5.29324 00046
5.4292138858
5.56558 05247
5.70232 57347

89
70
50
67
10

4.66298
4.82709
4.99309
5.16092
5.33057

63139 40
8942123
00410 26
64732 77
61938 29

0.07705 74009
0.09944 39491
0.12527 90746
0.15488 59553
0.1885104588

90
75
90
99
87

5.83943
5.97689
6.11470
6.25283
6.39128

60752
88014
18170
36319
33226

49
04
24
59
66

5.50200
5.67519
5.85009
6.02670
6.20497

8200133
24850 30
99922 08
25740 71
29518 79

0.22632
0.26845
0.31495
0.36583
0.42110

8363144
42738 89
11405 00
95580 78
63293 75

6.53004
6.66909
6.80843
6.94806
7.08795

04959
52554
81708
02492
29088

33
28
20
33
41

6.38488 46780
6.56641 21003
6.74953 03284
6.934215201179
7.12044 32570

25

0.48071
0.54459
0.61268
0.68490
0.76114

2003131
72874 22
83586 73
11588 51
48080 60

7.22810 79544
7.3685175545
7.50917 42208
7.65007 07879
7.79120 03956

00
64
19
17
68

7.30819
7.49743
7.68816
7.88034
8.07395

17047
83963
18010
09808
55670

52
44
64
67
43

0.84132
0.92534
1.01310
1.10450
1.19945

42695
23984
14934
44515
56127

09
61
56
88
07

7.93255
8.07413
8.21592
8.35792
8.50012

64719
27171
30888
17887
32493

90
08
20
32
99

8.26898
8.46541
8.66321
8.86237
9.06288

57380
21983
61583
93155
38358

27
05
45
10
78

1.29786
1.39963
1.50467
1.61290
1.72424

13618
05453
47448
84436
91120

36
39
81
93
48

8.64252 21222
8.7851132665
8.92789 17384
9.07085 27813
9.21399 18168

97
62
38
87
02

9.26471
9.46784
9.67227
9.87797
10.08493

23369
78710
39098
43290
33943

30
61
48
61
44

- 2.68802
2.56582 37258
00865 46
40
- 2.81126 51983 53
- 3.06063
2.93548 64586
403316959

1.8386172327 21
1.95593 62824 65
2.07613 26817 55
2.19913 5722155
2.32487 74784 17

9.35730
9.50078
9.64443
9.78824
9.93220

44352
63884
35813
20648
80292

92
89
39
48
58

10.29313
10.50256
10.71321
10.92505
11.13808

57475
63937
06886
43268
33302

61
51
60
31
08

3.;
3:8
3.9

2.45329 27106
2.5843187608
2.71789 54457
2.85396 49506
2.9924717222

82
00
96
80
46

-10.07632 77975
-10.22059 78196
-10.3650146660
-10.50957 50232
-10.65427 56879

98
20
67
55
66

11.35228
11.56764
11.78414
12.00178
12.22054

40372
30924
74364
42963
11767

42
55
58
80
06

4.0

- 3.82845 04545 47

2:

- 3.95888
4.08994 63415
07464 67
23

t::

- 4.35379
4.22158 66759
61190 90
32

3.13336
3.27658
3.42209
3.56983
3.71976

23649
55399
18672
38320
56948

89
89
73
36
92

-10.79911
-10.94408
-11.08918
-11.23442
-11.37977

35626
56506
90522
09602
86562

11
53
76
86
21

12.44040
12.66136
12.88341
13.10652
13.33070

58504 89
63509 22
09632 56
8217040
68786 75

34062
45248
81404
48000
64388

62
92
46
81
72

9.5

-11.52525 95066
-11.67086 09597
-11.81658 05418
-11.9624158543
-12.10836 45707

64
45
21
24
60

13.55593
13.78220
14.00950
14.23781
14.46714

59442
46327
23791
88286
38298

10.0

c:
3:4
3.5

3.18665 85710 48
3.31351 44463 00
3.44115
3.56955 94046
42495 31
22
3.69866 25626 62

4.5
- 4.48654 82548 65
44'7b - 4.75358
4.6198181847
51673 33
38
4:8
4.9

- 4.88782 91705 81
- 5.02253 13317 74

3.87184
4.02602
4.18226
4.34053
4.50078

5.0

- 5.15767 38696 89

4.66298 63139 40

E
E

-12.25442

44338 60

37
90
11

57
06
60
23
57

14.69746 74295 03

284
Table 6.7

GAMMA

FUNCTION

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

FOR COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

.x=1.7
J In I'(z)

x In r(z)

%ln r(z)

9 In r(z)

4.99429
5.12797
5.26209
5.39663
5.53159

42740
31077
29486
77210
21994

24
01
79
79
12

4.79738
4.96193
5.12834
5.29658
5.46661

98064
49448
25830
04404
72692

83
06
82
85
29

5.66694
5.80267
5.93877
6.07522
6.21202

19505
32805
31855
93070
98903

53
14
28
61
76

5.63842
5.81196
5.98722
6.16416
6.34275

28098 55
7748103
36749 88
30480 45
91548 66

91243
32455
44205
88915
05624

57
42
39
80
82

6.34916
6.48662
6.62438
6.76246
6.90082

37463
02160
91385
08200
60067

25
75
04
42
27

6.52298
6.70481
6.88823
7.07320
7.25970

60784
86640
24881
38287
96365

05
24
89
20
25

0.57124
0.63832
0.70935
0.78428
0.86303

72307
60866
84280
36123
23052

84
03
02
89
04

7.03947
7.17840
7.31759
7.45705
7.59675

58582 98
1924147
61209 77
07120 18
82876 82

7.44772
7.63723
7.82821
8.02063
8.21449

75087
56630
29137
86480
28045

22
84
39
35
37

36116 09
46369 05
8541153
87389 10
18623 15

0.94552
1.03169
1.12144
1.21470
1.31138

91079 51
46541 37
7259194
42030 73
27144 41

7.7367117475
7.87690 42834
8.01732 93640
8.15798 07198
8.29885 23295

34
81
69
22
23

8.40975
8.60640
8.80443
9.00381
9.20452

58520
87697
30279
05701
37958

62
25
13
63
73

2.5
2.6
2.7

- 1.8719164452 44
- 1.98459 17246 80
- 2.09876 6557199

;:t

- 2.21434
2.33125 84448
26629 82
53

1.41140
1.51467
1.62113
1.73069
1.84327

07152
73744
35114
18813
73680

26
45
76
34
71

8.43993 84073 80
8.58123 33910 02
8.72273 1930122
8.86442 88760 30
9.0063192716 38

9.40655
9.60988
9.81450
10.02039
10.22753

55438
90763
80646
65738
90498

14
93
38
46
84

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

2.44940
2.56872
2.68915
2.81062
2.93309

14805
34658
28670
90603
60594

61
89
03
59
79

1.95881
2:07724
2.19847
2.32246
2.44914

7107134
0553198
95064 74
81077 41
28100 87

9.14839
9.29066
9.43310
9.57572
9.71851

8342151
14862 98
42680 75
24089 73
17806 54

10.43592
10.64552
10.85634
11.06835
11.28154

03060
55107
01750
01418
15743

85
28
59
23
00

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

3.05650
3.18079
3.30594
3.43189
3.55860

20770 24
9134133
27115 93
14379 84
68105 24

2.57844
2171030
2.84468
2i98150
3.12073

23336 16
76079 67
17064 22
97744 80
8955142

- 9.86146
-10.00458
-10.14786
-10.29130
-10.43489

83980
84128
81072
38884
22827

47
32
85
74
58

11.49590 09457 89
11.7114150295 52
11.92807 0889158
12.14585 58692 46
12.36475 75866 47

4.0
4.1
f-G

- 3.68605 29448 47
- 3.81419 63503 82
- 4.07245
3.94300 57284
17902 59
13

414

- 4.20250 70933 22

-10.57862
-10.72251
-10.86654
-11.01070
-11.15500

99305
35816
00900
64100
95918

96
27
14
32
83

12.58476
12.80586
13.02804
13.25129
13.47560

39218
30109
32377
32259
18323

4.5
4.6

- 4.33314 58930 01
- 4.46434 40087 52

:*s7
4:9

-11.29944 67777
-11.44401 51979
-11.5887121674
-11.73353 50824
-11.87848 14J72

28
25
47
91
43

13.70095
13.92735
14.15477
14.38320
14.61264

81399 16
14505 47
1279190
73474 23
95775 51

5.0

Oil
0.2

0.09580 76974
0.09977 01624
0.1116135203
0.13120 82417
0.15834 67099

07
55
43
20
43

0.00000
0.02095
0.04250
0.06524
0.08970

00000 00
5310147
9978199
48506 20
54480 34

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.19275
0.23410
0.28203
0.33614
0.39604

43
11
30
35
33

0.11638
0.14573
0.17810
0.21382
0.25312

82473
09476
70108
42284
66649

1.0

- 0.46133 2644119

2:

- 0.53162
0.60653 06562
43029 78
30

:::

- 0.68572
0.76884 93610
05552 37
19

0.29619
0.34317
0.39413
0.44912
0.50817

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.8556148134
0.94573 52538
1.03895 26210
1.13503 13039
1.23375 66975

32
42
76
83
90

2.6
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

1.3?493
1.43838
1.54394
1.65147
1.76084

0.0

44989
41754
01468
32007
36829

3.2623183125
3.40619 87555
3.55233 29614
3.70067 53013
3.8511817677

99
93
33
46
02

5.0
52
5:3
5.4

6.9
:*:
7:2
7.3

ta:
9:3
9.4
9.5

- 4.72832
4.59607 87027
85697 47
79
- 4.86107 34372 26

4.00380 99034 45
4.1585187339 90
4.31526 87017 23
4.47402 1603194
4.63474 05290 18

- 4.99429 42740 24

4.79738 98064 85

10.0

99:;
E

-12.02354

j?f208 09

85
28
88
97
91

81
93
08
06
86

14.84308 80868 68

GAMMA

GAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

RELATED

FUNCTION

FOR

COMPLEX

285

FUNCTIONS

ARGUMENTS

Table

6.7

.r=1.8
.#!I

.f In r(z)

r(z)

0"::

- 0.07108
0.07476 38729
57386 86
14

t:
0:4

- 0.10400
0.08577 55297
76857 09
32
- 0.12929 22486 30

265

- 0.20006
0.16140 82029
31015 53
52

Kl
0:9

0.00000
0.02858
0.05769
0.08782
0.11946

tiln r(z)

00000 00
6333136
29209 31
58538 91
40495 57

4.83045
4.96226
5.09454
5.22728
5.36046

./In r(z)

6845113
53555 54
72216 70
53433 89
35143 73

4.92989
5.09490
5.26176
5.43043
5.60088

76263
86275
50781
56009
97905

84
80
04
62
12

63619
92920
84380
06145
32737

68
13
56
63
64

5.77309 81726
5.94703 21669
6.12266 40498
6.29996 69207
6.478914668158

78
16
86
68

6.16796 44658
6.30383 28019
6.44003 74202
6.57656 79546
6.7134145046

02
05
92
04
23

6.65948
6.84164
7.02537
7.21065
7.39746

19384
41059
72437
80966
40550

99
65
42
53
43

- 0.24498
0.29581 08149
07721 71
51
- 0.3522150054 25

0.15304 83729
0.18897 35429
0.22758 31014
0.2691673612
0.31396 39650

82
70
17
58
50

??I --- 5.49406

5.62807
5.76248
578
- 5.89728
5:9
- 6.03244

::i!
1.2
1.3
lI4

74
52
74
43
03

0.36216
0.41389
0.46927
0.52836
0.59119

05120
86472
90315
66950
63857

09
00
88
54
23

6.0
6.1

::z
:*7a

- 0.8751145440
0.78884 75850 80
57
- 0.96452
1.05684 30468
831118026

1:9

- 1.15188 37223 02

0.65777
0.72809
0.80213
0.87984
0.96117

76436
94297
42229
15616
10434

6fi
11
48
08
30

6.85056 76090 92
6.9880182204 65
7.12575 76814 17
7.26377 77029 87
7.40207 0344198

7.58577 31298
7.77556 39290
7.9668156346
8.15950 79813
8.35362 12360

85
39
11
46
30

f-01
2:2
;:i

- 1.34934
1.24943 97659
28469 29
99
- 1.45143 40669 35
- 1.55556
1.661611576122
80105 11

1.04606
1.13445
1.22628
1.32148
1.41997

48267 65
96865 98
8684172
25078 65
05387 49

7.54062 79930
7.67944 33488
7.81850 94055
7.9578194361
8.09736 69787

63
49
06
78
03

8.54913
8.74603
8.94429
9.14390
9.34484

15
54
74
64
25

2.5
2;6
2.7

- 1.76944 28703 84
- li87895 01786 38
- 1.9900310163 61

22::

- 2.10259
2.21654 43688
12619 12
95

1.52168
li62654
1.73449
1.84544
1.95935

16884
50508
04020
85788
17594

90
69
35
28
45

8.23714 58220
8.37714 99935
8.51737 37469
8.6578115513
8.79845 80804

35
16
39
42
75

9.54709
9.75064
9.95547
10.16156
10.36890

7034142
48917 54
27618 74
49130 30
59844 02

3.0
Z

- 2.3318106516 27
- 2.56599
2.4483166432
45147 78
13

2.07613 36663
2.19572 97074
2.31807 70690
2.4431147704
2.57078 36890

29
49
52
17
62

8.0

8.93930
9.08035
9.22159
9.36303
9.50464

82029 08
69727 14
96207 08
1546181
8309120

10.57748
10.78727
10.99827
11.21046
11.42383

09733
52232
44124
45427
19293

12
56
32
62
59

2.70102 65631
2.83378 79764
2.9690143304
3.10665 38058
3.24665 63186

50
90
05
79
51

8.5

31904
52376
52667
07487
94213

38
37
34
37
31

0.41384
0.48036
0.55143
0.62673
0.70596

67690
32669
15880
30272
59713

;:'4

- 2.8046197009
2.68478 15548 41
53

;*56
3:7

- 2.92545
3.04723 78253
51190 19
42
- 3.16992 13469 31

- 3.29346
3.41782 06949
24159 39
89

4.0
4.1

- 3.54295 85286 89
- 3.66884 07212 13

5.;
4:4

- 3.92270
3.79543 43338
85028 26
21
- 4.05063 42744 24

4.5

- 4.17918 44552 05

2:

6.4

7.8
7.9

i::
8.3
8.4

27
29

- 9.64644 56228
- 9.788419347163
- 9.93056 54816
-10.07288 01596
-10.21535 96421

63
43
06
85

11.63836
11.85404
12.07086
12.28881
12.50786

61778
40794
66893
62145
53042

3.38897
3.53355
3.68036
3.82935
3.98047

34693 93
84906 21
61916 47
29025 75
6418131

-10.35800
-10.50079
-10.64375
-10.78685
-10.93010

03128
86719
13321
50132
65382

01
24
05
67
43

12.72802
12.94927
13.17160
13.39499
13.61944

92806 69
85734 79
57894 90
9654143
91215 87

44'76 - 4.30833
4.43805 34763
72703 48
06
4:8
- 4.56833 31585 96
4.9
- 4.69913 97495 61

4.13369
4.28897
4.44626
4.60554
4.76676

59419
20315
65448
25879
44644

-11.07350 28285
-11.21704 09003
-11.3607178605
-11.50453 09034
-11.64847 73069

39
12
47
33
06

13.84494
14.07147
14.29902
14.52758
14.75715

33679
17848
39730
97368
90776

5.0

4.92989 76263 84

- 4.83045 6845113

14
17
66
92
38
10.0

-11.79255

44293 69

42
17
75
21
29

14.98772 21889 61

286
Table

GAMMA
GAMMA

6.7

FUNCTION
FUNCTION

AND
FOR

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

.r=1.9
Y

tiln I(z)

::"I

- 0.03898
0.04242 42759
16648 23
18

ia;
0:4

- 0.05270
0.06974 4359613
5307116
- 0.09340 38158 25

0.5
::"7

- 0.12349 16727 26
- 0.15978
0.20201 20244
08372 82
30

::9"

- 0.24990
0.30315 35004
95035 09
34

1.0

- 0.36147 78527 10

:::
:::

- 0.42455
0.49209 86372
6462111
39
- 0.5638171504
0.63943 71834 98
20

:2

- 0.71869
0.80135 54698
82795 30
42

1:7
1.8
1.9

- 0.88717 97447 03
- 0.97595 80247 42
- 1.06749 27687 53

2.0
2.1

- 1.16160 13318 68
- 1.25811 51641 83

z-z
2: 4

- 1.45774
1.35687 89195
95259 14
72
- 1.56059 52554 63

2.5

- 1.66529 48176 11

;:;

- 1.77173
1.8798173280
64947 51
00

;::

- 2.10052
1.98944 39332
23595 80
16

3.0
3.1

- 2.21298 10520 42
- 2.32673 87919 77

;:;
3.4

- 2.55788
2.44172 77675
36468 72
15
- 2.67514 6711148

3.5
3.6
3.7
;:9"

2.79346
2.91277
3.03304
3.27625
3.15421

14569
62346
29224
54337
66305

4.0
4.1
4.2

3.39912
3.52277
3.64718
3.77231
3.89813

4.5
416
4.7
4:8
4.9

4.02462
4115174
4.27948
4.40780
4.53669

5.0

- 4.66612 81728 77

X In r(z)

%ln r(z)

9 In r(z)
0.00000
0.03569
0.07184
0.10889
0.14726

00000
47077
49288
51730
87453

00
36
73
33
39

4.66612 81728
4.79608 44074
4.92654 53878
5.05749 30552
5.1889102823

77
24
64
47
51

5.06052
5.22603
5.39337
5.56250
5.73340

77830
70297
36626
72499
82679

38
75
27
47
93

0.18735
0.22952
0.27407
0.32128
0.37139

90383
28050
56544
97690
36389

60
02
06
64
55

5.32078
5.45308
5.58582
5.71896
5.85249

0812105
92008 98
07663 21
15389 41
82177 50

5.90604
6.08039
6.25643
6.43412
6.61345

80662
88340
35684
60432
07797

49
38
02
49
49

0.42457 34706
0.48097 58618
0.5407113247
0.60385 82827
0.67046 72268

81
37
70
52
81

5.9864181289
6.12070 91879
6.25535 98637
6.39035 91465
6.52569 65169

78
56
85
66
71

6.79438
6.97689
7.16097
7.34658
7.53371

30179
86894
43917
73625
54565

35
96
16
14
59

0.74056
0.81415
0.89123
0.97177
1.05574

4797147
76239 52
58296 55
6140147
45936 43

6.66136
6.79734
6.93363
7.07023
7.20711

19179 75
57285 54
87392 01
2129112
74449 04

7.72233
7:9124j
8.10397
8129695
8.49134

71224
13866
78029
64920
80626

13
57
64
80
65

1.14309
1.23379
1.32776
1.42496
1.52533

88592
01934
50714
65323
52787

34
57
39
75
28

7.34428
7.48173
7.61944
7.75742
7.89565

65807
17598
55170
06825
03667

56
49
18
11
87

8.68713
8.88429
9.08281
9.28267
9.48385

36229
47573
35092
23655
42409

72
07
45
74
11

1.6288105662
1.73533 09179
1.84483 46926
1.95726 05315
2.07254 77068

06
80
69
67
08

8.d3412
8.17284
8.31180
8.45098
8.59039

79462
70499
15468
55343
33269

62
43
79
75
14

9.68634
9.89012
10.09517
10.30148
10.50903

24629
07585
32398
43916
90590

88
45
33
76
64

2.19063
2.31146
2.43498
2.56113
2.68985

63887
78475
46022
05263
09205

13
36
00
98
60

8.7300194457
8.86985 86090
9.00990 57226
9.15015 58714
9.29060 43111

32
10
31
69
75

10.71782 24352
lo:92782 00504
11.1390177608
11.35140 17379
11.56495 84588

78
91
39
39
29

24
38
14
96
10

2.82109
2.95480
3.09093
3.22943
3.37025

25566
37012
41220
50808
93162

19
40
91
91
16

9.43124
9.57207
9.71309
9.85429
9.99566

23
85
13
97
75

11.77967
11.99553
12.21253
12.43065
12.64988

46963
75096
42358
24807
01110

13
87
42
06
27

01294
40173
27007
39057
73167

42
08
49
84
71

3.51336
3.65869
3.80622
3.95589
4.10767

10185
57993
06560
39339
52859

24
21
50
63
66

-10.137213025172
-10.27892 94790 52
-10.4208115703
58
-10.56285 5789126
-10.70505 87350 54

12.87020
13.09161
13.31410
13.53765
13.76225

52464
62520
17307
05165
16677

75
42
41
78
85

44269
84023
39577
72434
57418

53
59
56
44
38

4.26152
4.41740
4.57528
4.73511
4.89687

56312
71132
30577
79308
72979

41
72
67
60
01

-10.8474171130
-10.98992 77287
-11.13258 74849
-11.27539 33771
-11.41834 24904

13.98789
14.21456
14.44226
14.67096
14.90067

44603
83815
31243
85811
48382

16
73
75
36
65

5.06052 77830 38

-11.56143

64604
78935
43338
16464
58330

08
64
48
93
66

19955 88

15.13137 21707 60

GAMMA
GAMMA

FUNCTION
FUNCTION

AND
FOR

RELATED

287

FUNCTIONS

COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

Table

6.7

.,-=2.0
%ln

Y
0.0

r(z)

9 In r(z)

0.00000
0.00322
0.01286
0.02885
0.05107

00000
26151
59357
74027
93722

00
39
41
79
62

Ei
:c!i

0.07937
0.11354
0.19863
0.15338

37235
77183
06626
06308

30
40
81
31

0:9

0.24904

17059

66

::!l

0.36428
0.30434

96090
77010

22
76

:*:
1:4

0.49700
0.42859
0.56926

21701
14442
99322

42
52
58

1.5
1.6

0.64515
0.72443
0.80688

55533
19760
50339

76
33
42

:*:
119

0.98053
0.89231

03476
37613

69
78

2.0

1.07135

98302

14

00000
57120
33372
61223
05507

00
74
06
10
97

0.21958
0.26767
0.31789
0.37051
0.42574

93100
56897
96132
53392
0726144

95
80
02
47

5.5
5.6
5.7
2::

0.48375
78429
0.5447146524
0.60872
74700
0.67588
39160
0.74624
61166

30
35
17
88
63

0.81985
0.89672
0.97687
1.06028
1.14693

67
63
07
26
53

39537
82178
35612
11909
12720

6.0
6.1

66;
6:4
6.5
6:8
6.9

50755
88796
7022252
13522
38831

42
82

5.14705
5.27767
5.40874
5.54024
5.67217

5.80450
5.93722
6.07033
6.20381
6.33765

76
33

5.18929
5.35533
5.52318
5.69281
5.86418

93415
82031
54439
16137
81052

60
27
62
11
00

75299
60518
39987
66615
00274

57
81
03
82
24

6.03728
6.21208
6.38854
6.56665
6.74637

71248
16640
54709
30238
95048

73
30
43
56
97

07366
60439
37820
23278
05713

29
25
31
98
36

6.92770
7.11059
7.29503
7.48100
7.66847

07748
33491
43738
16040
33815

95
13
76
81
76

6.47183
78858
6.60636
41013
6.7412194789
6.87639
46872
7.01188
07803

22
16
19
45
50

7.85742
8.04784
8.23970
8.43299
8.62768

86143
67567
77898
22035
09788

76
00
07
86
99

8.82375
9.02119
9.21999
9.42011
9.62155

55706
78914
02960
55664
68973

27
05
14
09
45

1.23679
5034104
1.32983
65907
1.4260144920
1.52528
30352
1.62759
33595

26
94
04
36

7.0

7.14766
7.28375
7.42012
7.55676
7.69368

9177118
16419
02668
74543
59017

82
81
62
46

1.73289
43555
1.84113
34120
1.95225
70264
2.0662112994
2.18294
23322

35
22
63
71
91

7.83086
7.96830
8.10599
8.24393
8.38211

85862
87511
98924
57468
02798

69
38
36
08
83

9.82429
10.02832
10.2336151072
10.44016
10.64794

78825
25016
04128
34810

87
83
54
09
35

2.30239
2.42452
2.54926
2.67657
2.80639

65434
09185
32043
20582
71597

67
18
52
60
50

8.5205176753
8.65915
23247
8.79800
88177
8.93708
19330
9.07636
66296

67
82
87
47
28

10.85694
11.06716
11.27857
11.49116
11.70492

97125
48351
48933
62386
55194

60
59
86
10
45

2.93868
3.07340
3.21048
3.34989
3.49158

92920
03990
3622188
33215
50837

59
47

9.21585
9.35555
9.49544
9.63552
9.77579

80388
14566
23361
6281184
90392

55
37
92

16
57

11

11.9i983
12.13589
12.35308
12.57138
12.79079

96725
59137
17297
48693
33364

52
86
01
62
76

57202
32567
69172
71023
53645

41
78
45
23
81

- 9.91625
-10.05689
-10.19770
-10.33869
-10.47985

64956
46678
96994
78553
55166

49
12
20
49
49

13.01129
13.23287
13.45553
13.67924
13.90401

53818
94959
44022
90499
26078

23
63
19
21
95

-10.62117
91758
-10.76266
54322
-10.904310988175
-11: 04611
26442
-11.18806
72959

12
81
29
27

14.12981
14.35664
14.58449
14.81334
15.04319

4458193
41900
15940
66565
95540

46
42
09
92

-11.33017

27

15.27404

06485

34

1.2602188108
1.16463
96040
76
42
1.45772
1.35795
76568
6696157
48

2.5
2.6
c87

--

1.55940
1.66288
1.76806
1.87483

61080
49866
06566
80234

2:9

1.98312

8963102

2.09285

17530

93

3:2
33-i!
::'4

--

2.31629
2.20393
2.54462
2.42987

05460
48844
26813
92551

64
77
37
03

;:2
2;

2.66046
2.77736
3.01410
2.89525

32717
83499
62029
79709

73
84
30
78

3.9

3.13386

46968

42

44:!

3.25449
3.37595

2871145 81
29213

2:

--

3.62122
3.49820

74039
88720

59
03

4:4

3.74497

69383

89

3.63551
3.78164
3.92992
4.08032
4.23280

t:;
4.9

3.86942
77912
3.99455
19873
4.12032
31366
4.2467163216
4.37370
79930

99
65
90
20
a7

4.38732
4.54384
4.70234
4.86276
5.02509

43808
79226
08252
89562
91831

43
20
48
20
32

9:9

5.0

4.50127

42

5.18929

93415

60

10.0

58755

- 4.50127
- 4.62939
- 4.75805
- 4.88723
- 5.01690

i-76

2:
22::

61
52
65
17

X In r(z)

9 In r(z)

0.00000
0.04234
0.08509
0.12863
0.17335

;:6
x

19298

288

GAMMA

Table 6.8

FUNCTION

DIGAMMA

-A(z)

AND

FUNCTION

x-1.0

.*(z)
0.00000

-0.57121

56649

-0.56529
-0.53073
-0.47675
-0.40786

77902
04055
48934
79442

0.16342
0.32064
0.46653
0.59770

b3572
65809

0.71269
0.81160
0.89563
0.96655
1.02628

-0.32888
-0.24419
-0.15733
-0.07088
+0.01345

61258
34022
20154

0.09465
0.17219
0.24588
0.31576
0.38196
0.44469
0.50420
0.56072
0.61448
0.66570

FOR

s
::i
:-:

FUNCTIONS

COMPLEX

1.61278

1.63245
1.65175

1.79408
1.81053
1.82672
1.84265
1.85833

08018
44105
28842
45939
75219

1.48746
1.48883
1.49015
1.49143
1.49267

92858
71602
80964
87422
54582

1.49387
1.49504
1.49617
1.49727
1.49833

43346
12062
10799
45959

1.49937
1.50037
1.50135
1.50230
1.50323

2.06820

71585
35171
82397
57159
01717

1.50413
1.50501
1.50586
1.50669
1.50751

is
814

2.08074
2.09313
2.10537
2.11746
2.12941

56749
61434
53524
69410
44191

1.50830
1.50907
1.50982
1.51056
1.51127

88:;

2.14122
2.15289

11731
04718

287
8:9

2.16442

54716

2.17582
2.18710

46687

1.51197
1.51266
1.51332
1.51398
1.51462

2.19825
2.20928
2.22018
2.23097
2.24165

46616
19555
92160
90229
38740

1.51524
1.51585
1.51645
1.51703
1.51760

2.25221
2.26266
2.27301
2.28325
2.29338

61882
83093
25085
09877
58823

1.51816
1.51871
1.51925
1.51978
1.52029

2.30341

92637

1.52080

5.8
5.9

2
6:8
6.9

1.81377
1.88898
1.90396
1.91872
1.93327

15154

:*i
712
7.3
7.4

1.94761
1.96175
1.97569
1.98944
2.00300

54079
42662

0.92985
0;96803
1.00485
1.04039
1.07474

78387
70243
21252
40175
51976

1.37080
1.37849
1.38561
1.39222
1.39838

1.10798
1.1401b
1.17137
1.20164
1.23104

07107
89703
24783
84581
94107

1.40413
1.40951
1.41455
1.41928
1.42374

1.25962
1.28741
1.31446
1.34081
1.36649

36033
54995
61381
34679
26435

1.42794
1.43191
1.43566
1.43922
1.44259

1.39153
1.41597
1.43983
1.46314
1.48593

62879
41255
61892
70060
17620

1.44580
1.44885
1.45175
1.45452
1.45716

34505

1.50821
1.53001
1.55135
1.57224
1.59272

24197
88550
07370

1.45969
1.46210
1.46441
1.46663
1.46876

1.61278

48446

1.47080

36052

1.47464
1.47646
1.47820
1.47989
1.48151
1.48308
1.48459
1.48605

6.5

0.80607

1.47276

25175
90807
25988
32133

1.23772
1.25843
1.27675
1.29306
1.30766

0.84899
0.89021

1.47080

1.70751
1.72543
1.74303
1.76034
1.77735

:*z
517

79402
34618
00645
06554
39172

1.32081
1.33271
1.34353
1.35341
1.36246

20861

1.68926

28134

65515

48446
b9889

<f*(z)

42228
67162

5:4

1.67068

b.0
6.1

20906

ARGUMENTS

.lti(z)

1.07667
1.11938
1.15580
1.187@7
1.21413

03206
05426

14328
84807

0.71459
0.76132

RELATED

t-G
6:4

::2
x
719
X:!

x
9:2
;:i
8::
99.87
9:9
10.0

2.01638
2.02959
2.04262
2.05549

21681

16663

92217

+(z) to 5D, computed by M. Goldstein, Los Alainos Scientific Laboratory.

AUXILIARY

0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

.54(Y)
0.00100
0.00083
0.00067
0.00053
0.00040
0.00030

FUNCTION

FOR :&(l+iy)
J;(Y)

<Y>
956
417
555
368
853
011

9
1110
::

0.03
0.02
0.01

<y>=nearest integer to y.

0.00020
0.00013
0.00007
0.00003
0.00000
0.00000

CY>
839
335
501
333
833
000

:so
53:
100

GAMMA FUNCTION
DIGAMMA

FUNCTION

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

FOR C( IMPLEX

x=1.1
m(z)
.fGZ)
1.61498 1.45097
1.63457 1.45332
1.65378 1.45557
;.p;
.
1.45774
1.45983

0.63764 ::2
0.73229 :*I:
0.81484
0.88630
0.94792 5:9
1.0 0.14255 1.00102
0.21327 1.04687
2:
2-7
0.28131 1.08660 6:2
1.12119
::i
F%%
1.15146
.
0.46829 1.17810
0.52507 1.20169 22
0.57930 1.22269
0.63111 1;24148 2
1:9 0.68067 1.25839 6:9
0.72813 1.27368 7.0
0.77363 1.28755 7.1
0.81730 1.30021 7.2
0.85928 1.31179 7.3
214 0.89967 1.32243 7.4

1.70933 1.46184
1.72718
;.;z;;;
*
1.46565
1.46378

1.89025 1.47857
1.87508
1.47996
1.91992
1.90519 1.48132
1.93443 1.48263
1.48391
;-;z;;;
1.48515
1.48635
1197675 1.48752
1.99047 1.48866
2.00401 1.48977

::i

2.5
::76

1.33224
1.34131 7.5
::;
1.34972
1.35753
1.36482 :::
1.37162
1.37800 i-1"
1.38398 812
1.38960
1.39489 88::

1.49085
2.01736
2.04356 1.49190
2.03054
1.49292

1.39989
1.40461 8.5
1.40907
1.41331 8:8
it;
1.41732 8.9
1.42114
1.42478 Z:!
1.42824
1.43154 z-3
1.43469 9:4
1.43771
1.44059 ;:z
1.44335 Z-I:
1.44600
1.44854 9:9

1.50024
2.14198 1.50106 ;:2
2.15363
2.17654 1.50186
2.16515
1.50265 ::;
2.18780 1.50341 3.9

::2
2

Z:!
$2
::98
3.0
:::
;::
:::
:::,
3.9
i-t
4:2
:::
4.5

0.93858
0.97610
1.01234
1.04736
1.08124
1.11405
1.14586
1.17671
1.20667
1.23578
1.26409
1.29164
1.31847
1.34461
1.37010
1.39496
1.41924
1.44294
1.46611
1.48876

1.51092
1.53261
t-t
1.55384
418 1.57463
4.9 1.59501
5.0

1.61498 1.45097 10.0

[c-y]

1.77893 1.46921
1.46746
1.79561 1.47090
1.81201 1.47253
1.82815
1.47411
1.84404 1.47565
1.85968 1.47713

ARGUMENTS

Table 6.8

x=1.2
%qz)
.W(z)
.eJ(z)
!I
.feC(Z) ?/
0.0 -0.28964 o.ooodo 5.0 1.61756 1.43125
0.1 -0.28169 0.12620 5.1 1.63705 1.43396
1.65617 1.43658
0.3 -0.26014
0.2
-0.22578 0.24926
0.36640 5.2
5.3 1.67494 1.43910
0.4 -0.18064 0.47552 5.4 1.69336 1.44152

H
-0 42ji5 0.00000 5.0
-0.41451 0.14258 5.1
-0.38753 0.28082
-0.34490 0.41099 :-:
-0.28961 0.53042 5:s
-0.22498
-0.15426
-0.08023
-0.00509
+0.06954

289

0.5 -0.12710 0.57530

-0.06753 0.66517
;;
-0.00412 0.74519
+0.06130 0.81589
0.12730 0.87806
4;.

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71146
1.72924
1.74672
1.76390
1.78079

1.44386
1.44612
1.44829
1.45039
1.45243

0.19280 0.93260 6.0

1.79740
1.81375
1.82983
1.84567
1.86126

1.45439
1.45629
1.45813
1.45991
1.46164
1.46331
1.46493
1.46651
1.46803
1.46952

11.1"
.
0.31960
0.25707 0.98046
1.02252 6.1
6.2
:::
0.38012 1.05960 6.3
1.4 0.43846 1.09240 6.4
0.49459
0.54851
0.60028
0.64999
0.69774

1.12153
1.14752
1.17082
1.19179
1.21074

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.87661
1.89173
1.90663
1.92132
1.93579

0.74362
0.78775
212 0.83022
5::
0.87114
0.91060

1.22794
1.24362
1.25796
1.27112
1.28323

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95006 1.47096
1.96413 1.47236
%E
1.47372
1.47505

0.94868
0.98546
1.02103
1.05546
219 1.08881
z-i
1.12113
::1" 1.15250
3.2 1.18295
1.21254
::4' 1.24132

1.29442
1.30478
1.31441
1.32337
1.33173

7.5
7.b
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.01852
2.03167
2.04465
2.05746
2.07012

1.47760
1.47882
1.48001
1.48117
1.48230

1.33955
1.34688
1.35377
1.36024
1.36635

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08262
2.09496
2.10716
2.11921
2.13111

1.48341
1.48448
1.48553
1.48656
1.48756

1.26932
1.29659
1.32315
1.34905
1.37432

1.37211
1.37756
1.38272
1.38761
1.39226

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14288
2.15451
2.16601
2.17738
2.18862

1.48853
1.48949
ii44042
1.49133
1.49222

2.22084 1.50631
2.23161
1.50561 2'3
2.24228 1.50699 4.4

1.39898
1.42306
1.44659
1.46959
1.49209

1.39667
1.40088
1.40489
1.40871
1.41236

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.19973
2.21073
2.22160
2.23236
2.24301

1.49310
1.49395
1.49478
1.49560
1.49640

2.25283 1.50832
2.26326
1.50766 22
2.28382 yw&
2.27360
2;

1.53565 1.41586
1.51410
1.41920 9.5
9.6
1.57743 1.42240
1.55676
1.42547 9.8
9.7

2.26397
2.25354 1.49718
1.49794
2.28450 1.49943
2.27429
1.49869

2.29395 1:51021 4.9

1.59769 1.42842 9.9

2.29461 1.50015

2.05640 1.49489
2.06908
1.49392
2.08160 1.49584
2.09397
2.10619 1.49767
1.49676
2.13019 1.49855
2.11826
1.49940

zi
1:9
:-i

22

2.20995 1.50416
2.19893
1.50489 2:

2.30397 1.51082 5.O

[-;)5]

[-;)I]

2:00519 1.47634

1.61756 1.43125 10.0

2.30462 1.50085

[(-p]

[-;)I

[c-y]

[f-2]

290

GAMMA

Table 6.8

DIGAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

FUNCTION

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

FOR COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS
x-1.4

x=1.3

m(z)
Y
0.0 -0.16919
-0.16323
:*:
-0.14567
013 -0.11748
0.4 -0.08009

A(z)
0.00000
0.11303
0.22372
0.32997
0.43011

-0.03520
+0.01541
0.07003
E
0.12718
0:9
0.18561

0.52298
0.60796
0.68491
0.75404
0.81582

0.24434
:*!?
0.30262
1:2
0.35994

6:2
g
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

22

Y
5.0
3
;a'4
.
5.5
;$
5:8
5.9

9e4

W(Z)
1.62052
1.63990
1.65891
1.67758
1.69591

1.41163
1.41472
1.41769
1.42055
1.42331

1.71392
1.73161
174900
1'76611
1:78292
1.79947

?J
0.0

9@(z)

4e4

Y*(z)
0.00000

0.10223
0.20269
0.29974
0.39204

Y
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

m(z)
1.62386
1.64311
1.66200
1.68055
1.69878

1.39213
1.39559
1.39891
1:4021i
1.40519

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

-0.06138
-0.05646
-0.04192
-0.01844
+0.01295

1.42597
1.42853
1743101
1.43340
1.43571

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.05100
0.09436
0.14171
0.19183
0.24367

0.47862
0.55886
0.63250
0.69957
0.76033

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71668
1.73428
1.75158
1.76860
1.78533

1.40817
1.41103
1.41380
1.41648
1.41907

1.0

0.29635

;*;;;;+
1:84754
1.86308

1.43794
1.44011
1.44220
1.44423
1.44619

0.81517
0.86457
0.90903
0.94907
0.98517

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.80180
1.81800
1.83395
1.84966
1.86513

1.42157
1.42399
1.42634

1'::

0.34918
0.40163
0.45331
0.50395

1.87837
1.89344
1.90829
1.92293
1.93735

1.44810
1.44995
1.45174
1.45348
1.45517

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.55336
0.60144
0.64811
0.69337
0.73722

1.01778
1.04730
1.07409
1.09849
1.12075

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88036
1.89537
1.91017
1.92475
1.93912

1.43294
1.43502
1.43702
1.43898
1.44087

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95330 1.44271
1.96727 1.44450
1.98106 1.44625
1.99467 1.44794
2.00809 1.44959

1.3
1.4

0.41593
0.47035

0.87085
0.91983
0196341
1.00227
1.03698

1.5
1.6
1.7
:::

0.52310
0.57409
0.62333
0.67084
0.71667

1.06809
1.09605
1.12126
1.14409
1.16483

2.0
2.1
225

0.76087
0.80353
0.88447
0.84470

1.18373 7.0
1.20102 7.1
1.23148
1.21688 7.3
7.2

1.95158
1.96560
1.97944

1.45681
1.45841
;.;fJy;;

2.0
2.1
f-3

2:4

0.92290

1.24495

7.4

2.00655
1.99309

i46294

2:4

0.77968 1.14113
0182078 1.15984
0.86058 1.17707
1.19296
0.89913
0.93647 1.20768

2.5
2.6

0.96007
0.99604

1.25743
1.26900

7.5
7.6

2.01984
2.03296

1.46438
1.46577

z-i
2:9

1.06464
1.03088
1.09739

1.28980
1.27976
1.29918

7.7
7.8
7.9

2.04591
2.07131
2.05869

1.46713
1.46845
I.46974

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.97265
1.00775
1.04179
1.07484
1.10693

1.22133 7.5
1.23402 7.6
li24585 7.7
1.25689 7.8
1.26723 7.9

3.0

1.12917
1.16004
1.19005
1.21923
1.24763

1.30797
1.31621
1.32396
1.33126
1.33814

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08378
2.09610
2.10827
2.12029
2.13217

1.47100
1.47223
1.47342
1.47459
1.47573

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.13813
1.16846
1.19797
1.22670
1.25469

1.27693
1.28604
1.29461
1.30269
1.31032

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08510 1.45862
2.09739 1.46000
2.10952 1.46134
2.12151 1.46266
2.13337 1.46394

1.27529
1.30223
1.32851
33'87 1.35413
319 1.37915

1.34464
1.35080
1.35663
1.36216
1.36742

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14391
2.15552
2.16700
2.17834
2.18956

1.47685
1.47794
1.47900
1.48004
1.48106

3.5
E
3:s
3.9

1.28196
1.30855
1.33450
1.35983
1.38456

1.31753
1.32436
1.33084
1.33699
1.34283

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14508
2.15666
2.16811
2.17943
2.19063

1.46519
1.46641
1.46760
1.46877
1.46991

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.40357
1.42744
1.45077
1.47358
1.49590

1.37242
1.37718
1.38172
1.38606
1.39020

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20066
2.21163
2.22249
2.23323
2.24386

1.48205
1.48302
1.48397
1.48490
1.48582

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.40873
1.43235
1.45546
1.47806
1.50019

1.34840
1.35370
1.35876
1136359
1.36821

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20170
2.21265
2.22349
2.23421
2.24481

1.47103
1.47212
1.47319
1.47423
1.47525

4.5
4.6

1.51775
1.53914
1.56010
1.58064
1.60078

1.39416
1.39795
1.40258
1.40507
1.40841

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25437
2.26478
2.27508
2.28528
2.29537

1.48671
1.48758
1.48844
1.48927
1.49010

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.52185
1.54307
1.56387
1.58425
1.60425

1.37263
1.37686
1.38092
1.38481
1.38854

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25531 1.47626
2.26570 1.47724
2.27598 1.47820
2.28616 1.47914
2.29623 1.48006

1.62052
[C-,,2]

1.41163 10.0

2.30537 1.49090
[-p]

5.0

1.62386
[C-y]

1.39213 10.0 2.30621 1.48096

['-;'"I
['-;'"I
['-['"I

;::
3::
3.5
3.6

f-i
4:9
5.0

[(-$W]

[(-y-j

::2'

2.02134
2.03442
2.04733
2.06008
2:07267

?%:
.

1.45119
1.45276
1.45428
1.45576
1.45721

GAMMA

DIGAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

RELATED

FOR

COMPLEX

FUNCTION

291

FUNCTIONS

x=

x=1.5

3$(Z)

1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

1.8
1.9

2.0
3::
5::

92
2:7
2.8
2.9
3::

ye.4
0.00000

Y+(z)

3995
O.l-..-

0.15687
0.17976

1.35357
1.35773
1.36173
1.36558
1.36930

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.20790
0.24050
0.27674
0.31581
0.35697

0.40789
0.47942
0.54642
0.60875
0.66642

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.72313
1.74051
1.75760
1.77441
1.79095

1.37289
1.37635
1.37969
1.38293
1.38605

1.40528
1.40796
1.41055
1.41306
1.41549

1.0
1.1
:.g

0.39957
0.44305
yyw&

0.71957

6.0

o*7684o
0.81319
0.85423
0157445 0.89183

22
"6::
.

1.80724
1.82327
1.83906
1.85460
1.86992

1.38908
1.39200
1.39484
1.39759
1.40025

1.88258
1.89752
1.91225
1.92677
1.94109

1.41786
1.42015
1.42237
1.42453
1.42663

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.61757
0.66001
0.70167
0.74244
0.78228

0.92629
0.95790
0.98693
1.01363
1.03824

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88501
1.89989
1.91455
1.92900
1.94326

1.40284
1.40534
1.40778
1.41014
1.41244

1.95521
1.96914
1.98287
1.99643
2.00981

1.42866
1.43065
ii43257
1.43445
1.43628

2.0
2:3
2.4

0.82115
0.85905
0.89597
0.93193
0.96694

1.06096
1.08197
1.10144
1.11953
1.13635

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

2.02301
2.03604
2.04891
2.06162
2.07417

1.43805
1.43978
1.44147
1.44312
1.44472

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.00102
1.03421
1.06653
1.09801
1.12867

1.15204
1.16668
1.18039
1.19324
1.20530

3.0
3.1
3.2

1.15856
1.18770

33::

1.21611
1.24383
1.27089

1.21664
1.22733
1.23741
1.24693
1.25594

3.5
3.6

1.29731
1.32311

1.42065
1.44373
1.4b632
1.48844

0.2
0.3
0.4

0.13189
0.16935
0.21064
0.25479
0.30091

0.44066
0.51640
0.58668
0.65144
0.71078

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.71976
1.73725
1.75445
1.77137
1.78801

1.39047
1.39364
1.39670
1.39965
1.40251

0.34824
0.39614
0.44411
0.49175
0.53878

0.76494
0.81424
0.85907
0.89980
0.93684

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.80439
1.82051
1.83638
1.85201
1.86741

0.58497
0.63018
0.67432
0.71732
0.75916

0.97054
1.00127
1.02932
1.05500
1.07855

6.5
t-7"
.

1.10020
o*ZE
li12015
1.13857
0:87772

66::
7.0
34
7:3
7.4

0.91499
0.95118

1.15563
1.17146

0.98634
1.02050
1.05370
1.08598

1.18618
1.19990
1.21271
1.22469
1.23592

;.;
7:7

1.24647
1.25639
1.26574
1.27457
1.28290

8.0
z.;

2.08657
2.09882

8:3
8.4

;-;;;;;
2:13470

1.44628
1.44781
1.44930
1.45075
1.45217

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14638
2.15794
2.16936
2.18065
2.19182

1.45355
1.45491
1.45623
1.45753
1.45879

9.0
9.1

2.20286
2.21379

9.2
9.3
9.4

2.22460
2.23530
2.24588

1146242
1.46358
1.46471

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25635
2.26672
2.27698
2.28714
2.29720

1.46582
1.46691
1.46798
1.46902
1.47004
1.47105
(-;I2

1.11738
1.14794
1.17769
1.20667

1.29080

1.41443
1.43779
1.46065
1.48302
1.50493

1.32464

1.52639
1.54742
1.56804
1.58826
1.60810

1.35128
1.35594
1.36041
1.36470
1.36882

5.0

ad44

1.63162
1.65057
1.66919
1.68748
1.70546

0.27432
0.35978

0.18511

1.28931
131552
1:34112
1.36612
1.39055

:*s7
4:9

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

n i3m5
-,,5
0.1395

;*:
3:7
3i8
3.9

4.5
4.6

-e+(z)

.%$(Z)

nn

0.09325

1.29828
1.30537
1.31212
1.31853
1.33047
1.33603
1.34134
1.34642

;a;.

6.8

1.6

0.00000
0.08566
0.17023
0.25268
0.33214

1.37278
1.37658
1.38025
1.38378
1.38719

x:51
.

4.2
4.3
4.4

-@tic4

%ti(z)
1.62756
1.64667
1.66543
1.68386
1.70196

z*;
3:4

4.0
4.1

Y
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.03649
0.04062
0.05284
0.07266
0.09932

Table

ARGUMENTS

1.62756

1.37278 lo.0

2.30716

[i-y]

['-:I']

C-i)4

0.1

114

22.:

3.7

3.8
3.9
2::

1[

2;
414

.f$(1.5+iy)

I.&b_

1.34833
li37297
1.39707

li51012

4.5

1.53136

i-76
418
4.9

1:552i9
1.57262
1.59265
1.61232

=$ tanh KY-~- 4Y
4&l

1.95731

1.41467

1.97118

1.41684

1.98487
1.99837
2.01169

1.42101

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02485
2.03784
2.05066
2.06332
2.07583

1.42496
1.42686
1.42871
1.43051
1.43227

8.0

2.08819
2.10040
2.11246
2.12439
2.13617

1.43398
1.43565
1.43728
1.43888
1.44043

1.26448
1.27257
1.28026
1.28757
1.29454

2.14782
2.15934
2.17073
2.18199
2.19313

1.44195
1.44344
1.44489
1.44631
1.44770

1.30117
1.30750
1.31354
1.31932
1.32485

2.20415
2.21504
2.22583
2.23650
2.24706

1.44905
1.45038
1.45168
1.45295
1.45420

1.33014
1.33522
1.34009
1.34476
1.34925

2.25751
2.26785
2.27809
2.28822
2.29826

1.45542
1.45661
1.45778
1.45892
1.46005

8.1
8.2

1.41895
1.42301

292

GAMMA

Table 6.8

DIGAMMA

FUNCTION

AND

FUNCTION

FOR

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

2=1.8

x=1.7
0'0

0 se>
20855

0"G>
00000

5:

163603
9 * (2)

133453
YG>

W(z)

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.28499
0.28760
0.29537
0.30809
0.32541

0.00000
0.07358
0.14644
0.21792
0.28740

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1.64078
1.65939
1.67769
1.69567
1.71336

1.31566
1.32048
1.32513
1.32961
1.33393

0.5
0.6

0.34693
0.37215
0.40053
0.43155
0.46469

0.35437
0.41842
0.47928
0.53675
0.59076

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.73076
1.74787
1.76472
1.78130
1.79762

1.33810
1.34213
1.34603
1.34979
1.35344

1.81369
1.82952
1.84511
1.86047
1.87561

1.35697
1.36038
1.36369
1.36690
1.37001

1.89053
1.90525
1.91975
1.93406
1.94817

1.37303
1.37596
1.37881
1.38158
1.38426

w4

a+)

e(z)

0:l
0.2
0.3
0.4

0:21156
0.22050
0.23511
0.25494

0:07918
0.15747
0.23407
0.30824

5:1
5.2
5.3
5.4

1:65482
1.67328
1.69142
1.70926

1:33902
1.34335
1.34752
1.35154

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.27945
0.30803
0.34001
0.37474
0.41161

0.37937
0.44701
0.51086
0.57074
0.62661

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

1.72680
1.74405
1.76102
1.77772
1.79416

1.35543
1.35918
1.36280
1.36630
1.36969

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.45005
0.48957
0.52973
0.57018
0.61063

0.67852
0.72661
0.77107
0.81211
0.84996

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

1.81034
1.82627
1.84196
1.85742
1.87266

1.37297
1.37614
1.37922
1.38220
1.38509

0.49947
0.53546
0.57226
0.60955
0.64706

0.64131

6.0

o*68847
0.73237
0.77316
0.81103

2
6:3
6.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.65085
0.69065
0.72990
0.76849
0.80636

0.88488
0.91710
0.94685
0.97436
0.99982

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

1.88767
1.90246
1.91705
1.93143
1.94561

1.38789
1.39061
1.39326
1.39582
1.39832

0.68455
0.72184
0.75879
0.79528
0.83122

0.84617
0.87877
0.90903

6.5
6.6
6.7

:*z:2
.

2:

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.84345
0.87973
0.91519
0.94981
0.98362

1.02342
1.04533
1.06570
1.08468
1.10238

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

1.95961
1.97342
1.98704
2.00048
2.01375

Il*to051:
1:40539
1.40762
1.40980

2.0
2.1
2.2

0.86655
0.90123
0.93523

0.98757
1.01022
1.03136

7.0
7.1
7.2

1.96210
1.97583

1.38688
1.38942
1.39189

2.3
2.4

1.00111
0.96853

1.05110
1.06957

7.4
7.3

;.lf;;;;
2:01598

;:;;:;:

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.01661
1.04879
1.08020
1.11084
1.14075

1.11893
1.13441
1.14893
1.16257
1.17539

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02685
2.03979
2.05256
2.06518
2.07764

1.41191
1.41398
1.41599
1.41794
1.41986

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

1.03299
1.06416
1.09463
1.12442
1.15353

1.08687
1.10310
1.11836
1.13270
1.14622

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

2.02903
2.04191
2.05463
2.06719
2.07960

1.39892
1.40115
1.40332
1.40543
1.40749

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1.16993
1.19842
1.22625
1.25342
1.27997

1.18747
1.19886
1.20962
1.21981
1.22945

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

2.08996
2.10212
2.11415
2.12603
2.13778

1.42172
1.42354
1.42531
1.42704
1.42874

3.0

1.18200
1.20982
li23703
1.26363
1.28965

1.15898
1.17103
1.18243
1.19322
1.20345

2.09187
2.10399
2.11597
2.12781
2.13952

1.40950
1.41146
1.41338
1.41525
1.41708

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

1.30592
1.33129
1.35610
1.38037
1.40413

1.23859
1.24727
1.25553
1.26338
1.27087

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

2.14939
2.16087
2.17222
2.18345
2.19456

1.43039
1.43200
1.43358
1.43513
1.43664

3.5

1.31511
1.34003
1.36441
1.38829
1.41168

1.21317
1.22241
1.23119
1.23956
1.24754

2.15109
2.16253
2.17385
2.18504
2.19611

1.41886
1.42061
1.42231
1;42398
1.42561

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

1.42738
1.45015
1.47246
1.49432
1.51574

1.27800
1.28481
1.29132
1.29755
1.30351

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

2.20555
2.21642
2.22717
2.23781
2.24834

1.43811
1.43956
1.44097
1.44235
1.44371

1.43459
1.45704
1.47904
1.50062
1.52178

1.25516
1.26243
1.26939
1.27605
1.28242

2.20707
2.21790
2.22862
2;23423
2.24974

1.42720
1.42876
1.43029
1.43178
1.43324

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

1.53675
1.55736
1.57758
1.59742
1.61690

1.30922
1.31470
1.31996
1.32501
1.32986

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

2.25877
2.26908
2.27930
2.28941
2.29942

1.44503
1.44633
1.44760
1.44885
1.45007

4.5

1.54254
1.56292
1.58291
1.60255
1.62183

1.28854
1.29440
1;30004
1.30545
1.31065

2.26013
2.27042

1.43468
1.43608
1.43745
1.43880
1.44012

5.0

1.63603
[C-i"]

1.33453
[I'-;'"]

10.0
*

2.30933
['-y-j

1.45127
['-['"I

5.0

1.64078
['-;'"I

1.31566
['-;I"]

*see page II.

8:'8
019

;:2'

33::
E
3:8
3.9

44::
2;
414

i:;
t::

2.28061

2.29069
2.30068
10.0

2.31057
[54]

1.44142
['-;'"I

GAMMA

FUNCTION

DIGAMMA

AND

FUNCTION

RELATED

293

FUNCTIONS

FO IR COMPLEX

ARG IUMENTS

Table

6.8

s=1.9
:!t*(z)

0.35618
0.35847
0.36528
0.37644
0.39169
0.41071

./tic4
0.00000
0;06870
0.13681
0.20377
0.26908

z*(z)
5yo

1 tic4

0.42583
0.47874
0.52904

z.7"
5:8
5.9

1.81728
1.83300
1.84848
1.86374
1.87878

1.34107
1.34473

1.0
2:

0.57667
0.62165
0.66400
0.70380
0.74116

6.0

Z%
1:35503

0.59465
0.62468
0.65572
0.68751
0.71980

1.35826
1.36140
1.36445
1.36741
1.37029

zl
1:9

0.75239
0.78510
0.81779
0.85033
0.88262

0.77618
0.80899
0.83973
0.86853
0.89551

6.5
6.6

2:
6:9

1.89361
1.90824
1.92266
1.93688
1.95092

x
712

1.97843
1.96476
1.99192

:-::::1"
1137846

?1"
2:2

0.91459
0.94617
0.97731

2:

2.01838
2.00523

1.38355
1.38104

;::

1.03814
1.00798

0.920E:
0.94454
0.96681
0.98775
1.00743

7.5

;.;;I:;

1.38599

2.5

1.06779

::;

2:05684

1.39070
1.38838

::;

1.12548
1.09690

::;

2.08171
2.06935

1.39518
1.39297

29"

1.18102
1.15352

3.0

1.20798

:::
:::

1.23442
1.26034
1.31067
1.28575

z-2
317

1.33510
1.35905
1.38254

2.14139
2.12973

1.40546
1.40350

1.32485
::2 1.34929
1.37324
:-B
1.39670
3:9
1.41970

1.18823
1.19798
1.20727

2:
817
88::

2.15292
2.16432
2.17560
2.18675
2.19778

1.40738
1.40925
1.41108
1.41286
1.41461

Z:i

2.21950
2.20870

1.41800
1.41632

2'3
9:4

2.23019
2.24077
2.25124

1.41964
1.42124
1.42281

2
z-i

2.26160
2.27186
2.29207
2.28202

9:9
10.0

f-i
4:9

1.26810
1.27434
1;28033
1.28610
1.29164

5.0

1.64585

1.29698

[ 1
C-t)6

1.38522
1.38746
1.38966
1.39180
1.39389

0.51380
0.56594
0.53887

i::

1.54872
1.56885
1.58861
1.60803
1.62710

2.09613
2.10815
2.12003
2.13178
2.14339

i:;
2:

1.39734
1.39944
1.40149

t::

1.37313
1.37567
1.37815
1.38056
1.38292

1.32938
1.33730
1.33341

2.09393
2.10600
2.11793

:*:z
.

2.03385
2.04661
2.05921
2.07167
2.08397

ihi
5:9

1.76868
1.78513
1.80133

21"
8;2

1.23265
1.24037
ii24775
1.25482
1.26160

1.35937
1.36227
1.36509
1.36784
1.37052

5.5

1.13119
1;14384
1.15583
1.16719
1.17798

1.44226
1.46437
1.48606

1.96761
1.98120
1.99462
2.00786
2.02094

0.31269
0.37042

1.19470
1.22184
1.24841
1.27442
1.29990

:*:
4:3
4.4

1.34358
1.34692

0.47111
0.49110

1.05588
1.07278
1.08868
1.10367
1.11782

4.0

1.89690
1.91143
1.92576
1.93990
1.95385

0.5

1.05008
1.08022
1.10975
1.13867
1.16698

:*::::i
.

1.32530
1.32918
1.33295
1.33660
1.34015

1.32522
1.32092

0.98795
1.01932

::4'

1.82111
1.83671
1.85208
1.86723
1.88217

1.75197
1.73500

0.95338
0.97664
0.99840
1.01879
1.03792

3.0
3.1
3.2

1.30389
1.30846
1.31288
1.31715
1.32129

::6'

0.89031
z-10
0.92342
2:2
0.95598

z3
2:9

1.73951
1.75633
1.77290
1.78921
1.80528

1.30707
1.31185
1.31647

0.80999
0.84278
0.87335
0.90188
0.92851

2.5
2.6

1.72242

1.27849
1.28394
1.28919
1.29426
1.29916

1.68240
1.70022
1.71775

22 0.71846
0.75338
0.78814
12
0.82261
1:9
0.85669
::i

::y 1.65125
1.66948
1.68742
2-G
1.70506
514

2.:
5:4

0.60749
0.65359
0.69677
0.73714
0.77483

:::

0.42480
0.43081
0.44068
0.45420

0.1

1.30212
1.29698

0.54770
0.58053
0.61431
0.64872
0.68351

1:2

-@ti(z)
0.00000
0.06441
0.12833
0.19130
0.25288

1.66428
1.64585

0.43309
0.45842
0.48625
0.51614

:?i

X!b(z)
0.4i2i8

5:1

0.33229
0.39306
0.45110
0.50624
0.55838

0:7
i-2

010

21"

22

:::

::2

t-t.
2::

2;
6:9
7'*1"
712
:::

1.02597
1.04344
1.05992
1.07548
1.09020

7.5
7.6
7.7

1.10413
1.11733
1.12985

8.0

:%:
.

:::

2:
88::
2.15487
882
2.16623
817 2.17746

:*E::
1:35639

1.39593

::i

1.42818
1.40558

1.18379
1.19310
1.20200

4.0

1.45036

1.21050

t::
44::

1.49348
1.47212
1.53505
1.51446

1.21864
1.22643
1.24105
1.23389

2.21045
2.22121
2.23187
2.24241
2.25284

1.40548
1.40727
1.40902
1.41074
1.41241

1.42435
1.42586
1.42878
1.42733

2:
2;

1.55527
1.57514
1.59466
1.61385

2.30203

1.43020

4:9

1.63270

1.24792
1.25452
1.26086
1.26696
1.27283

2.26318
2.27340
2.28353
2.29356
2.30349

1.41406
1.41566
1.41724
1.41879
1.42030

2.31190
[ (-;)I

1.43159
[ (-,121

5.0

1.65125
[(-951

1.27849
[ (-:)I

2.31332
[ (-35)4]

1.42179
[ (635)3]

coth 1r,/--1+3!!?
Wl+!f2)

88::

2.18858
2.19957

:%z
1:40179
1.40366

7. Error

Function

and Fresnel

WALTER

GAUTSCHI

Integrals

Contents
Mathematical
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1. Error Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .
7.2.. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function
. . . . . . . .
7.3. Fresnel Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4. Definite and Indefinite Integrals
. . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

297

297
299
300
302

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5. Use and Extension of the Tables . , . . . . . . . . . . . .

304
304

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

308

. . . . . .

310

. . . .

312

. . . . . .

'316

Numerical

Methods

References

Table 7.1. Error

Function

and its Derivative

(2/-l;;) cz2, erf x=(2/&)

Table 7.2. Derivative

Error Function
m

2*r

:+I

>

in erfc

x=0(.1)5,n=1(1)6,

Table 7.5.
p2

Dawsons

. .

(2 Iz<

w).

7D

Integrals

of the Error Function

(0 Ix 15)

x=~~+T

~fl)iJ

s2

Table 7.4. Repeated

10)

e-f2dt, x-2=.25(-.005)0,

xez2erfc x= (2/J;;) xez2

n=l(l)lO,

(2 5x5

10D

ss

Table 7.3. Complementary

erfc&,

ecf2dt, 2=0(.01)2,

of the Error Function

esz2, 2=2(.01)10,

(2/J;;)

(O_<z<2)

l5D

10, 11,

Integral

ef2cZt, x=0(.02) 2,

- (t-XP
n.I
z

317

e-12dt

6s

(O<x<

a) . . . . . . . . . . . .

319

10D

* 2
xeez2 ef dt, xm2=.25(-.005)0,
S0
1 Guest worker, National
Purdye University.)

9D

Bureau of Standards,

from The American

University.

(Presently

295

ERROR FUNCTION

296

AND FRESNEL

INTEGRALS
Page

Table

(0<&2.3)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

320

7.7.

Fresnel Integrals (O<r<5).

. . . . . . . . . . . , . .

321

C(z)=l

cos (i P) dt, S(r)=lsin(g

7.6.

(3/I(1/3))Jzemt3dt
0

z=O(.O2)1.7(.04)2.3,
Table

Table

7.8.

Auxiliary

f(z) =[l-

7D

Table

7.10.

15D

T&l~,7.11.

CC&?%,

2=0(.1)3.9,y=O(.1)3,
(l<n<

S(z:)=O,n=0(1)5,

325

6D
10) . . . .

329

. . . . .

329

4D

Maxima and Minima of Fresnel Integrals (0 5n55)

C(J4n+3),

8D

Complex Zeros of Fresnel Integrals (057~15)

z,, z:, C(z,)=O,

7.12.

z=z+iy,

Complex Zeros of the Error Function

z,,erf z,=O,n=l(l)lO,

Table

x2)

Error Function for Complex Arguments (O<zi3.9,O<y13)

ft.u(~)=e-~~ erfc (-iz),

323

sin (i x2)

cos (i r2)+[-+S(d]sin@j

2=0(.02)1,2-=1(-.02)0,
7.9.

7D

Functions (O<X< m) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

f?(r)] cos G x2)-[&C(x)]

g(x)=[&C(z)]

Table

t2)dt, x=0(.02)5,

S(d4n+2),

S(J4%+4),

n=O(1)5,

. . .

329

6D

The author acknowledges the assistance of Alfred E. Beam, Ruth E. Capuano, Lois K.
Cherwinski, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David S. Liepman, Mary Orr, Bertha H. Walter, and
Ruth Zucker in the preparation
and checking of the tables.

7. Error

Function
Mathematical

7.1. Error

erf z=Z

Integrals

Properties

Function

Series

7.1.5

Definitions

7.1.1

and Fresnel

erf z=L

&

*
eet2dt
4 lr s 0

7.1.6

a=0

7.1.3

erfc z=-

w(z) =e-

-dt=l-erf
s zme

restriction
path.

arg t-+a with

(cx=:

7.1.7

is permissible

(42)
is subject

lal<z

as t-+=

along the

w (z)=%

=Jz

ILo

For 1,-t(x),

Symmetry

m eet2dt
s 0 Z2-t2

V~>O)

Relations

erf (--z)=-erf

7.1.10

Representation

2iz

(-1>[12n+l/2(22)-12n+3,2(22)1

see chapter 10.

7.1.9

m emt2dt
-m z--t

22n+1

7.1.8

if L%Q2remains bounded

7.l.4

n!@n+l)

to the

to the left.)
Integral

792n+1

(l+$Jeadt)=e-zerfc

In 7.1.2 the path of integration

C-1)

2
e-z2 5
n=o 1.3 . . . (2n+l)

=2
&

7.1.2

Expansions

erf Y=erf 2

7.1.11

w(-.z)=2e-z2-w(z)

7.1.12

w(Z)=w(-2)

FIQUBE

7.1.

y=e

P=w)6

m e-dt.

s ..I

FIQURE

7.2.

y=e-

z t'
s 0

e dt.

p=2(1)6

297

ERROR FUNCTION

298

AND FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

7.1.15
$Jy
e-'2d~-~~~~$.
m z-t

..
(f..

# 0)

xp) and El:) are the zeros and weight factors of

the Hermite polynomials.
For numerical values
see chapter 25.
Value

at Infinity

7.1.16 erf z-+1 (~-+a

M aximum

and

in jarg z/<:)

Inflection
Integral

F(x) =e-*

Points
[7.31]

for

Dawsons

edt
s0

7.1.17 Ft.92413 88730. . . )=.54104 42246. . .

7.1.18 F(1.50197 52682 . . . )=.42768

66160 . . .

Derivatives

7.1.19
dn+
p
erf 2=(-l)

7.1.20
u1("+2)(z)+2zw("t1) (z)+2(n+l)?P(z)=O

(n=O, 1,2, . . .)
FIQURE 7.3.

Altitude

o'(z)=-2zw(z)+~

w(z)=w(z),

Chart of w(z).

(For the Hermite

polynomials

H,(z)

see chapter

22.)
(7.111, [7.17]

Inequalities

Relation

to

Coniluent

7.1.21

(For other inequalities

The

see [7.2].)

Hypergeometric

Function

(see

Mean

m and

chapter 13)

Normal

Distribution
Standard
Deviation

Function
IJ (see

With

chapter 26)

--(t-v&p

7-1-22
Continued

(D
s

7.1.14
2ez2

e-z2dt-

----&~~,

%* dt=a

(l+erf

Asymptotic

Expansion

7.1.23
1

(s))

Fractions

I2

-3/2 -.2

. .

&zeJ

erfc zml+m$I

(-1)

(27n-1)

*3 * (222)"
*

(z-t-,

larg zl<$)

ERROR FUNCTION

AND FRESNEL
Infinite

If R,(z) is the remainder after n terms then

299

INTEGRALS
Series

7.1.24

7.1.29

&(2)=(-l)

erf (x+iy)=erf

Approximation
Function

for

Complex

Error

[7.19]

l-3 .(2$:-l)

B=re-

8,

(l+$)-+

[(l-cos

+i emz2gl ---

(larg z]<i)

dt

x+&

For x real, R,(x) is less in absolute value than

the first neglected term and of the same sign.

[fn(x,YY)+ig,(x,Y)l+~(x,y)

x cash ny cos 2xy+n sinh ny sin 2xy

gn(x, y) =2x cash ny sin Bxy+n sinh ny cos 2xy
le(x,y)[ -lo-l61 erf (x+;y)[

fn(x,y)=2x---2

7.2. Repeated Integrals

Approximations

2 (0 <z<

(ult+azt2+a3t3) eVzz+e (x),

aI = .34802 42

p = .47047

t=1

7.2.1
1+px

i erfc z=

m
S
P

Definition

in-l erfc t dt

(n=O,1,2,...)

eez2, io erfc z=erfc

a~= - .09587 98
a3= .74785 56

7.1.26
erf x=1-

of the Error Function

0~ )

7.1.25
erf x=1-

sin 2xy]

where

PI<1

Rational

2xy)+i

Differential

Equation

&+2z

$-2ny=O

(alt+azt2+a3t3+a4t4+ast5)e-.Z1+E(x),
7.2.2

t-L

1+px
]e(x))1<1.5X10-7
p= .32759 11
al= .25482 9592
a2= - .28449 6736
a,=1.42141 3741
a,=-1.45315
2027
as= 1.06140 5429

y=Ai

erfc z+Bi

erfc (-2)

(A and B are constants.)

Expression

as a Single

Integral

7.2.3

7.1.27

Power

Series

7.2.4
al= .278393
a3= .000972
7.1.28

a2= .230389
u4=
.078108

Recurrence

Relations

7.2.5

erfx=1-[l+alz+a2&
...+ag26]16+~(x)

21
n-l erfc z ++n inm2erfc z

i erfc z=-;

(n=1,2,3,.

le(z)(~3XlO-'

al= .07052 30784

a3= .00927 05272
aa= .00027 65672

a2= .04228 20123

a4= .00015 20143
aa= .00004 30638

7.2.6
2(n+l) (n+2)i+2 erfc 2
= (2n+1+2z2)in

2 Approximations7.1.25-7.1.28
are from C. Hastings,Jr.,
Approximations for digital computers.
Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton,

N. J., 1955 (with permission).

. .)

erfc z-f

inW2erfc 2
(n=1,2,3,

8 The terms
n+4,

n+6,

. . .>

in this series corresponding

to k=ni-2,
are understood to be zero.

. . .

ERROR

300
Value

FUNCTION

AND

lelation

at Zero

7.2.7

INTEGRALS
to

the

Confluent
Hypergeometric
(see chapter
13)

Function

.2.12

in erfc 0=

FRESNEL

(n=-1,0,1,2,.

. .)
n erfc z=e-@

Relation

to Parabolic
Cylinder
chapter
19)

Asymptotic

Functions

(see

Expansion

.6

(-1)(27+n)!
n!m!(22y

(~+a, largA<?)
7.3.

Fresnel

Integrals

Definition

FIGURE

7.4.

Repeated

y=2T(++l)
n=o,

of the

Integrals

Error

7.3.1

C(z)=l

cos 6 ta) dt

7.3;2

S(z)=1

sin 6 P) dt

Function.
The

inerfcz

following

functions

are also in use:

7.3.3

1, 2. 4, 8, 14, 22

Cl (x)=4;

zett
o 4

cos Pdt, G(x)=-&

Derivatives

7.3.4
7.2.8

-$ in erfc z=--in-l

erfc z

(n=O,

1,2, . . .)

S,(+$~

sin Pdt, &(x)=&l

@$ dt

7.2.9
Auxiliary

g (era erfc

2) = (- 1) n2nn! erzin erfc 2

(n=O,
Relation

7.2.11

to

Hermite

(-1)ierfc

Polynomials

z+i

1,2, . . .)

.f(z)s[i-S(Z)]

s(z)+-C(Z)]

f&(dW
(see

erfc (-z)=&J

COS

Z2)-[k-C(Z)]

sin

COS

Z2)+[+S(z)]sin

22)

z2)

7.3.6

(see 19.14)

in erfc z= @A-$

7.2.10
Relation

to Hh,(a)

Functions

7.3.5

chapter

*-*

Interrelations

22:

H,(iz:

7.3.7

C(x>=C1

(x&)4?2

x2)

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

301

7.3.14

7.3.8

S(z)=-cos
7.3.9

c(z)=;+f(z)sin

7.3.10

(a 2)-g(z)

S(Z)=:-j(z)cos

522

G z2)

7.3.15

c&)=Jl,2(2)+&,2(2)+&,2(2)+

7.3~6

s2~z>=~3,2~Z~+~,,2~~~+~11,2(~~+

For Bessel functions

C(z)=$

J,+I,2(z)

~~;~;~;~~)l;

C(z) =cos (5 2) go

CPfl

l .

y&
...

+sin/.- 6 z2) SO 1 S-l&

7.3.17

C(-2)=--c(z),

7.3.18

C(iz)=iC(z),

7.3.19

24n+l

S(-2)=--s(z)
S(S)=--is(z)

Value

7.3.20

C(x)

-+-7

S(Z)=S(z)
at

Infinity

S(s)+

'(')=go

Relations

C(Z)=C(z),

24n+3

.i

7.3.13

10.

see chapter

Expansions

7.3.12

fi

...
...

Symmetry

7.3.11

24r+3

cos G 9)

G z2)-g(z)&

Series

go 1 ynT2"+'
* . . . (4n+3)

>

(-00)

Derivatives

(2n+1)!(4n+3)
(-1,7+/2)2nf

Z4n+3

A
lRelation

to

Error

Function

(see

7.1.1,

7.1.3)

7.3.22
C(z)+iS(z)=~

erf [$
=A${

(I--&]
l-e+aW

[$

7.3.23

g(z)=$? {J&q

,l,ih]}

7.3.24

f(x)=9

(l+i)%l)

Relation

to

Confluent

{qL[f
Hypergeometric
chapter
13)

(l+i)z]}

Function

(see

7.3.25

.6

1.2
FIGURE

I.8
7.5.
u=C(z),

Fresnel
r=w

2.4

Integrals.

3.0

3.6

Relation

to

Spherical

7.3.26

C2(+f

Bessel

Functions

(see

chapter

10)

ERROR FUNCTION

302
Asymptotic

AND FRESNEL

7.4.2

Expansions

me-(at2+2bt+e)dt
=I
P
e+ f:rfc&

2J a
S

7.3.27
nzf(+l+g

(4m-1)
*3 . . *
(az2)2n

(-1)l

INTEGRALS

(9?a>O)

7.4.3

m
S

7.3.28

(4m+l)
az$(z)- Sri0(--lP l *3($,+i-

(ga>o,

mt2?le-atz&
S =

LB>01

7.4.4

If Rh) (z), RAC)(z) are the remainders after n terms

in 7.3.27, 7.3.28, respectively, then
7.3.29
1 * 3 . . . (4n-1) e(,
,
(7rZ*)2n
- e-rt2n-t
1
p =
,dl(Isrg
rW+3)
o 1+ 2
( uz2>
7.3.30

7.3.31

/8[<1,

2t
( rz2>

(S?k>O;n=O,

4<:)

7.4.6

me-d cos (2zt)dt=i

d-

12

%e-:

zl<z)

(9a>O)
.*

7.4.7

,dt (lwz

1,2, . . .)

L?Za>O;n=O, 1,2,. . .)

e-lt2n+*

o 1+

r(n+3>
=2a"ff

E
a

Smt*TS+le-d2&=&

f$(z)=(-1)l * 3 .(;;;:+l) p,
1
e(g)=r (2n+$)

7.4.5

Ri(z)=(-1)

1.3...(2n-1)
plan

me-d sin (2st)dt =i

e-I/a

xl vs
e%!t
o

Wa>O)

pPl<l

7.4.8

t,

For z real, R:(z) and RLg)(x) are less in absolute

value than the first neglected term and of the
same sign.
Rational

Approximations

(0 <Z 5 m)

7.3.32
1+.92&x
f(x~=2+l.792x+3.1042

+4x1

la(z)l52X10-3

-=L
0 &t+z)

ear erfc &

&

K@a>o, zfO,larg

A<*)

7.4.10

7.3.33
1
g()=2+4.142x+3.492~~+6.6702+

e(Z)

(For more accurate approximations see [i.l].)

7.4. Definite and Indefinite

Integrals

For a more extensive list of integrals see [7.5],

1781, L7.151.
.

Ioe-t$-jts
S

7.4.1

S t+x
-

e-D2dtse+2

10,

173,

1956.1

J;;
[Is

4ar,12dt

-k Ei(ax2)

(a>% s>O)
7.4.11

erfc
6X (a>%
x>O)
t2+2eaI2
S0-e-a12dLJ!.
2x

7.4.12

4 Approximations7.3.32, 7.3.33 are based on those given

in C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations
for calculating Fresnel
integrals, Approximation
Newsletter, April 1956, Note 10.
[Seealso MTAC

mema&
S

-t2dtu e[l-

o1 tZS1=4
e

m
S

(erf -\lZ)]

(a>01

7.4.13

yemt2dt
=u 9w(x+iy)
-0 (X-t)*+yZ

*See page II.

(x real, y>O)

ERROR FUNCTION

AND FRESNEL

303

INTEGRALS

7.4.24
m --(lf sin (t>
dt=;
e ~
t
s0
7.4.15

+; [i-s

?r
* [P-(x2-y2)]e-tZdt
s

(g4+iY)
y-ix

t"-z(~-y*)t*+(z*+y*)*=2

n-j

j-[&S

w(z+;Y>

7.4.17
0

e-a erf bt

1
dt=-

s 0

s0

{ [;-C(,/T)]coi

(ab)

(@)I

sin (ab) }

7.4.26
m ewaldt
=$
s o &t2+b2)
b

{[$S(dF)]cos

-[&CT(@)]

(2at)erfc bt dt=&

[l-e-*](a>O,~b>O)

sin (ab)}

7.4.27
m

(ab)

e-la(t)dt=i

{[:-A

@]

-[&C(z)]

(D
e -ar erfd%dt=i

Wb+b)>o)

7.4.28
m
s0

7.4.20
dt=a e -2fi

(9%>0, L%?b>O)

cos (f)

7.4.19

Jm eeat erfc .$

(Sia>O, Wb>O)

e4@erfc $

(la>O, lw bl<i)
sin

(a%>O)

y--ix

(x red y>O)

7.4.18
0

om$$dt=,rg

7.4.16

2xye-*dt
t4-2($-y2)t*+(22+y*)*=Z

(;$)1

7.4.25

(5 real, y>O)

m
S

[+(;$)]

e+S(t)dt

=i { [$C(~)]
+[&

(Wa>O, ab>O)

sin (g)}

S @]

(%z>O)

cos (f)
sin @}

@?a>O)

7.4.29

7.4.21
s,- e-C(~~)dt=ze(~~la)r~~
(9u>O)

(Wb>o, ac>o)

7.4.30

7.4.22

m
S
e

--(II cos (t*)dt =&{

Jim e-S(~~)dt=2~~~:a)t~~

[;-S(&/~)]cos@

(S?a>O)
-[&C(i

#)]sing)}

(9a>O)

7.4.31

lm{

[;-C(t)]+[;4(t)]*}dt=;

7.4.23

m
S
e

7.4.32

--atsin (t*)dt= &{

[&?(q)]

cos @

S
e

+[+B

(Ed:)]

sin (:)}

(&%>O)

erf (&z+$)+const.

(a+3

ERROR

304

FUNCTION

AND

FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

7.4.38

7.4.33

-&Lb
e
S .*dx=g

[em erf (ox+:)

S

+e- 2oberf

( ax-- i I

+const.

cos (ax2+2bx+c)dx

(a+01

=Jg

(ax+b)]

{ co9 (p)C[Jz

7.4.34

-.~~+gjx=
-22 emazz2+S
[w(i+iax)
Se

+sin(~)S[JZ(ax+b)]}+const.

+w (-$+iax)]+const.

Serf xdx=x

7.4.35

erf x+

(a#O)
e-z2+const.

fi

7.4.39

sin(ax2+2bx+c)dx

7.4.36

Seaz erf

bxdx=k

[em erf bx-ee$

erf (bx-$)I
+const

(a#O)

-sin(e)

C[g

(ax+b)]}+const.

7.4.37
Sea

erf $dx=a(e-

erf .$

+$ e+[w(&%+i

-&)+w

(-Jiiz+i

(a#@

Numerical
Extension

SC(x)dx=xC(x)-isin

7.4.41

Ss(x)dz=xs(x)+~

+const.

-Jk)]}

+const.

7.5. Use and

7.4.40

Methods
erf.745=.70467

of the Tables

Example
1. Compute erf .745 and e-(.4a)
using Taylors series.
With the aid of Taylors theorem and 7.1.19
it can be shown that

58247)X

80779+(.5)(.00652

[l-(.005)(.74)+(.00000

83333)(.0952)]
= .70792 8920

e--(.,w,~;

(.65258 24665) [l-.0074

+(.000025)(.0952)+(.00000

erf (x,+ph) =erf x0

+const.

co9

00833)(.74) (1.9048) 1
=.57405 7910.

+-$ e-4$

1--phz,+$

p2h2(2$- l)]+e

1-2phx0+p%(2~--1)
-;p3h3q(2+3)

where (e(<l.2~10-~~,
IpI4 3. With ~=.74,

1+v

Iql<3.2X10-10 if h=10m2,
p=.5 and using Table 7.1

As a check the computation was repeated with

xQ=.75,p=-.5.
Example
2. Compute erfc x to 5s for x=4.8.
We have l/22=.0434028.
With Table
7.2 and
linear interpolation in Table 7.3, we obtain
&
erfc 4.8=$8 (1.11253)(10-10)(.552669) -2=(1.1352)10-.

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

FRESNEL

Example

3.

Compute

e+

to

e%t

INTEGRALS

305

From Table 7.1 we have $ e-(1.72)2=.058565.

5s for

s 0

Thus,

x=6.5.
With

and linear

l/22=.0236686
in Table 7.5

6.6
e-WJ
S

i erfc 1.72 = (.058565)(6.0064X

interpolation

101*)/1.0087X
=3.4873X

1013
10-S

i2 erfc 1.72 = (.O58565)(1.292OX1O11)/1.OO87X1O13

=7.5013x

(.506143)/(6.5) ==.077868.

e%t=

10-4

i3 erfc 1.72 = (.058565) (2.6031 X 1O1o)/1.OO87X 1013

Compute i2 erfc 1.72 using

recurrence relation and Table 7.1.
Example 4.

=1.5114x10-4.

the
Example 6.

Compute C(8.65) using Table 7.8.

With x=8.65, l/x= .115607 we have from Table
7.8 by linear interpolation

By 7.2.1, using Table 7.1,

j(8.65) = .036797, g(8.65) = .000159.

i-erfc

1.72 = .05856 50.

Using the recurrence relation

i erfc 1.72= - (1.72)(.01499

From Table 4.6

7.2.5 and Table 7.1

72)f

(.5)(.05856

50)

= .0034873
i2 erfc 1.72= - (.86) (.0034873) f (.25) (.01499 72)
= .0007502.

sin

.9613827

Using 7.3.9
C(8.65)=.5+(.036797)(--961382)
-(.000159)(-.275218)=.46467.
Example 7.

Note the loss of two significant

Compute &(l.l)
to 10D.
Using 7.3.8 and 7.3.10 we obtain by 6-pt interpolation in Table 7.8

digits.

Example 5. Compute i erfc 1.72 for k=l, 2, 3

by backward recurrence.
Let the sequence w~(x)(~=m, m-l,
. . ., 1, 0,
- 1) be generated by backward use of the recurrence relation 7.2.5 starting with u$+~.=O, w:+~= 1.
Then, for any fixed k, (see [7.7]),

&(l.l)=S

-=wx)
w!%(x)

J;;

eZ2ik erfc

(x>O)

30169)=.31865 57172.

Example 8. Compute s2(5.24) to 6D.

Enter Table 7.7 in the column headed by u.

5.20310
5.31898
6.0893801
6.43432
4.97691

With x= 1.72, m= 15 we obtain

J3

=s(.87767

Using Aitkens
lim
m+w

1.1

scheme of interpolation

S:(u)
58
80

.4329l 04
.03689
.41673 97 -. 07803
.45993&3
.16061
70 .39999 44 -. 19432
11 .4699094
.2830889

42
89
99
70

.42732
691
756
674

63
63 .42718 63
60
6 52
79
9 39

.42717

71
61

.42717

67

&(5.24)=.427177
-

17
16
::

0
i.44
4.3834

12
:i
9

13

(1)
(2) 2.6399

(3)
(4)
(4)
(6)
(6)

2.1011
1.3831
9.8096
6.4143

4.1866

I$

::iE

(8) 8.9787
4.9570
(9)
(10) 2.6031

::
-1 0

(11) 1.2920
(11) 6.0064

Example 9. Compute 5,(5.24) using Taylors

series and Table 7.8.
Using 7.3.21 we can write Taylors series forf, (u)

306

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

f2(u)=c0++u0)+~ (u-uo)2+$(u-uo>+*-*,

FRESNEL

By numerical

lo
1

+g (u-uo)2+$ (u-Q+

. . .],

where

clr+2= -cr+

integration,

using Table 9.1,

sYe(t)

g2(u)=-[c~+c2(u-zc,)

co=f2c7d,

INTEGRALS

$=.41826

00.

Using the fact that the remainder terms of the

asymptotic expansion are less in absolute value
than the first neglected terms, we can estimate

c1=--g2(u3,

1 * 3 . . . (2&l)

t--v

J%zo(2uo)k

(k=O,

+32 215.
52*72
5! g2t-132 dt=7,33XlO-.

1, 2, . . .).
Finally,

Consulting
Table 7.8 we chose ~=1/.185638
=5.386819,
thus having u-u,=5.24-5.386819
=--* 146819. From Table 7.8
5953819 co8 lo-sin
-2688ooo
m
23107 coslO+sinlO
-21504oo
qb

f2(u,,) = .168270, gz(u,) = .014483.

Hence, applying

the series above,

f,(5.24) = .170436, g2(5.24) =.015030.

Using the 4th formula

at the bottom

of Table

7.8

s2(5.24) = .5- (.170436) (.503471)

-(.015030)(-.864012)=.42718.

52(2)

10.

=&/2(2)

+&2w

+&2.(2)

+e7,5,2ca

=.49129+.06852+.00297+.00006=.56284.
Example

11. Compute

- 7Yo(t> dt by numerical
1

integration using Tables 9.1 and 7.8. [Y,,(t) is the

Bessel function of thesecond kinddetkedin9.1.16.1
We decompose the integral into three parts
J-

YOW ,=jy

Yo(t> $+J,

sYe(t)
I

Compute S,(2) using 7.3.16.

Generating the values of J,,++(2) as described
in chapter 10 we find
Example

using Tables 7.8 and 4.8.

[Yo@> -To(t)1

+Jy PO(t)
$
where

represents the first two terms of the asymptotic

expansion 9.2.2.

OD

$=.41826

10

=-.02298

78,

Hence

00- .02298 78= .39527 22.

The answer correct to 8D is .39527 290 (Table

11.2).
Example 12. Compute w(.44$.67i)
using bivariate linear interpolation.
By linear interpolation
in Table 7.9 along the
x-direction at y=.6 and y=.7

w(.44+.6i)

-.6(.522246+.16788Oi)+.4(.498591
+.2026663)=.512784+.1817943

w(.44+.7i)

=.6(.487556+.147975i)+.4(.467521
+.179123i)=.479542+.160434i.

By linear
x= .44

interpolation

w(.44+.67i)

along the y-direction

at

=.3(.512784+.181794i)+.7(.479542
+.160434i)=
.489515+.166842i.

The correct answer is .489557+ .166889i.

Example 13. Compute ~w(z) for z=.44+.61i.
Bivariate linear interpolation,
as described in
Example 12, is most accurate if z lies near the
center or along a diagonal of one of the squares
of the tabular grid [7.6]. It is not as accurate for
z near the midpoint of a side of a square, as in this
example.
However, we may introduce an auxil-

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

FRESNEL

Example
16. Compute
Using the second formula

iary square (see diagram) which contains z close

to its center. Bivariate linear interpolation
can
then be applied within this auxiliary square.
The values of w(z) needed at z=cl, and z=tz
are easily approximated by the average of the four
the
neighboring
tabular
values. Furthermore
parts to be used are given by
Izo- &I-

w(7+2i)=(-2f7i)

(
+

w(7+2i).
at the end of Table

7.9

44 f;;;;y28i
*

.05176536
42.27525+28i

>

=.021853+.075OlOi.

17. Compute erf (2+i).

From 7.1.3, 7.1.12 we have

H=P,-P2

(Zo-tl(-Pl+Pz

307

INTEGRALS

Example

erf z= 1 -e-Z2w(iz) = 1 -ey2-z2(cos 2xy

4
Using Tables

sin 2zy)w(y+iz)

(z=x+iy>.

7.9, 4.4, 4.6

erf (2-l-i)=1-e-3

(cos 4--i

sin 4)w(l+2i)
=1.003606-.011259Oi.

where z=zO+ .l (p,+ipJ.

tI=.45+.65i,
S;=.45+.55i,
from Table 7.9
S%w(~~)=$(.522246
&!w(s;) =2(.522246

Thus, with zo=.4+ .6i,

p,k.4, pz=.l, we get

+.498591+.487556+.467521)
= .493979

S, ((a+;)
From 7.3.22, 7.3.8, 7.3.18 we have

Example

&(z)=--

Compute

18.

2 9

e@w [(l+i)

+.498591+.561252+.533157)
= .528812

gw(z)=[l-(.4+.1)]{[1-(.4-.1)].522246
+(.4-.1).528812)+(.4+.1)X
{[l-(.4-.1)]
.493979+(.4-.1).498591}=.509789.

$1

-!$!

e-fz2w[(i-l)

Jz and making
7.1.12,

and Table

4).

$1.

use of 7.1.11,

7.9

The correct answer is .509756. Straightforward

bivariate interpolation
gives .509460.
Example
14.
Compute Yw(.39+.61i)
using Taylors series.
Let z=.39+.61i,
zo=.4+.6i.
From
and using Table 7.9, we have

to 6D

----i
2

l---i e --2
cos&-isini)w(l+ii)
4
(

7.1.20,
+!$ie2(

cosi+ising)w(i+$i)

w(z,)=.522246+.167880i
w(z,)=-.21634+.367383,
#w(zo)=-.215--.185i,

z-zo=(~-l+i)10-2
(z--~~)~=-2iXlO-~

~w(z)=.167880-.0021634--0036738
+ .0000430=
15.

Example

From

7.1.11,

Compute

w(.4-1.3i).

7.1.12

.162086.

Example

=-.990734-.681619i.
m
Compute
e--(14)L2-31cos (2t)dt
s0

19.

using Table 7.9.

Setting b=y+ix,
7.1.12 we find

m
S

e -at-w

cos

c=O in 7.4.2 and using 7.1.3,

(2xt)(j&

2&L2w(y)

(a>O, 2, y real).
Hence from Table
Using

Tables

7.9, 4.4 and 4.6

w(.4-1.3i)=4.33342+8.042013.

7.9

m
s

e-(14)tP-3r cos (2t)dt=

0

&$?w(2+3i)

= .231761.

ERROR

308

FUNCTION

AND FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

References
Texts

[7.1] J. Boersma, Computation

of Fresnel integrals,
Math. Comp. 14, 380 (1960).
17.21 A. V. Boyd, Inequalities
for Mills ratio, Rep.
Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci. Engrs. 6, 44-46
(1959).
[7.3] 0. Emersleben,
Numerische
Werte des FehIerintegrals fiir 6,
Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 31,
393-394 (1951).
[7.4] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., Toronto, Canada, London, England, 1953).
(7.51 A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms,
vol. 1 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., Toronto, Canada, London, England, 1954).
[7.6] W. Gautschi, Note on bivariate linear interpolation
for analytic functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp.
13, 91-96 (1959).
[7.7] W. Gautschi, Recursive computation
of the repeated integrals of t.he error function,
Math.
Comp. 15, 227-232 (1961).
[7.8] W. Grobner
and N. Hofreiter,
Integraltafel
(Springer-Verlag,
Wien and Innsbruck,
Austria,
1949-50).
[7.9] D. R. Hartree, Some properties and applications of
the repeated integrals of the error function, Mem.
Proc. Manchester
Lit. Philos. Sot. 80, 85-102
(1936).
[7.10] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations
for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton,
N.J.,
1955).
17.111 Y. Komatu,
Elementary
inequalities
for Mills
ratio, Rep. Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci.
Engrs. 4, 69-70 (1955-57).
[7.12] E. Kreyssig, On the zeros of the Fresnel integrals,
Canad. J. Math. 9, 118-131 (1957).
[7.13] Th. Laible, Hohenkarte
des Fehlerintegrals,
Z.
Angew. Math. Phys. 2, 484-486 (1951).
[7.14] F. Losch and F. Schoblik, Die Fakultiit
(B. G.
Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1951).
[7.15] F. Oberhettinger,
Tabellen zur Fourier Transformation (Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Germany, 1957).
[7.16] J. R. Philip, The function inv erfc 8, Austral.
J. Phys. 13, 13-20 (1960).
[7.17] H. 0. Pollak, A remark on Elementary
inequalities
for Mills
ratio
by YQsaku Komatu,
Rep.
Statist. Appl. Res. Un. Jap. Sci. Engrs. 4, 110
(1955-57).
[7.18] J. B. Rosser, Theory and application of *&cIz and

s,

e-.1Jdy~

JII

e-zdx (Mapleton

House, Brooklyn,

N.Y., 1948).
[7.19] H. E. Salzer, Formulas for calculating the error
function of a complex variable, Math. Tables
Aids Comp. 5, 67-70 (1951).
[7.20] H. E. Salzer, Complex zeros of the error function,
J. Franklin Inst. 266, 209-211 (1955).
[7.21] F. G. Tricomi, Funzioni ipergeometriche
confluenti
(Edizioni Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954).

L7.221 G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel

functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, London,
England, 1958).
Tables

[7.23] M. Abramowitz,

Table of the integral

e-u3 du, J.

Math. Phys. 30, 162-163 (1951). :=0(.01)2.5,

8D.
[7.24] P. C. Clemmow and Cara M. Munford, A table of
&&r)e@
l
e-*irA2dX
for complex values of p,
Philos. Trans. Roy. Sot. London (A}, 245, 189211 (1952).
\p\=O(.Ol).S, arg p=O(10)450,
4D.
[7.25] R. B. Dingle, Doreen Arndt and S. K. Roy, The
integrals
C,(X) = (P!)-~~~

ep(G+z?)-*e-de

D,(x)

eP(G+d)-*e-#de

and
= (p!)-lJm

and their tabulation, Appl. Sci. Res. B 6, 155-164

(1956).
C(z), S(z), z==O(1)20,
12D.
[7.26] V. N. Faddeeva and N. M. Terentev, Tables of
values of the function

u)(z) =e+

(l+zKeGdt)

for complex argument.

Translated
from the
Russian by D. G. Fry (Pergamon Press, New
York, N.Y., 1961). m(z),z=x+iy;
z,y=O(.O2)3;
2=3(.1)5, y=O(.1)3; 2=0(.1)5, y=3(.1)5;
6D.
[7.27] B. D. Fried and S. D. Conte, The plasma dispersion
function (Academic Press, New York, N.Y. and
London,
England,
1961).
i&(z),
iJGd(z),
z=x+iy;
2=0(.1)9.9,
y=-9.1(.1)10;
z=var.
(.1)9.9, y= -lO(.l) -9.2;
6s.
&fx v
[7.28] K. A. Karpov, Tablitsy funktsii w(z) =e+
s
kompleksnoi oblasti (Izdat. Akad. NaukO SSSR.,
Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1954).
z=x; 2=0(.001)2(.01)
10; 5D;
z=pei@; e=2.5(2.50)300(1.250)350(.6250)400;
p=ps(.OOl)p; (.Ol)p; (.0002)5, 0 Ipe<p; <p;l 15,
5D;
z=iy; y=O(.OO1)3(.0002)5,
55.
[7.29] K. A. Karpov,
Tablitsy funktsii F(z)=
0z e+fx

v kompleksnoi oblasti (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR.,

Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1958). z=peid;
8=45o(.3125o)48.75o(.625o)55o(1.25o)65o(2.5o)9Oo,
p=pe(.OOl)pi(.Ol)p;,
0 <pb<,$ & 15, 5D;
2=x; 2=0(.001)10,
5s.
[7.30] J. Kaye, A table of the first eleven repeated integrals of the error function, J. Math. Phys. 34,
119-125 (1955). inerfc z, s=0(.01).2(.05)1(.1)3,
T&=-1(1)11,
6D.
[7.31] B. Lohmander and S. Rittsten, Table of the function
, eta&?, Kungl. Fysiogr. Slillsk. i Lund
I
FGrh. 28, 45-52 (1958). z=O(.O1)3(.02)5,
x-1=0(.005).2,
10D; x=.5(.5)10,
20D.
Contains also 20D values for maximum and inflection points.

y=e-23

ERROR

[7.32] W.

FUNCTION

AND

Lash Miller and A. R. Gordon, Numerical

evaluation of infinite series and integrals which
arise in certain problems of linear heat flow,
electrochemical diffusion, etc., J. Phys. Chem. 35,
2785-2884 (1931).
F(z) =e-z

eL2dt; s=O(.O1)1.99,

6D;

z=2(.01)4(.05)7.5(.1)10(.2)12,
8s.
[7.33] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the error
function and its derivative, Applied Math. Series
41, 2d ed. (U.S. Government
Printing
Office,
Washington, D.C., 1954).
15D;
(2/Jr)e-z*, erf 2, s=0(.0001)1(.001)5.6,
(2/Jr)e-z2,

erfc 2, 2=4(.01)10,

85.

FRESNEL

309

INTEGRALS

[7.34] T. Pearcey, Table of the Fresnel integral (Cembridge Univ. Press, London, England, 1956).
c(g),

S (E),

2=0(.01)50,

6-7D.

[7.35] Tablitsy integralov Frenelya (Izdat. Akad. Nauk

SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1953). C(z), S(Z), Z=
0(.001)25, 7D; S(z), r=O(.OOl)
.58, 7s; C(z),
2=0(.001) .lOl, 7s.
[7.36] A. van Wijngaarden
and
Fresnel integrals, Verh.
Afd. Natuurk.
Sec. I,
C(z), S(Z), 2=0(.01)20,
numerical values of the
asymptotic expansions.)

W. L. Scheen, Table of
Nederl. Akad. Wetensch.,
19, No. 4, l-26 (1949).
5D. (Also contains
coefficients in Taylor and

ERROR FUNCTION

310
Table

ERROR

7.1

AND FRESNEL

FUNCTION

INTEGRALS

AND ITS DERIVATIVE

2 (d-2

0. 00
0. 01
0. 02
0.03
0.04

~2
\R
1.12837
1.12826
1.12792
1.12736
1.12657

0.05
0. 06
0.07
0. 08
0. 09

1.12556
1.12432
1.12286
1.12118
1.11927

17424
43052
36333
06004
62126

0.05637 19778
0.06762 15944
0.07885 77198
0.09007 81258
0.10128 05939

0.55
0. 56
0.57
0. 58
0. 59

0.83383
0.82463
0.81536
0.80604
0.79666

66473
22395
63461
33431
75911

0.56332
0.57161
0.57981
0.58792
0.59593

33663
57638
58062
29004
64972

0.10
0. 11
0. 12
0. 13
0.14

1.11715
1.11480
1.11224
1.10946
1.10647

16068
80500
69379
97934
82654

0.11246
0.12362
0.13475
0.14586
0.15694

29160
28962
83518
71148
70331

0. 60
0. 61
0. 62
0. 63
0.64

0.78724
0.77777
0.76826
0.75872
0.74914

34317
51846
71442
35764
87161

0.60385
0.61168
0.61941
0.62704
0.63458

60908
12189
14619
64433
58291

0. 15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.10327
1.09985
1.09623
1.09240
1.08837

41267
92726
57192
56008
11683

0.16799 59714
0.17901 18132
0.18999 24612
0.20093 58390
0.21183 98922

0. 65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0. 69

0.73954
0.72992
0.72027
0.71061
0.70095

67634
18814
81930
97784
06721

0.64202
0.64937
0.65662
0.66378
0.67084

93274
66880
77023
22027
00622

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.08413
1.07969
1.07506
1.07023
1.06522

47871
89342
61963
92672
09449

0.22270 25892
0.23352 19230
0.24429 59116
0.25502 25996
0.26570 00590

0.70
0.71
0.72
0. 73
0.74

0.69127 48604
0.68159 62792
0.67191 88112
0.66224 62838
0.65258 24665

0.67780
0.68466
0.69143
0.69810
0.70467

11938
55502
31231
39429
80779

0.25
0.26
0. 27
0.28
0.29

1.06001
1.05462
1.04904
1.04329
1.03736

41294
18194
71098
31885
33334

0.27632 63902
0.28689 97232
0.29741 82185
0.30788 00680
0.31828 34959

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0. 79

0.64293 10692
0.63329 57399
0.62368 00626
0.61408 75556
0.60452 16696

0.71115
0.71753
0.72382
0.73001
0.73610

56337
67528
16140
04313
34538

0.30
0.31
0.32
0. 33
0. 34

1.03126
1.02498
1.01855
1.01195
1.00519

09096
93657
22310
31119
56887

0.32862 67595
0.33890 81503
0.34912 59948
0.35927 86550
0.36936 45293

0. 80
0. 81
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.59498 57863
0.58548 32161
0.57601 71973
0.56659 08944
3.55720 73967

0.74210
0.74800
0.75381
0.75952
0.76514

09647
32806
07509
37569
27115

0.35
0. 36
0. 37
0. 38
0. 39

0.99828
0.99122
0.98401
0.97665
0.96916

37121
10001
14337
89542
75592

0.37938 20536
0.38932 97011
0.39920 59840
0.40900 94534
0.41873 87001

0. 85
0.86
0.87
0. 88
0. 89

0.54786 97173
0.53858 07918
0.52934 34773
0.52016 05514
0.51103 47116

0.77066
0.77610
0.78143
0.78668
0.79184

80576
02683
98455
73192
32468

0.40
0.41
0.42
0. 43
0.44

0.96154 12988
0.95378 42727
0.94590 06256
0.93789 45443
0.92977 02537

0.42839 23550
0.43796 90902
0.44746 76184
0.45688 66945
0.46622 51153

0. 90
0. 91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.50196 85742
0.49296 46742
0.48402 54639
0.47515 33132
0.46635 05090

0.79690
0.80188
0.80676
0.81156
0.81627

82124
28258
77215
35586
10190

0.45
0.46
0. 47
0.48
0.49

0.92153 20130
0.91318 41122
0.90473 08685
0.89617 66223
0.88752 57337

0.47548 17198
0.48465 53900
0.49374 50509
0.50274 96707
0.51166 82612

0.95
0.96
0.97
0. 98
0.99

0.45761
0.44896
0.44037
0.43187
0.42345

92546
16700
97913
55710
08779

0.82089
0.82542
0.82987
0.83423
0.83850

08073
36496
02930
15043
80696

0.50

0.87878 25789
C-5513

0.52049

1.00

0.41510 74974

0.84270

.I

p-12
91671
63348
79057
40827
52040

erf
0.00000
0.01128
0.02256
0.03384
0.04511

2
00000
34156
45747
12223
11061

0.50
0. 51
0. 52
0. 53
0.54

0.87\8758
0.86995
0.86103
0.85204
0.84297

25789
15467
70343
34444
51813

erf
0.52049
0.52924
0.53789
0.54646
0.55493

.I:
98778
36198
86305
40969
92505

[ 1

98778

.I

c(-y1

See Exa~nple 1.
$=

0.88622 69255

[(-y1

07929

ERROR

FUNCTION

ERROR

AND

FRESNEL

FUNCTION

G2 c--r2

AND

erf 7

311

INTEGRALS

Table

ITS DERIVATIVE

-2 p-2
,G

7.1

erf .T

.l.OO
1. 01
1.02
1.03
1. 04

0.41510
0.40684
0.39867
0.39058
0.38257

74974
71315
13992
18368
98986

0.84270
0.84681
0.85083
0.85478
0.85864

07929
04962
80177
42115
99465

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1. 54

0.11893 02892
0.11540 38270
0.11195 95356
0.10859 63195
0.10531 30683

0.96610
0.96727
0.96841
0196951
0.97058

1. 05
1. 06
1.07
1.08
1. 09

0.37466
0.36684
0.35911
0.35147
0.34392

69570
43034
31488
46245
97827

0.86243 61061
0.86614 35866
0.86977 32972
0.87332 61584
0.87680 31019

1.55
1. 56
1.57
1.58
1.59

0.10210
0.09898
0.09593
0.09295
0.09005

0.97162 27333
0.97262 81220
0.97360 26275
0.97454 70093
0.97546 20158

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.33647
0.32912
0.32186
0.31470
0.30764

95978
49667
67103
55742
22299

0.88020
0.88353
0.88678
0.88997
0.89308

50696
30124
78902
06704
23276

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

0.08722 90586
0.08447 34697
0.08178 85711
0.07917 31730
0.07662 60821

0.97634
0.97720
0.97803
0.97884
0.97962

1. 15
1.16
1.17
1. 18
1.19

0.30067
0.29381
0.28704
0.28037
0.27381

72759
12389
45748
76702
08437

0.89612
0.89909
0.90200
0.90483
0.90760

38429
62029
03990
74269
82860

1.65
1. 66
1.67
1.68
1.69

0.07414
0.07173
0.06938
0.06709
0.06487

61034
20405
26972
68781
33895

0.98037 55850
0.98110 49213
0.98181 04416
0.98249 27870
0.98315 25869

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

0.26734
0.26097
0.25471
0.24854
0.24248

43470
83664
30243
83805
44335

0.91031
0.91295
0.91553
0.91805
0.92050

39782
55080
38810
01041
51843

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

0.06271
0.06060
0.05856
0.05657
0.05464

10405
86436
50157
89788
93607

0.98379
0.98440
0.98500
0.98557
0.98613

04586
70075
28274
84998
45950

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

0.23652 11224
0.23065 83281
0.22489 58748
Oi21923 35317
0.21367 10145

0.92290
0.92523
0.92751
0.92973
0.93189

01283
59418
36293
41930
86327

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

0.05277
0.05095
0.04918
0.04747
0:04580

49959
47262
74012
18791
70274

0.98667
0.98719
0.98769
0198817
0.98864

16712
02752
09422
41959
05487

1. 30
1. 31
1.32
1. 33
1.34

0.20820
0.20284
0.19757
0.19241
0.18734

79868
40621
88048
17326
23172

0.93400
0.93606
0.93806
0.94001
0.94191

79449
31228
51551
50262
37153

1.80
1.81
1. 82
1.83
1. 84

0.04419 17233
0.04262 48543
0.04110 53185
0.03963 20255
0.03820 38966

0.98909
0.98952
0.98994
0.99034
0.99073

05016
45446
31565
68051
59476

1. 35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1. 39

0.18236
0.17749
0.17271
0.16802
0.16343

99865
41262
40811
91568
86216

0.94376 21961
0.94556 14366
0.94731 23980
0.94901 60353
0.95067 32958

1.85
1. 86
1.87
1. 88
1.89

0.03681
0.03547
0.03417
0.03292
0.03170

98653
88774
98920
18811
38307

0.99111 10301
0.99147 24883
0.99182 07476
0.99215 62228
0.99247 93184

1.40
1. 41
1. 42
1.43
1.44

0.15894
0.15453
0.15022
0.14600
0.14187

17077
76130
55027
45107
37413

0.95228
0.95385
0.95537
0.95685
0.95829

51198
24394
61786
72531
65696

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

0.03052
0.02938
0.02827
0.02721
0.02617

47404
36241
95101
14412
84752

0.99279
0.99308
0.99337
0.99365
0.99392

04292
99398
82251
56502
25709

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

0.13783
0.13387
0.13001
0.12623
Oil2254

22708
91486
33993
40239
00011

0.95969
0.96105
0.96237
Oi96365
0.96489

50256
35095
28999
40654
78648

1.95
1. 96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.02517 96849
0.02421 41583
0.02328 09986
0.02237 93244
0.02150 82701

0.99417
0.99442
0.99466
0:99489
0.99511

93336
62755
37246
20004
14132

1.50

0.11893

[(-;)l1

0.96610

51465

2.00

0.02066

0.99532

22650

02892

c-y

86576
19506
17995
70461
65239

69854

51465
67481
34969
62041
56899

83833
68366
80884
28397
17795

c 1
C-5614

I-

s = 0.88622 69255

312

ERROR

Table

7.2

DERIVATIVE

2
F-

FUNCTION

OF THE

FRESNEL

ERROR

INTEGRALS

FUNCTION

P-J2

- 2)2.0666

r-i

Y=

+f

2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04

AND

985

2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54

2.05
2.06
2;07
2.08
2.09

2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59

2;13
2.14

2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64

3.00
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
I-

3
3
3
3I
3

1.6922
1.6079
1.5275
1.4508
1.3777

II

136
137
078
325
304

- 3 1.2416
1.1783
1.3080 455
1.0607
1.1181
075
500
090
764

I- 411.2345 698

3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54

3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09

3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59

3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14

3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
3.64

2.15
2.16

2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2769

3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19

3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69

2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24

2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74

3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24

3:72
3.73
3.74

2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29

2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79

3.25
3.25
3.27
3.28
3.29

3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79

2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84

3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34

3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84

(-

3)6.5249

776

2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
$4;
2:42
2.43
2.44

- 3)4.5088

- 3)3.7301
(- I-

3 3.5556
3.3886
3 3.2288
3 3.0760
3 I 2.9298

292

092

2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89

487
700
871
230
098

2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94

- 5)X8428
I - 5)1.7242
(- 5)1.6130

397
768
192

3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
3.89

3.37
3.38
3.39

3.90
3.91
3.92
3;93
3.94
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49

2.50

(-

3)2.1782

842

3.00

(-

4)1.3925

305

F~O.88622

3.50
692%

3.95
3.96
3.97
3.98
3.99
(-

6)5.3994

268

4.00

(-

6)1.1028

II

445

- 77)4.1221
3.0245
3.2689 624
3.5324
3.8162
971
796
013
867

(-

7)2.7979

(-

7 1.8896 240

245

- 7 I 1.6128
1.3754
1.4895
1.7459 557
458
098
135

(-

7)1.2698

235

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

DERIVATIVE

OF THE

FRESNEL

ERROR

FUNCTION
;=2 e--Z

5
&

5.00
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04

4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59

5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09

5.55
5.56
5.57
5.58
5.59

5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14

5.60
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64

8)3.7395

5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19

5.65
5.66
5767
5.68
5.69

-10)7.2909
-10)6.6494

450
435

414

-11
I -11 I
-11
-11
-11

4.20 (- 8 2.4632 041

4.21
4.22
4.23 I - 8 I 2.0814
1.9127 484
1.7574
2.2645
901
463
204
4724

4.70
4I71
4.72
4.73
4.74

(-lOj2.8766

694

4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29

4.75 t-lOj1.7934
4176
4.77
4.78
4.79

357

5.25
5.26
5.27
5:28
5.29

4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83
4.84

-10
-10
I -11 I
-11
-11

1.1125
1.0105
9.1780
8.3337
7.5656

261
888
821
894
500

5.30
5.31
5.32
5.33
5.34

I -13 I
-13
-13
-13
-13

4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39

4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89

I -11
-11
-11
-11
-11

I 6.8669
6.2315
5.6537
5.1285
4.6511

377
074
456
259
675

5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
5.39

(-13
-13
-13
I -13
-13

4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44

4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94

5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44

4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
4.49

4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
4.99

5.45
5.46
5.47
5.48
5.49

4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33
4.34

4.50

I - 8I 1.6143
1.1472 994
1.2498
1.3614
1.4826
445
673
993
974
I - 98 I 9.6595
7.4517 598
8.1266
1.0528
8.8608
977
102
438
442

(- 9)1.8113

059

5.00

(-11)1.5670

866
IT-O.88622

:;670
1:4178
1.2825
1.1598
1.0487

Table 7.2
-2 e--z2
J;

4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54

4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.15 (4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19

.t:

Q--f

313

INTEGRALS

866
169
089
820
702

5.50
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54

I -14)8.2233
-14 I 7.3659
5.2876
6.5967 160
5.9066
480
265
906
187

-14 I 4.7325
4.2349
3.3891 917
3.0309
3.7888
943
422
310
585

5.70
5.71
5.72
5.73
5.74

5.50

5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79
7.1305
6.4127
5.7660
5.1835
4.6589

505
516
568
412
423

5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84

I 4.1865
3.7613
3.3786
3.0343
2.7245

979
895
913
233
096

5.85
5.86
5.87
5.88
5.89

t-1312.4458
-13 2.1952
I -13 1.9699
-13 1.7673
-13 I 1.5853

396
336
112
627
234

5.90
5.91
5.92
5.93
5.94

t-1511.5481

468

-i5 liO888 898

i -16 \ 9.6798 241

5.95
5.96
5.97
5.98
5.99
(-14)8.2233

69255

160

6.00

(-16)2.6173

012

314
Table

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

DERIVATIVE

7.2

2 p-2

FRESNEL

OF THE

INTEGRALS

ERROR

FUNCTION

AL2

6.00
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04

-16)2%73
-16 2.3211
-16 1 2.0580
-16)1.8243
-16)1.6169

012
058
187
864
533

6.50
6.51
6.52
6.53
6.54

4 e-z
q?r
-19)5.0525
-19 4.4362
-19 3.8942
-19 I 3.4178
-19)2.9990

6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09

-16)1.4328
-16 1.2693
-16 1 1.1243
-17)9.9575
-17)8.8165

188
992
934
277
340

6.55
6.56
6.57
6.58
6.59

-19)2.6310
-19 2.3078
-19 2.0238
-19 1.7744
-19 I 1.5555

6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14

-17)7.8047
-17 6.9076
-17 1 6.1124

211
453
570

6.60
6.61
6.62
6.63
6.64

7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13

7.60
7.61
7.62
7.63
7.64

6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19

6.65
6.66
6.67
6.68
6.69

7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19

7.65
7.66
7.67
7.68
7.69

6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24

6.70
6.71
6.72
6.73
6.74

7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24

7.70

6.75
6.76
6.77
6.78
6.79

7.25
7.26
7.27
7.28
7.29

7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.79

6.80
6.81
6.82
6.83
6.84

7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34

6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
6.39

6.85
6.86
6.87
6.88
6.89

7.35
7.36
7.37
7.38
7.39

7.85
7.86
7.87
7.88
7.89

6.40
6.41
6.42
6.43
6.44

6.90
6.91
6.92
6.93
6.94

t-21)2.3751

704

7.40
7.41
7.42
7.43
7.44

7.90
7.91
7.92
7.93
7.94

(-21)1.1883

540

(-22
(-22

565
967

7.45
7.46
7.47
7.48
7.49

(-22)5.9159

630

7.50

6.25
6.26
6.27
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
6.33
6.34

iI
-17
-17
-18
-18
-18

1.2241
1.0801
9.5297
8.4057
7.4128

281
812
064
325
421

(-18)1.0982

455

6.45
6.46
6.47
6.48
6.49

(-19)9.6542

574

(-19)5.7534

461

6.95
6.96
6.97
6.98
6.99

6.50

(-19)5.0525

800

7.00

7:8244
6.8042

800
038
418
066
603

7.00
7.01
7.02
7103
7.04

921
100
447
651
031

7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09

T-O.88622

69255

II

t-22)2.9304
-22 1.9179
1.6645
2.2094
2.5448

l-23)3.9913

(-25)4.2013

450
736
491
450
057

893

654

7.55
7.56
7.57
7i58
7.59

t-25)1.9796
-251112573
-25)1.0803

292
541
765

t-26)2.0097

185

7.95
7.96
7.97
7.98
7.99

(-28)4.0175
-28 3.4265
-28 2.9219
-28 2.4912
I -28 I 2.1234

202
874
899
008
982

8.00

(-28)1.8097

068

ERROR

FUNCTION

DERIVATIVE

AND

OF THE

FRESNEL

315

INTEGRALS

ERROR

FUNCTION

Table

7.2

z
8.00
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04

9.00
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04

I -36)7.4920
-36 I 6.2572
-36 5.2249
-36 4.3620
-36 3.6409

734
800
519
651
535

9.50
9.51
9.52
9.53
9.54

-32 1.2057 541

-32 1.0155 245

9.05
9.06
9.07
9108
9.09

-36)3.0384
-36j2.5351
-36j2.1147
-36j1.7637
-36)1.4707

441
317
690
559
105

9.55
9.56
9.57
9.58
9.59

8:63
8.64

-33)510997
-33)4.2908

438
734

9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14

-36)1.2261
-36 1.0219
-37 1 8.5167
-37)7.0959
-37)5.9110

088
837
148
960
925

8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19

8.65
8.66
8.67
8.68
8.69

-33)3.6095
-33 3.0358
-33 2.5527
-33 2.1461
-33 I 1.8039

760
465
988
817
709

9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19

-37 4.9230
-37 14.0993
-37)3.4127
-37)2.8406
-37)2.3639

8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24

8.70
8.71
8.72
8.73
8.74

-33)1.5160
-3311.2737
-33'1.0700
-34 8.9869
( -34 i 7.5464

228
818
339
668
360

9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24

-37)1.9668
-37)1.6361
-37 1.3607
-37 1.1314
-38 I 9.4066

8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29

8.75
8.76
8.77
8.78
8.79

-34)6.3355
-34j5.3178
-34j4.4627
-34)3.7444
-34)3.1411

422
836
957
525
074

9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29

8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
8.34

8.80
8.81
8.82
8.83
8.84

8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14

8.50
8.51

t-29)8.1112

334

8.55

(-29)4.2531

077

8i58
8.59

(-29j3.6173

797

(-29j1.8891

933

(-32)2.0157

780

9.30
9.31
9.32

8.35
8.36
8.37
8.38
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.48
8.49
8.50

-31)2.5623
-31 2.1658
-31 1.8303
-31 I 1.5465
-31)1.3064

I(
I

(-32)4.7280

380
657
736
399
586

139

-40)1.2918

638

9.60
9.61
9.62
9.63
9.64

-40)1.0662

907

619
592
918
437
423

9.65
9.66
9.67
9.68
9.69

(-41)4.0725

570

i-41)1.8788

710

449
251
427
847
395

9.70
9.71
9.72
9.73
9.74

-41)1.5477

017

-38)7.8186
802
-38 6.4974 888
-38 1 5.3984 710

9.75
9.76
9.77
9.78
9.79

-42)5.8524
-42 4.8150
-42 3.9608
I -42 I 3.2574
(-42)2.6784

252
968
401
873
979

(-43)8.2436

338

(-43)3.7428

271

-38j1.7684
-38)1.4672

718
880

9.80
9.81
9.82
9.83
9.84

9.35
9.36
9I37
9.38
9.39

-38 1.2171
-38 1.0094
-39 8.3703
-39 I 6.9392
-39)5.7517

545
602
932
997
311

9.85
9.86
9.87
9.88
9.89

-39 4.7664
-39 3.9491
-39 3.2713
-39 I 2.7093
-39)2.2434

456
520
439
286
186

9.90
9.91
9.92
9.93
9.94

-43)3.0708
-43 2.5189
-43 2.0658
-43 1.6939
-43 I 1.3886

096
477
489
130
628

8.90
8.91
8.92
8.93
8.94

-35)4.4873
-35 3.7552
-35 3.1420
-35 2.6283
-35 I 2.1982

418
711
030
611
476

9.40
9.41
9.42
9.43
9.44

8.95

-3511.8381

516

(-39)1.8572

574

922

-3511.0734
-36)8.9687

315
435

9.95
9.96
9.97
9.98
9.99

-43)1.1381

8;98
8.99

9.45
9.46
9.47
9:48
9.49

734

9.50

(-40)7.2007

555

10.00

(-44)4.1976

562

9.00

(-36)7.4920

$f=O.88622

69255

316

ERROR

Table
0.250
0.245
0.240
0.235
0.230

xez erfc x
0.51079 14
0.51.163 07
0.51247 67
0.51332 94
0.51418 90

0.225
0.220
0.215
0.210
0.205

0.51505
0.51592
0.51681
0.51769
0.51859

55
92
01
83
40

0.200
0.195
0.190

0.185
0.180

0.51949
0.52040
0.52132
0.52225
0.52318

74
85
75
45
98

0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155

0.52413
0.52508
0.52604
0.52701
0.52799

33
55
63
59
46

0.150
0.145
0.140
0.135
0.130

0.52898
0.52997
0.53098
0.53200
0.53303

25
98
67
35
02

0.125

0.53406 72
C-i)1

See Example

AND

COMPLEMENTARY

7.3

x-2

FUNCTION

2.

<x>
22

FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

ERROR

FUNCTION
2

0";25

2
:

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

0.53941
0.54051
0.54163
0.54276
0.54390

41
76
32
11
16

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

0.54505
0.54622
0.54740
0.54859
0.54980

51
19
24
69
58

3
3

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.55102
0.55226
0.55352
0.55479
0.55608

95
85
32
41
17

0.025
0.020

0.55738
0.55870
0.56005
0.56140
0.56278

65
90
00
99
96

22
t

2
:

3
3
3
3

[ 1

xez2erfc x
0.53406 72
0.53511 47
0.53617 29
0.53724 20
0.53832 23

0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000

<x>
33
33

0.56418 96
C-i)3
II
1

<x> =nearest integer to x.

erfc &G

:
i

0.00039 88821
0.01218
27505 84803
88282
0.00000
0.00001 41444
05351 64662
02689

0.00000 00208 26552

6
87
9
10

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

erfc Jn?r
00008 25422
00000 33136
00000 01343
00000 00055
00000 00002

erfc x =72 me-tzdt =1 -erf x

dr Sz
erfc 4% compiled from 0. Emersleben, Numerische Werte des Fehlerintegrals fiir &,
Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 31,393-394, 1951 (with permissi&).

6
7
1:
14
m

ERROR

REPEATED

FUNCTION

AND

FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

OF THE ERROR FUNCTION

2F l+l

o.o
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4

317

INTEGRALS

i erfc .t*
71=3

n=l

n=2

1.00000

1.00000

Table 7.4

n=4

1.00000
I - 1I 4.28565
7.62409
3.15756
5.74882

1.00000

- 1)5.56938
I - 1)4.46884
(- 1 2.29846
(- 1 1.65244
(- 2)5:68138

1. 0
:-:
1:3
1.4
1. 5

(- 3j8.02626

:*;
1: 8
1. 9

(- 3j1.26566

;:1"
9;
2: 4

(- 4j2.22250
- 6)9.52500

92
2: 7
2. 8
2.9

22
33.87
3:9

I- 9
8I 4.58945
8)5.10148
1.98190
1.04329
2.32831

4. 0
4.1

II

i-f
4: 4

-13
-14 4.02809
-12
2.35705
8.76348
1.14567
3.19826

t-6'
4: 7
4.8
4.9
5. 0

(-14)5.61169

(-13)2.62561

(-1)5.64189

See Examples 4 and 5.

58355

(-1)2.50000

(-14)1.38998

(-15)3.83592

pr (;+I)]-
00000

(-2)9.40315

97258

(-2)3.12500

318

ERROR

Table

7.4

FUNCTION

REPEATED

INTEGRALS

1.00000
n=5

0::

AND

FRESNEL

OF THE

0:4

ERROR

FUYCTION

237 ;+I i" erfc 5

(
1
n=6

11 =I0

1.00000

1.00000
- 1 6.28971
- 1 3.91490
- lj2:41089
1)1.46861

I I

i*%

INTEGRALS

I-

I- 111.65569

if:
0: 7

(-

i:!

2)7.95749
2)4.64127
2)2.67626
2)1.52533
3)8.59126

1. 0
1'::.
2:
(- 3)1.19278

1.5

(- 4)2.89186

::;

I-

- 5j4;04407
5)2.04244

1'::
22'10
2: 2
$1'4
f:'6
;*i
2: 9
;:1"
E
3:4
- 9)2.47236
3::
2;
3:9

-~0)1.84200
-11)7.48503

(-11)7.30331
(-11)2.91245

4. 0
4.1
2.3'
4: 4

22
4:7
4. a
4. 9
5. 0

I-13)1.78294
-1416.31544
-14j2.20038

-13)3.82601
-13)1.37691
-14j4: 87328

-15 16.71719
-17
-16
2.11065
6.46126
2.10125
1.95316

(-15)1.15173

(-16)3.70336

(-18)6.51829
pr

t-3)9.40315

97258

(-3)2.60416

66667

(-18)2.61062

(;+1)]-l

(-6)8.13802

08333

(-6)

1.69609

66316

ERROR FUNCTION

AND FRESNEL

DAWSONS
2:

0.00

0.00000

0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.01999 46675
0.03995 73606
0.05985 62071
0.07965 95389

1.00
1. 02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.09933 59924
fl.11885 46083
0.13818 49287
0.15729 70920
0.17616 19254

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.19475
0.21303
0.23099
0.24859
0.26581

319

INTEGRALS
Table

7.5

xe-=
s zet2c/t

<x>

INTEGRAL

e-2.2
s0=rt;lt

0.53807 95069

x-2

44359
71471
50787
57454

0.250
0.245
0.240
0.235
0.230

0.6026080777
0.60046 6027
0.59819 8606
0.59588 1008
0.59351 6018

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.52620 66800
0.52291 53777
0.51935 92435
0.51555 55409
0.51152 13448

0.225
0.220
0.215
0.210
0.205

0.59110
0.58865
0.58616
0.58364
0.58109

6724
6517
9107
8516
9080

10334
68833
28865
34747
41727

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.50727
0.50282
0.49820
0.49341
0.48847

34964
85611
27897
20827
19572

0.200
0.195
0.190
0.185
0.180

0.57852
0.57593
0.57332
0.57071
0.56809

5444
2550
5618
0126
1778

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.28263 16650
0.29902 38575
0.31496 99336
0.33045 04051
0.34544 71562

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.48339
0.47820
0.47290
0.46751
0.46204

75174
34278
38898
26208
28368

0.175
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155

0.56547
0.56287
0.56027
0.55770
0.55516

6462
0205
9114
9305
6829

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.35994 34819
Oii~739241210
0.38737 52812
0.40028 46599
0.41264 14572

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.45650
0.45091
0.44528
0.43962
0.43394

72375
79943
67410
45670
20135

0.150
0.145
0.140
0.135
0.130

0.55265
0.55018
0.54776
0.54538
0.54305

7582
7208
0994
3766
9774

0.50
0.52
0.54
0. 56
0.58

0.42443 63835
0.43566 16609
0.44631 10184
0.45637 96813
0.46586 43551

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.42824
0.42255
0.41686
0.41119
0.40555

90711
51804
92347
95842
40424

0.125
0.120
0.115
0.110
0.105

0.54079
0.53858
0.53643
0.53435
0.53233

2591
5013
8983
5529
4747

0. 60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.47476 32037
0.48307 58219
0.49080 32040
0.49794 77064
0.50451 30066

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.39993
0.39436
0.38883
0.38335
0.37792

98943
39058
23346
09429
50103

0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

0.53037
0.52847
0.52663
0.52484
0.52311

5810
7031
5967
9575
4393

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.51050 40576
0.51592 70382
0.52078 93010
0.52509 93152
0.52886 66089

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78

0.37255 93490
Oi36725 83182
0.36202 58410
0.35686 54206
0.35178 01580

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

0.52142
0.51978
0.51817
0.51661
0.51508

6749
2972
9571
3369
1573

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.53210
0.53481
0.53702
0.53873
0.53996

17071
60684
20202
26921
19480

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.34677
0.34184
0.33700
0.33223
0.32756

27691
56029
06597
96091
38080

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.51358
0.51211
0.51067
0.50925
0.50786

1788
1971
0372
5466
5903

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.54072
0.54103
0.54090
0.54036
0.53941

43187
49328
94485
39857
50580

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.32297 43193
0.31847 19293
0.31405 71655
0.30973 03141
0.30549 14372

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.50650 0473
0.50515 8078
0.50383 7717
0.50253 8471
0.50125 9494

0.53807 95069

2.00

0.30134 03889
C-l)4

0.000

0.50000 0000

See Example

00000

3.

Compiled from J. B. Rosw,

0.53637
0.53431
0.53192
0.52921

[ 1
<x> =nearest integer

Theory and application

to 2.

of Jo rp2dx

[c-p1

;
;

6
T:
::
m

and so2 e-@@dy so c~t/.t~.

Mapleton House, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1948; and B. Lohmander and S. Rittsten, Table of the
function y=ePzz so2rt*dt,Kungl. Fysiogr. Stillsk. i Lund Forh. 28,45-52, 1958 (with permission).

320
Table

ERROR

FUNCTION

7.6

- 3 JZe-Qt
r1 0
0
0.8000000

AND

FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

3
-J
e-t3at
r!
0
03
3
_
J e-Pdt
r!
0
0
0.72276 69
0.73842
49
0.75360
34
0.76829
12
0.78247
88

54
36
70
97
49

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.99511
0.99583
0.99645
0.99699
0.99746

49
14
52
62
38

42
62
62
89
05

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.99786
0.99821
0.99850
0.99875
0.99897

63
16
65
75
03

0.90428
0.91228
0.91979
0.92683
0.93341

86
25
27
11
06

1.70

0.99914

99

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.93954
0.94525
0.95054
0.95543
0.95995

56
09
27
76
30

1.70
1.74
1.78
1.82
1.86

0.99914

99
75
05
26
14

28
66
46
80
78

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.96410
0.96791
0.97140
0.97457
0.97746

64
62
05
79
66

1.90
1.94
1.98
2.02
2.06

0.99990
0.99993
0.99996
0.99997
0.99998

01
82
24
76
69

0.63775
0.65560
0.67304
0.69006
0.70664

57
39
52
30
18

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.98008
0.98245
0.98458
0.98649
0.98820

48
07
18
52
77

2.10
2.14
2.18
2.22
2.26

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

25
57
77
87
93

0.72276

69

1.40

0.98973

54

2.30

0.99999

97

69
31
72
63

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.11195
0.13432
0.15667
0.17899
0.20127

67
36
11
22
90

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0. 88

0.79615
0.80932
0.82196
0.83408
0.84567

78
16
48
41
73

0.20
0. 22
0.24
0.26
0. 28

0.22352
0.24571
0.26783
0.28988
0.31184

24
24
80
71
70

0,90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.85674
0.86728
0.87730
0.88680
0.89580

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

30
32
34
36
38

0.33370
0.35544
0.37704
0.39850
0.41979

37
26
82
45
45

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.40
0. 42
0. 44
0. 46
0.48

0.4poso
0.46180
0.48248
0.50293
0.52312

07
52
96
51
25

0.50
0. 52
0.54
0. 56
0. 58

0.54303
0.56264
0.58194
0.60090
0.61951

0. 60
0. 62
0.64
0. 66
0. 68
0.70

00

0. 02
0. 04
0. 06
0.08

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.398973
0.99109
0.99229
0.99335
0.99429

0.02239
0.04479
0.06718
0.08957

0.

__3 J eddt
r! 0
0

[ 1
55)3

[ 1
c-:,5)7

0.99942

0.99962
0.99975
0.99984

[Ic-y1

95116
Compiled from M. Abramowitz,
(with permission).

Table of the integral

Sozewu3du,J. Math.

Phys. 30,162-163,195l

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

FRESNEL

0.00

0.00000

0.02
0.04

0.00062
0.00251

0. 06

0.00565

0.08

0.01005

00

83
33

00

0.00000

00

0.00026

80
95
76
24
38

0.00052
0.00090
0.00143
0.00214
0.00305

36
47
67
44
31

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

1.90066
1.97040
2.04140
2.11366
2.18717

11
29
36
70
56

0.00418
0.00557
0.00723
0.00919
0.01148

76

30
40
54
lb

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

2.26194
2.33797
2.41525
2.49379
2.57359

56

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.06283

19
65

0.28

0.09047
0.10618
0.12315

79
58
04

0.19992
0.21987
0.23980
0.25970
0.27957

0.30
0.32
0. 34
0.36
0. 38

0.14137
0.16084
0.18158
0.20357
0.22682

17
95
41
52
30

0.29940
0.31917
0.33888
0.35851
0.37804

10
31
06
09
96

0.01411
0.01712
0.02053
0.02435

11
68

0.02862

55

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.25132 74
0.27708 85
0.30410 62
0.33238 05
0.36191 15

0.39748
0.41678
0.43594
0.45494
0.47375

08
68
a2
40
10

0.03335
0.03858
0.04430

94
02
85

0.50
0.52
0.54

0.39269
0.42474
0.45804

91
33
42

0.56
0.58

0.49260

17

0.49234
0.51069
0.52878
0.54656
0.56401

42
69
01
30
31

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.56548
0.60381
0.64339
0.68423
0.72633

67
41
82
a9
62

0. 70
0.72
0. 74
0.76
0.78

0.76969
0.81430
0.86016
0.90729
0.95567

02
08
81
20
25

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

1.00530
1.05620
1.10835
1.16176
1.21642

96
35
39
10
47

0.72284
0.73312
0.74251
0.75095
0.75840

42
83
54
79
90

0.90
0.92
0.94

50
20
56
59
28

0.76482
0.77015
0.77436

30
63
72

0.98

1.27234
1.32952
1.38795
1.44764
1.50859

1.00

1.57079

63

0.77989

59

Example

8.

65
33
68
68
36
69

69
35

0.77989
0.77926
0.77735
0.77414
0.76963

34
11
01
34
03

0.43825
0.45824
0.47815
0.49788
0.51736

91
58
08
a4
86

0.76380
0.75667

67
60

0.53649

0.55517
0.57331

79
92
28

0.59079
0.60752

66
74

0.74824
0.73854
0.72759

94
68
68

0.71543
0.70211

77
76

27

0.68769
0.67223
0.65582

2.65464

58

0.63855

2.73695

2.82052
2.90534
2.99142

55

19
49
45

0.62051
0.60181
0.58259
0.56297

3.07876
3.16735
3.25720
3.3483'0
3.44067

08
37
33
95
23
17
78

68

67
33
64
62

0.62340

09

0.63831

47

78

0.65216
0.66484

34

63

0.67626

72

05

0.68633

33

11
95
73
59

0.69495
0.70205
0.70755
0.71139

62
50
67
77

0.54309
0.52310
0.50316
0.48342
0.46407

58
58
23
80
05

0.71352
0.71389
0.71248
0.70928
0.70428

51
77
78
lb
12

0.44526

12
32
99
29
96

0.69750

0.35351
0.34325
0.33481
0.32830

17
20
29
32
61
69
02
83
87
25

0.05056

42

0.05736

63

0.06473
0.08122
0.09037
0.10014

24
89
06
08
09

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

3.53429
3.62916
3.72530
3.82268
3.92133

60

0.11054
0.12157
0.13325
0.14557
0.15853

02
59
28
29
54

1.60
1.62
1. b4
1.66
1.68

4.02123
4.12239

86
79

0.17213
0.18636
0.20122
0.21668
0.23272

65
89
21
lb
88

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78

4.86569

87

4.97691

11

0.32382
0.32145
0.32122
0.32318
0.32733

0.24934

14

:%i

5.08938
5.20310

01
58

0.33363
0.34203

29
39

0.26649

22

98
80
55

1:04
1.86
1.88

5.31808
5.43432
5.55182

80
70
25

0.35244
0.36476

96
35

0.37882

93

68
95

0.33977
0.35904
0.37859
0.39836
0.41827

63
93
a1
12
21

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

5.67057
5.79058
5.91184

0.39447
0.41148
0.42963

05
24
33

6.15814

36
91
12
99

0.44866
0.46830

69
56

34

0.43825

91

2.00

6.28318

53

0.48825

34

0.58109 54
0.59777 37
0.61400 94
0.62976
0.64499

25

0.65965
0.67370

0.68709

24
12
20

0.69977

79

0.71171

13

0.77741
0.77926

70

63

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

12

0.07267

0.28414
0.30227
0.32083

[ 1 [ 1
C-54)2

1.57079
1.63425
1.69897
1.76494
1.83217

75
39
67
41
34

0.07602

0.96

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.09999
0.11999
0.13998
0.15997
0.17995

0.20
0.22
0.24

0.52841

Table 7.7

31

0.01570
0.02261
0.03078
0.04021
0.05089

0.26

INTEGRALS

42
35
31
81

49

0.00000
0.00003
0.00011

321

INTEGRALS

0.02000 00
0.04000 00
0.05999 98
0.07999 92

0.12
0.14
0. lb
0. 18

0. 10

0.00000

FRESNEL

C-i)8

06

99

4.22481

38

4.32848
4.43341

64
56

4.53960
4.64704
4.75574

14
39
30

6.03437

47

0.42717
0.40997
0.39385
0.37895
0.36546

19
56

50

0.68898

88

0.67878
0.66697
0.65363

46

0.63888
0.62286
0.60570
0.58758

77
07
26
04

0.56867

83

0.54919
0.52934
0.50935

60
73
84

0.48946

49

0.45093
0.43280
0.41573
0.39999
0.38579

88
06
97
44
25

0.37334
0.35448
0.34838

73
37
37
30

0.34466

65

0.46990

0.36285

67

13

94

0.34341 57
C-f3

[. 1

322

ERROR

FUNCTION

Table 7.7
C(.r)=jl"

AND FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

FRESNEL INTIKRALS
cos (;13) t/l

s f.1.)

C(T)

4. 04
4. 06
4.08

C(r)
0.49842
0.51821
0.53675
0.55284
0.56543

60
54
05
04
47

N (.I.)
0.42051 58
0.42301 99
0.43039 00
0.44217 81
0.45764 45

59
11
29
66
34

4.10
4.12
4.14
4.16
4.18

0.57369 56
0.57705 88
0.57527 76
0.56844 74
0.55700 75

0.47579 83
0.49545 71
0.51532 14
0.53405 87
0.55039 41

0.59334
0.58416
0.57161
0.55618
0.53849

95
97
47
06
35

4.20
4.22
4.24
4.26
4.28

0.54171
0.52362
0.50396
0.48411
0.46549

92
06
08
63
61

0.56319 89
0.57157 23
0.57491 03
0.57295 47
0.56582 05

0.51928
0.49936
0.47960
0.46084
0.44393

61
95
04
46
82

4.30
4. 32
4. 34
4.36
4. 38

0.44944
0.43712
0.42946
0.42704
0.43006

12
50
40
39
79

0.55399
0.53831
0.51990
0.50011
0.48041

59
55
77
73
08

0.43849 17
0.45514 37
0.41375 96
0.49348 70
0.51340 62

0.42964 95
0.41864 11
0.41143 69
0.40839 28
0.40967 54

4. 40
4.42
4.44
4.46
4.48

0.43833
0.45123
0.46781
0.48679
0.50671

29
59
05
41
95

0.46226
0.44707
0143599
0.42990
0.42931

80
06
33
86
16

3.50
3.52
3.54
3.56
3.58

0.53257
0.55006
0.56501
0.57668
0.58446

24
11
32
02
43

0.41524
0.42486
0.43808
0.45428
0.47265

80
72
83
17
92

4.50
4.52
4.54
4. 56
4.58

0.52602
0.54318
0.55680
0.56578
0.56936

59
11
46
27
57

0.43427 30
0.44442 34
0.45897 36
0.47676 89
0.49637 56

93
53
79
35
52

3.60
3. 62
3.64
3.66
3.68

0.58795
0.58694
0.58147
0.57178
0.55838

33
64
10
75
18

0.49230
0.51224
0.53143
0.54888
0.56366

95
12
21
15
38

4. 60
4. 62
4.64
4.66
4.68

0.56723
0.55954
0.54691
0.53039
0.51135

67
81
86
13
38

0.51619 23
0.53451 97
0.54999 67
0.56113 28
0.56702 44

0.45291
0.43518
0.42066
0.40798
0.39817

75
98
03
90
24

3.70
3.72
3.74
3. 76
3.78

0.54194 57
0.52334 49
0.50357 70
0.48371 94
0.46487 19

0.57498
0.58220
0.58492
0.58296
0.57641

04
56
61
92
91

4.70
4.72
4. 74
4.16
4.78

0.49142
0.47232
0.45572
0.44308
0.43554

65
71
30
30
28

0.56714
0.56146
0.55044
0.53504
0.51659

55
19
52
16
82

0.46749 17
0.48720 04
0.50717 21
0.52671 66
0.54538 21

0.39152
0.38828
0.38856
0.39238
0.39964

84
41
43
50
80

3.80
3.82
3.84
3.86
3.88

0.44809
0.43434
0.42443
0.41894
0.41822

49
86
43
43
16

0.56561
0.55115
0.53384
0.51466
0.49472

87
74
32
22
45

4.80
4. 82
4. 84
4.86
4.88

0.43319
0.43802
0.44786
0.46244
0.48042

66
47
69
40
90

0.49675
0.47728
0.45995
0.44637
0.43780

02
00
75
74
82

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.56237
0.57718
0.58930
0.59830
0.60384

64
78
60
19
56

0.41014
0.42353
0.43941
0.45124
0.47643

06
87
39
45
06

3.90
3.92
3.94
3. 96
3.98

0.42233
0.43105
0.44389
0.46007
0.41863

27
68
17
70
51

0.47520
0.45726
0.44198
0.43032
0.42301

24
13
92
79
17

4.90
4.92
4.94
4.96
4. 98

0.50016
0.51979
0.53747
0.55150
0.56051

10
51
34
25
94

0.43506
0.43843
0.44761
0.46175
0.47951

74
48
56
67
78

3.00

0.60572 08
[C-64)5]

0.49631
[(-y]

30

4.00

0.49842

60

0.42051

58

5.00

0.56363
[ -;)I

12

0.49919 14
[C-$)8]

%-I

S(T)

0.34i4i
0.34467
0.34844
0.35470
0.36334

57
48
87
04
98

3.00
3.02
3.04
3.06
3.08

0.60572
0.60383
0.59823
0.58910
0.57674

08
73
78
11
01

0.49631
0.51619
0.53536
0.55311
0.56880

30
42
29
95
28

0.58156 41
0.59671 75
0.61000 60
0.62117 32
0.62999 53

0.37421

34

0.38730
0.40223
0.41880
0.43673

37
09
45
63

3.10
3.12
3; 14
3.16
3.18

0.56159
0.54421
0.52525
0.50543
0.48552

39
58
53
56
76

0.58181
0.59165
0.59791
0.60033
0.59880

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.63628
0.63990
0.64075
0.63879
0.63403

60
31
25
28
83

0.45570
0.41535
0.49532
0.51521
0.53462

46
85
41
11
03

3.20
3.22
3.24
3.26
3.28

0.46632
0.44858
0.43306
0.42040
0.41113

03
96
55
05
97

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.62656
0.61649
0.60402
0.58940
0.57293

17
45
69
65
44

0.55315
0.57041
0.58602
0.59964
0.61095

16
28
84
89
96

3.30
3.32
3. 34
3.36
3.38

0.40569
0.40431
0.40709
0.41393
0.42455

44
99
96
66
18

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.55496
0.53588
0.51612
0.49614
0.47641

14
11
29
28
35

0.61969 00
0.62562 11
0.62859 38
0.62851 43
0.62535 98

3.40
3. 42
3.44
3.46
3.48

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.45741
0.43961
0.42346
0.40939
0.39777

30
32
72
65
93.

0.61918
0.61010
0.59834
0.58415
0.56790

18
76
06
75
42

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.38893
0.38312
0.38052
0.38123
0.38525

75
73
80
50
32

0.54998
0.53087
0.51106
0.49110
0.47153

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78

0.39249
0.40277
0.41581
0.43125
0.44865

40
39
68
85
46

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

2.:0
2.02
2. 04
2. 06
2.08

0.48825
0.50820
0.52782
0.54681
0.56482

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

For .1>5 iri

34
04
73
06
79

= 0.5i ( O.3183O99-T

For u>39 $#=

0.51

[ 1 [ 1
(-;I6

(-;I6

+c(2)

t@)1c3 x10-7

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

AUXILIARY
2(sL

FRESNEL

323

INTEGRALS
Table

FUNCTIONS

,y

7.8

f(x)= h(20

0.00000

2
00000

00000

&00062
0.00251
0.00565
0.01005

83185
32741
48667
30964

0.10
0.12
0. 14
0.16
0.18

0.01570
0.02261
0.03078
0.04021
0.05089

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

30718
22872
76462
91487

0.50000
0.49969
0.49880
0.49739
0.49548

00000
41196
88057
07811
44294

00000
39303
20520
66949
00553

0.50000
0.48031
0.46125
0.44281
0.42500

00000
40626
51239
99356
33536

00000
54163
79101
00196
38036

79632
94671
76080
23859
38009

67949
05847
05180
65949
88155

0.49313
0.49037
0.48724
0.48378
0.48002

18256
27777
48761
35493
21268

06624
82254
11561
31728
70713

0.40779
0.39119
0.37518
0.35976
0.34491

85545
72364
98069
55566
28197

29930
96391
99885
09573
39391

0.06283
0.07602
0.09047
0:10618
0.12315

18530
65422
78684
58316
04320

71796
16873
23386
91335
20720

0.47599
0.47172
0.46724
0.46257
0.45774

19056
22205
05176
24293
la508

49140
45221
22164
12303
40978

0.33061
0.31687
0.30365
0.29095
0.27876

91227
13200
57186
81914
42811

69034
89318
36191
92531
44593

0.30
0. 32
0.34
0. 36
0. 38

0.14137
0.16084
0.18158
0.20357
0.22682

16694
95438
40553
52039
29895

11541
63797
77490
52619
89183

0.45277
0.44768
0.44248
0.43721
0.43187

10172
05805
96860
60487
60273

56087
06203
81319
95888
53913

0.26705
0.25582
0.24505
0.23472
0.22483

92929
83796
66166
9OiO3
08578

81728
24420
57772
35799
07150

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0. 48

0.25132
0.27708
0.30410
0.33238
0.36191

74122
84720
61688
05027
14736

87183
46620
67492
49800
93544

0.42648
0.42105
0.41560
0.41013
0.40466

46973
59227
24246
58491
68313

90789
36507
90070
35691
67950

0.21534
0.20626
0.19756
0.18923
0.18126

72003
34704
52322
82774
86555

95520
48744
49727
60398
47172

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.39269
0.42474
0.45804
0.49260
0.52841

90816
33267
42088
17280
58843

98724
65340
93392
82880
33803

0.39920
0.39375
0.38833
0.38294
0.37759

50585
93295
76127
71004
42617

25702
63563
15400
26771
52882

0.17364
0.16634
0.15936
0.15269
0.14631

26996
70480
86623
48414
32329

13238
39628
13733
00876
91905

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0. 68

0.56548
0.60381
0.64339
0.68423
0.72633

66776
41080
81754
88799
62215

46163
19958
55190
51857
09960

0.37228
0.36702
0.36181
0.35666
0.35157

48922
41612
66571
64292
70288

35620
87842
25476
98472
80259

0.14021
0.13437
0.12880
0.12347
0.11838

la419
90361
35503
44874
13187

37684
59907
06985
03863
25611

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.76969
0.81430
0.86016
0.90729
0.95S67

02001
08158
80685
19583
24852

29499
10474
52885
56732
22015

0.34655
0.34159
0.33670
0.33188
0.32713

15463
26474
26065
33382
64271

82434
67053
33192
57734
72503

0.11351
0.10886
0.10441
0.10016
0.09611

38821
23788
73696
97688
08389

06517
79214
22082
77848
91866

0. 80
0.82
0.84
0. 86
0.88

1.00530
1.05620
1.10835
1.16176
1.21642

96491
34501
38881
09632
46754

48734
36888
86479
97506
69968

0.32246
0.31786
0.31334
0.30889
0.30452

31553
45283
12993
39917
29200

61284
60796
49704
09068
36579

0.09223
0.08852
0.08498
0.08159
0.07836

21832
57381
37656
88446
38619

05037
23702
77045
61614
62362

0. 90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

1.27234
1.32952
1.38795
1.44764
1.50859

50247
20109
56343
58947
21922

03866
99200
55971
74177
53819

0.30022
0.29600
0.29186
0.28780
0.28380

82096
98149
75359
10340
98467

95385
76518
51781
91658
20271

0.07527
0.07231
0.06949
0.06679
0.06420

20035
67451
la433
13255
94813

30280
87932
26312
49021
13093

1.00

1.57079

63267 94897

0.27989

34003 76823

0.06174

08526 09645

sin uyz(u)

cos u

0. 00

0. 02
0.04
0.06
0. 08

Lm1
c-y

See Exm~ple~

6, 7, and
1
Cc,)=-+f(x)
2
1
S(X)=--fG)
2

c-g

9.
sin

ix2

cos (5)-g(x)

-8(r)

cos

2TTZ

sin (ixz)

C&(U)=!

s~(~)=A-~~(u)
2

+fi(u)

cos

u-g2(u)

sin

II

324

ERROR
Table

7.8

x-1
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92

0.63661
0.61140
0.58670
0.56251
0.53883

0.90
0.88
0.86
0. a4
0.82
0.80
0. 78
0.76
0.74
0.72

FUNCTION

AND FRESNEL

AUXILIARY

FUNCTIONS

INTEGRALS

g(4= k?(u)

f(1.)=h(U)
0.27989 34003
0.27597 33733
0.27197 11505
0.26788 56989
0.26371 60682

76823
36442
76851
47656
37287

0.06174
0.05933
0.05693
0.05456
0.05220

08526
31378
89827
06112
03510

09645
64174
01255
91100
52931

0.51566 20156 17741

0.49299 a3517 21455
0.47084 39836 43063
0.44919 a9113 a2565
0.42806 31349 39962

0.25946
0.25512
0.25069
0.24618
0.24157

14023
09512
40835
02994
92449

65674
a0091
25766
44393
31459

0.04986
0.04754
0.04525
0.04299
0.04075

06317
39838
30354
05078
92107

93636
94725
03048
69390
68723

0.40743
0.38731
0.36771
0.34861
0.33002

0.23689
0.23211
0.22725
0.22230
0.21726

07256
47216
14019
11393
45250

57089
24632
06110
53995
44609

0.03856
0.03640
0.03428
0.03220
0.03017

20343
19405
19524
51407
46086

27312
75704
44132
19129
88637

34743
48498
18186
74093
45674

19381
36510
13588
32978
44482

97723
96293
87822
72308
49753

66543
94695
15805
29873
36899

67581
ala25
13963
63995
31921

15252
08436
19515
48488
95354

<U>
2

<.r>

:
1
:
1
:
:

0.70
0. 68
0. 66
0. 64
0.62

0.31194
0.29437
0.27731
0.26075
0.24471

36884
29827
15728
94587
66404

60115
42770
43318
61761
98098

0.21214
0.20693
0.20164
0.19627
0.19082

23821
57789
60404
47584
37987

60229
65521
80635
00004
55563

0.02819
0.02626
0.02439
0.02257
0.02082

0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52

0.22918
0.21415
0.19964
0.18563
0.17214

31180
88914
39606
a3256
19864

52329
24454
14474
22387
48194

0.18529
0.17969
0.17401
0.16827
0.16245

53067
17083
57076
02799
86594

79209
a6674
a9207
47273
19322

0.01913
0.01751
0.01596
0.01448
0.01307

61240
47623
29821
30628
70253

35536
30357
58470
73722
60097

0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42

0.15915
0.14667
0.13470
0.12324
0.11229

49430
71955
87438
95879
97278

91895
53491
32980
30364
45641

0.15658
0.15065
0.14466
0.13862
0.13253

43216
09597
24548
28400
62592

36302
56320
29603
34552
29647

0.01174 65939
0.01049 31590
0.00931
-_ __.__ 77420
.-~
0.00822 09631
0.00720 30137

24659
42015
66589
. ..~
52815
00215

0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32

0.10185
0.09192
0.08250
0.07359
0.06518

91635
78951
59224
32456
98646

78813
29879
98839
85692
90440

0.12640
0.12023
0.11403
0.10780
0.10154

69204
90456
68174
43252
55126

94864
93806
47880
41741
32988

0.00626
0.00540
0.00461
0.00390
0.00327

36346
21018
72197
73235
02912

49122
72942
27002
12822
03254

:i

:
3

::
15

0.30
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22

0.05729
0.04991
0.04303
0.03666
0.03081

57795
09901
54966
92988
23969

13082
53618
12048
a8373
a2591

0.09526
0.08896
0.08264
0.07631
0.06997

41276
36786
73969
82087
a7161

74844
39974
33180
00913
16730

0.00270
0.00220
0.00176
0.00139
0.00107

35642
41768
a7922
37442
50825

68526
84885
53708
77909
02743

i
4
4
5

0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12

0.02546
0.02062
0.01629
0.01247
0.00916

47908
64806
74661
77475
73247

94703
24710
72610
38405
22093

0.06363
0.05727
0.05091
0.04455
0.03819

11887
75644
94597
ala74
47805

04012
30652
59575
32960
44642

o.oooao a6180 a2883

0.00058 99686 10701
0.00041 45999 la234
0.00027 78633 97799
0.00017 50279 00844

0.10
0. 08
0.06
0.04
0.02

0.00636
0.00407
0.00229
o.ooioi
O.QO025

61977
43665
la311
a5916
46479

23676
43153
a0523
35788
08947

0.03183
0.02546
0.01909
0.01273
0.00636

00214
44738
a5179
23855
61974

15118
95252
38105
39770
14061

o.oooio
0.00005
0.00002
0.00000
0.00000

13057
18732
la849
64845
08105

0.00

0.00000

00000 00000

0.00000

00000 00000

0.00000

00000 00000

J t-i)6 1

[k--1
1

C(r)=-2 +f(x) sin ;22 -g(,r) cos $9

( >
( )
1
s(X)=--f(x)
2

COS

5.9

(2

-g(r)

>

sin

Fz19

(2

94484
17470
44630
30524
69272

Cz(tr)=-+fz(u)
sin u-gz(u) cosu
2
sz(u,=&/z(u)

<o=nearest integer to 2.

co.5u-g2(u) sin u

:
2
:
:
:
2
z
2
I

:'8

76
a

2
109

10
1';
:'o
m

157
245
436
982
3927
03

.
ERROR

FUNCTION

ERROR

FUNCTION
w(t)=e-2

AND

FRESNEL

FOR COMPLEX
erfc (-iz)

325

INTEGRALS

ARGUMENTS

Table

z=x+iy

w(.z~z~(z)

%w(z)

.fW(Z)

.oAw(z)

x=0.3
1.000000
0.896457
0.809020
0.734599
0.670788

0.615690

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.990050
0.888479
0.802567
0.129331

0.666463

0.112089
0.094332
0.080029
0.068410
0.058897

0.456532

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.454731

0.030566

0.427584
0.401730
0.378537
0.351643
0.338744

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.426044
0.400406
0.377393
0.356649
0.337876

0.021934
0.019805
0.017951

0.321585
0.305953

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.291072

0.013648

0.278035
0.266042

0.011547

0.567805
0.525930

0.489101

0.291663
0.278560
0.266509

0.218499

0.051048
0.044524

0.523423
0.486982

0.039064
0.034465

0.320825
0.305284

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.255396

0.245119
0.235593
0.226742

0.612109
0.564818

0.027242
0.024392

0.219753

0.913931

0.318916

0.852144

0.185252
0.157403

0.827246
0.752895

0.269600
0.229653

0.712146

0.713801
0.653680

0.134739
0.116147

0.688720
0.632996

0.197037
0.170203

0.655244
0.605295

0.584333

0.147965
0.129408
0.113821
0.100647

0.522246
0.487556

0.456579

0.089444

0.428808

0.601513

0.100782
0.087993

0.541605

Iw(z)

x-o.4

0.960789
0.864983
0.783538

0.555974

7.9

0.406153

0.777267

0.344688

0.294653
0.253613
0.219706

0.561252

0.191500
0.167880
0.147975
0.131101
0.116714

0.515991

0.077275

0.503896

0.480697
0.449383

0.068235
0.060563

0.470452
0.440655

0.421468
0.396470
0.373989

0.054014

0.413989

0.048393
0.043542

0.390028
0.368412

0.064510

0.353691

0.039336
0.035671

0.348839
0.331054

0.058329
0.052936

0.314839

0.259186

0.270346

0.053186
0.048931
0.045139

0.335294

0.079864
0.071628

0.403818

0.104380

0.381250
0.360799
0.342206
0.325248

0.093752
0.084547
0.076538
0.069538

0.016329

0.318561

0.032463

0.014905

0.303290
0.289309
0.276470
0.264648

0.029643

0.300009

0.027154

0.286406

0.024948
0.022987

0.273892
0.262350

0.048210
0.044051
0.040377
0.037118
0.034217

0.234251
0.225531
0.217404

0.021236
0.019669
0.018260
0.016991
0.015845

0.251677
0.241783
0.232592

0.031626
0.029304
0.027217

0.248844
0.239239
0.230300

0.038706
0.035968

0.216047

0.023633

0.025335

0.221963
0.214172

0.033498
0.031263

0.012536

0.010664

0.254978
0.244745
0.235256
0.226438

0.008526

0.218224

0.007949

0.009874

0.009165

0.253732
0.243628

0.224033

0.309736
0.295506

0.282417

0.063393
0.057978

0.041748

0.210557

0.007427

0.203387

0.006952

0.184602

0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

0.196668.0.006520
0.190360
0.006125
0.184429
0.005764

0.209813
0.202710
0.196050
0.189796
0.183912

0.014806
0.013862
0.013002
0.012216
0.011498

0.208582
0.201589
0.195028
0.188861
0.183056

0.022090
0.020687
0.019409
0.018241
0.017172

0.193613
0.187566
0.181868

0.025706
0.024168
0.022759

0.179001

0.000000

0.178842

0.005433

0.178368

0.010839

0.177581

0.016192

0.176491

0.021466

0.527292

x=0.8
0.600412

0.444858

0.210806

0.203613
0.196874
0.190549

x=0.6

x=0.5
0.778801
0.717588

0.478925
0.408474

0.691676
0.651076

0.535713

0.459665

0.612626

x=0.7
0.576042

0.663223

0.350751

0.608322
0.569238

0.396852
0.344645

0.580698
0.549739
0.520192
0.492289

0.497744
0.432442
0.377688
0.331535

0.614852
0.571717
0.533157
0.498591

0.467521
0.439512

0.414191
0.391234
0.370363

0.351335
0.333942

0.303124
0.263563

0.533581

0.230488
0.202666

0.501079
0.471453

0.264268
0.233206

0.444434

0.206787

0.419766
0.397216

0.127202
0.114460
0.103395

0.357637

0.133501

0.340241

0.120838
0.109759
0.100026

0.299804

0.091443
0.083845
0.077096
0.071081
0.065701

0.281214
0.275602
0.264718
0.254554
0.245050

0.241025

0.060876

0.232204
0.223952

0.056534

0.236152
0.227810

0.376571

0.093744

0.324229

0.085288

0.309463

0.303355
0.289866
0.277412
0.265890
0.255205

0.077851
0.071283

0.295820

0.245276

0.283192
0.271479

0.065461
0.060283

0.260598
0.250469

0.055661
0,051521
0.047804

0.184200
0.164793
0.148036

0.219347
0.211800

0.041428
0.038686

0.216219
0.208961

0.052617
0.049073
0.045859

0.204723

0.198074
0.191818
0.185924
0.180361

0.036196
0.033929
0.031859
0.029966
0.028231

0.202139
0.195717
0.189664
0.183950
0.178549

0.042936
0.040271
0.037836
0.035607
0.033561

0.175105

0.026636

0.173437

0.031680

0.227407

SeeExamples

0.466127

0.441712
0.418998

0.179123
0.159087
0.141945

0.318001

0.236031

0.300989

0.044454

0.360200
0.343375
0.327166

0.313273

Ur(-x+iy)-w(x+iy)

0.355082

0.418736
0.405763

0.429418
0.410264
0.391936
0.374518
0.358043

0.314828
0.280290
0.250532
0.224789
0.202429

0.166660

0.150681
0.136706
0.124435
0.113620

0.342511

0.182932
0.165868
0.150877
0.137661
0.125971

0.327900

0.314176
0.301294
0.289208

0.081245

0.271869
0.267228
0.251237

0.247851

0.115594
0.106355
0.098103
0.090710

0.075190

0.239027

0.084068

0.069748
0.064842

0.078085
0.072680
0.067785
0.063342

0.095563
0.088001

0.610142
0.536087
0.472773
0.418491
0.371813

0.392021

0.331544

0.377977
0.363957

0.296692
0.266427

0.350182

0.336799
0.323899

0.311537
0.299741
0.288519
0.277865

0.240057
0.217004
0.196783
0.178990
0.163281
0.149370
0.137012

0.249151

0.126002
0.116164
0.107348

0.240586
0.232482

0.092291

0.267166
0.258203

0.099427

0.224813

0.085845

0.217552

0.080009

0.212616

0.056391

0.230724
0.222905
0.215535
0.208581

0.205686

0.052741

0.202013

0.059298

0.210676
0.204160
0.197982

0.074712
0.069894
0.065500

0.199155
0.192992
0.187170

0.195804
0.189928
0.184362
0.179084
0.174074

0.055610
0.052238
0.04915(.
0.046315
0.043708

0.192120

0.176447

0.049417
0.046384
0.043608
0.041064
0.038728

0.181265
0.176237
0.171452

0.061486
0.057811
0.054439
0.051339
0.048485

0.171502

0.036577

0.169315

0.041306

0.166895

0.0.45851

0.219978

0.181662

w(x-iy)=2eY2-z2
erfc

0.292432

0.104054

0.469480
0.449244

0.457569
0.402194

0.060409

w(x)=e-z2+g e-22Ste@dt
Jr

12-19.

w(iy)=ey2

0.397906

0.378341

0.439421
0.430271

0.489710

0.029234
0.027389

x10.9

0.522932

0.509299

0.259136
0.230646
0.206155
0.185005

0.206879
0.200039

w[(l+i)u]=e-2ia2{

(cos 2xy+i

sin Bxy)+$+j

l+(i-l)[C(&J)+iS(%)]}

0.186554

326

ERROR

Table

FUNCTION

ERROR

7.9
.uRw(z) .fw(z)

AND

FUNCTION

Xw(z)

FRESNEL

FOR COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

w(z)=e- z2 erfc (-it)

z= x+iy
%w(z) Jw(z)
%.u(z) .Iw(z)
A4l(z)

x=1.1

x=1.0

INTEGRALS

x=1.3

x=1.2

0.367879
0.373170
0.373153
0.369386
0.363020

U.607158
0.538555
0.478991
0.427225
0.382166

0.298197
0.312136
0.319717
0.322586
0.321993

0.593761
0.532009
0.477439
0.429275
0.386777

0.236928
0.257374
0.270928
0.279199
0.283443

0.572397
0.518283
0.469488
0.425667
0.386412

0.184520
0.209431
0.227362
0.239793
0.247908

0.545456
0.499216
0.456555
0.417491
0.381908

0.140858
0.168407
0.189247
0.204662
0.215711

0.515113
0.476535
0.440005
0.405823
0.374110

0.354900
0.345649
0.335721
0.325446
0.315064

0.342872
0.308530
0.278445
0.252024
0.228759

0.318884
0.313978
0.307816
0.300807
0.293259

0.349266
0.316128
0.286815
0.260847
0.237800

0.284638
0.283540
0.280740
0.276693
0.271752

0.351299
0.319910
0.291851
0.266757
0.244295

0.252654
0.254784
0.254895
0.253461
0.250858

0.349611
0.320368
0.293927
0.270040
0.248462

0.223262
0.228026
0.230578
0.231385
0.230826

0.344868
0.318022
0.293453
0.271015
0.250549

0.304744
0.294606
0.284731
0.275174
0.265967

0.208219
0.190036
0.173896
0.159531
0.146712

0.285402
0.277407
0.269401
0.261476
0.253697

0.217306
0.199046
0.182742
0.168151
0.155066

0.266189
0.260213
0.253985
0.247628
0.241233

0.224168
0.206108
0.189878
0.175271
0.162100

0.247381
0.243266
0.238695
0.233813
0.228733

0.228967
0.211343
0.195398
0.180957
0.167863

0.229205
0.226767
0.223710
0.220192
0.216340

0.231897
0.214902
0.199416
0.185299
0.172423

0.257128
0.248665
0.240578
0.232861
0.225503

0.135242
0.124954
0.115702
0.107361
0.099824

0.246112
0.238752
0.231635
0.224775
0.218176

0.143305
0.132711
0.123147
0.114495
0.106650

0.234870
0.228592
0.222436
0.216428
0.210587

0.150205
0.139441
0.129684
0.120822
0.112760

0.223542
0.218309
0.213086
0.207912
0.202818

0.155975
0.145167
0.135326
0.126353
0.118158

0.212253
0.208014
0.203684
0.199315
0.194947

0.160668
0.149927
0.140103
0.131106
0.122858

0.218493
0.211816
0.205457
0.199402
0.193634

0.092998
0.086801
0.081162
0.076021
0.071324

0.211839
0.205760
0.199935
0.194356
0.189014

0.099523
0.093035
0.087116
0.081706
0.076753

0.204926
0.199452
0.194166
0.189072
0.184165

0.105411
0.098700
0.092562
0.086936
0.081773

0.197827
0.192953
0.188208
0.183599
0.179131

0.110662
0.103795
0.097495
0.091706
0.086378

0.190608
0.186324
0.182112
0.177985
0.173954

0.115286
0.108325
0.101919
0.096015
0.090567

:*;
2:9

0.188139
0.182903
0.177910
0.173147
0.168602

0.067024
0.063080
0.059456
0.056118
0.053041

0.183901
0.179008
0.174324
0.169840
0.165546

0.072208
0.068031
0.064186
0.060639
0.057363

0.179444
0.174903
0.170538
0.166342
0.162310

0.077024
0.072651
0.068617
0.064890
0.061440

0.174805
0.170623
0.166582
0.162681
0.158916

0.081467
0.076933
0.072742
0.068863
0.065266

0.170024
0.166201
0.162487
0.158883
0.155389

0.0'35532
0.080873
0.076557
0.072553
0.068834

3.0

0.164261

0.050197

0.161434

0.054331

0.158435

0.058243

0.155285

0.061926

0.152005

0.5
0.6
it:
0:9
:::
:.'3
1:4
1.5
::;
:::
::i
:*:
2:4
2.5
2.6

x-1.5

x=1.6

0.065375

x-1.9

x=1.8

x=1.7

0.105399
0.134049
0.156521
0.173865
0.186984

0.483227
0.451763
0.421076
0.391665
0.363828

0.077305
0.105843
0.128895
0.147272
0.161702

0.451284
0.426168
0.400837
0.375911
0.351803

0.055576
0.083112
0.105929
0.124612
0.139717

0.420388
0.400743
0.380161
0.359313
0.338676

0.039164
0.065099
0.087090
0.105522
0.120793

0.391291
0.376214
0.359721
0.342479
0.324985

0.027052
0.051038
0.071811
0.089592
0.104641

0.364437
0.353066
0.340004
0.325873
0.311161

0.196636
0.203461
0.207990
0.210664
0.211846

0.337720
0.313397
0.290847
0.270016
0.250823

0.172820
0.181177
0.187245
0.191423
0.194049

0.328777
0.306990
0.286517
0.267378
0.249556

0.151751
0.161171
0.168379
0.173725
0.177513

0.318584
0.299261
0.280846
0.263418
0.247012

0.133288
0.143369
0.151366
0.157578
0.162268

0.307609
0.290613
0.274180
0.258431
0.243439

0.117233
0.127644
0.136134
0.142949
0.148310

0.296240
0.281392
0.266823
0.252681
0.239067

0.211837
0.210881
0.209182
0.206902
0.204177

0.233171
0.216954
0.202067
0.1'38403
0.175862

0.195407
0.195734
0.195228
0.194053
0.192347

0.233009
0.217678
0.203494
0.190384
0.178275

0.180002
0.181414
0.181938
0.181733
0.180933

0.231630
0.217253
0.203847
0.191366
0.179762

0.165667
0.167977
0.169373
0.170003
0.169997

0.229244
0.215857
0.203272
0.191471
0.180425

0.152418
0.155452
0.157569
0.158906
0.159585

0.226046
0.213656
0.201914
0.190821
0.180367

0.201115
0.197806
0.194320
0.190717
0.187043

0.164349
0.153773
0.144054
0.135113
0.126883

0.190222
0.187772
0.185073
0.182189
0.179172

0.167092
0.156765
0.147226
0.138412
0.130262

0.179651
0.177983
0.176008
0.173792
0.171390

0.168980
0.158969
0.149674
0.141045
0.133033

0.169465
0.168500
0.167183
0.165579
0.163746

0.170099
0.160457
0.151458
0.143063
0.135234

0.159709
0.159369
0.158641
0.157593
0.156282

0.170534
0.161300
0.152637
0.144516
0.136908

0.183335
0.179623
0.175930
0.172276
0.168674

0.119298
0.112302
0.105842
0.099870
0.094343

0.176064
0.172901
0.169710
0.166513
0.163330

0.122723
0.115744
0.109277
0.103280
0.097713

0.168849
0.166206
0.163493
0.160737
0.157958

0.125590
0.118674
0.112243
0.106260
0.100689

0.161733
0.159580
0.157320
0.154982
0.152591

0.127931
0.121118
0.114761
0.108827
0.103285

0.154757
0.153059
0.151224
0.149281
0.147256

0.129781
0.123108
0.116858
0.111003
0.105519

:*;:
2:9

0.165136
0.161669
0.158281
0.154975
0.151753

0.089222
0.084472
0.080061
0.075960
0.072142

0.160175
0.157060
0.153993
0.150981
0.148030

0.092541
0.087732
0.083254
0.079082
0.075191

0.155175
0.152402
0.149649
0.146927
0.144243

0.095499
0.090660
0.086143
0.081925
0.077982

0.150165
0.147722
0.145274
0.142834
0.140411

0.098107
0.093265
0.088735
0.084493
0.080519

0.145172
0.143045
0.140892
0.138725
0.136555

0.100378
0.095558
0.091037
0.086794
0.082809

3.0

0.148618

0.068585

0.145144

0.071558

0.141602-.

0.074293

0.138012

0.076794

0.134391

0.079065

0.0
0.1
i-:
0:4
0.5
E
0:s
0.9
::i
:*:
1:4
1.5
:*;
1:8
1.9
2;
:-:
2:4
$2

See Examples

12-19.

w(x)=&+

4 e-22 SD,@ dt
Jr

w(-x+iy)-qq

w(xpiy)=2eu2-z2

w(iy)=eY2 erfc y

w[(l+i)u]=e-2iu2{

(cos

2xy+i

sin Bxy)-w(x+iy)

l+(i-l)[C($)+iS(~$)]}

ERROR

FUNCTION

AND

FRESNEL

ERROR

FUNCTION

FOR COMPLEX

ARGUMENTS

w(t)=e-z*erfc
(-iii)
z=x+iy
Ww(z) .Uw(z)
stw(z) -@w(z)
dw(z) .Yw(z)
x=2.1
x=2.2
x=2.3

%w(z) Y-w(z)
x-2.0

327

INTEGRALS

Table

7.9

.uRw(z) Yw(z)
x=2.4

0.018316
0.040201
0.059531
0.076396
0.090944

0.340026
0.331583
0.321332
0.309831
0.297529

0.012155
0.031936
0.049726
0.065521
0.079385

0.318073
0.311886
0.303894
0.294574
0.284327

0.007907
0.025678
0.041927
0.056586
0.069655

0.298468
0.293982
0.287771
0.280232
0.271710

0.005042
0.020958
0.035728
0.049248
0.061473

0.281026
0.277795
0.272968
0.266865
0.259775

0.003151
0.017397
0.030792
0.043211
0.054585

0.265522
0.263201
0.259435
0.254478
0.248566

0.103359
0.113836
0.122574
0.129768
0.135600

0.284786
0.271881
0.259031
0.246396
0.234096

0.091422
0.101765
0.110558
0.117948
0.124081

0.273482
0.262308
0.251016
0.239772
0.228703

0.081182
0.091245
0.099943
0.107383
0.113679

0.262499
0.252844
0.242947
0.232968
0.223037

0.072408
0.082092
0.090585
0.097963
0.104309

0.251953
0.243617
0.234952
0.226111
0.217219

0.064890
0.074132
0.082345
0.089576
0.095884

0.241914
0.234714
0.227129
0.219302
0.211349

0.140240
0.143840
0.146541
0.148466
0.149725

0.222213
0.210805
0.199904
0.189529
0.179687

0.129097
0.133125
0.136286
0.138689
0.140432

0.217904
0.207442
0.197366
0.187705
0.178478

0.118941
0.123277
0.126788
0.129570
0.131709

0.213253
0.203692
0.194410
0.185446
0.176827

0.109709
0.114251
0.118019
0.121092
0.123548

0.208376
0.199660
0.191133
0.182840
0.174814

0.101336
0.105999
0.109942
0.113232
0.115935

0.203368
0.195438
0.187620
0.179965
0.172510

0.150415
0.150622
0.150418
0.149870
0.149032

0.170371
0.161572
0.153274
0.145457
0.138100

0.141604
0.142283
0.142540
0.142434
0.142021

0.169691
0.161343
0.153429
0.145938
0.138855

0.133284
0.134367
0.135021
0.135305
0.135269

0.168569
0.160680
0.153161
0.146009
0.139217

0.125454
0.126877
0.127873
0.128495
0.128792

0.167078
0.159646
0.152526
0.145721
0.139229

0.118109
0.119812
0.121096
0.122010
0.122597

0.165281
0.158299
0.151576
0.145120
0.138933

0.147953
0.146675
0.145234
0.143660
0.141982

0.131180
0.124674
0.118558
0.112810
0.107408

0.141347
0.140453
0.139375
0.138145
0.136789

0.132164
0.125849
0.119891
0.114272
0.108973

0.134959
0.134414
0.133669
0.132755
0.131699

0.132773
0.126667
0.120885
0.115413
0.110236

0.128805
0.128574
0.128130
0.127506
0.126726

0.133045
0.127161
0.121569
0.116258
0.111218

0.122897
0.122945
0.122773
0.122411
0.121884

0.133015
0.127363
0.121972
0.116834
0.111942

29"

0.140220
0.138395
0.136523
0.134619
0.132693

0.102329
0.097554
0.093062
0.088837
0.084859

0.135331
0.133791
0.132187
0.130533
0.128842

0.103977
0.099265
0.094822
0.090631
0.086677

0.130524
0.129252
0.127900
0.126483
0.125016

0.105339
0.100709
0.096330
0.092189
0.088273

0.125814
0.124792
0.123676
0.122484
0.121229

0.106436
0.101901
0.097601
0.093523
0.089658

0.121215
0.120424
0.119530
0.118548
0.117492

0.107286
0.102858
0.098648
0.094646
0.090842

3.0

0.130757

0.081113

0.127125

0.082944

0.123510

0.084568

0.119922

0.085992

0.116375

0.087227

E
0:7
0"::
i-1"
1:2
:::
1.5
1.6
:?3
1:9
:::
:*:
2:4
2.5
::;

x-2.5

x=2.7

x-2.6

x=2.8

x=2.9

0.001930
0.014698
0.026841
0.038226
0.048773

0.251723
0.250050
0.247092
0.243042
0.238092

0.001159
I'.012635
0.023653
0.034087
0.043849

0.239403
0.238187
0.235838
0.232504
0.228337

0.000682
0.011037
0.021057
0.030626
0.039656

0.228355
0.227458
0.225569
0.222800
0.219268

0.000394
0.009778
0.018918
0.027707
0.036064

0.218399
0.217722
0.216181
0.213858
0.210843

0.000223
0.008769
0.017134
0.025225
0.032967

0.209377
0.208854
0.207577
0.205607
0.203014

0.058437
0.067205
0.075088
0.082112
0.088317

0.232420
0.226190
0.219546
0.212614
0.205504

0.052885
0.061167
0.068691
0.075467
0.081521

0.223482
0.218077
0.212247
0.206103
0.199744

0.048090
0.055890
0.063043
0.069548
0.075416

0.215093
0.210387
0.205258
0.199804
0.194111

0.043930
0.051264
0.058046
0.064266
0.069927

0.207232
0.203119
0.198594
0.193741
0.188638

0.040304
0.047194
0.053611
0.059543
0.064986

0.199873
0.196262
0.192256
0.187927
0.183344

0.093751
0.098466
0.102518
0.105960
0.108848

0.198307
0.191099
0.183943
0.176889
0.169977

0.086885
0.091598
0.095702
0.099243
0.102264

0.193255
0.186707
0.180163
0.173670
0.167270

0.080670
0.085338
0.089451
0.093044
0.096155

0.188258
0.182311
0.176328
0.170357
0.164438

0.075043
0.079632
0.083718
0.087328
0.090492

0.183354
0.177950
0.172480
0.166990
0.161519

0.069944
0.074431
0.078462
0.082059
0.085245

0.178568
0.173654
0.168651
0.163603
0.158547

0.111233
0.113165
0.114690
0.115851
0.116689

0.163237
0.156692
0.150359
0.144249
0.138368

0.104811
0.106925
0.108647
0.110016
0.111067

0.160996
0.154872
0.148918
0.143147
0.137569

0.098820
0.101076
0.102957
0.104498
0.105730

0.158604
0.152882
0.147292
0.141851
0.136571

0.093239
0.095601
0.097608
0.099288
0.100671

0.156099
0.150758
0.145518
0.140395
0.135403

0.088044
0.090482
0.092584
0.094376
0.095882

0.153515
0.148534
0.143625
0.138807
0.134094

0.117239
0.117534
0.117606
0.117481
0.117184

0.132720
0.127305
0.122121
0.117164
0.112428

0.111834
0.112347
0.112635
0.112723
0.112633

0.132191
0.127015
0.122042
0.117271
0.112699

0.106683
0.107386
0.107864
O.lOM140
0.108238

0.131459
0.126522
0.121762
0.117180
0.112775

0.101783
0.102649
0.103293
0.103737
0.104002

0.130553
0.125851
0.121303
0.116911
0.112676

0.097127
0.098133
0.098922
0.099513
0.099925

0.129498
0.125027
0.120688
0.116484
0.112419

:*:
2:9

0.116737
0.116160
0.115471
0.114685
0.113816

0.107909
0.103597
0.099487
0.095570
0.091838

0.112389
0.112008
0.111508
0.110904
0.110210

0.108322
0.104136
0.100133
0.096309
0.092657

0.108177
0.107975
0.107648
0.107213
0.106682

0.108546
0.104489
0.100601
0.096876
0.093310

0.104105
0.104066
0.103898
0.103617
0.103236

0.108597
0.104674
0.100905
0.097284
0.093810

0.100177
0.100284
0.100261
0.100122
0.099879

0.108493
0.104707
0.101058
0.097546
0.094168

3.0

0.112878

0.088283

0.109439

0.089170

0.106067
-.

0.089898

0.102767

0.090479

0.099544

0.090921

::1"
:*:
1:4
22
z
1:9
:::
::
214
::2

see Examples

12-19.

w(x)=&+

zt e-22 Jo=et2 dt
4

w(-x+iy)=-$i$J

w(x-iy)=2e+z2 (cos2xy+i sin Sxy)-w(xtiy)

w(iy)=e+! erfc y

w[(l+i)u]=e-zR2{

l+(i-l)[C(~$)+iS(2$]}

328

ERROR

Table 7.9

FUNCTION

ERROR

FUNCTION
zu(z)=e-;2

9&u(z) Au(z)

x-3.0

au(z)

Au(z)

x -3.1

AND

FRESNEL

INTEGRALS

FOR COMPLEX
erfc

z=x+iy

(-iz)

%u(z)

ARGUMENTS

&(z)

x- 3.2

&(z)

A4J(Z)

x-=3.3

Li%n(z) A4l(z)

x=3.4

0.000123
0.007943
0.015627
0.023095
0.030279

0.201157
0.200742
0.199669
0.197980
0.195732

0.000067
0.007254
0.014338
0.021250
0.027929

0.193630
0.193292
0.192376
0.190915
0.188951

0.000036
0.006670
0.013225
0.019639
0.025862

0.186704
0.186421
0.185630
0.184354
0.182626

0.000019
0.006167
0.012252
0.018222
0.024032

0.180302
0.180061
0.179369
0.178245
0.176715

0.000010
0.005728
0.011394
0.016966
0.022403

0.174362
0.174152
0.173542
0.172545
0.171181

0.037126
0.043598
0.049665
0.055311
0.060529

0.192984
0.189798
0.186239
0.182368
0.178243

0.034328
0.040407
0.046141
0.051509
0.056501

0.186532
0.183709
0.180534
0.177061
0.173340

0.031849
0.037565
0.042983
0.048083
0.052854

0.180484
0.177970
0.175128
0.172003
0.168637

0.029643
0.035022
0.040144
0.044989
0.049544

0.174808
0.172560
0.170006
0.167184
0.164132

0.027670
0.032738
0.037582
0.042185
0.046532

0.169475
0.167455
0.165151
0.162596
0.159821

0.065318
0.069685
0.073641
0.077202
0.080385

0.173918
0.169445
0.164866
0.160223
0.155551

0.061114
0.065350
0.069216
0.072722
0.075883

0.169418
0.165339
0.161145
0.156872
0.152553

0.057289
0.061387
0.065151
0.068589
0.071711

0.165072
0.161349
0.157502
0.153567
0.149572

0.053801
0.057757
0.061413
0.064773
0.067844

0.160886
0.157480
0.153948
0.150320
0.146623

0.050615
0.054428
0.057971
0.061246
0.064258

0.156858
0.153738
0.150490
0.147141
0.143717

0.083210
0.085697
0.087870
0.089749
0.091355

0.150880
0.146236
0.141640
0.137113
0.132667

0.078712
0.081229
0.083450
0.085394
0.087080

0.148217
0.143888
0.139588
0.135335
0.131146

0.074529
0.077055
0.079306
0.081297
0.083044

0.145545
0.141510
0.137488
0.133495
0.129548

0.070636
0.073158
0.075423
0.077445
0.079236

0.142882
0.139120
0.135357
0.131609
0.127892

0.067012
0.069518
0.071785
0.073823
0.075646

0.140239
0.136731
0.133209
0.129691
0.126192

0.092711'0.128317
0.093835 0.124071
0.094748 0.119936
0.095467 0.115919
0.096010 0.112023

0.088525
0.089749
0.090767
0.091597
0.092255

0.127031
0.123003
0.119068
0.115233
0.111503

0.084562
0.085867
0.086974
0.087900
0.088657

0.125660
0.121840
0.118099
0.114442
0.110875

0.080811
0.082182
0.083364
0.084370
0.085213

0.124219
0.120600
0.117045
0.113560
0.110153

0.077263
0.078687
0.079930
0.081004
0.081921

0.122723
0.119296
0.115919
0.112602
0.109349

::t

0.096393
0.096632
0.096739
0.096729
0.096613

0.108249
0.104600
0.101076
0.097674
0.094395

0.092754
0.093110
0.093336
0.093442
0.093442

0.107881
0;104370
0.100969
0.097680
0.094502

0.089259
0.089719
0.090050
0.090263
0.090368

0.107403
0.104027
0.100751
0.097575
0.094499

0.085905
0.086458
0.086883
0.087190
0.087391

0.106827
0.103586
0.100433
0.097369
0.094396

0.082690
0.083324
0.083832
0.084225
0.084511

0.106166
0.103057
0.100026
0.097073
0.094202

3.0

0.096402

0.091236

0.093345

0.091434

0.090375

0.091523

0.087493

0.091513

0.084700

0.091413

1.0
:::
:::
:-z
1:7
::i
2.0
22::
::'4
:-z
217

x=3.5

x=3.6

x=3.7

x=3.8

0.000005
0.005340
0.010633
0.015846
0.020944

0.168830
0.168645
0.168102
0.167212
0.165990

0.000002
0.004995
0.009952
0.014841
0.019632

0.163662
0.163498
0.163011
0.162211
0.161111

0.000001
0.004685
0.009339
0.013935
0.018446

0.158821
0.158673
0.158235
0.157513
0.156516

0.000001
0.004406
0.008786
0.013115
0.017370

0.154273
0.154140
0.153743
0.153088
0.152183

x=:3.9
0.000000 0.149992
0.004153 0.149871
0.008282 0.149510
0.012368 0.148913
0.016389 0.148088

0.025897
0.030677
0.035263
0.039637
0.043785

0.164456
0.162633
0.160548
0.158227
0.155698

0.024297
0.028812
0.033158
0.037316
0.041274

0.159725
0.158075
0.156181
0.154066
0.151755

0.022847
0.027118
0.031239
0.035195
0.038974

0.155260
0.153760
0.152034
0.150102
0.147985

0.021529
0.025574
0.029486
0.033253
0.036861

0.151040
0.149672
0.148094
0.146324
0.144380

0.020326
0.024162
0.027880
0.031469
0.034916

0.147044
0.145792
0.144346
0.142721
0.140931

:*:
1:2
1.3
1.4

0.047698
0.051370
0.054798
0.057984
0.060928

0.152988
0.150124
0.147132
0.144038
0.140862

0.045023
0.048556
0.051869
0.054962
0.057835

0.149271
0.146637
0.143878
0.141014
0.138067

0.042565
0.045962
0.049161
0.052159
0.054958

0.145703
0.143277
0.140727
0.138074
0.135336

0.040301
0.043567
0.046653
0.049558
0.052279

0.142279
0.140039
0.137680
0.135218
0.132671

0.038212
0.041352
0.044328
0.047139
0.049783

0.138993
0.136922
0.134735
0.132448
0.130076

0.063637
0.066116
0.068374
0.070419
0.072260

0.137628
0.134354
0.131058
0.127755
0.124460

0.060491
0.062936
0.065176
0.067217
0.069068

0.135056
0.131999
0.128913
0.125812
0.122709

0.057557
0.059962
0.062177
0.064206
0.066058

0.132530
0.129674
0.126782
0.123869
0.120947

0.054819
0.057179
0.059362
0.061374
0.063219

0.130054
0.127384
0.124673
0.121935
0.119182

0.052260
0.054572
0.056720
0.058708
0.060540

0.127633
0.125133
0.122591
0.120016
0.117422

0.073908
0.075373
0.076666
0.077796
0.078774

0.121185
0.117940
0.114735
0.111578
0.108474

0.070736
0.072232
0.073563
0.074739
0.075770

0.119617
0.116545
0.113503
0.110500
0.107540

0.067738
0.069254
0.070615
0.071829
0.072902

0.118027
0.115120
0.112234
0.109377
0.106556

0.064903
0.066433
0.067815
0.069058
0.070166

0.116425
0.113673
0.110935
0.108218
0.105530

0.062222
0.063759
0.065156
0.066420
0.067556

0.114817
0.112212
0.109614
0.107031
0.104469

22::

0.079611
0.080316
0.080898
0.081366
0.081730

0.105431
0.102451
0.099538
0.096696
0.093927

0.076664
0.077430
0.078076
0.078612
0.079044

0.104631
0.101777
0.098981
0.096247
0.093577

0.073845
0.074663
0.075366
0.075961
0.076455

0.103777
0.101044
0.098362
0.095734
0.093162

0.071149
0.072013
0.0727'64
0.073411
0.073959

0.102875
0.100260
0.097688
0.095163
0.092688

0.068572
0.069474
0.070267
0.070959
0.071555

0.101935
0.099433
0.096968
0.094543
0.092162

3.0

0.081996

0.091230

0.079381

0.090973

0.076855

0.090649

0.074415

0.090265

0.072061

0.089826

0.0
2:
2:
i-2
0:7

::2
:*i
1:9
22::
:*:
214
:s
217

0.4613135
0.09999216
0.002883894
If x>3.9 or y>3 w(z)=iz z2( 0 . 19016 35+z2-1.7844g27+z2-5.5253437
) +r(z) +)I<2 xlo-6
If x>6ory>6
w(~)=iz(~~~.~~~~l+~~~.~~~~)f(z)
1v(z)/<lO-6 *
*See page II.

ERROR FUNCTION

329

AND FRESNEL INTEGRALS

Table 7.10

COMPLEXZEROSOFTHEERRORFUNCTION

z*=xn+iyn

erf z,=O

xn

;
:

928
2.24465 616
1.45061
2.83974 105
3.33546
074

1.88094 514
2.61657
300
3.17562
3.64617 810
438

4.15899 840
4.51631
940
5.15876
4.84797 791
031

4.43557
4.78044 144
764
804
5.10158 264
5.40333

3.76900 557

4.06069 723
10
5.45219 220
erf z,=erf (-z,)=erf zn=erf (--in)=0

5.68883 744

Yn

11

X7l

:
98

?/11

From H. E. Salzer, Complex zeros of the error function, J. Franklin Inst. 260,209-211,
1955 (with permission).

COMPLEX

OF FRESNEL

C(zn) =o

zn=.re+iyn

S(zA) =o

z;=x;+iy;I

INTEGRALS

.m
0.0000
1.7437
2.6515
3.3208
3.8759

Yn
0.0000
0.3057
0.2529
0.2239
0.2047

.r:,
0.0000
2.0093
2.8335
3.4675
4.0026

4.3611

0.1909

4.4742

MAXIMA

&= C(J4n +l)

n

ZEROS

AND MINIMA

OF FRESNEL

mn=C(J411in+3)

Jfn
0.779893

Inn
0.321056

0.605721
0.640807

0.404260
0.380389

0.577121
0.588128

0.569413

Table 7.11

l
Y7L
0.0000

0.2886

0.1877

INTEGRALS

M;=s(@Tz)

Table 7.12

74 = S( J4n + 4)

0.427036
0.417922

MA
0.713972
0.628940
0.600361
0.584942
0.574957

d
0.343415
0.387969
0.408301
0.420516
0.428877

0.433666

0.567822

0.435059

M !++4n+1)2-3
n- 2 ,3(4n+1)5/2

n+- 1
-- r2(4,+3)2-3

Me !+~2(4n+2)2-3
-2
fi(4n+2)@

m;-~-16++1)2-3
2 32*3(n+1)5/2

2 *3(4n+3)5/2

(n-1

From G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Besselfunctions, 2d ed. CambridgeUniv.

Press,Cambridge, England, 1958(with permission).

8. Legendre
IRENE

Functions

A. STEGUN 1

Contents

Page
332
332
332
333
333
333
333
334
335
335
335
335
336
337
337
337
339
339
340
342

Mathematical
Properties.
...................
Notation
..........................
8.1. Differential Equation
.................

8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
8.5.
8.6.
8.7.
8.8.
8.9.

Relations Between Legendre Functions ..........

Values on the Cut ...................
Explicit Expressions ..................
Recurrence Relations .................
Special Values ....................
Trigonometric Expansions ...............
Integral Representations ................
Summation Formulas .................
8.10. Asymptotic Expansions
................
8.11. Toroidal Functions
..................
8.12. Conical Functions ...................
8.13. Relation to Elliptic Integrals ..............
8.14. Integrals .......................
Numerical
Methods
......................
8.15. Use and Extension of the Tables ............
References
...........................
Table
8.1. Legendre Function-First
Kind P,(z) (z(1)
.......
z=o(.ol)l,
n=0(1)3,
9, 10, 5-8D
Table
8.2. Derivative
of the Legendre Function-First
Kind

P;(z)

344
z=o(.ol)l,
n=1(1)4,
9, lo, 5-7D
346
Table 8.3. Legendre Function-Second Kind &(s) (XI 1) ......
~=o(.ol)l,
n=0(1)3,
9, 10, 8D
Table
8.4. Derivative
of the Legendre Function-Second Kind &i(z)
348
(x51).
...........................
2=0(.01)1,
n=0(1)3, 9, 10, 6-SD
350
Table
8.5. Legendre Function-First Kind Pn(z) (z 2 1) .......
z-1(.2)10,
n=0(1)5,
9, 10, exact or 6s
Ttible
8.6. Derivative
of the Legendre Function-First
Kind P:(z)
351
(z>l).
...........................
x=1(.2)10,
n=1(1)5,
9, 10, 6s
352
Table
8.7. Legendre Function-Second Kind &(z) (z> 1) ......
2=1(.2)10,
n=0(1)3,
9, 10, 6s
Table
8.8. Derivative
of the Legendre Function-Second Kind Q:(Z)
353
(x21).
...........................
2=1(.2)10,
n=0(1)3,
9, 10, 6s
The author acknowledges the assistance of Ruth E. C:apuano, Elizabeth F. Godefroy,
David S. Liepman, and Bertha II. Walter in the preparation
and checking of the tables
and examples.

(251).

1 National

...........................

Bureau of Standards.
331

8. Legendre

Functions

Mathematical

Properties
8.1. Differential

Notation
The conventions
used are z=r+iy,
Z, 7~ real,
and in particular,
z always means a real number
in the interval
- 1 Ix 5 + 1 with cos 0=x where
B is likewise a real number; n and m are positive
integers or zero; v and .u are unrestricted
except
where otherwise indicated.
Other notations are:

d2w
(l--22) G-22

ical

p:(z) for P:(z),

a(z)
-Associated
Harmonics)

of the

larg

l)l<r,

for (-l)E(z)

e(x)

(For P:(z),
chapter 22.)

Mz>l)

8.1.2

z(n+?n)!

XX(s) for Q:(z)

Q;(z)

(zk

Legendre
First
and

Functions
Second

larg

for e@4%)

1)

[srF(-v,

(II-4<2)
(For F(a, b; c; z) see chapter 15.)

Various other definitions of the functions occur

as well as mixing of definitions.
&:(a)=&*2--*-Srt

r(v+g)
r(v+r+l)

see

v+1; 1-p; 2)

Q:(z)forsinsj!+ @(z)

8.1.3

Legendre polynomials,

p=O,

PC(z)= &

(SpherKinds

4<*

(z- 1p= (z-lp(Z+

(2n+l)b--m)!

for (-l)R

-&21w=o

(Degree v and order cc with singularities at

z=fl,
00 as ordinary branch points-p,
v arbitrary complex constants.)

P&x)for(--1)PW
E(x)

dw
-g+[Yb+)
Solutions

P:(z),

c(x)

Equation

8.1.1

2 2v 2P. v+g>
Pl, -+-+-7
3. 21

l+;+z

~-~-L-(~Ll)tr$3
Alternate

(I4>1)

F-s

(Additional forms may be obtained by means of

geometric function, see [S.11.)

the

transformation

formulas

of

the

hyper-

(121<1)
8.1.4

P:(z)=%f(z2-1)-b

8.1.5

P:(z)

2-*-*-tr(-f-,)Z-v+r-l
(22-l)fiT(--v--p)

a+;-;,

I+;-;;

2T()+v)z+~
+(+~)rqy~fy-p)

8.1.6

emr@Qf(z)=

r(i+~+~)r(-~or)(~-i)v(~+i)-t~
2w+v-d
+;

,+;;

,d

F
-v,

r(p)(Z+l)yz-l)-~~F

z-2)

v p 1 v
----9
2 2 ----2 2

l+v;

l+p;
(

-v,

l-2
2

p.l

CT-;
2-2
d

(1~-21<1)

>

1+v; l-/i

T)

(ll-4<2)

* The functions Y:@, ~)-~~~

R(cos 0) called surface harmonics of the first kind, tesseral for m<n and sectors1
for m=n.
With 0 $9 I*, 0 5 +J<2*, they are everywhere one valued and continuous functions on the surface of the
unitspherea++y*+e*=l
wherez==sin@coscp,y=sin@sinqand
.Z=COSB.
l SecpsgeIL

332

LEGENDRE

8.1.7

FUNCTIONS

333

e-rrQ:(z)=*12r(z*-1)--tp

(12*1<1)

Wronskian

(Upper and lower signs according as Yzl,O.)

8.3.2

PrI (x)=e*lifi=P:(xfiO)

8.3.3
=i*-e,-i~ff[e-16):(s+iO)

8.1.9
8.2.

W{P,(z),
Relations

Between

8.2.1

Legendre

Negative

Degree

P!y-l(z)

=Pf(z)

-e~f~rQ:(s-iO)

8.3.4

Functions

(Formulas for P:(z) and &y(z) are obtained with

the replacement of z-1 by (l--z)e*,
(~-1) by
(l-~*)e*~~, z-/-l by zf 1 for z=zfiO.)
8.4.

{-7refpcos wrP~(z)
+&l(z)
Negative

sin ~~(~+dll/sin

Argument

(92

Expressions

(x=cos

SO)

P&z) = 1

8.4.1

e)

P,(x)=1

8.4.2

e-Q-sin [7r(u-tp)]Q:(z>

&o(z)=i

8.2.4

Explicit

[*b--cc)1

8.2.3
P$(--z)=eFf~Pf(z)-~

Q&)=f

In (s)

In (z)

Q:(-z)=-e*f~&:(z)
Negative

] *

&:(x)=~e~f~[e~~fc~&:(x+iO)+e~*~&:(x-iO)]

8.2.2
Q-.-l(z)=

Q&z)} =-(2*-l)--

=sF(+, 1; Q; cc*)

Order

8.2.5

Pip(z) =

P,(s) =2=cos 8

PI(Z) =z

8.4.3
8.4.4

Q1(i)=% In (2)-l

8.2.6
Degree

h + ) and

Order

v+ )

8.4.5
p&) =)(a+

Ql(x)=;

In (E)-1

P*(Z) =i(h+-

1)

az>o

1)
=i(3

cos 2e+ 1)

8.4.6
Q*(z) =9*(z)
8.2.8

In (2)

-- 32
2
8.5. Recurrence
8.3.

Values

on the

(--1<2<1)

8.3.1

P~(x)=~[e~f~P~(x+iO)+e-~f~P~(x--iO)]
*see

Q&J) =

pa23

xl.

Cut

Relations

(Both P: and &: satisfy the same recurrence

relations.)
Varying

Order

8.5.1

P:+(z) = (z- 1)-{ (v-c()zPW

-(v+LoPL(4

334

LEGENDRE

8.5.2
(z-l)

FUNCTIONS

8.6.9
c!!y=

(v+/.L) (v-/.tc(sl)

(z-l)P:-(~)

p;J(+

2 I* (z;-;4
V
0?r

--Pex4
Varying

{[z+(z-l)]~++
-[z+(z-l)y--v--f}

Degree

8.5.3
(Y-/.L+l)P~+I(Z)=(2~+l)@!(~)-(~+P)R!-*(~)

8.6.10
~~(~)=~(~~)*~*(~*-1)--1~4[~+(~*-1)*~*]-~--t

8.5.4

(~-1)

~~=,,P:(,)-(,+,)p:_I(,)
8.6.11
Varying

Order

and

Degree
&,(4=-~(2~)~13

8.5.5

kk&14[2+(2-~)1/2]-V-+

P~+,(~)=P:-~(2)+(2~+1)(~~-1)~~~-~(~)
8.6. Special

Values

8.6.12

x=0

P!(cos 0)=(*7r)-+

8.6.1

19)-t

cos

[(v+$)e]

8.6.13

p: (0)
=2%-t
8.6.2

(sin

cos [4n(v+~)]r(aY+t~+t)/r(~~-~~+l)
.

(sin

8)-+

[(v+$)e]

411

8.6.14

Q:(O)=
--2fi-7d

Qt(cos0)=-(+x)4

[3a(~+~)]r(3~+3~+3,lr(3Y-tCl+l)

sin

8.6.3

e>=(+~)-+(v+f)-l(sil~

P;+(cos

e>-* sin

[(v++>e]

e>-*

[(v++>e]

8.6.15
Q;f(cose))=(2~)

2e+%-t
8.6.4

sin

[j~(v+p)]

1(2v+l)-(sin

r(3Y+~~+i)/r(3Y--3E1+3)

cos

/A=-v
8.6.16

8.6.17

WIWx),&:(x)

lz=o= 2*rr(3v+all+l)r(3v+-2r+~)
r(+fp+i)r(+-+p+$)
/.L=m=l,

b=O, v=n

2,3, . . .

(Rodrigues

Formula)

8.6.6
Pp(z)=(z*-l)fm
fyx)=(-l)yl-x*)@

p,(z)-

8.6.18

dy$),
dq)

8.6.7

8.6.19

Q,,(X)=:

P,(x) In E-w,+~(x)

where
Q~(z)=(&l)l)

w,

Iv,-(X,==~
&~(2)=(-1)yl-q~m

P!(z)=(z*-1)-4(2a)-~~*{[Z+(~Ll)u*]v+t

+[z+(22-l)12]--v-~}
II.

Pn--3(x)

=P&(x)+

+5(n-2)

8.6.8

page

P,-I(x)+2n-5
3(7&-l)

II-ztt

*See

1 d%*---lP
2%!
dz

W-*(z)=0

...

LEGENDRE

335

FUNCTIONS

v=o, 1
8.6.20

[IDP.!;

e)]v;o=2

bP;(cos e)

8.6.21

1
1

dV

8.6.22

In (cos $0)

=-tan
v=o

dP;(cos e>
=-3
bV
3,
C

46-2 cot 40 In (cos $0)

tan 50 sin* +f?+sin

e In

8.7. Trigonometric

r(vfP+l)
0)p-___
r(v+g)

8.7.1

P,(cos 0)=r1/22r+*(sin

8.7.2

r(v+Pi-l)
Q:(COSe) =7r1*2r(siti ep ____r(v+g)

8.7.3

P,(cos O)=

8.7.4

Qn(cose)=

Expansions

(O<e<a)

2 b+S)k(V+II+l)k
k=O k! (vf$),
2 (P+3Mv+P+l)k
I;=0
Wv+2h

22n+2(n!)2
nfl
sin (7~+1)0+~~
a(2nSl)!
22f(n!)2
(2n+l)!

(cos se)

sin [(v+p+2k+1)e]

cos [(v+p+2k+W4

.
sm (n+s)e+- 13 (n+1)(n+2)
2! (2n+3)(2n+5)
1.3 (n+l)(n+q
(n+3)e+2!(2n+3)(2n+5)COS

cos (ni-l)ei-2~~3cos
8.8. Integral

e*th2-@
r(vfp+i)
882 @()= r(p+$) r(v--c(+l)

8.8.3

Q.(z;=2

(n+5)e+

1
1

..

..

Representations

(z not on the real axis between -1

88sL p~~z)=r(-v-p)r(v+~) om(z-tcosh

si,l (n+5)e+

and - =)

eP(--Id>%>-1)

t)@-v-l (sinh t)*+dt

cash t]---(sinh

(22--l) +fl

t)*dt

(~(v&P+-l)>O)

-1 (z-t)-*P,(t)dt=(--l)+Qn(-2)

(For other integral representations see [8.2].)

8.9.

Summation

Formulas

8.10.

Asymptotic

Expansions

are asymptotic expansions if z is not on the real

For fixed z and v and L%I.L-+CO,8.10.1-8.10.3
axis between --03 and -1 and +a and + 1. (Upper or lower signs according as YzZO.)
8.10.1

P;(z)=

--

8.10.2

See

Q:(z)=fe

page

I,.

LEGENDRE

336

FUNCTIONS

--

z-1 -tr
F(--Y, v+1; 1+/J; ++32>
( z+1 >

With ccreplaced by -F, 8.1.2 is an asymptotic expansion for P;+(z) for fixed z and Y and 9 ~+OD
if z is not on the real axis between --a~ and - 1.
For fixed z and p and L%?v+w, 8.10.4 and 8.10.6 are asymptotic expansions if z is not on the real
axis between - 0~ and - 1 and +a and + 1; 8.10.5 if z is not on the real axis between - 0~ and + 1.
8.10.4

r(v+P+l)

~:(2)=(27r)-~(~~--l)-~~

[z+ (z-l)qy+*F(3+c(,

r(v+#)

3--/J; g+v;

+~e-r~[z-(22-l)~]V+~F(~+Lc,

8.10.5

&:(z)=ef~(&r)~(z2-1)-14

8106

&t()=

r(v+P+l)
rb+g>

[?r(~-v)]

The related asymptotic

8.10.7

P:(cos 6)=r;;;;;)

8.10.8

&$(cos e>=

3-P; 3fv;

r(v+p+l)
r(v+S)

T
(2

>

cos

>

zf(22-1)
2(z2--l)*

3+v;

4
)

-$$:*I}

fl-i+T]+O(v-)

[(v++)e+%+~l+O(v-l)

expansions, see [8.7] and [8.9].

8.11. Toroidal

(Only special properties

sections.)

Functions

are given; other

(or Ring

properties

Functions)

and representations

8.11.1

I:-+(cosh

8.1~2

C-+(cosh
~)=r(n-m++pm~r(m+t)
S

?)=[r(l-~)]-22~(l-ee-21)-e-(+tlF[4-~,

8.11.3

&;-_t(cosh ~)=[r(l+v)]-1~ef~*r(~+v+~)(l-e-2~)e-(f~~F(~+~,

8.11.4

@et (cash 7) =

r(n+m+t>(sinh

*See page II.

--2+(22-l))
2(22--l)+

expansion for P!+(z) may be derived from 8.10.4 together with 8.2.1.
(-&f sin Q-1 cos [(v+*)

For other asymptotic

3--c(;$+v;

+iefv cos ct?r[z-(z2-1))lY-tF(3+~,

&P;*+v;

r(p+v)cos ~[2+(22-l)fl-fF(3+11,3-~;
M-d
1

e(~~($7r)+(22-1)-14
sin

[z--(ZZ-l)q+*F(~+~,

2+(22--l)+
2(22-l),

drn

$+v-ll;

follow

from the earlier

1-2,~; l--e-+)

*
(sin CPR&J
0 (cash q+cos cpsinh v)~+~+*

cash mt dt
(-i>*r(n+4>
r(n-m+3>
S,, (cash v+cosh t sinh

++v+r;

n)+

l-i-v; e-v)

(n>m>

LEGEBDRE

8.12. Conical

Functions
8.13.2

(Only specinl properties nre given RS other

properties atid representrltions follow from earlier
sections with v= -3+&
(A, n real pnmmeter) and
z=cos e.>

(cos 19)= 1+4*

8.13.4

s) =[+h

;I-K

Q&)=,/-&
Q-i(cosh

(tanh

;)

K (,/&)
~)=2e-~2K(e-~)

P*(z) =, (z+ &q&T

sin2 i

+(4x2+12) (4A2+32) si,,a f+

2242
2

...

8.13.6

(0 se<+

PI(cosh q) =i

(JlZ2)

e?12E(41 -ee2q)

8.13.7

8.12.2

P-t+rx(COS e)=P+,A(COS

8012.3 P-~+iA(cos e)=;

e>
Qd@=~&+(&&)

cash Mdt
s Q ,2(cos-GGT)

8.12.4
Q-~WA(COS 0) = f i sinh XT

(D
S
/--

-P(z+l)W

cos Atdf

0 1 ~(COSII t+c05i e)

8.13.8
8.13.9

~-t+,A(-~~~

(J&J
(---l<x<l)

8.12.5

P-,(c0s e) =i

e)

=c
*

8.13.3

P-,(cosh

8.13.5

8.12.1
P-i+l~

337

FUNCTIONS

[Q-t+a(~~~

e>+Q+&os

8.13. Relation to Elliptic Integrals

(see chapter 17) (S&>O)
8.13.1

P-,(r)=;

Jg

8.13.10

Q-,(x)=K

(@)

8.13.11

~~~~)=~[2~(J~)-K(~~)]

e)]

K (QEf)

8.13.12

Q,(z) =K

8.14. Integrals
8.14.1
8.14.2

(aP>9v>o)

,= P~(~>Q,(~)dz=[(p-v)(p+v+l)l-
(S?(P+v)>-l,

s ,- ~~(~)Q,(~)d~=[(p--v)(p+v+l)l-'[~(p+l)-~(v+1)1

p+v+1
v, p#-1,

8.14.3
8.14.4
8.14.5
8.14.6

8.14.1

,- [Q4$12dz= (2v+ 1)-jv(v+

S
S
S

-I f.W,(x)dx=;
;l [PAz)12dz=

*v)~
#(v+l)
r2b-t 3)

_,(Q(z)ld~=(2v+l)-{

-3,

. . .)

(WV>--31
{2 sinrvsinrp[#(v+l)-$(p+l)]+*sin

(rp-TV)}

-, Q~(2>Q~(~>d~=[(p-v)(p+v+l)]-{[~Mv+

-2,

1)

[(P-v)(p+v+l)]-
r2-2(sin

#O;

I)-+(p+

I>][1 +cos pr cos ml(p+v+l#o;

Ed--c(v+I)[I+(cosv+]}

$r sin (vr-

v, pf-1,

(vz-1.

-2,

-2,

pi)}

-3,

-3,.

. . .>

. .)

338

LEGENDRE

s lP,(~)Q,(z)dr=[(~--p)(p+~+l)]-l

8.14.8

FUNCTIONS

l-cm

-1

(p7r-tm)-tsin

m cos 7n+b(~+l)+(p+l)]

{
Mv>O,

8.14.9

(2v+l)-

lP&)Qv(z)dz=-~

sin 2~71$(v+l)

(9v>O)
integers)

8.14.13

8.14.10
l-(-l)+(n+m)!

(z--n)(z+n+1)(?%-7n)!

S
r

1 ~(2)Py(2)d2=0

[Pg(z)]Yz=(n+~)-(n+m)!/(n-m)!

8.14.14

Is

1 (l-~~)-[~(2)]%2=(n+m)!/m(n--m)!

(I #n>

-1

-1

8.14.15

1e(z)P:(z)

S
-1

1
-Q(s)py(z)(&(-l)

8.14.12

P#V>

-1

(m, n, 1 positive

8.14.11

gp>o,

(1-22)-&x=0

Wm)

-1

**2-P-T(l+p)

l P,(x)x~dx=

ro+~P-3v)~(lP+3v+~)

8.14.16

o* (sin t)a-lP;M(cos

t)dt=

2-CI?rr(3CY+&I)r(3a-3~)
r<a+a~+~v>r!3~-3v)r(~~+4v+l)r(3~-3v+~)

(ab~P)>o)

8.14.17

P;qz)=(22-1)-fm

s1

I* * *

s1

zP,(z)(dz)
P

8.14.18

Q;(z)=(-l)m(22-l)-tm
For other integrals,
22.
P(

s/

. . . smQ.(z)C-W
s

2.0

see [8.2], [8.4] and chapter

I.5

COSB)
I .o

t
.5

.2

.4

.6

.6

1.0

/
:5

-I .o

-1.5

Fmum

8.1.

P.(cob 0).

n=0(1)3.

FIQTJRE 8.2.

P,!(z).

n=1(1)3,

$51.

LEGENDRE
P,(X)

339

FUNCTIONS

16'

ii/I
I

7
PO

IO

FIQURE

8.3.

P,(z).

n=0(1)3,

z 11.

P(X)
A

- \ \\,\
\ \\
10-3
- \
Y,
\
L,
\

\
IO-4
=
\ \
\\
\ \

DX

*\ .
I\

1.
lO-5

FIQURE

8.5.

Qn(z).

Numerical
8.15.

Use and

8.4.

Q,,(z).

n=0(1)3,

z<L

n=0(1)3,

Q2
-.

0,
I\

IO

~>l.

Methods

Extension

Computation

FIQIJRE

I
7

. .

of the Tables
of P,(z)

For all values of 2 there is very little loss of

significant figures (except at zeros) in using the
recurrence relation 8.5.3 for increasing values of n.
Example
1. Comput,eP,(x) forz=.31415 92654
and ~=2.6 for n=2(1)8.

340

LEGENDRE

rUNCl?IONS

P,(.31415 92654)
P,GW
1
0
1
1
. 31415 92654
2. 6
2
-. 35195 59340
9. 64
3
-. 39372 32064
40.04
174.952
4
. 04750 63 122
5
. 34184 27517
786.74336
6
. 15729 86975
3604.350016
7
-. 20123 39354
16729.51005
8
-. 25617 29328
78402.55522
Computing P&) using Table 22.9 carrying ten
significant figures, P,(.31415 92654)=-.256f7
2933
and P,(2.6)=78402.55526.
Computation

Compute Q6(z) for x=2.6.

v+2 v+1
Ten terms in the seriesfor F 292;
v+$

Q.(.31415

0
1
2
3
4
5

1
2
3
4

Computation

P&i

of P&t(z),

Q++(s)

For all values of z, P,i(x)

and Q**(z) are most
easily computed by means of 8.13.
Example 4. Compute Q-+(z) for x=2.6.
Using 8.13.3 and interpolating in Table 17.1 for
K(.C$, we find

92654)

Using the results of Example

8.6.19. we find

Qm(2.6)
.40546 51081
05420 928
: 00868 364
00148 95
: 00026 49
a00004 81

where Q. and Q1are obtained using 8.4.2 and 8.4.4.

.32515 34813
-. 89785 00212
-. 58567 85953
.29190 60854
.59974 26989

;4

$)

of 8.1.3 are necessary to obtain nine significant

figures giving Q5(2.6) =4.8182 4468 X 10V5. Using
8.5.3 with increasing values of n carrying ten
significant figures we obtain

of Q,,(z)

For x<l, use of 8.5.3 for increasing values of n

leads to very little loss of significant figures.
However, for x>l, the recurrence relation 8.5.3
should be used only for decrea.sing values of n,
after having first obtained Qn using the formulas
in terms of hypergeometric functions.
Example 2. Compute Qn(z) for z= .31415 92654
and n=O(l)4.
With the aid of 8.4.2 and 8.4.4 we obtai7,

where W3=f

Example 3.

Q4(z) = +P4(r)ln

= (.74535 59925) (1.90424 1417)

= 1.41933 7751.

1 together with
(

>

-W,(x)

P,, giving Q4(.31415 92&X)=

On the other hand, at least nine terms in the

v+2 v+1.
3. 1
expansion of F 2,
2,
V-I-~,
2 of 8.1.3 are
necessary to obtain comparable accuracy.

.59974 26989.

References
Texts

[8.1] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental

functions,
vol. 1, ch. 3 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953).
[8.2] E. W. Hobson, The theory of spherical and ellipsoidal harmonics (Chelsea Publishing CO., New
York, N.Y., 1955).
[8.3] J. Lense, Kugelfunktionen
(Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, Germany, 1950).
[8.4] T. M. MacRobert, Spherical harmonics, 2d rev. ed.
(Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1948).
[8.5] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger,
Formulas and
theorems for the special functions of mathematical physics (Chelsea Publishing
Co., New
York, N.Y., 1949).
La.61 G. Prasad, A treatise on spherical harmonics and
the functions of Bessel and Lame, Part II (Advanced) (Mahamandal
Press, Benares City,
India, 1932).

[8.7] L. Robin, Fonctions spheriques de Legendre e

fonctions spheroidales.
Tome I, II, III (GauthierVillars, Paris, France, 1957).
[8.8] C. Snow, Hypergeometric
and Legendre functions
with applications to integral equations of potential theory, NBS Applied Math. Series 19 (U.S.
Government
Printing Office, Washington,
D.C.,
1952).
[8.9] R. C. Thorne, The asymptotic expansion of Legendre
functions of large degree and order, Philos. Trans.
Roy. Sot. London 249, 597-620 (1957).
Tables

[S.lO] H. Bateman, Some problems in potential theory,

Mess. of Math., 617,52,73-75 (1922). P,(cosh u),
Q,(cosh o), P:.(cosh u), Q.(cosh u); cash m=l.l,
n=0(1)20,
1OD; cash u=1.2, 2, 3; n=O(l)lO,
exact or 10D.

LEGENDRE

[8.11] Centre National dfithdes des Telecommunications,

Tables des fonctions
de Legendre
associ&es.
Fonction associee de premiere espece P:(COS 0)
(Editions de La Revue doptique,
Paris, France,
1952). n= -+(.l)lO,
W&=0(1)5,
e=o(l)90
(variable number of figures).
[8.12] Centre National dfitudes des .TelBcommunications,
Tables numerique
des fonctions
associees de
Legendre.
Fonctions
associees de premiere
espece P:(cos I?) (Editions de La Revue dOptique9
Paris, France, 1959). n= -$(.l)lO,
m=0(1)2,
0=0(1) 180 (variable number of figures).
[8.13] G. C. Clark and S. W. Churchill, Table of Legendre
polynomials
P.(cos 0) for n=0(1)80
and O=O
(l)lSO, Engineering Research Institute Publications (Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich.,
1957).
[8.14] R. 0. Gumprecht and G. M. Sliepcevich, Tables of
functions of the first and second partial derivatives of Legendre polynomials (Univ. of Michigan
Press, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1951). Values of [XT,,
-(l--22)*:].
1W and r,lO for ~y=O(100)1700
(1)180, n=1(1)420,
55.
[8.15] M. E. Lynam, Table of Legendre functions for
complex arguments TG-323, The Johns Hopkins
Univ. Applied
Physics Laboratory,
Baltimore,
Md. (1958).
[8.16] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated
Legendre functions (Columbia Univ. Press, New
York,

N.Y.,

n= l(1) 10,

1945).

P:(cos

m( sn)=0(1)4,

e), $

P,D(cos .9),

~=0(1)900,

341

FUNCTIONS

6s;

P?(x), $ e?(x),

n=l(l)lO,

C-1) m+l%Q~(x), n=O(l)lO,

6s or exact; +P:(ti),
in+2m+lQYiz),
=0(1)4,

m( <n)=O(l)4,
i-n & P:(ix),

i+lm--l & Q:(k),

r=O(.l)lO,

(- l)mQ:(x),

6s;

n=o(l)lo,
P,+)(z),

x=1(.1)10,
n=l(l)lO,
m( In)
& P,-&(z),

(-l)mQ:-*(x),
(-l)m+l 2 Qz+t, n= -1(1)4,
m=0(1)4, z=l(.l)lO,
4-6s.
[8.17] G. Prevost, Tables des fonctions spheriques et de
leurs intAerales (Gauthier-Villars,
Bordeaux and
Paris, France, 1933).

P,(x),

zP,(t)dt,n=l(l)lO;
.J-0
j=O(l)n,
x=0(.01)1,

n=0(1)8,
Pi (xl, s 0z Pi(t)&
5s.
[8.18] H. Tallqvist,
Sechsstellige Tafeln der 32 ersten
Kugelfunktionen
P,(cos e), Acta Sot. Sci. Fenn.,
Nova Series A, II, 11 (1938).
P,(cos e),
n=1(1)32,
O(10)900;
6D.
[8.19] H. Tallqvist, Acta Sot. Sci. Fenn., Nova Series A,
II, 4(1937).
P,(x), n=1(1)16, z=O(.OOl)l,
6D.
[8.20] H. Tallqvist, Tafeln der Kugelfunktionen
P,(cos 0)
bis P&cos 8), Sot. Sci. Fenn. Comment. PhysMath., VI, lO(1932).
P,(cos e), n=25(1)32,
e=o(lo)900,

5D.

[8.21] H. Tallqvist, Tafeln der 24 ersten Kugelfunktionen

P,(cos e), Sot. Sci. Fenn. Comment. Phys-Math.,
P,(cos o), n=1(1)24,
0=O(l)90,
VI, 3(1932).
5D.

LEGENDRE

342

FUNCTIONS

LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST
PO(Z) = 1
PI(Z)

Table 8.1

050
0. 01
0. 02
0.03
0.04

arcco.55
90.00000 00
89.42703 26
88.85400 80
88.28086 87
87.70755 72

Pdx)
-0.50000
-0.49985
-0.49940
-0.49865
-0.49760

-0.01499
-0.02998
-0.04493
-0.05984

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

87.13401
86.56018
85.98601
85.41143
84.83639

60
72
28
43
29

-0.49625
-0.49460
-0.49265
-0.49040
-0.48785

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

84.26082
83.68468
83.10789
82.53040
81.95215

95
44
74
77
37

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

81.37307
80.79310
80.21218
79.63024
79.04721

0.20
0.21
0.22
0. 23
0.24

Pdd
0.00000

KIND P,(x)
=z
PlO(4

P9(4
0.00000

000

75
00
25
00

0.02457
0.04893
0.07285
0.09614

-0.07468
-0.08946
-0.10414
-0.11872
-0.13317

75
00
25
00
75

-0.48500
-0.48185
-0.47840
-0.47465
-0.47060

-0.14750
-0.16167
-0.17568
-0.18950
-0.20314

34
38
10
02
58

-0.46625
-0.46160
-0.45665
-0.45140
-0.44585

78.46304
77.87764
77.29096
76.70292
76.11345

10
77
70
82
96

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

75.52248
74.92993
74.33573
73.73979
73.14204

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37

330
045
701
188

-0.24609
-0.24474
-0.24069
-0.23400
-0.22473

37
14
84
69
64

0.11857
0.13996
0.16012
0.17885
0.19599

899
890
040
206
366

-0.21298
-0.19887
-0.18254
-0.16418
-0.14397

35
11
68
20
02

00
25
00
75
00

0.21138
0.22489
0.23637
0.24572
0.25285

764
042
363
526
070

-0.12212
-0.09887
-0.07447
-0.04918
-0.02328

50
86
93
90
12

-0.21656
-0.22976
-0.24271
-0.25542
-0.26785

25
00
75
00
25

0.25767
0.26013
0.26020
0.25785
0.25309

367
706
358
632
918

+0.00296
0.02925
0.05529
0.08080
0.10549

18
20
81
85
42

-0.44000
-0.43385
-0.42740
-0.42065
-0.41360

-0.28000
-0.29184
-0.30338
-0.31458
-0.32544

00
75
00
25
00

0.24595
0.23647
0.22472
0.21078
0.19477

712
631
407
870
914

0.12907
0.15126
0.17181
0.19047
0.20700

20
74
75
36
49

78
79
31
53
40

-0.40625
100':gg
-0:38240
-0.37385

-0.33593
-0.34606
-0.35579
-0.36512
-0.37402

75
00
25
00
75

0.17682
0.15707
0.13569
0.11286
0.08879

442
305
215
642
707

0.22120
0.23287
0.24185
0.24801
0.25124

02
14
52
62
81

72.54239
71.94076
71.33707
70.73122
70.12312

69
95
51
45
59

-0.36500
-0.35585
-0.34640
-0.33665
-0.32660

-0.38250
-0.39052
-0.39808
-0.40515
-0.41174

00
25
00
75
00

0.06370
0.03780
+0.01135
-0.01539
-0.04219

038
634
691
566
085

0.25147
0.24865
0.24278
0.23389
0.22203

63
91
89
37
73

E9"
.

69.51268
68.89980
68.28438
67.66631
67.04550

49
39
27
73
06

-0.31625
-0.30560
-0.29465
-0.28340
-0.27185

-0.41781
-0.42336
-0.42836
-0.43282
-0.43670

25
00
75
00
25

-0.06876
-0.09483
-0.12014
-0.14441
-0.16737

185
780
608
472
489

0.20732
0.18987
0.16988
0.14754
0.12310

00
83
48
72
73

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

66.42182
65.79516
65.16541
64.53243
63.89611

15
52
25
99
88

-0.26000
-0.24785
-0.23540
-0.22265
-0.20960

-0.44000
-0.44269
-0.44478
-0.44623
-0.44704

00
75
00
25
00

-0.18876
-0.20832
-0.22581
-0.24101
-0.25369

356
609
900
269
426

0.09683
0.06904
0.04006
+0.01024
-0.02002

91
71
39
69
45

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

63.25631
62.61289
61.96570
61.31459
60.65941

61
25
35
80
84

-0.19625
-0.18260
-0.16865
-0.15440
-0.13985

-0.44718
-0.44666
-0.44544
-0.44352
-0.44087

75
00
25
00
75

-0.26367
-0.27076
-0.27484
-0.27577
-0.27348

022
932
521
908
225

-0.05035
-0.08072
-0.10952
-0.13752
-0.16389

30
72
64
51
87

0.50

60.00000 00
(-;)5

-0.12500
(-l)4

-0.43750 00

[ 1

PZQ) =+(-1+&2)

00

[y9 1

-0.26789 856
(-i)4

[ 1

-0.18822 86
(-;)4

P3(z) =E (-3+5x2)

2
pg(z)=&(1260-18480$+72072&102960s6+48620z8)
Plo(x)

=&4(-252+1386Ox2-12Ol2Oz*+36O36OxE-4375SOzs+l84756z1")

(n+l)P,+1(~)=(2n+l)xPn(x)
For coefficientsof other polynomials,see chapter 22.

-nP,-l(X)

LEGENDRE

LEGENDRE FUNCTION-FIRST
Po(z)=l

o.to

pzw

343

FUNCTIONS
KIND P,(r)

Table 8.1

PI(X) =2

arccos z
60.00000 00
59.33617 03
58.66774 85
57.99454 51
57.31636 11

-0.12500
-0.10985
-0.09440
-0.07865
-0.06260

-0.43750
-0.43337
-0.42848
-0.42280
-0.41634

00
25
00
75
00

-0.26789
-0.25900
-0.24682
-0.23139
-0.21283

856
667
215
939
321

-0.18822 86
-0.21010 83
-0.22914 92
-0.24498 73
-0.25728 92

56.63298
55.94420
55.24977
54.54945
53.84299

70
22
42
74
18

-0.04625
-0.02960
-0.01265
+0.00460
0.02215

-0.40906
-0.40096
-0.39201
-0.38222
-0.37155

25
00
75
00
25

-0.19126
-0.16686
-0.13985
-0.11051
-0.07914

025
000
552
366
497

-0.26575 85
-0.27014 28
-0.27023 97
-0.26590 30
-0.25704 92

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

53.13010
52.41049
51.68386
50.94987
50.20818

24
70
55
75
05

0.04000
0.05815
0.07660
0.09535
0.11440

-0.36000
-0.34754
-0.33418
-0.31988
-0.30464

00
75
00
25
00

-0.04610
-0.01178
+0.02337
0.05890
0.09430

304
332
862
951
141

-0.24366 27
-0.22580 16
-0.20360 19
-0.17728 16
-0.14714 41

0.65
0.66
0.67
%.

49.45839
48.70012
47.93293
47.15635
46.36989

81
72
52
69
11

0.13375
0.15340
0.17335
0.19360
0.21415

-0.28843
-0.27126
-0.25309
-0.23392
-0.21372

75
00
25
00
75

0.12901
0.16248
0.19412
0.22334
0.24952

554
693
981
410
270

-0.11358 05
-0.07707 01
-0.03818 08
+0.00243 30
0.04403 37

0.70
0. 71
0.72
0.73
0. 74

45.57299
44.76508
43.94551
43.11360
42.26858

60
47
96
59
44

t ::z
0:27760
0. 29935
0.32140

-0.19250
-0.17022
-0.14688
-0.12245
-0.09694

00
25
00
75
00

0.27205
0.29036
0.30385
0.31199
0.31430

993
111
323
698
004

0.08580 58
0.12686 31
0.16625 89
0.20299 76
0.23605 08

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

41.40962
40.53580
39.64611
38.73942
37.81448

21
21
11
46
85

-0.07031
-0.04256
it ;8696;50 -0.01366
0:41260
+0.01638
0.43615
0.04759

25
00
75
00
75

0.31033
0.29973
0.28226
0.25777
0.22625

185
981
712
224
012

0.26437 45
0.28693 19
0..3027179
0.31078 93
0.31029 79

0.80
0. 81
0.82
0.83
0.84

36.86989
35.90406
34.91520
33.90126
32.85988

76
86
62
20
04

0.46000
0.48415
0.50860
0.53335
0.55840

0.08000
0.11360
0.14842
0.18446
0.22176

00
25
00
75
00

0.18785
0.14292
0.09201
+0.03591
-0.02431

528
678
529
226
874

0.30052 98
0.28094 87
0.25124 52
0.21139 19
0.16170 50

0. 85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0. 89

31.78833
30.68341
29.54136
28.35763
27.12675

06
71
05
66
31

0.26031
0.30014
0.34125
0.38368
0.42742

25
00
75
00
25

-0.08730
-0.15134
-0.21433
-0.27376
-0.32665

820
456
544
627
610

0.10291 23
+0.0362291
-0.03655 86
-0.11300 29
-0.18989 29

0.90
0. 91
0.92
0.93
0.94

25.84193
24.49464
23.07391
21.56518
19.94844

28
85
81
50
36

0.47250
0.51892
0.56672
0.61589
0.66646

00
75
00
25
00

-0.36951
-0.39827
-0.40826
-0.39414
-0.34981

049
146
421
060
919

-0.26314 56
-0.32768 58
-0.37731 58
-0.40457 43
-0.40058 29

18.19487
16.26020
14.06986
11.47834
8.10961

23
47
77
09
44

0.85375
: %i
Of94060
0.97015

0.71843
0.77184
0.82668
0.88298
0.94074

75
00
25
00
75

-0.26842
-0.14220
+0.03750
0.28039
0.59724

182
642
397
609
553

-0.35488 03
-0.25524 34
-0.08749 40
+0.16470 81
0.52008 90

0.00000 00

1.00000
(-Z)4

1.00000 00
C-32

1.00000 000

1.00000 00
c-y

0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

P3(4

0.34375

II 1

P9@)

PI,(Z)

II 1

Pz(z)=F(-3+5~2)
2
(1260-18480x2+7207224-10296Ch++486202*)

1'29)=4(-1+322)

Pg(x)=&

PI&Z) =~4(-252+1386~2-12O12~~+36036O.xs-43758W+l8475fW')
(n+l)Pn+1@)

= (2n+l)zP&)

For coefficients
of otherpolynomials,
seechapter22.

-nPn-l(2)

344

LEGENDRE
Table

8.2

DERIVATIVE

OF

THE

P',(x)=1

I%(x)

FUNCTIONS
LEGENDRE

FUNCTION-FIRST

KIND

P:(x)

P;(x)=32

0.01
0.02
0.03
0. 04

-1.50000
-1.49925
-1.49700
-1.49325
-1.48800

-0.07498
-0.14986
-0.22452
-0.29888

25
00
75
00

Pi(x)
2.46093
2.45011
2.41773
2.36405
2.28948

Piob)
0.00000
0.27023
0.53765
0.79949
1.05299

00
41
93
17
82

0. 05
0.06
0.07
0. 08
0.09

-1.48125
-1.47300
-1.46325
-1.45200
-1.43925

-0.37281
-0.44622
-0.51899
-0.59104
-0.66224

25
00
75
00
25

2.19461 13
2.08018 11
1.94709 32
1.79639 87
1.62929 31

1.29552
1.52449
1.73750
1.93223
2.10657

05
98
05
25
29

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

-1.42500
1: ;g;
-1:37325
-1.35300

-0.73250
-0.80170
-0.86976
-0.93655
-1.00198

00
75
00
25
00

1.44710
1.25130
1.04346
0.82528
0.59853

87
64
68
00
47

2.25858
2.38654
2.48895
2.56453
2.61230

73
80
24
90
18

0.15
0.16
0.17

-1.33125
-1.30800
-1.28325
-1.25700
-1.22925

-1.06593
-1.12832
-1.18902
-1.24794
-1.30496

75
00
25
00
75

0.36510
+0.12694
-0.11392
-0.35546
-0.59555

73
88
76
01
27

2.63150
2.62168
2.58266
2.51458
2.41783

28
25
81
04
68

-1.20000
1;. :;;g
-1:10325
-1.06800

-1.36000
-1.41293
-1.46366
-1.51207
-1.55808

00
25
00
75
00

-0.83208
-1.06295
-1.28602
-1.49923
-1.70052

96
03
54
18
94

2.29315
2.14154
1.96431
1.76306
1.53966

33
35
51
37
43

-1.03125
-0.99300
-0.95325
-0.91200
-0.86925

-1.60156
-1.64242
-1.68054
-1.71584
-1.74819

25
00
75
00
25

-1.88793
-2.05954
-2.21355
-2.34823
-2.46202

72
92
15
78
63

1.29625
1.03524
0.75926
0.47115
+0.17398

99
77
26
77
30

-0.82500
-0.77925
-0.73200
-0.68325
-0.63300

-1.77750
-1.80365
-1.82656
-1.84610
-1.86218

00
75
00
25
00

-2.55347
-2.62129
-2.66437
-2.68178
~2.67279

51
80
95
96
74

-0.12903
-0.43453
-0.73903
-1.03894
-1.33065

87
90
23
72
96

-0.58125

0:39

I:* ::;;;
-0:41700
-0.35925

-1.87468
-1.88352
-1.88857
-1.88974
-1.88691

75
00
25
00
75

-2.63688
-2.57375
-2.48336
-2.36588
-2.22176

47
82
07
14
52

-1.61052
-1.87493
-2.12030
-2.34318
-2.54023

81
10
43
21
74

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

-0.30000
-0.23925
-0.17700
-0.11325
-0.04800

-1.88000
-1.86888
-1.85346
-1.83362
-1.80928

00
25
00
75
00

-2.05172
-1.85672
-1.63802
-1.39715
-1.13592

01
35
69
86
50

-2.70832
-2.84451
-2.94616
-3.01090
-3.03674

36
75
13
51
96

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

+0.01875
0.08700
0.15675
0.22800
0.30075

-1.78031
-1.74662
-1.70809
-1.66464
-1.61614

25
00
75
00
25

-0.85640
-0.56096
-0.25222
+0.06693
0.39337

91
76
53
30
29

-3.02208
-2.96573
-2.86699
-2.72566
-2.54206

63
83
80
30
98

0.50

0.37500

-1.56250

00

0.00

E.
0.20
E
0:23
0.24
0.25
it:;
0:28
0.29
0.30
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36

p;.

Pi(x)
0.00000

00

[ 1

qw

593

[ 1

75
64
75
34
35

0.72372 44
(-f)3

P&=+(-3+1w)
PI,(z)=~2(126O-5544o22+36O36Ch?-72O'72Ox~+43758Oa+)
P~o(~)=&4(277~O-48O48Ch~+216216&t?-35OO64W'+184756W)
n+l [zP&) -Pn+1(41
Pi%(z)= 1-22

-2.31712 34
(-!)5

[ 1

LEGENDRE
DERIVATIVE

OF

THE

LEGENDRE

345

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION-FIRST

Pi(x)=1

KIND

P:(x)

Table

8.2

P;(x)=32

Pie(x)

Pi(x)

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.37500
0.45075
0.52800
0.60675
0.68700

1.56250
1.50360
1.43936
1.36965
1.29438

00
75
00
25
00

0.72372
1.05439
1.38160
1.70137
2.00958

44
75
24
21
86

0.55
0.56
0.57
0. 58
0.59

0.76875
0.85200
0.93675
1.02300
1.11075

1.21343
1.12672
1.03412
0.93554
0.83086

75
00
25
00
75

2.30201
2.57431
2.82213
3.04106
3.22677

29
87
05
49
77

- 0.64649 54
- 0.22698 16
+ 0.21005 92
0.65868 10
1.11234 92

0.60
0. 61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.20000
1.29075
1.38300
1.47675
1.57200

0.72000
0.60283
0.47926
0.34917
0.21248

00
25
00
75
00

3.37501
3.48166
3.54283
3.55487
3.51451

44
60
00
57
63

1.56397
2.00598
2.43034
2.82866
3.19230

82
31
08
68
45

0.65
0.66
0.61
0.68
0.69

1.66875
1.76700
1.86675
1.96800
2.07075

- 0.06906 25
+ 0.08118 00
0.23835 25
0.40256 00
0.57390 75

3.41888
3.26561
3.05294
2.77978
2.44582

50
84
51
03
82

3.51243
3.78017
3.98677
4.12369
4.18284

07
74
13
16
84

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.14

2.17500
2.28075
2.38800
2.49675
2.60700

0.75250
0.93844
1.13184
1.33279
1.54142

00
25
00
75
00

2.05168
1.59891
1.09043
+ 0.53008
- 0.07667

93
66
73
28
36

4.15678
4.03888
3.82364
3.50693
3.08626

18
45
72
03
20

0.15
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

2.71875
2.83200
2.94675
3.06300
3.18075

1.75781
1.98208
2.21432
2.45466
2.70318

25
00
75
00
25

0.72287
1.39984
2.09708
2.80201
3149987

14
93
32
52
45

2.56116
1.93351
1.20791
+ 0.39215
- 0.50239

49
26
71
05
96

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

:* Ei
3:54300
3.66615
3.79200

2.96000
3.22521
3.49894
3.78127
4.07232

00
75
00
25
00

=. 4.17348
- 4.80308
- 5.36607
- 5.83686
- 6.18657

81
26
64
10
35

1.46023
2.46122
3.48002
4.48547
5.43990

77
91
97
21
91

0.85
0.86
0.81
0.88
0.89

3.91875
4.04700
4.17675
4.30800
4.44075

4.37218
4.68098
4.99880
5.32576
5.66195

75
00
25
00
75

68
06
97
23
54

6.29851
7.00851
1.50840
7.72711
7.58303

03
07
93
51
90

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

4.57500
4.71075
4.84800
4.98675
5.12700

6.00750
6.36249
6.72704
7.10124
7.48522

00
25
00
75
00

- 3.65335 89
- 2.02101 73
+ 0.11150 20
2.81447 18
6.16433 35

6.98312
5.82184
3.98006
1.32394
2.29628

79
03
04
73
14

0.95
0.96
0.97

5.26875
5.41200
5.55675

1.87906

25

"0*9'9"
.

2. E5"
6.00000
c-y

1.04163
13.11571
20.70612
30.04600
41.38561

58
11
01
25
43

1.00

P;(x)

8.28288
8.69677
9.12086
9.55523

P;(x)

10.24405
15.14351
20.95987
27.79800
35.77086

00
75
00
25

[I

P;(z)=;

Plo(~)=&~

70
59
66
16
77

45.00000 00
(-y

[ 1
P;(z)=&

6.38285
6.38961
6.16612
5.66983
4.84997

(-

2.31712
2.05232
1.74978
1.41226
1.04315

55.00000 00
(-;)3

[I

60+140s2)

(1260-554&0s2+360360z4-720'720s~+437580z8)
(27720-48048022+2162160~4-350064@.c~+184756'h*)

P:(x)=g2 [xPn(x)
-P,+,(x)]

34
40
82
67
43

346

LEGENDRE

FUNCTIONS

Table

8.3

0.00

0.00000 000 -1.00000

0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04002

033
267
900
135

-0.99990
-0.99959
-0.99909
-0.99839

000
000
995
973
915

0.00000
-0.01999
-0.03998
-0.05996
-0.07991

000
867
933
399
463

0.66666
0.66626
0.66506
0.66306
0.66027

667
669
699
829
179

-0.40634
-0.40452
-0.39905
-0.38999
-0.37741

921
191
538
553
852

0.00000
-0.04056
-0.08068
-0.11993
-0.15789

000
181
584
860
513

E2
0:07
0.08
0.09

0.05004
0.06007
0.07011
0.08017
0.09024

173
216
467
133
419

-0.99749
-0.99639
-0.99509
-0.99358
-0.99187

791
567
197
629
802

-0.09983
-0.11971
-0.13954
-0.15931
-0.17902

321
169
199
602
563

0.65667
0.65229
0.64711
0.64114
0.63439

917
261
475
873
817

-0.36143
-0.34216
-0.31978
-0.29448
-0.26647

026
562
750
565
538

-0.19414
-0.22828
-0.25995
-0.28879
-0.31447

321
745
321
038
701

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.10033
0.11044
0.12058
0.13073
0.14092

535
692
103
985
558

-0.98996
-0.98785
-0.98553
-0.98300
-0.98027

647
084
028
382
042

-0.19866
-0.21821
-0.23768
-0.25705
-0.27631

264
885
596
567
958

0.62686
0.61856
0.60948
0.59964
0.58903

720
044
299
048
905

-0.23599
-0.20330
-0.16869
-0.13245
-0.09491

595
891
616
792
050

-0.33672
-0.35527
-0.36990
-0.38044
-0.38675

259
122
435
330
142

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.15114
0.16138
0.17166
0.18198
0.19233

044
670
666
269
717

-0.97732
-0.97417
-0.97081
-0.96724
-0.96345

893
813
667
312
594

-0.29546
-0.31449
-0.33339
-0.35214
-0.37075

923
610
158
699
353

0.57768
0.56558
0.55275
0.53918
0.52489

532
646
016
465
868

-0.05638
-0.01721
+0.02223
0.06161
0.10057

395
959
260
670
361

-0.38873
-0.38634
-0.37958
-0.36850
-0.35318

587
905
962
308
198

0.20
0. 21
0.22
0. 23
0.24

0.20273
0.21317
0.22365
0.23418
0.24477

255
135
611
947
411

-0.95945
-0.95523
-0.95079
-0.94613
-0.94125

349
402
566
642
421

-0.38920
-0.40748
-0.42559
-0.44351
-0.46123

232
439
062
180
857

0.50990
0.49420
0.47781
0.46074
0.44300

155
314
388
738

0.13874
0.17577
0.21130
0.24499
0.27652

395
093
336
861
557

-0.33376
-0.31043
-0.28343
-0.25302
-0.21951

565
947
378
221
969

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.25541
0.26610

281
841

0.27686

382

0.28768
0.29856

207
626

-0.93614
-0.93081
-0.92524
-0.91944
-0.91341

680
181
677
902
578

-0.47876
-0.49607
-0.51315
-0.53000
-0.54661

145
081
685
962
900

0.42461
0.40557
0.38591
0.36562
0.34474

393
719
059
819
467

0.30556
0.33182
0.35502
0.37489
0.39122

765
571
089
746
551

-0.18327
-0.14469
-0.10417
-0.06219
-0.01920

994
251
949
173
468

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.30951
0.32054
0.33164
0.34282
0.35409

960
541
711
825
253

-0.90714
-0.90063
-0.89387
-0.88686
-0.87960

412
092
293
668
854

-0.56297
-0.57906
-0.59488
-0.61041
-0.62564

466
608
256
313
662

0.32327
0.30123
0.27864
0.25551
0.23187

542
647
459
723
261

0.40380
0.41246
0.41705
0.41749
0.41371

351
080
981
822
084

+0.02428
0.06776
0.11072
0.15262
0.19295

610
975
534
723
076

0.35
0.36
0.37
i%.

0.36544
0.37688
0.38842
0.40005
0.41180

375
590
310
965
003

-0.87209
-0.86432
-0.85628
-0.84797
-0.83939

469
108
345
733
799

-0.64057
-0.65517
-0.66944
-0.68337
-0.69694

159
633
887
690
784

0.211772
0.18310
0.15802
0.13251
0.10658

970
825
883
285
256

0.40567
0.39339
0.37693
0.35638
0.33189

128
336
227
546
317

0.23117 811
0.26680 432
0.29934 337
0.32833 437
0.35334 774

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.42364
0.43561
0.44769
0.45989
0.47223

893
122
202
668
080

-0.83054
-0.82139
-0.81196
-0.80224
-0.79221

043
940
935
443
845

-0.71014
-0.72296
-0.73538
-0.74739
-0.75897

872
624
670
600
958

0.08026
0.05357
+0.02654
-0.00080
-0.02843

114
267
221
418
939

0.30363
0.27184
0.23679
0.19877
0.15815

867
811
006
461
208

0.37399
0.38991
0.40082
0.40646
0.40665

123
596
218
477
845

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.48470
0.49731
0.51007
0.52298
0.53606

028
129
034
428
034

-0.78188
-0.77123
-0.76026
-0.74896
-0.73733

487
681
694
755
044

-0.77012
-0.78080
-0.79102
-0.80074
-0.80996

243
904
336
877
804

-0.05633
-0.08446
-0.11279
-0.14128
-0.16992

524
239
034
732
027

0.11531
0.07067
+0.02471
-0.02210
-0.06923

136
773
030
100
897

0.40128
0.39028
0.37368
0.35158
0.32415

259
551
827
779
933

0.50

0.54930
[(-y3

614

-0.72534 693
[(-;)"I

-0.81866
['-y]

327

-0.\19865 477
['-y-j

0. 01
0.02
0. 03
0. 04

LEGENDRE

Qo(4

FUNCTION-SECOND

&I (4

Qd4

KIND

Q&3

476

t&x(%)

Qdx)

-0.11616 303
['-;)"I

Qo(x)=t In (2)
&z(x)= 3pn

Qs(~)=f(5~~-3)1n(~)-~+$

(~+1)&~+~(~)=(2~+1)xQn(x)-nQn-1(x)
:arctanhx
(Tab
11e
4.17)
is
included
here for completeness.
Qo(4 =

910(x)

0.29165 814
[(-;)'I

LEGENDRE

LEGENDRE

347

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION-SECOND

Table

KIND

Q&4

8.3

QloW

0.250
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0 54930
QoC4
614
0:56272 977
0.57633 975
0.59014 516
0.60415 560

-0.72534Ql(x)693
-0.71300 782
-0.70030 333
-0.68722 307
-0.67375 597

-0.81866Qdx)
327
-0.82681 587
-0.83440 647
-0.84141 492
-0.84782 014

-0.19865Q3W477
-0.22745 494
-0.25628 339
-0.28510 113
-0.31386 748

-0.11616
-0.16231
-0.20711
-0.24999
-0.29035

303
372
759
263
406

+0.29165
0.25442
0.21286
0.16748
0.11884

814
027
243
08i7
913

0.55
0.56
0.57
Oi58
0.59

0.61838
0.63283
0.64752
0.66246
0.67766

131
319
284
271
607

-0.65989
-0.64561
-0.63091
-0.61577
-0.60017

028
342
198
163
702

-0.85360
-0.85873
-0.86319
-0.86695
-0.86998

014
186
116
267
970

-0.34253
-0.37107
-0.39942
-0.42753
-0.45537

994
413
362
983
186

-0.32762
-0.36122
-0.39060
-0;41523
-0.43463

069
172
386
901
218

0.06761
+0.01449
-0.03973
-0.09422
-0.14810

47'0
441
1414
6310
594

0.60
0.61
0.62
0: 63
0. 64

0.69314
0.70892
0.72500
0.74141
0.75817

718
136
509
614
374

-0.58411
-0.56755
-0.55049
-0.53290
-0.51476

169
797
685
783
880

-0.87227
-0.87377
-0.87446
-0.87430
-0.87326

411
622
461
597
492

-0.48286
-0.50996
-0.53661
-0.56274
-0.58830

632
718
553
938
338

-0.44832
-0.45592
-0.45708
-0.45151
-0.43903

986
864
410
989
693

-0.20044
-0.25030
-0.29671
-0;33872
-0.37537

847
577
648
031
391

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.77529 871
0.79281 363
0.81074 313
0.82911 404
0.84795 576

-0.49605
-0.47674
-0.45680
-0.43620
-0.41491

584
300
211
245
053

-0.87130
-0.86838
-0.86445
-0.85948
-0.85341

380
239
768
352
027

-0.61320
-0.63739
-0.66077
-0.68327
-0.70481

855
196
634
969
480

-0.41952
-0.39296
-0.35943
-0.31915
-0.27244

271
048
834
810
363

-0.40576
-0.42904
-0.44442
-0.45121
-0.44884

815
673
606
636
377

0.70
0; 71
0. 72
0.73
0.74

0.86730 053
0.88718 386
0.90764 498
0.92872 736
0.95047 938

-0.39288
-0.37009
-0.34649
-0.32202
-0.29664

963
946
561
902
526

-0.84618
-0.83774
-0.82803
-0.81698
-0.80451

438
785
775
546
593

-0.72528
-0.74460
-0.76264
-0.77931
-0.79447

868
199
823
296
280

-0.21974
-0.16166
-0.09892
-0.03241
+0.03684

878
443
467
178
038

-0.43687
-0.41503
-0.38323
-0.34160
-0.29049

329
236
471
431
884

0.75
0.76
0.77

0.97295
0.99621
1.02032
1.04537
1.07143

507
508
776
055
168

-0.27028
-0.24287
-0.21434
-0.18461
-0.15356

369
654
763
097
897

-0.79054
-0.77498
-0.75773
-0.73868
-0.71769

669
679
539
011
507

-0.80799
-0.81973
-0.82952
-0.83721
-0.84258

424
225
866
016
586

0.10764 474
0.17866 149
0.24840 151
0.31523 275
0.37739 063

-0.23053
-0.26259
-0.08787
-0.00787
+0.07559

218
54$
565
146
560

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.09861 229
1.12702 903
1.15681 746
1.18813 640
1.22117 352

-0.12111
-0.08710
-0.05140
-0.01384
+0.02578

017
649
968
678
575

-0.69463
-0.66934
-0.64164
-0.61130
-0.57809

835
890
264
745
671

-0.84544
-0.84555
-0.84263
-0.83641
-0.82652

435
002
849
078
589

0.43299
0.48006
0.51654
0.54037
0.54946

312
146
781
123
418

0.16037
0.24398
0.32364
0.39624
0.45844

522
96
35 17
661
913

0.54183
0.51562
0.46925
0.40147
0.31159

191
828
273
508
776

0.50669
0.53731
0.54659
0.53099
0.48727

726
190
757
253
156

E98
.

0.85 1.25615
0. 86 1.29334
0; 87 1.33307
0.88 1.37576
0.89 1.42192

281
467
963
766
587

0.06772
0.11227
0.15977
0.21067
0.26551

989
642
928
554
403

-0.54172
-0.50183
-0.45802
-0.40979
-0.35650

080
576
786
212
171

-0.81259
-0.79414
-0.77065
-0.74147
-0.70582

105
886
991
880
022

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.47221
1.52752
1.58902
1.65839
1.73804

949
443
692
002
934

0.32499
0.39004
0.46190
0.54230
0.63376

754
723
476
272
638

-0.29736
-0.23134
-Oil5708
-0.07268
+0.02458

306
775
489
272
593

-0.66270
-0.61090
-0i54880
-0.47419
-0.38399

962
890
000
336
297

0.19967 037
+0.06677 934
-0.08454 828
-0.24975 925
-0.42137 701

0.41282
0.30602
+0.16680
-0.00265
-0.19666

291
901
029
4215
273

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.83178
1.94591
2.09229
2.29755
2.64665

082
015
572
993
241

0.74019
0.86807
1.02952
1.25160
1.62018

178
374
685
873
589

0.13888
0.27707
0.45181
0.69108
1.08264

288
112
370
487
984

-0.27356
-0.13540
+0.04408
0.29436
0.70624

330
204
092
613
831

-0.58752
-0.72921
-0.81464
-0.78406
-0.48875

-0.40421
-0.60564
-0.76587
-0.81720
-0.59305

502
435
179
734
105

1.00

co
Qo(x) =+ In rz)
&2(x) = %J&!ln
f:n+l)Qn+l(x)

Ql(x)=f

In ($!$-I

Q~(z)=$

(5x2-3)

= (2%+1)x&n(x)-nn&n-I(X)

In

240
201
729
452
677

348

LEGENDRE

Table

8.4

DERIVATIVE

Q;lCd

OF THE

FUNCTIONS

LEGENDRE

FUNCTION-SECOND

Q;(x)

KIND

Q:(s)

Q,,(x)

-2.00000
-1.99959
-1.99839
-1.99639
-1.99359

000
998
968
838
487

Qj (4
0.00000 000
-0.07999 200
-0.15993 599
-0.23978 392
-0.31948 767

&k(x)
0.00000 00
0.36520 25
0.72733 83
1.08336 24
1.43027 23

-4.06349
-4.04156
-3.97600
-3.86745
-3.71697

21
71
70
44
43

0. 01
0.02
0.03
0.04

1.00000
1.00010
1.00040
1.00090
1.00160

000
001
016
081
256

Qi (x)
0.00000 000
0.02000 133
0.04001 067
0.06003 603
0.08008 546

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.00250
1.00361
1.00492
1.00644
1.00816

627
301
413
122
615

0.10016
0:12028
0.14045
0.16068
0.18097

704
894
936
662
914

-1.98998
-1.98557
-1.98035
-1.97431
-1.96746

747
401
179
766
792

-0.39899
-0.47826
-0.55725
-0.63589
-0.71414

900
951
060
347
899

1.76512
2.08508
2.38737
2.66939
2.92866

98
14
90
94
44

-3.52604
-3.29655
-3.03075
-2.73130
-2.40117

61
13
84
45
40

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.01010
1.01224
1.01461
1.01719
liO1999

101
820
039
052
184

0.20134 545
0.22179 422
0.24233 428
0.26297 462
0128372 443

-1.95979
-1.95130
-1.94198
-1.93182
-1.92081

839
431
044
094
942

-0.79196
-0.86930
-0.94609
-1.02230
-1.09787

777
001
554
373
345

3.16285
3.36984
3.54769
3.69467
3.80930

86
76
49
78
18

-2.04367
-1.66240
-1.26123
-0.84427
-0.41580

37
59
82
11
27

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.02301
1.02627
1.02976
1.03348
1.03745

790
258
007
491
202

0.30459
0.32559
0.34672
0.36800
0.38945

312
031
587
997
305

-1.90896
-1.89626
-1.88268
-1.86824
-1.85291

890
181
994
444
580

-1.17275
-1.24689
-1.32023
-1.39272
-1.46431

302
019
203
496
458

3.89031
3.93671
3.94778
3.92304
3.86234

48
92
25
76
02

+0.01970
0.45767
0.89344
1.32231
1.73958

77
92
90
56
08

0.20
0. 21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.04166
1.04613
1.05086
1.05585
1.06112

667
453
171
471
054

0.41106
0.43285
0.45484
0.47703
0.49944

589
960
568
605
304

-1.83669
-1.81956
-1.80152
-1.78255
-1.76264

380
752
526
455
210

-1.53494
-1.60456
-1.67310
-1.74052
-1.80674

573
234
742
294
982

3.76577
3.63376
3.46700
3.26651
3.03359

54
26
84
77
33

2.14059
2.52079
2.87577
3.20128
3.49331

45
94
54
51
81

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

1.06666
1.07250
1.07863
1.08506
1.09182

667
107
229
944
225

0.52207
0.54495
0.56809
0.59150
0.61519

948
869
454
152
472

-1.74177
-1.71993
-1.69710
-1.67327
-1.64842

372
437
801
761
510

-1.87172
-1.93539
-1.99768
-2.05854
-2.11790

780
537
972
661
027

2.76983
2.47712
2.15764
1.81383
1.44841

31
56
35
48
22

3.74813
3.96230
4.13277
4.25684
4.33229

48
97
26
84
46

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.09890
1.10631
1.11408
1.12220
1.13071

110
707
200
851
009

0.63918
0.66350
0.68815
0.71315
0.73853

993
370
335
706
396

-1.62253
-1.59557
-1.56753
-1.53839
-1.50811

126
570
678
152
553

-2.17568
-2.23182
-2.28625
-2.33890
-2.38969

334
672
944
860
914

1.06434
0.66482
+0.25327
-0.16667
-0.59123

02
02
32
95
78

4.35733
4.33070
4.25164
4.11997
3.93608

72
22
55
79
76

FE:
0:37
0.38
0.39

1.13960
1.14889
1.15861
1.16877
1.17938

114
706
430
045
436

0.76430
0.79048
0.81711
0.84419
0.87175

415
884
039
242
994

-1.47668
-1.44406
-1.41023
-1.37516
-1.33880

292
617
606
155
960

-2.43855
-2.48539
-2.53013
-2.57269
-2.61297

378
281
394
210
926

-1.01644
-1.43822
-1.85237
-2.25465
-2.64075

63
04
43
05
25

3.70095
3.41617
3.08394
2.70708
2.28903

66
42
42
74
82

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.19047 619
1720206 756
1.21418 164
1.22684 333
1.24007 937

0.89983
0.92845
0.95764
0.98743
1.01786

941
892
831
931
572

-1.30114
-1.26213
-1.22172
-1.17988
-1.13657

509
064
641
995
597

-2.65090
-2.68637
-2.71928
-2.74954
-2.77703

420
229
520
067
216

-3.00637
-3.34725
-3.65918
-3.93806
-4.17995

81
61
35
51
45

1.83383
1.34610
0.83104
+0.29437
-0.25765

54
61
35
81
92

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.25391
1.26839
1.28353
1.29937
1.31596

1.04896
1.08077
1.11333
1.14668
1.18088

360
146
051
490
202

-1.09173
-1.04531
-0.99726
-0.94752
-0.89602

613
874
854
634
868

-2.80164
-2.82327
-2.84178
-2.85705
-2.86895

855
375
630
896
817

-4.38109
-4.53797
-4.64734
-4.70629
-4.71228

69
26
21
25
35

-0.81838
-1.38069
-1.93714
-2.48003
-3.00140

00
01
78
04
86

0.50

1.33333 333
[C-y

X
0.00

850
168
228
630
263

1.21597 281
[(-$l]

-0.84270 745
-;I2

II 1

-2.87734 353
t-t14

-4.66319 54

-3.49322 79
5316

I: 1

LEGENDRE

DERIVATIVE
X

Qh(x)

OF THE

LEGENDRE

Q;(x)

349

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION--SECOND

&6(x)

KIND

Q;(x)

Qi (4

Table

Q6(4

8.4

Qio@)

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1.33333
1.35153
1.37061
1.39062
1.41163

333
399
403
717
185

1.21597
1.25201
1.28905
1.32717
1.36643

281
210
905
756
680

0.84270
0.78748
0.73029
0.67104
0.60963

74
95
59
20
61

2.87734
2.88206
2.88297
2.87989
2.87266

35
72
33
70
39

4.66319 54
4155737 62
4.39368 94
4.17156 11
3.89102 65

3.493228
3.947399
4.355894
4.710854
5.004695

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.43369
1.45687
1.48126
1.50693
1.53397

176
646
204
189
760

1.40691
1.44868
1.49184
1.53648
1.58271

178
400
220
320
285

0.54597
0.47996
0.41147
0.34038
0.26655

91
38
39
30
35

2.86108
2.84497
2.82411
2.79828
2.76723

89
53
36
02
56

3.55277
3.15819
2.70941
2.20934
1.66171

54
61
73
79
26

5.230233
5.380807
5.450406
5.433812
5.326732

0.60
0. 61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.56250
1.59261
1.62443
1.65809
1.69376

000
029
145
982
694

1.63064
1.68041
1.73215
1.78601
1.84218

718
364
259
903
458

0.18983
0.11006
0.02705
0.05937
0.14946

51
36
91
63
05

2.73072
2.68846
2.64017
2.58551
2.52414

34
75
05
08
00

- 1.07108 51
- 0.44291 60
+ 0.21644 47
0.89973 10
1159875 12

5.125950
4.829465
4.436645
3.948368
3.367169

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.73160
1.77179
1.81455
1.86011
1.90876

173
305
271
905
121

1.90083
1.96219
2.02649
2.09399
2.16500

983
705
344
499
099

0.24343
0.34156
0.44414
0.55151
0.66402

42
40
64
17
96

2.45567
2.37971
2.29579
2.20342
2.10205

92
49
49
26
04

2.30438
3.00660
3.69447
4.35619
4.97914

77
55
22
14
99

2.697375
1.945245
1.119087
0.229371
0.711177

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0. 74

1.96078
2.01653
2.07641
2.14086
2.21043

431
559
196
919
324

2.23984
2.31892
2.40266
2.49156
2.58619

955
413
159
187
998

0.78211
0.90623
1.03692
1.17478
1.32049

54
72
51
21
75

1.99107
1.86981
1.73752
1.59336
1.43637

23
51
72
54
96

5.54998
6.05466
6:47859
6.80675
7.02388

34
05
09
90
88

1.687501
2.682165
3.675339
4.644816
5.566082

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

2.28571
2.36742
2.45639
2.55362
2.66028

429
424
892
615
199

2.68724
2.79545
2.91175
3.03719
3.17305

079
751
493
894
446

1.47486
1.63879
1.81335
1.99979
2.19957

32
46
60
32
51

1.26549
1.07947
0.87692
0.65620
0.41542

27
65
20
16
09

7.11464
7.06387
6.85691
6.47990
5.92027

51
68
02
33
14

6.412431
7.155161
7.763836
8.206652
8.450921

0. 80
0. 81
0.82
0.83
0. 84

2.77777
2.90782
3.05250
3.21440
3.39673

778
204
305
051
913

3.32083
3.48236
3.65986
3.85608
4.07443

451
488
997
883
439

2.41444
2.64650
2.89827
3.17286
3.47409

73
26
40
02
64

- 0.15235 72
+ 0.13562 04
0.45165 68
0.79955 16
1.18395 08

5.16720 18
4121227 67
3.05023 28
1.67989 36
+ 0.10532 57

8.463693
8.212559
7.666669
6.798024
5.583115

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

3.60360
3.84024
4.11353
4.43262
4.81000

360
578
352
411
481

4.31921
4.59595
4.91185
5.27647
5.70283

588
604
380
688
015

3.80679
4.17707
4.59287
5.06465
5.60654

33
50
14
07
69

1.61061
2.08677
2.62171
3.22751
3.92032

19
72
45
63
16

- 1.66270
- 3.60489
- 5.69098
- 7.87652
-10.09858

0.90
0. 91
0.92
0.93
0.94

5.26315
5.81733
6.51041
7.40192
8.59106

789
566
667
450
529

6.20906
6.82129
7.57861
8.54217
9.81365

159
988
025
980
072

6.23815
6.98747
7.89613
9.02883
10.49236

05
73
09
27
44

4.72224
5.66456
6.79318
8.17876
9.93658

63
11
58
62
04

-12.26944 98
-14.26758 89
-15.92348 54
-16.99643 22
-17113329 84

- 9.045801
-12.315713
-15.495090
-18.304274
-20.319071

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

10.25641
12.75510
16.92047
25.25252
50.25125

026
204
377
525
628

11.57537
14.19080
18.50515
27.04503
52.39539
m

057
811
528
467
613

12.47698 56
15.35932 33
20.00905 43
29.00735 14
55.11181 39
co

12.26978
15.57616
20.76422
30.50045
57.80864
00

50
37
38
90
53

-15.78782
-12.04072
- 4.11777
+12.32933
54.86521

-20.873659
-18.851215
-12.140718
+ 4.242107
49.428990
m

00

85
91
02
81
18

62
38
87
89
05

+
-

4.005017
2.056070
0.258625
2.916594
5.871760

350

LEGENDRE
Table

LEGENDRE

8.5

FUNCTION-FIRST

PO(X) = 1

pm

22:20
%*Z
2:a
3.0
3-g
3:6
3. a
::2"
z!
4: a
5. 0
55::
2::
6. 0
2::
2::
;:2"
764
7: a
a. 0
a. 2
i-2
a: a
9.0
z::
9':;

FUNCTIONS
KIND

P1(x)=x

P4W

p3w

P,(x)

p5w

1.00
1.66
2.44
3.34
4.36

1.00
2.52
4.76
7. a4
il.88

1.00000
4.04700
9.83200

1.00000
6.72552

5.50
%
9:64
11.26

17.00
23.32
30.96
40.04
50.68

13.00
14.86
16.84
la.94
21.16

63.00
77.12
93.16
111.24
131.48

23.50
25.96
28.54
31.24
34.06

154.00
178.92
206.36
236.44
269.28

3
3
4
4
II 4

7.51150
9.65154
1.22500
1.53765
1.91071

37.00
40.06
43.24
46.54
49.96

305.00
343.72
385.56
430.64
479.08

4
4
4
4
II 4

2.35250
2.87205
3.47916
4.18440
4.99917

53.50
57.16
60.94
64.84
68.86

531.00
586.52
645.76
708.84
775.88

73.00
77.26
81.64
86.14
90.76

847.00
922.32
1001.96
1086.04
1174.68

5
5
5
5
II 5

1.29367
1.49122
1.71215
1.95846
2.23227

95.50
100.36
105.34
110.44
115.66

1268.00
1366.12
1469.16
1577.24
1690.48

5
5
5
5
II5

2.53583
2.87149
3.24171
3.64912
4.09643

121.00
126.46
132.04
137.74
143.56

lao9.00
1932.92
2062.36
2197.44
2338.28

5
5
5
5
II5

4.58649
5.12230
5.70699
6.34383
7.03621

p9w

1.00000

PlO(X)
1.00000

I 234 I 1.06544
1.13789
2.alllo
6.65436
1
1
2
2
II 2

5.53750
8.47120
1.23927
1.74952
2.39887

II 67 1.59814
3.01437
5.46578
9.57313
8.09745

II II
II
t/
78 3.41632
7.90944
5.25060
2.17406
1.16994

8a9 4.33189
1.05524
2.68690
6.82993
1.62597

9 2.38657
1.60047
3.50362
7.23884
5.06985

a9 9.01781
2.81890
2.14858
1.62372
1.21596

II II
10 1.23283
2.92387
1.91848
2.37430
1.54212

11 1.16898
12
6.10897
7.62030
1.43817
9.45994

10. 0
149.50
2485.00
(5)7.78769
(10)9.29640
(4)4.33754
(12)1.76laa
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Legendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

LEGENDRE
DERIVATIVE

OF

THE

LEGENDRE

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION-FIRST

Pi(x)

KIND

P.i (xl

Pi (2)

1
1
2
2
II2

Pk(z)

Table

8.6

P&)=32

P;(z)=1
6.000
9.300

351

Pie(x)

P6 (2)

1.50000
4.57230
1.01688
1.92723
3.30168

4.50000
t ;70::;
1174282
5.33445

1 5.50000
3 1.53586
4 I 1.13477
4 5.24824
5)1.85808

I II
I
II
I
II
II
I
II
3
3
3
3
3

2.95500
3.86184
4.96025
6.27516
7.83305

5
5
5
6
6

1.39531
3.25362
6.94480
1.38132
2.59296

6
6
7
7
7

4.63721
7.95819
1.31805
2.11632
3.30652

78 7.52431
1.10110
5.04229
2.23988
1.58313

4
4
4
4
4

2.39550
2.80816
3.27172
3.79020
4.36775

4
4
4
4
4

5.00869
5.71746
6.49870
7.35714
8.29772

5
5
5
5
5

1.59602
1.76260
1.94187
2.13445
2.34099

5
5
5
5
5

2.56215
2.79860
3.05102
3.32013
3.60663

tl
II II
4 1.35580
1.63974
1.54109
1.44647
1.26900

6 5.50068
7
5
7.29317
1.42939
1.48267
3.36028

8
8
9
9
9

4.19097
6.57653
1.00955
1.51918
2.24508

10
10
10
10
10

1.72421
2.32397
3.10217
4.10354
5.38214

(2)7.485
(4)1.74250
(5)3.91127
(10)8.40642
(12)1.77028
From National Bureauof Standards,Tablesof associated
Legendrefunctions. ColumbiaUniv. Press,
New York,N.Y., 1945(with permission).

352

LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
Table

8.7

LEGENDRE

FUNCTION-SECOND

KIND

Q&Z)

33'20
3:4
it:",

II

5.0

(-1 2.02733

II -5 9.56532

z-24
5: 6
5.8

-1 1.94732
1.87347
-1 1.80507
-1 1.74153

-5 8.14823
6.98500
-5 6.02278
-5 5.22117

7. 0 II -1
-1
-1
;:fI (-1
-1
8.0

i::
i::
9.0
E
9:6
9. 8

1.43841
1.39792
1.35967
11:28915
32346

II
II
-3
-3
-3
-3

6.88725
6.50550
6.15475
5.83171
5.53353

Ii
-5
-5
-5
-5

2.43500
2.17277
1.94497
1.57242
1.74631

-3 5.25771

II -5 1.41968

-3 4.76469
5.00208

-5 1.28507
1.16606

-3 4.54386
4.33807

-6 1.06054
-5
9.66707

II
I

-13 5.37876

-13 4.19350
3.28941
-13 2.59524
2.05891
-13 I 1.64205
-13 1.06011
1.31620

-14 8.57794
-14 6.97159

10.0 (-1)1.00335
(-3)3.35348
(-4)1.34486
(-6)5.77839
(-14)5.69010
(-15)2.71639
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associatedLegendre functions. Columbia Univ. Press, New
York,N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

LEGENDRE

DERIVATIVE
X

OF THE

QhCd

LEGENDRE

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION-SECOND

-Q;(x)

-&i(x)

KIND

- Qi (x)

Q;(z)

Table

8.8

-Qhdx)

-&h(x)

1.0
1.2
?Z
1: 8

- 8 4.51200
- 8 1 2.11821

220
4: 4
4.6

II

-5 7.82792
5.27543
3.66172
4.38019
6.40058

I -10
-11 I 1.28985
5.43056
2.43819
3.61188
8.29696

t-20
6: 4
7:
Pi! 8

8:4

-12 1.36497
-11
3.40566
5.31340
2.21848
8.43598

-13 3.19817
-12
4.59703
9.83782
1.46703
6.68395

::t

Ei

II
II
I

II
-3
-3
-3
-4

1.32691
1.23104
1.14421
1.06538
9.93646

II
II
-4
-4
-4
-4

1.71573
1.53040
1.36949
1.10651
1.22923

-5
-5
-5
-5

9.98765
9.03846
8.19960
7.45601
6.79498

10.0
(-2)1.01010
(-4)6.74753
(-5)4.05782
(-6)2.32430
(-14)5.72014
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of associated Jxgendre functions.
Columbia
York, N.Y., 1945 (with permission).

-13
-13
-13
-14

2.24909
1.59779
1.14602
I 6.05494
8.29452

(-15)3.00374
Univ. Press, New

9. Bessel Functions
F.

w.

of Integer
J.

OLVER

Order

Contents
Page

Mathematical
Notation.
Bessel

....................

Properties

358

..........................

358

Functions
J and Y. ..................
9.1. Definitions
and Elementary
Properties
.........
9.2. AsymptoCc
Expansions
for Large Arguments
......
9.3. Asymptotic
Expansions
for Large Orders ........
9.4. Polynomial Approximations.
.............
9.5. Zeros.
.......................

Modified
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.
Kelvin

Numerical

358
358
364
365
369
370

Bessel Functions
I and K. ..............
Definitions
and Properties
..............
Asymptotic
Expansions.
...............
Polynomial Approximations.
.............

374
374
377
378

Functions.
......................
9.9. Definitions
and Properties
..............
9.10. Asymptotic
Expansions
...............
9.11. Polynomial
Approximations
.............

379
379
381
384

Methods
......................
9.12. Use and Extension
of the Tables.

References.
Table 9.1.

Table 9.2.

1 National

..........

385
385
388

..........................
Bessel Functions-Orders
0, 1, and 2 (0 5x5 17.5) ....
Jo@), 15D, JIW, JzP), Y&3, YIW,
1011
Y&J>, 8D
x=0(.1)17.5
Bessel Functions-Modulus
and Phase of Orders 0, 1, 2
(lO<zI
a).
...................
z*M&),
e,(z) -2,
8D
n=0(1)2, s-=.l(-.Ol)O
Bessel Functions-Auxiliary
Table for Small Arguments
(05212).
....................
Yo(cc)-i

Jo(z) In z,

x=0(.1)2,

8D

2[Yl(z)--f

JI(z)

on leave from the National

396

397

In 21

Bessel Functions-Orders
3-9 (0 52_<20) ........
n=3(1)9
J&t
ynw,
5D or 5s
x=0(.2)20,

Bureau of Standards,

390

398

Physical Laboratory.
355

BESSEL

356
Table 9.3.

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

ORDER

Bessel Functions-Orders
10, 11, 20, and 21 (0 1x_<20) . .
x-J~o(x), x-llJIT,,(z), ZY~O(Z>
x=0(.1)10,
8s or 9s
JlOb), Jll@), YlO(X>
x= 10(.1)20, 8D
x-J*&),
lc-21J21(.x))
2mY20(4
x=0(.1)20,
6s or 7s
Bessel Functions-Modulus
and Phase of Orders 10,11,20,
and21 (2O<x<a).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
zfM&(z), &k4 --z
n=lO, 11, 8D
n=20,21,
6D
x-=.05(-.002)0

Table

9.4.

Bessel Functions-Various
Orders (0 <n<lOO).
J*(x), YJx),
n=0(1)20(10)50, 100
x=1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 10s

Table

9.5.

Zeros and Associated Values of Bessel Functions and Their

Derivatives (OIn18,
1 <s<20) . . . . . . . . . . .
5D (10D for n=O)
j?w J?x.L.A ; L, J&b,,),
5D (8D for n=O)
YY,,, YXYw); Yyb,7 Y,(yk,,),
s=1(1)20, n=0(1)8

406

407

409

Table

9.6.

Bessel Functions Jo(&x),

x=0(.02)1, 5D

. . . . . . . . . . .

413

Table

9.7.

Bessel Functions-Miscellaneous
Zeros (s= 1(1)5) . . . . .
sth zero of 5 J1 (2) - xJo(x)
x, x-=0(.02)
.l, .2(.2)1, 4D
sth zero of &(x) - We(x)
x=.5(.1)1, X+=1(-.2).2,
.l(-.02)0,
4D
sth zero of Jo(x) Yo(hx) - Yo(x)Jo(Ax)
X-=.8(-.2)
.2, .l(-.02)0,
5D (8D for s=l)
sth zero of J,(x) Yl (AZ)- Yl (x)J1(Xx)
X-l=.8(-.2)
.2, .l(-.02)0,
5D (8D for s=l)
sth zero of J1(z) Yo(Xx)- Yl(x) Jo(~)
X-l=.8(-.2)
.2, .l(-.02)0,
5D (8D for s=l)

414

Table

9.8.

Modified Bessel Functions of Orders 0, 1, and 2 (0 Ix 120)

e-zIo(x), eKo(x), e-II(x), e%(x)
x=0(.1)10 (.2)20, 10D or 10s

416

Table for Large

. . . . . . . .

422

Table for Small

. . . . . . . .

422

x-212

(4,

39K2

s= l(l)5

, . . . .

Page
402

(4

x=0(.1)5,
lOD, 9D
e-z12(x), eK2 (2)
x=5(.1)10 (.2)20, 9D, 8D
Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary
Arguments (202x< a) . . . . . . .
x+emzl,(x), 7r-x*eK,(x),
n= 0, 1, 2
x-l= .05(- .002)0, 8-9D
Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary
Arguments (Oix12).
. . . . . . .
K,(x) + lo(x) Inx, x{ K (5) -II(x)
lnx}
x=0(.1)2,
8D

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

ORDER

357
Page

Table 9.9.

Modified Bessel Functions-Orders

emZIn(x), eZKn(x), n=3(1)9
x=0(.2)10(.5)20,
5s

3-9 (0 <x120)

. . .

Table 9.10. Modified Bessel Functions-Orders

10, 11, 20 and 21
(O<z<20)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x-l*,(x), x-I,, (2) , zK,o(s)
s=O(.2)10,
8s or 9s
e-zllo(x>, em2111
(21, eKl0(x)
lOD, 10D, 7D
2=10(.2)20,
3J-2120(~>,

cr2112,

(2))

423

425

z20K20(z)

2=0(.2)20,
5s to 7s
Modified Bessel Functions-Auxiliary
Tabie for Large
Arguments (205x5 ~0). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In { x+e-~IIo(x) } , In { x+e-II1 (x) } , In {a-x~eKIo(x) }
ln{xie-Izo(x)},
In{ x~e-z121(x)}, In{7r-1xfeK20(x)}
s-=.05(-.001)0,
8D, 6D

427

Table 9.11. Modified Bessel Functions-Various

Orders (0 In 5 100) .
In(x), K,(x),
n=0(1)20(10)50, 100
z=l, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 9s or 10s

428

Table 9.12. Kelvin Functions-Orders

0 and 1 (0 1215)
. . . . . .
ber x, bei x, beq x, beil x
ker x, kei x, ker, x, kei, x
x=0(.1)5,
iOD, 9D
Kelvin Functions-Auxiliary
Table for Small Arguments
(O<x<l).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ker x+ber x In x, kei x+bei x In x
x(ker,x+berl x In x), x(kei, x+bei, x In x)
x=0(.1)1,
9D
Kelvin Functions-Modulus
and Phase (0 1x17)
. . . .

430

Mob),

cob-3,

No(4,

40(x>,

M(x),
N(x),

430

432

4(x>
h(x)

z=O(.2)7,
6D
Kelvin Functions-Modulus
and Phase for Large Arguments (6.6 5x5 a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x+e-~Zi140(x),O,(x) - (x/G), x*e-zdM~ (51, 4 (2) - (x/@>
xWJzNO(x),
40(x>
+ (x/-\/z>, xtedZN~(x), 91(x>+ (x/43
x-=.15(-.Ol)O,
5D

432

The author acknowledges the assistance of Alfred E. Beam, Ruth E. Capuano, Lois K.
Cherwinski, Elizabeth F. Godefroy, David S. Liepman, Mary Orr, Bertha H. Walter, and
Ruth Zucker of the National Bureau of Standards, and N. F. Bird, C. W. Clenshaw, and
Joan M. Felton of the National Physical Laboratory in the preparation and checking of the
tables and graphs.

9. Bessel Functions
Mathematical

of Integer

Order

Properties
Bessel

Notation

The tables in this chapter are for Bessel functions of integer order ; the text treats general
orders. The conventions used are:
z=z+iy;
5, y real.
n is a positive integer or zero.
Y, p are unrestricted
except where otherwise
indicated; Yis supposed real in the sections devoted
to Kelvin functions 9.9, 9.10, and 9.11.
The notation used for the Bessel functions is
that of Watson [9.15] and the British Association
and Royal Society Mathematical
Tables.
The
function Y(z) is often denoted NV(z) by physicists
and European workers.
Other notations are those of:
Aldis, Airey:
Gn(z) for -+rYn(z),K,(z)

for (-)nK,(z).

Clifford:
C,(x) for z+Jn(2&).
Gray, Mathews
Y&9

and MacRobert

for 37rY&)+

[9.9]:

(ln ~--TV&),

F(z) for ?revri sec(v?r)Y,(z),

G,(z) for +tiH!l)

9.1. Definitions

and Elementary
Differential

9.1.1

J and Y

Functions

CPW
22=+2

Properties

Equation

clw
~+(22-v2)w=o

Solutions are the Bessel functions of the first kind

J&z),
of the second kind Y(z) (also called
Webersfunction) and of the third kindH$,(z), Hb2)(z)
(also called the Hankel functions).
Each is a
regular (holomorphic)
function of z throughout
the z-plane cut along the negative real axis, and
for fixed z( #O) each is an entire (integral) function of v. When v= &n, J(z) has no branch point
and is an entire (integral) function of z.
Important
features of the various solutions are
as follows: J(z) (g v 2 0) is bounded as z-0 in
any bounded range of arg z. J(z) and J-,(z)
are linearly independent
except when v is an
integer.
J(z) and Y(z) are linearly independent
for all values of v.
W!l)(z) tends to zero as Jz/-+co in the sector
O<arg z<?r; Hi2(z) tends to zero as Izl-+a, in the
sector -r<arg
z<O. For all values of v, H!(z)
and H!(z) are linearly independent.

(2).
Relations

Jahnke, Emde and Losch [9.32]:

Between

Solutions

A,(z) for l?(~+l)(~z)-vJV(z).

Jeffreys:
Hsy(2) for HP(z),

Hi(z) for Hi2)(z),

Kh,(z)

for (2/a)&(z).

Heine:
K,(z) for--&Y,(z).
Neumann:
Y"(z) for +sY,(z)+
Whittaker

(ln 2--y)Jn(z).

and Watson 19.181:

EG(z) for cos(vr)&(z).

358

The right of this equation is replaced

limiting value if v is an integer or zero.

by its

9.1.3

H:(z)=Jv(z)+iY,(z)
=i csc(m) {e-YtJv(z) - J--Y(z)]
9.1.4

HS2(z)=J&)-iYv(z)
=i CSC(VT){J--Y(~)-eYTtJp(z)}
9.1.5

J-,(z)= (-)nJn(z)

9.1.6

iY$~(z)=ev*H~(z)

y-m= (-->Yn (4
~?,!(z)=e-vf~i2(z)

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

359

,I
,l,,lXl
I

:
/

FIGURE 9.2.

Jlo(z),

M1cl(x)=JJ?&+
FIGURE 9.1.

Jo(x),

Y&i), J,(x),

Ydz),

and

Edx).

Yl(z).

FIGURE 9.3.

Jv(lO)

and Y,(lO).

-DX

Contour lines of the modulus and phase of the Hankel Function HA (x+iy)=M&Q.
From
E. Jahnke, F. Emde, and F. L&h,
Tables of higher functions, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1960 (with permission).

FIGURE 9.4.

360

BESSEL
Limiting

Forms

for

Small

FUNCTIONS

OF

Arguments

INTEGER

ORDER,
Integral

9.1.18

When v is fixed and z-0

9.1.7
Jr(z) - &>Ir(v+
9.1.8

1)

cos (2 sin s)de=i

-2,

(vz-1,

Ye(z) --iHAl)

Representations

-3,

-~iH$~(z) -(2/r)

. . .)

T cos (2 co9 0)&J

9.1.19
Y&> =f

In z

s0

cos (2 cos 0) {r+ln

(22 sin2 0) } a%

9.1.20

9.1.9
Y&) --iH:l)(z)

-iH:2(z)

--

(l/~)r(v)(~z)Wv>O)

Ascending

9.1.10

JY(z)=(w

=**;y&Jy

Series

(1-t2F

cos (zt)dt

@?v>--4)

9.1.21

&$;;1)

9.1.11
*-?a T
=- a
dr ~080 cos
r s0

Y,(&+ ,(3W n-1(n-k--l)! (fz>

-a
k3
k!
9.1.22

2
+- a In (3z)Jn (2)

J.,z,=~J

COS(Z

Y,(z) =; J

J,,(z) = 1

-~~m(e~+e-.

9.1.13
2
Yo(z>=- ?r Iln (3z>+rVo(z)+41-t-4)

2 $2
I-(1!)2

e-ve)de

F+(l+i+t)

S~II(Z

sin

e-zslDh

r-vcdt (la-g .zl<&r)

e--ve)de

cos (v7r)}e-*s**tdt

(jarg2/<$7r)

9.1.23

fg-

J,(I)=:lrnsin(z

* * *I

9.1.14
J,(W,(4

sin

-- sin(m)
?r s 0

where #(n) is given by 6.3.2.

9.1.12

(ne)de

cash t)dt (s>O)

cos(s cash t)dt (s>O)

9.1.24

=
(-)uv+P+2k+l)

(iz)

k=Or(V+k+l)r(C(+k+l)r(V+CC+k+l)

k!

9.1.15
9.1.25
W(J(Z),

9.1.16

mu&

J-,(z)

1 =J+l(z)J-,(z)+J(~)J-~,+l,(~)

= -2 sin (wr)/(?rz)

Yc4 1=J+lM y&9 -J&9 Yv+1(d

=2/(m)

HI(z)=$
H:)(z)=-:

-+*i
ezslnht--r~dt (jargzl<$r)
_
s (D
m-r:
_
ezsl*+-vtdt (largzl<+r)
s OD

9.1.26

9.1.17
W{Hj(z),

H~2(z)}=H~~~(z)H~2~(~)-H~1~(z)H~,2!~(~)
= -4i/(rz)

In the last integral the path of integration

must
lie to the left of the points t=O, 1, 2, . . . .

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

ORDER

361

and
9.1.27

4
pySY-pJY=- u2ab

9.1.34

Analytic

Continuation

In 9.1.35 to 9.1.38, m is an integer.

u:(z,=-Y+&,+~

W(4

9.1.35

$T denotes J, Y, WI, ZF2 or any linear combination of these functions, the coefficients in which
are independent of z and Y.

9.1.36

9.1.28

9.1.37

J;(z)=-Jl(z)

Y;(z)=-Yy,(z)

Jv(zef)=emr*

Yv(zem*f)=e-m* Y,(z)+2i

J(z)

sin(mva) cot(v?r) J,(z)

If fi(z) = zP%~(W) where p, p, X are independent

of Y, then

sin(~?r)H!~)(ze~) = -sin { (m- l)~?r}H!~)(z)

9.1.29
fY-l(Z) +fY+1@) = WWYf,(~)

9.1.38
sin(vr)HP)(ze*f)=sin{

(p+q)fv-l(z) + (P--?2)fv+&)
Z,fl(~> =Mz*fv-l(z)

+ev** sin(mv7r)H)(z)
Y
9.1.39
H~)(ze~f)=-e-~~fH$)(z)

(P+vdfY(Z)

Formulas

for

(m+1)v~}H~2)(z)

= cw~)cfl(~)

+ (P- df4z>

zf:(z>=-xazfY+l(z>+

--e-v* sin(mv7r)HP)(z)

H!2)(ze-f)=-eLH~1(z)

Derivatives

9.1.30
9.1.40

f$ k{z-$f(z)}=(-)kz--k%v+k(~>
>
(k=O, 1,2,

J&9 =m
H!(Z)=H:(z)

(2)

Generating
=;

{ sf-k(Z)

-(f)

. . . +(-)k~v+r(~)

(k=O, 1,2, . . .)
Relations

(Y real)

Function

and

Associated

Series

for

eW-l/t)=

tk Jk(z)

@*O)

kx-.m

+G>

Recurrence

H:Q(Z) =H!(z)

UV-k,2(4

9.1.41
q-k+,(z)-

= Yl(z)

. . .)

9.1.31
g:)

Y,(B)

9.1.42

cos (z sin O)=J,,(z)+2

9.1.43

sin (z sin 0)=2 & Jsn+I(z) sin { (2k+l)B}

J&Z)

cos (2M)

Cross-Products

If
9.1.32

p,= J&)Yv(b) - Jv(b)Yh)

qv=J,(@Y:(b) - J:@)Y&)
rv= J:(Wv(b) - Jv(bP:W
ev= J:(a)Y:(b)

9.1.44
cos (z cos e)=J&)+2

- J:(b)Yl(a)

k$ (-)kJ&)

cos (2ke)

9.1.45

then
9.1.33

sin (z cos 0)=2 g

9.1.46

(-)J:Jnn+I(z) cos { (2k+l)O}

1=Jo(z)+2J&)+2J&)+2J&)+

. . .

9.1.47
cos z=J,,(z)-2J&)+2J&)-2J&)+

1
a,=- 2 p.+,+;

p.-1-;

P,

9.1.48

sin z=2J,(z)-2J&)+2J&)-

. . .
. . .

362

BESSEL

Other

Differential

FUNCTIONS

OF

Equations

INTEGER

ORDER

9.1.63

9.1.49 tuff+(XZ-y)W=o,

w=z~w"(xz)
Derivatives

With

Respect

to Order

9.1.64
9.1.50 w~~+(~-!$)w=o,

w=z%T"(x2*)
$ J,(z)=J,

9.X.51

(2) In ($2)

w=dWR,,,(2XdP/p)

w+A22v-2w=o,

OD

-(32)

9.1.52

gl

A! +b+k+l)

caz)

(---I r(v+k+l)

k!

9.1.65

WI'-- 2v-1 w~+x2w=o,

2

w=z"w~(xz)
$ y. (2) =cot

9.1.53
~~w+(1-2p)zW+(xq%2~+p-v2q2)20=0,

(ml {;

-csc

J, (z) -IFY, (z) 1

(VT) $ J-v(z)---rJ,

w= zpw~(xz~)

9.1.54

(z)

(VZO, 51, 62, . . . >

9.1.66
w+(X2ezr-v)w=O,

w= %Yv(Ae*>

9.1.55
9.1.67

zyz2-v2)w"+z(z2-3v2)w'
+ { (2-vy(22+v2)}w=o,
9.1.56
w(23=

(-)fppW,

w=Vl(z)
9.1.68

w=z%f,(2xad)

where (Y is any of the 2n roots of unity.

Differential

Equations

for

Products

In the following 8= z& and V,(z), g,(z)

cylinder

functions

are any

Expressions

of Hypergeometric

=
JP(z)=r(v+l)

{ 64--2(va+$)82+

w=~v(z)~p(z)

Aqv++,

(k4

~(t?2-4vz)w+4zz(~+l)w=o,

w=&?(2)~(2)
(v20),

2*
o<J,(v)<3*Iy+)vt

9.1.61

IJ,(z)l<lf~/~e~A1

9.1.62

- r (v+l)
II.

--limF

X,p;

v+l;

-&)

15.)

Bounds

IJY(~)111/@

2v+l,2iz)

as X, P+=J through real or complex values; z, v

being fixed.
(,F1 is the generalized hypergeometric
function.
For M(a, b, z) and F(a, b; c; z) see chapters 13 and

23W+2(4Z2+1-44y2)W+(4+-1)W=0,

9.1.60 jJ(2)jll

J(Z)-r(v+l)

w=W,(z>L9v(~>

9.1.59

Upper

-&!)

9.1.70

9.1.58

page

,F,(v+l;

=&Ye-*
w+u

(v2-/2)2}w

+422(6+1)(9+2)w=o,

Functions

9.1.69

of orders v, P respectively.

9.1.57

*see

in Terms

Connection

(v11)

(v>O)

With

Legendre

Functions

If cc and x are fixed and Y+Q) through

positive values

9.1.71
(v2--3)

(x>O)

real

BESSEL

FUNC!lIONS

OF

For P;

(cos f)} =-$rY,(r)

(2>0)

Continued

J&4

Fractions

1
2(v+2)z--

1
2(V+l)z--

-=A

X,

v sincr=w

sin x

the branches being chosen so that W-W and x+0

as z-0.
0; (cos CX)is Gegenbauers polynomial
(see chapter 22).

and Q;, see chapter 8.

9.1.73

363

ORDER

In 9.1.79 and 9.1.80,

w=~(?.4~+&--2uv
cos CY),
u-v cos a=w cos

9.1.72
lim (#Q;

INTEGER

*
A

Multiplication

LdYY

Theorem

9.1.74
~v(AZ)=Afv 2 (v(A2-1)k(w

Gegenbaue?s addition

$f?*,n(z)

k!

ka0

(IA-ll<l>
If %= J and the upper signs are taken, the restriction on X is unnecessary.
This theorem will furnish expansions of %?,(rete)
in terms of 5ZVflll(r).
Addition

Theorems

If u, v are real and positive and 0 +Y 5 r, then w, x

are real and non-negative,
and the geometrical
relationship
of the variables is shown in the diagram.
The restrictions Ive*al< 1~1 are unnecessary in
9.1.79 when %= J and v is an integer or zero, and
in 9.1.80 when %Z= J.
Degenerate

Neumanns

theorem

Form

(u=

m):

9.1.81
eir ~=I(~)($v)-~

& (u+k)inJ,+r(v)C~(c~s
(YZO,

The restriction
Ivj<lu]
is unnecessary when
%?= J and v is an integer or zero. Special cases are

9.1.76

Neumanns

Expansion
Series

of an
of Bessel

9.1.82 f(~)=~~~(2)+2

1= JiC4+2k$ Jib)

Arbitrary
Functions

a)
-1,

Function

. . .)
in

(IK4

& U&(Z)

where c is the distance of the nearest singularity

off(z) from z=O,

9.1.77

o=E= (-YJd4 Jad4

+2 2 J&> J2n+d4 b2 1)
9.1.83 ak=L2az

9.1.78

J,(24=$o J&> Jn-n(z)+2 $ (--YJd4 Jn+nk)

@<c<c)

fwkwt
s Irl=e

and On(t) is Neumanns polynomial.

is defined by the generating function

The latter

9.1.84

&=JoW&)+~
O,(t) is a polynomial

of degree n+ 1 in l/t; 00(t) * l/t,

9.1.85

Gegenbauers

o&)=; g

9.1.80

GC?
(4 -&(y+k)
%$dv
-=2q7(4
WY

w4tl>

kg J&)0&)

(Y#O,-1,

C;

(cos

. . ., lveif~l<luI>

a)

+--k-l)!

kf

2 n-2k+1

(T)

(n=1,2,.

The more general form of expansion

9.1.86

f(z>=hJ.(z>+2

g1 %Jv+&)

. .)

BESSEL

364

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

9.2.6

also called a Neumann expansion, is investigated

in [9.7] and [9.15] together with further generalizaExamples of Neumann
expansions are
tions.
Other
9.1.41 to 9.1.48 and the Addition Theorems.
examples are

9.2.7

9.1.87

~~lyz)=~~j{~(v,

&)=g

(v+2Qr(v+k)
k!

k=O

ORDER

{P(v, 2) sin X+ Q(v, 2) cos X}

Y,(z) =42/(7rz)

Wg zl<r)
2)}efx

z)+~&(v,

(- r<arg

J,+2n(z)
(VfO, -1,-q.

. .>

9.2.8

H;yz)=Jqz){P(v,

9.1.88

+z{ln(32)~$(n+l>
lJ&>
-3 g

(-I

(n+2k)J,+&)
k(n+k)

z<2?r)

z)-iQ(v, z)}e-*x
(--2*<arg
z<r)
with4v2 denoted byp,

where X=Z-(+v+$)uand,
9.2.9

(II-1)(P-99)
Pb,
ego(-1~g$i=l2!(&)2

+G-l)(p--9)(~--25)(p-49)_.
4! (82)4

where G(n) is given by 6.3.2.

..

9.2.10

2k+
1)
Q(v,
4-got-1(v,
-r--l (P-l)(P-9h-25)+

9.1.89

(2z)2x+1

9.2. Asymptotic

Principal

Expansions
Arguments
Asymptotic

for

Forms

9.2.1
{cos (z-)~-~~)+e~O(lzl-)}

9.2.2

YY(z)=Jm{sin

Asymptotic

(larg zl<r)

.
(z-)v,-t~)+e~O(IZI-)}

(--*<a%

2<27r)

9.2.4

With the conditions

ceding subsection

(-2n<arg

-R(v,

J:(z)=J2/(*2){

of Derivatives

and notation

of the pre-

2) sinx--S(v,

2) co9 x.}

(kg 4<r)

9.2.12

Y:(z) =JG)

H~z)(Z),J~)e--1-1

Expansions

9.2.11

(Ias 4<4

9.2.3
H~l)(z)VJ~e-t~~-t~)

If v is real and non-negative and z is positive, the

remainder after k terms in the expansion of P(v, z)
does not exceed the (k+l)th
term in absolute
value and is of the same sign, provided that
k>tv-a.
The same is true of Q(v,z) provided
that k>!p---f.

When v is fixed and [z]+o,

Jy(z)=~q(Fg

3!(8~)~

82

Large

{ R(v,

2) cos x-

S(V,

2) sin x}

z<7r)

(be 4-C~)
9.2.13

Hankels

Asymptotic

Expansions

H!)(z)=J2/(?rz){iR(v,

z)-S(V,

When v is fixed and Iz]-+ao

(--?r<arg

z<27r)

9.2.14

9.2.5
JY(z)=~2/(m){P(v,

z)}efx

z) COSX-Q(v, z) sinx}

(larg Kr>

H$2)(z)=J2/(az){

--iR(v,

z)--S(v,

z)}ebfX

(--2?r<arg

.~<a>

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

365

9.2.29

9.2.15

(fv+$)~+~ P-1

b--2=I-(P-1)(P+15)+
2!(82)2

+il-~~~~)~25)+(ii--l)(r2-114p+1073)

**-

5(4x)

9.2.16

s(v,z,-go(-)4~~+4(2k+l)~-l
dv2-

-PLf3
82

b-1)

G-9) (rfW+
3!(82)3

Modulus

+ (p-1) (5cr3- 1535pz+54703p-375733) +

. ..
14(4x)

(v, 2kfl)
(22yk+

(4,7+1)2

9.2.30

. . .

2
Nfz{1-2

and

1 p-3
1.1 (p-l)(p-45)
~-(zx)4
(2x)2 2.4

* .1

Phase

The general term in the last expansion is given by

For real v and positive x

- 1 . 1 .3 . . . (2k-3)
2.4 - 6 . . . (2k)

9.2.17
MY=IH~l)(x))=~{J~(x)+Y~(x)}

&=arg Hi)(z) =arctan

{ YV(z)/Jy(z)}

x,(P-1)b9).

. . w-3;~l

b-@k+1)@k--1)21

9.2.18
N=py(x)I=~{J:2(x)+y:2(x)}

Ip,=arg Hz)(z)=arctan

9.2.31

{ Yi(z)/Ji(z)}

9.2.19

Jy(z)=My

cos &,

Yp(x)=A4v

sin B,,

9.2.20

J:(x)=Nv

cos (p,,

Y:(x) = NV sin cpV.

p+3
+2(4x)+

4Px-(+t)

p2+46p--63
6(4~)~

p3+185p2-2053p+1899
+

In the following relations, primes denote differentiations with respect to x.

9.2.21

M39:=2/(?rx)

A$p~=2(~-v)/(7rx3)

9.2.22

Nf=M;2+A4;fI:2=M:2+4/(~xM,)2

9.2.23

($-v2)M~M:+x2N,N;+xN;=o

9.3.

Asymptotic
Principal

9.2.25

ZM;+xM:+

Expansions

for

Asymptotic

Large

Orders

Forms

In the following equations it is supposed that

through real positive values, the other variables being fixed.

9.2.26
(4v2- l)w=O,

. . .

V-+m

(x2-S)M,--4/(fM;)=O

i7?w+x(45c2+ 1-422)w+

If v 2.0, the remainder after k terms in 9.2.28 does

not exceed the (k+ 1) th term in absolute value
and is of the same sign, provided that k>v-3.

9.2.24
tan ((py-ey)=M,BI/M:=2/(*xM,M:)
M,N,sin ((py-ev)=2/(1rx)

5(4x)5

w=xw

9.3.1

9.2.27
Asymptotic

When

Expansions

of Modulus

and

Phase

is fixed, x is large and positive, and

p=4v2

9.3.2

9.2.28
Jy(v sech ff) md2~~
1.3.5
+2.4.6

(/.l-1)(/L-9)(p-25)+
(2x)6

tanh (Y

Yv (v se& 4 - -J3?Tv tanh a!

* * *I
*see

page

II.

b>O)

(a>@

366

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

9.3.3

9.3.9

J, (v set 13)=

q(t)=1
v,(t)= (3t-5ta;/24
uz(t)=(81t2-462t4+385te)/1152
u3(t)= (30375t3-3
69603ts+7

J2/(7rv tan p) {cos (vtanp-v/3-&r)+O

(v-l)}
KKP<3*)

Yy(v set @)=

1/2/ (7rv t,an p) {sin (v tan /3-v/3--in)

+O(v-)

65765t
-4 25425t9)/4 14720
u4(t)=(44
65125t4-941
21676te+3499
22430P
-4461
85740t1+1859
10725t12)/398 13120

(O<P<h>
For I

9.3.4
J,(v+zvH)=2%-H
Y(v+zvfs~=

Ai(--2%)+O(v-l)
--2%-B

Bi( -2%)

and u,(t) see [9.4] or [9.21].

9.3.10
+

O(V-)

~~+~(t)=:t(1-t)zl;(t)+~~~

(1--5P)uJt)dt
0

(k=O,

9.3.5

1, . . .)

Also
9.3.11
JL (v sech a) -

9.3.6

9.3.12
YL(v sech CX)

where
9.3.13

vo(t)= 1
In the last two equations
9.3.39 below.

Debyes

{ is given by 9.3.38 and

Asymptotic

(i) If LY:is fixed and positive

positive
9.3.7

Expansions

and

is large and

q(tl=(-9t+7tS)/24
v,(t)=(-l35t2+594t4--455t~)/1152
v3(t) = (-42525t3+4
51737P--8
835752
$4 75475t9)/4 14720
9.3.14
vh(t)=u,(t)+t(t2-1){
~uM(t)+tu;-,(t)}
(k=l,
2, . . .)
(ii) If /3 is fixed, O<p<$r
and v is large and
positive
9.3.15
Jy(v set fij=
9.3.16
Y(v set

42/(7rv tan p){L(v,

P) cos \k
+Mb,
P) sin *I

p)=J2/(7rv tan /3){L(v, 8) sin +

--M(v,

9.3.8

where

Y,(v sech CY)-

9.3.17

\k=v(t#an

a> cos *}

p-/3)--&r

L(v, p> u 2 u=yt

0)

k=O

=l-81
where

cot2 p+462

cot4 fit385
1152~~.

cot S+

.. .

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

9.3.18

OF INTEGER

ORDER

367

9.3.26

=3 cot 8-l-5 cot3 /3

-...
24v

17
1
z3+70
70

g1(2)=--

Also

9.3.19
set fl)=J(sin

&(v

2/3)/(m){ -N(v,

P) sin \k
-O(v, a> cos \E}

9.3.20

where

The corresponding expansions for HJ) (V + ZV)

and IP(v+zv~~)
are obtained by use of 9.1.3
and 9.1.4; they are valid for -+3n<arg v<#?T
and
-#?r<arg v<&r, respectively.

9.3.21

9.3.27

Y:(v set P)=J(sin

2@)/(m){N(v,

N(v, /I) 'v 2 v2ky?

=1+

/3) cos *
-O(V, p) sin \E}

l-9

Ji(v+d3)

Ai (-21132) {1+x - h&+

k=l vZki3

--$

135 cot2 /3+594 cot4 b-j-455 cot6 /3

-...
11529

+g

Ai (-21/32)

9.3.22
O(,,, ,,j)+

vzk+d.h;t

8)=g cot b-t-1 Cot3 8-.

..

Expansions

in

the

Transition

When z is fixed, Iv/ is large and jarg

- $ Bi (-21j32) {1+x - h&))

-

kc1 vZkf3

Regions

-$

VI<+

9.3.23

Bi (-21132) g0 $$

where

Jv(v+d~3)-~

Ai (-21132) {l+eja}
k-1
+f

Ai (-2%)

9.3.29

Vs3

$$

h,(z)=--;

h&)=-&o

2+;

h,(z)=%

A2g

h,(z)=&

SO-+0

where
9.3.30

9.3.25
x++

f3(.2)

In(z)
vZkJ3

9.3.28
Y~(v+zv~)

Asymptotic

5
kc0

lo(z) =-

=-

957
7000

28

.x$3--

3150

225

3
1
z3-5
5

2
z3+go
z7+z

z4--

1159
115500

BESSEL

368

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

ORDER

9.3.37
Ai

(e2rt/3y2/3~)
v1/3

e2*1/3&
+

r (e2~1/3y2/3t)
v5/3

When v++ m, these expansions hold uniformly

with respect to z in the sector larg zls?r--~, where
e is an arbitrary
positive number.
The corresponding expansion for HZ2) (vz) is obtained by
changing the sign of i in 9.3.37.
Here

where
p/3

a=----=.44730
3"3r(g)
22/3

b= ----=.41085
3'W(Q)
cxo=l,
a2=.00069

73184,

3ia=.77475

01939,

$b= .71161 34101

1
a~=--=-.004,
225
3735 . . .,

j30=j$=.01428

90021

equivalently,

ff,=--00035

38 . * *

I213
-.00118 48596...,
10 23750=
f13=-.00038 . . .
/92=.00043 78 . . .,
Yo"1,

9.3.39
5

57143 . . .,

p,=-

r,=~o=.00730

9.3.38

(-a3/2=l*F

&=~-arccos

($)

the branches being chosen so that { is real when

z is positive.
The coefficients are given by
9.3.40

15873 . . .,
ak(l)=g

y3=.00044 40 . . .
7300 . . .)
60+
(&=--.-- 947 =- .00273 30447 . . .,
3 46500
&=.OOO6O 47 . . .,
63=-.00038
. . .

C(8f-3a2U2k-8{

(1-z2)-tj

y2=-.00093

Uniform

Asymptotic

Expansions

These are more powerful than the previous expansions of this section, save for 9.3.31 and 9.3.32,
They
but their coefficients are more complicated.
reduce to 9.3.31 and 9.3.32 when the argument
equals the order.
9.3.35

2k+l
r-Z

b(c)=-

XJ1-382U2k-1+*I(1-22)-tj

where uk is given by 9.3.9 and 9.3.19, A,,=&=1

and
9.3.41

x =(2~+1)(2~+3)...(6s-1)
8
s!(144)"

' I&=--gq

6sfl

Thus a&) = 1,
9.3.42

+*i(vs) g+ a,(s))
v5/3

k=O

9.3.36

goty
Y&z)ti- ( E2 >14{Bi$y3r)
+Bi(v2/31) 2 a,(r))
v5/3

k=O

3k

b,(c)= -~+~{24(15~2)3,2-s(1181)lj
=--

4852

5
(-~)~~24(za-l)312+8(~2-l)~

Tables of the early coefficients are given below.

For more extensive tables of the coefficients and
for bounds on the remainder terms in 9.3.35 and
9.3.36 see [9.38].

BESSEL

Uniform

Expansions

With the conditions

of the

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

For f>lO

Derivatives

369

use

of the preceding subsection

a,(+;

9.3.43

p-.104p-2,
p+.146{-

+Ai

(3~) 5
$13

k=O

dx(p))
VXk

For {<-lo

(v213[) .& a&&),

g/3

k=O

co(r)--$

Hp(Vz)--

Ai

(e2*U3&3{)

a1(~)=.000,

l&31=.0008,
(r<lO),

9.4.1

9.3.46

ld,Wl=.~ol

cl(t):)-.0035-i

9.4. Polynomial

where

as f-++m.

Approximations

-35x13

&(x)=1-2.24999

2k+l
2

d,(f)=.OOO.

l-l-1.33(-[)-52,

Mr)l=.003,

#I3

h(~)l=.OO8

c&-)=--p

d,(l)=.OOs.

values of higher coefficients:

Maximum
t

9.3.4s
&pi/3

use

bo(S)-~r2,
+Bi

a,(3-)=.003,

97(x/3)+1.26562

08(~/3)~

~,~-3s2uZk-~+~~(1---z)-*~

-.31638

66(~/3)~+.04444 79(x/3)

-.00394 44(x/3)0f.00021

OO(x/3)2fE

lt]<5X10-8

and & is given by 9.3.13 and 9.3.14. For bounds

on the remainder terms in 9.3.43 and 9.3.44 see
[9.38].

--

--

boW

-~

0.0180

: 0278
0351

:
:

: 0366
0352
: 0311
0331

ii

: 0278
0294

1:

-. 004
-. 001
+. 002
.003
. 004
. 004
. 004
. 004
.004
. 004

: 0265
0253

-I

ho(r)

--l--0
1
E

0.0180
.0109
: 0044
0067

.0031

6
7
s8

: 0022
0017
.0013
: 0009
0011

10

--

.0007

=
al(r)

-0.
-.
-.
-.

004
003
002
001

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

001
000
000
000
000
000
000

--

. 005
. 004
. 003
. 003
. 003
. 003
. 003
.003

cow

d,(r)

_---

691
384(x/3)4

+.25300 117(x/3)-.04261

214(x/3)

+.00427 916(x/3)1o-.OOO24 846(x/3)12+e

lel<1.4X10-B
9.4.3

3<x<a
Jo(x) =x-y0

f,=.79788

cos e,

Yo(x)=x-*f,

456-.OOOOO 077(3/x)-.00552

sin 0,
740(3/x)

-.00009 512(3/~)~+.00137 237(3/x):)

-.00072 805(3/~)~+.00014 476(3/x)6+e

0. 007
. 004
. 002
. 001
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

h(jx)Jo(x)+.36746

+.60559 366(~/3)~-.74350

0.007
. 009
.007

0. 1587
. 1323
. 1087
.0903
. 0764
. 0658
. 0576
.0511
. 0459
. 0415
.0379

di W

.- ---

0. 1587
. 1785
. 1862
. 1927
. 2031
. 2155
. 2284
. 2413
. 2539
. 2662
. 2781

-0.004

o<x53

Yo(x)=(2/r)

COG-1

9.4.2

001
000
000
000
000
000
000

(r(<1.6XlO-a
2 Equations 9.4.1 to 9.4.6 and 9.8.1 to 9.8.8 are taken
from E. E. Allen, Analytical approximations,
Math. Tables
Aids Comp. 8, 240-241 (1954), and Polynomial approximations to some modified Bessel functions, Math. Tables
Aids Comp. 10, 162-164 (1956)(with
permission).
They
were checked at the National Physical Laboratory
by
systematic tabulation; new bounds for the errors, C, given
here were obtained as a result.

BESSEL

370

8,=x-.78539

816-.04166

FUNCTIONS

lej<1.3X

lel<l.lX

lo-

Yl(x) =x-*jl

sin e1

10-B

449+.12499

* * '

2<Ylv+1*2<Yv,3<

* - *

vij~,~<yv.~<y~.~<jv.~<j~,2

612(3/x)

+ .00005 650(3/~)~- .00637 879(3/x)3

+.00074 348(3/x)*+.00079
824(3/x)5
-.00029 166(3/~)~+e
10-B

For expansions of Jo(x), Ye(x), Jl(x), and Y1(x)

in series of Chebyshev polynomials
for the ranges
O<x<8 and O<S/x<l,
see 19.371.
9.5. Zeros

%v(z)= J(z) cos(d)+ Y(z) sin(d)

9.5.3
t

is a parameter,
%K(P.>

then

VP-1

(P,)

v"+l(P">

If uVis a zero of %i (z) then

9.5.5

U,(u,,=~

%c,(u.)=~

Vv+l(G)

The parameter t may be regarded as a continuous

variable and pr, u, as functions dt),
u,(t)
of t. If
these functions are fixed by
9.5.6

P"(O)

40)

=o,

=jL,

then
9.5.7

Yv,1=PAS-%

jv,8=ds),

(s=l,2,

. . .)

(s=l,

2, * . .)

9.5.8

ji,s=uv(s-l>,
9.5.9

y:,s=QY(s-~)

u:(,J=($ $)-+, w7,,=($$ $)-*

Zeros

When v is real, the functions JP(z), J:(z), Y,(z)

and Y;(z) each have an infinite number of real
zeros, all of which are simple with the possible
exception of z=O.
For non-negative v the sth
positive zeros of these functions are denoted by

. . .

The positive zeros of any two real distinct cylinder

functions of the same order are interlaced, as are
the positive zeros of any real cylinder function
Q?(z), defined as in 9.1.27, and the contiguous
function %?V+l(~).
If pu is a zero of the cylinder function

9.5.4

f,= .79788 456+ .OOOOO156(3/x)+ .01659 667(3/x)

+ .00017 105(3/x)3- .00249 511(3/x)*
+.00113 653(3/x):)-.00020 033(3/~)~+a

Real

. .)

according to the inequalities

Yv,1<Yr+1,1<Yv.

where

35x<=

lel<9X

<yy,2<y:,2<jv.2<jI,3<

xY~(x)=(2/s)xIn($x)J1(x)-.63661
98
+.22120 91(x/3)2+2.16827
09(x/3)*
-1.31648 27(x/3)6+.31239
51(x/3)*
- .04009 76(~/3)~+.00278
73(x/3)12+e

8,=x-2.35619

(s=2, 3,

j:,,=j1,+1

10-S

o<x13

Itl<4X

j&,=0,

j.,*<jY+l.l<jY,2<jr+1.2<j".3<

x-l J,(x)=+.56249
985(x/3)2+.21O93 573(x/3)
-. 03954 289(2/3)~f.00443
319(x/3)8
-. 00031 761(x/3)1o+.OOOO1 109(x/3)12+e

J~(x)=x-+$ cos 01,

9.5.1

9.5.2

-35x53

9.4.6

except that z=O

YY:, J respectively,
as the first zero of J;(z). Since
J;(z)=-Jl(z),
it follows that
s and

is counted

The zeros interlace

le1<7X 10-s

9.4.5

ORDER

yy,s,3, s, Y,

397(3/x)

-. 00003 954(3/x)2+.OO262 573(3/x)3

- .00054 125(3/x)*- .00029 333(3/x)5
+ .00013 558(3/~$~+ e

9.4.4

OF INTEGER

Infinite

9.5.10
9.5.11

Products

z2
,!I ( l-x
>

&I
J()r(vfl)

J;(z)=%

ii (1-g)

r-1

(v>O)

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

McMahons

When Y is fixed, s>>v

OF

Expansions

INTEGER
for

ORDER

Large

371

Zeros

and p=4v2

9.5.12
p-1
3. s, Y. 8-fl --_
&3

4(P-l)(7w-31)
3(8N3

-- 32(/J-l)

(83p2-9fi2p+377g)
15(8/3)
-64(cr-

1) (6949p3- 1 53855p2+15

85743p--62

77237)
-.

105(fq)

where P=(s++$)~
forj,,,, /3=(s+&-$)a
asymptotic expansion of p"(t) for large t.

for Y,~. With

. .

the right of 9.5.12 is the

P=(t++v-i)?r,

9.5.13
, s, yy,
I ~-~-~8~,3-4(7~2+82a--9)_32(83r3+2075~2-3o39~+353~~
J,,,

15(8~?)~

3 (8P)3

64(6949r4+2 96492p3-12 48002p2f74 1438Op-58 53627)

-.
105(8@)

where P=(s+%v--f)s
forjl,,, P=(s++-2)~
9.5.12 and 9.5.13 see [9.4] or [9.40].
and

Asymptotic
Associated

Expansions
Values
for

for Y:,~, P=(t+$v+t)s

of Zeros
Large
Orders

Uniform

9.5.14
jv,l~v+1.85575
71~~+1.03315 Ov-3
- .00397v-- .0908v-5/3+ .043v-73f

9.5.15
yp,l-v+

. . .

9.5.22

for

For higher terms in

u,,(t).

Asymptotic
Expansions
Associated
Values
for Large

j.,S-vz([)+z

of Zeros
Orders

and

m fkW
,zrc-l with {=v-2i3a8

9.5.23
.93157 68vlt3+ .26035 l~-~
+.01198v--.0060v-53-.001v-3+

. . .

Jxj.J---$~

{1+2

k=l

9.5.16
j:, l -v+

..

.80861 65~~$ .07249 OV-"~

- .05097v-+.oo94v-5s+

with
. . .

9.5.24

9.5.17
y:,1~+1.82109

80~~+.94000 7~-~
-.05808v--.0540v-53+

. . .

J:(j,,)--1.11310
28~-~~/(1+1.48460 6vT2j3
+ .43294v-4f3- .1943v-2+ .019v-ss+ . . . )

9.5.19
y:(y,, I>w.95554 86~-~~/(1+ .74526 l~-~~
.003v-83+

. . .)

c=vq2f3aa

- ,zr-l
gk(i-) with r=v+J3a:

jl,,-vz(l)+zI

9.5.25
J Y(j , J)-&

9.5.18

+.10910v-43-.0185v-2-

Y}

(a) ,

ho

+3

Gk(r)
T}

{ l+e

with l=vS2J3a:

k=l

where a,, a.: are the sth negative zeros of Ai(

Ai
(see 10.4), z=z({) is the inverse function
defined implicitly
by 9.3.39, and
9.5.26
Mf)=14u(1--2)I~

9.5.20
Jy(j:, I) m-67488 51v-13(1-.16172 3~-~~
+ .02918v-43-.0068v-2+

fi(r)=32(r>Ih(~)j2b,(r)
. . .)

9.5.21
Y,(y:, 1)w-.57319 40~-~(1- .36422 OV-~~
+ .09077v-4s+ .0237v-2-c . . . )

Corresponding expansions for s=2, 3 are given

in [9.40]. These expansions become progressively
weaker as s increases; those which follow do not
suffer from this defect.

mw =%--4l){W)

12COW

where b,(l), co([) appear in 9.3.42 and 9.3.46.

Tables of the leading coefficients follow. More extensive tables are given in [9.40].
The expansions of yy, S, YV(yy,J, y:, Sand Y,(y:, 3
corresponding to 9.5.22 to 9.5.25 are obtained by
changing the symbols j, J, Ai, Ai, a, and a: to
y, Y, -Bi, -Bi,
6, and b: respectively.

372

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

=
-1.000000
1. 166284
1.347557

FI(I)

0. 0143
.0142
.0139
.0135

1. 25992
1.22070
1. 18337
1. 14780
1. 11409
1.08220

:. E%
1: 978963

f,W

0: E

(-ShllW

-0.007
-. 005
2-E:
-. 003
-0.002

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.
-0.

1260
1335
1399
1453
1498
1533

(-SMS)
-0.010
-. 010
-. 009
-. 009
-. 008
-0.008

:88:
.004
.005

0: 8:x

z(S)

h(S)

1. 978963
2.217607
2. 469770
2.735103
3. 013256

: EG

--

PI W

flW
0.0126

:E

1: 02367
0.99687
.97159

. 0110
.0105

5: 661780
6.041525
6.431269

5. 8

iti
6: 8

0619
0573

-.
-.
-.

;g;
0464
0436
0410

0.0062

8.968548
9. 422900
9.885820
10.357162
10. 836791

0.70836

11.324575
11. 820388
12.324111
12. 835627
13.354826

0. 65901
. 65024

: FE%
.0065

. 67758
.66811

:ii$

001

.002

-0.001

0.001
. 001
. 001
. 001
0. 001

r:
-.

;;;g
0311

-I-:
-.
-.
-.

;;g
0270
0258
0246

Complex

fl(S)

Sl(S)
I-

1.528915
1. 541532
1.551741
k . KfEr:

1. 62026
1.65351
1:
; y3;
71607

0.0040
..0029
: y;
0006

-2

0. 15

1.568285

1.72523

0.0003

-0.0014

.E
. 00

1. 570703
1.570048
1.570796

1. 73002
:. . %ii

Values

-.

Maximum

0.006

-l-o:8;:
-:E

0.61821

(--r)+W

-I

-I

G,(I)

- 0.0386
-. 0365

.2E

z(r)-8(-r):

O. 40
:%
3

-.
-.

. Ei:
.73115
.71951

c-r)-+

-0.0807

: E1

0. 76939

13.881601

7. 0

1533
1301
1130
0998
0893

. 90397

0.0078
.0075

4.4
4. 6
4.8

001
001
001

-0.
-.
-.
-.
-.

I: Kg

0. 84681
.82972
. 81348
. 79806
.78338

2X

-.
-.
-.
-0.001
-0.001

0.94775
92524

BXi%!?

-.. g22

Q-J
w

s1w

of Higher

. 0001
0000
. 0000

w;

-. 0033
1:
ym;

I:
-*

Coefficients

lf*(!3I=.OOl,
I~2(!31=.0~4
(Oh-<4
lga(r)l=.ool,
IG2(s)I=.ooo7
Cl<---r<a)
I(-~)5gd~)I=.002,
I(-~)4G&-)l=.ooo7
(OS-ls<l)

Zeros

of J,(s)

When u> - 1 the zeros of J(z)

Y< - 1 and Y is not an integer the
plex zeros of J(z) is twice the
t-v) ; if the integer part of (-v)
these zeros lie on the imaginary
If ~20, all zeros of J:(z) are

are all real. If

number of cominteger part of
is odd two of
axis.
real.

g;:
0000
Complex

Zeros

of Y(a)

When Yis real the pattern of the complex zeros of

Y(z) and Y:(z) depends on the non-integer part
of Y. Attention is confined here to the case v=n,
a positive integer or zero.

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

i(na+b)

'\

'. -__

/'.

_*- .'
-i(no+b)

t
FICWRE 9.5.

Zeros of Y,(z) and Yh(z) . . .

1arg 215x.

Figure 9.5 shows the approximate distribution

of the complex zeros of Y,(z) in the region
larg zj<x.
The figure is symmetrical about the
real axis. The two curves on the left extend to
infinity, having the asymptotes
Az=f$ln3=&.54931

. . .

There are an infinite number of zeros near each of

these curves.
The two curves extending from z=--12 to z=n
and bounding an eye-shaped domain intersect
the imaginary axis at the points fi(na+b),
where
a;=-=.66274

b=$,/m

T..--m-----UYIJ!iti&kc unlJr;n

C
,I

are given by the right of 9.5.22 with v=n and

{=n-2/3&
or n-2i3&, where 8,, pS are the complex
zeros of Bi(z) (see 10.4).
Figure 9.5 is also applicable to the zeros of
Y;(z).
There are again an infinite number near
the infinite curves, and n near each of the finite
curves. Asymptotic expansions of the latter for
large n are given by the right of 9.5.24 with
v=n and {=n+lPL or r~-~~&; where @j and &! are
the complex zeros of Bi(z).
Numerical values of the three smallest complex zeros of Y,(z), Yllz) and Y;(z) in the region
0< arg Z<T are given below.
For further details see [9.36] and [9.13].
The
latter reference includes tables to facilitate
computation,
Complex

CUT

-e--q.

and 4=1.19968
. . . is the positive root of coth t
=t. There are n zeros near-each of these curves.
Asymptotic expansions of these zeros for large n

Hankel

-n

Functions

,..a
-+ilnz

\
\

FIGURE
. . .

of the

The approximate distribution of the zeros of

H:)(z) and its derivative in the region larg zll?r
is indicated in a similar manner on Figure 9.6.

. . .

In 2=.19146

Zeros

r/n

7
1

rino

Zeros of HA)(z) and IQ)(z)

9.6.

(arg 21Ix.
The asymptote of the solitary
given by
ys=--)ln2=-.34657

infinite

. . .
curve is

. . .

Zeros of Ye(z) and Valufs of YI (2) at the Zeros 3

Zero

Real
-2.40301
-5.51987
-8.65367

6632
6702
2403

Yl

Real
Imag.
+. 53988 2313
+. 10074 7689
+. 54718 0011
-. 02924 6418
+. 54841 2067 +. 01490 8063

Imag.

-. 88196 7710
f.
-.

58716
46945

9503
8752

Zeros of Yl(z) um! Values of YO(z) at the Zeros

Zero
yo
Real
-0.50274
3273
-3.83353
5193
-7.01590
3683

Imag.
+. 78624 3714
+. 56235 6538
+. 55339 3046

-.
f.
-.

Real
45952 7684
04830 1909
02012 6949

Imag.
+l. 31710 1937
-0.69251
2884
+O. 51864 2833

Zeros of Y:(z) und Vuhes of Yl (2) at the Zeros

ZWO
Yl
Real
+O. 57678 5129
-1.94047
7342
-5.33347
8617
* From
Columbia

Imag.
+. 90398 4792
+. 72118 5919
+. 56721 9637

Real
-. 76349 7088
+. 16206 4006
-. 03179 4008

National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel functions

Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1950 (with permission).

Zmag.
f .58924
4865
-. 95202 7886
+. 59685 3673

Ye(a) and

Y1(z) for complex

arguments,

BESSEL

374

FITNCTIONS

There are n zeros of each function near the

finite curve extending from z=-n
to z=n; the
asymptotic expansions of these zeros for large n
are given by the right side of 9.522 or 9.5.24
with p=n and f=e-2rg/k-2/aa8 or pe-2+*&-2&:.
Zeros

the zeros of the

J(Z) Y(XZ)---J(XZ) Y(Z)

If X>l,
are real and simple.
expansion of the sth zero is
P
fl+s+

9.5.28

n-PyQPd-2P3
/33

06

the asymptotic

+*-*

where with 4v2 denoted by cc,

9.5.29

Modified

--?L-1
8X

Differential

9.6.1

6(4X)3(X-1)
211

The asymptotic expansion of the large positive

zeros (not necessarily the sth) of the function
J:(z) Yp(Xz) --J:(xz) Y;(z)

(A>l)

LO

is given by 9.5.28 with the same value of & but

instead of 9.5.29 we have
16

9.5.31

P=x

k4+3

g&2+46~--63)(~3-1)
6(4X)3(X-l)

r=(p3+185~2-2053p+1899)(X-l)
5(4X)6(X- 1)

1.2

The asymptotic expansion of the large positive

zeros of the function
9.5.32

dzw
22p+Z

I and K

and Properties
Equation

dw
--(z2+v2)w=o
d2

Solutions are I&z) and K(z).

Each is a regular
function of z throughout the z-plane cut along the
negative real axis, and for fixed z( #O) each is an
entire function of v. When v= f n, I,(z) is an
entire function of 2.
Iv(z) ($3~ 2 0) is bounded as 2+0 in any bounded
range of arg 2. Iv(z) and I-42) are linearly independent except when v is an integer.
K(z) tends
to zero as jzj-+ao
in the sector jarg 21<337,
and for all values of v, I"(2) and KY(z) arelinearly
independent.
I"(z),
K(2)
are real and positive
when Y>-1 and z>O.

,=(lr-l)(~--25~(x3-l)

T,(p-1)(p2-l14/l+1073)(x6-l)
5(4X)yh- 1)

9.5.30

Bessel Functions

9.6. Definitions

jT3=sr/(X- 1)
-

ORDER

of Cross-Products

If Y is real and X is positive,

function
9.5.27

OF INTEGER

Jl(z)Y(xz)-Y:(z)J,(xz)

is given by 9.5.28 with

9.5.33

B= b--%)7+--l)

.4

,&+3)X-w)
8X(X-- 1)
,=(~~+46~-63)~~-(p-1)(~-25)
6(4X)3(X-l)
5(4X)s(X-l)r=(p3+185~2-2053p+1899)X6
-(/b-l)

(/.&-114c(+1073)

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

ORDER

375

9.6.5
Yv(zet*f)=e*(Y+l)rfl,(z)-

(2/7r)e-fvtK,(z)
(--a<arg

9.6.6

I-n(z>=In(z>,

zIh>

K-,(z)=K,(z)

Most of the properties

of modified
Bessel
functions can be deduced immediately
from those
of ordinary Bessel functions by application
of
these relations.

Limiting

Forms

for

Small

Arguments

When v is fixed and z+O

FIGURE 9.8.

e-Zlb(2),e-ZI~(2),e"Ko(~)

and e"&(x).

9.6.7
(v# -1,

~(~)~(3~)/~(v+l)
9.6.8
9.6.9

Ko(z)m-In
K(z)-J~r(v)(42)-

odd="

9.6.11
K,(z)+($z)-"

FIGURE

9.9.

1,(5)

Wv>O)

9.6.2

K(z)=3*

Between

Series

go
s k(r;;;;l)
.

ns (n-;yl)!
(-iz">"
k-0
*
+ (-->"+I ln WI&)

where #(n) is given by 6.3.2.

and KJ5).

9.6.12
Relations

. . .)

Ascending

9.6.10

-2,

Ldz)=1+;$+ ---

(;z2)2

(;z2)3

c2!J2+ c3!12+. . .

9.6.13

Solutions

I4(4--lr(Z)
sin (~)

Kohl=-

The right of this equation is replaced

limiting value if v is an integer or zero.

by its

Ih (3z)+r)Io(z>+-

42"
(1!)2

+(l+i)~+(l+a+3)$$+...

9.6.3
I,(~)=e-fvr~J,(zet*~)
~,r(~)=e~~*~~~J,(~-~~*~)

(-r<arg

253~)

&<mz

z<d

K,(~)=3?rieC~H~(ief%)
(---<al-g
-I,*tH!a)(ze-tf)(--<arg
K,(z)=-$A?

zi3d
25~)

9.6.4

Wronskians

9.6.14
W{ I"(Z), I+(z)) =I"(z)I~(,+l)(z)--I"+l(z)l-,(z)
=-2 sin (vT)/(~z)
9.6.15
W{K"(Z),

I"(Z)}=I"(Z)K"+I(Z)+l"+~(Z)K"(Z)=l/Z

BESSEL

376
Integral

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

3, denotes Iv, e**K, or any linear combination of

these functions,
the coefficients in which are
independent of z and v.

Representations

9.6.16

9.6.27
9.6.17

Koiz)=-~sor

9.6.18

e*2cone {r+ln

Set2

(32)
l(Z)=?rv(Y+f)

=
0

ca2)

=Ayv+g

COI

l (1-P)
-1

I.(z)ll

9.6.19
9.6.a

ORDER

(2zsid

I;(z)=l~(z),

K;(z)=-K,(z)

e)ja%
Formulas

sin2V

&

for

Derivatives

9.6.28

v-fe*rr&

<av>-+

(>
%!E
(2)
=fi~,-kc4
+(;)z-k+2cz,
9--v-,+4(4
+**+s+kk)
1
5 -g *{ 2-~(2)}

e Eoaecos (n@7!8

=z--k%o+k(z)

(k=0,1,2,.

* .)

(k=O,1,2,.

. .)

9.6.29

I(z)=:
s,

e cone cos (vO)d49

-- sin (VT) ODe-2 oontll-v&

1F
0

(b-g 4<+4

cos (x sinh t)dt=- cos*

Ko(x)=s0
s 0 JP+1

&

9.6.21

Analytic

(x>O)

9.6.22

9.6.30

Iv(zemwf)

Continuation

(m an integer)

==emvrfIv(z)

9.6.31
Om) s,- cos (x sinh t) cash (A)&

Kh)=sec

=csc (&J?f)

Q sin (x sinh

t) (vt)dt

Ky(zeLrO=e-mylfKI(z)--?ri sin (WI) csc (v?~)I,.(z)

(m an integer)

sinh

(I~yI<L

XX)

9.6.32

I,(;)

K,(H) =Kx

=Ir(Z),

(Y real)

9.6.23

?d(~z) o=e-rco*r sinh2? dt

K&)=r(v+t)
s

d(&2)
r<YSa)l
9.6.24

Generating

dt

emrr(t2-1)+

WV>--4,

law 4<44

Function

and

Series

9.6.33

e~(+)=

9.6.34

e cOse=Io(~) +2 2 In(z) cos(ke)

5
tkIk(z)
kas-oa

O#O)

k=l

Kv(,z)=~me-coa cash (vt)dt ((arg 21<$T)

9.6.35

9.6.25
4X"

s*

Recurrence

x>O, kg

Relations

9.6.26
~~lo-~+l~z)=~~(Z)
\
a,&-;

(-)k12k+l(z)

sin{ (2k+i)e}

(t2+z2)"+'

(SV>--3,

s@;(z)=

e2a1ne=IO(z)+2

- cos txtjdt

K(xz)=r(V+~)(22)

2i?@(Z)

~--1(2)+~+1(z)=2~:(2)

+2

4<&)

&
I

(-)%(2)

9.6.36

l=I,(z)

9.6.37

e2=Io(z)+211(z)+212(z)+212(2)+

9.6.38

e-2=lo(z)-211(z)+212(z)-21,(z)+

-212(2) +214(z) -2&(2)

c0sWe)

+ . . .
...
.. .

9.6.39
cash
9.6.40

*See page 11

Associated

2=lo(2)

+212(2) +21,(2) +21,(z) + . . .

sinh 2=211(2)+21,(2)

+21,(2)+

.. .

BESSEL
Other

Differential

FUNCTIONS

Equations

OF

INTEGER

9.6.50

The quantity X2 in equations 9.1.49 to 9.1.54

and 9.1.56 can be replaced by --X2 if at the same
time the symbol % in the given solutions is
replaced by Iz.

ORDER

377

lim { v-rem@&: (cash f)} =K,,(z)

For the definition

of P;

and Q:, see chapter 8.

Multiplication

Theorems

9.6.51

9.6.41

zW+2(1f2z)w+(fz--~)w=o,

w=eT2%ry(z)

Differential
equations for products may be
obtained from 9.1.57 to 9.1.59 by replacing z by
iz.
Derivatives

With

Respect

If %=I and the upper signs are taken, the restriction on X is unnecessary.
9.6.52

to Order

9.6.42
Neumann

Series

for

K.(s)

9.6.53

9.6.43

K,(z)=(--)a-l{ln
$ K,(z)=3

u csc(vu) {$ r-.(z)-;
-u

cot(vu)K(z~

($2)~$(n+l)]I,(z)

I(Z)}
(v#O,fl,f2,

* * .>

9.6.44

+(-)

(7JSWIn*2r(z)

k-l

C--P

[g/w]

p-1

9.6.54

Ko(z)=-

kb+k)

(In (~z)+~)Io(2)+2

8 q
m

Zeros

9.6.45

9.6.46

Expressions

in Terms

of Hypergeometric

Functions

9.6.47
-.i!@- 1) OF, (V+l;
lv(z)=r(v+

9.6.48

$2)

Properties of the zeros of II(z) and K,(z) may

be deduced from those of J(z) and W)(z) respectively, by application
of the transformations
9.6.3 and 9.6.4.
For example, if v is real the zeros of IV(z) are all
complex unless -2k<v<(2k1) for some positive integer k, in which event I,,(z) has two real
zeros.
The approximate
distribution
of the zeros of
K,(z) in the region -+<arg
z<&r is obtainedon
rotating Figure 9.6 through an angle -$7r so that
the cut lies along the positive imaginary
axis.
The zeros in the region -&r <arg z 1<$r are their
conjugates.
K,(z) has no zeros in the region
Iarg z] 5 ir; this result remains true when 12 is
replaced by any real number v.

K~(z)=($vo,.(22)
9.7.

(oFI is the generalized hypergeometric

function.
For Ma, b, z), MO,.(z) and Wo.y(z) see chapter 13.)
Connection

With

Legendre

If /1 and z are fixed, &z>O,

real positive values
9.6.49

Functions

and

v--m

Asymptotic

When

Asymptotic

Expansions

Expansions

for

Large

Arguments

is fixed, (21is large and I.LCC=~V~

9.7.1
through

cc-1
x+

(w-l>G---9)
2f(&,)2

~(rc--l)wocP--25)+
3!(82)3

* *

.I

(lawl<W

378

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

9.7.10

J-c(vz)--J 72; (1+22)"4

2
9.7.3

When v++ 03, these expansions hold uniformly

with respect to z in the sector (arg 21 <&r-e,
where e is an arbitrary positive number.
Here

rf3
GL- 1) 01+15)
82 +
2! (82)

m)&11-

JP-l)oc--9)Gc+w
3!(8~)~

e--(l+$+)ky}

+ ..4

Wg4<b)

9.7.11

t=l/&p,

~=~+ln

K:(z) --

&e-y

1+x+cc+3

01-l) (rfl5)
2! (82) 2

+(p-1)Gc-g)b+35)+
3!(8~)~

* - .)

and z&), vk(t) are given by 9.3.9, 9.3.10, 9.3.13

and 9.3.14. See [9.38] for tables of II, uk(t),
vk(t), and also for bounds on the remainder
terms in 9.7.7 to 9.7.10.

(larg zl<#~)

The general terms in the last two expansions

can be written down by inspection of 9.2.15 and
9.2.16.

9.8. Polynomial

In equations

If Y is real and non-negative and z is positive

the remainder after k terms in the expansion
9.7.2 does not exceed the (k+ 1)th term in absolute
value and is of the same sign, provided that
k_>v-3.
9.7.5

b-w-9)~
&I4

lt\<1.6XlO-

. . *)

9.7.6

3.75 5x<= .39894 228 + .01328 592 t-l

+.00225 315t-2-.00157
565t-a
t .00916 281t-4-.02057
706t-s
+.02635 537t-6-.01647
633t-1
+.00392 377t-8fc
\e~<L9XlO-

9.8.3
(r-45)

(22)4

. .

)
*

The general terms can be written

inspection of 9.2.28 and 9.2.30.
Uniform

9.7.7
9.7.8

Asymptotic

I.(vzg-

j!G

Expansions

ey

(1+22)14

for

jl+gl

Large

Y}

-3.75 sx 53.75
=$+ .87890 594t2+.51498 869t4
+ .15084 934te + .02658 733t8
+.00301 532Pf.00032 411t*+a
(e)<8XlO-

x-I,(x)

down

by
9.8.4
xk=I,(x)

Orders

5xs3.75

29t2+3.0899424t4+1.20674 92te
+ .26597 32t8+ SO360768tO+ .00458 13P2+ t

(la%?4<+7d

-- 1.- 1 b-1)
2.4

&,(z)=1+3.51562

xhPIo(x)
2.4

Approximations

9.8.1 to 9.8.4, t=x/3.75.

-3.75

9.8.1

9.8.2
; l-3

L-

1+4+9

9.7.4

3.75 <x<cQ
= .39894 228- .03988 024t-
- .00362 018t-2+.00163 801 t-a
- .01031 555t-4+ .02282 967t-b
-.02895 312t-0+.01787 654t-
- .00420 059 t-++ e
le(<2.2XlO-7

4 See footnote

2, section 9.4.

BESSEL

9.8.5
Ir,(x)=-In

FUNCTIONS

o<x<2

INTEGER

Differential

]cl<lxlo-8

w=ber,

bei, x,

her-, x+i bei-, x,

kei, x, ker-, x+i kei-, x

3.9.4

]t]<1.9X

10-7

(1+2v2) (22w-xw)
+(v4-4v2+x4)w=o,

w=ber*,
Relations

x, bei+, x, ker,, x, ke&

Between

ber-V x=cos(m)

In (x/2)1,(x)+1 +.15443 144(~/2)~

-.67278 579(x/2)4-.18156
897(x/2)0
-.01919 4O2(x/2)8-.OO11O 404(x/2)O
-.00004 686(~/2)~+s
]e]<8XlO+

Solutions

berY x+sin(va)

bei+ x=-sin(m)

bei, x
+ (2/7r) sin(vr) kerY x

berY X+COS(V?T) bei, x

+ (2/7r) sin(m)

kei, x

9.9.6
ker-V

2<x<m

x*e%,(x)=1.25331
414+.23498
619(2/x)
-.03655 620(2/~)~+.01504
268(2/x):)
- .00780 353 (2/~)~+ .00325 614(2/x)6
- .00068 245(2/@+ e

ker,

x=cos(v?r)

kei-, x=sin(m)

kei, r

x-sin(v?r)

ker, z+cos(va)

kei, x

9.9.7

her-, z= (-)

ber, 2, bei-, r= (-)

bei, x

9.9.8

ker-, a= (-)

ker, 2, kei-, x= (-)

kei, x

]a]<2.2x10-7
For expansions of 1o(x), Ko(x), II(x), and K,(x)
in series of Chebyshev polynomials
for the ranges
Osx18 and OSSjxSl,
see [9.37].
Kelvin

Ascending

9.9.9

and

Series

{(sv+3bl (tx2>
l-m x=(W~~-E 0x3
krr(v+k+l)
.
- sin{ (+++k)r}
b& ~=(tx)~~ k,r(v+k+l) (ix2Y

Functions

9.9. Definitions

Properties
9.9.10

In this and the following section v is real, x is

real and non-negative,
and n is again a positive
integer or zero.

(ix) --*
herx=1 (tx)
(2!)2 +m-(+xy (+xy- * * *
bei x=ax* -- (3!)2 +m

Definitions

9.9.1

berY xfi

9.9.11
n-1

bei, x=Jy(xe3*f4) =ey**JV(xe-*f4)

=etvi~v(xe)

ker, x=$($x)-
x(7L-k-1)!
k!

kei, x=e+nfKy(xeri4)
=$.&$;I)

(xe3ri/4)

When v=O, su&es

cos { (~wl-$k)~j

,e3v*i/21v(xe-3W4)

9.9.2
ker, x+i

9.9.5

o<x52

9.8.8

xfi
ker, x+i

x*eZKo(x)=1.25331
414-.07832
358(2/x)
+.02189 568(2/x)*-.01062
446(2/~)~
+.00587 872(2/~)~--00251
540(2/~)~
+.00053 208(2/x)e+e

x&(x)=x

Equations

E2W~-+2W-+x2+v2)w=0,

&+~$253w!-

25x<crJ

9.8.7

379

ORDER

9.9.3

(x/2)1&)-.57721
566
+.42278 420(x/2)2f.23069
756(~/2)~
+.03488 59O(x/2)6+ .00262 698(x/2)*
+.OOOlO. 75O(x/2)1o+.OOOOO 740(x/2)12+e

9.8.6

OF

(tx2)k-ln

(ix) ber, x++n

bei, x

+3(3x> F. ~0s I (9n+#>*l

-$~,-v*iH;2,

(xe-*i/4)

are usually suppressed.

x Mk+;,;:k,+
.n

1 +z)
4

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

380
kei, x=-$(3x)-

($8)k-ln

k!
+MY

ORDER

9.9.16

ngia sin { ($n+t&}

B

x(n-k-l)!

SF INTEGER

er x=ber,

ab

(3x) bei, x-5

her, x

x+bei,

112 bei x=-berl

x+be& x

9.9.17
l/z ker x=ker,

go sin { (Sn+34*1
x I+(k+lk)r;~ktk+l)

x+keil

@ kei x=-kerl

1 oti>
!

Recurrence

x+kei,

Relations

for

Cross-Producta

If
where #(n> is given by 6.3.2.
9.9.18
9.9.12
ker x=-ln

(3x) ber x+$t

+go
kei x=--In

p,=bee
q,=ber,

bei x
t-1 :rk;j2

(3x) bei x+r

ber x
.a)
+g l-1 {$y-$

x+beif x
x bei: x-her:

rV=berr x her: x+bei,

.s,=be$ x+beiia x

(t)

of Negative

x bei: x

then
w)+

9.9.19
P.+l=P-1-T

Functions

x bei, x

rr

Argument

qv+1= -;

In general Kelvin functions have a branch

point at x=0 and individual
functions with arguments xe*: are complex.
The branch point is
absent however in the case of berY and bei, when Y
is an integer, and

P+r,=--q,4+2r,

(v+l)
----z&I-

T+l=

sv=;

p.+,+;

P+l+qv
a.&$

p,

and

9.9.13
ber,(-x)

= (-) her, x,
Recurrence

be&,(-x) = (-) * bei, x

9.9.20

pd.= 19i- d

The same relations hold with ber, bei replaced

throughout by ker, kei, respectively.

Relations

9.9.14

Indefinite

j+l+j-l=-@

fi=&

(.frgv~
cf+1+g+1T~-1-!7J-1)

Integrals

In the following jy, gV are any one of the pairs

given by equations 9.9.15 and jf, g: are either the
same pair or any other pair.
9.9.21

j+=+
jI+;f

U+l+g+1)

xl+j~~=2c

=- Jz (f-l+g-l)

+l--g+J=--~
Jz

I+

(5

S.-d)

(j

9.9.22

(;9.+g:>
Sx*-"@x,x~
@(j"-l-g"-l)=xl-'

where
9.9.15
f,=ber,

j,=bei,

g,=bei,

x1

g.= -berV x 1

9.9.23

x(jg:-gfl)dx=~

-s:(j+l-

2Jgq vxf+l+s+l)

g+1)-j(~+l+gF+1)+g(j~+~-g~+l)

=; x(flft-j~+g:gf-gs:)

BESSEL

FUNCIIONS

OF

INTEGER

Zeros

9.9.24
s

ORDER

z(jg:+gvjz)dz=;

381

of Functions

ber x

~(2js~-j47~+1

of Order

bei x

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

-j+lg2-1+2gfr-g~-lff+l-g,+l~-l~

zero
zero
zero
zero
zero

2.84892
7. 23883
11. 67396
16. 11356
20. 55463

ker x

--

9.9.25

Zero

kei x

.5. 02622
9.45541
13. 89349
18.33398
22. 77544

_1. 71854
6. 12728
10.56294
15. 00269
19.44381

3,
8.
12,
17.
21.

91467
34422
78256
22314
66464

Sx(f".+gay)dx=x(j"g:-f:gl)
=-(x/:/1I2)(frf~+l+g"g"+l--f,g~+l+f,+lg~)
~2(2j~g"-j~-lg~+,-j"+lg,_l)
Sxj"gdx=;
=

ber x

bei z

ker x

--

9.9.26

1st zero
2nd zero
3rd zero
sl::r:

9.9.27

6.03871
10. 51364
14.96844
19.41758
23. 86430

3. 77320
8.28099
12. 74215
17. 19343
21. 64114

9.10. Asymptotic

for

Asymptotic

Cross-Producta

--

f
11:
16.
20.

4.93181
9.40405
13.85827
18. 30717
22. 75379

%i
63218
08312
53068

~(~-j"-lj~+l-g3+g"-lg"+l)
Sx(-E-g:)dx=;
Series

kei x

.-

Ascending

Expansions

Expansions
for

Large

Arguments

When v is fixed and x is large

9.9.28

berf, x+beit

x=

9.10.1
0

(ix)2 3

r (v+k+l)

1
r (v+2k+

WS>
1) k!

ber, x=zx{

j,(x) cos a+gv(x) sin a}

-k {sin(2~74 km.

9.9.29

her, x bei: x-b&

=(*x)2*+1

x bei, x
2

(24

kei, x)

(24

kei, x)

9.10.2

r (v+k+l)

1
r (v+2k+2)

WYk
k!

bei, x==~e/d (j.(x) sin cr-g(x)

9.9.30

+;

her, x her: x+bei,

x+cos

x bei: x

{ cos (24

co8 CX}

ker, x-sin

9.10.3

ker, x=dme-*/d2{j,(-x)

cos S-gl(-x)

sin PI

9.10.4

her? x+bei?

kei, x=~~e-z~~3a(-j,(-x)

x
OD

=(4xP-2
Expansions

(2k2+2vk+fv2)
r(v+k+l)r(v+2k+l)

in Series

of Bessel

W>
k!

where
9.10.5
~=bMa++-~>~,

cos S}

Fuxwtions

9.9.32

her, x+i bei, x=E

sin 8-g.(-x)

e(8r+kw4~Jv+k(x)

2*k k!

a=(x/m+(3v+H~=~+tn

and, with 49 denoted by p,

9.10.6
jv(*

-,+&+-l%--9)
k-l

* *.b4k-v~cos
k! (8x)

04

6 From British Association

for the Advancement
of
Science, Annual Report (J. R. Airey), 254 (1927) with
permission.
This reference ah30 gives 5-decimal values Of
the next five zeros of each function.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

382

OF INTEGER ORDER

9.10.16

-$, (Wn (cc--l)h-9)

. . .{P--(2k-l)]
k! (8x)n

sin kr
0 T-

The terms in ker. x and kei, x in equations 9.10.1

and 9.10.2 are asymptotically
negligible compared
with the other terms, but their inclusion in numerical calculations yields improved accuracy.
The corresponding series for her: x, b ei: x, ker: x
and kei: x can be derived from 9.2.11 and 9.2.13
with z=xe3ri14; the extra terms in the expansions
of her: x and bei: x are respectively
-(I/W)

{sin(%vr)ker:

x+cos@v?r)kei:
x-sin(2vr)kei:

9.10.17
x~M~+~M:--~M,=~~~~?

&(rM2le:)/&=dC,

9.10.18
N,=d(ke83.+kei?x),

+.= arctan (kei, x/ker, x)

9.10.19 ker,x=N,

cos &,

kei, x=N,

x}.

6
4

Modulus

and

Phase

x+beil, s),

9.10.9 ber, x=M,

9.10.10

M-,=

1.04
- .02

9.10.8
MV=d(bee

sin 4

x}

and
(l/r){cos(2u?r)ker:

M;=M,
cos te,-e,-+)
e;=(M,/M,)
sin (&-&,-$w)

ey= arctan (bei, x/her, r)

cos 8,,

bei, x=Mv

sin 0,

e-,=e,--nq

M,,,

9.10.11
her: jc= 3 MP+* cos (o,+1-&)-4
MP-1 cos (e,-,-+)
= (Y/X)M, co9 e,+ M,+l cos (e,+l- 47r)
= - (v/x)M, cos e,-M,-,
cos (e,-l-$d

-6-10 L

FIGURE 9.10.

ber x, bei x, ker x and kei x.

9.10.12
bei: x= $M,+, sin (8,+1-+n)

- $M,-, sin (&-I - $r)

= (V/S)M,sin e,+ M,+, sin (&+,-$a)

= - (u/x) M, sin &-- Mvml sin (e,-,- ia)

9.10.13
ber x=M,

cos (o~--~T),

bei 2 = Ml sin (e,- tr)

9.10.14
2M:=(v/x)M,+M,+~cos
(e,,-e,-$T)
= - (v/~)M,- M,-, cos (e,-,--e,-tT)

9.10.15
e;= (M,+,IM,)

sin (fI,+I-&-$?r)

= - (MJM,)

sin (e,-,-e,-)lr)

6 The coefficients of these terms given in [9.17] are incorrect. The present results are due to Mr. G. F. Miller.

FIGURE 9.11.

In MO(x), b(x), In NO(~) and 40(x).

9.10.11 to 9.10.17 hold with the symbols

b, M, e replaced throughout by k, N, 4, respectively.
In place of 9.10.10

Equations

9.10.20

N-p= Ny,

4-Y=&+ wr

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Asymptotic

Expansions

of Modulus

and

OF INTEGER

ORDER

383

9.10.29

Phase

When Y is fixed, x is large and r=49

ber x ber x+bei

9.10.21

x bei x-e

L-3

212

!.

42

8x

15 1 45 1
315
-- 6442 x2
--- 512 ?+819242

1
p+

- *

1 2475 1
--+. x4
i?+S192

. .

_ G- 1)w+ 14/J-399)
614442

9.10.22
In My=?-+

In (27rx)-- r-l

42

--1

842 5

(p-1)(/?-25)
38442

1
?i?

JrW-13)

75
+25642

9.10.31

k&x+kei2 x-&e--r42

128

l--!-!.

9.10.23

?f+jj-$-;+
p-l

1 --p-l
1
16 Z

-G-w--25)
38442

442 x+64 2

+ 25642
- 33 2--1
1
>+o

8192
x4
1797 -+
1

9.10.32
($5)

ker x kei x-ker

x kei x--g

e-zd2 L-!.
42

9.10.24

N,=

. . .>

+-

,-WT{I+% ;+&I&? 2

9 --1 39 s+slaaJa
1 --L+.
75
6442 x2 512

8x

. .

x4

9.10.33

+(P-w2+14P-399)
614442

$+ik

ker x ker x+ kei x kei x m -Fx e -zd2

9.10.25
1 (cc-1)(/e-25)
h N,=-g+f ln 0& +-cc-1 ;+
384,i2

1
i?

9.10.34

JP-l)(P--13)
128

ker2 x+kei2

x-g

em242 1 +&t

+& f

9.10.26

+k-l)kW
38442
Asymptotic

Expansions

Asymptotic

f@)--1

If&
-m

9.10.28
x bei 2-c

166

I cc-1 ; b--l)(5P+lg)
3262
153663

where ~=43.
33

ber x bei x-ber

Zeros

9.10.35

9.10.27
xm2g

of Large

Let

of Cross-Products

If 5 is large

ber2 x+bei2

Expansions

1 1797 1
s-8192
p+

* * *>

I 3(rU2
51264

; .. .

Then if .s is a large positive integer

9.10.36
Zeros of her, z*&{G-f(8)},

6= (s-*Y-~),

Zeros of bei, xw &{ S-~(S) },

s=(s--)Y+$)*

Zeros of ker, x-&{~+f(-s)},

s=(S-+--Q)7r

Zeros of kei, x-@{~+f(-Qj,

s=(s-&-*)*

384

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

For v=O these expressions give the 6th zero of

each function; for other values of v the zeros
represented may not be the sth.
Uniform

Asymptotic

Expansions

for

Large

INTEGER

ORDER

9.11.3

O<x58

ker x=-In

(h) ber x-&r

-59.05819
-60.60977

Orders

When v is large and positive

bei x-.57721

744(x/8)4+171.36272
451(x/8)12+5.65539

133(x/8)8
121(x/8)

- .19636 347 (x/S)O+ .00309 699 [x/8)24

9.10.37

-.00002

ber,(vx) +i bei,

566

458(x/8)2*+a

161<1 x 10-n

9.11.4
9.10.38
ker, (~x)++i kei, (vx)

0<218

kei x---ln($x)bei
-142.91827

x-&r ber s-j-6.76454 936(x/8)2

687(x;/8)+124.23569
650(x/8)l

-21.30060
-.02695

904(x/8)+1.17509
875(x/8)22+.OOO29

9.10.39
her: (vx)+si bei: (vx)

064(r/8)8
532(~/8)~+c

(tj<3x10-9

9.11.5
9.10.40
ker: (vx)+i

-8<x<8
aher ~=~[-4(x/8)~+14.22222
kt:iI (vx)

-6.06814
-.02609

222(x/8)

810(~/8)~+.66047

849(x/8)

253(~/8)~+.00045

957(x/8)22

-.OOOOO 394(x/8)20]+c
where

~e~<2.1x10-*

9.10.41

[=&FT?
and u,(t), c*(l) are given by 9.3.9 and 9.3.13.
fractional powers take their principal values.
9.11. Polynomial

All

9.11.6

-812_<8

bei z=z[$-

Approximations

10.66666 SS~(X/S)~

+11.37777
9.11.1

-85x18
ber x=1-64(2/8)+113.77777
-32.36345
-.08349

+.14677

772(~/8)~-2.31167
204(x/8)--00379

774(x/8)*

652(x/8)12+2.64191
609(x/8)+.00122

514(x/8)12
386(x/8)

+.00004
397(x/8)

609(x/8)24]+c

IcI<7xlO-*

552(x/8)

- .OOOOO 901 (x/S)+t

(cl<lXlOQ
9.11.2
bei x= 16(~/8)~-

9.11.7
ker x=--In

-8Sx_<8
113.77777 774(x/8)e

+72.81777
+.52185

742(s/8)*O-10.56765
615(x/8)*.-.01103
+.OOOll
~c~<SX~O-~

O<x<8
(4%) ber z--2+

ber s+t~

bei x

779(x/8)

+x[-3.69113
734(~/8)~.+21.42034 017(x/8)
-11.36433 272(~/8)~+1.41384
780(x/8)

667(~/8)~~

-.06136

358(~/8)~~+.00116
-.OOOOl

346(x/8)2e+c
Icl<SXlO-*

137(~/8)~
075(x/S)]+b

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

kei x=--In

(ix) bei x-x-l

+x[.21139

385

where

O<x<8

9.11.8

OF INTEGER ORDER

bei x-tr

217-13.39858

9.11.11

ber x

846(a/8)4

+19.41182 758(x/8)-4.65950
823(x/8)12
+.33049 424(x/8)"--00926
707(~/8)'~
+.00011 997(z/8)*4]+e

19(x)=(.00000 00-.39269 91;)

+(.01104 86-.01104 85$(8/x)
+(.OOOOO 00-.00097 6%)(8/~)~
+(-.00009
+(-.00002
+(-.ooooo

06-.00009
52+.00000
34+.00000

Oli)(8/~)~
OOi)(8/x)'
51i)(8/x)'

+(.OOOOO OS+.00000
9.11.12

ker x+i

8<x<=

9.11.9

ker x+i kei x=f(x)

85x<m
kei x=-f&)$(-x)

19i)(8/x)'

(1 +ta)

l~al<2XlO-

(1 +eJ

81x<m
ber x+i bei x-i (kerx+ikeir)=g(+$(x)(l+ti)

9.11.13

j(x)=Gx

exp [-$

x+0(-x)]

(e4~<3x10-'
where
9.11.14

9.11.10

81x<

her x+i bei x-z

(ker xfi

9(x>=kx

t#~(x)=(.70710 68+.70710 68;)

+(-.06250
Ol-.OOOOO Oli)(8/x)
+(-.00138

kei x)=g(x)(l+cJ

exp 19 * x+e(x)

1
Numerical

Methods
n

of the Tables

Trial valuea

Example
1. To evaluate
. ., each to 5 decimals.
The recurrence relation

Jn-l(4

+Jn+1(4

J&.55),

n=O,

1li)(8/x)2

+(.OOOOO 05+.00024 52i)(8/~)~

+(.00003 46+.00003 38i)(8/~)~
+(.OOOOl 17-.OOOOO 24i)(8/x)"
+(.OOOOO 16-.OOOOO 32i)(8/~)~

Icl<3XlO--7

9.12. Use and Extension

13+.00138

1, 2,

= (W4J,(4

can be used to compute Jo(x), 51(z):), J&c), . . .,

successively provided that n<x, otherwise severe
accumulation
of rounding
errors will occur.
Since, however, J,,(x) is a decreasing function of n
when n>x, recurrence can always be carried out
in the direction of decreasing n.
Inspection of Table 9.2 shows that J,,(l.55)
vanishes to 5 decimals when n>7.
Taking arbitrary values zero for Jo and unity for Ja, we compute
by recurrence the entries in the second column of
the following table, rounding off to the nearest
integer at each step.

8
7
6
6
4
3
2
1
0

1
10
89
679
4292
21473
78829
181957
166954

541.66)
.ooooo

.oooOO
.00003
.00028
.00211
.01331
.06661
.24453
.56442
.48376

We normalize the results by use of the equation

9.1.46, namely
JO(X)+~J~(X)+~J~(X)+

This yields the normalization

l/322376=.00000

. . . =I

factor
31019 7

386

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

and multiplying
the trial values by this factor we
obtain the required results, given in the third
As a check we may verify the value of
column.
J,(1.55) by interpolation
in Table 9.1.
(i) In this example it was possible
Remarks.
to estimate immediately
the value of n=N, say,
at which to begin the recurrence. This may not
always be the case and an arbitrary value of Nmay
have to be taken. The number of correct significant figures in the final values is the same as the
number of digits in the respective trial values.
If the chosen N is too small the trial values will
have too few digits and insufficient accuracy is
obtained in the results.
The calculation
must
then be repeated taking a higher value. On the
other hand if N were too large unnecessary effort
would be expended. This could be offset to some
extent by discarding significant figures in the trial
values which are in excess of the number of
decimals required in J,,.
(ii) If we had required, say, Jo(1.55), J1(1.55),
each to 5 significant figures, we
. . ., Jlo(l.55),
would have found the values of J,,(l.55)
and
J11(1.55) to 5 significant figures by interpolation
in Table 9.3 and t,hen computed by recurrence
being required.
Jet Je . . ., Jo, no normalization
Alternatively,
we could begin the recurrence at
a higher value of N and retain only 5 significant
figures in the trial values for n<lO.
(iii) Exactly similar methods can be used to
compute the modified Bessel function I,(Z) by
means of the relations 9.6.26 and 9.6.36. If z is
cancellation
will
large, however, considerable
take place in using the latter equation, and it is
preferable to normalize by means of 9.6.37.
Example 2. To evaluate Y,(1.55), n=O, 1, 2,
. . .) 10, each to 5 significant figures.
The recurrence relation
Yn-1 (4 + yn+* (4 = cw4 y?&w
can be used to compute Y,,(Z) in the direction of
increasing n both for n<x and n>x, because in
the latter event Y,,(z) is a numerically
increasing
function of n.
We therefore compute Y,(1.55) and Y1(1.55) by
interpolation
in Table 9.1, generate YZ(l .55),
Ya(1.55), . . .) Y,,(1.55) by recurrence and check
YlO(l .55) by interpolation
in Table 9.3.
n
Y,(f 56)
n
Y,(l.M)
0

+O. 40225

1
2
3
4
5

-0. 37970
-0.89218
- 1.9227
-6. 5505
- 31.886

6
7
8
9
10

1.9917x
loa
1. 5100x
103
1. 3440 x 10
1.3722X
lob
1.5801 x 10

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

Remarks. (i) An alternative

way of computing
YO(x), should J,,(x), Jz(r), J&c), . . ., be availtble (see Example l), is to use formula 9.1.89.
The other starting value for the recurrence,
Y1(z), can then be found from the Wronskian
:elation Jl(z) Y,,(x) - J,,(x) Y1(x) =2/(7rx).
This is a
:onvenient procedure for use with an automatic
:omputer.
(ii) Similar methods can be used to compute the
modified Bessel function K,(x) by means of the
recurrence relation 9.6.26 and the relation 9.6.54,
except that if z is large severe cancellation
will
occur in the use of 9.6.54 and other methods for
evaluating K,,(Z) may be preferable, for example,
use of the asymptotic expansion 9.7.2 or the polynomial approximation
9.8.6.
Example 3. To evaluate J,(.36) and Y,(.36)
each to 5 decimals, using the multiplication
theorem.
From 9.1.74 we have

go (X z) =x

ak%Yk(z) , where aR = WW~l)(W.

k-0

We take z= .4. Then X= .9, (X2- 1) (32) = -.038,

and extracting the necessary values of Jk(.4) and
Yn(.4) from Tables 9.1 and 9.2, we compute the
required results as follows:
k
0
1
2
3
4
5

ak

$1.0
+0.038
+0.7220X
+0.914x
+0.87X
+0.7x10-0

akJ

k(d)

akyk(..b)

+ .96040
+ .00745
+ .00001

lo-
10-S
lo-

J,(.36)

= + .96786

Y&36)

Remark. This procedure

polating

is equivalent
by means of the Taylor series

.60602
.06767
.00599
.00074
.OOOll
.00002

= -.68055

to inter-

Gfo(z+h) =Foa ; . go*(z)

at z=.4, and expressing the derivatives %?e(z) in
terms of qk(z) by means of the recurrence relations and differential
equation for the Bessel
functions.
Example 4. To evaluate J(x), J:(z), Y,(z)
and Y:(x) for v=50, x=75, each to 6 decimals.
We use the asymptotic expansions 9.3.35, 9.3.36,
9.3.43, and 9.3.44. Here z=x/v=3/2.
From 9.3.39
we find
arccos i= + .2769653.

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

387

ORDER

we find

Hence
{=-.5567724

4{ li4
=+1.155332.
and -l-22
(
>

as= -7.944134,

Ai(

+ .947336.

Hence

Next,

~~~[=-7.556562.

~~=3.684031,
Interpolating
Ai

OF INTEGER

in Table 10.11, we find that

= + .299953,

Bi(v2/3{)= -.160565,

Ai(v213{) = + .451441,
Bi(v2/3[)=

+.819542.

As a check on the interpolation, we may verify

that Ai Bi-AiBi=l/?r.
Interpolating in the table following 9.3.46 we
obtain
b,(l) = + .0136,

c&)=+.1442.

Interpolating
obtain

in the table following 9.5.26 we

z(c)= +2.888631,
.fiw=+.0107,

h(l) = + .98259,
F,(l)=-.OOl.

The bounds given at the foot of the table show

that the contributions of higher terms to the
asymptotic series are negligible. Hence
jlo,s=28.88631+.00107+

. . . =28.88738,

The contributions of the terms involving a,({)

and d,(r) are negligible, and substituting in the
asymptotic expansions we find that
x(1-.00001+
r&(75) = + 1.155332(5o-fix

+50-6X.451441X.0136)=+.094077,
&(75j = - (4/3)(1.155332)-1(5O-4/3X .299953
X.1442+5O-2/3X.451441)=-.O38658,

As a check we may verify that

JY-

. . .)=-.14381.

.299953
Example 6. To evaluate the first root of
Jo(x)Y&x)-Yo(x)Jo(Ax)=O
for X=Q to 4 significant figures.
Let CX~denote the root. Direct interpolation
in Table 9.7 is impracticable owing to the
divergence of the differences. Inspection
of
9.5.28 suggests that a smoother function is
(X-l)@.
Using Table 9.7 we compute the following values
l/X
0. 4

(A- l)cQ(1)
3.110

0. 6

3.131

JY=2/(75s).

Remarks.
This example may also be computed
using the Debye expansions 9.3.15, 9.3.16, 9.3.19,
and 9.3.20. Four terms of each of these series are
required, compared with two in the computations
above. The closer the argument-order ratio is to
unity, the less effective the Debye expansions
become. In the neighborhood of unity the expansions 9.3.23, 9.3.24, 9.3.27, and 9.3.28 will furnish
results of moderate accuracy; for high-accuracy
work the uniform expansions should again be used.
Example 5. To evaluate the 5th positive zero
of Jlo(x) and the corresponding value of Jio(x),
each to 5 decimals.
We use the asymptotic expansions 9.5.22 and
9.5.23 setting v=lO, s=5.
From Table 10.11

0. 8
1. 0

3.140
3.142(x)

+21
+9

62

-12
-7

+2

Interpolating
for
l/X=.667,
we
obtain
(x-l)a:=3.134
and thence the required root
@b=6.268.
Example 7. To evaluate ber, 1.55, bei, 1.55,
n=o, 1, 2, . * ., each to 5 decimals.
We use the recurrence relation

taking arbitrary values zero for Jg(xe3*t/4) and

l+Oi for J8(xe3ri/4) (see Example 1).

BESSEL

388

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

=
n

Real
ial valuer

t-y
-7

ber,,z

Imag.
is1 valuer

$50:
- 4447
+ 14989
+11172
- 197012
+2s1539

- 475
- 203
+ 17446
- 88578

$106734

+ 207449

1/(294989-22011i)=(.337119+.025155i)x10-6,
be&,x

obtained

--

x
+8i

-:
-.
+.
-.
+.

. 00000
:?A!;
00003
00181
01494
04614

$_: 8;;;:
+. 91004

ORDER

--

. xX138:
-. 00003
2: gyg
-. 00180
+. 06258
-. 29580
+. 36781
+. 59461
+. 72619

f. 30763

The values of ber,,x and bei,,x are computed by

multiplication
of the trial values by the normalieing factor

from the relation

jo(marf/4) +2Ja(dy

+2J4(~3rf4) + . . . = 1.

Adequate checks are furnished by interpolating

in Table 9.12 for ber 1.55 and bei 1.55, and the
use of a simple sum check on the normalization.
Should kers and kei,x be required they can be
computed by forward recurrence using formulas
9.9.14, taking the required starting values for
n=O and 1 from Table 9.12 (see Example 2). If
an independent check on the recurrence is required
the asymptotic expansion 9.10.38 can be used.

References
Texts
[9.1] E. E. Allen, Analytical
approximations,
Math.
Tables Aids Comp. 8, 246-241 (1954).
[9.2] E. E. Allen, Polynomial
approximations
to some
modified Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids
Comp. 10, 162-164 (1956).
[9.3] H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables
of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 1,
205-308 (1944).
[9.4] W. G. Bickley, Bessel functions
and formulae
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England,
1953). This is a straight reprint of part of the
preliminaries to [9.21].
[9.5] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of heah
in solids (Oxford Univ. Press, London, England,
1947).
[9.6] E. T. Copson, An introduction
to the theory of
functions of a complex variable (Oxford Univ.
Press, London, England, 1935).
[9.7] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
~012, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953).
[9.8] E. T. Goodwin,
Recurrence relations for crossproducts of Bessel functions, Quart. J. Mech.
Appl. Math. 2, 72-74 (1949).
[9.9] A. Gray, G. B. Mathews and T. M. MacRobert,
A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions, 2d
ed. (Macmillan
and Co., Ltd., London, England;
1931).
[9.10] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger,
Formeln und
S&e fiir die speziellen Funktionen
der mathematischen
Physik,
2d ed. (Springer-Verlag;
Berlin, Germany, 1948).
[9.11] N. W. McLachlan,
Bessel functions for engineers,
2d ed. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1955).
[9.12] F. W. J. Olver, Some new asymptotic expansions
for Bessel functions
of large orders. Proc.
Cambridge Philos. Sot. 48, 414-427 (1952).

[9.13] F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic expansion of Bessel

functions of large order. Philos. Trans. Roy.
Sot. London A247, 328-368 (1954).
[9.14] G. Petiau, La theorie des fonctions de Bessel
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
Paris, France, 1955).
[9.15] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions,
2d ed. (Cambridge
Univ.
Press,
Cambridge, England, 1958).
[9.16] R. Weyrich,
Die Zylinderfunktionen
und ihre
Anwendungen
(B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, Germany,
1937).
[9.17] C. S. Whitehead, On a generalisation
of the functions ber x, bei z, ker x, kei x. Quart. J. Pure
Appl. Math. 42, 316-342
(1911).
[9.18] E. T. Whittaker
and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
Tables
[9.19] J. F. Bridge and S. W. Angrist, An extended table
of roots of 5;(z) Yi(&r) -J:(&r)
Y;(z) =O, Math.
Comp. 16, 198-204 (1962).
[9.20] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Bessel functions, Part I. Functions
of orders
zero and unity, Mathematical
Tables, vol. VI
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England,
1950).
[9.21] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Bessel functions, Part II. Functions of positive
integer order, Mathematical
Tables, vol. X
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England,
1952).
[9.22] British Association for the Advancement of Science,
Annual Report (J. R. Airey), 254 (1927).
[9.23] E. Cambi, Eleven- and fifteen-place tables of Bessel
functions of the first kind, to all significant orders
(Dover Publications,
Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1948).

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

[9.24] E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy

funktsii
Besselya ot
deistvitelnogo
argumenta i integralov ot nikh
(Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
1958). (Table of Bessel functions
with real
argument and their integrals).
[9.25] H. B. Dwight, Tables of integrals and other mathematical data (The Macmillan
Co., New York,
N.Y., 1957).
This includes formulas for, and tables of Kelvin
functions.
[9.26] H. B. Dwight, Table of roots for natural frequencies
in coaxial type cavities, J. Math. Phys. 27,
8449 (1948).
This gives zeros of the functions 9.5.27 and 96.39
for n=0,1,2,3.
[9.27] V. N. Faddeeva and M. K. Gavurin, Tablitsy
funktsii
Besselia J,(z) tselykh nomerov ot 0
do 120 (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow,
U.S.S.R., 1950). (Table of J.(z) for orders 0 to
120).
[9.28] L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer
orders and large arguments.
Royal Society
Shorter Mathematical
Tables No. 3 (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954).
[9.29] E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton, Table of J&o,J),
Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1, 220-224 (1948).
[9.30] Harvard Computation
Laboratory,
Tables of the
Bessel functions of the first kind of orders 0
through 135, ~01s. 3-14 (Harvard Univ. Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 1947-1951).
[9.31] K. Hayashi, Tafeln der Besselschen, Theta, Kugelund anderer Funktionen
(Springer, Berlin, Germa.ny, 1930).
[9.32] E. Jahnke, F. Emde, and F. Loach, Tables of
higher functions, ch. IX, 6th ed. (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1960).
[9.33] L. N. Karmazina
and E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy
funktsii
Besselya ot mnimogo
argumenta
i
integralov ot nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
Moscow,
U.S.S.R., 1958). (Tables of Bessel

OF INTEGER

[9.34]
[9.35]

[9.36]
[9.37]

[9.38]

[9.39]

[9.40]

[9.41]

19.42)

ORDER

389

functions with imaginary

argument
and their
integrals).
Mathematical
Tables
Project,
Table
of
f.(z)=nl(%z)-nJ.(z).
J. Math.
Phys.
23,
45-60 (1944).
National Bureau of Standards, Table of the Bessel
functions Jo(z) and J1(z) for complex arguments,
2d ed. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y.,
1947).
National Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel
functions YO(z) and Yi(z) for complex arguments
(Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1950).
National Physical Laboratory Mathematical
Tables,
vol. 5, Chebyshev series for mathematical
functions, by C. W. Clenshaw (Her Majestys Stationery Office, London, England, 1962).
National Physical Laboratory Mathematical
Tables,
vol. 6, Tables for Bessel functions of moderate or
large orders, by F. W. J. Olver (Her Majestys
Stationery Office, London, England, 1962).
L. N. Nosova, Tables of Thomson (Kelvin) functions
and their first derivatives, translated from the
Russian by P. Basu (Pergamon
Press, New
York, N.Y., 1961).
Royal Society Mathematical
Tables, vol. 7, Bessel
functions, Part III. Zeros and associated values,
edited by F. W. J. Olver (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge,
England,
1960).
The introduction
includes many formulas connected with zeros.
Royal Society Mathematical
Tables, vol. 10,
Bessel functions, Part IV. Kelvin functions, by
A. Young and A. Kirk (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England,
1963).
The introduction
includes many formulas for
Kelvin functions.
W. Sibagaki, 0.01 % tables of modified Bessel
functions, with the account of the methods used
in the calculation (Baifukan, Tokyo, Japan, 1955).

390

BESSEL
Table

9.1

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

OF INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

ORDER
0,

1 4ND

66040
39576
38296
59563

+I, (I)
0.00000 00000
0.04993 75260
0.09950 08326
0.14831 88163
0.19602 65780

tJ&)
0.00000 00000
0.00124 89587
0.00498 33542
0.01116 58619
0.01973 46631

98072
48634
08886
73527
37981

40813
97211
07405
50480
22545

0.24226
0.28670
0.32899
0.36884
0.40594

84571
09881
57415
20461
95461

0.03060
0.04366
0.05878
0.07581
0.09458

40235
50967
69444
77625
63043

:*'3
1:4

0.76519
0.71962
0.67113
0.62008
0.56685

76865
20185
27442
59895
51203

57967
27511
64363
61509
74289

0.44005
0.47090
0.49828
0.52202
0.54194

05857
23949
90576
32474
77139

0.11490
0.13656
0.15934
0.18302
0.20735

34849
41540
90183
66988
58995

E
1:7
1.8
1. 9

0.51182
0.45540
0.39798
0.33998
0.28181

76717
21676
48594
64110
85593

35918
39381
46109
42558
74385

0.55793
0.56989
0.57776
0.58151
0.58115

65079
59353
52315
69517
70727

0.23208
0.25696
0.28173
0.30614
0.32992

76721
77514
89424
35353
57277

0.22389
0.16660
0.11036
0.05553
+0.00250

07791
69803
22669
97844
76832

41236
31990
22174
45602
97244

0.57672
0.56829
0.55596
0.53987
0.52018

48078
21358
30498
25326
52682

0.35283
0.37462
0.39505
0.41391
0.43098

40286
36252
86875
45917
00402

-0.04838
-0.09680
-0.14244
-0.18503
-0.22431

37764
49543
93700
60333
15457

68198
97038
46012
64387
91968

0.49709
0.47081
0.44160
0.40970
0.37542

41025
82665
13791
92469
74818

0.44605
0.45897
0.46956
0.47768
0.48322

90584
28517
15027
54954
70505

-0.26005
-0.29206
-0.32018
-0.34429
-0.36429

19549
43476
81696
62603
55967

01933
50698
57123
98885
62000

0.33905
0.30092
0.26134
0.22066
0.17922

89585
11331
32488
34530
58517

0.48609
0.48620
0.48352
0.47803
0.46972

12606
70142
77001
16865
25683

-0.38012
-0.39176
-0.39923
-0.40255
-0.40182

77399
89837
02033
64101
60148

87263
00798
71191
78564
87640

0.13737
0.09546
0.05383
+0.01282
-0.02724

75274
55472
39877
10029
40396

0.45862
0.44480
0142832
0.40930
0.38785

91842
53988
96562
43065
47125

-0.39714
-0.38866
-0.37655
-0.36101
-0.34225

98098
96798
70543
11172
67900

63847
35854
67568
36535
03886

-0.06604
-0.10327
-0.13864
-0.17189
-0.20277

33280
32577
69421
65602
55219

0.36412
0.33829
0.31053
0.28105
0.25008

81459
24809
47010
92288
60982

i-7"
4: 8
4. 9

-0.32054
-0.29613
-0.26933
-0.24042
-0.20973

25089
78165
07894
53272
83275

85121
74141
19753
91183
85326

-0.23106
-0.25655
-0.27908
-0.29849
-0.31469

04319
28361
07358
98581
46710

0.21784
0.18459
0.15057
0.11605
0.08129

89837
31052
30295
03864
15231

5. 0

-0.17759

-0.32757 91376
i-t)5

0.04656

0.0
i::
00143
E
is8
0: 9
::1"

2.0
:::
$2
::z
1'78
2:9
3.0
3.1
?-'3
3: 4
3.5
:*7"
3: 8
3.9
::1"
2;
4:4
4. 5

1.00000

Jo (.c)
00000 00000

0.99750
0.99002
0.97762
0.96039

15620
49722
62465
82266

0.93846
0.91200
0.88120
0.84628
0.80752

67713 14338
rc-4x1

L li

_I

c 1

51163
(-;I3
[ 1

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science,Besselfunctions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X
(CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,England, 1952) and Harvard Computation
Laboratory, Tables of the Besselfunctions of the first kind of orders 0 through
135, ~01s.3-14 (Harvard Univ. Press,Cambridge, Mass., 1947-1951)(with permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
BESSEL

x
::1
is:
0: 4
8::
00-i
0:9
1. 0

OF INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

Ye(x)

ORDER

0, 1 AND

391

Table

9.1

Yz(x)

Yl(X)

00

-1.5342;
-1.08110
-0.80727
-0.60602

86514
53224
35778
45684

-6.458;
-3.32382
-2.29310
-1.78087

10947
49881
51384
20443

-127.64478
- 32.15714
- 14.48009
- 8.29833

324
456
401
565

-0.44451 87335
-0.30850 98701
-0.19066 49293
-0.08680 22797
+0.00562 83066

-1.47147
-1.26039
-1.10324
-0.97814
-0.87312

23927
13472
98719
41767
65825

5.44137
3.89279
2.96147
2.35855
1.94590

084
462
756
816
960

0.08825
0.16216
0.22808
0.28653
0.33789

69642
32029
35032
53572
51297

-0.78121
-0.69811
-0.62113
-0.54851
-0.47914

28213
95601
63797
97300
69742

1.65068
1.43147
1.26331
1.13041
1.02239

261
149
080
186
081

0.38244
0.42042
0.45202
0.47743
0.49681

89238
68964
70002
17149
99713

-0.41230
-0.34757
-0.28472
-0.22366
-0.16440

86270
80083
62451
48682
57723

0.93219
0.85489
0.78699
0.72594
0.66987

376
941
905
824
868

0.51037
0.51829
0.52078
0.51807
0.51041

56726
37375
42854
53962
47487

-0.10703
-0.05167
+0.00148
0.05227
0.10048

24315
86121
77893
73158
89383

0.61740
0.56751
0.51943
0.47261
0.42667

810
146
175
686
397

0.49807
0.48133
0.46050
0.43591
0.40791

03596
05906
35491
59856
17692

0.14591
0.18836
0.22763
0.26354
0.29594

81380
35444
24459
53936
00546

0.38133
0.33643
0.29188
0.24766
0.20381

585
556
692
928
518

0.37685
0.34310
0.30705
0.26909
0.22961

00100
28894
32501
19951
53372

0.32467
0.34962
0.37071
0.38785
0.40101

44248
94823
13384
29310
52921

0.16040
0.11753
0.07535
0.03402
0.00627

039
548
866
961
601

0.18902
0.14771
0.10607
0.06450
+0.02337

19439
00126
43153
32467
59082

0.41018
0.41539
0.41667
0.41411
0.40782

84179
17621
43727
46893
00193

0.04537
Or08306
0.11915
Oil5345
0.18576

144
319
508
185
256

-0.01694
-0.05609
-0.09375
-0.12959
-0.16333

07393
46266
12013
59029
64628

0.39792
0.38459
0.36801
0.34839
0.32597

57106
40348
28079
37583
06708

0.21590
0.24370
0.26899
0.29163
0.31150

359
147
540
951
495

t*i
4:9

-0.19470
-0.22345
-0.24938
-0.27230
-0.29205

50086
99526
76472
37945
45942

0.30099
0.27374
0.24450
0.21356
0.18124

73231
52415
12968
51673
66920

0.32848
0.34247
0.35343
0.36128
0.36603

160
962
075
928
284

5. 0

-0.30851

76252

0.14786 31434
2n

:*:
1:s
1.4
1.5
:*;
1:8
1.9
21"
z
214
2. 5
z
2:8
2.9
3. 0
33':
3: 3
3.4
;:2
z.78
3:9
4. 0
2::
2::
t:2

Yn+l(x)=~Yn(x)-Y,-l(X)

0.36766 288

392

BESSEL
Table

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

9.1

OF INTEGER

ORDER
0, 1 AND

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

Jo(x)

JlC4

52(z)

-0.17759
-0.14433
-0.11029
-0.07580
-0:04121

67713 14338
47470 60501
04397 90987
31115 85584
01012 44991

-0.32757
-0.33709
-0.34322
-0.34596
-0.34534

91376
72020
30059
08338
47908

0.04656
+0.01213
-0.02171
-0.05474
-0.08669

51163
97659
84086
81465
53768

-0.00684
+0.02697
0.05992
0.09170
0.12203

38694 17819
08846 85114
00097 24037
25675 74816
33545 92823

-0.34143
-0.33433
-0.32414
-0.31102
-0.29514

a2154
28363
76802
77443
24447

-0.11731
-0.14637
-0.17365
-0.19895
-0.22208

54816
54691
60379
35139
16409

0.15064
0.17729
0.20174
0.22381
0.24331

52572 50997
14222 42744
72229 48904
20061 32191
06048 23407

-0.27668
-0.25586
-0.23291
-0.20808
-0.18163

38581
47726
65671
69402
75090

-0.24287
-0.26118
-0.27688
-0.28987
-0.30007

32100
15116
15994
13522
23264

0.26009
0.27404
0.28506
0.29309
0.29810

46055 81606
33606 24146
47377 10576
56031 04273
20354 04820

-0.15384
-0.12498
-0.09534
-0.06521
-0.03490

13014
01652
21180
86634
20961

-0.30743
-0.31191
-0.31352
-0.31227
-0.30821

03906
61379
50715
75629
85850

0.30007
0.29905
0.29507
0.28821
0.27859

92705 19556
13805 01550
06914 00958
69476 35014
62326 57478

-0.00468
+0.02515
0.05432
0.08257
0.10962

28235
32743
74202
04305
50949

-0.30141
-0.29196
-0.27997
-0.26559
-0.24896

72201
59511
97413
49119
78286

0.26633
0.25160
0.23455
0.21540
0.19436

96578 80378
18338 49976
91395 86464
78077 46263
18448 41278

0.13524
0.15921
0.18131
0.20135
0.21917

84276
37684
27153
68728
93999

-0.23027
-0.20970
-0.18746
-0.16377
-0.13887

34105
34737
49278
78404
33892

0.17165 08071 37554

0.14751 74540 44378
0.12221 53017 84138
0.09600 61008 95010
0.06915 72616 56985

0.23463
0.24760
0.25799
0.26573
0.27078

63469
77670
85976
93020
62683

-0.11299
-0.08637
-0.05928
-0.03197
-0.00468

17204
97338
88146
25341
43406

0.04193
+0.01462
-0.01252
-0.03923
-0.06525

92518 42935
29912 78741
27324 49665
38031 76542
32468 51244

0.27312
0.27275
0.26971
0.26407
0.25590

19637
48445
90241
37032
23714

+0.02232
oio4aao
0.07452
0.09925
0.12275

47396
83679
71058
05539
93977

-0.09033
-0.11423
-0.13674
-0.15765
-0.17677

36111 82876
92326 83199
83707 64864
51899 43403
15727 51508

0.24531
0.23243
0.21740
0.20041
0.18163

17866
07450
86550
39278
22040

0.14484
0.16532
0.18401
0.20075
0.21541

73415
2912y
11218
49594
67225

-0.19392
-0.20897
-0.22179
-0.23227
-0.24034

87476 87422
87183 68872
54820 31723
60275 79367
11055 34760

0.16126
0.13952
0.11663
0.09284
0.06836

44308
48117
86479
00911
98323

0.22787
0.23804
0.24584
0.25122
0.25415

91542
63875
46878
29849
31929

-0.24593 57644 51348

';14'4

0.04347 27462

ll 1

(64

5,+1(z)

=c

J,,(z) - Jn-I(Z)

0.25463 03137

( y4

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

520
55::
Z:i
::2
:2
5: 9
2::
2:
6: 4
i-2
6: 7
29"
7. 0
:::
77::
7.5
3
5
8.0
i-21
8:3
8. 4
256
Ei
8: 9
;*10
9:2
E
x-2
9:7
82
10. 0

393

OF INTEGER ORDER
0,lAND

Table 9.1

-0.30851
-0.32160
-0.33125
-0.33743
-0.34016

76252
24491
09348
73011
78783

0.14786
0.11373
0.07919
0.04454
+0:01012

31434
64420
03430
76191
72667

Ydx)
0.36766 288
0.36620 498
0.36170 876
0.35424 772
0.34391 872

-0.33948
-0.33544
-0.32815
-0.31774
-0.30436

05929
41812
71408
64300
59300

-0.02375
-0.05680
-0.08872
-0.11923
-0.14807

82390
56144
33405
41135
71525

0.33084
0.31515
0.29702
0.27663
0.25417

123
646
614
122
029

-0.28819
-0.26943
-0.24830
-0.22506
-0.19994

46840
49304
99505
17496
85953

-0.17501
-0.19981
-0.22228
-0.24224
-0.25955

03443
22045
36406
95005
98934

0.22985
0.20392
0.17660
0.14815
0.11883

790
273
555
715
613

-0.17324
-0.14522
-0.11619
-0.08643
-0.05625

24349
62172
11427
38683
36922

-0.27409
-0.28574
-0.29445
-0.30018
-0.30291

12740
72791
93130
68758
76343

0.08890
0.05863
to.02829
-0.00185
-0.03154

666
613
284
639
852

-0.02594
+0.00418
0.03385
0.06277
0.09068

97440
17932
04048
38864
08802

-0.30266
-0.29947
-0.29342
-0.28459
-0.27311

72370
88746
25939
43719
49598

-0.06052
-0.08854
-0.11535
-0.14074
-0.16449

661
204
668
495
573

0.11731
0.14242
0.16580
0.18722
0.20652

32861
85247
16324
71733
09481

-0.25912
-0.24280
-0.22431
-0.20388
-0.18172

85105
10021
84743
50954
10773

-0.18641
-0.20632
-0.22406
-0.23950
-0.25252

422
353
617
540
628

0.22352
0.23809
0.25011
0.25951
0.26622

14894
13287
80276
49638
18674

-0.15806
-0.13314
-0.10724
-0.08059
-0.05348

04617
87960
07223
75035
45084

-0.26303
-0.27096
-0.27627
-0.27893
-0.27895

660
757
430
605
627

0.27020
0.27145
0.26999
0.26587
0.25915

51054
77123
91703
49418
57617

-0.02616
+0.00108
0.02801
0.05435
0.07986

86794
39918
09592
55633
93974

-0.27636
-0.27120
-0.26355
-0.25352
-0.24120

244
562
987
140
758

0.24"3
0.23833
0.22449
0.20857
0.19074

66983
59921
36870
00676
39189

0.10431
0.12746
0.14911
0.16906
0.18713

45752
58820
27879
13071
56847

-0.22675
-0.21032
-0.19207
-0.17221
-0.15092

568
151
786
280
782

0.17121
0.15018
0.12787
0.10452
0.08037

06262
01353
47920
70840
73052

0.20317
0.21705
0.22866
0.23789
0.24469

98994
89660
00298
32421
24113

-0.12843
-0.10495
-0.08072
-0.05597
-0.03094

591
952
839
744
449

yocd

Ylk)

0.05567 11673
C-i)4

0.24901 54242
(-;I4

[ 2n 1

Y,+1(2)=zY,(z)-Y,-1(2)

-0.00586 808
c-t)4

[ 1

394

BESSEL
Table

9.1

FUNCTIONS
BESSEL

Job)

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

0, 1 AND

J&4

Jl(4

lo 0
10:1
10.2
10.3
10.4

-0.24593
-0.24902
-0.24961
-0.24771
-ii24337

57644
96505
70698
68134
17507

51348
80910
54127
82244
14207

0.04347
+0.01839
-0.00661
-0.03131
-0.05547

27462
55155
57433
78295
27618

0.25463
0.25267
0.24831
0.24163
0.23270

03137
23269
98653
56815
39119

10.5
10. 6
10.7
10. 8
10.9

-0.23664
-0.22763
-0.21644
-0.20320
-Oil8806

81944
50476
27399
19671
22459

62347
20693
23818
12039
63342

-0.07885
-0.10122
-0.12239
-0.14216
-0.16034

00142
86626
94239
65683
96867

0.22162
0.20853
0.19356
0.17687
0.15864

91441
53000
43429
48248
02851

11. 0
11.1
11.2
11. 3
11.4

-0.17119
-0.15276
-0.13299
-0.11206
-0.09021

03004
82954
19368
84561
45002

07196
35677
59575
09807
47520

-0.17678
-0.19132
-0.20385
-0.21425
-0.22245

52990
82878
31459
50262
05864

0.13904
0.11829
0.09658
0.07414
0.05118

75188
47301
95894
72125
80816

11. 5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9

-0.06765
-0.04461
-0.02133
+0.00196
0.02504

39481
56740
12813
71733
94416

11665
94438
88500
06740
99590

-0.22837
-0.23200
-0.23330
-0.23228
-0i22898

86207
04746
02408
47343
32497

0.02793
+0.00461
-0.01854
-0.04133
-0.06353

59271
55923
91017
74673
40215

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.04768
0.06966
0.09077
0.11079
0.12956

93107
67736
01231
79503
10265

96834
06807
70505
07585
17502

-0.22344
-0.21574
-0.20598
-0.19425
-0.18071

71045
89734
20217
88480
02469

-0.08493
-0.10532
-0.12453
-0.14238
-0.15870

04949
77609
76677
47549
78405

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9

0.14688
0.16260
ii17658
0.18870
0.19884

40547
72717
78885
13547
24371

00421
45511
61499
80683
36331

-0.16548
-0.14874
-0.13066
-0.11143
-0.09124

38046
23434
22290
15593
82522

-0.17336
-0.18621
-0.19716
-0.20611
-0.21298

14634
71675
46175
25359
94530

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

0.20692
0.21288
0.21668
0.21829
0.21772

61023
81975
59222
80903
51787

77068
22060
58564
19277
31184

-0.07031
-0.04885
-0.02706
-0.00517
+0.01659

80521
24733
67028
74806
90199

-0.21774
-0.22034
-0.22078
-0.21907
-0i21524

42642
65904
69378
66588
77131

13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

0.21498
0.21013
0.20322
0.19433
0.18357

91658
31613
08326
56352
98554

80401
69248
33007
15629
57870

0.03804
0.05896
0.07914
0.09839
0.11652

92921
45572
27651
05167
48904

-0.20935
-0.20146
-0.19166
-0.18007
-0.16681

22337
19030
71443
61400
36842

14. 0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.17107
0.15695
0.14136
0.12448
0.10648

34761
28770
93846
76852
41184

10459
32601
57129
83919
90342

0.13337
0.14878
0.16261
0.17472
0.18503

51547
43513
07342
90520
16616

-0.15201 98826
-0.13584 87137
-0.11846 64643
-0.10005 00556
-0iO8078 52766

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9

0.08754
0.06786
0.04764
0.02708
+0.00639

48680
40683
18459
23145
15448

10376
23379
01522
85872
90853

0.19342
0.19985
Or20425
0.20659
0.20687

94636
26514
12683
55672
61718

-0.06086
-0.04048
-0.01985
+0.00083
0.02137

15.0

-0.01422

44728 26781
'$13

[ 1

0.20510 40386
C-f)3

0.04157 16780
c-:)3

[ 1

[ 1

J n-l.1(x) =p Jn(x) -Jn

49420
69928
25577
60053
70688

l(X)

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL
x

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

Io(x)

0, 1 AND

Yl(X)

395
Table

9.1

Y2b)

10. 0
10.1
10.2
10. 3
10.4

0.05567
0.03065
+0.00558
-0.01929
-0.04374

11673
73806
52273
78497
86190

0.24901
0.25084
0.25018
0.24706
0.24155

54242
44363
58292
99395
05610

-0.00586
+0.01901
0.04347
0.06727
0.09020

808
478
082
260
065

10. 5
10. 6
10.7
10.8
10. 9

-0.06753
-0.09041
-0.11218
-0.13263
-Oil5158

03725
51548
58897
83844
31932

0.23370
0.22362
0.21144
0.19728
0.18131

42284
92892
47763
90905
85097

0.11204
0.13260
0.15170
0.16917
0.18485

546
936
828
340
264

11. 0
11.1
11.2
11.3
11. 4

-0.16884
-0.18427
-Oil9773
-0.20910
-0.21829

73239
57716
28675
34295
37073

0.16370 55374
0.14463 71102
0.12431 26795
0.10294 21889
OiO8074 39654

0.19861
0.21033
0.21993
0.22732
0.23245

197
651
156
329
932

11.5
11. 6
11.7
11.8
11.9

-0.22523
-0.22986
-0i23218
-0.23216
-0.22983

21117
97260
05930
17790
32139

0.05794
0.03476
+0.01144
-0.01178
-0.03471

25471
64663
60113
90120
14983

0.23530
0.23586
0.23413
0.23016
0.22399

908
394
718
364
935

12.0
12.1
12.2
12. 3
12.4

-0.22523
-0.21843
-0.20952
-0.19859
-0.18577

73126
83806
18128
30946
66153

-0.05709
-0.07873
-0.09941
-0.11894
-0.13714

92183
69315
84171
84033
43766

0.21572
0.20542
0.19322
0.17925
0.16365

078
401
371
189
655

12.5
12. 6
12. 7
12.8
12.9

-0.17121
-0.15506
-0.13749
-0.11870
-0.09887

43068
41238
83780
19463
03702

-0.15383
-0.16887
-0.18212
-0.19347
-0.20281

82565
79186
85528
38454
69743

0.14660
0.12825
0.10881
0.08847
0.06742

019
810
672
166
588

13.0
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4

-0.07820
-0.05692
-0.03523
-0.01336
+0.00848

78645
52'68
78771
34191
02072

-0.21008
-0.21521
-0.21817
-0.21895
-0.21755

14084
15060
29066
27145
94728

0.04588
0.02406
+0.00218
-0.01956
-0.04095

765
854
138
180
177

13.5
13.6
13.7
13. 8
13.9

0.03007
0.05121
0.07168
0.09129
0.10985

70090
50115
83040
90143
91895

-0.21402
-0.20839
-0.20074
-0.19115
-0.17975

29303
36044
21453
85095
09511

-0.06178
-0.08186
-0.10099
-0.11900
-0.13572

411
113
373
315
264

14.0
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4

0.12719
0.14313
0.15754
0.17027
0.18123

25686
62286
20895
82640
02411

-0.16664
-0.15198
-0.13591
-0.11861
-0.10026

48419
13335
58742
65967
25924

-0.15099
-Oil6469
-0.17668
-0.18686
-0.19515

897
386
517
800
560

14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14. 9

0.19030
0.19741
0.20251
0.20556
0.20654

18912
62858
63238
51604
64347

-0.08104
-0.06115
-0.04078
-0.02016
+0.00052

20909
05609
87536
07059
82751

-0.20148
-0.20579
-0.20806
-0.20828
-0.20647

011
307
581
958
553

15.0

0.20546 42960
C-i!3

[ 1

0.02107 36280
c-:13

[ 1
2n

Y~+l(x)=~Y,(x)-Y,~l(x)

-0.20265 448
c-;13

[ 1

396

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Table

9.1

BESSEL

Job4

OF INTEGER ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

0,

1 AND

Jl(4

J2(4

15. 0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

-0.01422
-0.03456
-0.05442
-0.07360
-0.09193

44728
18514
07968
75449
62278

26781
55565
44039
51123
62321

0.20510
0.20131
0.19554
0.18787
0.17840

40386
02204
54359
94498
02717

0.04157
0.06122
0.08015
0.09816
0.11510

16780
54568
04595
69502
50943

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

-0.10923
-0.12532
-0.14007
-0.15332
-0.16497

06509
59640
02118
57477
04994

00050
22481
29049
60686
85673

0.16721
0.15443
0.14021
0.12469
0.10802

31804
95871
57469
13334
78901

0.13080
0.14512
0.15793
0.16910
0.17855

65451
59111
20904
94608
89133

16. 0
16.1
16.2
16. 3
16.4

-0.17489
-0.18302
-0.18927
-0.19360
-0.19597

90739
36924
49469
23723
48287

83629
65310
77945
28377
91007

0.09039
0.07197
0.05296
0.03353
+0.01389

71757
94186
14991
50765
46807

0.18619
0.19196
0.19581
0.19771
0.19766

87209
52352
34037
71056
93020

16. 5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

-0.19638
-0.19482
-0.19134
-0.18597
-0.17878

06929
78558
35295
38653
33878

36861
05566
25189
47601
91219

-0.00576
-0.02524
-0.04436
-0.06292
-0.08074

42137
71116
24008
32177
92543

0.19568
0.19178
0.18603
0.17848
0.16922

20004
60351
06671
30061
72631

17. 0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17. 4

-0.16985
-0.15928
-0.14719
-0.13370
-0.11895

42521
53315
11467
06470
58563

51184
32265
66030
75764
36348

-0.09766
-Oil1351
-0.12814
-Oil4142
-0.15321

84928
88483
97057
33355
61760

0.15836
0.14600
0.13229
0.11735
0.10134

38412
82733
00182
11285
48016

17.5

-0.10311 03982 28686

-0.16341 99694

0.08443 38303

[ 1

C-92
2n
J,+.~(z)=~ Jn(z)-Jn-I(Z)

Table

9.1

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS-MODULUS

J&)=&(z)

AND

PHASE

OF

ORDERS

0,l

Y,(x)=&(x)

cos h(z)

AND

sin e,(x)

x-1
0.10
0. 09
0. 08
0.07
0.06

xMo(x)
0.79739 375
0.79748 584
0.79756 868
0.79764 214
0.79770 609

eo(4 --z
-0.79783 499
-0.79660 186
-0.79536 548
-0.79412 617
-0.79288 426

zfJf1 (x)
0.79936 575
0.79908 654
0.79883 586
0.79861 398
0.79842 116

-2.31885
-2.32256
-2.32627
-2.33000
-2.33372

508
201
732
016
965

0.80542
0.80398
0.80269
0.80156
0.80058

555
367
711
472
549

-3.73985
-3.75850
-3.77717
-3.79586
-3.81456

605
527
539
377
786

0.05
0. 04
0.03
0.02
0.01

0.79776
0.79780
0.79783
0.79786
0.79787

-0.79164
-0.79039
-0.78914
-0.78789
-0.78664

0.79825
0.79812
0.79801
0.79794
0.79789

-2.33746
-2.34120
-2.34494
-2.34869
-2.35244

488
495
891
580
465

0.79975
0.79908
0.79855
0.79818
0.79795

851
299
829
387
937

-3.83328
-3.85201
-3.87075
-3.88949
-3.90824

521
346
034
363
117

0.00

0.79788 456
[-y]

040
498
975
463
957

009
402
641
764
810

-0.78539 816
[(-I)43

761
353
908
438
952

0.79788 456
[(-I)]
<z>=nearest

01(x)--2

x+x2

-2.35619 449
[q]
integer to 2.

(4

0.79788 456
[I)]

e2(4--x

-3.92699 082
[(-i)3]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

0,l

Ye(r)

.x

397

AND 2

Table

9.1

15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4

0.20546
0.20234
0.19722
0.19018
Oil8128

42960
32292
76821
15001
71741

0.02107
0.04127
0.06093
0.07985
0.09786

36280
35340
08736
51269
41973

Y2(:r)
-0.20265 448
-0.19687 654
-0.18921 046
-0.17974 292
-0.16857 754

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

0.17064
0.15837
0.14459
0.12947
0.11315

49112
15368
92412
41833
49657

0.11478
0.13046
0.14474
0.15749
0.16860

61425
07959
12638
52835
64314

-0.15583
-0.14164
-0.12616
-0.10953
-0.09194

380
579
086
807
661

16.0
16.1
16.2
16. 3
16. 4

0.09581
0.07762
0.05876
0.03944
0.01985

09971
07587
99918
98249
48596

0.17797
0.18551
0.19117
0.19490
0.19667

51689
97173
67538
19240
01648

-0.07356
-0.05457
-0.03516
-0.01553
+0.00412

410
483
792
548
931

16.5
16. 6
16.7
16.8
16.9

+0.00018
-0.01937
-0.03862
-0.05736
-0.07543

12325
53254
14147
78596
15476

0.19647
0.19433
0.19027
0.18434
0.17663

58378
26715
35142
99015
14431

0.02363
0.04278
0.06140
0.07931
0.09633

402
890
866
428
468

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

-0.09263
-0.10881
-0.12382
-0.13750
-0.14973

71984
90473
24237
52134
91883

0.16720
0.15617
0.14365
0.12978
0.11470

50361
39131
65362
53467
53859

0.11230
0.12708
0.14052
0.15250
0.16292

838
500
667
930
372

17.5

-0.16041 11925

Yl

(x>

0.09857 27987

%+1(x)=$

0.17167 666

Yn(2)-FL-1(~)

Table
BESSEL

FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY

fl@>
070 -0.07380
430
-0.07202 984
0:: -0.06672
574
-0.05794 956
::34 -0.04579 663
0.5
0":;
!I::
1.0

-0.03039
-0.01192
+0.00942
0.03341
0.05979

904
435
612
927
263

0.08825 696
[(-p]

TABLE

f2 64

FOR SMALL
X

-0.63661
-0.63857
-0.64437
-0.65382
-0.66660

977
491
529
684
964

1. 0
1'::

-0.68228
-0.70029
-0.71998
-0.74059
-0.76130

315
342
221
789
792

1'::

:::

11-i
1: 9

9.1

ARGUMENTS

fd4

flk)

0.08825
0.11849
0.15018
0.18296
0.21647

696
917
546
470
200

-0.78121
-0.79936
-0.81476
-0.82642
-0.83332

282
142
705
473
875

0.25033
0.28416
0.31758
0.35020
0.38166

233
437
436
995
415

-0.83449
-0.82895
-0.81583
-0.79427
-0.76356

074
780
036
978
508

-0.78121 282
[C-74)5]

Ye(x)=f 1(z)+z Jo(x) In

:c

Yl(x)=~f2(x)+~J1(x)

In z

398

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

BESSEL FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

Table 9.2

Jz(:I$
0.0000

J4 (.1.)
0.0000

(1;

Js (1.)
0.0000

J6 (29
0.0000

Et
2:8

3-9
Ji

(2)

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

g.;;;;

-3 9:0629
-2 1.4995
II-2 23197
;:2"

ORDER

- 5)8.5712

0.12894
0.16233
0.19811
0.23529
0.27270

- 6)2.4923

0.30906
0.34307
0.37339
0.39876
0.41803

0.13203
0.15972
0.18920
0.21980
0.25074

0.43017
0.43439
0.43013
0.41707
0.39521

0.28113
0.31003
0.33645
0.35941
0.37796

0.13209
0.15614
0.18160
0.20799
0.23473

0.36483
0.32652
0.28113
0.22978
0.17382

0.39123
0.39847
0.39906
0.39257
0.37877

0.26114
0.28651
0.31007
0.33103
0.34862

0.13105
0.15252
0.17515
0.19856
0.22230

0.11477
+0.05428
-0.00591
-0.06406
-0.11847

0.35764
0.32941
0.29453
0.25368
0.20774

0.36209
0.37077
0.37408
0.37155
0.36288

0.24584
0.26860
0.28996
0.30928
0.32590

0.12959
0.14910
0.16960
0.19077
0.21224

-0.16756
-0.20987
-0.24420
-0.26958
-0.28535

0.15780
0.10509
+0.05097
-0.00313
-0.05572

0.34790
0.32663
0.29930
0.26629
0.22820

0.33920
0.34857
0.35349
0.35351
0.34828

0.23358
0.25432
0.27393
0.29188
0.30762

0.12797
0.14594
0.16476
0.18417
0.20385

-0.29113
-0.28692
-0.27302
-0.25005
-0.21896

-0.10536
-0.15065
-0.19033
-0.22326
-0.24854

0.18577
0.13994
0.09175
+0.04237
-0.00699

0.33758
0.32131
0.29956
0.27253
0.24060

0.32059
0.33027
0.33619
0.33790
0.33508

0.22345
0.24257
0.26075
0.27755
0.29248

0.12632
0.14303
0.16049
0.17847
0.19670

-0.26547
-0.27362
-0.27284
-0.26326
-0.24528

-0.05504
-0.10053
-0.14224
-0.17904
-0.20993

0.20432
0.16435
0.12152
0.07676
+0.03107

0.32746
0.31490
0.29737
0.27499
0.24797

0.30507
0.31484

E!
9:8

-0.18094
-0.13740
-0.08997
-0.04034
+0.00970

8'ZY
0:32318

0.21488
0.23266
0.24965
0.26546
0.27967

10.0

0.05838

-0.21960

-0.23406

-0.01446

0.21671

0.31785

0.29186

3.0
3.2
xi
3:8
t:2"
t-46
418
E!
514
55::
6.0
6.2
246
6:8
7.0
7.2
2
718

9.0
9.2

I - 43 I 1.3952
9.3860
2.0275
4.0270
2.8852

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part II.
Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical
Tables, vol. X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) and Mathematical
Tables Project, Table of .f,(x) = n!(G)-nJ,(:x).
J. Math. Phys. 23, 45-60
(1944) (with permission).

399

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

BESSEL
X

Y3h)

Y4(5)

4
3
2
1

-5.8215
-3.5899
-2.4420
-1.7897
-1.3896

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS
Ys(x)

Y5b)

3-9
Y7(2)

Table
Ys(x)

9.2

Y!)(Z)

:1;162
-1.2097
-2.4302
-7.8751

II

-9.4432
-5.8564
-3.9059

II

-1.1278
-0.94591
-0.81161
-0.70596
-0.61736

-2.7659
-2.0603
-1.6024
-1.2927
-1.0752

-9.9360
-6.5462
-4.5296
-372716
-2.4548

-0.53854
-0.46491
-0.39363
-0.32310
-0.25259

-0.91668
-0.79635
-0.70092
-0.62156
-0.55227

-1.9059
-1.5260
-1.2556
-1.0581
-0.91009

-5.4365
-3.9723
-2.9920
-2.3177
-1.8427

-9.3044
-6.6677
-4.9090

-0.18202
-0.11183
-0.04278
+0.02406
0.08751

-0.48894
-0.42875
-0.36985
-0.31109
-0.25190

-0.79585
-0.70484
-0.62967
-0.56509
-0.50735

-1.5007
-1.2494
-1.0612
-0.91737
-0.80507

-3.7062
-2.8650
-2.2645
-1.8281
-1.5053

:5
516
5.8

0.14627
0.19905
0.24463
0.28192
0.31001

-0.19214
-0.13204
-0.07211
-0.01310
+0.04407

-0.45369
-0.40218
-0.35146
-0.30063
-0.24922

-0.71525
-0.64139
-0.57874
-0.52375
-0.47377

-1.2629
-1.0780
-0.93462
-0.82168
-0.73099

-2.8209
-2.2608
-1.8444
-1.5304
-1.2907

-7.7639
-5.8783
-4.5302
-3.5510
-2.829l5

2;
6:4
6.6
6.8

oo%E
0:333s3
0.32128
0.29909

0.09839
0.14877
0.19413
0.23344
0.26576

-0.19706
-0.14426
-0.09117
-0.03833
+0.01357

-0.42683
-0138145
-0.33658
-0.29151
-0.24581

-0.65659
-0.59403
-0.53992
-0.49169
-0.44735

-1.1052
-0.95990
-0.84450
-0.75147
-0.67521

y;;

;-2o
714

0.26808
0.22934
0.18420
0.13421
0.08106

0.29031
0.30647
00%2B~
0:30186

0.06370
0.11119
0.15509
0.19450
0.22854

-0.19931
-0.15204
-0.10426
-0.05635
-0.00886

-0.40537
-0.36459
-0.32416
-0.28348
-0.24217

-0.61144
-0.55689
-0.50902
-0.46585
-0.42581

-0.992:20
-0.87293
-0.77643
-0.69726
-0.63128

+0.02654
-0.02753
-0.07935
-0.12723
-0.16959

0.28294
0.25613
0.22228
0.18244
0.13789

0.25640
0.27741
0.29104
0.29694
0.29495

+0.03756
0.08218
0.12420
0.16284
0.19728

-0.20006
-0.15716
-0.11361
-0.06973
-0.02593

-0.38767
-0.35049
-0.31355
-0.27635
-0.23853

-0.57528
-0.52673
-0.48363
-0.444140
-0.40777

;:i

-0.20509
-0.23262
-0.25136
-0.26079
-0.26074

0.09003
+0.04037
-0.00951
-0.05804
-0.10366

0.28512
0.26773
0.24326
0.21243
0.17612

0.22677
0.25064
0.26830
0.27932
0.28338

+0.01724
0.05920
0.09925
0.13672
0.17087

-0.19995
-0.16056
-0.12048
-0.07994
-0.03928

-0.37271
-0.33843
-0.30433
-0.26995
-0.23499

10.0

-0.25136

-0.14495

0.13540

0.28035

0.20102

+0.00108

-0.19930

2.0

2:
2:6
2.8
3.0
3.2
z-46
3:8
4.0
4.2
2:
4:8
5.0

;:i
8.0
E
8:6
8.8
%*20
9:4

1
1
1
1

-4.6914
-2.7695
-1.7271
-1.1290
-7.6918

( l)-1.1471
-8.3005
-6.1442
-4.6463
-3.5855

-1:5713
-1.33011
-1.1414

400

BESSEL

Table

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

9.2

OF

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

ORDER

3-9

JT(z)

Js (x)

J3 (xl

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8

0.05838
0.10400
0.14497
0.17992
0.20768

-0.21960
-0.18715
-0.14906
-0.10669
-0.06150

-0.23406
-0.25078
-0.25964
-0.26044
-0.25323

-0.01446
-0.05871
-0.10059
-0.13901
-0.17297

0.21671
0.18170
0.14358
0.10308
0.06104

0.31785
0.30811
0.29386
0.27515
0.25210

0.29186
0.30161
0.30852
0.31224
0.31244

11.0
11.2
11. 4
11. 6
11.8

0.22735
i* x:
0:23359
0.21827

-0.01504
to.03110
0.07534
0.11621
0.15232

-0.23829
-0.21614
-0.18754
-0.15345
-0.11500

-0.20158
-0.22408
-0.23985
-0.24849
-0.24978

to.01838
-0.02395
-0.06494
-0.10361
-0.13901

0.22497
0.19414
0.16010
0.12344
0.08485

0.30886
0.30130
0.28964
0.27388
0.25407

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.19514
0.16515
0.12951
0.08963
0.04702

0.18250
0.20576
0.22138
0.22890
0.22815

-0.07347
-0.03023
+0.01331
0.05571
0.09557

-0.24372
-0.23053
-0.21064
-0.18469
-0.15349

-0.17025
-0.19653
-0.21716
-0.23160
-0.23947

0.04510
+0.00501
-0.03453
-0.07264
-0.10843

0.23038
0.20310
0.17260
0.13935
0.10393

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

+0.00332
-0.03984
-0.08085
-0.11822
-0.15059

0.21928
0.20268
0.17905
0.14931
0.11460

0.13162
0.16267
0.18774
0.20605
0.21702

-0.11803
-0.07944
-0.03894
+0.00220
0.04266

-0.24057
-0.23489
-0.22261
-0.20411
-0.17993

-0.14105
-0.16969
-0.19364
-0.21231
-0.22520

0.06698
to.02921
-0.00860
-0.04567
-0.08117

14. 0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

-0.17681
-0.19598
-0.20747
-0.21094
-0.20637

0.07624
+0.03566
-0.00566
-0.04620
-0.08450

0.22038
0.21607
0.20433
0.18563
0.16069

0.08117
0.11650
0.14756
0.17335
0.19308

-0.15080
-0.11762
-0.08136
-0.04315
-0.00415

-0.23197
-0.23246
-0.22666
-0.21472
-0.19700

-0.11431
-0.14432
-0.17048
-0.19216
-0.20883

15. 0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

-0.19402
-0.17445
-0.14850
-0.11723
-0.08188

-0.11918
-0.14901
-0.17296
-0.19021
-0.20020

0.13046
0.09603
0.05865
+0.01968
-0.01949

0.20615
0.21219
0.21105
0.20283
0.18787

+0.03446
0.07149
0.10580
0.13634
0.16217

-0.17398
-0.14634
-0.11487
-0.08047
-0.04417

-0.22005
-0.22553
-0.22514
-0.21888
-0.20690

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

-0.04385
-0.00461
+0.03432
0.07146
0.10542

-0.20264
-0.19752
-0.18511
-0.16596
-0.14083

-0.05747
-0.09293
-0.12462
-0.15144
-0.17248

0.16672
0.14016
0.10913
0.07473
0.03817

0.18251
0.19675
0.20447
0.20546
0.19974

-0.00702
+0.02987
0.06542
0.09855
0.12829

-0.18953
-0.16725
-0.14065
-0.11047
-0.07756

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.13493
0.15891
0.17651
0.18712
0.19041

-0.11074
-0.07685
-0.34048
-0.00300
+0.03417

-0.18704
-0.19466
-0.19512
-0.18848
-0.17505

+0.00072
-0.03632
-0.07166
-0.10410
-0.13251

0.18755
0.16932
0.14570
0.11751
0.08571

0.15374
0.17414
0.18889
0.19757
0.19993

-0.04286
-0.00733
+0.02799
0.06210
0.09400

18.0
la.2
la.4
la.6
18.8

0.18632
0.17510
0.15724
0.13351
0.10487

0.06964
0.10209
0.13033
0.15334
0.17031

-0.15537
-0.13022
-0.10058
-0.06756
-0.03240

-0.15596
-0.17364
-0.18499
-0.18966
-0.18755

0.05140
+0.01573
-0.02007

0.19593
0.18574
0.16972
0.14841
0.12253

0.12276
0.14756
0.16766

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.07249
0.03764
+0.00170
-0.03395
-0.06791

0.18065
0.18403
0.18039
0.16994
0.15313

+0.00357
0.03904
0.07269
0.10331
0.12978

-0.17877
-0.16370
-0.14292
-0.11723
-0.08759

-0.11648
-0.14135
-0.16110
-0.17508
-0.18287

0.09294
0.06063
+0.02667
-0.00783
-0.04171

0.19474

20.0

-0.09890

J4 (x)

J5 (d

Js(x9

1: . g:;:

Js (z)

it. :9812;97

: :E;
0:16869
0.14916

0.13067
0.15117
-0.05509
-0.18422
-0.07387
0.12513
c-p
(-$11
6;I1
C-,4)8
(-y-J
C-,4)8
[ 1 [ 1 c 1 II 1 [ 1 c 1 cc-y1

BESSEL

FUNC!!CIONS

BESSEL

OF

INTEGER

401

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

3-9

Table

9.2

lo0
10:2

y4cd

y5w

yS(x)

y7cd

10.4
10.6
10.8

Ydx)
-0.25136
-0.23314
-0.20686
-0.17359
-0.13463

-0.14495
-0.18061
-0.20954
-0.23087
-0.24397

0.13540
0.09148
+0.04567
-0.00065
-0.04609

0.28035
0.27030
0.25346
0.23025
0.20130

0.20102
0.22652
0.24678
0.26131
0.26975

0.00108
0.04061
0.07874
0.11488
0.14838

-0.19930
-0.16282
-0.12563
-0.08791
-0.04793

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

-0.09148
-0.04577
+0.00082
0.04657
0.08981

-0.24851
-0.24445
-0.23203
-0.21178
-0.18450

-0.08925
-0.12884
-0.16365
-0.19262
-0.21489

0.16737
0.12941
0.08848
0.04573
+0.00238

0.27184
0.26750
0.25678
od
. zsx

0.17861
0.20496
0.22687
0.24384
0.25545

-(LO1205
+0.02530
0.06163
0.09640
0.12906

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.12901

-0.15122
-0.11317
-0.07175
-0.02845
+0.01518

-0.22982
-0.23698
-0.23623
-0.22766
-0.21163

-0.04030
-0.08107
-0.11875
-0.15223
-0.18052

0.18952
0.15724
0.12130
0.08268
0.04240

0.26140
0.26151
0.25571
0.24409
0.22689

0.15902
0.18573
0.20865
0.22728
0.24122

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.22420
0.21883
0.20534
0.18432
0.15666

0.05759
0.09729
0.13289
0.16318
0.18712

-0.1887d
-0.15987
-0.12600
100'
. 00:;;;

-0.20279
-0.21840
-0.22692
-0.22813
-0.22204

+0.00157
-0.03868
-0.07722
-0.11296
-0.14489

0.20448
0.17738
0.14625
0.11185
0.07505

0.25010
0.25369
0.25184
0.24454
0.23190

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.12350
0.08615
0.04605
+0.00477
-0.03613

0.20393
0.21308
0.21434
0.20775
0.19364

-0.00697
+0.03390
0.07303
q.10907
0.14080

-0.20891
-0.18921
-0.16363
-0.13305
-0.09850

-0.17209
-0.19380
-0.20939
-0.21842
-0.22067

+0.03682
-0.00186
-0.03994
-0.07640
-0.11024

0.21417
0.19170
0.16501
0.13470
0.10149

15. 0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

-0.07511
-0.11072
-0.14165
-0.16678
-0.18523

0.17261
0.14550
0.11339
0.07750
+0.03920

k 11:::70
0120055
0.20652
0.20507

-0.06116
-0.02228
+0.01684
0.05489
0.09059

-0.21610
-0.20489
-0.18743
-0.16430
-0.13627

-0.14053
-0.16644
-0.18723
-0.20234
-0.21134

0.06620
+0.02969
-0.00710
-0.04322
-0.07775

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

-0.19637
-0.19986
-0.19566
-0.18402
-0.16547

-0.00007
-0.03885
-0.07571
-0.10930
-0.13841

0.19633
0.18067
0.15873
0.13135
0.09956

0.12278
0.15038
0.17250
0.18843
0.19767

-0.10425
-0.06928
-0.03251
+0.00487
0.04164

-0.21399
-0.21025
-0.20025
-0.18432
-0.16297

-0.10975
-0.13838
-0.16286
-0.18253
-0.19685

17. 0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

-0.14078
-0.11098
-0.07725
-0.04094
-0.00347

-0.16200
-0.17924
-0.18956
-0.19265
-0.18846

0.06455
+0.02761
-0.00990
-0.04663
-0.08123

0.19996
0.19529
0.18387
0.16616
0.14282

0.07660
0.10864
0.13671
0.15991
0.17752

-0.13688
-0.10686
-0.07387
-0.03895
-0.00320

-0.20543
-0.20805
-0.20464
-0.19533
-0.18039

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

+0.03372
0.06920
0.10163
0.12977
0.15261

-0.17722
-0.15942
-0.13580
-0.10731
-0.07506

-0.11249
-0.13928
-0.16067
-0.17593
-0.18455

0.11472
0.08289
0.04848
+0.01272
-0.02310

0.18897
0.19393
0.19229
0.18414
0.16980

+0.03225
0.06629
0.09782
0.12587
0.14955

-0.16030
-0.13566
-0.10722
-0.07586
-0.04252

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.16930
0.17927
0.18221
0.17805
0.16705

-0.04031
-0.00440
+0.03131
0.06546
0.09678

-0.18628
-0.18111
-0.16930
-0.15134
-0.12794

-0.05773
-0.08993
-0.11857
-0.14267
-0.16139

0.14982
0.12490
0.09595
0.06399
+0.03013

0.16812
0.18100
0.18782
0.18838
0.18270

-0.00824
+0.02593
0.05895
0.08979
0.11750

20.0

0.14967

EKi92971
0:20959
0.22112

Ys(4

Y9@)

0.14124
0.12409
-0.10004
-0.17411
-0.00443
0.17101
c-p
(-;I1
C-$)1
(-;)9
(-;I8
(-j+)l
1
[ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 II-$18

BESSEL
Table

BESSEL

9.3

10'ki-'oJlo(cz)
2.69114 446
2.69053 290
0.1
2.68869 898
2.68564 500
Fl*:
0: 4 2.68137 477
z
0. 0

0. 5

2.67589
2.66920
2.66132
2.65226
2.64201

E
::9
2.63061
2.61806
::1 2.60437
:-:
2.58958
1:4
2.51368

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

10,

ORDER
11,20

AND

21

1.22324 748
1.22299 266
1.22222 850
1.22095 588
1.21917 626

-0.11831
-0.11841
-0.11857
-0.11880

049
335
200
661
750

3.91990
3.91944
3.91804
3.91571
3.91244

9.33311
9.33205
9.32886
99.
. '3::::

-0.406017
-0.406071
-0.406231
-0.406499
-0.406873

362
838
738
043
878

1.21689
1.21410
1.21081
1.20703
1.20276

169
481
883
750
518

-0.11910
-0.11946
-0.11990
-0.12040
-0.12097

510
998
282
444
581

3.90825
3.90314
3.89710
3.89015
3.88228

9.30663
9.29500
9.28128
9.26546
9.24758

-0.407355
-0.407945
-0.408644
-0.409452
-0.410369

512
358
963
012

1.19800
1.19276
1.18705
1.18087
1.17422

675
764
385
185
867

-0.12161
-0.12233
-0.12312
-0.12398
-0.12492

801
229
002
273
212

3.87350
3.86383
3.85325
3.84179
3.82945

9.22162
9.20562
9.18157
9.15550
9.12743

-0.411397
-0.412536
-0.413788
co.415153
-0.416632

323

-0.11828

2.55670
2.53867
2.51960

842
639

:-ii
1:9

2.49952
2.47846

907
955
207

1.16713
1.15958
1.15160
1.14320
1.13437

182
931
961
168
488

-0.12594
-0.12703
-0.12821
-0.12948
-0.13084

004
852
977
616
030

3.81624
3.80216
3.78723
3.77146
3.75485

9.09737
9.06534
9.03137
8.99546
8.95766

-0.418228
-0.419940
-0.421771
-0.423122
-0.425795

2:
$3
2:4

2.45643
2.43346
2.40959
2.38483
2.35922

192
545
000
384
612

1.12513
1.11550
1.10548
1.09508
1.08431

904
438
152
144
551

-0.13228
-0.13382
-0.13545
-0.13719
-0.13903

497
319
821
351
284

3.73742
3.71918
3.70015
3.68032
3.65973

8.91797
8.87643
8.83306
8.78790
8.74096

-0.427992
-0.430315
-0.432764
-0.435344
-0.438056

2.5

2.33279
2.30557

682
074
976

1.07319
1.06173
1.04994
1.03783
1.02541

540
312
098
155
767

-0.14098
-0.14303
-0.14521
-0.14751
-0.14994

022
997
672
543
141

3.63831
3.61627
3.59344
3.56989
3.54564

8.69228
8.64189
8.58981
8.53609
8.48076

-0.440902
-0.443885
-0.447007
-0.450272
-0.453682

770
836
598
517
085

1.01271

242

0.99972
0.98648
0.97298
0.95924

906

:-:
3: 4

2.15873
2.12745
2.09561
2.06325

-0.15250
-0.15519
-0.15804
-0.16103
-0.16419

037
840
206
836
482

3.52071
3.49510
3.46885
3.44195
3.41444

8.42385
8.36539
8.30542
8.24397
8.18110

-0.457241
-0.460951
-0.464816
-0.468840
-0.473027

::2
;:I.

2.03039
1.99709
1.96336
1.92926
1.89481

820
260
956
467
352

-0.16751
-0.17102
-0.17470
-0.17859
-0.18268

951
110
889
286
376

3.38633
'3*3':;;:
3129855
3.26821

8.11682
8.05119
7.98424
7.91600
7.84653

-0.477379
-0.481902
-0.486600
-0.491476
-0.496537

1.86005
1.82501
1.78973
1.75425
1.71860

168
462
765
588
416

-0.18699
-0.19153
-0.19631
-0.20136
-0.20667

314
346
812
159
950

3.23736
3.20601
3.17419
3.14192
3.10921

1.77586
7.70403
7.63108
7.55707
1.48202

-0.501786
-0.507229
-0.512872
-0.518719
-0.524777

1.68281
1.64692
1.61097
1.57498
1.53899

701
860
267
249
084

0.79652
0.78103
0.76550
0.74992

852

873
757
582
498
840

3.07608
3.04256
3.00866

0.73431

-0.21228
-0.21820
-0.22445
-0.23105
-0.23802

7.40598
7.32900
7.25112
7.17238
7.09282

-0.531051
-0.537549
-0.544276
-0.551240
-0.558448

1.50302

991

0.71869

942

-0.24540 147
(-55)5

2.90490

7.01250
(93

-0.565907
(6;)3

1.5
1.6

Z
::t
3. 0
3.1

2.21759
2.24889
2.21948
2.18942

613
732

108
213
599

0.94528

659

0.93111

794
415

0.91675
0.90220
0.88749

939

785

0.87263

375

0.85763
0.84250
0.82726
0.81193

469
806

130
548
093

829
130

351

[ 1
C-55)6

[ 1

5.. Eltl"

Y,+1(@

[ 1 c 1
E

Yn(z)-Yn-l(X)

Compiledfrom British Associationfor the Advancement of Science,Besselfunctions, Part II. Functions

of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge, England,
1952),L. Fox, A short table for Besselfunctions of integer ordersand large arguments. Royal Society
Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,England, 1954), and Mathematical Tables Project, Table of fm(z)=n!(%-c-V,(a). J. Math. Phys. 23, 45-60 (1944) (with permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
BESSEL

OF INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

403

ORDER

10,

11, 20 AND

21

Table

9.3

lo'%-'oJ~o(z)
1 50302 991
1:46713 132
1.43132 603
1.39564 431
1.36011 571

lolL-"Jll(s)
0.71869
0.70307
0.68747
0.67188
0.65634

942
931
104
722
019

1o-%'oYlo(z)
-0.24540 147
-0.25320 186
-0.26145 975
-0.27020 813
-0.27948 304

2.90490
2.86969
2.83421
2.79846
2.76248

7.01250
6.93145
6.84971
6.76734
6.68437

-0.565907
-0.573626
-0.581612
-0.589875
-0.598423

1 32476
1'28963
1'25473
1'22009
1:18574

904
229
264
642
907

0.64084
0.62540
0.61003
0.59475
0.57957

205
463
945
774
041

-0.28932
-0.29977
-0.31088
-0.32269
-0.33528

400
431
154
795
105

2.72628
2.68988
2.65330
2.61656
2.57967

6.60085
6.51682
6.43233
6.34742
6.26213

-0.607266
-0.616414
-0.625876
-0.635663
-0.645788

i::

1.15171
1 11801
1'08468
1'05172
1:01917

513
822
098
510
129

0.56448
0.54952
0.53467
0.51997
0.50540

805
091
890
158
814

-0.34869
-0.36300
-0.37829
-0.39464
-0.41215

413
693
631
698
232

2.54267
2.50556
2.46837
2.43111
2.39381

6.17651
6.09059
6.00443
5.91806
5.83152

-0.656261
-0.667094
-0.678301
-0.689895
-0.701890

E-2
6:7
6.8
6.9

0 98703
0'95534
0:92411
0.89335
0.86308

926
769
427
563
740

0.49099
0.47674
0.46266
0.44876
0.43504

740
781
745
400
477

-0.43091
-0.45104
-0.47267
-0.49594
-0.52098

524
907
855
084
648

2.35647
2.31913
2.28179
2.24448
2.20721

5.74485
5.65810
5.57131
5.48451
5.39775

-0.714300
-0.727140
-0.740427
-0.754178
-0.768410

77':
7:3
7.4

0.83332
0 80407
0'77536
0:74719
0.71957

414
941
570
450
626

0.42151
0.40818
0.39505
0.38214
0.36943

665
616
943
216
970

-0.54798
-0.57710
-0.60855
-0.64254
-0.67930

051
346
234
159
390

2.17000
2.13286
2.09582
2.05888
2.02206

5.31106
5.22448
5.13805
5.05181
4.96579

-0.783140
-0.798389
-0.814177
-0.830524
-0.847452

7.5
7.6
7. 7
7.8
7.9

0.69252
0.66603
0.64012
0.61480
0.59007

040
536
854
640
439

0.35695
0.34469
0.33266
0.32087
0.30930

696
850
845
058
826

-0.71909
-0.76217
-0.80884
-0.85940
-0.91419

088
356
258
807
914

1.98539
1.94887
1.91252
1.87635
1.84038

4.88002
4.79455
4.70940
4.62461
4.54021

-0.864985
-0.883147
-0.901963
-0.921460
-0.941665

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

0.56593
0.54239
0.51945
0.49712
0.47539

704
791
967
408
201

0.29798
0.28690
0.27606
0.26546
0.25512

448
187
265
873
162

-0.97356
-1.03786
-1.10747
-1.18278
-1.26419

279
231
485
826
685

1.80462
1.76908
1.73378
1.69874
1.66395

4.45624
4.37272
4.28968
4.20716
4.12518

-0.962608
-0.984319
-1.006831
-1.030178
-1.054394

8.5
8.6
8.7

0.45426
0.43373
0.41381
0.39448
0.37575

352
779
323
748
740

0.24502
0.23517
0.22557
0.21621
0.20711

250
220
121
969
750

-1.35209
-1.44687
-1.54891
-1.65856
-1.77613

608
598
312
097
854

1.62944
1.59521
1.56128
1.52765
1.49434

4.04377
3.96296
3.88277
3.80323
3.72436

-1.079518
-1.105589
-1.132647
-1.160736
-1.189902

;':
9:3
9.4

0.35761
0 34006
0'32309
0:30670
0.29088

917
823
939
683
411

0.19826
0.18965
0.18130
0.17318
0.16532

418
897
082
839
010

-1.90191
-2.03610
-2.17882
-2.33011
-2.48986

706
452
801
366
396

1.46136
1.42872
1.39641
1.36447
1.33288

3.64619
3.56873
3.49201
3.41606
3.34088

-1.220192
-1.251657
-1.284351
-1.318328
-1.353647

i:;

0.24676 422
0.26091
0.27562
963
227

0.15030 409
0.15769
0.14316
825
025

-2.83359
-3.01652
-2.65783

602
353
251

9:8
9.9

0.23314 362
0.22005 470

0.13624 751
0.12956 726

-3.20574
-3.40010

283
421

1.30166
1.27082
1.24036
1.21029
1.18061

3.26651
3.19294
3.12022
3.04834
2.97733

-1.390372
-1.428567
-1.468301
-1.509646
-1.552680

10.0

0.20748 611
['-y]

0.12311 653
[(-;)"I

-3.59814
['-y]

152

5'0
511
:3
514
;:;
:'i
5: 9
6.0
66::

7.0

88::
9.0

-1.597484
c-y
II 1 c 1 [ 1

1.15134
(-l)5

2.90720

c--4)2
4

404

BESSEL

Table

BESSEL

9.3

FUNCTIONS

OF

FUNCTIONS+RDERS

10:1
10. 2
10. 3
10. 4

0.20748
0.21587
0.22413
0.23223
0.24011

611
417
707
256
699

0.12311
0.13041
0.13787
0.14549
0.15324

653
285
866
509
123

YlO(X)
-0.35981 415
-0.34383 078
-0.32793 809
-0.31207 433
-0.29618 615

10. 5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10. 9

0.24774
0.25507
0.26205
0.26863
0.27477

554
240
109
466
603

0.16109
0.16902
0.17701
0.18503
0.19304

407
861
780
266
230

-0.28022
-0.26416
-0.24795
-0.23159
-0.21505

11. 0
11.1
11. 2
11.3
11.4

0.28042
0.28554
0.29007
0.29398
0.29722

823
479
999
925
944

0.20101
0.20891
0.21670
0.22434
0.23181

401
340
446
974
048

11.5
11.6
11. 7
11.8
11.9

0.29975
0.30153
0.30253
0.30270
0.30203

923
946
345
737
061

0.23904
0.24601
0.25268
0.25899
0.26492

12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

0.30047
0.29802
0.29464
0.29033
0.28507

604
036
445
357
771

12.5
12. 6
12. 7
12. 8
12.9

0.27887
0.27171
0.26361
0.25458
0.24462

13. 0
13.1
13.2
13. 3
13. 4
13. 5
13. 6
13. 7
13.8
13. 9

JlO(Z)

Jll(4

INTEGER

ORDER

10, 11, 20 AND 21

10~5x-2tJ2o(x)

1027x-2'52l(X)

10-23~2oY~~(~)

1.151337
1.122469
1.094012
1.065970
1.038347

2.907199
2.837961
2.769629
2.702215
2.635729

1.59748
1.64414
1.69275
1.74339
1.79618

819
276
949
513
324

1.011148
0.984374
0.958030
0.932118
0.906639

2.570182
2.505582
2.441939
2.379259
2.317550

1.85121
1.90861
1.96848
2.03097
2.09619

-0.19832
-0.18140
-0.16429
-0.14700
-0.12955

403
409
620
917
753

0.881596
0.856989
0.832821
0.809092
0.785801

2.256817
2.197065
2.138299
2.080523
2.023738

2.16430
2.23544
2.30977
2.38746
2.46870

680
789
218
761
183

-0.11196
-0.09424
-0.07644
-0.05858
-0.04071

142
628
263
580
566

0.762950
0.740539
0.718565
0.697029
0.675930

1.967947
1.913152
1.859352
1.806548
1.754740

2.55367
2.64257
2.73563
2.83307
2.93513

0.27041
0.27542
0.27992
0.28386
0.28720

248
744
508
459
623

-0.02287
-0.00511
to.01251
0.02995
0.04716

631
577
441
946
182

0.655266
0.635035
0.615236
0.595866
0.576923

1.703925
1.654102
1.605267
1.557418
1.510551

3.04208
3.15419
3.27175
3.39509
3.52453

175
575
509
064
889

0.28991
0.29194
0.29326
0.29385
0.29366

166
422
923
431
968

0.06406
0.08059
0.09670
0.11231
0.12737

154
668
381
845
554

00.KE:
0:522625
0.505359
0.488504

1.464660
1.419743
1.375791
1.332800
1.290762

3.66044
3.80321
3.95323
4.11095
4.27684

0.23378
0.22206
0.20952
0.19617
0.18208

201
793
032
859
776

0.29268
0;29088
0.28824
0.28474
0.28037

843
684
464
526
612

0.14180
0.15555
0.16855
0.18073
0.19204

995
698
286
529
392

0.472056
0.456011
0.440365
0.425114
0.410252

1.249671
1.209520
1.170299
1.132001
1.094617

4.45140
4.63518
4.82874
5.03272
5.24778

0.16729
0.15186
0.13585
0.11932
0.10235

840
646
302
411
036

0.27512
0.26899
0.26198
0.25410
0.24534

884
942
851
149
866

0.20242
0.21181
0.22016
0.22743
0.23357

090
137
393
118
014

0.395776
0.381681
0.367961
0.354612
0.341628

1.058137
1.022552
0.987853
0.954028
0.921067

5.47464
5.71407
5.96691
6.23405
6.51646

14. 0 0.08500
14.1
0.06737
14.2
0.04952
14. 3 0.03156
14.4 +0.01356

671
200
862
199
013

0.23574
0.22531
0.21407
0.20206
0.18931

535
197
407
238
275

0.23854
0.24231
0.24486
0.24616
0.24620

273
614
329
313
100

0.329005
0.316736
0.304816
0.293240
0.282001

0.888960
0.857694
0.827260
0.797644
0.768835

6.81520
7.13138
7.46624
7.82110
8.19739

14.5
14. 6
14.7
14. 8
14.9

-0.00438
-0.02218
-0.03974
-0.05697
-0.07378

689
745
898
854
344

0.17586
0.16176
0.14707
0.13182
0.11609

611
836
028
729
931

0.24496
0.24246
0.23869
0.23367
0.22742

888
568
741
730
597

0.271095
0.260516
0.250257
0.240312
0.230676

0.740821
0.713590
0.687129
0.661426
0.636467

- 8.59667
- 9.02062
- 9.47109
- 9.95006
-10.45971

15.0

-0.09007 181
['-y]

0.21997 141
72

0.221343
( -;I6

0.612240

-11.00239

lo0

0.09995 048
['-y-j

[( 1

[I 1 [(-;I11

[ 1
c-j,4

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
BESSEL

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

JIOG)

ls0
-0.09007 181
15:1
-0.10575 330

OF INTEGER
10,

11,

20 AND

21

405
Table

1027~-215~~(~)

wh-oJzo(~)

YlO(X)

Jll(Z)

ORDER

9.3

lo-?iGoY~~(z)

0.09995
0.08344
0.06666
0.04967
0.03256

048
886
618
738
035

0.21997
0.21134
0.20160
0.19077
0.17893

141
904
159
902
834

0.22134
0.21230
0.20356
0.19510
0.18691

33
71
16
08
87

0.61224
0.58873
0.56593
0.54382
0.52239

04
25
06
12
14

11.0024
11.51807
12.1974
12.8555
13.5585

15.2
15.3
15.4

-0.12073 964
-0.13494 535
-0.14828 828

15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9

-0.16069
-0.17207
-0.18238
-0.19154
-0.19949

032
791
269
204
958

+0.01539
-0.00173
-0.01874
-0.03555
-0.05207

539
513
731
621
632

0.16614
0.15246
0.13797
0.12276
0.10691

338
453
838
733
918

0.17900
0.17136
0.16398
0.15685
0.14997

91
62
38
60
67

0.50162
0.48151
0.46204
0.44319
0.42496

76
66
52
99
74

14.3098
15.1136
15.9742
16.8962
17.8849

16.0
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

-0.20620
-0.21161
-0.21570
-0.21842
-0.21978

569
797
160
977
394

-0.06822
-0.08390
-0.09905
-0.11357
-0.12738

215
874
224
046
344

0.09052
0.07368
0.05650
0.03907
0.02150

660
666
016
110
600

0.14334
0.13694
0.13077
0.12482
0.11910

00
00
08
65
14

0.40733
0.39028
0.37381
0.35789
0.34253

43
75
35
93
16

18.9460
20.0855
21.3104
22.6279
24.0462

16.5
16. 6
16.7
16.8
16.9

-0.21975
-0.21833
-0.21554
-0.21139
-0.20590

411
905
637
267
350

-0.14041
-0.15258
-0.16383
-0.17409
-0.18329

403
841
668
338
797

+0.00391
-0.01359
-0.03091
-0.04793
-0.06454

319
786
729
557
431

0.11358
0.10828
0.10318
0.09827
0.09356

96
55
34
77
30

0.32769
0.31338
0.29957
0.28626
0.27343

75
39
78
66
76

25.5740
27.2209
28.9975
30.9150
32.9859

17.0
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4

-0.19911
-0.19106
-0.18181
-0.17141
-0.15993

332
538
155
203
505

-0.19139
-0.19833
-0.20407
-0.20858
-0.21182

539
646
831
485
701

-0.08063
-0.09610
-0.11086
-0.12479
-0.13782

696
960
170
683
343

0.08903
0.08468
0.08051
0.07650
0.07266

37
45
02
53
49

0.26107
0.24917
0.23771
0.22669
0.21608

81
57
82
32
89

35.2237
37.6429
40.25'94
43.0904
46.1543

17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9

-0.14745
-0.13405
-0.11983
-0.10487
-0.08928

649
943
363
499
492

-0.21378
-0.21443
-0.21378
-0.21183
-0.20858

318
935
944
538
727

-0.14985
-0.16081
-0.17062
-0.17922
-0.18654

544
304
321
038
691

0.06898
0.06545
0.06207
0.05884
0.05575

37
69
96
68
39

0.20589
0.19609
0.18668
0.17764
0.16896

33
48
17
27
66

49.4711
53.06822
56.9506
61.1611
65.7197

18.0
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4

-0.07316
-0.05663
-0.03980
-0.02279
-0.00571

966
961
852
278
052

-0.20406
-0.19829
-0.19130
-0.18314
-0.17386

341
032
265
307
213

-0.19255
-0.19720
-0.20045
-0.20229
-0.20271

365
030
582
875
742

0.05279
0.04996
0.04726
0.04468
0.04222

63
93
85
96
83

0.16064
0.15265
0.14500
0.13767
0.13064

24
91
62
32
97

70.6543
75.9946
81.7717
88.0182
94.7683

18.5
18.6
18.7
18. 8
18.9

+0.01131
0.02817
0.04474
0.06090
0.07654

917
711
490
579
556

-0.16351
-Oil5217
-0.13990
-0.12679
-0.11291

793
591
845
446
893

-0.20171
-0.19928
-0.19546
-0.19026
-0.18373

011
520
113
637
930

0.03988
0.03764
0.03550
0.03347
0.03154

04
17
84
64
21

0.12392
0.11749
0.11133
0.10545
0.09982

57
14
69
28
98

-102.0574
-109.9219
-118.3992
-127.5270
-137.3432

19.0
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4

0.09155
0.10582
0.11925
0.13174
0.14321

333
247
134
416
168

-0.09837
-0.08325
-0.06765
-0.05168
-0.03544

240
039
283
334
863

-0.17592
-0.16688
-0.15669
-0.14540
-0.13312

797
985
143
785
231

0.02970
0.02795
0.02628
0.02470
0.02320

16
15
80
79
78

0.09445
0.08933
0.08443
0.07977
0.07532

89
lo
76
01
03

-147.8850
-159.1885
-171.2882
-184.2155
-197.9980

19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9

0.15357
0.16275
0.17068
0.17731
0.18259

193
089
305
198
079

-0.01905
-0.00262
+0.01374
0.02994
0.04584

771
120
948
285
818

-0.11992
-0.10591
-0.09119
-0.07587
-0.06006

560
538
555
548
922

0.02178
0.02043
0.01915
0.01794
0.01679

44
46
54
37
67

0.07108
0.06704
0.06319
0.05953
0.05606

01
16
71
92
06

-212.6582
-228.2122
-244.6678
-262.0226
-280.2622

20.0

0.18648 256
542

0.06135 630

C-212

-0.04389 465
(542

[ 1

0.01571 16
C-j)4

-299.3574
(--j9
[ 1 [c-p1

0.05275 42

406

BESSEL
Table
9.3
BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS-MODULUS

OF

AND

PHASE

INTEGER

OF

ORDER

ORDERS

10,

11,

20

AND

21

Y&j =Nn(z) sin &(.r)

.r*Mlo(z)

0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042

0.85676
0.85136
0.84633
0.84164
0.83727

701
682
336
245
251

-13.94798
-14.05389
-14.15926
-14.26413
-14.36853

864
581
984
968
333

0.87222
0.86513
0.85857
0.85250
0.84689

790
271
314
587
281

811 (z)-.c
-14.96758
-15.09771
-15.22701
-15.35552
-15.48330

686
672
466
901
635

<s>
20
21
22
23
24

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

0.83320
0.82942
0.82590
0.82264
0.81962

419
012
472
403
546

-14.47247
-14.57600
-14.67912
-14.78187
-14.88428

807
035
589
967
611

0.84170
0.83689
0.83246
0.82836
0.82459

044
917
283
826
496

-15.61039
-15.73682
-15.86265
-15.98791
-16.11265

144
771
679
896
291

25
26
28
29
31

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.81683
0.81427
0.81191
0.80976
0.80780

775
076
546
370
825

-14.98636
-15.08815
-15.18965
-15.29090
-15.39191

880
085
477
253
569

0.82112
0.81794
0.81503
0.81237
0.80997

469
133
056
970
751

-16.23689
-16.36068
-16.48405
-16.60703
-16.72967

620
504
469
912
149

33
36
38
42
45

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.80604
0.80446
0.80305
0.80183
0.80077

267
127
902
156
512

-15.49271
-15.59332
-15.69375
-15.79403
-15.89418

527
192
598
741
589

0.80781
0.80588
0.80416
0.80267
0.80139

410
079
997
505
036

-16.85198
-16.97400
-17.09577
-17.21731
-17.33865

406
835
505
438
590

50
56
63
71
83

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0.79988
0.79916
0.79860
0.79820
0.79796

647
297
244
323
417

-15.99422
-16.09416
-16.19402
-16.29383
-16.39360

093
168
726
652
832

0.80031
0.79943
0.79875
0.79827
0.79798

114
341
398
039
093

-17.45982
-17.58086
-17.70178
-17.82262
-17.94340

880
166
301
084
316

100
125
167
250
500

0.000

0.79788

456

-16.49336

143

0.79788

456

-18.06415

776

00

.r- 1
0.050
0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042

.2X20(~)
1.474083
1.320938
1.211667
1.131459
1.070845

02(Z) -.l
-21.047407
-21.606130
-22.149524
-22.676802
-23.188535

1.791133
1.525581
1.347435
1.224460
1.136653

-21.290925
-21.927545
-22.550082
-23.154248
-23.738936

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

1.023762
t 9985%;
0:930635
0.909513

-23.685951
-24.170500
-24.643620
-25.106640
-25.560748

1.071741
1.022171
0.983229
0.951902
0.926211

-24.304948
-24.853951
-25.387848
-25.908478
-26.417500

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.891605
0.876293
0.863121
0.851743
0.841895

-26.006988
-26.446280
-26.879433
-27.307159
-27.7300+8

0.904821
0.886799
0.871483
0.858385
0.847145

-26.916369
-27.406346
-27.088527
-28.363869
-28.833211

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.833375
0.826019
0.819702
0.814321
0.809796

-28.148822
-28.563847
-28.975650
-29.384666
-29.791303

0.837487
0.829198
0.822114
0.816105
0.811069

-29.297299
-29.756800
-30.212318
-30.664405
-31.113569

5"
51,

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0.806062
0.803071
0.800781
0.799165
0.798204

-30.195941
-30.598942
-31.000652
-31.401404
-31.801522

0.806925
0.803612
0.801081
0.799297
0.798237

-31.560285
-32.005000
-32.448139
-32.890109
-33.331307

1""
iis
167
250
500

0.000

0.797885
C-73)5

-32.201325

0.797885

-33.772121

0~

!C-l
0.050

[ 1

ho@+-r

GM,

[<2>:nearest
1
C-f)2

1(z)

:,?
iI (.I.)

[(-P1

.921(x)--R.

<r>

20
21
22:
24
;56
2
31
33
5~

2
42
45

76:
a3

Integer to 5.
Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments.
Royal Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1954) (with permission).

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
BESSEL

OF INTEGER ORDER

FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS

Jr4)
(-

(-

ORDERS

J&V

1)2.23890

Table

9.4

J,(5)

7791

3)2.47663 8964

9)5.24925 0180

407

I-

3)7.03962 9756

6)2.49234 3435

I
II

1-

(-

l)-1.77596
2
1
-3.27579
+4.65651
3.64831 7713
2306
1628
1376
1 3.91232 3605

(-

1) 2.61140 5461

3139
7318
1665
3 5.52028
2
1
5.33764 1016
1.31048
1.84052

1.19800 6746
16)6.88540 8200

II

- 25
60 2.90600
80
42
3.48286 4948
1.10791
3.87350
5851
9794
3009

(-189)8.43182 8790

I - 10
11
7)2.51538
9
8
I 2.30428
1.07294 5149
1.49494
1.93269
6448
4758
6283
2010

II
-

19 3.91897
33 3.65025
48 1.19607
65 3.22409

2805
6266
7458
5839

(-158)1.06095 3112

Jn(I0)

II

- 45
33 2.77033
21
11
2.67117 0052
2.29424
8.70224
7616
1617
7278

(-119) 6.26778 9396

Jn(50)

J,UOO)

+5.58123 2767
-9.75118 2813
- 2)+7.08409 7728

I- 1
2I +2.16710
-2.34061
-1.44588
3.17854 5282
1268
9177
4208

II

(- 1) 2.91855 6853

(- 2)-2.71924 6104

(- 1) 2.07486 1066

(- l)-1.13847

I -7 1
2I 2.89720
6.33702 5497
1.23116
1.19571
6324
8393
5280

- 1
2 +1.04058
+6.04912
-8.71210 4770
-8.14002
0126
5632
2682

-2 -7.41957
-2 -3.35253
-2 +7.01726
-2 +4.33495
-2)-6.32367

jl

3696
8314
9099
5988
6141

8491

- 2)-6.98335 2016

I - 43
5i 1.52442
5.05646 4853
4.50797
4.31462
1.56675
7752
3144
6697
6192

I -30
-215I 1.78451
--12
6.03089 6078
1.15133
1.55109
3608
5312
6925

- 2
1I +4.84342
+1.21409
-1.16704 2812
-1.38176
5725
3528
0219

II

-2 +8.14601
-3.86983 5850
+7.27017
+6.22174
3973
5482
2958

(-89) 6.59731 6064

(-21)+1.11592 7368

( -2) +9.63666

7330

408

BESSEL

Table

9.4

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

Y7s)

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS

ORDERS

Y,,(2)
I - 10/ +5.10375
-1.07032 4315
-1.12778
-6.17408
6726
3777
1042

Yn(5)
-3.08517 6252

-1.65068 2607

i10
12
13
14

l)-3.32784

2303

2 -2.60405
3 -2.57078
4 -3.05889
5 -4.25674
6I -6.78020

8666
0243
5705
6185
4939

0 -2.76594 3226

-7.76388 3188

-2.42558 0081

-9.27525
-3.82982
-1.74556
-8.69393

-1.27536 1870
13)-3.31061 6748
t lOI-2.98102 3646

15
16

5719
1416
1722
8814

41-4.69404 9564

:87
19
20
200
50
100

62)-1.97615 0576
(185)-3.77528 7810

(155)-3.00082 6049

I'n(50)
-9.80649 9547
-5.67956 6856

Y,(lO)

-2.51362 6572

+6.44591 2206
- 2)-8.80580 7408
(- 2)-7.85484 1391
- 2 +7.23483 9130
- 2 ~9.59120 2782
2 -4.54930 2351
I-- 1I -1.10469 7953

10
11
12
13
14

II
8
18
29
42

-5.93396
-4.02856
-9.21681
-2.78883

5297
8418
6571
7017

(115)-5.08486 3915

Y,(lOO)

-2)-7.72443

1337

(-2)-7.54301

1992

-2)-4.89199 9608
-2)+5.83315 7424
-4.50025 8583

- 2)-9.15700 8429

:56
17
18
19

I-

2 +4.04128 0205
1 +1.15817.7655
2 +3.37105 6788
2 -9.28945 7936
1I -1.00594 6650
2 +1.64426
1 -1.16457
2 -4.53080
1I -2.10316

20
30
40
50

( 3)-1.59748 3848

I-

3395
2349
1120
5546

100

(85)-4.84914 8271

(+18)-3.29380 0188

-2)+7.09440 9807
-2)+5.12479 7308

(-l)-1.66921

4114

BESSEL

ZEROS

AND

FUNCTIONS

ASSOCIATED

VALUES

8. b5372

11.79153
14.93091
18.07106
21.21163
24.35247
27.49347
30.63460

:76
:ff
20

48065

77086

-0.20654

39679
bb299

17132
83717

49.48260
52.62405
55.76551

98974

18411
07550
39261
91902

58.90698
b2.04846

FUNCTIONS

-0.40276

64331

7.01559
10.17347
13.32369
16.47063

+0.30012
-0.24970
+0.21836
-0.19647

+0.18772
-0.17326
+0.16170
-0.15218
+0.14416

88030
58942
15507
12138
59777

19. b1586
22.76008
25.90367
29.04683
32.18968

+0.18006
-0.16718

-0.13729
+O. 13132
-0.12606
+0.12139
-0.11721

69434
46267

11989

35.33231
38.47477
41.61709
44.75932
47.90146

-0.13421

94971

+0.11342
-0.10999
+O.lOb84
-0.10395
+0.10129

91926
11430
78883
95729
34989

-0.27145
+0.23245

57646

46.34118

j,

74973

+O. 34026

0213b
83537

36.91709

::
15

-0.51914

b4684

40.05842
43.19979

BESSEL

22999
98314

86248

': ::;::
+0:11925
-0.11527
'2 :fg;
+0:10537
-0.10260
+0.10004

j4, 8

J303,8)

'-; :;g;
+0:14061

J14G4,

9.76102
13.01520
lb.22347
19.40942

-0.29827
+0.24942
-0.21828
+0.19644
-0.18005

7.58834
11.06471
14.37254
17.61597
20.82693

22.58273
25.74817
28.90835
32.06485
35.21867

+0.16718
-0.15672
+0.14801
-0.14060
+0.13421

24.01902
27.19909
30.37101
33.53714
36.69900

38.37047
41.52072
44.66974

-0.12862
+0.12367
-0.11925

39.85763

::

-0.12607
+0.12140
-0.11721

4570.
. wi

To": :::;:

:;

54.11162
57.25765
60.40322

+0.10839
-0.10537

6.38016

4
a
1:
11

:t
20

';

63.54840
bb. b9324

B
190

13

1':

::g:

68.21417

:; . :g;
+0.10685
-0.10396
:; g's;;
+0:09652

3: t2323:24
39:60324

': :;;::
+0:12606
-0.12139
+0.11721
-0.11343
+0.10999
-0.10685

44.21541
47.39417
50.56818
53.73833
56.90525

-0.11924
+0.11526
-0.11166

'-; :00:%8
+0:09882

668' K
66: 39141
69.54971
72.70655

lb

58.59961
61.75682

:i
19
20

64.91251

68.06689
71.22013

-0.09652

+0.09438

14.79595

+O. 20654

21.11700
24.27011
27.42057
30.56920
33.71652

+0.17326

17.95982

-0.33967

-0.18773

-0.lb170
+0.15218
-0.14417
+0.13730

36.86286

-0.13132

46.29800

'-: ::g
+0:11721
-0.11343

40.00845
43.15345
49.44216
52.58602
55.72963
58.87302
62.01622
65.15927

+0.10999
-0.10685
+0.10396
-0.10129
+0.09882

Jdk, d

+0.15669
-0.14799
+0.14059
-0.13420
+0.12861

30.03372

4; YE:
52127945
55.44059

+0.27138
-0.23244

:t t238::
31:81172
34.98878
38.15987

+0.14792
-0.14055
+0.13418
-0.12859
+0.12365

Jz(.iz, 8)

5.13562
8.41724
11.61984

-0.17323

28.19119
31.42279
34.63709
37.83872
41.03077

n,s

ha s

Table
DERIVATIVES

+0.16168
-0.15217
+0.14416
-0.13729
+0.13132

+0.23188
-0.20636
+O. 18766

+0.15212
-0.14413

26.82015

THEIR

-0.24543
+0.21743
-0.19615
+0.17993
-0.lb712

J17 (j7, d
-0.21209
+0.19479
-0.17942
+0.16688
-0.15657

Y6(j,

AND

8.77148
12.33860
15.70017
18.98013
22.21780

11.08637
14.82127
18.28758
21.64154
24.93493

42.77848
::

55.62165
58.77084
61.91925
b5.06700

-0.26536

-0.22713
+0.20525
-0.18726
+0.17305
-0.16159

h, n
9.93611
13.58929
17.00382
20.32079
23.58608
b

12 10::87;
49:32036
52.47155

+O: 09765

409

ORDER

J1 (A, R)

55577
81103
79129
44391

15308
91320

33.77582

::

OF

INTEGER

Jo(jo, 8)

jo, s
2.40482
5.52007

OF

:: . 110058;;
+0.10260
-0.10003
+0.09765
-0.09543
+0.09336

1k z;i
47: 64940
50.80717
53.96303
57.11730
60.27025
63.42205
66.57289

69.72289

j, s
12.22509
16.03777
19.55454
22.94517
26.26681

-0.12366
+0.11925
-0.11527
'; . :'og;
+0.10537
-0.10260
+0.10003
-0.09765
+0.09543

Js(j8,d

-0.19944
+0.18569
-0.17244
+0.16130
-0.15196
+0.14404
-0.13722
+0.13127
-0.12603
+0.12137

tc t23z3
52:00769
55.18473
58.35789
61.52774
64.69478

67.85943
:: . EY

-0.11719
+0.11342
-0.10998
+0.10684
-0.10395
'-if g;;
+0:09652
-0.09438
+0.09237

9.5

410

BESSEL
Table
9.5
ZEROS
AND
s
:
i

5
76
:
10
::
:43
15
:;
:t
20

;
:
4
5
;
a
1;
::
::
15
:i
:t
20

s
1

ASSOCIATED
YO. s

O.iSi57
3.95767
7.08605
10.22234
13.36109

697

lb. 50092

244
970

19.64130
22.78202
25.92295
29.06403

842
lob
504
747

805
765

025

32.20520
35.34645
38.48775
4l.b2910
44.77048

412
231

41.91189
51.05332
54.19477
57.33624
60.47772

633

bb5

447
661

855
936
570
516

FUNCTIONS

VALUES

OF

OF

Yo(?/o,J
+0.87942
080
-0.40254
267
+0.30009
761
-0.24970
124
+0.21835
830

BESSEL
Yl, d

THEIR
1/z, s

YZ(Y2, s)

+0.20655

lb.37897

-0.16718
+0.15672
-0.14801

18.04340
21.18807
24.33194
27.47529
30.61829

-0.18773
to.17327
-0.16170
+0.15218
-0.14417

19.53904
22.69396
25.84561
28.99508
32.14300

-0.18006
+0.16718
-0.15672
+0.14801
-0.14061

+0.14060
-0.13421
+0.12861
-0.12366
+0.11924

578
123
6bl
795
981

33.76102

+0.13730
-0.13132

+0.13421
-0.12862

46.33040

-0.12140
+0.11721

35.28979
38.43573
41.58101
44.72578
47.87012

-0.11527
+0.11167
-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260

369

49.47251
52.61455
55.75654
58.89850
62.04041

-0.11343
+0.10999
-0.10685
+0.10396
-0.10129

51.01413
54.15785
.57.30135
60.44464
63.58777

-0.11167

+O. 18006

049
535
405
057

Y3(?/8,s)
-; ::;g

36.90356

40.04594
43.18822

-0.23246

+O. 12607

3.38424

DERIVATIVES

494
318
450
493
108

-0.19646

6.79381

10.02348
13.20999

'-; ::;;:
+0:11527

tfl- :g:;
+0:10260
-0.10004

+0:23232
-0.20650
+0.18771

Y4, s
5.64515
9.36162
12.73014
15.99963
19.22443

+0.28909
-0.24848
+0.21805
-0.19635
+0.18001

10.59718
14.03380
17.34709
20.60290

+0.25795
-0.23062
+0.20602
-0.18753
+0.17317

20.99728
24.16624
27.32880
30.48699
33. b4205

-0.17326
+0.16170
-0.15218
+0.14416
-0.13730

Z2.42481
t5.61027
ta.70509
31.95469
35.11853

-0.16716
+0.15671
-0.14800
+0.14060
-0.13421

23.82654
27.03013
30.22034
33.40111
36.57497

-0.16165
+0.15215
-0.14415
+0.13729
-0.13132

36.79479

+0.13132
-0.12607
+0.12140
-0.11721
+0.11343

38.27867

+0.12861
-0.12367
+0.11925
-0.11527
+0.11167

39.74363
42.90825
46.06968

49.22854
52.38531

+0.12606
-0.12140
+0.11721
-0.11343
+0.10999

57.19635
io.34513
i3.49320

i4.04673

-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260
+0.10003

55.54035
58.69393
61.84628
64.99759

-0.10685
+0.10396
-0.10129
+0.09882

ib. b4065

-0.09765

68.14799

-0.09652

4.52702
8.09755
11.39647
14.62308
17.81846

39.94577
43.09537
46.24387

49.39150
52.53840
55.68470
58.83049
61.97586
65.12086

?/Ii, s

-0.10999
+0.10685
-0.10396
+0.10129
-0.09882

Ie(wl, d)

Il. 43596

14.59102
17.74429
SO.89611

Y7, d

:
4
5
;
a
9
10

25.20621
28.42904
31.63488
34.82864
38.01347

-0.15664
+0.14796
-0.14058
+0.13419
-0.12860

it6.56676
;!9.80953

41.19152
44.36427
47.53282
50.69796
53.86031

+O. 12366

:t
20

AND

Yl (VI, ,)

:: ;;;;:
+0:24967
-0.21835
+0.19646

8.91961
L3.00771
.6.57392
L9.97434
t3.29397

:76

FUNCTIONS

+0.52079
-0.34032
+0.27146

+0.23429
-0.21591
+0.19571
-0.17975
+0.16703

::
14
15

ORDER

2.19714
5.42968
8.59601
11.74915
14.89744

7.83774
11.81104
15.31362
18.67070
21.95829

11

INTEGER

57.02034
60.17842

63.33485
bb. 48986
69.64364

-0.11924
+0.11527
-0.11167
+0.10838
-0.10537
+0.10260
-0.10003
+0.09765
-0.09543

Y4(2/4,8)

Y'i (T/7, s)

+0.21556
-0.20352
+0.18672
-0.17283
+0.16148

12.62391
15.80544

i2.15369
i5.32215
is.48767

LA. 65071
ti4.81164

17.97075
71.12830

$3, d

9.99463
14.19036
17.81789
21.26093
24.61258
27.91052
31.17370
34.41286
37.63465
40.84342

$3.03177
S6.23927
19.43579

118.98171

!J5, Y

6.74718

to.12138
-0.11720
+0.11342
-0.10999
tO.10684

44.04215
47.23298
50.41746
53.59675
56.77177

-0.10396
+0.10129
-0.09882
+0.09652
-0.09438

59.94319
63.11158
66.27738
69.44095
72.60259

Y5(!/5,

Y'S(Y/s,S)
'Fj- gg;

+0:17aao
-0.16662

+0.15643
-0.14785
+0.14051
-0.13415
+0.12857
-0.12364
+0.11923
-0.11526
+O. 11166

-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260
'-; g;:
+0:09543
-0.09336

s)

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

411

ORDER
Table

ZEROS

6
7
t
10
::
13
:z
:76
18
:'o

AND

ASSOCIATED

VALUES

OF

BESSEL

.Jo(jo, s)

FUNCTIONS

AND

Iz, *

.JI(II, v)

jn,
0.00000
3.83170
7.01558
10.17346
13.32369

x
00000
59702
66698
81351
19363

+1.00000
-0.40275
+0.30011
-0.24970
+0.21835

00000
93957
57525
48771
94072

1.84118
5.33144
8.53632
11.70600
14.86359

+0.58187
-0.34613

16.47063
19.61585
22.76008
25.90367
29.04682

00509
85105
43806
20876
85349

-0.19646
+0.18006
-0.16718
+0.15672
-0.14801

53715
33753
46005
49863
11100

32.18967
35.33230
38.47476
41.61709
44.75931

99110
75501
62348
42128
a9977

+0.14060
-0.13421
+0.12861
-0.12366
+0.11924

47.90146
51.04353
54.18555
57.32752
60.46945

08872
51836
36411
54379
78453

-0.11527
+0.11167
-0.10838
+0.10537
-0.10260

.JI( j:;, ,)

THEIR

.il, 3

.I:( jz, .v)

TJ-g::;;
+0:20701

3.05424
6.70613
9.96947
13.17037
16.34752

+0.48650
-0.31353
+0.25474
-0.22088
+0.19794

18.01553
21.16437
24.31133
27.45705
30.60192

-0.18802
+0.17346
-0.16184
+0.15228
-0.14424

19.51291
22.67158
25.82604
28.97767
32.12733

-0.18101
+0.16784
-0.15720
+0.14836
-0.14088

57982
12403
66221
79608
98120

33.74618
36.88999
40.03344
43.17663
46.31960

+0.13736
-0.13137
+0.12611
-0.12143
+0.11724

35.27554
38.42265
41.56893
44.71455
47.85964

+0.13443
-0.12879
+0.12381
-0.11937
+0.11537

36941
04969
53489
40554
05671

49.46239
52.60504
55.74757
58.89000
62.03235

-0.11345
+0.11001
-0.10687
+0.10397
-0.10131

51.00430
54.14860
57.29260
60.43635
63.57989

-0.11176
+0.10846
-0.10544
+0.10266
-0.10008

.J,(j,, <)

.,
J i, \
6.41562
10.51986
13.98719
17.31284
20.57551

f:,, s

1
2
3
4
5

4.20119
8.01524
11.34592
14.58585
17.78875

to.43439
-0.29116
+0.24074
-0.21097
co.19042

5.31755
9.28240
12.68191
15.96411
19.19603

+0.39965
-0.27438
+0.22959
-0.20276
to.18403

20.97248
24.14490
27.31006
30.47027
33.62695

-0.17505
+0.16295
-0.15310
+0.14487
-0.13784

22.40103
25.58976
28.76784
31.93854
35.10392

-0.16988
+0.15866
-0.14945
+0.14171
-0.13509

23.80358
27.01031
30.20285
Z%l

-0.16533
+0.15482
-0.14616
+0.13885
-0.13256

36.78102
39.93311
43.08365
46.23297
49.38130

+0.13176
-0.12643
+0.12169
-0.11746
+0.11364

38.26532
41.42367
44.57962
47.73367
50.88616

+0.12932
-0.12425
+0.11973
-0.11568
+0.11202

39.73064
42.89627
46.05857
49.21817
52.37559

+_;-:::20:
+0:11790
-0.11402
+0.11049

52.52882
55.67567
58.82195
61.96775
65.11315

-0.11017
+0.10700
-0.10409
+0.10141
-0.09893

54.03737
57.18752
60.33677

-0.10868
+0.10563
-0.10283
+0.10023
-0.09783

55.53120
58.68528
61.83809
64.98980
68.14057

-0.10728
+0.10434
-0.10163
+0.09912
-0.09678

7.50127
11.73494
15.26818
18.63744
21.93172

Jdi'B. 8)
+0.35414
-0.25017
+0.21261
-0.18978
+0.17363

.1 i, *
8.57784
12.93239
16.52937
19.94185
23.26505

I;*:;;;;

+0:20588
-0.18449
+0.16929

.I s. *
9.64742
14.11552
17.77401
21.22906
24.58720

to.32438
-0.23303
+0.19998
-0.17979
+0.16539

25.18393
28.40978
31.61788
34.81339
37.99964

-0.16127
+0.15137
-0.14317
+0.13623
-0.13024

26.54503
29.79075
33.01518
36.22438
39.42227

-0.15762
+0.14823
-0.14044
+0.13381
-0.12808

27.88927
31.15533
34.39663
37.62008
40.83018

-0.15431
to.14537
-0.13792
+0.13158
-0.12608

41.17885
44.35258
47.52196
50.68782
53.85079

+0.12499
-0.12035
+0..11620
-0J1246
+0.10906

42.61152
45.79400
48.97107
52.14375
55.31282

+0.12305
-0.11859
'_"o-::g;
+0:10771

44.03001
47.22176
50.40702
53.58700
56.76260

+0.12124
-0.11695
+0.11309
-0.10960
+0.10643

57.01138
60.16995
63.32681
66.48221
69.63635

-0.10596
+0..10311
-0.10049
+0.09805
-0-09579

58.47887
61.64239
64.80374
67.96324
71.12113

-0.10471
co.10195
-0.09940
+0.09704
-0.09484

59.93454
63.10340
66.26961
69.43356
72.59554

-0.10352
+0.10084
-0.09837
+0.09607
-0.09393

11
:'3
14
15
:;
18
:;:

6
7
i
10
11
::
14
15
:t
:t
20

.I
J

6,

j'4,

6636'%
.

,Ji(j7.

9.5

DERIVATIVES

.fr,(j',, x)
+0.37409
-0.26109
+0.22039
-0.19580
+0.17849

.JY(~K,s)

412

BESSEL
Table
ZEROS

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

FUNCTIONS

AND

9.5
AND

ASSOCIATED

VALUES

OF

?/I, *

YI(?/I,8)

THEIR
92, 8

DERIVATIVES

Y2(?/'2,n)

711

3.68302
6.94150
10.12340
13.28576
16.44006

+0.41673
-0.30317
+0.25091
-0.21897
+0.19683

5.00258
8.35072
11.57420
14.76091
17.93129

';$;;g
+0:23594
-0.20845
+0.18890

-0.18772
+0.17326
-0.16170
+0.15218
-0.14416

909
604
163
126
600

19.59024
22.73803
25.88431
29.02958
32.17412

-0.18030
+0.16735
-0.15684
+0.14810
-0.14067

21.09289
24.24923
27.40215
30.55271
33.70159

-0.17405
+0.16225
-0.15259
+0.14448
-0.13754

780
532
464
810
925

+0.13729
-0.13132
+0.12606
-0.12139
+0.11721

696
464
951
863
120

35.31813
38.46175
41.60507
44.74814
47.89101

+0.13427
-0.12866
+0.12370
-0.11928
+0.11530

36.84921
39.99589
43.14182
46.28716
49.43202

+0.13152
-0.12623
+0.12153
-0.11732
+0.11352

568
077
488
617
115

-0.11342
+0.10999
-0.10684
+0.10395
-0.10129

920
115
789
957
350

51.03373
54.17632
57.31880
60.46118
63.60349

-0.11169
+0.10840
-0.10539
+0.10261
-0.10005

52.57649
55.72063
58.86450
62.00814
65.15159

-0.11007
+0.10692
-0.10402
+0,10135
-0.09887

2.19714
5.42968
8.59600
11.74915
14.89744

133
104
587
483
213

+0.52078
-0.34031
+0.27145
-0.23246
+0.20654

641
805
988

18.04340
21.18806
24.33194
_..~
21.41529
30.61828

228
893
257
498
649

33.76101
36.90355
40.04594
43.18821
46.33039
49.47250
52.61455
55.75654
58.89849
62.04041

Y3,*

BESSEL

YO(YO,.J

YO, 8

8)

171

~44(!i4,8)

6.25363
9.69879
12.97241
16.19045
19.38239

+0.33660
-0.26195
+0.22428
-0.19987
+0.18223

7.46492
11.00517
14.33172
11.58444
20.80106

to.31432
-0.24851
to.21481
-0.19267
to.17651

?I $8
8.64956
12.28087
15.66080
18.94974
22.19284

+0.29718
-0.23763
+0.20687
-0.18650
to.17151

22.55979
25.72821
28.89068
32.04898
35.20427

-0.16867
+0.15779
-0.14881
+0.14122
-0.13470

23.99700
27.17989
30.35396
33.52180
36.68505

-0.16397
to.15384
-0.14543
~0.13828
-0.13211

25.40907
28.60804
31.79520
34.97389
38.14631

-0.15980
+0.15030
-0.14236
+0.13559
-0.12973

38.35728
41.50855
44.65845
47.80725
50.95515

+0.12901
-0.12399
+0.11952
-0.11550
+0.11186

39.84483
43.00191
46.15686
49.31009
52.46191

to.12671
-0.12193
:"o*:::;;
+0:11031

41.31392
44.47779
47.63867
50.79713
53.95360

+0.12458
-0.12001
+0.11591
-0.11221
+0,10885

54.10232
57.24887
60.39491
63.54050
66.68571

-0.10855
+0.10552
-0.10273
+0.10015
-0.09775

55.61257
58.76225
61.91110
65.05925
68.20679

-0.10712
to.10420
-0.10151
+0.09901
-0.09669

57.10841
60.26183
63.41407
66.56530
69.71565

-0.10578
+0.10295
-0.10035
+0.09793
-0.09568

Y:&a,

lF(!/O. J

!/4,

Y:,(ws,

8)

9.81480
13.53281
16.96553
20.29129
23.56186

+0.28339
-0.22854
+0.20007
-0.18111
+0.16708

10.96515
14.76569
18.25012
21.61275
24.91131

I'i(?/'i, v)
+0.27194
-0.22077
+0.19414
-0.17634
+0.16311

!I s.s
12.10364
15.98284
19.51773
22.91696
26.24370

YR(i8, R)
+0.26220
-0.21402
+0.18891
-0.17207
+0.15953

26.79950
30.01567
33.21697
36.40752
39.59002

-0.15607
+0.14709
-0.13957
+0.13313
-0.12753

28.i7105
31.40518
34.62140
37.82455
41.01785

-0.15269
+0.14417
-0.13700
+0.13085
-0.12549

29.52596
32.77857
36.01026
39.22658
42.43122

-0.14962
+0.14149
-0.13463
+0.12874
-0.12359

42.16632

45.93775
49.10528
52.26963
55.43136

+0.12260
-0.11822
+0.11428
-0.11072
+0.10748

44.20351
47.38314
50.55791
56.89619

'-;*::;;;
+0:11275
-0.10931
+0.10618

45.62678
48.81512
51.99761
55.17529
58.34899

+0.11904
-0.11497
+0.11131
-0.10798
+0.10494

58.59089
61.74857
64.90468
68.05943
71.21301

-0.10451
+0.10177
-0.09925
+0;09690
-0.09471

60.06092
63.22331
66.38370
69.54237
72.69955

-0.10330
+0.10065
-0.09820
+0.09592
-0.09379

61.51933
64.68681
67.85185
71.01478
74.17587

-0.10216
+0.09958
-0.09720

YO, *

?/7.

53.72810

+;.;;g
.

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

INTEGER

ORDER

Table

FIJSCTIONS--.luOU,,x)

9.6

Jd &?I

JoG,.:~~

Jo(jo,J)

Jo(jo,52)

0.99942
0.99769
0.99480
0.99077

1.00000
0.99696
0.98785
0.97276
0.95184

1.00000
0.99253
0.97027
0.93373
0.88372

1.00000
0.98614
0.94515
0.87872
0.78961

1.00000
0.97783
0.91280
0.80920
0.67388

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.98559
0.97929
0.97186
0.96333
0.95370

0.92526
0.89328
0.85617
0.81429
0.76800

0.82136
0.74804
0.66537
0.57518
0.47943

0.68146
0.55871
0.42632
0.28958
0.15386

0.51568
0.34481
0.17211
.tO.O0827
-0.13693

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.94300
0.93124
0.91844
0.90463
0.88982

0.71773
0.66392
0.60706
0.54766
0.48623

0.38020
0.27960
0.17976
+0.08277
-0.00942

+0.02438
-0.09404
-0.19716
-0.28155
-0.34466

-0.25533
-0.34090
-0.39013
-0.40225
-0.37917

0. 30
0.32
0. 34
0.36
0.38

0.87405
0.85734
0.83972
0.82122
0.80187

0.42333
0.35950
0.29529
0.23126
0.16795

-0.09498
-0.17226
-0.23986
-0.29664
-0.34171

-0.38498
-0.40207
-0.39653
-0.36998
-0.32493

-0.32527
-0.24698
-0.15223
-0.04980
+0.05137

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.78171
0.76077
0.73908
0.71669
0.69362

0.10590
+0.04562
-0.01240
-0.06769
-0.11983

-0.37453
-0.39482
-0.40264
-0.39835
-0.38259

-0.26467
-0.19304
-0.11431
-0.03289
+0.04684

0.14293
0.21767
0.27011
0.29684
0.29671

0.50
0.52
0. 54
0.56
0.58

0.66993
0.64565
0.62081
0.59547
0.56967

-0.16840
-0.21306
-0.25349
-0.28941
-0.32062

-0.35628
-0.32056
-0.27678
-0.22648
-0.17130

0.12078
0.18527
0.23725
0.27445
0.29541

0.27086
0.22252
0.15667
+0.07960
-0.00168

0.60
0. 62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.54345
0.51685
0.48992
0.46270
0.43524

-0.34692
-0.36821
-0.38441
-0.39551
-0.40152

-0.11295
-0.05320
+0.00622
0.06363
0.11745

0.29959
0.28731
0.25977
0.21892
0.16735

-0.08007
-0.14891
-0.20259
-0.23697
-0.24965

0. 70
0.72
0. 74
0. 76
0. 78

0.40758
0.37977
0.35186
0.32389
0.29591

-0.40255
-0.39871
-0.39019
-0.37721
-0.36003

0.16625
0.20878
0.24399
0.27107
0.28945

0.10814
+0.04470
-0.01945
-0.08082
-0.13618

-0.24019
-0.21003
-0.16237
-0.10179
-0.03389

0.80
0. 82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.26796
0.24009
0.21234
0.18476
0.15739

-0.33896
-0.31433
-0.28652
-0.25591
-0.22293

0.29882
0.29915
0.29063
0.27374
0.24914

-0.18270
-0.21808
-0.24067
-0.24957
-0.24461

+0.03525
0.09960
0.15369
0.19306
0.21464

0.90
0. 92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.13027
0.10346
0.07698
0.05089
0.02521

-0.18800
-0.15157
-0.11411
-0.07605
-0.03787

0.21774
0.18059
0.13891
0.09399
0.04722

-0.22637
-0.1961:
-0.15580
-0.10779
-0.05486

0.21694
0.20021
0.16630
0.11854
0.06138

1.00

0.00000

X
0. 00

0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

From
Math.

Jo(jo,,x)
1.00000

OF

0.00000
C-i)1
[(-fjP
1
[
1
E. T. Goodwin and J. Staton,

0.00000

[C-y]

Table of .Io(,&,r),
1, 220-224 (1948) (with pernksion).

0.00000
(-;I5
_
_
Quart. J. Mech. Appl.

0.00000

['$'"I

414

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF INTEGER ORDER

Table

9.7

BESSEL

FUSCTIONS-MISCELLANEOUS

ZEROS

$11Zero ofdl (x)-XJo(5)

X\S
0. 00
0. 02
0.04
0. 06
0. 08
0.10

1
0.0000
0.1995
0.2814
0.3438
0.3960
0.4417

3.8;17
3.8369
3.8421
3.8473
3.8525
3.8577

7.03156
7.0184
7.0213
7.0241
7.0270
7.0298

10.:735
10.1754
10.1774
10.1794
10.1813
10.1833

13.;237
13.3252
13.3267
13.3282
13.3297
13.3312

0.20
0.40
0. 60
0.80
1.00

0.6170
0.8516
1.0184
1.1490
1.2558

3.8835
3.9344
3.9841
4.0325
4.0795

7.0440
7.0723
7.1004
7.1282
7.1558

10.1931
10.2127
10.2322
10.2516
10.2710

13.3387
13.3537
13.3686
13.3835
13.3984

A- \s

1. 00
0. 80
0. 60
0. 40
0.20

1
1.2558
1.3659
1.5095
1.7060
1.9898

2
4.0795
4.1361
4.2249
4.3818
4.7131

7.15358
7.1898
7.2453

lo.??710
10.2950
10.3346

13.33984
13.4169
13.4476

<A>
1

7.3508
7.6177

10.4118
10.6223

13.6786
13.5079

0.10
0.08
0.06
0. 04
0. 02
0. 00

2.1795
2.2218
2.2656
2.3108
2.3572
2.4048

5.0332
5.1172
5.2085
5.3068
5.4112
5.5201

7.9569
8.0624
8.1852
8.3262
8.4840
8.6537

10.9363
11.0477
11.1864
11.3575
11.5621
11.7915

13.9580
14.0666
14.2100
14.3996
14.6433
14.9309

21

:;
:;
50
01

stll Zero of J~(~)--krJo&)

1
0.0000
1.1231
1.4417
1.6275
1.7517
1.8412

2
5.1356
5.2008
5.2476
5.2826
5.3098
5.3314

3
8.4172
8.4569
8.4853
8.5066
8.5231
8.5363

4
11.6198
11.6486
11.6691
11.6845
11.6964
11.7060

1. 00
0. 80
0.60
0.40
0.20

1
1.8412
1.9844
2.1092
2.2192
2.3171

2
5.3314
5.3702
5.4085
5.4463
5.4835

0.10
0.08
0. 06
0. 04
0.02
0. 00

2.3621
2.3709
2.3795
2.3880
2.3965
2.4048

5.5019
8.6421
11.7830
5.5055
8.6445
11.7847
5.5092
8.6468
11.7864
5.5128
8.6491
11.7881
5.5165
8.6514
11.7898
11.7915
5.5201
8.6537
<h> =nearestintegerto A.

Xk\S

3
8.5363
8.5600
8.5836
8.6072
8.6305

4
11.7060
11.7232
11.7404
11.7575
11.7745

5
14.7960
14.8185
14.8346
14.8467
14.8561
14.8636

14.8:36
14.8771
14.8906
14I9041
14.9175
14.9242
14.9256
14.9269
14.9282
14.9296
14.9309

<A>
1
21
I
5
10
13
17
25
50
co

Compiled from H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of heat in solids (Oxford

Univ. Press, London, England, 1947) and British Association for the Advancement
of Science, Bessel functions, Part I. Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables, vol.VI (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950)(with
permission).

BESSEL
BESSEL

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20

1
12.55847
4.69706
2.07322
0.76319

031
410
886
127

0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0. 00

0.33139
0.25732
0.18699
0.12038
0.05768
0.00000

387
649
458
637
450
000

A- \S
*

FUNCTIONS.

OF

INTEGER

415

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-MISCELLANEOUS

ZEROS

stll Zero of Jo(z)Y&z)Y&)Jo(xZ)

2
3
4
25.12877
37.69646
50.26349
9.41690
14.13189
18.84558
4.17730
6.27537
8.37167
1.55710
2.34641
3.13403
0.68576
0.53485
0.39079
0.25340
0.12272
0.00000

1.03774
0.81055
0.59334
8*EZ
0: 00000

1.38864
'0: pa;
0:51759
0.25214
0.00000

Table

9.7

5
62.83026
23.55876
10.46723
3.92084

<A>

1.73896
1.35969
0.99673
0.64923
0.31666
0.00000

10

3
5

::
25
50
00

Stll Zero of JI (2) Yl (kr) - Yl(4 Jl (u)

*

A-\S
0. 80
0.60
0.40
0.20

1
12.59004
4.75805
2.15647
0.84714

151
426
249
961

2
25.14465
9.44837
4.22309
1.61108

37.7:706
14.15300
6.30658
2.38532

4
50.27145
18.86146
8.39528
3.16421

5
62.83662
23.57148
10.48619
3.94541

0.10
0. 08
0. 06
0.04
0.02
0. 00

0.39409
0.31223
0.23235
0.15400
0.07672
0.00000

416
576
256
729
788
000

0.73306
0.57816
0.42843
0.28296
0.14062
0.00000

1.07483
0.84552
0.62483
0.41157
0.20409
0.00000

1.41886
1.11441
0.82207
0.54044
0.26752
0.00000

1.76433
1.38440
1.02001
0.66961
0.33097
0.00000

4
44.02544
16.53413
7.36856
2.78326

5
56.58224
21.23751
9.45462
3.56157

*
00

8th Zero ofJ1(z)Yo(Ar)-Yl(z)Jo(b)

*
*

A-\s
0. 80
0. 60
0.40
0.20

1
6.56973
2.60328
li24266
0.51472

310
1%
626
663

2
18.94971
7.16213
3.22655
1.24657

3
31.47626
11.83783
5.28885
2.00959

0.10
0.08
0. 06
0.04
0.02
0. 00

0.24481
0.19461
0.14523
0.09647
0.04813
0.00000

004
772
798
602
209
000

0.57258
0.45251
0.33597
0.22226
0.11059
0.00000

0.90956
0.71635
0.53005
0.34957
0.17353
0.00000

1.25099
0.98327
0.72594
0.47768
t* 203088:

1.59489
1125203
0.92301
0.60634
0.29991
0.00000

<A>

1
3
5
:30
:sT
50
00

<X> =nearest integer to A.

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel functions, Part I. Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical
Tables, vol.VI
(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950) (with permission).
*see page II.

416

BESSEL
Table

9.8

FUNCTIONS

MODIFIED

BESSEL

OF

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

ORDER
0, 1 AND

s-do(x)
1.00000
00000
0.90710 09258
0.82693
85516
0.75758
06252
0.69740
21705

e-d1
0.00000
0.04529
0.08228
0.11237
0.13676

(cc)
00000
84468
31235
75606
32243

2-212
0.12500
0.12510
0.12541
0.12594
0.12667

(z)
00000
41992
71878
01407
50222

0.64503
0.59932
0.55930
0.52414
0.49316

52706
72031
55265
89420
29662

0.15642
0.17216
0.18466
0.19449
0.20211

08032
44195
99828
86933
65309

0.12762
0.12879
0.13018
0.13180
0.13365

45967
24416
29658
14318
39819

0.46575
0.44144
0.41978
0.40042
0.38306

96077
03776
20789
49127
25154

0.20791
0.21220
0.21525
0.21729
0.21850

04154
16132
68594
75878
75923

0.13574
0.13809
0.14069
0.14356
0.14670

76698
04952
14455
05405
88837

0.36743
0.35331
0.34051
0.32887
0.31824

36090
49978
56880
19497
31629

0.21903
0.21901
0.21855
0.21772
0.21661

93874
94899
28066
62788
19112

0.15014
0.15389
0.15795
0.16235
0.16711

87192
34944
79288
80900
14772

0.30850
0.29956
0.29131
0.28369
0;27662

83225
30945
73331
29857
23231

0.21526
0.21374
0.21208
0.21032
0.20848

92892
76721
77328
30051
10887

0.17223
0.17775
0.18368
0.19006
0.19690

71119
56370
94251
26964
16460

0.27004
0.26391
0.25818
0.25280
0.24775

64416
39957
01238
55337
57304

0.20658
0.20465
0.20269
0.20073
0.19877

46495
22544
90640
74113
72816

0.20423
0;2120<
0.22050
0.22951
0.23915

45837
20841
71509
53938
52213

0.24300
0.23851
0.23426
0.23024
0.22643

03542
26187
88316
79845
14011

0.19682
0.19489
0.19297
0.19109
0.18922

67133
21309
86229
01727
98511

0.24946
0.26049
0.27229
0.28490
0.29839

80490
85252
47757
86686
61010

0.22280
0.21934
0.21604
0.21290
0,20988

24380
62245
94417
01308
75279

0.18739
0.18560
0.18383
0.18210
0.18041

99766
22484
78580
75810
18543

0.31281
0.32823
0.34472
0.36235
0.38121

73100
72078
57467
83128
61528

0.20700
0.20423
0.20157
0.19902
0.19656

19211
45274
73840
32571
55589

0.17875
0.17712
0.17553
0.17397
0.17245

08394
44763
25260
46091
02337

0.40138
0.42296
0.44605
0.47075
0.49719

68359
47539
16629
72701
98689

0.19419
0.19191
0.18971
0.18758
0.18552

82777
59151
34330
62042
99721

0.17095
0.16949
0.16807
0.16667
0.16530

88223
97311
22681
57058
92936

0.52550
0.55581
0.58827
0.62304
0.66030

70272
63319
61978
67409
07270

0.18354

08126

0.16397 22669
c-y
[.
I

0.70022

45988

[ 1
(6$3

In+1 (x) = - - In (z) +I+ 1(cc)

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bessel
functions, Part I.Functions of orders zero and unity, Mathematical Tables,
vol. VI , Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables,
vol. X(Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1950,1952)and L. Fox,
A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with permission).

BESSEL

MODIFIED

070
i::
0:;
8-Z
0: 7
0"::
1.0
11.:
1:3
1. 4
E
11*:
1: 9
f:!
z
214

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

@Ko(x>
2.682m3261023
2.14075 73233
1.85262 73007
1.66268 20891

417

ORDER

0, 1 AND

exK1(z)

Table

9.8

x2 K2 (x)

10.89%8
5.83338
4.12515
3.25867

2683
6037
7762
3880

2.00000
1.99503
1.98049
1.95711
1.92580

0000
9646
7172
6625
8202

1.52410
1.41673
1.33012
1.25820
1.19716

93857
76214
36562
31216
33803

2.73100
2.37392
2.11501
1.91793
1.76238

97082
00376
13128
02990
82197

1.88754
1.84330
1.79405
1.74067
1.68401

5888
9881
1681
2762
1992

1.14446
1.09833
1.05748
1.02097
0.98806

30797
02828
45322
31613
99961

1.63615
1.53140
1.44289
1.36698
1.30105

34863
37541
75522
72841
37400

1.62483
1.56385
1.50167
1.43886
1.37590

8899
0953
3576
2011
4446

0.95821
0.93094
0.90591
0.88283
0.86145

00533
59808
81386
35270
06168

1.24316
1.19186
1.14603
li10480
1.06747

58736
75654
92462
53726
09298

1.31322
1.25119
1.19011
1.13026
1.07184

5917
2681
6819
0897
2567

0.84156 82151
Or82301 71525
0.80565 39812
0.78935 61312
0.77401 81407

1.03347
1.00236
0.97377
0.94737
0.92291

68471
80527
01679
22250
36650

1.01503
0.95999
0.90680
0.85556
0.80633

9018
1226
7952
9487
1113

0.75954
0.74586
0.73290
0.72060
0.70890

86903
82430
71515
41251
49774

0.90017
0.87896
0.85913
0.84053
0.82304

44239
72806
18867
00604
20403

0.75912
0.71396
0.67085
0.62977
0.59070

6289
9565
9227
9698
3688

0.69776 15980
0: 68713 11010
0.67697 51139
0.66725 91831
0.65795 22725

0.80656
0.79100
0.77628
0.76232
0.74907

34800
30157
02824
42864
20613

0.55359
0.51840
0.48508
0.45358
0.42382

4126
5885
7306
1550
7789

0.64902
0.64045
0.63221
0.62429
0.61665

63377
59647
80591
15812
73147

0.73646
0.72446
0.71300
0.70206
0.69159

75480
06608
65010
46931
88206

0.39576
0.36931
0.34443
0.32103
0.29905

2241
9074
1194
0914
0529

0.60929
0.60219
0.59533
0.58871
0.58230

76693
65064
89889
14486
12704

0.68157
0.67196
0.66274
0.65387
0.64535

59452
61952
24110
98395
58689

0.27842
0.25908
0.24096
0.22399
0.20813

2808
1398
1165
8474
1411

0.57609 67897
Oi57008 72022
0.56426 24840
0.55861 33194
0.55313 10397

0.63714
0.62924
0.62161
0.61425
0.60714

97988
26383
69312
66003
68131

0.19329
0.17944
0.16651
0.15445
0.14320

9963
6150
4127
0249
3117

0.54780 75643

0.60027 38587

0.13272 3593

418

BESSEL

Table 9.8

MODIFIED

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

0, 1 AND

5. 0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5. 4

0.18354
0.18l.61
0.17974
0.17794
0.17618

08126
51021
94883
08646
63475

0.16397
0.16266
0.16138
0.16012
0.15890

22669
38546
32850
97913
26150

e-zZz(x)
0.11795 1906
0.11782 5355
0.11767 8994
0.11751 4528
0.11733 3527

z-2
5: 7
5.8
5. 9

0.17448
0.17282
0.17122
0.16965
0.16813

32564
90951
15362
84061
76726

0.15770
0.15652
0.15537
0.15424
0.15313

10090
42405
15922
23641
58742

0.11713
0.11692
0.11670
0.11647
0.11622

7435
7581
5188
1384
7207

0.16665
0.16521
0.16381
0.16244
0.16110

74327
59021
14064
23718
73175

0.15205
0.15098
0.14994
0.14892
0.14792

14593
84754
62978
43212
19595

0.11597
0.11571
0.11544
0.11516
0.11488

3613
1484
1633
4809
1705

0.15980
0.15853
0.15729
0.15608
0.15489

48490
36513
24831
01720
56090

0.14693
0.14597
0.14502
0.14409
0.14318

86457
38314
69866
75991
51745

0.11459
0.11429
0.11400
0.11369
0.11339

2958
9157
0845
8525
2660

0.15373
0.15260
0.15149
0.15041
0.14935

77447
55844
81855
46530
41371

0.14228
0.14140
0.14054
0.13969
0.13886

92347
93186
49809
57915
13353

0.11308
0.11277
0.11245
0.11214
0.11182

3678
1974
7913
1833
4046

0.14831
0.14729
0.14630
0.14532
0.14436

58301
89636
28062
66611
98642

0.13804
0.13723
0.13644
0.13566
0.13489

12115
50333
24270
30318
64995

0.11150
0.11118
0.11086
0.11054
0.11021

4840
4481
3215
1268
8852

0.14343
0.14251
0.14160
0.14072
0.13985

17818
18095
93695
39098
49027

0.13414
0.13340
0.13267
0.13195
0.13124

24933
06883
07705
24362
53923

0.10989
0.10957
0.10925
0.10892
0.10860

6158
3368
0645
8142
6000

0.13900
0.13816
0.13734
0.13653
0.13573

18430
42474
16526
36147
97082

0.13054
0.12986
0.12918
0.12852
0.12786

93551
40505
92134
45873
99242

0.10828
0.10796
0.10764
0.10732
0.10700

4348
3305
2983
3481
4894

0.13495
0.13419
0.13343
0.13269
0.13196

95247
26720
87740
74691
84094

0.12722
0.12658
0.12596
0.12534
0.12473

49839
95342
33501
62139
79145

0.10668
0.10637
0.10605
0.10574
0.10542

7306
0796
5437
1294
8428

0.13125
0.13054
0.12985
0.12916
0.12849

12609
57016
14223
81248
55220

0.12413
0.12354
0.12296
0.12238
0.12182

82477
70154
40258
90929
20364

0.10511
0.10480
0.10449
oIio419
0.10388

6893
6740
8015
0759
5010

33371
(
-p
c 1

0.12126

26814

0.10358

0801

6. 0
2:
2:
6. 5
2::
66:;
7.0
7.1
7. 2
;:i

7.5
;*7"
7:8
7. 9
88::
E
8: 4

e-xZo(x)

0.12783

e-xZl(x)

[ 1
C--W

[ 1
92

BESSEL

MODIFIED

BESSEL

FTJNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

419

ORDER

0, 1 AND

Table 9.8

0.54780
0.54263
0.53760
0.53271
0.52795

75643
53519
73540
69744
80329

0.60027
0.59362
0.58718
0.58095
0.57490

38587
50463
86062
36085
98871

e=Kz (z)
0.78791 711
0.77542 949
0.76344 913
0.75194 475
0.74088 762

0.52332
0.51881
0.51441
0.51012
0.50594

47316
16252
35938
58183
37583

0.56904
0.56335
0.55783
0.55246
0.54725

79741
90393
48348
76495
02639

0.73025
0.72001
0.71014
0.70063
0.69145

127
128
511
190
232

0.50186
0.49787
0.49399
0.49019
0.48647

31309
98929
02237
05093
73291

0.54217
0.53723
0.53243
0.52774
0.52318

59104
82386
12833
94344
74101

0.68258
0.67402
0.66574
0.65773
0.64997

843
358
225
001
339

0.48284
0.47929
0.47582
0.47242
0.46910

74413
77729
54066
75723
16370

0.51874
0.51440
0.51017
0.50604
0.50200

02336
32108
19097
21421
99471

0.64245
0.63517
0.62811
0.62126
0.61461

982
753
553
350
177

0.46584
0.46265
0.45953
0.45646
0.45346

50959
55657
07756
85618
68594

0.49807
0.49422
0.49046
0.48678
0.48318

15749
34737
22755
47842
79648

0.60815
0.60187
0.59577
0.58983
0.58405

126
345
030
426
820

0.45052
0.44763
0.44480
0.44202
0.43930

36991
71996
55636
70724
00819

0.47966
0.47622
0.47285
0.46955
0.46631

89336
49486
33995
18010
77847

0.57843
0.57295
0.56762
0.56242
0.55735

541
955
463
497
522

0.43662
0.43399
0.43141
0.42887
0.42638

30185
43754
27084
66329
48214

0.46314
0.46004
0.45699
0.45401
0.45108

90928
35709
91615
39001
59089

0.55241
0.54758
0.54287
0.53827
0.53378

029
538
592
757
623

0.42393
0.42152
0.41916
0.41683
0.41454

59993
89433
24781
54743
68462

0.44821
0.44539
0.44262
0.43991
0.43724

33915
46295
79775
18594
47648

0.52939
0.52510
0.52091
0.51681
0.51280

797
909
604
544
410

0.41229
0.41008
0.40790
0.40575
0.40364

55493
05783
09662
57809
41245

0.43462
0.43205
0.42952
0.42703
0.42459

52454
19116
34301
85204
59520

0.50887
0.50503
0.50127
0.49759
0.49398

894
704
562
202
369

xi
9: 9

0.40156
0.39951
0.39750
0.39551
0.39355

51322
79693
18313
59416
95506

0.42219
0.41983
0.41751
0.41522
0.41297

45430
31565
06989
61179
84003

0.49044
0.48698
0.48358
0.48025
0.47698

819
321
651
597
953

10. 0

0.39163

19344

0.41076 65704
c-t)3

0.47378

525

5o
55::
25
5.5
E
5: 8
5. 9
6. 0
2:
6: 3
6. 4
2:
2;
6: 9
;-1"
7: 2
77::
::2
x3
7:9
t::
Ez
8: 4
E
EG
8: 9
9. 0
8::
'9::
E

eZKo(z)

[I 1
c-y

eZKl(2)

C-t)6

420

BESSEL

Table 9.8

MODIFIED

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS
ecxZ1(x)

e-Zo(x)

0, 1 AND

e-zZ2(X)

lo 0
10:2
10. 4
10.6
10.8

0.12783
0.12653
0.12528
0.12406
0.12288

33371
91639
35822
47082
07840

0.12126
0.12016
0.11909
0.11805
0.11704

26814
64024
89584
91273
57564

0.10358
0.10297
0.10237
0.10178
0.10120

0801
7124
9936
9401
5644

11. 0
11. 2
11.4
11.6
11. 8

0.12173
0.12061
0.11952
0.11846
0.11743

01682
13250
28165
32942
14923

0.11605
0.11509
0.11415
0.11323
0.11233

77582
41055
38276
60059
97710

0.10062
0.10005
0.09949
0.09893
0.09839

8758
8806
5829
9845
0853

12.0
12.2
12. 4
12.6
12.8

0.11642
0.11544
0.11449
0.11355
0.11264

62212
63616
08594
87206
90074

0.11146
0.11060
0.10977
0.10895
0.10815

42993
88096
25611
48501
50080

0.09784
0.09731
0.09678
0.09626
0.09574

8838
3770
5608
4300
9787

13. 0
13.2
13.4
13. 6
13.8

0.11176
0.11089
0.11004
0.10921
0.10840

08338
33621
57995
73954
74378

0.10737
0.10660
0.10585
0.10512
0.10440

23993
64190
64916
20685
26267

0.09524
0.09474
0.09424
0.09375
0.09327

2003
0874
6323
8268
6622

14. 0
14.2
14. 4
14.6
14.8

0.10761
0.10684
0.10608
0.10533
0.10461

52517
01959
16613
90688
18671

0.10369
0.10300
0.10232
0.10166
0.10101

76675
67148
93142
50311
34506

0.09280
0.09233
0.09186
0.09141
0.09096

1299
2208
9257
2352
1401

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.10389
0.10320
0.10251
0.10184
0.10118

95314
15618
74813
68351
91887

0.10037
0.09974
0.09913
0.09852
0.09793

41751
68245
10348
64572
27574

0.09051
0.09007
0.08964
0.08921
0.08879

6308
6980
3321
5238
2637

16. 0
16. 2
16.4
16. 6
16.8

0.10054
0.09991
0.09929
0.09868
0.09808

41273
12544
01906
05729
20539

0.09734
0.09677
0.09621
0.09566
0.09511

96147
67216
37828
05145
66444

0.08837
0.08796
0.08755
0.08715
0.08675

5426
3511
6802
5210
8644

17. 0
17.2
17: 4
17. 6
17. 8

0.09749
0.09691
0.09634
0.09579
0.09524

43005
69938
98277
25085
47546

0.09458
0.09405
0.09353
0.09303
0.09252

19107
60614
88542
00560
94423

0.08636
0.08598
0.08559
0.08522
0.08484

7017
0242
8235
0911
8188

18. 0
18.2
18. 4
18. 6
18.8

0.09470
0.09417
0.09365
0.09314
0.09264

62952
68703
62299
41336
03503

0.09203
0.09155
0.09107
0.09060
0.09014

67968
19113
45848
46237
18411

0.08447
0.08411
0.08375
0.08340
0.08305

9984
6221
6819
1701
0793

19. 0
19.2
19.4
19. 6
19. 8

0.09214
0.09165
0.09117
0.09070
0.09023

46572
68400
66923
40151
86167

0.08968
0.08923
0.08879
0.08835
0.08792

60569
70968
47929
89829
95099

0.08270
0.08236
0.08202
0.08168
0.08135

4020
1309
2590
7792
6848

20. 0

0.08978 03119
c-p5

0.08750 62222
C-l'4
[
1

0.08102

[ 1

9690
t-y
[ 1

BESSEL

MODIFIED

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

0, 1 AND
e=Ki(x)

eZKo(x)

421

ORDER

Table 9.8
eZKz(x)

10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10. 8

0.39163
0.38786
0.38419
0.38063
0.37716

19344
02539
55846
29549
77125

0.41076
0.40644
0.40225
0.39819
0.39425

65704
68479
98277
88825
78391

0.47378
0.46755
0.46155
0.45576
0.45017

525
571
324
482
842

11.0
11. 2
11.4
11. 6
11. 8

0.37379
0.37051
0.36731
0.36419
0.36115

54971
22156
40243
73076
86616

0.39043
0.38671
0.38309
0.37958
0.37616

09362
27920
83725
29618
21391

0.44478
0.43956
0.43452
0.42964
0.42491

294
807
427
265
496

12. 0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.35819
0.35530
0.35247
0.34972
0.34703

48784
29318
99643
32746
03081

0.37283
0.36958
0.36642
0.36334
0.36033

17534
79032
69191
53438
99192

0.42033
0.41589
0.41158
0.40739
0.40333

350
111
108
714
342

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.34439
0.34182
0.33931
0.33684
0.33444

86455
59943
01806
91405
09142

0.35740
0.35454
0.35175
0.34902
0.34635

75702
53922
06397
07143
31558

0.39938
0.39554
0.39181
0.38817
0.38463

443
499
028
572
702

14. 0
14.2
14.4
14. 6
14. 8

0.33208
0.32977
0.32751
0.32530
0.32312

36383
55402
49332
02091
98364

0.34374
0.34119
0.33870
0.33626
0.33387

56322
59314
19539
17039
32858

0.38119
0.37783
0.37455
0.37136
0.36824

016
131
687
346
785

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.32100
0.31891
0.31687
0.31486
0.31289

23534
63655
05405
36051
43424

0.33153
0.32924
0.32700
0.32480
0.32264

48949
48132
14043
31080
84361

0.36520
0.36223
0.35933
0.35650
0.35373

701
805
826
503
592

16. 0
16.2
16. 4
16. 6
16.8

0.31096
0.30906
0.30720
0.30537
0.30357

15880
42269
11919
14592
40487

0.32053
0.31846
0.31643
0.31443
0.31248

59682
43471
22766
85164
18807

0.35102
0.34838
0.34579
0.34325
0.34077

858
081
049
562
427

17.0
17.2
17.4
17. 6
17. 8

0.30180
0.30007
0.29836
0.29668
0.29504

80193
24678
65276
93657
01817

0.31056
0.30867
0.30682
0.30500
0.30321

12340
54888
36027
45765
74518

0.33834
0.33596
0.33363
0.33134
0.32910

464
497
361
898
956

18. 0
18.2
18.4
18. 6
18.8

0.29341
0.29182
0.29025
0.28870
0.28718

82062
26987
29472
82654
79933

0.30146
0.29973
0.29803
0.29637
0.29472

13089
52642
84697
01096
94003

0.32691
0.32476
0.32264
0.32057
0.31854

391
064

843

19. 0
19. 2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.28569
0.28421
0.28276
0.28133
0.27993

14944
81554
73848
86117
12862

0.29311
0.29152
0.28996
0.28842
0.28691

55877
79458
57766
84068
51886

0.31654
0.31458
0.31266
0.31077
0.30891

577
565
076
008
262

20.0

0.27854

48766

0.28542

I:(-y 1

[(-p1
54970

602
218

0.30708
743
C-$)3

c 1

422

BESSEL

Table

MODIFIED

9.8

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY

ORDER

TABLE

FOR

LARGE

T--lde~Ko(x)

ARGUMENTS

a-lx*e~Kl

(x)

<x>
:1
::

R- ~xbKiz(x)

0.050
0.048
0.046
0.044
0.042

xfe-zZo(x)
0.40150
0.40140
0.40129
0.40119
0.40108

9761
4058
8619
3443
8526

xf PZ1
0.39133
0.39164
0.39195
0.39226
0.39257

(2)
9722
8743
7336
5502
3245

xfd2(x)
0.36237
0.36380
0.36523
0.36667
0.36811

579
578
854
408
237

0.39651
0.39661
0.39670
0.39680
0.39689

5620
0241
5057
0069
5278

0.40631
0.40601
0.40572
0.40543
0.40514

0355
9771
8854
7604
6017

0.43714
0.43558
0.43403
0.43247
0.43092

666
814
211
858
754

0.040
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

0.40098
0.40087
0.40077
0.40067
0.40056

3868
9466
5319
1424
7781

0.39288
0.39318
0.39349
0.39380
0.39410

0567
7470
3958
0032
5695

0.36955
0.37099
0.37244
0.37389
0.37534

342
722
375
302
502

0.39699
0.39708
0.39718
0.39727
0.39737

0686
6293
2101
8110
4322

0.40485
0.40456
0.40426
0.40397
0.40368

4094
1832
9230
6286
2998

0.42937
0.42783
0.42628
0.42474
0.42321

901
299
949
850
003

25

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

0.40046
0.40036
0.40025
0.40015
0.40005

4387
1241
8340
5684
3270

0.39441
0.39471
0.39502
0.39532
0.39562

0950
5798
0243
4286
7929

0.37679
0.37825
0.37971
0.38118
0.38264

973
716
729
012
564

0.39747
0.39756
0.39766
0.39776
0.39785

0738
7359
4186
1221
8465

0.40338
0.40309
0.40280
0.40250
0.40221

9365
5386
1058
6380
1349

0.42167
0.42014
0.41860
0.41708
0.41555

410
070
984
153
576

33

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

0.39995
0.39984
0.39974
0.39964
0.39954

1098
9164
7469
6009
4785

0.39593
0.39623
0.39653
0.39683
0.39714

1176
4028
6487
8556
0236

0.38411
0.38558
0.38705
0.38853
0.39001

385
474
830
453
342

0.39795
0.39805
0.39815
0.39824
0.39834

5918
3583
1460
9551
7857

0.40191
0.40162
0.40132
0.40102
0.40073

5965
0226
4130
7674
0858

0.41403
0.41251
0.41099
0.40947
0.40796

256
191
383
833
540

0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002

0.39944
0.39934
0.39924
0.39914
0.39904

3793
3033
2503
2202
2128

0.39744
0.39774
0.39804
0.39834
0.39864

1530
2440
2968
3116
2886

0.39149
0.39297
0.39446
0.39595
0.39744

496
91.5
599
546
756

0.39844
0.39854
0.39864
0.39874
0.39884

6379
5119
4077
3256
2657

0.40043
0.40013
0.39983
0.39953
0.39924

3679
6136
8226
9949
1300

0.40645
0.40494
0.40344
0.40193
0.40043

505
730
214
958
962

0.000

0.39894

2280

0.39894

2280

0.39894

228

0.39894

2280

0.39894

2280

0.39894

228

2-l

[ 1
q3)3

For

interpolating

['-;I51
near

[c-;'"]

x--1 =0 note

that

[q"]

if f&-l)
<x>

=zk~Z,(z)
=nearest

integer

['-;'"I
thenf,(

-2-l)

24

g
31

a;
45

100
125
167

~~00
00

['-;I"]

=r-de~K~(z),

to x.

Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments. Royal
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Fress, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
permission).
MODIFIED

Ko(x)+Zo(z)

BESSEL

ln x

FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY

s[Kl(x)

-II(X)

TABLE

In 4

FOR

SMALL

+ZO(X)

Ko(x)

ARGUMENTS

In x

x[ZG (x) -II

(2) In xl

::1

0.11872
0.11593

152
387

0.99691
1.00000

180
000

1:1
lx0

0.49199
0.42102

896
444

0.49390
0.60190

723
093

z-3
0: 4

0.12713
0.14124
0.16121

128
511
862

0.98754
0.97158
0.94852

819
448
090

:3

0.66373
0.57261
0.76632

444
364
938

0.21236
0.36514
+0.03176

944
381
677

0. 5
E

0.18726
0.21967
0.25879

857
734
579

0.91759
0.87784
0.82804

992
659
980

1.5

;:i

0.88149
1.15456
1.01045

436
879
200

-0.18096
-0.43076
-0.72326

553
976
964

0:8

0. 9

0.30504
0.35892

682
957

0.76669
0.69201

810
997

1: 9

1.31536
1.49454

786
429

-1.06486
-1.46281

242
214

1.0

0.42102

444

0.60190

723

2.0

1.69398

200

-1.92535

914

[(-;)l1

c 1
(-;)2

1: 4

[ 1
c-p3

ii598 1

BESSEL

FUNCTIOKS

OF

INTEGER

423

ORDER

Inlh
s
;;
0:s

r-qx)
0.0000
(-4)1.3680
(-4)9.0273
(--3)X5257
(-3)4.9877

c - ,I, (.I.)
0.0000

(-6)3.4182
(-5)4.5047
4)1.8858
4)4.9483

r-~qs)
0.0000
(-8)6.8341
(-6)1.7995
(-5)1.1281
(-5)3.9377

(-3)1.0069

r.rf,;(.v)
0.0000
* (-9)1.1388
(-8)5.9925
(-735.6286
(-6)2.6152
(-6)8.2731
(-5)2.0544

r-JfJ(.V)
0.0000
-11)1.6265
- 9)1.7109

i - 8)2.4084
(-

7)1.4902

(((((-

7 5.8832
6I 1.7497
6 4.2831
6)9.0974
5)1.7349

;;

(-2)5.6454
(-2)5.8893

(-3)7.2431
(-3)8.2288

4.0
4.2
(-2)3.1221
(-2)3.2854

-3)9.2443
-2 1 1.0283
-2 1.1337
-2 1 1.2402
-2 1.3471

(-3)2.4106

(-

4)6.1640

(-3)2.8291
(-3)3.2785

c -.rL,(x)
0.0000

c-.rl,(.v)
0.0000
(-13)2.0328
(-11)4.2750
(-10)9.0201
(- 9)7.4343

(-1532.2585
C-13)9.4957
(-11)3.0037
(-10)3.2983

((-

(((((-

9)2.0301
9)8.6707
8)2.8797
8)7.9596
7)1.9131

(-

7)4.1199

8)3.6643
;pm;

I- 7 9:0178
(- 6 1 1.9302
I - 6)6.7325
6)3.7487
5)1.1339
5)1.8099
[I 5)2.7609

(-2)1.4234

J.9

(((((-

5)4.0512
5)5.7482
5)7.9208
4 1.0638
41 1.3965

(((-

5)1.4507
5)2.0556
5)2.8380

(((((-

4)1.7968
4)2.2703
4)2.8224
4)3.4578
4)4.1806

((-

5)8.3667
4)1.0508

(-

331.0866

(((-

3)1.9399
3)2.0808
3)2.2260

-2'1.4540
-2 i 1.5605
-2)1.6662
-2)1.7707
-2)1.8738
-2)1.9752
-2 1 2.0747
-2 2.1723
(-2)4.5567

(-

(-2)1.0849

22
8.4

(-2 I 1.5854
(-2 1.6453
(-2 1.7045

2;

10.0

(-2)7.9830

(-2)5.5683

10.5
11.0
11.5
;;.;
.

-2)7.9687
-2)7.9465
I -2)7.9182
(-2)7.8848
(-2)7.8474

(-2)5.6549

3)3.1156

(-2 3.2269
(-2 1 3.2915

(-2)1.7627
(-2)1.8201

(-2)3.52'34

(-2)2.0398

3)6.7449
3 7.1440
3 I 7.5464
3 7.9513
3)8.3582

II
((-

- 3 1.0484
1.3351
1.1870
3)1.4924
3)1.6587

(-

3)2.8292

- 3)9.5839
- 3)9.9924
(- 2)1.0400
(- 2)1.0806

- 2)1.3775
- 2)1.4722
- 2)1.5642

(-

3)5.2694

(-

3)2.3753

(((-

3)5.9380
3)6.6192
3)7.3082

(((((-

3)2.7653
3)3.1769
3)3.6073
3)4.0537
3)4.5134

(((-

3)4.9837
3)5.4622
3)5.9469

(((-

3)7.4171
3)7.9071
3)8.3947

(-2)2.9779
(-2)3.0538
(-2)4.4726

(-2)6.0119

I -2 I 3.1251
3.2543
3.1918
-2)3.3128
-2)3.3675

((-

2)1.4543
2)1.5125

Compiled from British Association for the Advancement of Science, Besselfunctions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol.
X (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952) (with permission).

424

BESSEL

Table 9.9

FUNCTIONS

MODIFIED

e"K3(x)

BESSEL

OF

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

e%(x)

@K4(x)

@Kc(X)

4 3.6;20
3 2.7602
2 I 6.5506
2 2.4743
1
1
0
0
II 0

1.9303
1.2984
9.4345
7.2438
5.7946

ORDER

3-9

e"K7(n>

@Kg(x)

e"Ks(x)

9 4.7897
7 4.1679
6 I 2.9548
5 4.7618

2)1.2024
1 6.8382
1 I 4.3280
1 2.9585
1 2.1426

Ii 45 1.3160
1.2610
2.0785
3.6055
6.6436

2:
1-z
4:8

0
0
0
0
II 0

1.6317
1.5303
1.4414
1.3629
1.2931
0)2.2646

::2"
:*:
5:8

1)1.1973

II 0 2.1186
1.8746
1.9895
1.7720

II 01 1.0645
7.7717
9.5285
8.5813

6.0
2:

II 0 1.3902
1.4528
1.5213
1.5967
1.6798

1.1467
1.3978
1.2630
1.7387
II 1i 1.5547

28"

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

;:2"
99-z
9:8
10.0

(-1)6.0028

9.4941
9.2354
8.9918
8.7620
i a.5449

( -1)8.3395

0 1.5047
0 1.4505
0 I 1.4001
0 1.3529
0)1.3088

0)1.2674

1 2.3486
1 I 2.1529
1 1.9794
1 1.8251
1)1.6873

0)2.1014

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5

( 0)3.7891

0)7.4062

oj1.9059

13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5

-1)3.8191

-1)5.1982
-1 5.0414
-1 4.8959
-1 4.7605
-1 I 4.6343

18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

-1)3.7411
-1 i 3.6674
-1 3.5976
-1 3.5313
-1 3.4684

-1 I 4.5162
-1 4.4055
-1 4.3015
-1 4.2037
-1)4.1114

0 1.4319
0 1.3480
0 1.2729
0 I 1.2053
0)1.1442

-1 I 6.8656
-1 6.6036
-1 6.3633

-1 6.1420
-1)5.9376

-1)7.7097
-1 7.4176
-1 I 7.1482
-1
-1

6.8990
6.6679

(-q9.1137

0 2.2561

0
0
0I
0

2.0964
1.9552
1.8299
1.7181

1)1.5639

BESSEL
MODIFIED

BESSEL

1osx-ozlo(~)

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

10,

425

ORDER
11,

20

AND

21

Table

9.10

0.26911
0.26935
0.27009
0.27132
0.27305

445
920
468
457
504

lO".r"Zll(X)
1.22324
1.22426
1.22733
1.23245
1.23965

748
724
125
366
820

1.85794
1.85588
1.84970
1.83947
1.82524

idd
251
867
021
326

0.391990
0.392177
0.392738
0.393674
0.394988

0.933311
0.933736
0.935008
0.937136
0.940123

6.37771
6.37435
6.36429
6.34757
6.32424

0.27529
0.27805
0.28135
0.28519
0.28961

480
517
012
648
396

1.24897
1.26045
1.27414
1.29011
1.30843

831
740
918
798
932

1.80713
1.78527
1.75981
1.73095
1.69887

290
169
781
297
992

0.396684
0.398766
0.401239
0.404112
0.407392

0.943974
0.948703
0.954321
0.960843
0.968285

6.29437
6.25807
6.21545
6.16665
6.11184

0.29462
0.30025
0.30653
0.31350
0.32118

538
682
784
170
565

1.32920
1.35250
1.37845
1.40718
1.43883

036
061
262
285
260

1.66381
1.62600
1.58569
1.54314
1.49861

982
944
822
529
645

0.411087
0.415209
0.419768
0.424778
0.430253

0.976669
0.986016
0.996351
1.007703
1.020101

6.05118
5.98488
5.91314
5.83620
5.75428

0.32963
0.33888
0.34899
0.36002
0.37203

121
455
681
459
039

1.47355
1.51153
1.55295
1.59803
1.64700

907
657
782
551
388

1.45238
1.40471
1.35587
1.30613
1.25574

126
020
192
075
432

0.436209
0.442662
0;449632
0.457139
0.465205

1.033581
1.048178
1.063935
1.080893
1.099102

5.66764
5.57655
5.48128
5.38210
5.27932

0.38508
0.39925
0.41464
0.43132
0.44940

316
889
125
237
362

1.70012
1.75766
1.81995
1.88733
1.96016

064
896
978
435
700

1.20496
1.15402
1.10314
1.05255
1.00243

150
052
736
442
944

0.473853
0.483111
0.493006
0.503569
0.514832

1.118613
1.139481
1.161768
1.185538
1.210861

5.17321
5.06408
4.95224
4.83197
4.72159

0.46899
0.49022
0.51322
0.53813
0.56513

655
387
061
536
169

2.03886
2.12388
2.21572
2.31490
2.42204

82
83
08
71
09

0.95298
0.90435
0.85670
0.81016
0.76484

465
626
405
129
483

0.526830
0.539601
0.553186
0.567630
0.582979

1.237813
1.266475
1.296933
1.329281
1.363622

4.60339
4.48367
4.36272
4.24084
4.11830

0.59438
0.62610
0.66050
0.69781
0.73832

965
759
400
972
033

2.53777
2.66282
2.79796
2.94406
3.10208

36
00
48
93
00

0.72085
0.61827
0.63718
0.59762
0.55964

532
767
161
235
137

0.599284
0.616599
0.634984
0.654501
0.675219

1.400061
1.438715
1.479709
1.523176
1.569259

3.99537
3.87234
3.74945
3.62695
3.50507

0.78229
0.83007
0.88201
0.93850
0.99998

881
854
663
764
773

3.27303
3.45808
3.65847
3.87560
4.11098

69
34
74
29
38

0.52326
0.48851
0.45539
0.42389
0.39401

729
672
529
854
295

0.697210
0.720554
0.745333
0.771639
0.799570

1.618113
1.669904
1.724808
1.783016
1.844734

3.38405
3.26411
3.14543
3.02821
2.91264

1.06693
1.13989
1.21945
1.30625
1.40103

936
641
007
534
829

4.36629
4.64339
4.94432
5.27132
5.62688

90
88
35
42
64

0.36571
0.33898
0.31377
0.29004
0.26776

690
159
202
783
418

0.829231
0.860735
0.894204
0.929769
0.967571

1.910180
1.979593
2.053225
2.131351
2.214264

2.79887
2.68705
2.57733
2.46983
2.36466

1.50460
1.61784
1.74175
1.87744
2.02612

429
713
933
369
620

6.01375
6.43496
6.89386
7.39417
7.93999

48
31
57
36
51

0.24687
0.22732
0.20905
0.19202
0.17616

251
134
690
382
568

1.007764
1.050510
1.095988
1.144389
1.195919

2.302281
2.395741
2.495011
2.600488
2.712593

2.26193
2.16172
2.06411
1.96916
1.87692

0.16142 553

1.250800

2.831786

[c-y1

2.18917 062

[ 1
(-;)2

8.53588 02

[ 1
C-l)6

[c-p1

[I 1
(-;)4

1.78744

2n

Kn+1(2)=~Kn.(z)+Kn-l(2)

Compiled from British Associationfor the Advancement of Science,Besselfunctions, Part II. Functions of positive integer order, Mathematical Tables, vol. X (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,England, 1952)and L. Fox, A short table for Besselfunctions of integer ordersand largearguments. Royal
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,England, 1954) (with
permission).

426
Table

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
MODIFIED

9.10

lo0
10:2

BESSEL

ORDER
10, 11, 20 AND

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

21

1024r20120(2)

eZKlo(z)

e-21l1(2)

e-zllo(z)

OF INTEGER

10.4
10.6
10.8

0.00099
0.00107
0.00115
0.00124
0.00132

38819
29935
52835
06973
91744

0.00038
0.00042
0.00046
0.00050
0.00054

75284
45861
37417
50080
83934

35.55633
32.60759
29.98423
27.64297
25.54714

91
68
91
29
23

1.25080
1.30927
1.37160
1.43806
1.50895

2.83179
2.95856
3.09345
3.23703
3.38992

1.787443
1.700753
1.616873
1.535814
1.457578

11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8

0.00142
0.00151
0.00161
0.00171
0.00181

06490
50508
23051
23339
50559

0.00059
0.00064
0.00069
0.00074
0.00079

39013
15309
12768
31298
70766

23.66558
21.97172
20.44277
19.05917
17.80405

79
20
46
72
56

I.58462
1.66540
1.75169
1.84390
1.94249

3.55278
3.72634
3.91139
4.10876
4.31937

1.382160
1.309546
1.239714
1.172637
1.108279

12.0
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8

0.00192
0.00202
0.00213
0.00225
0.00236

03870
82412
85303
11650
60548

0.00085
0.00091
0.00097
0.00103
0.00109

31003
11805
12937
34132
75097

16.66281
15.62277
14.67293
13.80364
13.00649

24
97
16
34
01

2.04795
2.16080
2.28162
2.41105
2.54975

4.54421
4.78434
5.04093
5.31521
5.60856

1.046601
0.987556
0.931095
0.877164
0.825703

13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8

0.00248
0.00260
0.00272
0.00284
0.00297

31086
22347
33415
63375
11314

0.00116
0.00123
0.00130
0.00137
0.00144

35512
15035
13301
29926
64509

12.27407
11.59989
10.97821
10.40394
9.87258

71
74
07
07
79

2.69846
2.85799
3.02921
3.21306
3.41058

5.92244
6.25845
6.61832
7.00393
7.41731

0.776652
0.729947
0.685520
0.643305
0.603230

14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8

0.00309
0.00322
0.00335
0.00348
0.00361

76327
57518
53999
64894
89341

0.00152 16634
0.00159 85870
0.00167 71776
0.00175 73898
0.00183 91776

9.38015
8.92308
8.49819
8.10265
7.73392

52
36
79
95
53

3.62289
3.85121
4.09686
4.36131
4.64613

7.86068
8.33644
8.84722
9.39585
9.98543

0.565225
0.529218
0.495137
0.462910
0.432464

15.0
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8

0.00375
0.00388
0.00402
0.00416
0.00429

26491
75510
35583
05908
85705

0.00192
0.00200
0.00209
0.00218
0.00227

24942
72921
35235
11403
00942

7.38971 31
7.06797 04
6.76684 87
6.48467 94
6.21995 46

4.95305
5.28394
5.64087
6.02608
6.44202

10.61932
11.30119
12.03503
12.82520
13.67643

0.403728
0.376630
0.351101
0.327070
0.304470

16.0
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8

0.00443
0.00457
0.00471
0.00485
0.00500

74209
70675
74378
84612
00690

0.00236
0.00245
0.00254
0.00263
0.00273

03366
18192
44936
83118
32259

5.97130
5.73750
5.51741
5.31001
5.11438

87
35
43
78
19

6.89137
7.37705
7.90228
8.47055
9.08571

14.59389
15.58322
16.65059
17.80271
19.04691

0.283235
0.263299
0.244598
0.227071
0.210658

17.0
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8

0.00514
0.00528
0.00542
0.00557
0.00571

21947
47735
77427
10418
46119

0.00282
0.00292
0.00302
0.00312
0.00322

91884
61523
40709
28982
25887

4.92965
4.75506
4.58989
4.43349
4.28527

63
40
42
60
20

9.75197
10.47392
11.25663
12.10562
13.02697

20.39124
21.84444
23.41611
25.11674
26.95781

0.195301
0.180944
0.167532
0.155012
0.143336

18.0
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

0.00585
0.00600
0.00614
0.00629
0.00643

83964
23403
63909
04971
46098

0.00332
0.00342
0.00352
0.00362
0.00373

30977
43808
63948
90969
24450

4.14467
4.01119
3.88437
3.76378
3.64903

40
75
85
89
41

14.02734
15.11406
16.29515
17.57946
18.97668

28.95188
31.11272
33.45541
35.99648
38.75407

0.132454
0.122321
0.112891
0.104124
0.095978

19.0
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8

0.00657
0.00672
0.00686
0.00701
0.00715

86817
26672
65226
02059
36768

0.00383
0.00394
0.00404
0.00415
0.00425

63982
09161
59590
14885
74667

3.53974
3.43559
3.33626
3.24146
3.15093

93
74
62
65
00

20.49749
22.15363
23.95803
25.92489
28.06989

41.74804
45.00024
48.53460
52.37745
56.55768

0.088414
0.081397
0.074892
0.068865
0.063285

20.0

0.00729 68965
C-l)4

3.06440 75
(-;I4

30.41029

61.10706
c-2)5
5

0.058124
c-:)4

II 1

0.00436 38567
C-l)3

II 1 [ 1 [
c-y

1 [I 1

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
MODIFIED

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY

TABLE

FOB

LARGE

ARGUMENTS

2-l In [A~Z~o(z)l
In rGk-zlll(~)l In [T- lzLKl~(~)]
In [&-~Z2o(z)]
0.050 -3.42244 062 13.93653 263
1.47299 048 -10.434749
0.049 -3.37318 689 -3.87762 888
1.42771 939 -10.263511
0.048 -3.32386 306 -3.81861 524
1.38232 785 -10.091302
0.047 -3.27447 055 -3.75949 454
1.33681 644 - 9.918126
0.046 -3.22501 139 -3.70026 938
1.29118 575 - 9.743983

In [$k-~Z~l(~)]
-11.346341
-11.160467
-10.973471
-10.785351
-10.596108

0.045
0.044
0.043
"0-K
.

-3.17548
-3.12590
-3.07625
-2.97678
-3.02655

0.040
%Z
.

-2.92697 559
-2.82719
-2.87711 539
002

0.037
0.036

766
147
496
033
979

427

OF INTEGER ORDER
Table

In [r-lrtezZ&(z)]
8.250182
8.088946
7.926737
7.763551
7.599386

9.10

<z>

::
2:

-3.64094
-3.58151
-3.52199
-3.46237
-3.40267

242
639
408
835
211

1.24543
1.19956
1.15358
1.10748
1.06126

642
910
449
332
635

9.568876
9.392809
9.215785
9.037810
8.858889

-10.405744
-10.214259
-10.021658
- 9.827944
- 9.633121

7.434240
7.268110
7.100994
6.932893
6.763806

-2.77723 405
-2.72722 837

-3.34287
-3.28300
-3.22304
-3.16300
-3.10288

833
006
039
246
949

1.01493
0.96848
0.92192
0.87525
0.82847

437
822
874
686
349

8.679029
8.498236
8.316519
8.133888
7.950352

9.437195
9.240173
9.042063
8.842873
8.642612

6.593733
6.422673
6.250630
6.077603
5.903597

0.035
0.034
0.033
0.032
0.031

-2.67718
-2.62709
-__ -.
-2.57696
-2.52681
-2.47661

076
365
_-948
074
992

-3.04270
-2.98245
-2.92213
-2.86175
-2.80131

472
146
308
298
461

0.78157
0.73457
0.68746
0.64024
0.59291

961
624
441
520
975

7.765923
7.580613
7.394434
7.207403
7.019533

8.441293
8.238927
8.035529
7.831113
7.625695

5.728614
5.552659
5.375732
5.197843
5.018998

0.030
0.029
0.028
0.027
0.026

-2.42639
-2.37615
-2.32588
-2.27558
-2.22527

955
216
032
659
356

-2.74082
-2.68027
-2.61968
-2.55904
-2.49837

147
709
504
894
243

0.54548
0.49795
0.45031
0.40257
0.35474

920
475
764
915
059

6.830842
6.641348
6.451070
6.260027
6.068243

7.419294
7.211929
7.003620
6.794389
6.584261

4.839203
4.658466
4.476796
4.294202
4.110696

0.025
0.024
0.023
0.022
0.021

-2.17494
-2.12460
-2.07424
-2.02388
-1.97351

384
002
475
063
031

-2.43765
-2.37691
-2.31613
-2.25533
-2.19451

918
291
733
620
329

0.30680
0.25876
0.21063
0.16241
0.11409

331
871
822
332
551

5.875738
5.682539
5.488669
5.294155
5.099025

6.373261
6.161416
5.948754
5.735305
5.521102

3.926290
3.740995
3.554826
3.367799
3.179929

0.020
0.019
0.018
0.017
0.016

-1.92313
-1.87276
-1.82238
-1.77201
-1.72165

643
162
853
979
806

-2.13367
-2.07281
-2.01195
-1.95107
-1.89020

239
731
186
986
514

0.06568
+0.01718
-0.03139
-0.08007
-0.12883

636
745
959
306
128

4.903309
4.707035
4.510235
4.312943
4.115190

5.306177
5.090565
4.874302
4.657427
4.439978

:*z::;
2:611440
2.420383
2.228582

0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.011

-1.67130
-1.62096
-1.57064
-1.52033
-1.47004

595
610
113
365
626

-1.82933
-1.76846
-1.70760
-1.64675
-1.58592

153
286
295
564
472

-0.17767
-0.22659
-0.27559
-0.32467
-0.37383

247
485
659
581
061

3.917011
3.718443
3.519520
3.320281
3.120763

4.221995
4.003521
3.784599
3.565272
3.345586

2.036059
1.842840
1.648949
1.454415
1.259264

0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006

-1.41978
-1.36954
-1.31933
-1.26914
-1.21900

154
207
040
908
063

-1.52511
-1.46432
-1.40356
-1.34284
-1.28214

400
725
824
072
841

-0.42305
-0.47235
-0.52172
-0.57116
-0.62066

904
911
881
608
881

2.921004
2.721043
2.520921
2.320676
2.120350

3.125587
2.905322
2.684833
2.464184
2.243408

1.063526
0.867231
0.670412
0.473099
0.275328

100
111
125
143
167

0.005
EE
0:002
0.001

-1.16888
-1.11881
-1.06877
-1.01878
-0.96883

754
229
735
514
808

-1.22149
-1.16088
-1.10031
-1.03980
-0.97934

499
414
949
463
314

-0.67023
-0.71986
-0;76954
-0.81929
-0.86908

489
215
834
138
886

1.919982
1.719613
1.519284
1.319036
1.118907

2.022558
1.801685
1.580838
1.360065
1.139416

+0.077133
-0.121451
-0.320388
-0.519640
-0.719170

0.000

-0.91893 853

- 0.918939
C-44)
1
[ 1 integer[ to :c.1
+>=nearest

-0.918939

200
250
333
500
1000
m

-0.91893 853

-0.91893 853
c-y

- 0.918939

24

:z
:;
28
29
:i
31
32

50
5563
59
63

Royal
Compiled from L. Fox, A short table for Bessel functions of integer orders and large arguments.
Society Shorter Mathematical Tables No. 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954) (with
permission).

428

BESSEL

Table 9.11

FUNCTIONS

MODIFIED
I

Z?%(l)
011.26606 5878
1I Sib5159 1040
1 1.35747 6698
2 2.21684 2492
3 2.73712 0221

OF

BESSEL

II

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS

ORDERS
Zn(5)
112.72398 7182

II
II

10 1.75056
5.10823 4214
1.03311
2.43356
4764
1497
5017

II
-

f- lOj2.75294

INTEGER

5346 2.76993
1.60017 9323
3.04418
2.24639
9.82567
1420
3364
5903
6951

oj2.15797

4547

12 2.56488
7.41166 6690
7192285
1.93157
3216
1882
9417

8040

- 11
14 1.24897
13
16
1.99563
7.11879 8308
5.19576
1678
1153
0054

20
ioo
50
100

25 3.96683
42 3.53950
60 1.12150
80i 2.93463

(-189)8.47367

5986
0588
9741
5309
4008

II

3 2.67098
1.22649 6628
2.28151
2.81571
1.75838
0538
8968
0717
8304

- .9 4.31056 0576
- 33 3.89351 9664
- 48 1.25586 9192
- 65 3.35304 2830

II

(-158)1.08217

( 2012.49509

1475

(-119)7.09355

f4116.49897

II

::

1489

552

41 4.01657
4.59832 209
ii84924
5.21214
700
794
227

:34
3.07376
I 191912.25869

11:
17
18
19

100

- 11
21 5.02423
45
32
2.93146 9358
1.18042
3.99784
6980
9647
4971

894

10

20
30
40
50

II

4 1.25079
112 7.78756
-20 2.04212
-30 I 4.75689
(-88)1.08234

9736
9783
3274
4561
4202

18
16
13
+lO I

5.44206
4.27499
6.00717
1.76508

(-16)2.72788

455
581

840
365
897
024
795

41
40
38
36

1.44834
1.20615
3.84170
4.82195

II

(21)4.64153

613
487
550
809
494

BESSEL

MODIFIED

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

KnU)

OF

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS

II

429

ORDER

ORDERS

Table

9.11

K,(5)

G(2)

-10 6.47385
2.19591 8728
2.53759
1.39865
1.13893
3909
8818
5927
7546

2033
4099
5896
1230
52347I 6.22552
1.00050 8312
4.42070
3.65383
3.60960

II

2130 5.21498
9.75856 2921
9.65850
1.92563
4.15465
3277
2913
2829
4995

20
Ip
100

II
22
39
58
77

6.29436
4.70614
1.11422
3.40689

9360
5527
0651
6854

(185)5.90033

3184

II

6853
9886
1740
45
30
16
62 4.27112
2.97998 5755
5.77085
9.94083

(155)4.61941

Kn(lO)

5978

(115)7.03986

0193

Kn(100)

Kn(50)

2
87
9
10
::
13
14
15
1176
ii

-1
-1
0
1
II 1

2.65656
8.81629
3.08686
1.13769
4.40440

3849
2510
9988
8721
2395

20

(85)4.59667

4084

-44 7.65542
-45
1.23283 963
1.07829
9.52475
8.49696
148
044
206
797

-21 4.21679
-22
1.16980
8.17096
5.81495
3.11621 235
398
523
828
117

-21
-19
-16
-13

El
50
100

II

1.70614
2.00581
1.29986
4.00601

II

(+13)1.63940

I II

838
681
971
347
352

645
763
531
371
I -44 1.42348
2.79144 325
2.32445
1.95464
1.65987

-44
-43
-41
-40

3.38520
3.97060
1.20842
9.27452

II

(-25)7.61712

541
205
080
265
963

430

BESSEL
Table

:I
0.0
2:
fJ:fi
0.5
it76
0::

9.12

FUNCTIONS
KELVIN

ber P
1.00000 00000

OF

INTEGER

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

bei z
0.00000 00000

0 AND

berl .X
0.00000 00000

0.99999
0.99997
0.99987
0.99960

84375
50000
34319
00044

0.00249
0.00999
0.02249
0.03999

99996
99722
96836
82222

-0.03539
-0.07106
-0.10725
-0.14423

95148
36418

0.99902
0.99797
0.99624
0.99360
0.98975

34640
51139
88284
11377
13567

0.06249
0.08997
0.12244
0.15988
0.20226

32184
97504
89390
62295
93635

0.98438
ii97713
0.96762
0.95542
0.94007

17812
79732
91558
87468
50567

0.24956
0.30173
0.35870
0.42040
0.48673

0.92107
0.89789
0.86997
0.83672
0.79752

21835
11386
12370
17942
41670

0.75173
0.69868
0.63769
0.56804
0.48904

bei, z
0.00000 00000

08645

0.03531
0.07035
0.10486
0.13857

11265
65360
83082
41359

-0.18224
-0.22153
-0.26233
-0.30485
-0.34931

31238
37177
33470
87511
01000

0.17119
0.20244
0.23202
0.25962
0.28491

51797
39824
24623
00070
16898

60400
12692
44199
59656
39336

-0.39586
-0.44469
-0.49591
-0.54964
-0;60594

82610
19268
45913
13636
56099

0.30755
0.32719
0.34345
0.35593
0.36421

66314
65305
43903
34649
64560

0.55756
0.63272
0.71203
0.79526
0.88212

00623
56770
72924
19548
23406

-0.66486
-0;72639
-0.79050
-0.85709
-0.92601

54180
98786
51846
05470
39357

0.36786
0.36641
0.35939
0.34630
0.32660

49890
93986
88584
18876
72722

41827
50014
04571
89261
77721

0.97229
1.06538
1.16096
1.25852
1.35148

16273
81608
99438
897iii
54165

-0.99707
76519
-1 07002 37462
-1.14452
92997
-1.22020
15903
-1.29657
31717

0.29977
0.26525
0.22246
0.17082
0.10976

54370
03092
17120
a3322
13027

0.39996
0.30009
0.18870
+0.06511
-0.07136

84171
20903
63040
21084
78258

1.45718
1.55687
1.65514
1.75285
1.84717

20442
77737
24073
05638
61157

-1.37309
-1.44914
-1.52398
-1.59680
-1.66670

68976
09315
37854
94413
26139

+0.03866
-0.04304
-0.13594
-0.24062
-0.35762

84440
07916
96285
74875
26713

-0.22138
-0.38553
-0.56437
-0.75840
-0.96803

02496
14550
64305
70121
a9953

1.93758
2.02283
2.10157
2.17231
2.23344

67853
90420
33881
01315
57503

-1.73264
-1.79350
-1.84805
-1.89492
-1.93265

42211
71373
23125
53482
36306

-0.48745
-0.63060
-0.78750
-0.95851
-1.14396

41770
25952
00586
92089
11510

-1.19359
-ii43530
-1.69325
-1.96742
-2.25759

81796
51217
99843
32727
94661

2.28324
2.31986
2.34129
2.34543
2.33002

99669
36548
77145
30614
18823

-1.95964
-1.97418
-1.97443
-1.95842
-1.92410

41313
19924
00262
92665
07174

-1.34404
-1.55888
-1.78847
-2.03271
-2.29130

23731
06139
96677
31257
70630

-2.56341
-2.88430
-3.21947
-3.56791
-3.92830

65573
57320
98323
08628
66215

2.29269
2.23094
2.14216
2.02364
1.87256

03227
27803
79867
70694
37958

-1.86924
-1.79156
-1.68863
-1.55794
-1.39689

84590
42730
39648
55649
95997

-2.56382
-2.84963
-3.14790
-3.45759
-3.77737

16886
19932
74393
07560
59182

:*i
4:9

-4.29908
-4.67835
-5.06388
-5.45307
-5.84294

65516
69372
55867
61749
24419

1.68601
1.46103
1.19460
0.88365
0.52514

72036
68359
07968
68537
68109

-1.20282
-0.91297
-0.70458
-0.39486
-0.04099

16315
72697
98649
10961
46681

-4.10568
-4.44064
-4.78006
-5.12141
-5.46179

54084
68813
93721
92170
58790

5. 0

-6.23008

24787

0.11603

43816

+0.35977

66668

-5.79790

79018

:*10

1:2
:::
::2
:-;
1:9

::1"
2:
2:4
2.5
::;
2:
21"
z-23
3:4
::2
:'78
3:9
44:10
44.:
4: 4
42

KELVIN

2:
0. 0
0.1

[(-;I6 1

FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY

ker x+ber .zIn .g

t:
0:4

0.11593
0.11789
0.12374
0.13339
0.14669

0. 5

0.16343

1516
2485
5076
8210
9682

kei .I,+bei .IIn .I

-0.78539
-0.78260
-0.77421
-0.76019
-0.74045

8163
7108
9267
0919
0212

TABLE

41168

[(-;I6 1
FOR

SMALL

[(92 1

ARGUMENTS

,r(kerl .c+berl .CIn .r) .@eil .r+beil .XIn .G)

-0.70710
-0.70651
-0.70486
-0.70248
-0.69994

6781
7131
2164
3157
6658

-0.70710
-0.70215
-0.68733
-0.66272
-0.62851

6781
4903
0339
8003
1738

C-$)1
C-f)1
[
1
I
[
1
I
[
I
Bureau of Standards, Tables of the Bessel functions JO(Z) and J,(z) for complex
5574

-0.71489

8693

-0.69804

1049

-0.58492

2770

(78

Compiled from National

arguments, 2d ed. (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1947) and National Bureau of Standards,
Tables of the Bessel functions Is(z) and YI(z) for complex arguments (Columbia Univ. Press, New York,
N.Y., 1950) (with permission).

BESSEL
KELVIN
kern:

FUNCTIONS

OF INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS
kei z

431

ORDER

0 AND 1
ker, 2

Table 9.12
kei, .X

2.4200047
1.73314
1.333721
1.06262

3980
2752
8637
3902

-0.78539
-0.77685
-0.75812
-0.73310
-0.70380

8163
0646
4933
1912
0212

-7.14628
-3.63868
-2.47074
-1.88202

1711
3342
2357
4050

16.94074
-3.32341
-2.08283
-1.44430

2153
7218
4751
5150

0.85590
0.69312
0.56137
0.45288
0.36251

5872
0695
8274
2093
4812

-0.67158
-0.63744
-0.60217
-0.56636
-0.53051

1695
9494
5451
7650
1122

-1.52240
-1.27611
-1.09407
-0.95203
-0.83672

3406
7712
2943
2751
7829

-1.05118
-0.78373
-0.59017
-0.44426
-0.33122

2085
8860
5251
9985
6820

0.28670
0.22284
0.16894
0.12345
0.08512

6208
4513
5592
5395
6048

-0.49499
-0.46012
-0.42616
-0.39329
-0.36166

4636
9528
3604
1826
4781

-0.74032
-0.65791
-0.58627
-0.52321
-0.46718

2276
0729
4386
5989
3076

-0.24199
-0.17068
-0.11325
-0.06683
-0.02928

5966
4462
6800
2622
3749

0.05293
0.02602
+0.00369
-0.01469
-0.02966

4915
9861
1104
6087
1407

-0.33139
-0.30256
-0.27522
-0.24941
-0.22514

5562
5474
8834
7069
2235

-0.41704
-0.37195
-0.33125
-0.29442
-0.26105

4285
1238
0485
5803
9495

+0.00100
0.02530
0.04461
0.05974
0.07137

8681
6776
5190
7779
3592

-0.04166
-0.05110
-0.05833
-0.06367
-0.06737

4514
6500
8834
0454
3493

-0.20240
-0.18117
-0.16143
-0.14313
-0.12624

0068
2644
0701
5677
1488

-0.23080
-0.20337
-0.17850
-0.15599
-0.13563

5929
3135
9812
6054
6638

0.08004
0.08624
0.09035
0.09271
0.09361

9398
3202
1619
2940
7161

-0.06968
-0.07082
-0.07097
-0.07029
-0.06893

7972
5700
3560
6321
9052

-0.11069
-0.09644
-0.08342
-0.07157
-0.06082

6099
2891
1858
0648
5473

-0.11725
-0.10069
-0.08580
-0.07246
-0.06052

6136
5314
8451
1339
9755

0.09331
0.09201
0.08991
0.08716
0.08391

3788
8037
5810
7762
2666

-0.06702
-0.06467
-0.06198
-0.05903
-0.05589

9233
8610
4833
2916
6550

-0.05112
-0.04239
-0.03458
-0.02761
-0.02144

1884
5446
2313
9697
6287

-0.04989
-0.04045
-0.03211
-0.02476
-0.01832

8308
9533
3183
5662
9556

0.08027
0.07634
0.07222
0.06797
0.06367

0223
3451
0724
7529
7999

-0.05263
-0.04931
-0.04597
-0.04264
-0.03937

9277
5556
1723
6864
3608

-0.01600
-0.01123
-0.00707
-0.00348
-0.00041

2568
1096
6704
6665
0809

-0.01272
-0.00787
-0.00370
-0.00014
+0.00285

3249
0585
0576
7138
1155

0.05937
0.05511
0.05093
0.04687
0.04294

6256
7592
9514
2681
1728

-0.03617
-0.03308
-0.03010
-0.02726
-0.02455

8848
4395
7574
1764
6892

+0.00219
0.00438
0.00619
0.00766
0.00882

8399
5818
3613
1269
5624

0.00535
0.00740
0.00906
0.01037
0.01136

1296
6063
4226
0752
6998

0.03916
0.03556
0.03213
0.02889
0.02585

6011
0272
5235
8142
3229

-0.02199
-0.01959
-0.01734
-0.01524
-0.01330

9875
5024
4409
8188
4899

0.00972
0.01037
0.01082
0.01109
0.01120

0918
8865
8725
7399
9526

0.01209
0.01257
0.01285
0.01296
0.01291

0904
7182
7498
0651
2753

0.02300
0.02034
0.01787
0.01559
0.01349

2160
4409
7607
7847
9960

-0.01151

1727

0.01118

7587

0.01273

7390

0.01157

7754

KELVIN

FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY

ker z+ber z In J

TABLE FOR SMALL ARGUMENTS

kei .c+bei L In .c z(kerl z+berl z In .v)r(keil z+beil r In .J)

0.16343
0.18332
0.20604
0.23116
0.25823

5574
9435
1279
6407
4099

-0.71489
-0.68341
-0.64584
-0.60204
-0.55182

8693
3456
9920
5231
2327

-0.69804
-0.69777
-0.70035
-0.70720
-0.71993

1049
1567
3648
4389
1903

-0.58492
-0.53229
-0.47105
-0.40176
-0.32512

2770
1460
2294
2012
0736

0.28670

6208

-0.49499

4636

-0.74032

2276

-0.24199

5966

[(-;)I1

432

BESSEL
Table

9.12

her z=&h~

FUNCTIONS

KELVIN
cos 80 h)
bei r=:llo(x)
Mn(x)
1.000000
1.000025
:* t%2
1: 006383

berl

0.10
0. 09
0.08
0. 07
0. 06

PHASE

cos h(.r)
beil .X =YI

(x) sin 81 (2:)

Xl(T)
0.000000
0.100000
0.200013
0.300101
0.400427

81(.r)
2.356194

2.481086
2.535872
2.600386
2.674406
2.757605

1.015525
1.031976
1.058608
1.098431
1.154359

0.248294
0.354999
0.471755

0.501301

0.613860

0.813585
0.924407

1.229006

0.912639

s- xt
2:401189
2.436166

0.603235
0.706982

0.759999

1.301211
1.449780
1.614838

2.849536
2.949617
3.oEJ7139
3.171285
3.291160

1.833156
1.979784
2.124854
2.268771

1.799908
2.008844
2.245840
2.515453
2.822653

3.415839
3.544415
3.676044
3.809981
3.945601

3.439118
3.867032
4.351791
4.901189
5.524209

2.411887
2.554483
2.696771
2.838893
2.980942

3.172896
3.572227
4.027393
4.545990
5.136619

4.082407
4.220023
4.358179
4.496691
4.635441

b. 231163

3.122970
3.265002
3.407044
3.549094
3.691142

5.809060

4.774362
4.913417
5.052589
5.191872
5.331267

lb.736836
18.986208

3.833179
3.975197
4.117190
4.259152
4.401083

10.850182
12.312791
13.978402
15.875614
18.037122

6.029884

21.547863

4.542982

20.500302

b.lb9913

1.442891
1.585536
1.754059

:* m
11380379

1.950193
2.176036
2.434210
2.727979
3.061341

1.684559

FUNCTIONS-MODULUS
z~e-=~J~,Mo(z)
0.40418

0.40383
0.40349
0.40315
0.40281

AND
Be(z)-(z/&j)

-0.40758
-0.40644

-0.40534
-0.40427
-0.40323

0.40246

0.40211

-0.40221
-0.40119

0.40176

-0.40019

0.40141
0.40106

6.574474
7.445618

8.437083
9.565568

PHASE

FOR

.xt,-@&(T)
0.38359
0.38457
: ;8856:;
0:38755
0.38957
0.39060

0.39162

-0.39728

0.39369

0.40071
0.40035
0.40000
0.39930

-0.39541
-0.39449
-0.39359

0. 00

0.39894
['-y]

-0.39270
['-j"]

-0.39634

a>=nearest

5.470172
5.610390
5.750117
5.889950

LARGE

ARGUMENTS

@lk) -(x/&2)
1.22254
1.21922
1.21598

<.I>
5
8

1.20968
1.21280

98

0.38856

-0.39921
-0.39824

0.05
0. 04
0.03
0. 02
0.01

0.39965

1.041167
1.165949

1.533667

11.500794
13.025757
14.761257

0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

ORDER
AND

.c =Af~(.r)

sin @O(Z)
h&e)
0.000000
0.010000
0.039993
0.089919
0.159548

7.033841
7.945700
8.982083
10.160473

i-1
0.15

INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-MODULUS

1.324576

KELVIN

OF

0.39266

0.39474

0.39894
['-;I33
integer

to z.

1.20660
:- :kE
1:19762
1.19471

:10

1.18901
1.19184

:50

1.18622
1.18348
1.18077

:;
100

1.17810

:i
17

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
KELVIN

OF INTEGER

FUNCTIONS-MODULUS

433

ORDER
Table 9.12

AND PHASE

kerl :c =NI (.c)cos 41(z)

ker z=No (2) cos do (z)
kei ~=No(x) sin do(x)
kei 1 z =NI (cc)sin $1(x)
x
0.0

No(4

@l(X)

Wl (x)

$0(4
0.000000
-0.412350
-0.584989
-0.743582
-0.896284

4.927993
2.372347
1.497572
1.050591

-2.356194
-2.401447
-2.487035
-2.590827
-2.704976

0.778870
0.597114
0.468100
0.372811
0.300427

-2.825662
-2.950763
-3.078993
-3.209526
-3.341804

0:;

1.8G702
1.274560
0.941678
0.725172

:$I

0.572032
0.458430

:::

is ;E!i
0:249850

-1.045803
-1.193368
-1.339631
-1.484977
-1.629650

0.206644
0.171649
0.143095
0.119656
0.100319

-1.773813
-1.917579
-2.061029
-2.204225
-2.347212

0.244293
0.200073
0.164807
0.136407
0.113353

-3.475437
-3.610143
-3.745715
-3.881994
-4.018860

0.084299
0.070979
0.059870
0.050578
0.042789

-2.490025
-2.632692
-2.775236
-2.917672
-3.060017

0.094515
0.079039
0.066264
0.055677
0.046873

-4.156217
-4.293990
-4.432118
-4.570551
-4.709250

8. %!i
0:026095
0.022174
0.018859

-3.202283
-3.344478
-3.486612
-3.628692
-3.770724

0.039530
ii*E:;
0:023918
0.020280

-4.848179
-4.987312
-5.126623
-5.266093
-5.405705

0.016052
0.013674
0.011656
0.009942
0.008485

-3.912712
-4.054662
-4.196576
-4.338460
-4.480314

0.017213
0.014624
0.012435
0.010583
0.009013

-5.545443
-5.685295
-5.825250
-5.965298
-6.105430

286

0.007246
0.006191
0.005292
0.004526
0.003872

-4.622142
-4.763947
-4.905730
-5.047493
-5.189238

:* EE:
0:005590
0.004773
0.004077

-6.245638
-6.385917
-6.526260
-6.666662
-6.807119

7.0

0.003315

-5.330966

0.003485

-6.947625

0::

1:4
2. 0
2.2
:-z
2: a

::2
::6

3. 8
2:
:"b
4: 8
5.0
:::
::i
i-20
6: 4

KELVIN
2-I

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

FUNCTIONS-MODULUS
xbZI~No(x)

AND PHASE

do(x)+(@2)

FOR LARGE

x+e?/@N, (x)

1.23695
1.23802
1.23909

1;. ::1"1;

1.30377

-0:38217

ARGUMENTS

01 (x)+(x/a)

<x>

is :E

-1.99943
-1.99725
-1.99505

7
ii

1.24017
1.24125

-0.38291
-0.38367

1129363
1.29024

-1.99281
-1.99055

i:

0.10
0. 09
0.08
0.07
0.06

1.24342
1.24233
1.24451

-t&38522
-0.38444
100':tg

1.28349
1.28687
1.28012

-1.98825
-1.98592
-1.98357

:1"
13

1.24560
1.24670

-0:38761

1.27675
1.27339

-1.98118
-1.97876

:7"

0.05
0. 04
0.03
0.02
0.01

1.24779
1.24889
1.25000

-0.38926
-0.38843
-0.39010

1.26667
1.27002
1.26332

-1.97630
-1.97381
-1.97128

:5"
33

1.25110
1.25221

-0.39096
-0.39182

1.25998
1.25664

-1.96872
-1.96613

1.25331

-0.39270

1.25331

-1.96350

0. 00

[(-y]

[ (-$I

[q]

<a>=nearest integer to 2.

[ (-$I

1z
00

10.

Bessel Functions

of Fractional

Order

H. A. ANTOSIEWICZ~
Contents
Page
Mathematical
Properties
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2. Modified
Spherical Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . .

10.3. Riccati-Bessel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10.4. Airy Functions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Numerical
10.5.

Methods

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use and Extension

References

of the Tables

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

437
437
443
445
446
452
452
455

10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions-Orders

sd4, Y&d
n=O, 1, 2; %=0(.1)5, 6--S, x=5(.1)10,

0, 1, and 2 (0 _<x110)

457

Table

Spherical Bessel Functions--Orders

j&), YnO)
n=3(1)8; 2=0(.1)10,
5s
2-njn(z), z+Y(4
n=9, 10; x=0(.1)10,
7-8s

3-10 (0 Iz 5 10) . . .

459

Table

10.3. Spherical Bessel Functions--Orders

2-B exp (2/(4n+2)lj,(~)

20 and 21 (0 Iz 225)

463

Table

10.2.

z+l exp (--2/(4+2))y,(z)

n=20, 21; x=0(.5)25,

5s

6-8s

10.4. Spherical Bessel Functions-Modulus

and Phase--Orders
9,10,20
and 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ai%,++
09, en++(4 -z
where
Ad4 = am&+&>
CO8k+t (4
~44 =-\13+%++
(4 sin en++(4
n=9, 10; z-=.l(-.005)0,
8D
n=20, 21; z-*=.04(-.002)0,
8D

Table

464

Table

Spherical Bessel Functions-Various

Ah), Y&d
n=0(1)20, 30, 40, 50, 100
2=1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 10s

Orders (0 In 5 100) .

465

Table

10.6. Zeros of Bessel Functions of Half-Integer

Order (0 -<n 5 19) .
Zeros j , *, yy.Bof J&>, Y&z> and Values of JX.& & YL(y,.,)

467

10.5.

v=n+$,

n=0(1)19,

6-7D

10.7. Zeros of the Derivative

of Bessel Functions of Half-Integer
Order (OIn519).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zeros jL, ,, yi. t of J:(z), Y:(z) and Values of J&j:, d), Y,(yl, ,)

Table

v=n+$,
1 National
637472

n=0(1)19,

6D

Bureau of Standards. (P resently, University

O-64-20

468

of Southern

California.)
435

436

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

T&Ie 10.8. ModiGed Spherical Bessel Functions-Orders

(0<2<5)...........................
Awn+*
(4 , lmK+t
0)
n=o, I, 2;2=0(.1)5,
4-9D
Table 10.9. Modified
Spherical Bessel Fuuctions-Crders
(O<z<co)...........................
z-"&&k+t
(4, ~n+'J*~/~K+t
(4
n=9, 10; 2=0(.1)5,
7-8s
e-l,+t (4, @/9WJL+t (4
n=9, lO;s=5(.1)10,
6s
4% exp I-z+W+
1YCWl~~tC4

4%

0, 1 and 2

Page

469

9 and

10
470

exp [2-n(n+l>l(2z)lK,+t(2)

n=9,

10;z-1=.1(-.005)0,
7-S
Table 10.10. Modified
Spherical Bessel Functions-Various
Orders
(O~n~lOO)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l&d&+1
cd, ma+*
(4
n=0(1)20,
30, 40, 50, 100
z=l, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 10s
Table 10.11. Airy Functions (OlzS
w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ai(
Ai(
Bi(z), Bi(z)

z=o(.ol)l,

473,

475

sD

Ai(--2), Ai(
Bi(-z),
Bi(-z)
~=O(.Ol)l(.l)lO,
8D
Auxiliary Functions for Large Positive Arguments
Ai (2) = jz-1/4e-y( - i) ; Bi (2) =z-1/4ey([)
Ai(z&~~e-~g(-[);
Bi(z)=z1/4etg(t)
f(h[), g(kl); i=$i2,
[-=1.5(-.1).5(-.05)0,
6D
Auxiliary Functions for Large Negative Arguments
Ai(--s)=z-1/41f,(t)
cos t+fi(t)
sin ,$I
Bi(--z)=z-141fi([)
cos c-fi([) sin .$I
Ai(-z)=s4[g1([)
sin E-g&$) cos []
Bi(-z>=z1/41g2(t)
sin t+gl(t)
cos [I
flc9,AW,

m(E>,

t-'=.05(-.Ol)O,
Table 10.12. Integrals
s0

9269;

t=iw2

6-7D
of Airy Functions

Ai(t)dt,

x=0(.1)7.5;

Bi(t)&,

2=0(.1)2;

s0

Ai(--t)dt,

(OIz<lO).
z=O(.l)lO,

. . . . . . . .
7D

Bi(--t)dt, z=O(.l)lO,
7D
s
Table 10.13. Zeros and Assoiiated Values of Airy Functions and Their
Derivatives (11~510)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zeros a,, ai, b,, b: of Ai(
Ai(
Bi(z), Bi(sc) and values of Ai(
AWL Bi&),
Bi(b:)
s=l(l)lo,
8D
Complex Zeros and Associated Values af Bi(z) and Bi(z)
(lG55)
Modulus and Phaseof e-rf3p6, e-r(la@:, Bi(@J, Bi(&)
.3=1(1)5,
3D
s0

478

The author acknowledges the assistance of Bertha H. ,Walter and Ruth

Preparation
and checking of the tables and graphs.

478

Zucker in the

10. Bessel Functions

of Fractional

Mathematical
10.1. Spherical

Order

Properties
WronddanI3

Bessel Functions

Definitions
DiBerential

10.1.6

Equation

Wjn(z),

10.1.7

10.1.1

W{h:(q,

z*W+2zW+[~-n(n+l)]w=o
(n=O,fl,

f2,

Particular
solutions are the Spheric&
junctions of the$rst kind

. . .)

Representations

Bessel

by Elementary

10.1.8
j&)=2-'[P(n+$,

2) sin (z-+&f)

10.1.9

of th-e second kind

y,(z)=(-l)+z-~[P(~+~,z)

Yd4=dmYn+t(&
Bessel junctions

CO8(z++n7r)

-Q(n+3, 4 sin b+h)l

of the th&d

p cn+3, 4=1-2!

hp(z)=j,(z)+iy,(z)=~~~~::t(z),

(n+2)!
I$+

h~~(z)=j,(z)--iy,(z)=~~~~,(z).

series

(see 9.1.2,

= !!I!
, (-l)(n+$,

9.1.10)

Q(n++,

10.1.2
-=1.3.5

.2. . (2n+l)

(242

b+4)!
(n-3)

+4!r

The pairs i&9,

~44 and hf(z), hP(z) are
linearly independent solutions for every n. For
general properties see the remarks after 9.1.1.
Aecendlng

Functions

+Q(n+3, 4 CO8(z-k/L1F)I

Bessel junctiom

and the Spherical

kind

(n=O, 1, 2, . . .)

h:(z)}=-2irs

ia(4=dmJ~+to,
the Spherical

I =2-a

Y&)

z) =#$

2k)(2z)-4X

(22) -l-,gF;)

(22) -s

(n+5)1
+51r (n-4)

1 l-l!(z3)
+2!(2n+3)

(2n+5) -

= It7

...

(&a)--

(-l)(n+),

..

(22)-L.

2k+1)(2z)+-

10.1.3
y,(+-1*3s5

*;&

(2n-1)

lDl,
1

(n=O, 1,2, . . .)

(lf"a2n)
-

(n+k):)l
(n+3, k)k!r(n-k+l)

w)*
+2!(1-2n)(3-2n)-

(n=O, 1,2, . . .)
Limiting

10.1.4

Pj,(z)-*

Valuer

1
1.3.5 . . . Pn+l)

-:,

26

34

Ei
30

. (2n-1)

as z-0

10.1.5
2+$/&)+-1.3*5..

Ei
180
420

120
3::

1680
15120

30240

(n=O, 1, 2, . . .)

437

438

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

10.1.10
j,(z)=fn(z)

sin z+(-l)n+lf-n-~(z)

cos 2

f~(z)=z-2
f&9 =2-l,
fn-,(~)+fn+l(~)=~2~+w-fn(4
(n=O,
The

10.1.11

Functionsj,(z),

y,(z)

for

fl,

n=O,

f2,

. . .)

1, 2

j,(z)==snz

j,(Zl=~

sin 2

-7

cos 2

j2(z)=($-i)

sin 27$

cos 2

10.1.12
y&)=-j-&)=-~
yl(z)+-2(+-y-~

FIGURE

Y2(Z)=-j-~(z)=(-,~+~)cos

2-I

sin

10.2.

y,,(z).

n=0(1j3.

J,(x)
t

*
*
\
\ Y, lx)
\
\
\
\

FIGURE

*
Pokons

10.1.13

Integral

10.3.

j,,(z),

and

y.(z).

Gegenbauers

jn(z)=&Jr

z=lO.

Generalization

cos (2 cos0) sin*+49 d13

(See 9.1.20.)
10.1.14
=f

-.+
FIQURE

*see page II.

10.1.

j,,(z).

n=0(1)3.

(-i)%e

u coBeP,,(cos 13)sin 0 de
(n=O, 1, 2, . . .)

BESSEL
Spherical

Remel

Functions

of

the

Second

F-UNCTIONS
and

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

Third

439

Modulus

and

Phase

Rind
jr&>

10.1.15
yn(z)=(--l)+j-.-l(z)

(n=O, fl,

*t,

=4&M&+*(4

YnW=&ZK+d4

. . .)

cos

ht+,c4,

sin

&+t(z>

(See 9.2.17.)

10.1.16
hl(z)=i-f-z-e~~

(n+&

10.1.27

k)(-2iz)-

10.1.17
hyz)=i+z-e-$

(n+t,

k) (2iz)-k

(See 9.2.28.)
10.1.28

10.1.18
h~~_,(z)=i(-l)h~)(z)

10.1.29

h~~-,(z)=--i(-l)nh~)(z)
Elementary
Recurrence
f.(z)

:j,c7!,

Y&f>,

h?(z),

10.1.30

Properties
Relations

(%r/z)M~,2(2)=j:(z)+y:(z)=2-2+32-'+92-~

h?(z)

cross Products

10.1.19

L(z)

10.1.20

nfn-l(z)-((7l+l)fn+l(Z)=(2n+l)

f2,

. . .)

+fn+*(~)=(2~+l)~-1f,(~)

n+

fn(z> +g

10.1.31

j,(z>y,~~(z)-j,-~~z)y,(z)=2--2

10.1.32
2

fn(4

L+d~)Yn-l(+jn-l(~)Y,+l(~)=(2~+l)z-a
10.1.33

fn(4=fn-1W

jo(4jn(z> +Y&)Yd4

(See 10.1.23.)
10.1.22

(3?r/z)~~,,(z)=j:(z)+y~(z)=z-~+z-'

(n=O, 1, 2, . . .)

(n=O, fl,

10.1.21

(~/z)M:,,(z)=j;(z)+y;(z)=z-2

;r. (4 -g

=2 -2 q

f" (4 =fn+1(4

(-1)82-ti

(k+Q-,,

(g

(See 10.1.24.)

(n=O, 1, 2, . . .)
Differentiation

f&9

:ide,

Y&>,

W(d,

Analytic

Formulas

l.0.1.34

PC4

(n=O, fl,
10.1.23
10.1.24

(
(

52, . . .)

5 -g m[zR+l~~(z)]=z.-m+lfn-,(z)
>
;g

>

m[z-fn(z)l=(-l)z--nf.+,(z)
(m=l,

Rayleighe

2, 3, . . .)

Continuation

j,(zemrf) =emnrfjn(z)

10.1.35

yn(zerf)=(-l)enrfy,(z)

10.1.36

h~'(zP(h+l)*f)=(-l)fh~)(g)

10.1.37

h:(ze (~+y=(-l)tlgyz)

10.1.38

hi8(ze)=hil)(z)
(Z=l,

Formulae

10.1.25

Generating

10.1.39
i sin&&ZZ=~
10.1.26

Y&)=-z

z2r-n

2; m, n=O, 1,2, , . .)

Functions

(-t)"

y,-l(z)

@lKl4

--&1 d ncos
7 2
(
>

(n=O, 1, 2, . . .)

10.1.40

i cos JiiGZt=$$

jn-l(z)

440

BESSEL
Derivatives

With

Respect

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

to Order

Fresnel

Integrals

10.1.41

,-0=
(3+J
IWW

sin x-Si(2x)

co8 2)

10.1.42

=Jzbs

(&f/x)
[$ j.bl],w-l=

{ Ci(2x) co8 x+Si(2x)

(-1W2*+4(34

sin x}

+sin 33 I$ (-1W2n+3d341

10.1.43
[

3s 2g

10.1.54

$1/v(x) ,_o~Od4
I

{Ci(W

co8 x+[Si(Bx)--?r]

sin 2)

10.1.44
=JZb
(+7r/x) {Ci(2x) sin x-[Si(22)-7r]
Addition

Theorems

r, p, 8, x arbitrary

and

Degenerate

33 T

co8 2)

--cos b I$ (--lPJ*n+3,*(341.

Forms

complex; R=d(r2+p2-2rp

cos 0)

(See also 11.1.1, 11.1.2.)

Zeros and Their

10.1.45

f$$=g

*10.1.46-c~=~

(2n+l)j&)
(2n+l)

j,(Xp)P,(cos

efzcons=$

j,(Xr)y,(Xp)P,(cos

(2n+l)e~n"fj,(z)P,(cos

13)

e)

10.1.43
Jo(z sin e)=$

e2

Duplication

10.1.49
j&z)

(4n+l)

Asymptotic

Expansions

0)

Ire*el<lpl

10.1.47

(- l>"Jzn+t(34

j2,(z)P2,(cose)

The zeros of j,(x) and y,,(x) are the same as the

zeros of J,++(x) and Y,+t(x) and the formulas for
J?.$ and yp.# given in 9.5 are applicable with
v=n+#.
There are, however, no simple relations
connecting the zeros of the derivatives.
Accordingly, we now give formulas for a:,#, bh,,, the
s-th positive zero of jk( z), y:(z), respectively;
z=O is counted as the first zero of j;(z).
(Tables of a;,,, L,
[ 10.311.)

j,(&J,

y,(L)

are given in

Formula
Elementary

fn(z)=j,(z)

co8 m?+y,(z)

Relations

sin art

(t a real parameter,
If T. is a zero of fk (z) then

*
Some

10.1.50

Ix&kite

Serier,

$I @n+l)

Involving

*see page n.

19.1.55 fn(7d=[rn/(n+
(See 10.1.21.)

l>lfn-1(7n)

jfi(z>=l

10.1.51
10.1.52

j:(z)

OD
Si(22)
T jX(+ -- 2z

10.1.56
(See 10.1.22.)

= bn/n>fn+l (7,)

10.1.57

5 [3,-n(n+l)]
1

S}-

0 1111)

BESSEL
McMahons

Expansions

for

FUNClIONS

n Fixed

and

OF

8 Large

10.1.58

FRACTIONAL

ORDER,

Uniform

Asymptotic
Associated

441
Expansions
of Zeros
Values
for it Large

and

10.1.63

4 .I, Gl **Iv 8- (P+7) (8/3)-l

a:.* -(n+3)
-;

(7$+

{z[(n+3)-23u:l

154pL+95) (s/3)--

+gl hnt(n+))-a:l(n+3>-~~
-$

(85/.?+3535pz+3561p+6133)(8/3)-s

-g5

(6949p4+474908p3+330638j.i2

10.1.64
m

+904678Op-5075147)(8/V)--

/3=7r(s++3)

...

for a:,,, fl=r(s+#n)

10.1.65

for bi,,;
p=(2n+ly

Asymptotic

Expansions
for

of Zeros
n Large

and

Associated

Values

j, (d. .,I -&Wd>

(n+3)+
h[(n+#-%:]
(z[(n+~)-%:])-2
OD

I1 +c H,[(n+))-23a:l(n+3)-2k }

10.1.59

k=l

a;.1-(n+~)+.8086165(n+#>Y3-.236680(n+~)-13
-.20736(n+~)-1+.0233(n+~)-53+

10.1.66
...

10.1.60

Y,@L, .> - -&WU

h[(n+$)-VQ

<n+#-
(Z[(n+$)-23b:])--2

a:,,-(n+~)+1.8210980(n+~p3
{I+&

+.802728(n++)-la-.1174O(n+$)-
+.0249(n++)-53+

...

10.1.61
j,(u:J

-.8458430(n+#-5E

+.38081(n+~)-4a-.2203(n+~)-2+

. . .}

10.1.62
y,(b:,,)-.7183921(n+~)-6{

1-l.274769(n++)-23

+1.23038(n+))-43-1.0070(n+~)-2+

See [lo.311
6=2, 3.

for corresponding

. . .)

expansions

for

~k[(~+3)-23b:l(,+3$-2kj

A,(,$), z(t) are defined as in 9.5.26, 9.3.38, 9.3.39.

a:, b: s-th (negative) real zero of Ai(
Bi(z)
(see 10.4.95, 10.4.99.)
Complex

{ 1-.566032(~1++)-~~

Zeros

of h:(Z),

hY(Z)

f@ (2) and h$ (ze**), m any integer, have the

same zeros.
/&I) (z) has n zeros, symmetrically
distributed with
respect to the imaginary axis and lying approximately on the finite arc joining z=-n
and z=n
shown in Figure 9.6. If n is odd, one zero lies on
the imaginary axis.
hc)( z) has n+ 1 zeros lying approximately
on the
If
n
is
even,
one
zero
lies
on
the
same curve.
imaginary
axis.

442

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

--I

-b

(-w-z(r)

(-i-h(l)

OF FRACTIONAL

ORDER

(--b)ha(r)

X:i
E
0: 8

-.4409724
-.4572444
-.4702250
-.4802184
-.4875705

-.122500
--.114201
-.107243
-.101318
-.096159

-.06806
-.05986
-.05279
-.04674
-.04160

. 000000
: EE

. 00000

.065677
.078255

: z:
.01592
.01983

:Ei
:.0075
8%

1. 0

-.4926355

-.091561

-.03725

.087587

.02290

.0085

h(r)

HI(~)

ha(t)

Hz(b)

-.4926355
-.4131280
-.3551700
-.3108548
-.2757704

-.09156
-.05056
-.03043
-.01950
-.01310

-.2472521
-.2235898
-.2036314
-.1865701
-.1718217

--.00914
-.00658
-.00485
--.00366
-.00280

-.1589519
-.1476304
-.1376005
-.1286601
-.1206469

--.00219
-.00173
-.00138
-.00112
--.OOOQl

-.1134296
-.1069004
-.1009699
-.0955634
-.0906180

-.00075
-.00062
-.00052
-.00044
-.00037

.005753
.005111

-.0860804
-.0819049
-.0780523
-.0744888
-.0711850

-.00032
-.00027
-.00023
-.00020
-.00018

.003313
.002998
.002722

-.0681152
-.0652570
-.0625905
-.0600985
-.0577653

-.00015
-.00013
-.00012
-.00010
-. 00009

.002070

-.0555773

-.00008

.001375

t-u-+
0. 40
2:
.3:
.20

-.037
-.014
-.006
-.003
-.OOl

.0229
.0121
: :xi;
.0027
: 88:;
.0008
.0006
.0004
.011217
.009701

: 88:;

:.006505
E%Y

: 8Ez
.OOOl

: 8X:X:8
.003672

: ::322"
: Et941
: xX:1::

hl(I)
-.0645731
-.0487592
-. 0352949
-.0242415
--.0155683

:i
:OS
.04

-.0091416
-.0047276
-.0020068
-.0005965
-.0000747

. 00

-. 0000000

Mf)
-.00013
-.00005
-.00002
-.00001

HIW

BESSEL

Modified

10.2.

Spherical

Bessel

FUNCTIONS

Functions

OF

FRACTIONAL

4-43

ORDER
Wronskians

10.2.7

Definitions
Differential

~{ma,+&),

Equation

10.2.1

&q&&z)}

=(--l)n+F

10.2.8

zw+2zw-[22+n(n+1)]w=o
(n=O, fl,

f2,

Particular solutions are the Modijied

Bessel junctions of the jirst kind,

. . .)

Spherical

by

Elementary

Functions

10.2.9
J~In+~(z)=(22)-1[R(n+~,--z)ez

10.2.2

~In+t(z)=e-n2j,(zef2)

(--?r<arg

=e3n*t/2jn(,e-3rU2)

of

Representations

2<+1r>

(h<arg

2 54

-(-l)R(n+$,a)e-1
10.2.10
~3nIJ_,-~(z)=(22)-'[R(n+~,-z)eZ

the second kind,

+(--lPR(~+3,a>e-l
10.2.11

10.2.3
~I-n-f(Z)=e3(n+1)rr'2yn(ze'f'2

R(n+$f,
(--?r<arg

=e

z)=l+#

(22)-l

2 244

(n+2)!
+2!p(n-1)

-(n+l)*f/2yn(Ze-3rf/2)
(h<arg

z<4

(22)-S+

...

of the third kind,

=C

10.2.4

(n+3, k)@4-n
(n=O, 1,2, . . .)

(See 10.1.9.)
10.2.12

The pairs

&&n++(z)=g,,(z>

sinh z+g-,-l(z)

cash z

and
vmL+d4
2lm&+,(4
are linearly independent solutions for every n.
Most properties
of the Modified
Spherical
Bessel functions can be derived from those of the
Spherical Bessel functions by use of the above
relations.
Ascending

g n _ 1 (z) - g A ~~~;~;;~~;;~-=g;~)-2
1

The

Functions

J&&I*

Series

&i7iIl,2(z)

3.5 . 2
. . &+I)
(32)

* * *)

10.2.6

n=O,

1, 2

=+

sinh z

&&,&)=-~+y

1+,!(:+3)+2!(27&+3)(2n+5)+

(n+*) (2))

&2, . . .)

10.2.13

12

(n=O, fl,

10.2.5

dmn+t(4=l.

~I~,2(z)

=(s+k)

cash z

sinh s-3

cash z

10.2.14
J3?rlzI...l,2(z> -559

12

&qa-3,2(z)

=q-=g

(322>2

+l!(l?Zn)+2!(1-2n)(3-2n)+

(n=O, 1,2, . . ,)

&&I-~,~(z)=-$
*See

page

11.

sinh z+(-$+i)

cash s

444

BESSEL

Maed

Spherical Bessel Functions

FUNCTIONS

of $he

Third

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

Rind

10.2.15
&$~K,+t(z)

=3aie(~+1)r~2h~1)(zel)
(- 7r<arg 2 I+r)
=- 4 Irie-'"+l'"'/2h~2'(Ze-fri)
25 4

(h<arg

n
= (&r/z)e-z c (n+ 3, k) (2.4

--L

10.2.16
(n=O, 1,2, . . .)

Kn+t (2) =L&)

The

10.2.17

Functions

d$&K,+&),n=O,

&J&I,2(z)=
&&X2,2(2>

1, 2

($r/z)e-
= (3dz)e-z(1 +z-1

~~~12(~)=(3?r/z)e~(l+32~+32~2)

Elementary
Recurrence
J&(4:

d&L+&>,

Properties
Relations

FIGURE 10.4. &L++(x),

&

IL+&).

n=0(1)3.

(--l)n+l&&&+tM

(n=O, fl,

10.2.18

fn-l(z)-fn+,(z)=(2n+l)z-f,(z)

10.2.19

nfn-l(z)+(n+l)f.+l(z)=(2nfl)$f.(z)

zk2,. . .)

10.2.20

G fdz> +-& fn(4 =fn-I(4

(See 10.2.22.)

10.2.21

32-

-~~~cz,+$f.(z)=fn+l(z)

(See 10.2.23.)
DilTerentiation

Formulae
IO

fn(4:

vmL+&>,

(-1)+4mIL+,(4

s-

(n=O, fl,

10.2.22

I4-

*2, . . . )

z-

; -$ ~[zl+tfn(z)l=z-+%-01(2)
>
I

10.2.23

l[z-Iyn(z)l=z-.-mf.+m(z)
(m=l,

2,3,.

..)

FIQURE 10.5.

f K,,+&).

x=10.

BESSEL
Formulas

of Rayleighs

10.2.24 &&I,+&)=z~(,

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

Type

Addition

Theorems

r, p, 8, h arbitrary

445

ORDER
and

Degenerate

complex;

Forms

R=&*$p*-2rp

cos 8

10.2.35
10.2.25

J~Ln-*(z)=2
(; g >*C=p (n=O,
Formulas

for

IX++(Z)

-IT,-+

1,2,

. . .)

hmm+t(~P)l~n(eos

0)

10.2.36
eEcase=$2 @n+l) hmL+t~4lcdcos

(2)

10.2.26

0)

10.2.37

2$ -$ (-l)k+ (2n-4) ! (2n--2k)!

k! [(n-k)

(n=O,

10.2.27
10.2.28

(22)a-2n

e--y$

(-1)(2n+l)[~~~+t(z)]P,(cos

e>

!]

1,2,

. . .)

&r/2)[1:*(2)-12-~,*(2)]=-2-*

Duplication

Formula

10.2.38
&+tcw=
nf,-+2n++

(&t-/2)[1f,2(2)-12_a,2(2)]=2-2-2-4

(-1)(2n-2k+1)
k!(2n--k+l)!

10.2.29

K:

r++(2)
-

10.3. Riccati-Bessel Functions

(3?r/2)[I~,,(2)--II,,,(2)]=-2-*+32-4-92-~
Generating

Differential

Equation

10.3.1

Functions

2w+[z2-n(?&+

16.2.30

(n=O,

- (-it)"
7

k sinhdm=C

Pairs of linearly

[,4&I-,,++(2)]

cw<l4)

10.2.31
- n!
(it)
[,&51,&z)]

5 cosh,/mt=T
With

Respect

to Order

10.2.32

f2,

. . .)

independent
&M,

zy&)

2l@(2),

zhf'(2)

solutions

are

Functions

zj,(z),

q/.(z),

n=O,

1, 2

10.3.2
c&(2) =sin

[g IJx)]~~~=-&~

fl,

All properties of these functions follow directly

from those of the Spherical Bessel functions.
The

Derivatives

l)]w=O

2,

2j,(2)=2-'

sin z-co9

2j2(2)=(3X-2-1)

[Ei@x)e--I$(--2x)4

sin 2-32-l

COS 2

CO9 2

10.3.3
10.2.33

2&l(2) = -CO8

2,

q/~(2)=-sin

Zy&)=

&I(X)

v=-,=&

10.2.34 [$K.(x)]vmht=

[Ei(2x)e-+E,(-2x)eZ]
T-@%Ei(-2x)ez

-32-l

*see page n.

Sin

2-(32-2-1)

co9 2

wronskians

10.3.4

W{ zj,(z),

zy,(z)}

10.3.5 W(zh~~'(z), zhjf(2))

For E,(x) and Ei(x), see 5.1.1, 5.1.2.

2-2-l

=l

=-2i

(n=O,

1, 2, . . .)

446

BESSEL

10.4.
Definitions

Airy

and

FUNCTIONS

Functions

Elementary

Differential

Properties

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

10.4.12

W{Ai (z), Ai (ze-2*13)} =&rm1eTi16

10.4.13

W{Ai

(ze 2rf/3),

Ai

(ze-2*1/3)}

=.$in-l

Equation

w-zw=o

10.4.1

Pairs of linearly independent solutions

Ai (z), Bi (z),
Ai (z), Ai (ze22*13),
Ai (z), Ai (ze-2ff3).
Ascending

are

Series

10.4.2

Ai (z)=cJ(z)-c2g(z)

10.4.3

Bi (z) = & [cJ(z) +c2g(z)]

1
1.4
1.4.7
f(z)=l$g
23+w zs+ 9! z9+ * * *
=q

3 (gk

.a -

&

g(z)=z+;,l+y. z+$ ,10+. . .

=$ 3(gk&$
1
(a+- 30>=l

-.6

-3

-1.0

I-

FIGURE 10.6. Ai (h),

Ai (3s~).

1
3 a+- 3 x=(3a+l)(3~+4)
. . . (3a+3k-2)
(CXarbitrary; k=l, 2, 3, . . .)

( >

(See 6.1.22.)

2.2 c

10.4.4

2.0 -

cI=Ai

(0) =Bi

(O)/&=3-2/3/I

(2/3)
=.35502

10.4.5
c2=-Ai

(@)=Bi

10.4.6

Bi (z) =e*

80538 87817

I.6 -

(0)/q?j=3-1/3/~(1/3)
=.25881

Relations

. LB -

Between

94037 92807

Solutions

Ai (ze*~*~) +e+

Ai (~e-~**/~)

10.4.7
Ai (z)+,+tn

Ai (~2~ffl)+e-2~~

Ai (~-2~*/3)=()

Bi (~2~*fl)+e-2*f

Bi (~--2*~f/3)=0

10.4.8
Bi (z)+e2rifi

10.4.9

Ai (ze*2rg/3)=+e*r~13[Ai

(z) ri

Bi (z)]

Wroxlskians
10.4.10
10.4.11

W(Ai

(z), Bi (z)} =?r+

W{ Ai (z), Ai (ze2*13) 1 =+r-le-+l/*

-.6

-.s

-1.0 -

FIGURE 10.7. Bi (kts), Bi (~3).

BESSEL
Rep~~ntations

in Terms

FUNCTIONS

Beed Functions

of

+323/3

OF

FRACTIONAL

447

ORDER

10.4.30 I~2/3(f)=(fl/2z)[fJ3

Ai(z)+Bi(z)]

10.4.31

Ai' (4

= -ddW)

K+tdO

10.4.14

Integral

Ai

10.4.15

(3~)~I% Ai [f (3a)-%]=
Ai (--2)=~~~[Jl,a(r)+5-1,3(r)l

+e-*lW~S(f)l

=j~z/3[e**Hlfb(O

Bi [ f (3~)~*%]
=

* -Ai(z)=~z[I-3,3(T>-~3,3(~)]=*-(Y~)~3,3(~)

10.4.17
Ai' (-2) =

s
The

-~zLJ--3,3(r~

10.4.34

-l-11,&)]

s0

10.4.35

Ai ( f t)dt,

10.4.20 Bi (2) = (z/@)[I-2&)

10.4.36

s0

Bi ( f t)&

+Jdt)l

in

Terms

of Airy

Bi (t)&=$

Jr

s0

Bi (--t)a!t=$

Jr

+~,/3(G3d~

LJ--1,3(~)-J1,a(Ol~~

for

SoAi(il)at,SoBi(ft)dl

* Ai (t)dt=c&)-c&(z)

Ai (--t)dt=-c$(--z)+c&(-z)

(-2)--i

10.4.24 H3,3({) = eirfm[Ai

r [I-1,3(0

S
10.4.2.)'

10.4.39

Ai (--z)TBi

= e=W&i&ii

v-l,a(~)+Jl,a(~)l~

Series

10.4.38
(See

-lua(Qld

Ascending

; 1 2J3
>

10.4.22 JA1t3(t)=3J3Tz[fi

v-l,,(t)

of Bessel
Functions
Functions

s0

10.4.37

=3~(2/~)[e-~mH~~b(~)-e*feH~:~(~)]

2=

Jr

s Ai (--t)&=a

-I-b(C)l

10.4.21
Bi' C-4 = (d&LJ--~dt)

Ai (t)d!=~

Bi <-z>=~[J-1,3(f)-J1/3(r)l
=3;~[e*H~Jb(~)-e-~*H~~~(f)l

(-z)]
Bi (-z)]

(- z) +i Bi (- z)]

10.4.25 1A1,3({)==3@[F 4 Ai (z)+Bi

(z)]

10.4.40

Bi (t)dt=fi[cJi(z)

s0
(See 10.4.3.)
10.4.41

+sG(z>l

Bi (--t)dt=-&$Q(-z)+c&(-z)l

10.4.26

K*, /3(f) =4G

Ai (4
10.4.27 J~2,3({)=(~/2z)[~~Ai'
(-z)+Bi(-z)]
10.4.28
=er*l(fi/z)[Ai

10.4.29
Hi;&) =ez*fflH!!&,(~)
=e -(fl/z)[Ai

(-2)-i

Bi (-z)]

G(4=s
=$

(-2) +i Bi (-z)]

w=z+a

Hi;&({) =e-f3H!:,3(f)

*seepagen.

s0

+3z3f3

10.4.19

H&(f)

Integrals

(ut3fd)]&

+e~lW%(f)l

Bi (2) =&%1-1,3(s)

Representations

om [exp (--at3fzt)+sin

-Jwa(f,l

=)(z/&)[e+WifW

10.4.18

- co9 (ut3fzd)dt

s0

10.4.33
(3a)++r

10.4.16

30.4.23

Representations

10.4.32

(z)=~~[I-1,3(Z)-l~,3(~)1=~-~~,,3(r)

z*+y

z+$j

3k (:)k

1.4

z+

1.4.7 zlO+ . . .
101

2.5p,+2.5.8
-yp--2.
z6+ 81

1,
+...

&

The constants cl, c2 are given in 10.4.4, 10.4.5.

BESSEL

448
Tbe Functions

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

Differential

Gi(z), Hi(z)

10.4.42

Equations

10.4.55

Gi (z), Hi (z)

for

-pw=--a-

Gi (z)=s-l~-sin(~P+zt)dt
w(0) =i
=gBi

(z)+s[Ai

(z) Bi (t)-Ai

w(O)=aBi

10.4.43
(z)+S[Ai(z)

Bi (t)-Ai

(0)=-l

55424 78

10.4.44

Ai (0)=.14942

-zwq(-l

w(O)=: Bi (O)=-$ Ai (0)=.40995

Hi(z)=7rS11

expi-i

Pfzl)

(z)+J[Ai

9452449

w(z)=Gi(z)

(t) Bi(z)]dt

10.4.56

=iBi

Ai (0)=.20497

(t) Bi (z)]dt

Gi (z)=iBi

Bi (O)=$

10849 56

dt

(t) Bi (z)-Ai

Bi(t)]dt

w(O) =f Bi (0) =--$

Ai (0) =.29885 89048 98

w(z) =Hi

10.4.45
Differential

Hi(z)=iBi

(z)+S[Ai

(t) Bi(z)-Ai

Bi (t)]dt

10.4.46

Gi (z)+Hi

Representations

10.4.47
s0

of

(z)=Bi

s
by Gi (*i),

(z)

Ai( f t)dt,

s0

Bi( f t)dt

10.4.57

*Ai (t)&=&r[Ai

of

Airy

Functions

are

Ai

W --4~w~-~w=o

Wronskian

(z)Gi(z)-Ai

(z)Gi(z)]

for

Asymptotic
cO=l,

(2) Hi (z)-Ai

ck=

(z) Hi (z)]

solutions

Producta

of Airy

(z),

Functions

-Ai

(-2)

Gi (-z)]

10.4.50
(-2)

-Ai

(--z)Hi(-z)]

ck

(k=l,

10.4.53
(-2) Gi (-2)
-Bi

(-2)

Gi (-z)]

(-2) Hi (-2)
-Bi (-2) Hi (-z)]

r-1'2z-1'4f?-r $ (-l)kckl-k

10.4.60
Ai (-z) ,.,~-Wg-1/4

Bi (t)dt=?r[Bi (z) Gi (z)-Bi (z) Gi (z)]

s0
10.4.52 =-?r[[Bi (z) Hi (z)-Bi (z) Hi(z)]

=r[Bi

[a I Large

2,3, . . .)

10.4.59
kii (+a

Hi (-2)

10.4.51

Bi (-t)dt=-r[Bi

for

Gi (-2)

Ai (--t)& =-$r[Ai(-z)

=i+r[Ai

Expansions

r(3k+3) -(2k+1)(2k2+&..(6k-J),
54%!r(k+3)-

&=l,dk=-6g

10.4.49

10.4.54

Products

10.4.58 W{AP (z), Ai (z) Bi (z), Bi2 (2)) =2ca

=-$r[Ai

s0

for

Linearly
independent
Ai (z) Bi (z), Bi2 (2).

Hi (fz)

10.4.4%

s0

Equation

(z)

10.4.61
Ai'(-+T-

((mg zl<?r)

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

449

ORDER

10.4.70

10.4.62
Ai (-Z)N-T

-+

z+ [cos

(5+;)

I$

(-l)%,r-:

Ai (-z)=N(x)

+sin(C+$ I$ (--Ukd2k+l
Fml]

cos 4(z), Bi (-z)=N(z)

N(z)=J[Ai*

(--2)+Bi2
$+)=arctan

Differential

10.4.63

Priiea

Bi (z)*n-

+,z-f& 2

ckJ-k

(Ia% 4<3 4

Equations

+sin (C tr)

(--1)kc2k+~F-

(larg 4<3

for

Modulus

and

N2=M~2+jjpe2=Mf2

10.4.73
10.4.74

NN=

tan ($4)

10.4.65

10.4.75

Bi (zefrtja)

10.4.76

Phaw

--r-lx
+ ,rr-2M-2

-xMM

= Me/M=
- (rMM)-l,
MN sin (+-e)=fl

M" +xM-,+&f-a=O
(M2)!+4z(M)--UP=0

10.4.77

e'2+3(e"'/e'>-g(e"/e')2=2

Asymptotic

Expansions

of Modulus
Large
2

and

(-1)
10.4.78. M2(z) -t z-1/2 T- m

Phase

2 (;)

10.4.66
*

Bi (z)*n%fef

d,t-: (jarg

(-x)1

with respect to x

&pet= - *- 1, p#=

10.4.72

10.4.64

(-s)],
[Bi (--z)/Ai

denote differentiation

10.4.71

sin 6(z)

for

(2x)-

3k

zj<)r)

10.4.67
Bi

(--z)vr-f2f

-COS

,+a

>

(-l)kd,r{-a

*2?g

(-11)u,+~~--]

(22)-o+'28,2,03;e525(22)-"-

. . .]

10.4.80

(larg A<3 4
10.4.68
10.4.81

Bi (zefrila)

;c32[ 1+;

4(x) +-;
+

hl 2 $ (-l)d,k+,r--l-j

4+

(2x)-3-

+22)-'

(2s)-9-2065,~~(22)-'p+

. ..I

>

(lw 4<3 4
Modulus

and

Phase

10.4.82

10.4.69
Ai (-2) =M(s)
M(z)=J[Ai2

*see

page II.

cos e(s), Bi (-5) =M(z)

Asymptotic

sin e(z)

(--s)+BP
(-z)],
B(z)=arctan [Bi (--s)/Ai

(-s)]

10.4.83

Forms

s0

of

Ai
0

'Ai (t)&,.,i-i

( f 1) dt,

Bi ( f f) dt tot

Large

~-U2~-3/4 exp (-Ei/l)

3:

450

BESSEL

S=
S' Bi

10.4.84

Bi

FUNCTIONS

exp

(t)dt-s-1/2z--3/4

10.4.85

(- t)&-~-1&--3/4

3 x312
>

sin (i x3/,,:)

AsymptoticFormsofGi(rtz),Gi(*z),Hi(fz),Hi(f~)
for Large

10.4.86

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

10.4.104

10.4.105
Bi (&)=(-l)a-l&e*~Egl

(21 sufficiently

Gi (2) &x-*x-

10.4.87 Gi (-x) ~~~~~~~~~~~ cos (; .3,2+g

f(z)-223

1+$

z-2-4

10.4.89 Gi (-x) ~1r-1f2x1/4 sin (; x3,2+;)

10.4.90

Hi (x) ~~~~~~~~~~~ exp (zx)

10.4.91

Hi (-z) WFW~

fI(Z) wr-%z16
Their

Asymptotic

10.4.94

a*=--j[3*(4s-1)/8]

10.4.95

a:= -g[3*(4s-3)/8]

b:= -g[3a(4s-

10.4.102 /3a=e*f'3f $ (&-l)+$ln

[

See

page

II.

23 97875 z-e-ee.
6 63552
7 -2 1673 m4
*
96' +6144
843 94709
-26542080 '--'+ ' - *

-1/22-1/6

g&IN*

I-(

Formal
ential
Points

and Asymptotic
Equations
of

Solutions
Second

of Ordinary
Order
With

DifferTurning

X)W'+b(z, X)W=O

1)/8]

10.4.101 Bi (b:) = (- l)8gI[3r(4s-

10.4.103 /3i=e1i13g

5 2-2-46o8
1525 2 -4

in which X is a real or complex parameter and,

for fixed X, a(~, X) is analytic in z and b(z, X) is
continuous in z in some region of the z-plane, may
be reduced by the transformation

10.4.107 W(z)=w(z)

Bi (bJ= (- l)+f[3~(4s-3)/8]

10.4.100

. . .)

10.4.106 W'+a(z,

1)/8]

10.4.97 Ai (a:)= (- 1)8-1g1[37r(4s-3)/8]

10.4.99

- ..*
>

An equation

10.4.96 Ai (a,)= (- l)*-f[3~(4s--

b,=-j[3*(4s-3)/8]

1 +s

Expansions

Ai (z), Ai (z) have zeros on the negative real

axis only. Bi (z), Bi (z) have zeros on the negative real axis and in the sector $r<] arg z]<+x.
a,, a:; &, b: s-th (real) negative zero of Ai (z),
Ai (2); Bi (z), Bi (z), respectively.
& ~3:; s,, 5:
s-th complex zero of Bi (z), Bi (z) in the sectors
&r<arg z<+r, -$r<arg
z<-f?r, respectively.

10.4.98

3344 30208

9 11458 84361
z-*0+
1911 02976

Hi' (-5) A, -5 ~-1x-2

and

z-6

186 83371 --8

+ 12 44160

Hi (x) ~~~~~~~~~~ exp ($x3/2)

Zeros

z-4+%

181223 --B
z-2+g8 c4-- 207360
2

g(z)-223 (1-i

10.4.93

large

16 23755 96875 z-Io

10.4.92

ln 2

1080 56875 z-8

69 67296

7
Gi (z) mss x-1x12

10.4.88

$ (JS-~)+:

exp (-aJu(t,

h)dt)

to the equation

1)/8]

10.4.108
w"+Q(z, X)w=O

cp(z,A)=&

A,-; u2(2,A)-f $ u(z, A).

BESSEL

If &,

X) can be written

10.4.109

FUNCTIONS

A>

where a(z, X) is bounded in a region R of the zplane, then the zeros of p(z) in R are said to be
turning points of the equation 10.4.108.
The

Special

Case

w+[X*z+p(z,

X)Jw=O

Let X=IXle* vary over a sectorial domain S:

lXll&,(>O),
wl<w_<wz, and suppose that n(z, X) is
continuous in z for Izl<r and X in S, and n(z, 1)
-2

qn(z)Xmn as X+w in S.
Formal

Series

FRACTIONAL

451

ORDER

10.4.114

in the form

&, v=~2PM+!&

OF

y&)=Ai

(-X2~x)[1+O(~-1)J

yl(x)=Bi

(-X2%)[l+O(X-1)]

For further representations

and details, WQ refer
to [10.4].
When z is complex (bounded or unbounded),
conditions under which the formal series 10.4.110
yields a uniform asymptotic expansion of a solution are given in [lo.121 if q(z, X) is independent
of X and /Xl+= with fixed o, and in 110.14] if X
lies in any region of the complex plane. Further
references are [10.2; 10.9; lO.lO].

Solution

10.4.110
w(z)=u(z) q $9n((Z)h-"+X-1u'(z) q Sn(z)X-"
u"+x2zu=o
co, cl constants

(N-j-=>

The

General

Case

w+[Vp(z)+p(z,

h)]w=O

Let X=IXle where IXj>b(>O)

and -r_<oln;
suppose that p(z) is analytic in a region R and has
a zero z=a in R, and that, for fixed X, q(z, X) is
analytic in z for z in R. The transformation
&t(z),
~=[p(z)/fi~~w(z),
where ,$ is defined as
the (unique) solution of the equation

10.4.11s

t (g2=P(z)

yields the special case

(n-0,
Uniform

Asymptotic

Expansions

1, 2, . . .)

Y+[A2x+q(x,

of Solutions

a, x)=(~)-2*k A)-($)-* $ [(gy

For z real, i.e. for the equation

10.4.111

10.4.116

Exumple:

UlY=O

where zcvaries in a bounded interval a Iz 5 b that

includes the origin and where, for each fixed X in S,
a(s, X) is continuous in x for a <x<b, the following
asymptotic representations hold.
(i) If X is real and positive, there are solutions
yO(x), yl(z) such that, uniformly in x on a<x<O,

10.4.112

Consider the equation

10.4.117

y"+[x2-(x2-~)x-2]y=o

for which the points x=0, = are singular points

and x=1 is a turning point. It has the functions
x~J&x),
x+Y&x)
as particular
solutions
(see

9.1.49).
The equation

y,,(x)=Ai
yl(x)=Bi
and, uniformly

10.4.115 becomes

(-X2/z)[l+O(X-1)]
(-X2/3x)[1+O(X-1)]
in x on 0 lxlb

whence
8 (-,$)I=

10.4.113
y,,(x)=Ai

(-X2Dz>[1+O(X--l)]+Bi

(-X2%)O(X-1),

yl(x)=Bi

(-X2/;E>[1+O(X-)]+Ai

(-X2flx)O(X-1)
0-J)

(ii) If $%X20, JX 20, there are solutions

yo(x>, yl(x) such that, uniformly in x on alx_<b,

-m+ln

~~(1 +Ji-F)
@<xS
(15x<

Thus

10.4.118

v&) =(gy4

y(x)

a>.

1)

BESSEL

452

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

satisfies the equation

It follows from 10.4.120 that uniformly

o<x< c0

10*4.119

10.4.125

which is of the form 10.4.111 with x replaced by 5

and n(E, X) independent of X.
Suppose 3x>O, 3%#0.
By the first equation
of 10.4.114 there is a solution v,,(t) of 10.4.119,
i.e., a solution y,,(x) of 10.4.117 for which the
representation

Jx (xx)

10.4.120
%B> =

Numerical

14y,,(z)=Ai(-~2~3[)[I+O(~-1)]

Spherical

holds uniformly in x on O<x<a

as IX] -+a.
To identify y,,(x) in terms of x%(Xx), z*Y&r),
restrict x to O<xI b<l so that by 10.4.118 5 is
negative, and replace the Airy function by its
asymptotic
representation
10.4.59.
This yields
10.4.121
-l/41

Hence, using

4.6 and 4.8,

$Ol.+W=-

exp (; xw/)

-,-112~-1/3(-5)11*

Functions

From 10.1.11, jI(x)=y-T.

Tables

( >
x2-1

Bessel

of the Tables

To computej,(x),
y,(x), n=O, 1, 2, for values of
x outside the range of Table 10.1, use formulas
10.1.11, 10.1.12 and obtain values for the circular
functions from Tables 4.6-4.8.
Example 1. Compute j,(x) for x= 11.425.

YCM
=x

Methods

10.5. Use and Extension

( XE >

in x on

.90920 500 .41634 873

c11.425j2 11.425
= -.00696

54535-

.03644 1902

= - .04340 7356.
1
C-r
2

-1,2x-l/6

(k$)-

exp

(;

x(+)3,2)

Let now X be fixed and x+0 in 10.4.121.

results
10.4.122

yO(x) -3 ,-12A-1x2

There

(+ x) eh.

On the other hand, y,,(x) is a solution of 10.4.117

and therefore it can be written in the form
10.4.123

ye(x) =~~[c,Jx(Xx)

+sYx(Xx)]

where, from 9.1.7 for X fixed and x+0

w> x cot Xa- w>+

Y,(Xx) -r(x+l)
r(l--x)

csc ha
.

Thus, letting x+0 in 10.4.123 and comparing the

resulting relation with 10.4.122 one finds that
c2=0 and
10.4.124

y,(x)=

$7r- 12h-X-16eXr (A+ 1)~~ J,(xx).

To compute j,(x), 11 In 120, for a value of x

within the range of Table 10.3, obtain from Table
10.3, directly or possibly by linear interpolation,
j,,(x), j,,,(x) and use these as starting values in the
recurrence relation 10.1.19 for decreasing n.
An alternative
procedure which often yields
better accuracy and which also applies to computations of j,(x) when both n and x are outside the
range of Table 10.1 is the following device essentially due to J. C. P. Miller [9.20].
At some value N larger than the desired value
n, assume tentatively
FN+I=O,
F,=l
and use
recurrence relation 10.1.19 for decreasing N to
obtain the sequence FN--l, . . . , Fo. If N was
chosen large enough, each term of this sequence
up to F, is proportional,
to a certain number of
significant figures, to the corresponding term in
the sequence j,-,(z),
. . ., j,(z) of true values.
The factor of proportionality,
p, may be obtained
by comparing, say, F. with the true value j,(x)
computed separately.
The terms in the sequence
pF,
are
then
accurate to the number
PFO,
. . .
of significant
figures present in the tentative
values. If the accuracy obtained is not sufficient,
the process may be repeated by starting from a
larger value N.

BESSEL

OF

for x=24.6.
Interpolation
in Table 10.3 yields for x=24.6
~-~~ez)*~j~~(~)=(-28)3.934616
~-~e=*~j,,(x)= (-27)9.48683
whence .
Example

Compute

FUNCTIONS

2.

recurrence

.00890
.02484
.04628
.04099
.00871

relation

10.1.19

[.00890
[ - .02485
[ - .04628
[ - .04099
[-.00871

67660
93173
17554
87086
65122

there
701
901
161
881
671

For comparison, the correct values are shown in

brackets.
To compute j,,(z) for x=24.6 by Millers
device, take, for example, N=39
and assume
Fa=O, Fs8=1.
Using 10.1.19 with decreasing N,
i.e., F,-,=[(2N+l)/x]F,-FAT+,,
N-39,
38, . . .,
1, 0, generate the sequence Fag, F3,, . . . , F1: Fo,
compute from Table 4.6, j,(24.6)= (sin 24.6)/24.6
= -.02064 620296, and obtain the factor of proportionality
p=jo(24.6)/Fo=

.OOOOO 03839 17642.

The value pF,b equals j,,(24.6) to 8 decimals.

The final part of the computations
is shown in
the following table, in which the correct values
are given for comparison.
N

FN

-22704.71107
+ 78178.88236
13 f114866.80811
+47894
44353
::
-66193.
59317
10 - 109782. 76234
-27523.39903
:
+ 88524.85252
7
+ 88699.11017
-34440.02929
t - 106899. 12565
- 13360.39272
3 f 102011. 17704
2
+ 42387.96341
-93395.73728
A
- 53777.68747

:t

j, (24.6)

PFN

-.
+.
+.
+.
-.
-.
-.
+.
+.
-.
-.
-.
+.
+.
-.
-.

00871
03001
04409
01838
02541
04214
01056
03398
03405
01322
04104
00512
03916
01627
03585
02064

67391
42522
93941
75218
28882
75392
67185
62526
31532
21348
04602
92905
38905
34870
62712
62030

-.
f.
f
t.
-.
-.
-.
+
+.
-.
-.
-.
+.
+.
-.
-.

00871
03001
.04409
01838
02541
04214
01056
.03398
03405
01322
04104
00512
03916
01627
03585
02064

674
425
939
752
289
754
672
625
315
213
046
929
389
349
627
620

It may be observed that the normalization

of the
sequence FN, FN--I, . . ., F. can also be obtained
from formula 10.1.50 by computing
the sum
c=e
(2k+l)fl
and finding p=l/&
This
0

yields, in the case of the example,

.ooooo 03839 177.

ORDER
ModiCed

Jo

j,,(24.6) = .05604 29, j,,(24.6) = .03896 98.

From the
results
j,,(24.6) =
j,,(24.6) =
j,,(24.6) =
j1,(24.6) =
j,6(24.6) =

FRACTIONAL

To

compute

Spherical

453
Bessel

&d~~~+t(xl,

Functions
&@L+t(x),

p=

0,

1,2,

. . . for values of x outside the range of

Table 10.8, use,formulas 10.2.13, 10.2.14 together
with 10.2.4 and obtain values for the hyperbolic
and exponential
functions from Tables 4.4 and
4.15.
In those cases when &~/XI,,+(X)
and
&T/XI-~-~(X)
are nearly equal, i.e., when x is
sufficiently
large, compute
&JZ&+,(x)
from
formula 10.2.15, for which the coefficients (n + 4, %)
are given in 10.1.9.
Example 3. Compute &/x1&x),
&~/xX&,c)
for x= 16.2.
From 10.2.13, &$JI~,~(x)
= (3+1)
sinh al/SC,3 cash X/S?; from Table 4.4, cash 16.2=(6)5.4267
59950 and this equals the value of sinh 16.2 to the
same number of significant figures. Hence
&?r/16.2&,,(16.2)=(.06243
402371
-.01143 118427)[(6)5.4267
=338814.4594-62034.29298
=276780.1664.
To compute
obtain

&a/16.2&~(16.2)

599501

use 10.2.17

=(-7)2.8945

38069[.036932

=(-8)1.0690

28283.

and

604001

To compute &$~I,,+i(x),
3In18,
far a
value of x within the range of Table 10.9, obtaiin
from Table 10.9, ~+r/~l~~,~(x),
&/xI~~,~(x)
for
the desired value of x and use these as starting
values in the recurrence relation
10.2.181 for
decreasing n.
To compute &&K,+*(x)
for some integer n
outside the range of Table 10.9, obtain from
10.2.15
or from
Table
10.8, &&d&(z),
&$cK~,~(x)
for the d esired value of x and use
these as starting values in the recurrence relation
10.2.18 for increasing n. If x lies within the
range of Table 10.9 and n>lO,
the recurrence
may be started with &7r/~K,~~~(2), &&K~&c)
obtained from Table 10.9.
Example 4. Compute &$JK,,,(x)
for x*3.6.
Obtain from Table 10.8 for x=3.6
&&KID(x)

= .01192 222

&&K&x)

= .01523 3952

p=l/&=

454

BESSEL

The recurrence relation

yields successively

10.2.18

-&?r/3.6&2(3.6)=-.Oll92

222
-&

=-.02461
J&J575K,,2(3.6)

FUNCTIONS

=.01523

(.01523 3952)

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

y(x), respectively, the following formulas may be

used, in which d, d denote approximations
to c, c
and u=y(d)/y(d),
v=y(d)/dy(d).
c=d--u--ad

$2

$24d2

5;

718
+88d $-

3952
+;6

(88+72Od3) $

+5856d2 ;-(16640d+40320d4);+

(.02461 718)

...

= .04942,4480
-Jj$i3Kg,2(3.6)=-.~246i

718
-A
=-.12072

&/3.6K&3.6)

-(105+76d3+24d8);

(.04942 4480)

-(945+756d+272d$-.

034

= .04942 4480

+;6

y(c)=y(d)

As a check, the recurrence can be carried out until

n=9 and the value of &/3.6K,,,,(3.6)
so obtained
can be compared with the corresponding
value
from Table 10.9.
To compute &&In++(x)
when both n and x
are outside the range of Table 10.9, use the device
described in [9.20].

Hence, from Table

thus
Ai (4.5)

1029, t-l=.15713
10.11, f(-[)=I&348

y(c) =y(d)

{ l-df2

;-dr3

$-

24 and

=a(4.5)-V4(.55848
24) exp (-6.36396
1029)
=$(.68658 905) (.55848 24) (.00172 25302)
= .00033 02503.
TO compute the zeros c, c of a solution y(x) of
the equation y-xy=O
and of its derivative

Example
6. Compute
-Bi(x) near d= - .4.
From Table 10.11,

c=-.4+.03395

. . .}

the zero of y(x)=Ai(x)

y( - .4) = .02420 467, y(--.4)=-.71276

whenceu=y(--.4)/y(-.4)=-.03395
the above formulas

. . .}

(3d3+3de)$

-(105ds+101d+45d4)~-

48403.

-(1432d+1575d4)$+

Functions

To compute Ai(
Bi(x) for values of x beyond
1, use auxiliary functions from Table 10.11.
Example
5. Compute Ai
for x=4.5.
First, for x=4.5,
t=$x3/2=6.36396

$+14d

$+$-3d2

- (14+45d$+471da

= .35122 533.

Airy

l-d

(.12072 034)

. .}

627
8776. From

8776-.OOOOO 5221
+.ooooo 0111+.00000
0001
= - .36604 6333.
y(c)=(-.71276
627) { 1+.00023 0640
- .OOOOO6527- .OOOOO0027f .OOOOO0002}
=(--.71276
627)(1.00022 4088)
= -.71292 599.

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

455

ORDER

References
Texts

[lO.l]
[10.2]
(10.31
[10.4]
[IO.51
[10.6]
110.71
[10.8]

[10.9]

[lO.lO]

[lO.ll]

[10.12]

[10.13]
[10.14]

[10.15]

[10.16]

H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables

of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 1,
205-308 (1944), in particular, pp. 229-240.
T. M. Cherry, Uniform asymptotic formulae for
functions with transition points, Trans. Amer.
Math. Sot. 68, 224257 (1950).
A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 1, 2 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953).
A. Erdelyi,
Asymptotic
expansions,
Caliiornia
Institute
of Technology,
Dept. of Math.,
Technical Report No. 3, Pasadena, Calif. (1955).
A. Erdelyi, Asymptotic
solutions of differential
equations with transition points or singularities,
J. Mathematical
Physics 1, 16-26 (1960).
H. Jeffreys, On certain approximate
solutions of
linear differential equations of the second order,
Proc. London Math. SOC. 23, 428-436 (1925).
H. Jeffreys, The effect on Love waves of heterogeneity in the lower layer, Monthly Nat. Roy.
A&r. Sot., Geophys. Suppl. 2, 101-111 (1928).
H. Jeffreys, On the use of asymptotic approximations of Greens type when the coefficient has
zeros, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Sot. 52, 61-66
(1956).
R. E. Langer, On the asymptotic
solutions of
differential equations with an application to the
Bessel functions of large complex order, Trans.
Amer. Math. Sot. 34, 447-480 (1932).
R. E. Langer, The asymptotic solutions of ordinary
linear differential equations of the second order,
with special reference to a turning point, Trans.
Amer. Math. Sot. 67, 461-490 (1949).
W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger,
Formeln und
Siitze fiir die speziellen Funktionen
der mathematischen
Physik,
2d ed. (Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, 1948).
F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic solution of linear
differential equations of the second order for
large values of a parameter, Philos. Trans. Roy.
Sot. London [A] 247, 307-327 (1954-55).
F. W. J. Olver, The asymptotic expansion of Bessel
functions of large order, Philos. Trans. Roy.
SOC. London [A] 247, 328-368 (1954).
F. W. J. Olver, Uniform asymptotic expansions of
solutions
of linear
second-order
differential
equations for large values of a parameter, Philos.
Trans. Roy. Sot. London [A] 250,479-517 (1958).
W. R. Wasow, Turning point problems for systems
of linear differential
equations.
Part I: The
formal theory; Part II: The analytic
theory.
Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 14, 657-673 (1961) ;
15, 173-187 (1962).
G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions,
2d ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1958).

Tables

[lo.171 H. K. Crowder and G. C. Francis, Tables of

spherical Bessel functions and ordinary Bessel
functions of order half and odd integer of the
first and second kind, Ballistic Research Laboratory Memorandum
Report No. 1027, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md. (1956).
[lO.lS] A. T. Doodson, Bessel functions of half int,egral
order [Riccati-Bessel
functions], British Assoc.
Adv. Sci. Report, 87-102 (1914).
[10.19] A. T. Doodson, Riccati-Bessel functions, British
Assoc. Adv. Sci. Report, 97-107 (1916).
[19.20] A. T. Doodson, Riccati-Bessel functions, British
Assoc. Adv. Sci. Report, 263-270 (1922).
[10.21] Harvard University, Tables of the modified Hankel
functions of order one-third and of their derivatives (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,
1945).
[10.22] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945).
[IO.231 C. W. Jones, A short table for the Bessel functions
In+i(z),
(2/a)&++(z)
(Cambridge
Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1952).
[10.24] J. C. P. Miller, The Airy integral, British Assoc.
Adv. Sci. Mathematical
Tables, Part-vol.
B
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1946).
[10.25] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical
Bessel functions, ~01s. I, II (Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1947).
[10.26] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Bessel
functions of fractional order, ~01s. I, II (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1948-49).
[10.27] National Bureau of Standards, Integrals of Airy
functions, Applied Math. Series 52 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office, Washington,
D.C.,
1958).
[10.28] J. Proudman, A. T. Doodson and G. Kennedy,
Numerical results of the theory of the diffraction
of a plane electromagnetic wave by a conducting
sphere, Philos. Trans. Roy. Sot. London [A]
217, 279-314 (1916-18), in particular pp. 284288.
[10.29] M. Rothman, The problem of an infinite plate
under an inclined loading, with tables of the
integrals of Ai (+z), Bi (&.z), Quart. J. Mech.
Appl. Math. 7, l-7 (1954).
[10.30] M. Rothman, Tables of the integrals and differential coefficients of Gi (+z), Hi (--z), Quart. J.
Mech. Appl. Math. 7, 379-384 (1954).
[10.31] Royal Society Mathematical
Tables, vol. 7,
Bessel functions, Part III. Zeros and associated
values (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1960).

BESSEL

456
[10.32] R. S. Scorer, Numerical
the form

and the tabulation

Gi (z) = (l/r)h-

evaluation

FUNCTIONS
of integrals

OF FRACTIONAL
of

of the function
sin (uz+ 1/3ua)du,

Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math.

3, 107-112

(1950).

ORDER

[10.33] A. D. Smirnov, Tables of Aiiy functions (and

special confluent
hypergeometric
functions).
Translated
from the Russian by D. G. Fry
(Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 1960).
[10.34] I. M. Vinogradov
and N. G. Cetaev, Tables of
Bessel functions of imaginary argument (Izdat.
Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1950).
[10.35] P. M. Woodward, A. M. Woodward, R. Hensman,
H. H. Davies and N. Gamble, Four-figure tables
of the Airy functions in the complex plane,
Phil. Mag. (7) 37, 236-261 (1946).

BESSEL FTJNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL

SPHERICAL
x

&(4

i:!
EE

0:4

1.0
:::
::.i
1.5
i-7"
1:8
1.9
2.0
2:
:::
2.5
::;
2:
z-1"
3:2
33::
::6'
:-;
3:9
4.0
4.1
:-:
4:4
4.5
t:;
29"
5.0

j,(x)
0.00000 0000

BESSEL

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

& (4

Y,(X)

457

0.1 AND 2

Table 10.1

?/I (4

Y,(X)

1.00000
0.99833
0.99334
0.98506
0.97354

000
417
665
736
586

0.033300012
0.066400381
0.099102888
0.13121215

0.00000
619061 -9.95;04 17
0.00066000000

0.95885
0.94107
0.92031
0.89669
0.87036

108
079
098
511
323

0.16253703
0.19289196
0.22209828
0.24998551
0.27639252

0.016371107
0.023388995
0.031538780
0.040750531
0.050945155

-1.75516 51
-1.37555 94
-1.09263 17
-0.87088 339
-0.69067 774

-4.46918 13
-3.23366 97
-2.48121 34
-1.98529 93
-1.63778 29

-25.059923
-14.792789
-9.54114 00
-6.57398 92
-4.76859 87

0.84147
0.81018
0.77669
0.74119
0.70389

098
851
924
860
266

0.30116868
0.32417490
0.34528457
0.36438444
0.38137537

0.062035052
0.073924849
0.086512186
0.099688571
0.11334028

-0.54030 231
-0.41236 011
-0.30196 480
-0.20576 833
-0.12140 510

-1.38177 33
-1.18506 13
-1.02833 66
-0.89948 193
-0.79061 059

-3.60501 76
-2.81962 54
-2.26887 66
-1.86995 92
-1.57276 05

0.66499
0.62473
0.58333
0.54102
0.49805

666
350
224
646
268

0.39617297
0.40870814
0.41892749
0.42679364
0.43228539

0.12734928
0.14159426
0.15595157
0.17029628
0.18450320

-0.04715 8134
+0.018249701
0.075790879
0.12622339
0.17015240

-0.69643 541
-0.61332 744
-0.53874 937
-0.47090 236
-0.40849 878

-1.34571 27
-1.16823 87
-1.02652 51
-0.91106 065
-0.81515 048

0.45464
0.41105
0.36749
0.32421
0.28144

871
208
837
966
299

0.43539778
0.43614199
0.43454522
0.43065030
0.42451529

0.19844795
0.21200791
0.22506330
0.23749812
0.24920113

0.20807342
0.24040291
0.26750051
0.28968523
0.30724738

-0.35061 200
-0.29657 450
-0.24590 723
-0.19826 956
-0.15342 325

-0.73399 142
-0.66408 077
-0.60282 854
-0.54829 769
-0.49902 644

0.23938
0.19826
0.15828
0.11963
0.08249

886
976
884
863
9769

0.41621299
0.40583020
0.39346703
0.37923606
0.36326136

0.26006673
0.26999585
0.27889675
0.28668572
0.29328784

0.32045745
0.32957260
0.33484153
0.33650798
0.33481316

-0.11120 588
-0.07151 1067
-0.03427 3462
+0.00054 2796
0.032953045

-0.45390 450
-0.41208 537
-0.37292 316
-0.33592 641
-0.30072 380

0.04704
+0.01341
-0.01824
-0.04780
-0.07515

0003
3117
1920
1726
9148

0.34567750
0.32662847
0.30626652
0.28475092
0.26224678

0.29863750
0.30267895
0.30536678
0.30666620
0.30655336

0.32999750
0.32230166
0.31196712
0.29923629
0.28435241

0.062959164
0.090555161
0.11573164
0.13847939
0.15879221

-0.26703 834
-0.23466 763
-0.20346 870
-0.17334 594
-0.14424 164

-0.10022
-0.12292
-0.14319
-0.16101
-0.17635

378
235
896
523
030

0.23892369
0.21495446
0.19051380
0.16577697
0.14091846

0.30501551
0.30205107
0.29766961
0.29189179
0.28474912

0.26755905
0.24909956
0.22921622
0.20814940
0.18613649

0.17666922
0.19211667
0.20514929
0.21579139
0.22407760

-0.11612 829
-0.08900 2337
-0.06287 8964
-0.03778 7773
-0.01376 91'l2

-0.18920
-0.19957
-0.20751
-0.21306
-0.21627

062
978
804
185
320

0.11611075
0.091522967
0.067319710
0.043659843
+0.020695380

0.27628369
0.26654781
0.25560355
0.24352220
0.23038368

0.16341091
0.14020096
0.11672877
0.093209110
0.069848380

0.23005335
0.23377514
0.23531060
0.23473838
0.23214783

+0.009129107
0.030854018
0.051350236
0.070561855
0.088434232

-0.21722
-0.21601
-0.21274
-0.20753
-0.20050

892
978
963
429
053

-0.00142 95812
-0.02257 9838
-0.04262 9993
-0.06146 5266
-0.07898 2225

0.21627586
0.20129380
0.18553900
0.16911850
0.15214407

0.046843511
0.024380984
+0.002635886
-0.01822 8955
-0.03806 3749

0.22763858
0.22132000
0.21331046
0.20373659
0.19273242

0.10491554
0.11995814
0.13351972
0.14556433
0.15606319

-0.09508 9408 0.13473121

(-$)3

-0.05673 2437

0.18043837

0.16499546

-0.19178 485
(-$)4

c 1

[ /-- 1

0.0026590561 -4.90033 29
0.0059615249 -3.18445 50
0.010545302 -2.30265 25

-,0,,",875
- 30;5:0125
-25.495011
-377.52483
-11.599917
-112.81472
--6.73017 71
-48.173676

Compiledfrom National Bureau of Standards,Tablesof sphericalBesselfunctions, ~01s.I, II.

Univ. Press,New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

Columbia

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Table

SPHERICAL

10.1

BESSEL

OF FRACTIONAL

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

0,l

AND

-1.2885
-1.3849
-1.4644
-1.5268
-1.5720

II

-2
-2
-2
-2
-1

-1
-2
-2
-2
-2

II

-2.9542
-1.6303
-3.2520
+9.4953
2.1829

-2 -1.1105
-1
-a.5177
-9.4473
-1.0313
-7.5334

-2
-2
-2
-2
Ii-1

-1
r:
-1
-1

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-2 6.0883
-2 4.7295
-2 3.3674
-2 2.0132
-3 +6.7812

(-2)

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.3123
-1.3171
-1.3092
-1.2891
-1.2571

1.8188
3.0067
4.1360
5.1973
6.1820

a.1877
a.8851
9.4810
9.9723
1.0357

1.0632
:* oOts0:
ioa13
1.0663

1; +F
-2
-1.0349
211498
3.1395
yfl

-1 1.0124
-1 1.0415
-1 1.0596
-1 1.0669
-1 1.0635
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2

(-2)-5.4402

II

II
II II
II II
II
II
II
II
II II
II

-2
-2
-3
-3
Ii-2

II-2
-3 +2.6357
1.3382
2.4227
3.5066
4.5791

-1.0770
-9.6415
-a.4493
-7.2065
-5.9263

-5.6210
-6.9018
-8.0795
-9.1466
-1.0097

7.8467
I-

(-2)

7.7942

-3.4542
-2.3621
-1.2710
-1.9101
+8.6782

(-2)

6.2793

-6.2736
-1.8929
-3.1089
-4.2662
-5.3561

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

-6.3711
-7.3040
-8.1487
-8.8997
-9.5527

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.0104
-1.0551
-1.0892
-1.1126
-1.1253

1.0497
1.0257
9.9213
9.4941
8.9817

(-2) 8.3907
Y&)=

-2
-2
-2
-3
-3

-3
-2
-2
-2
-2

+/xyn+*

I--

(x)=(-)+l-\l~ix~-~~+*~(x)

(-2)-6.5069

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

SPHERICAL

BESSEL

OF

FRACTIONAL

459

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

Table

3-10

j7 (4
0.0000

10.2

i.0000
2.9012
7.4212
1.8995
1.8938

1.52734
1.52698
1.52589
1.52407
1.52154

93 7.27309-i9
56 7.27151 10
53 7.26677 00
96 7.25887 47
09 7.24783 46

1.1261
4.8282
1.6515
4.7873
1.2228

1.51828
1.51430
1.50962
1.50423
1.49815

26 7.23366
88 7.21637
48 7.19599
66 7.17254
12 7.14605

29
65
61
61
44

2.8265
6.0254
1.2013
2.2640
4.0669

1.49137
1.48392
1.47579
1.46700
1.45757

65 7.11655
11 7.08407
48 7.04866
80 7.01035
18 6.96919

26
57
21
39
61

61 6.6832
6 9.7670
5 1.4009
5)1.9754
5)2.7420

1.38804
1.37444
1.36030
1.34565
1.33050

63
35
78
67
81

6.66533
6.60575
6.54379
6.47951
6.41301

28
19
07
98
19

3.7516
5.0647
6.7532
8.9013
1.1607

1.31488
1.29879
1.28226
1.26531
1.24796

05
28
44
50
48

6.34434 22
6.27358 74
6.20082 63
6.12613 95
6.04960 91

;::

1.4983
1.9160
2.4283
3.8056
3.0520

1.21214 41
1.23023
38 5.97131
5.89135 85
26
1.19371 48 5.80979 75
1.15592
1.17496 82
54 5.72674
5.64226 82
00

3.5
::7"

4.7098
5.7875
7.0639

1.13660 79
1.09723 52
1.11703
73

5.55647 05
5.46943 47
5.38125
61

'3.:
.

1.0325
8.5665

1.05702 31
1.07722
33

5.20181 62
5.29201
05

4.0
4.1

1.2372
1.4743

1.03665 63
1.01614 44

5.11072 78
5.01885 80

:s
414

2.0603
1.7473
2.4174

0.99550
0.97477 88
06
0.95395 10

4.83311 07
4.92629
51
4.73942 00

::2

3.2814
2.8229

0.91215 06
0.93307
01 4.55082
4.64529 34
25

i-i
419

3.7976
4.3763
5.0226

0.89120
0.87026 94
97 4.45609
4.36119 35
18
0.84934 88 4.26620 13

-14)4.9319
-12)6.3072

1.0

II-3 9.0066
-2 1.1847
-2 1.5183

::i

-2 1.9033
2.3411

II- 54 1.4786
3.3461
2.2643
9.2561
4.7963

-2 I 1.4079
-2 1.6788
-2 1.9817
-2 2.3176
-2 2.6872

2'8
2:9

3.:
3:2

5.0

(-1)2.2982

(-1)1.8702

(- 1)1.0681

(- 2)4.7967

&Cd =&IxJ~+~

(- 2)1.7903

(4

(- 3)5.7414

0.82846 70

[ (-yJ]

Compiledfrom National Bureau of Standards,Tablesof sphericalBesselfunctions, ~01s.I, II.

Univ. Press,New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

4.17120 50

[-y]
Columbia

460

BESSEL
Table

FUNCTIONS

SPHERICAL

10.2

OF

BESSEL

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

3-10

Y&4

Y,W

15 :2.;277
12 -3.9643
11 I -1.0329
9)-7.7739
6
5I
5
4
4

-1.3458
-3.7747
-1.2907
-5.1035
-2.2552

4I
3
3
3
3

-1.0881
-5.6378
-3.0988
-1.7901
-1.0790

1.5

/I I
543 -1.4045
-1.7686
-9.8790
-3.3227
-6.6058

i-76
1:s
1.9
::1"
;*:
2:4
2.5
2.6
z-i
2:9

(-2)-1.5443

(-l)-1.8662

(-l)-3.2047

90
14
86
18
23

-0.34713
-0.34826
-0.34960
-0.35115
-0.35291

86
48
12
04
56

-0.65905
-0.66096
-0.66323
-0.66586
-0.66885

23
47
28
06
29

6
5
5
5
5

-2.0959
-8.9515
-4.1224
-2.0227
-1.0477

-0.35490
-0.35710
-0.35954
-0.36221
-0.36512

04
89
56
57
46

-0.67221
-0.67595
-0.68007
-0.68458
-0.68949

50
30
37
47
42

4
4
4
4
3I

-5.6859
-3.2143
-1.8835
-1.1395
-7.0931

-0.36827
-0.37168
-0.37534
-0.37928
-0.38348

87
46
96
17
96

-0.69481
-0.70054
-0.70670
-0.71331
-0.72036

14
60
90
20
75

-9.7792
-7.0870
-5.2238
-3.9108
-2.9702

3 -4.5301
3 -2.9613
3 1-1.9771
3 -1.3458
2 1-9.3247

-0.38798
-0.39277
-0.39786
-0.40327
-0.40901

26
08
50
71
97

-0.72788
-0.73589
-0.74439
-0.75340
-0.76294

93
19
11
38
81

1
1
1
1
0

-2.2859
-1.7812
-1.4041
-1.1189
-9.0069

2 -6.5676
g I 1:;;;;
2 -2:5025
2 1 -1.8615

-0.41510
-0.42155
-0.42837
-0.43558
-0.44320

62
14
10
18
20

-0.77304
-0.78371
-0.79497
-0.80685
-0.81937

34
06
18
08
31

-0.45125
-0.45975
-0.46872
-0.47818
-0.48818

11
01
14
95
03

-0.83256
-0.84645
-0.86108

59
82
11

-0.87646

78

-0.89265

39

-0.49872

20

-0.90967

72

-0.50984

49

-0.92757

84

I
I

-2.9528
-2.5201
-2.1660
-1.8743
-1.6325

(e.I)-5.1841
F

lo-%llY,o(z)
-0.65472
-0.65490
-0.65541
-0.65628
-0.65749

1
1
1I
1
1

0
0
0
0
0

5.0

10-8~10YJ~)
-0.34459
42
-0.34469
56
-0.34499
99
-0.34550
77
-0.34622
02

II I
0 -9.8471
-4.7139
-5.6086
-6.7182
-8.1040

( 0)-1.0274

1
1
1
1
1

-3.9249
-3.1246
-2.5070
-2.0265
-1.6498

( 0)-2.5638

-0.52158

17

-0.53396

75

05

-0.94640
-0.96619
-0.98699

-0.64247

43

-1.13650

10

-0.75092

23

-1.30156

80

-0.54704

[c-p]

[C-$)2]

10
15
97

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
SPHERICAL

OF FRACTIONAL

Table

10.2

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

3-10

j,(x)

j,(x)
5.7414
6.5379
7.4172
8.3843
9.4443

logz-gjg(x)
0.82846 70
0.80764 29
0.78689 50
0.76624 10
0.74569 86

1.0602
1.1862
1.3229
1.4707
1.6299

0.72528
0.70501
0.68490
0.66497
0.64523

47
58
78
60
54

3.69892
3.60555
3.51270
3.42045
3.32886

98
18
30
23
66

21
2:
614

1.8010
1.9842
2.1797
2.3877
2.6084

0.62570
0.60638
0.58729
0.56845
0.54987

01
37
93
94
57

3.23801
3.14794
3.05873
2.97043
2.88309

06
66
50
34
73

6:1

2.8417
3.0876
3.3461
3.6168
3.8996

0.53155
0.51352
0.49577
0.47831
0.46116

94
10
04
68
89

2.79677
2.71153
2.62739
2.54443
2.46266

98
12
98
09
76

4.1940
4.4994
4.8154
5.1412
5.4759

0.44433
0.42782
0.41163
0.39578
0.38026

45
11
52
30
97

2.38215
2.30291
2.22500
2.14844
2.07326

03
70
27
05
03

-2 I 5.8188
-2 6.1686
-2 6.5244
-2 6.8849
-2 7.2486

0.36510
0.35027
0.33580
0.32169
0.30793

02
86
85
28
39

1.99948
1.92715
1.85627
1.78687
1.71897

99
45
66
63
14

-2 7.6143
-2 7.9804
-2 8.3451
-2 8.7069
-2)9.0640

0.29453
0.28149
0.26881
0.25649
0.24453

36
30
29
33
39

1.65257
1.58770
1.52436
1.46257
1.40232

72
64
97
53
92

j,(x)

j, (4

&44
-2 4.7967 -2
-2 5.2015 -2
-2 5.6221 -2
-2 6.0573 -2
-2 I 6.5057 II-2

5.2
5.3
5.4

:2
517

BESSEL

461

ORDER

-1
-1
-1
-1
II-1

1.7903 -3
1.9908 -3
2.2061 -3
2.4365 -3
2.6821 II-3

2.0078
2.0150
2.0147
2.0069
1.9913

22
-1 I 1.5077
-1 1.5217
-1 1.5312
-1 1.5360
-1)1.5361

9'::
z-:
9:4
;:z

II-2 -2.2842
-1.3689

Ki
9:9

-2 -3.1654
-2 -4.8048
-4.0072

10.0 (-2)-3.9496

(-l)-1.0559

(-2)-5.5535

-2
-2
-2
'-2
-2

I II
I II II
8.5853
7.8016
6.9921
6.1608
5.3120

(-2)4.4501
j,(x) =

10llx-lojlo(x)
4.17120 50
4.07628 42
3.98151 88
3.88698 72
3.79276 59

-1 1.3795
1.3746

-1 1.1000
1.1270 0.18025
0.17076 78
84 1.07343
1.02401 42
72

-1 1.3655
1.3520
-1 1.3341

-1 1.1747
1.1520 0.16161
0.15280 93
62 0.92973
0.97612 24
83
-1 1.1949 0.14432 46 0.88485 16

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

1.3117
1.2849
1.2536
1.2180
1.1780

(-1)1.1339

1.2126
1.2275
1.2394
1.2482
1.2537

(-1)1.2558

0.13616
0.12833
0.12081
0.11360
0.10670

93
53
68
83
35

0.84144
0.79950
0.75902
0.71996
0.68231

75
99
10
20
26

0.10009 64 0.64605 15
[(-:)5]
[(-;)I

462
Table

BESSEL
10.2

FUNCTIONS

SPHERICAL

BESSEL

OF

FRACTIONAL

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

ORDER
3-10

-0.89751
-0.93284
-0.97058
-1.01093
-1.05412

90
85
31
09
18

-1.51723
-1.56801
-1.62178
-1.67873
-1.73913

25
75
08
97
16

-7.9262
-7.2128
-6.5889
-6.0416
-5.5598

-1.10040
-1.15007
-1.20342
-1.26079
-1.32256

93
32
16
38
26

-1.80321
-1.87128
-1.94363
-2.02062
-2.10262

67
02
49
45
69

-3.6163
-3.3996
-3.2032
-3.0246
-2.8613

-1.81128
-1.91762
-2.03285
-2.15774
-2.29311

11
85
95
75
31

-2.72637
-2.85777
-2.99896
-3.15082
-3.31433

44
73
17
08
45

-2.43982

13

-3.68071
-3.49057
-3.88603

53
56
37

-4.73689
-5.06881
-5.42169
-5.79550
-6.18991

09
69
35
68
88

-6.26721
-6.68628
-7.13987
-7.63051
-8.16074

41
70
95
13
96

-6.60420
-7.03717
-7.48710
-7.95166
- 8.Q2777

33 -8.73317
50 -9.35034
95 -10.01475
19 -10.72873
38 -11.49443

65
96
2
2
4

56
63
58
3
4

-12.31371
-13.18805
-14.11841
-15.10518
-16.14793

5
0
9
2
9

-17.24536

5.5
5.6
55'87
5:9

-1.6331
-1.5471
-1.4627
-1.3795
-1.2973
9.0

-2 -2.8097
-2 -3 7880
9:s ii -2 -515782
,9-i
-4'7130
9.4

II-1

1.1748
1.1976
1.1900
1.1899

Ii -2

8.1384
7.5427
5.4540
6.8948
6.1976

-2 -6.3774

-8.91157
-9.39828
-9.88210
-10.35610
-10.81210

9.5 ij -2 -7.1053
9.6 -2 -7.7572
9.7 -2 -8.3288
9.8 -2 -8.8169
9.9 (-2 -9.2189
10.0 (-2)-9.5327

(-3)-1.6599

(-2)

9.3834

y,(+

(-1)

1.0488

(-2)

4.2506

(-2) -4.1117 -11.24057

-cn+&)

[ 1
(73

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
SPHERICAL
X

BESSEL

lo26.f20(4

OF FRACTIONAL

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

1027.f21
(4

463

ORDER
20 AND

21

Table

10.3

lo-25921(4

lo-24920(x~

7.62597 90
-7.62705 91
7.63028 29
7.63560 15
7.64293 25

1.77348 35
1.77371 23
1.77439 56
1.77552 32
1.77707 85

-0.31983
-0.31988
-0.32003
-0.32028
-0.32065

10
11
25
86
49

-1.31130
-1.31149
-1.31205
-1.31300
-1.31436

70
33
61
70
61

7.65215 99
7.66313 22
7.67566 19
7.68952 28
7.70444 90

1.77903 78
1.78137 03
1.78403 80
1.78699 49
1.79018 73

-0.32113
-0.32175
-0.32250
-0.32342
-0.32450

96
30
82
08
98

-1.31616
-1.31842
-1.32121
-1.32457
-1.32856

11
87
43
29
95

7.72013 23
7.73621 95
7.75231 00
7.76795 28
7.78264 38

1.79355 29
1.79702 05
1.80050 95
1.80392 94
1.80717 91

-0.32579
-0.32730
-0.32907
-0.33112
-0.33350

69
79
24
44
34

-1.33328
-1.33879
-1.34521
-1.35264
-1.36123

02
33
03
77
89

7.79582 23
7.80686 80
7.81509 84
7.81976 53
7.82005 32

1.81014 64
1.81270 77
1.81472 70
1.81605 56
1.81653 14

-0.33625
-0.33943
-0.34309
-0.34731
-0.35216

47
07
23
02
70

-1.37113
-1.38251
-1.39557
-1.41055
-1.42771

69
67
96
73
82

10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0

7.815076
7.803876
7.785428
7.758627
7.722309

1.815979
1.814208
1.811016
1.806185
1.799482

-0.35776
-0.36420
-0.37164
-0.38023
-0.39019

04
59
20
59
23

-1.447374
-1.469891
-1.495697
-1.525305
-1.559325

12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5

7.675238
7.616116
7.543601
7.456316
7.352841

1.790664
1.779472
1.765639
1.748885
1.728929

-0.40176
-0.41527
-0.43113
-0.44987
-0.47223

53
46
22
76
40

-1.5b8497
-1.643728
-1.696143
-1.757166
-1.828625

15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0

7.231764
7.091689
6.931265
6.749220
6.544411

1.705481
1.678251
1.646956
1.611324
1.571096

-0.49918
-0.53209
-0.57279
-0.62378
-0.68821

70
15
98
79
72

-1.912922
-2.013273
-2.134049
-2.281228
-2.462936

17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5

6.315851
6.062784
5.784739
5.481584
5.153621

1.526041
1.475960
1.420698
1.360155
1.294299

-0.76981 49
-0.87240 01
-0.99883 14
-1.149171
-1.317987

-2.689957
-2.975953
-3.336925
-3.789188
-4.344958

20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0

4.801647
4.427041
4.031843
3.618830
3.191590

1.223178
1.146936
1.065826
0.98022 63
0.89065 46

-1.490982
-1.641599
-1.728777
-1.697442
-1.483467

-5.004711
-5.745922
-6.508927
-7.182333
-7.592679

22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5

2.754567
2.313103
1.873442
1.442686
1.028721

0.79777 92
0.70243 25
0.60561 45
0.50849 80
0.41242 27

-1.024223
-0.274630
co.773430
2.072631
3.508629

-7.504782
-6.640003
-4.717888
-1.52185
+3.01816

25.0

0.640055

0.31888 30

4.901591

8::
:-i

2:o
9.:

3:5
44::

::;
66!

7:o

c&,(d = 1f,x exp ( - S/4n+2)

[ 1 yn(x)=gnx-(n-+1)
(-l)3

+8.74251

(-$7

exp (~2/4n+2)
Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, ~01s. I, II.ColumbiaUniv.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1947(with permission).

464

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Table
10.4
SPHERICAL

I
*700

BESSEL

OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

FUNCTIONS-MODULUS

AND

9, 10, 20 AND 21

PHASE-ORDERS

W(x) --z

eygx) -x

<x>

01095
0.090
0.085
0.080

&GM1 32(x)
1.50513 630
1.41043 073
1.33509 121
1.27462 197
1.22560 809

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

1.18548
1.15231
1.12467
1.10147
1.08190

011
423
134
221
340

0.38142
+0.12729
-0.12255
-0.36849
-0.61090

613
416
277
087
826

1.25559 223
1.20514 049
1.16476 186
1.13202 416
1.10519 883

-0.35524
-0.67664
-0.99107
-1.29911
-1.60143

574
889
278
571
947

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

1.06534 781
1.05133 389
1.03949 892
1.02956 235
1.02130 658

-0.85018
-1.08669
-1.32077
-1.55274
-1.78293

673
229
114
891
175

1.08304 588
1.06466 562
1.04939 746
1.03675 104
1.02635 931

-1.89870
-2.19155
-2.48055
-2.76627
-3.04920

678
009
907
814
936

20
22
25
29
33

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

1.01456
1.00920
1.00512
1.00226
1.00056

304
210
574
240
327

-2.01160
-2.23905
-2.46552
-2.69127
-2.91655

832
224
469
701
326

1.01794
1.01130
1.00628
1.00276
1.00068

637
529
277
864
866

-3.32981
-3.60853
-3.88577
-4.16191
-4.43732

737
532
070
106
935

40
27"
100
200

0.000

1.00000

000

-3.14159

265

1.00000

000

-4.71238
'#9
c

898

co

1 1
(5312

1.72311
1.44562
1.17232
0.90378
0.64017

121
029
718
457
615

1.84157
1.65174
1.50947
1.40190
1.31955

6$6

799
534
539
550
792

II 1
(-;I6

1.35401 461
1.00196 372
0.65310 249
+0.30984 705
-0.02643 915

by/,(x) -x

1.31126
1.25741
1.21433
1.17917
1.15001

605
042
612
949
033

1.12909 207
0.61321 135
+0.11048 098
-0.38066 745
-0.86163 915

1.37979 868
1.30763 025
1.25205 767
1.20806 627
1.17245 178

+0.54348
-0.04056
-0.60729
-1.15885
-1.69717

547
472
830
172
688

0.030
0.028
0.026
0.024
0.022

1.12549
1.10467
1.08687
1.07157
1.05838

256
736
488
283
371

-1.33366
-1.79783
-2.25507
-2.70621
-3.15199

819
172
118
373
149

1.14310
1.11857
1.09787
1.08027
1.06523

153
851
629
122
083

-2.22398
-2.74075
-3.24876
-3.74910
-4.24275

514
480
024
503
239

0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012

1.04700
1.03721
1.02883
1.02170
1.01571

987
972
137
104
485

-3.59305
-4.03000
-4.46335
-4.89362
-5.32124

805
220
928
072
187

1.05235
1.04134
1.03195
1.02400
1.01735

561
092
154
423
560

-4.73055
-5.21325
-5.69154
-6.16604
-6.63731

105
651
843
479
350

0.010
0.008
0.006
9.004
0.002

1.01078 282
1.00683 452
1.00381 592
1.00168 705
1.00042 044

-5.74664
-6.17024
-6.59240
-7.01351
-7.43392

872
356
995
707
365

1.01189
1.00753
1.00420
1.00185
1.00046

351
093
153
654
253

-7.10588
-7.57224
-8.03687
-8.50021
-8.96270

196
522
285
498
770

0.000

1.00000

-7.85398

164

1.00000

000

-9.42477

796

(2)

000
(-p
[ 1

841,/,(x)

d3?rzM4%

--2

(2)

[<x> = nearest
1 integer[ to 2. 1
(-92

32

11
1':

1
0.?40
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032

df?rsM4$/,

ii!

<x>
25
22:
5;
33
;$
45

100
125
167
250
500
m

[ 1
53P

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, ~01s. I, II.
Columbia Univ. Press,NewYork,N.Y.,1947
(with permission).

465

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER

SPHERICAL

BESSEL

x=1
I-

123I 9.00658
1.01101
6.20350 5808
3.01168
8.41470
5201
1117
6789
9848

FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS

ORDERS

Table

II
f-

x=2
114.54648 7134
2 4.35397
1
6.07220 9276
1.40793
1.98447
9766
9491
7750
2.29820 6182
1.87017 6553

II

f- 816.82530 0865
- 10
12
11
9 4.81014
3.58145 8901
2.48104
5.97687
1612
9119
1402

ii!
::
14
I - 22
21I,.1.55670
24
19
18
3.08874 2364
1.20385
4.45117
5.13268
5742
7504
8271
6115

1.08428 0182
1.67993 9976

II
100

(-190)7.44472

- l)-1.05589

7742

- 20
66 7.63264
49
34
4.01157 1101
1.66097
5.83661
5290
8779
7888

I - 12
33I 2.85747
46
22
1.21034 7583
4.28273
5.42772
9350
0217
6761

(-160)9.36783 25?1

(-120) 5.53565 0303

x=50
(- 3)-5.24749 7074

x=100
-3)-5.06365 6411

2851
f- 21-2.00483 0056

2
7
98
10

I - 23I 7.46558
1.72159 4477
2.94107
8342
9974

(I-

2 -1.50392
3 +9.90845
2 +1.95971
4 -1.09899
2I -1.96564

2146
4236
1041
0300
5589

3.23884 7439
8.89662 7269

I-

2 -1.12908
2 +1.26561
2 +1.96438
3 +1.09459
2I -1.88338

4539
3175
9234
2888
9360

I- 21 6.46051 5449
(- 2 3155744 1489

11:
ii
:z
1187

19

-3)-9.29014
-3 +3.15754
-3 +9.70062
-3 i -1.70245
(-3)-9.99004

8935
5454
9844
0977
6510

2 -1.57850 2990
- 3 -1.49467 3454
- 2 -2.60633 6952
I-- 2I +1.88291 0737

20
30
40
50
100

10.5

(-90) 5.83204 0182

(-22)+1.01901 2263

(-2)+1.08804 7701

466

BESSEL
Table

10
11
12

10.5

FUNCTIONS

SPHERICAL

ll)-3.23191

1198
$i
50
100

BESSEL

3629

1143
:65
17

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS

5 -3.55414
6 -3.69396
7 -4.21251
8 -5.22870
9I -7.01663

7201
5631
9003
9098
2092

15 -6.29800
17 -1.95020
18 -6.42938
20 -2.24833
I 21 I -8.31241

7233
7734
7516
5423
1677

11 -1.01218
I 12 -1.56186
13 -2.56695
14 -4.47655
I 15I -8.25596

2944
6932
8608
8894
4368

23 -3.23959
40 -2.94642
58 -8.02845
I 78 I ~2.73919

2219
8547
0851
2285

63)-1.23502

1944

(186)-6.68307

9463

(156)-2.65595

5830

ORDERS

( -l)-3.20465
-1 I -5.18407
0 -1.02739
0 -2.56377
0 -7.68944

0467
5714
4639
6345
4934

(116)-1.79971

3983

-3 +3.72067 8486
-3 +9.49950 2019
-3 -2.48574 3224
-3 I -9.87236 3502
-4)+8.07441 4285

2
7
98
:10
12
13
14
112
:;
19

II

20

-2 -4.19000
-5
-2.24122
Cl.37595
t4.97879

zoo
50
100

(85)-8.57322

6309

(+18)-1.12569

7221
6812
0150
3130

2891

-3 t6.25864
-3 1-6.78002
-3 -8.49604
-3 t3.80640
-3 1c9.90441

1510
3635
9309
6377
9669

-5 t5.63172
-3 -5.41292
-4 -7.04842
-2 I tl.07478

9379
9349
0407
2297

(-2)-2.29838

5049

BESSEL
ZEROS

OF

FUNCTIONS
BESSEL

OF FRACTIONAL

FUNCTIONS

OF

J&,)=0
Y

l/2

1
32
4
5
6
7
8

3/2

512

1
:

9/2

11/2

13/2

Jib, s)

?h,, (-l)+lY~~w,.,~) y

3.141593

-0.45015

82

1.570796

-0.63661

98

9.424778
6.283185
12.566370
15.707963
18.849556
21.991149

+0.31830
-0.25989
+0.22507
-0.20131
+0.18377
-0.17014

89
99
91
68
63
38

4.712389
7.853982
10.995574
14.137167
17.278760
20.420352
23.561945

+0.36755
-0.28470
+0.24061
-0.21220
+0.19194
-0.17656
+0.16437

26
50
97
66
81
66
45

-0.36741
+0 28469
-0'24061

35
69
20

2.798386
6.121250
9.317866

+0.44914
+0.25989
-0.31827

84
33
37

4 14:066194
5 17.220755
6 20.371303
7 23.519452

+0:21220
-0.19194
+0.17656
-0.16437

57
77
64
44

12.486454
15.644128
18.796404
21.945613

-0.22507
+0.20131
-0.18377
+0.17014

76
63
61
37

-0.31710
+0.25973
-0.22503
+0.20130
-0.18376
+0.17014

58
30
59
14
96
05

3.959528
7.451610
10.715647
13.921686
17.103359
20.272369
23.433926

-0.36184
+0.28430
-0.24053
+0.21218
-0.19193
+0.17656
-0.16437

68
75
93
15
81
19
21

3
4
5
6
7

7/2

J., 8

Y(V,

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
2
3
i
5
6

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5

4.493409
10'904122
7 725252

5.763459
9.095011
12.322941
15.514603
18.689036
21.853874

6.987932
Xi417119
13.698023
16.923621
20.121806
23.304247

8.182561
11.704907
15.039665
18.301256
21.525418
24.727566

9.355812
12.966530
16.354710
19.653152
22.904551

10.512835
14.207392
17.647975
20.983463
24.262768

-0.28223
+0.24019
-0.21208
+0.19189
-0.17654
+0.16436

-0.25620
+0.22432
-0.20107
+0.18367
-0.17009
+0.15912

-0.23580
+0.21109
-0.19155
+0.17639
-0.16428

-0.21926
+0.19983
-0.18321
+0.16988
-0.15902

71
23
02
90
40
28

49
53
12
44
46
86

60
29
58
49
83

48
04
82
82
21

5.088498
8.733710
12.067544
15.315390
18.525210
21.714547
24.891503

6.197831
9.982466
13.385287
16.676625
19.916796
23.128642

7.293692
11.206497
14.676387
18.011609
21.283249
24.518929

8.379626
12.411301
15.945983
19.324820
22.628417

+0.30882
-0.25896
+0.22485
-0.20124
to.18374
-0.17012
+0.15914

-0.27236
+0.23908
-0.21179
+i;19179
-0.17649
+0.16433

+0.24538
-0.22293
+0.20067
-0.18352
+0.17002
-0.15909

-0.22441
+0.20946
-0.19106
+0.17619
-0.16419

36
77
68
01
36
77
62

25
76
27
35
69
89

14
49
86
21
38
15

70
65
59
60
26

467

ORDER

HALF-INTEGER

ORDER

Table

10.6

,I=0

.JX.i, ,)

y, ,~ (- l)+T(!/, s)

h,,

15/2

1
2
3
4
5

11.657032
15.431289
18.922999
22.295348

-0.20550
+0.19008
-0.17582
+0.16402

46
87
99
38

9.457882
13.600629
17.197777
20.619612
23.955267

+0.20754
-0.19801
+0.18264
-0.16964
+0.15890

83
01
01
44
14

17/2

1
2
3
4

12.790782
16.641003
20.182471
23.591275

-0.19382
+0.18155
-0.16922
+0.15870

82
15
10
04

10.529989
14.777175
18.434529
21.898570

-0.19361
+0.18810
-0.17517
+0.16373

38
92
27
75

19/2

1
2
3
4

13.915823
17.838643
21.428487
24.873214

-0.18376
+0.17398
-0.16326
+0.15383

12
80
17
84

11.597038
15.942945
19.658369
23.163734

+0.18186
-0.17944
+0.16849
-0.15837

42
10
33
45

21/2

1
2
3
4

15.033469
19.025854
22.662721

-0.17496
+0.16722
-0.15785

82
59
09

12.659840
17.099480
20.870973
24.416749

-0.17179
+0.17176
-0.16247
+0.15347

22
97
13
56

23/2

1
2
3

16.144743
20.203943
23.886531

-0.16720
+0.16113
-0.15290

39
25
87

13.719013
18.247994
22.073692

+0.16304
-0.16491
+0.15700

06
86
50

25/2

1
2
3

17.250455
21.373972

-0.16028
+0.15560

44
47

14.775045
19.389462
23.267630

-0.15534
+0.15875
-0.15201

97
20
34

27/2

1
2
3

18.351261
22.536817

-0.15406
+0.15056

88
00

15.828325
20.524680
24.453705

+0.14852
-0.15316
+0.14743

56
36
15

29/2

1
2

19.447703
23.693208

-0.14844
+0.14593

69
21

16.879170
21.654309

-0.14242
to.14806

04
91

31/2

1
2

20.540230
24.843763

-0.14333
+0.14166

12
70

17.927842
22.778902

+0.13691
-0.14340

88
05

33/2

1
2

21.629221

-0.13865

11

18.974562
23.898931

-0.13192
+0.13910

99
20

35/2

22.715002

-0.13434

93

20.019515

+0.12738

05

37/2

23.797849

-0.13037

81

21.062860

-0.12321

13

39/2

24.878005

-0.12669

81

22.104735

+0.11937

34

Values to greater accuracy and over a wider range are given in [10.31].
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functions, ~01s. I, II. Columbia Univ.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

468

BESSEL
Table

10.7

FUNCTIONS

ZEROS

OF

OF FRACTIONAL

THE
DERIVATIVE
OF HALF-INTEGER

OF

J:G:,,)=o
Y

l/2

1
2
3
4

3/2

5/2

.,
3. 8
1.165561
4.604217
7.789884
10.949944
14.101725
17.249782
20.395842
23.540708

1
:

2.460536
9.261402
6.029292

15.611585
12.445260

76

18.769469
21.922619

1
2
:
2

3.632797
7.367009
10.663561
13.883370
20.246945
17.072849

23.412100

J K, J
+0.679192
-0.369672
+0.285287
-0.240870
+0.212340
-0.192029
+0.176620
-0.164412

+0.525338
-0.328062
+0.263295
-0.226711
+0.202245

!/I,,
2.975086
6.202750
9.371475
12.526476
15.676078
18.822999
21.968393

w;,

(-l)+ly(v;,s)
-0.456186
+0.319331
-0.260267
+0.225258
-0.201419
+0.183841
-0.170188

-0.184363
+0.170542

4.354435
7.655545
10.856531
14.029845
17.191285
20.346496
23.498023

+0.388891
-0.290138
+0.242910
-0.213417
+0.192678
-0.177046
+0.164709

+0.457398
-0.301449
+0.247304
-0.215670
+0.194015
-0.177917
+0.165314

5.634297
9.030902
12.278861
15.480655
18.661309
21.830390
24.992411

-0.350669
+0.270006
-0.229783
+0.203956
-0.185432
+0.171262
-0.159953

9/2

11/2

13/2

1
;

4.762196
12.018262
8.653134

4
z

15.279081
18.496200
21.690284

24.870602

1
2
3
4
2

5.868420
9.904306
13.337928
16.641787
19.888934
23.105297

+0.415533
-0.282237
+0.234875
-0.206685
+0.187103
-0.172377
+0.160741

+0.386006
-0.267385
+0.224788
-0.199151
+0.181169
-0.167534

1
32

6.959746
14'630406
11 129856

21'256291
17'977886

+0.363557
-0 255385
+0'216349
+0'175987
-0'192692

241496327

-0:163244

1
2
3

8.040535
12.335631
15.901023

+0.345649
-0.245384
+0.209127

54

22:602185
19 291967

;:::%;:

6.863232
10.356373
13.656304
16.891400
20.095393
23.281796

8.060030
11.646354
14.999624
18.270330
21.500029
24.705942

9.234274
12.909478
16.315912
19.623229
22.879980

10.391621
14.151399
17.610124
20.954335
24.238863

+0.324651
-0.254849
+0.219318
-0.196124
+0.179270
-0.166245

-0.305246
+0.242810
-0.210673
+0.189472
-0.173929
+0.161826

to.289946
-0.232895
+0.203344
-Oil83714
+0.169229

-0.277420
+0.224513
-0.197009
+0.178651
-0.165043

BESSEL
ORDER

FUNCTIONS

,)==O

d,, (-1)+y(Y:,3

1523:
4
5

9.113402
13.525575
17.153587
20.587450
23.929631

+0.330874
-0.236854
to.202841
-0.182077
+0.167294

11.535731
15.376058
18.885886
22.266861

+0.266883
-0.217283
to.191447
-0.174147

17'2

:
3
4

10.180054
14.702493
18.390930
21.866965

+0.318378
-0.229449
+0.197291
-0.177623

12.669130
16.586323
20.145940
23.563314

-0.257833
to.210950
-0.186505
to.170098

19/2

11.241675
15.868463
19.615227
23.132584

to.307606
-0.222927
+0.192335
-0.173605

13.793646
17.784362
21.392422
24.845689

+0.249935
-0.205332
to.182067
-0.166427

12.299124
17.025072
20.828186
24.385974

to.298179
-0.217118
+0.187870
-0.169950

14.910648
18.971857
22.627032

-0.242951
+0.200296
-0.178048

13.353045
18.173567
22.031181

+0.289825
-0.211893
+0.183813

16.021196
20.150142
23.851147

to.236710
-0.195742
to.174383

14.403937
19.314945
23.225333

to.282348
-0.207156
to.180103

17.126125
21.320300

-0.231081
+0.191594

27'2

:
3

15.452196
20.450018
24.411571

+0.275596
-0.202830
to.176690

18.226109
22.483219

to.225965
-0.187792

29/2

16.498138
21.579459

to.269455
-0.198856

19.321702
23.639641

-0.221286
+0.184287

31/2

1
2

17.542024
22.703832

+0.263833
-0.195187

20.413362
24.790191

+0.216981
-0.181040

33/2

1
2

18.584071
23.823614

+0.258658
-0.191783

21.501477

-0.213000

3512

1
2

19.624460
24.939214

to.253871
-0.188612

22.586374

to.209303

37/2

20.663347

to.249423

23.668335

-0.205855

39/2

21.700865

to.245275

24.747606

to.202629

:
4

21/2

1
:
4

23/2

1
:

7/2

ORDER

25/2

-Values to greater accuracy and over a wider range are given in [10.31].
From National Bureau of Standards, Tables of spherical Bessel functiomqvols. I, II.
Press, New York, N.Y., 1947 (with permission).

Columbia Univ.

BESSEL
MODIFIED

SPHERICAL

BESSEL

00.:

1.01506
1.00668 764
001

0:4

1.02688 081

0.5
0.6

1.04219 061
1.06108 930

oo*; 1.11013
1.08369 100
248
0:9 1.14057 414

FRACTIONAL

469

ORDER

FUNCTIONS--ORDERS

0, 1 AND

kl(4

Table

10.8

0.03336 668
0.06693 370
0.10090 290
0.13547 889
0.17087 071
0.20729 319
0.24496 858
0.28412 808
0.32501 361

0.01696 6360
0.02462 3348
0.03382 5678
0.04465 2156
0.05719 5452

1.90547 226
1.43678 550
1.11433 482
0.88225 536
0.70959 792

5.71641 679
3.83142 801
2.70624 170
1.98507 456
1.49804 005

36.203973
20.593926
12.712514
8.32628 49
5.70306 48

0.36787 944
0.41299 416
0.46064 259
0.51112 785
0.56477 365

0.07156 2871
0.08787 7251
0.10627 7995
0.12692 2227
0.14998 6112

0.57786 367
0.47533 880
0.39426 230
0.32930 149
0.27668 115

1.15572 735
0.90746 4974
0.72281 4219
0.58261 0332
0.47431 0537

4.04504 57
2.95024 33
2.20129 78
1.67378 69
1.29306 09

0.62192 665
0.68295 906
0.74827 140
0.81829 550
0.89349 778

0.17566 6332
0.20418 1728
0.23577 5138
0.27071 5433
0.30929 9770

0.23366 136
0.19821 144
0.16879 918
0.14425 049
0.12365 360

0.38943 5596
0.32209 3595
0.26809 2818
0.22438 9655
0.18873 4440

1.01253 25
0.80213 693
0.64190 415
0.51823 325
0.42165 535

0.97438 274
1.06149 681
1.15543 247
1.25683 283
1.36639 653

0.35185 6089
0.39874 5868
0.45036 7165
0.50715 7959
0.56959 9849

0.10629 208
0.09159 719
0.07911 327
0.06847 227
0.05937 476

0.15943 8124
0.13521 4906
0.11507 3847
0.09824 2824
0.08411 4246

0.34544 927
0.28476 135
0.23603 215
0.19661 508
0.16451 757

0.63822 2102
0.71360 6125
0.79639 0365
0.88727 5704
0.98703 1387

0.05157 553
0.04487 256
0.03909 858
0.03411 437
0.02980 354

0.07220 5736
0.06213 1241
0.05357 9539
0.04629 8067
0.04008 0625

0.13822 241
0.11656 246
0.09863 140
0.08371 944
0.07126 626

il(X)

1.00166
1.00000 750
000

OF

iz(x)
ko(4
0.00000 0000
0.00066 7143 14.2&5
0.00267 4294 6.43029
0.00603 8668 3.87891
0.01078 9114 2.63234

io (2)

0"::

FUNCTIONS

0.00000

000

293 156.30044682
630 38.58177 78
513 16.80863 22
067
9.21319 233

kz(4
4704.:536
585.15696
171.96524
71.731283

::1"

119
1.17520 497
1.21422

:*;
1:4

1.25788 446
1.30644
803
1.36021 536

::6'

1.41951 997
1.48472
964

i-s7
1:9

1.63454
1.55625 408
127
1.72008 574

2.0

1.81343 020

;::

690
2.02595 988
1.91516

f:i

551
2.27759 513
2.14650

2.5

2.42008 179

;:;

2.74306 701
2:57489
041

;:;

3.12398 513
2.92568
658

1.48488 308
1161311877
1.75200 304
1.90251 546
2.06572 335

3.0

3.33929 164
3.57304 872
3.82683 875
4.10238 723
4.40157 747

2.24279 012
2.43498 437
2.64368 983
2.87041 631
3.11681 153

1.09650 152
1.21661 224
1.34837 954
1.49291 787
1.65144 965

0.02606 845
0.02282 681
0.02000 910
0.01755 635
0.01541 841

0.03475 7931
0.03019 0302
0.02626 1944
0.02287 6452
0.01995 3243

0.06082 638
0.05204 323
0.04462 967
0.03835 312
0.03302 422

3.5
316

4.72646 494
5;0792'iJ316
5.46251 092

3:9
z-i

6.33105
5.87879 128
220

3.38467 421
3.67596 831
3.99283 865
4.33762 799
4.71289 572

1.82531 562
2.01598 623
2.22507 418
2i45434 813
2.70574 780

0.01355 255
0.01192 222
0.01049 611
0.00924 735
0.00815 280

0.01742 4712
0.01523 3952
0.01333 2903
0.01168 0862
0.01024 3262

0.02848 802
0.02461 718
0.02130 658
0.01846 908
0.01603 223

4.0
iI21

6.82247 930
060
7.93706 374
7.35655

Ei

8.56816
9.25438 571
538

5.12143 838
5.56631 208
6.05085 704
6.57872 451
7.15390 628

2.98140 051
3.28363 932
3.61502 300
3.97835 791
4.37672 200

0.00719 253
0.00634 934
0.00560 833
0.00495 661
0.00438 300

0.00899 0668
0.00789 7961
0.00694 3650
0.00610 9316
0.00537 9136

0.01393 554
0.01212 834
0.01056 808
0.00921 893
0.00805 059

10.00066 914
7.78076 689
10.81241 998 8.46407 908
'11.69554 012 9.20906 250
12.65647 789 10.02142 620
13.70227 889 10.90741 515

4.81349 122
5.29236 840
5.81741 513
6.39308 652
7.02426 961

0.00387 777
0.00343 248
0.00303 975
0.00269 318
0.00238 716

0.00473 9498
0.00417 8666
0.00368 6506
0.00325 4257
0.00287 4331

0.00703 744
OiOO615769
0.00539 284
0.00472 709
0.00414 695

5.0 14.84064 212 11.87386 128

['-;"I

7.71632 535
[-;I

0.00211 679

0.00254 0146

0.00364 088

33::
2:

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

c(-$11

,-

I_

in(x)= d f

,/XI

*+p

kn(x)

= j/1

r/xK,,+,(x)

470

BESSEL

Table
X

10.9

MODIFIED

1o%-%g (z)

FUNCTIONS

OF

SPHERICAL

FRACTIONAL

BESSEL

lolOz-Oi,o(x)

ORDER

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

9 AND

10-xOkg(z)

10-9x~,&)

38
21
99
70
92

1.02844
1.02817
1.02736
1.02601
1.02412

10

1.52734
1.52771
1.52880
1.53062
1.53317

93
30
46
54
79

0.72730
0.72746
0.72794
0.72873
0.72984

92
73
19
35
30

5.41287
5.41128
5.40650
5.39856
5.38746

1.53646
1.54049
1.54526
1.55078
1.55706

54
23
36
57
60

0.73127 18
0.73302 17
0.73509 47
0.73749 33
0.74022 04

5.37323
5.35590
5.33549
5.31206
5.28564

85
33
79
23
31

1.02170 47
1.01875 42
1.01527 95
1.01128 67
1.00678 27

1.56411
1.57193
1.58054
1.58994
1.60016

27
49
32
87
42

0.74327
0.74667
0.75040
0.75448
0.75891

93
38
79
62
37

5.25629
5.22406
5.18902
5.15123
5.11078

13
45
48
93
01

1.00177
0.99627
0.99028
0.98382
0.97689

53
31
56
30
61

1.61120
1.62308
1.63581
1.64941
1.66390

30
02
13
38
60

0.76369
0.76883
0.77434
0.78023
0.78649

58
83
76
05
43

5.06772
5.02215
4.97414
4.92379
4.87119

38
07
57
68
57

0.96951
0.96169
0.95345
0.94478
0.93572

68
72
03
97
94

;-:
2:4

1.67930
1.69563
1.71292
1.73118
1.75044

73
90
33
39
59

0.79314 68
0.80019 63
0.80765 17
0.81552 21
0.82381 79

4.81643
4.75961
4.70083
4.64019
4.57780

66
72
65
67
09

0.92628
0.91646
0.90629
0.89579
0.88495

41
88
89
04
95

z-2
2:7
2.8
2.9

1.77073
1.79208
1.81451
1.83806
1.86277

63
32
64
76
03

0.83254
0.84172
0.85136
0.86147
0.87206

94
78
49
30
54

4.51375
4.44816
4.38113
4.31277
4.24318

41
23
22
10
63

0.87382
0.86239
0.85069
0.83874
0.82655

25
63
78
39
20

$4
.

1.88865
1.91577
1.94414
1.97382
2.00485

96
24
79
74
39

0.88315
0.89475
0.90688
0.91956
0.93279

57
86
95
42
97

4.17248
4.10077
4.02816
3.95475
3.88064

53
50
19
12
76

0.81413
0.80152
0.78872
0.77574
0.76262

92
28
01
83
45

2.03727
2.07113
2.10648
2.14337
2.18187

33
33
43
94
40

0.94661
0.96102
0.97605
0.99171
1.00804

40
55
38
97
44

3.80595
3.73076
3.65519
3.57933
3.50326

33
99
70
16
88

0.74936
0.73598
0.72250
0.70894
0.69531

56
84
95
53
19

2.22202 68
2.26389 90
2.30755 54
2.35306 35
2.40049 43

1.02505
1.04276
1.06120
1.08040
1.10038

08
26
45
28
47

3.42710
3.35091
3.27481
3.19885
3.12314

13
95
07
96
76

0.68162
0.66790
0.65415
0.64039
0.62664

50
02
25
66
70

44'76
4: 8
4.9

2.44992
2.50142
2.55508
2.61099
2.66924

1.12117
1.14281
1.16532
1.18874
1.21310

91
58
63
39
29

3.04775
2.97275
2.89821
2.82421
2.75081

39
34
88
90
98

0.61291 75
0.59922 16
0.58557 24
0.57198 25
0.55846 39

5. 0

2.72991 40

2.67808 38

0.54502 82

::1
E

0:4
i::
i-l
0: 9
::1"
:*:
1:4
::i
:*i
1:9
2. 0
2.1

:::
3.5
:*;
3: 8
3.9
4. 0
4.1
i.23
4:4
4. 5

27
71
99
74
03

1.23843 97

(-;)3
[

c 1
(-;)4

in(x)= d ; ,/XIn+*(x)

60
54
41
35
59

[(-y 1

Compiled from C. W. Jones, A short table for the Bessel functions Zn++(z), (~/T)K~+P),
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952 (with permission).

BESSEL

MODIFIED

SPHERICAL

FUNCTIONS

BESSEL

OF

FRACTIONAL

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

ORDER

471
9 AND

10

Table

10.9

II(-4
-4 1.56545
1.43285
1.30831
1.19157
1.08240

II(-4
-4 2.35684
1.85569
1.70632
2.18075
2.01376

(-3)1.55045

(-4)6.25963

(1)1.48772

(1)3.50537

472

BESSEL

Table

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

ORDER

10.9
MODIFIED

SPHERICAL
fQ@)

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS-ORDERS

flO(@

gQ @>

9 AND

glow

0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080

1.10630
1.08238
1.06167
1.04394
1.02899

573
951
683
741
406

1.21411
1.17260
1.13650
1.10534
1.07872

149
877
462
464
041

0.65502
0.68557
0.71563
0.74502
0.77352

364
030
676
124
114

0.56777
0.60351
0.63926
0.67473
0.70961

303
931
956
612
813

0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055

1.01661
1.00662
0.99883
0.99304
0.98907

895
998
728
985
251

1.05626
1.03762
1.02248
1.01055
1.00151

085
412
982
159
009

0.80093
0.82707
0.85175
0.87480
0.89608

667
483
354
587
425

0.74360
0.77639
0.80768
0.83717
0.86461

745
538
018
510
675

0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030

0.98670
0.98573
0.98593
0.98707
0.98892

320
080
357
842
100

0.99506
0.99091
0.98874
0.98822
0.98900

643
634
519
421
824

0.91546
0.93284
0.94817
0.96140
0.97253

455
978
344
216
769

0.88977
0.91245
0.93251
0.94985
0.96444

340
301
041
358
830

0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005

0.99120
0.99367
0.99605
0.99807
0.99947

680
323
259
595
760

0.99073
0.99302
0.99549
0.99774
0.99937

519
746
538
259
316

0.98161
0.98871
0.99394
0.99744
0.99939

804
764
654
863
894

0.97632
0.98556
0.99231
0.99679
0.99925

121
077
623
434
415

0.000

1.00000 000
(-;I4

o.;io

1.00000 000

1
&%119(x)

1.00000 000
C-$3
[
I
=fQ(x)ez-4k-1

-5
@z121(x)

=flo(x)e+55~-1
Y

@&&9(x)

= gQ(x)e-z+452-1
-5

<x> = nearest integer to 5.

10

1.00000 000
'y3

c 1

13

so
1El
200
Co

BESSEL

MODIFIED

FUNCTIONS

SPHERICAL

OF

BESSEL

I-

tI

FRACTIONAL

473

ORDER

Table 10.10
ORDERS

FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS

43
7I 3.58484
6
5
8.59805 8301
7.09794
8.24936
5.40595
3854
9394
4523
2086

II

- 10
12
11
9 8.12182
8
2.82275 9483
5.57826
4.11114
7.01394
9636
2138
8275
3211

I-

23I 2.56465
1
5.33186 8690
7.83315
2.14704
7.45140
3294
9422
4364
1251

II
(-

3j1.20941 3702

46
5 2.52325
8.74937 7454
1.46862
4.87152
7470
7330
8858

- 18
24 1.60182
21
22
19
3.16500 2725
4.57312
5.29060
1.23512
3796
2995
7153
0086

I-I

- 26
61 7.71514
81
43
3.65054 7565
1.55685
5.65589
5122
5412
8686

(-190)7.48149 1755

II

- 20
66 8.37672
34
49
6.21921 8478
1.74298
4.17042
9214
6176
4440

(-160)9.55425 1030

II
(

x=10
3)1.10132 3287
2 9.91190
3.91520 9985
5.89207
8.03965
9633
4237
9640

1I

- 12
33 9.70826
22
46
1.63577 9664
3.64245
6.36889
1994
3001
6441

(-120)6.26113 6933

x=50

I 19I 4.23682
5.18470 4844
5.08101
4.59302
4.87984
1073
6934
1418
5529

II

40 1.15601
41
8.55360 0470
9.36222
1.01451
1.08840
6574
3425
8456
0111

:10
12
13
14

II II

- 2
3 2.23450
4
4.23421
1.66914
1.02488 9437
6.26543
6979
3574
7720
8379

20
30

5400
100

-125 2.37154
-31
--21
2.81471
5.88991 3577
1.22928
6154
5830
4325

(-90)9.54463 8661

II

18 3.40719
1.17158
1.70426
2.43274 1747
4.68149
8938
7856
6870
3423

II

(40)1.64074 7551

+17
12
15
9 2.00489
7.90430
5.67659 4104
7.34905
8633
3929
8082

(-17)2.34189 3740

(20) 3.73598 8741

474

BESSEL

Table

FUNCTIONS

OF

FRACTIONAL

10.10
MODIFIED

SPHERICAL

II

x=1

BESSEL

I-

FUNCTIONS-VARIOUS

3I 1.40478
4 1.56063
5 2.04287
6 3.07991
7 5.25629

:i

II

Ii - 3i 2.11678
2.54014
6.18102 a479
3.64087
6184
2359
6175

6594
6427
5221
9195
1384

6814
7227
0417
9783
3701

20
30
40
50

23)4.95991 7633

100

( a7)1.04451 3645

x=10
-6 7.13140 4291
-6 7.84454 4720
-6 9.48476 7707
-5 1.25869 2857
I-5 I 1.82956 1771

::
12
13
14
15
16
:;
19

x=5

(- 211.22943 0749

14
13
11
10
9 1.00177
1.21727
4.86068
2.10898
3.29151 4384
9443
1836
5282
5179
15I 9.55756
17 2.96613
la 9.79781
20 3.43219
22 1.27089

ORDERS

x=2
111.06292 0829

- 1
i02 5.77863
4.04504 6749
1.53711
2.13809
1.15572
7350
5724
7375
5597

:::
12

ORDER

9.90762
2.50109
6.74327
1.93592
5.90133

2914
2290
4558
7868
2701

1.90497
6.49556
2.33403
a.81868
3.49631

9270
9007
5699
1848
5854

fi

II
I

9 4.79605
a
7
6
5
4.52287
9.50401 1652
6.99881
5.56068
2999
9354
0749
7078

12
16I 2.15637
14
13
11
6.27234 9105
1.16395
3.57187
1.38508
6139
7368
6330
0704

( 17)2.27598 6819

(156)4.08894 4237

1 1.11621
1 4.96235
2 2.39430
3 1.24677
3I 6.97201
4 4.16844
5 2.65415
6 1.79342
7 1.28194
7I 9.66570

7817
0604
3059
5036
5499
6493
6981
a072
1220
7838

8)7.66744 6235
18)7.97979 3303

(116)2.49323 8041

x=50

I -24 I 6.05934
6.18053
6.82355
7.38547 6353
6.43017
1115
5506
8350
3280

3.63628 4300

-46
-46
-46
-46
-46

6.78387
7.20097
7.71999
a.35897
9.14102

0523
0973
6750
0485
1732

-45
-45
-45
-45
-45

1.00957
1.12611
1.26858
1.44325
1.65826

6461
3230
2504
8856
2396

II
II

t-22)3.67748 3017

(-45)4.68935 4218

(+12)5.97531 1344

(-25)1.48279 6529

it
100

(a5)8.14750 7624

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

AIRY
x

Ai

Bi(x)

Ai

FRACTIONAL

475

ORDER

FUNCTIONS

Bi(x)

IX

Table

Ai

Ai

10.11

Bi (x)

Bi(x)

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.35502
0.35243
0.34985
0.34726
0.34467

805
992
214
505
901

-0.25881
-0.25880
-0.25874
-0.25866
-0.25854

940
174
909
197
090

0.61492
0.61940
0.62389
0.62837
0.63286

663
962
322
808
482

0.44828
0.44831
0.44841
0.44856
0.44878

836
926
254
911
987

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0.23169
0.22945
0.22721
0.22499
0.22279

361
031
872
894
109

-0.22491
-0.22374
-0.22257
-0.22138
-0.22018

053
617
027
322
541

0.85427
0.85974
0.86525
0.87081
0.87641

704
431
543
154
381

0.54457
0.54890
0.55334
0.55789
0.56257

256
049
239
959
345

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.34209
0.33951
0.33693
0.33435
0.33177

435
139
047
191
603

-0.25838
-0.25819
-0.25797
-0.25772
-0.25744

640
898
916
745
437

0.63735
0.64184
0.64634
0.65084
0.65534

409
655
286
370
975

0.44907
0.44942
0.44984
0.45033
0.45088

570
752
622
270
787

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.22059
0.21841
0.21624
0.21408
0.21193

527
158
012
099
427

-0.21897
-0.21775
-0.21653
-0.21529
-0.21404

720
898
112
397
790

0.88206
0.88776
0.89350
0.89930
0.90515

341
152
934
810
902

0.56736
0.57227
0.57730
0.58246
0.58774

532
662
873
311
120

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.32920
0.32663
0.32406
0.32150
0.31894

313
352
751
538
743

-0.25713
-0.25678
-0.25641
-0.25600
-0.25557

042
613
200
854
625

0.65986
0.66438
0.66890
0.67343
0.67798

169
023
609
997
260

0.45151
0.45220
0.45297
0.45381
0.45472

263
789
457
357
582

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.20980
0.20767
0.20556
0.20347
0.20138

006
844
948
327
987

-0.21279
-0.21153
-0.21025
-0.20898
-0.20769

326
041
970
146
605

0.91106
0.91702
0.92303
0.92910
0.93524

334
233
726
941
011

0.59314
0.59867
0.60433
0.61012
0.61603

448
447
267
064
997

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.31639
0.31384
0.31130
0.30876
0.30623

395
521
150
307
020

-0.25511
-0.25462
-0.25411
-0.25356
-0.25300

565
724
151
898
013

0.68253
0.68709
0.69167
0.69625
0.70085

473
709
046
558
323

0.45571
0.45677
0.45791
0.45912
0.46041

223
373
125
572
808

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.19931
0.19726
0.19521
0.19318
0.19116

937
182
729
584
752

-0.20640
-0.20510
-0.20380
-0.20248
-0.20117

378
500
004
920
281

0.94143
0.94768
0.95399
0.96037
0.96681

066
241
670
491
843

0.62209
0.62827
0.63460
0.64106
0.64766

226
912
222
324
389

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.30370
0.30118
0.29866
0.29615
0.29365

315
218
753
945
818

-0.25240
-0.25178
-0.25114
-0.25047
-0.24977

547
548
067
151
850

0.70546
0.71008
0.71472
0.71938
0.72405

420
928
927
499
726

0.46178
0.46324
0.46477
0.46638
0.46808

928
026
197
539
147

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.18916
0.18717
0.18519
0.18322
0.18127

240
052
192
666
478

-0.19985
-0.19852
-0.19719
-0.19585
-0.19451

119
464
347
798
846

0.97332
0.97990
0.98655
0.99327
1.00006

866
703
496
394
542

0.65440
0.66129
0.66832
0.67549
0.68282

592
109
121
810
363

0.25
0.26
0.27
3.28
0.29

0.29116
0.28867
0.28619
0.28372
0.28126

395
701
757
586
209

-0.24906
-0.24832
-0.24756
-0.24677
-0.24597

211
284
115
753
244

0.72874
0.73345
0.73818
0.74292
0.74769

690
477
170
857
624

0.46986
0.47172
0.47367
0.47571
0.47783

119
554
549
205
623

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.17933
0.17741
0.17549
0.17360
0.17171

631
128
975
172
724

-0.19317
-0.19182
-0.19047
-0.18912
-0.18777

521
851
865
591
055

1.00693
1.01387
1.02088
1.02798
1.03516

091
192
999
667
353

0.69029
0.69792
0.70571
0.71365
0.72174

970
824
121
062
849

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.27880
0.27635
0.27392
0.27149
0.26906

648
923
055
064
968

-0.24514
-0.24429
-0.24343
-0.24254
-0.24164

636
976
309
682
140

0.75248
0.75729
0.76213
0.76699
0.77187

559
752
292
272
782

0.48004
0.48235
0.48474
0.48722
0.48980

903
148
462
948
713

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

-0.16984
0.16798
0.16614
0.16431
0.16249

632
899
526
516
870

-0.18641
-0.18505
-0.18369
-0.18232
-0.18096

286
310
153
840
398

1.04242
1.04976
1.05719
1.06470
1.07230

217
421
128
504
717

0.73000
0.73842
0.74701
0.75576
0.76468

690
795
380
663
865

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.26665
0.26425
0.26186
0.25947
0.25710

787
540
243
916
574

-0.24071
-0.23977
-0.23881
-0.23783
-0.23684

730
495
481
731
291

0.77678
0.78172
0.78669
0.79169
0.79671

917
770
439
018
605

0.49247
0.49524
0.49810
0.50106
0.50412

861
501
741
692
463

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.16069
0.15890
0.15713
0.15536
0.15362

588
673
124
942
128

-0.17959
-0.17823
-0.17686
-0.17549
-0.17413

851
223
539
823
097

1.07999
1.08778
1.09566
1.10363
1.11170

939
340
096
385
386

0.77378
0.78304
0.79249
0.80211
0.81191

215
942
282
473
759

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.25474
0.25238
0.25004
0.24771
0.24539

235
916
630
395
226

-0.23583
-0.23480
-0.23376
-0.23270
-0.23163

203
512
259
487
239

0.80177
0.80686
0.81198
0.81714
0.82233

300
202
412
033
167

0.50728
0.51053
0.51389
0.51736
0.52092

168
920
833
025
614

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.15188
0.15016
0.14845
0.14676
0.14508

680
600
886
538
555

-0.17276
-0.17139
-0.17003
-0.16866
-0.16730

384
708
090
551
113

1.11987
1.12814
1.13651
1.14499
1.15357

281
255
496
193
539

0.82190
0.83207
0.84243
0.85298
0.86373

389
615
695
891
470

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.24308
0.24078
0.23849
0.23621
0.23394

135
139
250
482
848

-0.23054
-0.22944
-0.22833
-0.22720
-0.22606

556
479
050
310
297

0.82755
0.83282
0.83812
0.84346
0.84885

920
397
705
952
248

0.52459
0.52837
0.53225
0.53625
0.54035

717
457
956
338
729

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.14341
0.14176
0.14012
0.13850
0.13689

935
678
782
245
066

-0.16593
-0.16457
-0.16321
-0.16185
-0.16050

797
623
611
781
153

1.16226
1.17106
1.17998
1.18901
1.19815

728
959
433
352
925

0.87467
0.88581
0.89716
0.90871
0.92046

704
871
253
137
818

0.50

0.23169

361

-0.22491

053

0.85427

704

0.54457

256

1.00

0.13529

242

-0.15914

744

1.20742

359

0.93243

593

[-y]

AIRY

[-f)4]

R-r)

[y72]

[c-y]

FUNCTIONS-AUXILIARY

r-1

[-;I

FUNCTIONS

f(r)

d-0

g(r)

I-1

[-pl]

FOR LARGE
x

[-y-j

POSITIVE

[a]

ARGUMENTS

j--r)

f(r)

d-4

gw

:*:
1:3
:::

1.047069
1.000000
1.100099
1.160397
1.229700

0.527027
0.528783
0.530601
0.534448
0.532488

0.620335
0.619912
0.620327
0.619799
0.618649

0.619954
0.617156
0.614275
9.608239
0.611305

0.478728
0.479925
0.481658
;.;;;1";;
.

0.45
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30

2.231443
2.080084
2.413723
2.638450
2.924018

0.549584
0.548230
0.550980
0.552421
0.553912

0.589451
0.593015
0.585855
0.578985
0.582330

0.585235
0.587245
0.583174
0.581056
0.578878

0.530678
0.526011
0.535345
0.544235
0.539902

1.0
0.9

1.310371
1.405721
1.520550

0.536489
0.538618
0.540844

0.616764
0.614022
0.610309

0.605068
0.601782
0.598372

;.;;;qO;:
0:501859

1.662119
1.842016

0.545636
0.543180

0.599723
0.605543

0.594823
0.591120

;.:1";;;;
.

0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05

3.301927
3.831547
4.641589
6.082202
9.654894

0.555456
0.557058
0.558724
0.560462
0.562280

0.575908
0.573135
0.570636
0.568343
0.566204

0.576635
0.574320
0.571927
0.569448
0.566873

0.548255
0.551930
0.555296
0.558428
0.561382

0:6
E

Om5[(-i)7]
2.080084
Ai(

[(-45)2]
0.548230
[(-911
0.593015
f x -i

e-rf(

-0

[(-45)2]
0.587245
F;j
.

Bi(x)=x-

erf(r)

0*0
Ai(.-ix

e-fg(-r)

Bi(.z)=xerg(r)

From J. C. P. Miller, The Airy integral, British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Mathematical
Tables, Part-vol. B. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1946 (with
permission).

476
Table
x

BESSEL

10.11

Ai( - x)
0.35502
0.35761
0.36020
0;36279
0.36537

iO5
b19
397

0.05

0.36796
0.37054
0;37312

149
416
460

0.37570
0.37827

243
725

0.10
0.11
Oil2
0.13
0.14

0.38084
0.38341
0;38597
0.38853
0.39109

867

843
213

0.15
O.lb
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.39364
0.39618
0.39871
0.40124
0.40376

037
269
868
789
987

0.20

0.40628

0;07
0.08
0.09

102
b99

628
961

Ai c-x)
-0.258il

771
731
986

-0.25836

484

-0.25816
-0.25731

173
001
918
872

0.59249
0.58800
0.58351
0.57901
0.57450

841

-0.25695
-0.25655
-0;25611
-0.25563

811
685
443
033

-0.25510

406

0.56999
0.56548
0.56096
0.55643
0.55189

904
397
268
466
940

-0.25453
-0;25392

511
297

-0.25326

716

642
523
536
b34

771

0.45470
0.45554
0.45643
0.45737
0.45835

903

0.45938
0.46045

-0.25880
-0.25874
-0.25865
-0.25852

-0.25792
-0.25763

0.41872
0.42118
0.42363

461
319
082
701
126

-0.24531
-0.24419
-0.24303
-0.24181

310
200

-0.24054
-0.23922

0.35
0.36
0.37
0;38

0.39
0.40
0.41

0.42
0.43
0.44

0.44856
0.44877

963

0.44903
0.44936
0.44974

0.52450

-0.24741

0.32
0.33
0.34

524
863

267

-0.24838

0.43330

0.60147
0.59698

-0.25103
-0.25019
-0.24931

653

0.43090

0.44831
0.44841

419
038
798
557

0.30

0.60596

364
005

250

0.41377

0.31

0.44828

-0.25182

-0.25256

0.41625

0.42849

bb3

0.54735
0.54280
0.53824
0.53367
0.52909

0.23
0.24

0.42606

Bi(-x)

0.61492
0.61044

0.40879
0.41128

0.27
0.28
0.29

Bi( -x)

940
157

0.21
0.22

0.25
0.26

OF

AIRY

0.00
0.01
0.02
0;03
0.04

0.06

FUNCTIONS

-0.24638

716

720
559
737
206

0.51990
0.51529
0.51067
0.50604

767
218
261

986
977
835
518

0.45017
0.45066
0.45121
0.45180

0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

0;48174
0.48369

138
089
487

0.48562
0.48752
0.48939

274
389
774

976

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

336

0.60

015
104
074
833
293
364

955

0.45390

546
355
047
530

713
503
806

0.50

0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68

0.50333
0.50493
0.50650
0.50803

007
395

511
295

0.51649

336

0.51777
0.51901

258
296

0.72

279
740

0.73
0.74

0.71

919
828
888
053

0.50139

987

0.46515

148

0.75

0.49674

203

0.49207
0.48738

408
423

0.76
0.77

0.52021

390

276

0.48268

127
722
953

0.46642
0.46773
0.46908
0.47046

095
327

0.78
0.79

0.52137
0.52249

479
501

513
719
851

0.47797
0.47325
0.46851

784
181
112

0.47188
0.47333
0.47481

022
081
405

0.80
0.81
0.82

0.52357
0.52461

395
101

0.38035

266

0.50593

371

-0.20408

lb7

[ C-j)7

[t-i]

-0.14464
-0.14103
-0.13736
-0.13363
-0.12984

521

0.53525

282

0.53721

0.29153
0.28612

084
932

0.53917

768

0.28070

835

0.54306

618
575
714

129

0.27526

801

0.54499

366

0.26980

0.26432

0.54692
0.54883

912

479

840
964

185
516

0.55260

464

0.25883

322

0.25331

-0.12599
-0.12207
-0.11810
-0.11406
-0.10996

157
538
815

-0.10580
-0.10159
-0.09731

999
101
134

0.54112

0.55072

048
000
642
852

055

0.24777

973

0.55447

665

0.24222
0.23665

0.55632

0.55815

0.2310b
0.22545

571
329
265

398

0.56176

506
480
647
884
063

0.21982
0.21418
0.20852

751
345
204

745
994
679
671
845
071

0.55996

059

906

0.53195
0.53254
0.53308

995
502
163

-0.06091
-0.05609

100

0.16263

895

0.57974

926

407

-0.05121

879

420
518

0.53356

920

-0.04628

549

0.53400

715

-0.04129

452

0.15683
0.15101
0.14518
0.13933

0.58119
0.5R7hn
0.58397
0.58530

484
171
309
317

0.58659

217
879
174
973
145
563

0.95
0.96

809

046
733
964

0.30227
0.29691

0.17996
0.17420
0.16842

0.41531

0.47572

218
007
701
290

854

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.50

-0.16176
-0.15846
-0.15509
-0.15167
-0.14818

852

486
652
062
611
193

-0.20643

022

0.53329

925

0.48773
0.48946
0.49122

965
548

0.53132

0.31294

0.30761

-0.07036

094
495
153

0.47367

438
780

0.31824

-0.06566

0.43002
0.42513
0.42023

702

341
392
399
345

676

141
723
826

031
070
713
850

115

700

307
670

0.49844
0.50029
0.50215
0.50403

0.52540
0.52737
0.52934

0.53064

0.48434
0.48602

0.49660

927

184
796
435
101
795

0.53132

500

156
973

457
934
570
348
251

0.52342

0.32879
0.32352

424
991

0.87

0.48268

0.43488

0.40541
0.40043
0.39544
0;39043
0.38540

260

0.51949
0.52145

0;88
0.89

667

llb

894
721
893
379
147

-0.17736
-0.17436
-0.17130
-0.16818
-0.16500

lb6

0.57200
0.57362

-0.23023

-0.21525
-0.21313
-0.21095
-0;20872

339

630
813

-0.22682

864
066

853

0.51753

0.19143
0.18570

937
631

0.46523
0.46738

0.51557

033
520
043
599

979
904

0;44968
0.45196

0.45
0.46
0.47
0;48
0.49

589

0.34965
0.34446
0.33926
0.33403

-0.08410
-0.07958

970

354

0.49479

0.35481

824
678

0.47944

0.48105

154

050
999
016
078

0.52832

784

534

0;49299

132
OiO

0.52914
0.52991

0.45419

0.44939

047

123

0.51169
Oi51363

0.85

368

773

0.41037

0.50976

853
193

0.86

-0.23344

412

579

0.36508
0.35996

354

-0.23186

447

0.37019

449
192

820

817
477
535

-0;21933

846

0.20284

0.44275
0.44508
0.44739

-0.21732

3il
166

0.19714

450

918

0.50784

U3

895

0.47787

233
567

409

0.505i3

055

0.47632

443

-0.22503
-0.22318
-0.22128

-0.19146
-0.18875
-0.18600
-0.18318
-0.18030

Bi(-x)
2kb
379

-0.08857

543

0.45898

0.45422
0.45646
0.45868
i46089
0.46307

-0.20167
-0.19920
-Oil9668
-0.19410

Bit-xl
0.38035
0.37528

479

0.46375

0.44457
0.43974

lb7

0.52746

865

893
687

Ai( -x)
-0.20408

0.56353
0.56527
0.56699
0.56869
0.57036

718

[t-j]

0.50170

040
882
087
591

-0.23785
-0.23643

[ C-f31

953
821
b59
408

0.50953

-0.23496

119

0.49484
0.49660
0.49833
0.50003

0.51100
0.51242
0.51382
0.51517

747
900

0.46950
0;47159

369
115

0.69

607

561

0.49306

0.70

529
578
860

0.43568
0.43805

675

0.49124

809
692

685
620

0.44041

-0;22855

Ai( -x)
0.47572
0.47775
0.47976

945
712

0.46156
0.46272
0.46391

ORDER

FUNCTIONS

x
836
896

0.45245

0.45315

FRACTIONAL

0.83

0.84

0.52560
0.52655

557
703

982

-0.09297

-0.07500

399
419

226

585

720
lb5
777

0.53439

490

-0.03624

628

0.97
i;ii
0.99

0.53473
0.53501
0.53525
0.53543

189
754
129
259

-0.03114
-0.02597
-0.01548

116
957
197
880

0.13347
0.12760
0.12171
0.11582
0.10991

587

0.58783
0.5R904
0.59019
0.59131

1.00

0.53556

088

-0.01016

057

0.10399

739

0.59237

[C-:)7]

-0.02076

[-j]

[C-t]

634
415
971

0.57520
0.57675
0.57826

346

[C-j+]

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

OF

AIRY
x

Ai

Ai( -x)

Bi( -x)

FRACTIONAL

477

ORDER

FUNCTIONS

Bi(-x)

Table

Ai( -x)

Ai( -n)

Bi( -x)

10.11

Bi( -x)

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.53556
0.53381
0.52619
0.51227
0.49170

088
051
437
201
018

-0.01016
+0.04602
0.10703
0.17199
0.23981

057
915
157
181
912

+0.10399
+0.04432
-0.01582
-0.07576
-0.13472

739
659
137
964
406

0.59237
0.60011
0.60171
0.59592
0.58165

563
970
016
975
624

5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9

+0.01778
-0.06833
-0.15062
-0.22435
-0.28512

154
070
016
192
278

0.86419
0.85003
0.78781
0.67943
0.52962

722
256
722
152
857

-0.36781
-0.36017
-0.33245
-0.28589
-0.22282

345
223
825
021
969

+0.02511
-0.17783
-0.37440
-0.55300
-0.70247

158
760
903
203
952

1.5
1.6
1;7
1.8
1.9

0.46425
0.42986
0;38860
0.34076
0.28680

658
298
704
156
006

0.30918
0.37854
0.44612
0.50999
0.56809

697
219
455
763
172

-0.19178
-0.24596
-0.29620
-0.34140
-0.38046

486
320
266
583
588

0.55790
0.52389
0.47906
0.42315
0.35624

810
354
134
137
251

6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

-0.32914
-0.35351
-0.35642
-0.33734
-0.29713

517
168
107
765
762

0.34593
+0.13836
-0.08106
-0.29899
-0.5014:

549
394
856
161
985

-0.14669
-0.06182
+0.02679
0.11373
0.19354

838
255
081
701
136

-0.81289
-0.87622
-0.88697
-0.84276
-0.74461

879
530
896
110
387

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.22740
0.16348
0.09614
+0.02670
-0.04333

743
451
538
633
414

0.61825
0.65834
0.68624
0.70003
0.69801

902
069
482
366
760

-0.41230
-0.43590
-0.45036
-0.45492
-0.44905

259
235
098
823
228

0.27879
0.19168
+0.09622
-0.00581
-0.11223

517
563
919
106
237

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

-0.23802
-0.16352
-0.07831
+0.01210
0.10168

030
646
247.
452
800

-0.67495
-0.80711
-0.88790
-0.91030
-0.87103

249
925
797
401
106

0.26101
0.31159
0.34172
0.34908
0.33283

266
995
774
418
784

-0.59717
-0.40856
-0.19009
+0.04437
0.27926

067
734
878
678
391

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.11232
-0.17850
-0.24003
-0.29509
-0.34190

507
243
811
759
510

0.67885
0.64163
0.58600
0.51221
0.42118

273
799
720
098
281

-0.43242
-0.40500
-0.36709
-0.31929
-0.26258

247
828
211
389
500

-0.22042
-0.32739
-0.42989
-0.52445
-0.60751

015
717
534
040
829

7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4

0.18428
0.25403
0.30585
0.33577
0.34132

084
633
152
037
375

-0.77100
-0.61552
-0.41412
-0.18009
+0.07027

817
879
428
580
632

0.29376
0.23425
0.15821
+0.07087
-0.02159

207
088
739
411
652

0.49824
0.68542
0.82650
0.90998
0.92812

459
058
634
427
809

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

-0.37881
-0.40438
-0.41744
-0;41718
-0.40319

429
222
342
094
048

0.31458
0.19482
+0.06503
-0.07096
-0.20874

377
045
115
362
905

-0.19828
-0.12807
-0.05390
+0.02196
0.09710

963
165
576
800
619

-0.67561
-0.72544
-0.75412
-0.75926
-0.73920

122
957
455
518
163

7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

0.32177
0.27825
0.21372
0.13285
+0.04170

572
023
037
154
188

0.31880
0.54671
0.73605
0.87115
0.94004

951
882
242
540
300

-0.11246
-0.19493
-0.26267
-0.31030
-0.33387

349
376
007
057
856

0.87780
0.76095
0.58474
0.36122
+0.10670

228
509
045
930
215

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.37553
-0.33477
-0.28201
-0.21885
-0.14741

382
748
306
598
991

-0.34344
-0.46986
-0.58272
-0.67688
-0.74755

343
397
780
257
809

0.16893
0.23486
0.29235
0.33904
0.37289

984
631
261
647
058

-0.69311
-0.62117
-0.52461
-0.40581
-0.26829

628
283
361
592
836

8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

-0.05270
-0.14290
-0.22159
-0.28223
-0.31959

505
815
945
176
219

0.93556
0.85621
0.70659
0.49727
+0.24422

094
859
870
679
089

-0.33125
-0.30230
-0.24904
-0.17550
-0.08751

158
331
019
556
798

-0.15945
-0.41615
-0.64232
-0.81860
-0.92910

050
664
293
044
958

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.07026
+0.00967
0.08921
0.16499
0.23370

553
698
076
781
326

-0.79062
-0.80287
-0.78221
-0.72794
-0.64085

858
254
561
081
018

0.39223
0.39593
0.38346
0.35494
0.31122

471
974
736
906
860

-0.11667
+0.04347
0.20575
0.36320
0.50858

057
872
691
468
932

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

-0.33029
-0.31311
-0.26920
-0.20205
-0.11726

024
245
454
445
631

-0.03231
-0.30933
-0.56297
-0.77061
-0.91289

335
027
685
301
276

+0.00775
0.10235
0.18820
0.25778
0.30483

444
647
363
240
241

-0.96296
-0.91547
-0.78882
-0.59221
-0.34136

917
918
623
371
475

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

0.29215
0.33749
0.36736
0.38003
0.37453

278 I
598
748
668
635

-0.52336
-0.37953
-0.21499
-0.03676
+0.14695

253
391
018
510
743

0.25387
0.18514
0.10794
+0.02570
-0.05774

266
576
695
779
655

0.63474
0.73494
0.80328
0.83508
0.82721

477
444
926
976
903

9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

-0.02213
+0.07495
0.16526
0.24047
0.29347

372
989
800
380
756

-0.97566
-0.95149
-0.84067
-0.65149
-0.39986

398
682
107
241
237

0.32494
0.31603
0.27858
0.21570
0.13293

732
471
425
835
876

-0.05740
+0.23484
0.50894
0.73928
0.90348

051
379
402
028
537

5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.35076
0.30952
0.25258
0.18256
0.10293

101
600
034
793
460

0.32719
0.49458
0.63990
0.75457
0.83122

282
600
517
542
307

-0.13836
-0.21208
-0.27502
-0.32371
-0.35531

913
913
704
608
708

0.77841
0.68948
0.56345
0.40555
0.22307

177
513
898
694
496

9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.31910
0.31465
0.28023
0.21886
0.13623

325
158
750
743
503

-0.10809
+0.19695
0.48628
0.73154
0.90781

532
044
629
486
333

+0.03778
-0.06091
-0.15379
-0.23186
-0.28738

543
293
421
331
356

0.98471
0.97349
0.86898
0.67936
0.42147

407
918
388
774
209

5.5

0.01778

154

0.86419

722

-0.36781

345

0.02511

158

10.0

0.04024

124

0.99626

504

-0.31467

983

0.11941

411

[q]

[q]
AIRY

[-a]

FUNCTIONS-WXILIARY

9.654894
11.203512
13.572088
17.784467
28.231081

Ai(-x)=x-
A;Y-x)-x

0.39752
0.39781
0.39809
0.39838
0.39866

[(-93)4]

FUNCTIONS
ARGUMENTS
f,<d

.f#>

f-l
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

[y]

21
14
83
24
38

[fi(r) cos ,+f,(r) sin r]

0.40028
0.40002
0.39975
0.39949
0.39921

87
58
97
03
79

[qy]

FOR

LARGE

L&>
0.40092
0.40052
0.40012
0.39972
0.39933

31
06
11
48
19

<t>

0.39704
0.39741
0.39779
0.39817
0.39855

87
99
49
37
62

cos r-fl(r)

:05
53;
100

sin r]

[g,(r) cos r+g,(r) sin r]

to t.

[(-;Lo)1]

NEGATIVE
&?(d

Bi(-x)=x-a[f,(r)

Bi(--x)=x
[gl(r) sin r-g,(r) cos I]
3
,=yxz
<r>=nearest integer

[(-;)I

478

BESSEL
Table

10.12

FUNCTIONS
INTEGRALS

zs

dt Ji Ai(-t)dtJi
0.00000 00 0.00000 00

5 Ai (t)

06
09

-0.03679
-0.07615
-0.11802
-0.16229

54
70
51
44

0.16801
0.14595

79
33

-0.25736
-0.20880

07
95

;*i
0:9

0.18795
0.20589
0.22196

45
52
97

-0.30768
-0.35944
-0.41225

05
15
56

1.0

0.23631

73

-0.46567

40

:-:
1:3
1.4

0.24907
0.26037
0.27034
0.27910

33
12
09
66

-0.51918
-0.57224
-0.62421
-0.67447

94
05
79
31

0.28678
0.29349

67
24

-0.72232
-0.76709

88
26

:*i
1:9

0.29932
0.30438
0.30876

75
82
29

-0.80807
-0.84459
-0.87602

24
41
06

2.0

2:

0.31253
0.31577
0.31854
0.32091
0.32292

28
11
43
19
74

-0.90177
-0.92135
-0.93435
-0.94050
-0.93967

28
09
56
97
67

2.5

0.32463

80

-0.93187

78

::;

0.32730
0.32608

57
74

-0.89633
-0.91730

20
54

::;

0.32919
0.32833

55
83

-0.83758
-0.86951

3.0
3.1

0.32992
0.33052
0.33102
0.33144
0.33178

04
31
49
15
65

-0.80146
-0.76220
-0.72100
-0.67915
-0.63802

3.5

0.33207

15

:*!
3:s
3.9

0.33230
0.33249
0.33265
0.33278

63
93
76
70

4.0
4.1
4.2

0.33289
0.33297
0.33304

i::
4.5
4.6

OF

FRACTIONAL
AIRY

i Bi(-t)dl

0.00000 00

85
50
36
82
64

-0.25006
-0.28553
-0.31575
-0.34052
-0.35966

28
62
56
58
27

0.87276
0.99838
1.13466
1.28318
1.44579

91
41
38
00
42

-0.37300
-0.38042
-0.38185
-0.37726
-0.36673

50
77
43
99
34

1.62470
1.82252
2.04231
2.28772
2.56304

81
33
52
12
90

-0.35038
-0.32847
-0.30132
-0.26939
-0.23325

81
24
67
97
04

2.87340

83

-0.19354
-0.15106
-0.10667
-0.06132
-0.01603

74
46
18
23
45

7.0

77
37

+0.02812
0.07009
0.10878
0.14317
0.17234

94
01
06
88
20

29
32
37
91
56

0.19544
0.21180
0.22092
0.22252
0.21655

25
21
49
61
57

-0.59897

71

-0.56335
-0.53242
-0.50730
-0.48892

61
25
05
77

0.20321
0.18296
0.15652
0.12485
0.08914

27
86
84

-0.47800
-0.47496
-0.47992

75
79
95

0.33315
0.33310

07
50

-0.51269
-0.49268

28
51

0.33318
0.33321

76
73

-0.53908
-0.57068

35
59

2;
4:9

0.33324
0.33326
0.33327

11
02
54

-0.60606
-0.64358
-0.68146

63
51
70

5.0

cLL~3zz;~

15
01

2:

0.09497
0.12164

a.

67
45
68
70

0.36533
0.45356
0.54773
0.64845
0.75649

0.33331
0.33332
0.33332
0.33332
0.33332

97
27
50
69
83

-0.82151
-0.81897
-0.80797
-0.78914
-0.76354

82
90
96
06
19

-0.01617
+0.02038
0.05518
0.08625
0.11181

86
99
54
18
25

0,33332
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333

95
03
10
16
20

-0.73267
-0.69836
-0.66268
-0.62781
-0.59592

53
93
96
93
62

0.13038
0.14086
0.14262
0.13555
0.12011

11
00
05
73
15

0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.93333
0.33333

23
25
27
29
30

-0.56902
-0.54883
-0.53667
-0.53334
-0.53906

35
59
65
74
98

0.09726
0.06847
0.03562
+0.00088
-0.03340

08
29
42
80
40

:::

0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333
0.33333

31
31
32
32
33

-0.55345
-0.57549
-0.60365
-0.63593
-0.66999

17
72
96
60
96

-0.06491
-0.09147
-0.11121
-0.12273
-0.12521

67
36
47
90
80

7.5

0.33333

33

::9"

-0.70336
-0.73355
-0.75830
-0.77575
-0.78453

19
34
99
13
65

-0.11847
-0.10300
-0.07997
-0.05114
-0.01872

31
57
85
35
22

if
8:2
8.3
8.4

-0.78398
-0.77413
-0.75578
-0.73041
-0.70011

26
57
55
93
70

+0.01475
0.04664
0.07440
0.09577
0.10902

64
84
43
a7
22

50
47
33
43
28

-0.66739
-0.63499
-0.60566
-0.58192
-0.56584

21
08
32
70
22

0.11303
0.10749
0.09285
0.07039
0.04205

86
35
98
64
63

+0.05076
+0.01121
-0.02788
-0.06494
-0.09837

01
78
79
00
02

-0.55881
-0.56148
-0.57358
-0.59403
-0.62093

97
12
51
00
76

+0.01033
-0.02196
-0.05192
-0.07682
-0.09439

04
26
24
93
a7

-0.12673
-0.14876
-0.16347
-0.17018
-0.16857

04
50
66
59
74

-0.65181
-0.68375
-0.71373
-0.73889
-0.75680

01
25
85
84
07

-0.10300
-0.10183
-0.09101
-0.07157
-0.04539

27
70
44
33
57

21"
t:
6:4

:::

::;

4..~;2j

10.13

C.06373
0.13199
0.20487
0.28256

0.00000 00
87
10
57
89

0.03421
0.06585

ORDER

FUNCTIONS

-0.05924
-0.11398
-0.16411
-0.20952

i.1
0:2

2:

Table

Bi(t)dt

OF

ZEROS
&(a,)

AND

ASSOCIATED
VALUES
OF
AND THEIR
DERIVATIVES
Ai(a,)
a,
h

AIRY

FUNCTIONS

b,

Bi(b,)

Bi

(b,)

1
2

- 2.33810
- 4.08794

741
944

+0.70121
-0.80311

082
137

- 1.01879
- 3.24819

297
758

+0.53565
-0.41901

666
548

- 1.17371
- 3.27109

322
330

+0.60195
-0.76031

789
014

- 2.29443
- 4.07315

968
509

-0.45494
+0.39652

438
284

i
5

:6'78670
5 52055
- 7:94413

983
809
359

+0.86520
-0.91085
+0.94733

403
074
571

- 4.82009
6.16330
- 7.37217

736
921
726

-0.35790
+0.38040
+0.34230

647
794
124

- 4.83073
6.16985
- 7.37676

784
213
208

+0.83699
-0.88947
+0.92998

990
101
364

- 5.51239
6.78129
- 7.94017

573
445
869

+0.34949
-0.36796
-0.33602

916
912
624

6
7
8
9
10

- 9.02265
-10.04017
-11.00852
-11.93601
-12.82877

085
434
430
556
675

-0.97792
+1.00437
-1.02773
+1.04872
-1.06779

281
012
869
065
386

- 8.48848
- 9.53544
-10.52766
-11.47505
-12.38478

673
905
040
663
837

-0.33047
+0.32102
-0.31318
+0.30651
-0.30073

623
229
539
729
083

- 8.49194
- 9.53819
-10.52991
-11.47695
-12.38641

885
438
351
355
714

-0.96323
+0.99158
-1.01638
+I.03849
-1.05847

443
637
966
429
184

- 9.01958
-10.03769
-11.00646
-11.93426
-12.82725

336
633
267
165
831

+0.32550
-0.31693
+0.30972
-0.30352
+0.29810

974
465
594
766
491

AUXILIARY

TABLE-COMPLEX
Bi (z)
e-438,

M~d$ue

p,e

ZEROS
AND

Bi(B.)
M$i&ts
Itai;

AND
Bi(z)

ASSOCIATED

VALUES

OF

Mc+l&us

Bi(o.)
zv6;e

e-A/38,

M+tte

pO*

5.524
4:093

0.027
0:042

1.224
1:136

-0:513
+2.625

4.824
31257

0.033
0:059

0.538
0:592

-21632
+0.515

4
5

6.789
7.946

0.020
0.015

1.288
1.340

-0.519
+2.622

6.166
7.374

0.023
0.017

0.506
0.484

-2.624
to.519

From J. C. P. Miller, The Airy integral, British Assoc. Adv. Sci. Mathematical
Tables Part-vol.
B. Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1946 and
F. W. J. Olver. The asymptotic
expansion of Bessel functions of large order.
Philoa. Trans. Roy. Sot. London [A] 247,
32&368,1954(with
permission).

11. Integrals

of Bessel Functions
YTJDELL L. LUKE~

Contents
Page

Mathematical
Properties
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1. Simple Integrals of Bessel Functions . . . . . . .
11.2. Repeated Integrals of Jn(z) and K,(z) . . . . . .
11.3. Reduction Formulas for Indefinite
Integrals
. . .

. . . .

.
.
.
.

480
480
482
483
485

Numerical
Methods
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5. Use and Extension of the Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . .

488
488

References

490

11.4. Definite

Table

Integrals

.
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.1 Integrals

of Bessel Functions
JoW,~

Y,(t)&

e-z~&(t)&,
Table 11.2 Integrals

7D

of Bessel Functions

e --z = [r,(t)-lldt:,J,
t
s0

z=(*l)lo

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

m Y,wt,
s

,&

494

8D

492

1oD

ej3(~)dt,

= [l-W)ldl,
s 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

- K&h?
t
sz

6-,-,

2=0(.1)5

The author acknowledges the assistance of Geraldine Coombs, Betty Kahn, Marilyn
Kemp, Betty Ruhlman, and Anna Lee Samuels for checking formulas and developing
numerical examples, only a portion of which could be accommodated here.

1 Midwest
of Standards.)

Research

Institute.

(Prepared

under

contract

with

the National

Bureau
479

11. Integrals
Mathema
11.1. Simple

Integrals

of Bessel

of Bessel Functions
! ical Properties

Functiops

11.1.8

z.zo(t)dt=xzo(x) ++rxr -Lo(z)Z,(~)+L,(~)Zo(~~

atkL(t)dt

ZIP(x) =AI,(z)

+Be*YrKr(z),,v=O,l

A and B are constants.

J&(Z) and
chapter 12).

L(z)

are Struve

functions

be

11.1.9

S
0

w4

+k&

2k

(k!)2(2k+1)2

(92(P+~+1)>0)
11.1.2

&)&=a

11.1.3

jyJ2.(t)dkSo'J,(t)dt-2

11.1.4

s0

y (Eulers constant)=.57721

go J+2k+,(z>(9v>-l)
.-

Recurrence

In this and all other integrals of 11.1, x is real

and positive although all the results remain valid
for extended portions of the complex plane unless
stated to the contrary.

~J,,,,(z)

g~~,+l(t)dt=1-Jo(z)-2

g J&)
B

11.1.10

-t-z
JYo@)ch
SzJo(t)dt+i;
S K,(t)dt=;

Relations

11.1.5

Asymptotic

aJ,+l(t)dt=

ogJ.4(t)dt-2J.(z)

kl(t)dt=l--Jo(z)

11.1.6

56649 . . .

b>O>

Expansions

11.1.11

Jm
[J,(t)+iY,(l)]dt-(~)~
z

x[go
11.1.12

e(-**)

(--)a2k+lx -ak-i+i 5kIO (-)ka2kx-ak

,,-r(k+f)

5 us+*)
r-0 2d r (3)

r(i)

11.1.7

Soz~o(t)dt=x~o(x)+~~x{Ho(~)~(~)--~~~)~(~)~
11.1.13

~(x>=AJ"(x)+BY"(x),),V=0,1
A and B are constants.
480

2(k+l)ak+l=3

(k+!j)

(k+i)

ak

INTEGRALS

11.1.14 de-"

s0

Xlo(t)dt-(2~)-~

go

OF BESSEL

481

FUNCTIONS

11.1.18

75x<=

a,x-"

de

where the ak are defined as in 11.1.12.

OD
K~(t)dt=$~
(-)ek(x/7)-+c(x)
I
2
Ic(x)l<2xlO-7

11.1.15 de" (DK,(t)&sz

f ' PO (-)bkxwk
-

where the ak are defined as in 11.1.12.

Polynomial

Approximations

11.1.16
s

1.2533:
0.11190
. 02576
.00933
. 00417
.00163
.00033

1
2
3
4
5

81X<=

414
289
646
994
454
271
934

im [Jo(t)+iYo(t)Mt
=xTje*(z-*l*) go (-)kak(x/8)-w-1
7

11.1.19
1

s0
[e(x)1 12x10-9

=22-l

ak
00233 47304

i
:

.: 00404
00100 03539
89872
: 00053
00039 92826
06169

.79788

-al)1

J2k+2(~)

=1-2x-V,(x)

bk

PO
I (2;+3)w+2)

+2x-

45600

: 00178
01256 42405
70944
: 00067
00041 00676
40148

go

(2k+5)[~(k+3)-~(1)--1lJ2k+l(~)

For #(z), see 6.3.

11.1.20
sz
11.1.17

Slxl=

21emzl

IO(t)&=&

d,(x/8)-+.2(x)

[e(x)1<2x10-6
k
0

di
. 39894 23

. 03117 34

. 00591 91

. 00569 56

-. 01148 58

* 01774 40

-. 00739 95

2 Approximation
11.1.16
ls from A. J. M. Hitchcock.
Polynomial approximations
to Bessel functions of order
zero and one and to related functions, Math. Tables Aids
Comp. 11, 86-88 (1957) (with permission).

{ $(k+l)

11.1.23
--ia

K,(t)&
i*
S
S
--iz t=z

ODJ,(t)&
z T----Z

?r

*&-ln

- Yo(t)dt
z
t

i}

482

INTEGRALS

Asymptotic

OF

BESSEL

JTUNCTIONS

11.1.30

Expansions

45xs

ODK,(t)&
2 Qez
- t
sz

=&

k
0

1
2
3
4
5
6

11.1.25

go(x)=2$ 2

11.1.26 aY2e2 "~O(W~

t
z

where

11.1.27

; 4&)kckx-k

11.1.31

[I,(t);lldt-(~,&f$o

ckz-k

cnis defined as in 11.1.27.

Polynomial

11.1.29

00

where

dk

52x2

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Q
10

Approximations

55x1 aJ

S2- ~~=2gl(~)~Pox))_go(x>~Px)
t
X2

(;)-kt4xl

1.25331 41
0.50913 39
.32191 84
.26214 46
.20601 26
11103 96
: 02724 00

~(~+l~2+~~c~-,+,c~-~

11.1.28 33/ze-z +

(-lkd,

x*e-z =~~ow-ll~t =8x

t

co=l,cl=~

2(k+l)ck+l=

co

($)-I +4x)

fk

0.39893
13320
-: 04938
1.47800
-8.65560
28.12214
-48.05241
40.39473
-11.90943
-3.51950
2.19454

14
55
43
44
13
78
15
40
95
09
64

11.2. Repeated Integrals ofJ,(z) andKo(z)

where

Repeated
gO(x)=$o

(-)kak(x/5)-2k+e(x),

Integrals

of J,,(Z)

Let

11.2.1

ak

11.2.2

k:5999
.10161
.13081
.20740
: 28330
27902
.17891
.06622
.01070

2815
9385
1585
4022

ki i1998
.30485
52324
1: 03702

5629
8155
6341
0112

0508
9488
5710
8328
2234

1.95320
1.69980
1.43132
0. 59605
.10702

6413
3050
5684
4956
2336

Then

11.2.3

(9-?Kp>O)
S.&)=+)
s,(z-t)-Jn(t)dt

INTEGRALS
Recurrence

OF

BESSEL

11.3.2

Relations

11.2.5
r(r--l)j,l,

t&4=2@--1M.

483

FUNCTIONS

J(Z),
I(Z)
K(z)

nw

-[(1-+--n2+~21f,-l,

Y(Z),

ZW
H?(z),

n(z)

11.2.6

1
1

-1

11.3.3
pg,, &z)=

-e-pzz~Zv(z)
+(P+~h-l.

j,+l. n+l (4 =fi+,. n-1(4 -%,

Repeated

Integrals

of

v(~>-W,,v+1(~)

11.3.4

nc4

pgr, v+l(z>=-ee-PE~~Zv+l(~)

I&(5)

Let

+(~-v-l)g,-,,v+l(z)+bg,,v(z)

11.2.8

11.3.5

K&(z) =&(a),

(p2+ab)g,,v(z)=ae-PzrZv+l(z)
+(p-v-l)ePzz~-lZ(z)-pe-pzz~Z(z)

K&(z)=

mK,(t)&,

m Ki,-,(t)dt
z

. . ., K&(z)=

Ki-, (z)= (-)

11.2.9

g7 K,,(z)

+P(2r--l)g,-l,(~)+[~2-~(cc--1)219r-2.~~>

11.3.6

Then

a(v-~)gp,+l(z)=-2ve-pzz~Z(z)-2vpg~,(z)

11.2.10

+WCc+vh.v--1(z)

- e- ooabf &a

S
0

cash

Case

(Wz>O,

wr>o,

szz>o,

r=O)

p.2.11

Ki(4

=&

11.2.12

Jm (t--z)-K,(t)&
z
Iii,,(O)

= rr(Fii$)

(WzlO,

ar>o>

Wr>O)

11.2.13

p2+ab=0,

1:

11.3.7

g, .(z,=eG

11.3.8

g-,.&9=-

v= f

e-pzz-+l
2v-l

z+&)}

z(z)+;

Z&)}

e%fJ(t)dt

=gg

[J(z)-iJy+l(z)]

11.3.10

11.2.14

z et-J(t)(jt=-e~
V

Formulas
Integrals

for Indefinite

e-%!@Z(t)dt

where Z,(z) represents any of the Bessel functions

of the first three kinds or the modified Bessel
The parameters a and b appearing in
functions.
the reduction formulae are associated with the
particular type of Bessel function as delineated
in. the following table.

[J(z)+iJ--I(2)1
(v+3)

+2-Y2A)r(v)
11.3.11
E

Let
6&)=

Z(4 -;

(2y>-%

Ki27+l(0) =

11.3. Reduction

(r-l)

11.3.9
S

11.3.1

1
-1

Tj,+l.O(Z)=Zf,O(Z)-(~--l)j~-l.O(~)+zf~-2,o(~)

Ki&)

T&M
+(2r--3)zf,-a,.(z)--zzf,-,

11.2.7

W(z)

ef~tY(t)dt-2v+l-eirZY+1 [Y(Z) -iYy+l(z)]

- i2y+r (Yfl)
42v+lJ

(WV>-3)

11.3.12

e*tI(t)dt=

gg

V(Z) FIv+1(41

@v>-t)

484

INTEGRALS

OF

11.3.13

BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

11.3.25

St~I,-,(t)dt=z%(z)
St-~I,+,(t)dt=z-~I,(z)z

Wv>O)

s0

e-lr,(t>dt=ze-[r,(z)+Il(z)l
11.3.26

+nIe-.lo(z)-11+2e-~~

l
2Iyvfl)

(n--kV~(z)
11.3.27

11.3.14

SztK-l(t)&=
S t-YK+l(t)dt=z-YK(z)
--2+Ky(2)

s0

e*lt-l,(t)dt=-e~vz~~+l

[l,(z)
1
F24(2V-l)r(v)

b#3>

11.3.28

==g

e*tK,(t)dt

@v>O)

Integrals

of

Products

of

Beeeel

Functiona

Let %$(z) and .Qy(z) denote any two cylinder

functions of orders cc and v respectively.

[K(Z) fKv+1(z)l

11.3.29

F2r(v+l)
2v+1

Kings integral

+)

Indefinite

11.3.15

s0

+2v

F~F-I(~>I

vi?v>--3)
s{

(see [11.5])

(~-z)t-~}~(kl)~(zt)dt

=z{k~~+l(kz)~(z~)-z~(~~)~+l(~~)
11.3.16

s zecK,(t)~t=ze[K,(z~+~~(Z)l-~

11.3.17
m
et-K,(t)&
sI

11.3.30

ap----l

=G

p=o,

ag,v-l(z)=~~(d

11.3.19

ag-,,,+,(z)=--z-Z(z)

11.3.22

s0

W>3)
11.3.31

E t~J~l(t)dt=ae7(2)

z t-*J,+,(t)&=
0

r z t+p+~p(t)~(t)dt
=2(;y-;;l)

(B>O)
l

2vr(v+ij

-PJ,

(2)

-;

=;

2 n
z

StJ?-l(t)&=2
*

,$+l

m-

w--1)J2,-,b)

11.3.24

11.3.34

-;

&I kJ2k (2)

11.3.35

[I-WI-&:(t)
SzJn(tv.,l(t)dt=~
0

z tY._,(t)dt=z.P.(z)+~
0

(~x-0

(%>O>
Szt[J:-l(t>-~J:+l(t)ldt=2vJt(z)
St~~(t)dl=~[J:(z)+J:(z)]

@>O)

J,(t)&

-Jl(Z)

PO (vS2&c+&)

11.3.33

1V*,-,(d

11.3.23
Jzn+l(Qdt=SD

{~(z)~(z)+~+l(z)~+l(z)l

11.3.32

2n- J2nwt=I
t
s0

(2nfl)l

%+*(~>~+1(W

/A=fv

11.3.18

11.3.21

[K,(z)+K-,@)I

2:

11.3.20

- (/.J--v)%?~(kz)9(zz)

Case

(gv>o)
*seepageII.

INTEGRALS

OF

BESSEL

11.3.36

485

FUNCTIONS

2. There must exist numbers

not zero) so that for all n

k, and k, (both

(P+v)szt-~(t)W(t)dt
11.4.4

--(/h+v+w

Convolution

Type

= 0

In connection
with these formulae, see 11.3.29.
If o=O, the above is valid provided B=O.
This
case is covered by the following result.

n-1

=~(z)~(z)+~+.(Z)~+,(2)+2~l~+R(2)~+n(2)

Integrals

11.4.5

11.3.37

go(-)nJr++2k+l(2)
StJ,(cY,t)J,(a,t)dt=O
1

* J,w(z--w=2

kA,%C+l (La> --k,%@na)

zt-%$+.(t)L%+.(t)dt

(m#n,

v>-1)

=3[J:hJ12

(9%>-1,9v>-l>

11.3.38

(m=n,

zJ(t)J~-~(2-t)dt=Jo(2)-cos

b=O, v>-1)

(-1<9?v<q

(m=n,

11.3.39
2:

S
I:t-J,(t)J
(z-t)d&$
S
J,(t)J-,(z--t)dt=sin

zeros of
%,
. . . are the positive
aJV(z) +brJ~(~) = 0, where a and b are real constants.

al,

w4<1>

11.3.40

11.4.6

S t-J
m

(9&>0,9?v>-1)

+*n+l(t)J+Sm+l(t)~t=O

11.3.41

Cm #n)
1
=2(2n+v+l)

c J,(t)J(Z-t)dt=(~+v)J~+Y(2)

(m=n)(v+n+m>-1)

lzvz

t(z-t>

(9&4>0,

11.4. Definite
Orthogonality

Properties

be a cylinder
let

11.4.1

%:(z>

-AJ,(z)

c-?v>O)

Definite

function

Integrals

Over

a Finite

Range

Integrals
of Bessel

Let $32)
In particular,

b#O, v>-1)

11.4.7
of order

S
t)
S
t)
S
sin

Jzn(22

t)dt=i

J",(z)

Functions

v.

11.4.8

sin

* Jo(22

cos Zntdt=d~(z)

+BYAz)

11.4.9

*
Yo(22 sin

cos 2ntdi!=~

J,(2)Yn(z)

where

A and B are real constants.

Then
11.4.10

11.4.2
4

t~(x,t)%c(xnt)~t=o

cm

+4

J,(z

sin

t)

sinp+lt

=2'r(v+1) 2Y+l

tdt

cos2Y+

(&?/A>-1

Jp+"+I(2)

S&J>-1)

11.4.11
provided the following two conditions
1. A, is a real zero of
11.4.3

hold :

J,(z

sin2 t)J,(z
=y

h,X%+*(Xb)--hz%qXb)=O

cos2

t)

csc

2tdt

JP+(z)

WP>O,

9vw

486

INTEGRALS

Infinite
Integrals

of the

OF

BESSEL

Integrals
Form

FUNCTIONS

11.4.23

me-wz(t)dt

11.4.24

mew-J(t)dt=e
tb+d
r(p+v)
l-(+--p)
S0
r(3)2flr(v-P+l)

(S&r<;9
9&+4>0)
11.4.13
m
e-ttp-ll,(t)dt=

where T,(w) is the Chebyshev

first kind (see chapter 22).

polynomial

of the

11.4.25
t-em* orJ, (t)dt
--m
=z

(4)(1-u~)w,-,(0)(~2<1)

w(,+v)>o)
=O(w>l)

11.4.14

S0

- 00s bt K,(t)

fit=&

(lJbl<l)

(l+bY

where U,(W) is the Chebyshev

second kind (see chapter 22).
11.4.26

11.4.15

S0
S0

m sin bt Ko(t)dt=arc

sinh b
(l+b2Y

where P,(W)
chapter 22).

r(!I$!A)
%<;)

S0

- J,(t)&=1

S0 t

- [l--Jowt=

mtfiY, (t)dt=F

r($)r(+)
2F{ r (ILL))2

o<gK3)

X sin T (P-Y) ( LC.&)>--1,

S0

11.4622
mta&)dt=2p-l

(see

S0

mYo(t)dt=O

Integrals

Form

function

o- e- cza*%PZ (bt) a2

OD
S0 e-ata t+J,(bt)dt
-r(~v+%i~M(l
wr cy+i)

i2&)

+I,
2y

2 pv

+1

6p)

-4a2

(9 (P+v)>o, aa2>o>
(1~4<1>

where the notation M(a, b, z) stands for the confluent hypergeometric

function (see chapter 13).

m
S
11.4.29
e

r (E!$!2)r(!!)

of the

gamma

11.4.28

r (p!!)r(EE)

- Y,(t)&=-tan

polynomial

11.4.27

where ~(a, z) is the incomplete

(see chapter 6).

11.4.19

S0

is the Legendre

@v>-1)

11.4.18

11.4.21

m t-fe-uzJn++(t)dt=(--i)n(2n)*P,(w)(w2<1)
-m
=O(d>l)

- tu,(t)dt=

11.4.17

(I ybl<l)

(m+4>-1,

11.4.20

of the

w+4w-d
u3Pw-~+1)
(%<$

11.4.16

polynomial

(D

S0

S0

S
-m

11.4.12

-a2%+1J~(bt)dt

b=
=@-&

e-5

@v>-1,9w>0>

INTEGRALS

OF

BESSEL

487

FUNCTION8

11.4.37

- J&t)

cos bt dt=--p-----

--ar sin y
=(b2-u2)f[b+(b2-a2)f]F

11.4.31
bJ

OD
e -ll.(bt)dt=~

@>a>@

esI+,

(z2)

(a>-1,

a%z~>O)

11.4.32

SJ,(d)
m

e -aztKo(bt)dt=~

sin bt dt=

b=

OD
es

K.

($)

arcosy

Ma>O)

Weher-Schafheitlln

Type

=(b2-a2)f[b+(b2-a2)f]p

Integrals

11.4.33

(
S-J,(ut)J.(bt)dt=
bYr

ta

@>a>@
2

>

11.4.39

meratJo (at)dt =

r--vy+y

v-p--x+1.
2

b2
a2>

, v+1;

93>-l, O<b<a)

ta

p--y;x+l;

(%(r+v--x+1)>%
For 2F1, see chapter
Cases

-1
=(b2_a2)t

>

2Abr-~+lr(p+l)r

x2Fl (Pfv;+,

of the

Xln

p+l; $)

9?x>-l, O<a<b)

15.

Discontinuous
Integral

(O<a<b)

b
. ;
arc sm

2a
+2-bZ)f

arr lJ+v--x+1
J,,(at)J,(bt)dt=
(
S

Special

(D
S

sin bt dt
t

b- (b2-a2)*
a
{

t-Y+lJ,,(at)J,(bt)dt=O

(O<b<a)

2r-v+lar(bLa2)v-r-l
bYr(v-p)

Weber-Schafheitlin

@>a>@

1
=;sin[rorcsini]

(Olb<a)
11.4.42
(b Za>O)

mJp(at)Jr-l(bt)dt=~

(WP>---1)

11.4.36

=;

cos [parcsin

ar CO8=;
=p[b+(b2-a2)t]r

(O<b<a)

=r[b+(b2-a2>+]~

cos bt dt

(o<a<b>

11.4.41
m
=

ar sin 3

- J,,(d)

(05 b<4

2i
+ ,+-&)t

11.4.35

S J,,(d)

(05 b<a)

11.4.40

eibYo (at)dt=

11.4.34

(a- b2)+

i
=(b2_a2)1

W(cc+v-X+1)>%

@cc>---2)

P+~--x+l

pa-A+lr(v+l)r

X& ( p+u--x+1,
2

WC----l)

11.4.38

;]

1
=zT;

(O<b=a)

=o

@>a>01

(O<b<a)

@P>O>

11.4.43

= +

{l-J,(bt)}dt=O

(O<bla)

=ln

; (b 2a)O)

488

INTEGRALS

OF

BESSEL

11.4.44
v+J,(at)dt
s
Hankel-Nicholson

Type

aw-r
=2r(p+l)

0 (t2+22)r+l

(a>o,

Integrals

FUNCTIONS

11.4.47

7?
ODK(at)dt
cos~
s 0 tV(t2+22)=4ZY+1

IL,(az)

wa4

-Yhz)l

Wa>O, Wz>O, %<3)

11.4.48

Wz>o+au<aap+;)

11.4.45

a
s

(a>O, Wz>O,

J,(at)dt

=z
[Iv(az) - L,(az)]
2zy+l

0 tqt2+2$

(a>O,

11.4.49

hVz>O, L%>-i)
OD J,(at)dt

11.4.46
0

K0(ad

Numerical
11.5. Use and Extension

of the Tables

Y,V)dt ,,l IoWt,jy=

KOW

For moderate

values of x, use 11.1.2 and 11.1.P

For x sufficiently large,
use the asymptotic expansions or the polynomial
approximations
11.1.11-11.1.18.
11.1.10 as appropriate.

a.05

Example

1.

r(v+l)

Compute

J,(t)dt

to 5D.

in Tables

9.1 and

Using 11.1.2 and interpolating

9.2, we have

(a>O, Wz>O, %>--4)

Methods
This value is readily checked using ~~3.1 and
h=--.05.
Now /Jo(x) 121 for all x and IJn(x)>
<2-t, nk 1 for all 2. In Table 11.1, we can
always choose Ih( 5.05.
Thus if all terms of O(h4)
and higher are neglected, then a bound for the
absolute error is 2*h4/48<.2.10b6
for all x if (hl
5.05.
Similarly, the absolute error for quadratic
interpolation
does not exceed
ha(2++2)/24<.2.10-.
z
Example
3. Interpolation
of
J,(t)dt
using
0
Simpsons rule. We have

so=+* Jo(t)dt=so=

a.oa
09+.31783 69+.04611 52
+. 00283 19+ .00009 72+ .OOOOO211
= 1.37415

Jo(t)dt+S+*

&,(t)dt=2[.32019

s0

l+ JoWt=$

2.

Compute

to 5D by

J,(t)dt
s 0

interpolation
We have

of Table 11.1 using Taylors

Z+A
S
S
0

Jo(t)dt=

+;

Jo(t)dt +hJo(z)
0

tJP(z)-Job)l+~

-;

JP(e),

x<t<x+h

Now

formula.

JP)(x)=;

[J~(x)-~J&)+~Jo(~$I

Jl(x)
and with lhl5.05,

[3J1(~~-Jd~)l+

Then with x=3.0 and h=.O5,

...

it follows that
IRl<.s.

Thus if s=3.0

1o-o

and h=.05

a.os

a.os
J,(t)&=1.387567+(.05)(--260052)
0
- (.00125) (.339059)

+(.000010)(.746143)

Jo(t)dt

CJ,(x)+4Jo(x+;)+Jo(z+h)]+R

-&=,

R=

3.0s

Example

L(~adK~(bxz)

r(2v+l)

(a>O, WzbO)

t2+z2

1 Jo(t)dt,l

s 0 tqt2+z2p+*=

ODYo(at)dt
-=--

B!v>-1)

=1.37415

J,(t)dt=1.38756

72520+9

[-.26005

19549

+4(- .26841 13883)- .27653 495991

= 1.37414 86481

INTEGRALS

OF

which is correct to 10D. The above procedure

gives high accuracy though it may be necessary to
interpolate

twice in Jo(x) to compute

Jo ST+;
(
>

and Jo(a;+h) . A similar technique based on the

trapezoidal rule is less accurate, but at most only
one interpolation
of Jo(x) is required.
aJ,,(t)& and 3 Y,(t)&
s
s0
to 5D using the representation in terms o\ Struve
functions and the tables in chapters 9 and 12.
For x=3, from Tables 9.1 and 12.1
Example

Jo= -.
IL,=

260052

J1=

.339059

.376850

Yl=

.324674

.574306

H~=1.020110

Using 11.1.7, we have

s0

The recurrence formula

+F

[(.574306)(.339059)

js=1.20909

= 1.38757
3 Y,(t)&=

lo(t)&
s0

6.

and r=O(1)6.

l)!x-+!j,(x)

27, g,=1.06701

58, J,,.O4347

and

g,=.96867

9.8 and 12.1, one can

36, g,=.94114

For tables of 2-%(x),

K,(t)&.
s0

13

of J,,(z)

rj,+l(x>=xj,(x)-(r-ll)j~-l(~)+~jfr--2(x)

gives

12, g,=.90474

64

see [11.16].
Integrals

of Ko(x)

l)Ki,-,(x)

Kio(x)==Ko(x),

and the functions

Thus for x=2,
K,=.11389

+ (r-

+xKL(x)

Ki,(x)=~mKo(t)dt

on this last line are tibulated

39, K,=.13986

59, Kil=.09712

06

and
Ki,=-2Ki,+2&=.08549

06

Similarly,

f-1(2)=-Jl(x),jo(.)=Jo(z),j~(~)=~

Jo@)dt

and the terms on this last line are tabulated.

for x=2,
.57672 48,jo=.22389

= -xKi,(x)

Ki-,(x)=&(x),

For moderate values of x and r, use 11.2.4.

If r=l, see Example 1. For moderate values of
x, use the recurrence formula 11.2.5. If x is large
and x>r, see the discussion below.
Example 5. Compute jl, o(x)=j,(x)
to 5D for
x=2 and r=O(1)5
using 11.2.6. We have

49

For moderate values of x, use the recurrence

formula 11.2.14 for all r.
Example
7. Compute K&(x) to 5D for x=2
and r=O(1)5.
We have
rKi,+l(x)

11.1.2~11.1.31.
Integrals

86, g,=.98827

and the forward recurrence formula

.19766

For moderate values of 5, use 11.1.19-11.1.23.

For x sufficiently large, use the asymptotic
expansions
or the polynomial
approximations

j-1=-

to use the auxil-

Compute g,(x) to 5D for x=10

We have for x=10,

Repeated

Repeated

17

Thus

11.1.8 and Tables

compute

73, js=.25448

This satisfies the recurrence relation

g2=1.02353
s0

10

it is convenient

g&2) = (r-

Similarly,

Using

66, j4=.62451

When x>>r,
iary function

Jo=-.24593

-(1.020110)(-.260052)]

gives

j2=2(j,+j-,)=1.69809

Similarly,

Example

a J&)&=3(-.260052)

489

FUNCTIONS

Compute

4.

Yo=

BESSEL

08,j,=1.4257703

Thus

K&=.07696

36, K&=.07043

17, K&=.06525

22

If x/r is not large the formula can still be used

provided that the starting values are sufficiently
accurate to offset the growth of rounding error.
For tables of Ki,(x), see [ll.ll].

INTEGRALS

490

OF

FUNCTIONS

Apart from round-off error, the value of r needed

to achieve a stated accuracy for given x and m
can be determined a priori.
Let

jm(x)=x-S=t~Ko(t)dt
0

Now

BESSEL

Then
In

the latter following

from 11.3.27 with v=l.
11.3.5, put a=l,
b= -1,
p=O and v=O.
p=m.
Then

--Cm- 1)~0(41/~

(G-1)

Using tabular values off0 and fi, one can compute

in succession fa, f3, . . . provided that m/x is not
large.
Example 8. Computef&)
to 5D for x=5 and
m=0(1)6.
We have, retaining
two additional
decimals
K,=
Thus

jo=l.

.00369 11

K,=.

00404 46

56738 74

f1=.

19595 54

ja=.O5791 27, j,=.O1458

93, ja=.00685

. . . (r-2k+1)2

~,I[~K~(x)+x(T--~)Ko(~)I/(T--~)~

1>%-2(d--;F2~1(d

M4=[@-

-=(~-1)~(~-3)~

Let

since for x fixed, fi(x) is positive

increases.

and decreases as T

Example 9.

Computef,(x)
We have

m=0(2)10.

K,= .03473 95

to 5D for x=3 and

K,=.04015

64

If r=16,
e1&.86* 1o-2

fiO<1.4 1o-6

Taking

g16=0, we compute the following values

Also recorded
of Q14, g1a,
* * *, go by recurrence.
are the required values off,,, to 5D.

36

Similarly starting with fi, we can compute f3 and f5.

If m>x, employ the recurrence formula in
backward form and write
fm-~(x~=~~~~(x)+~~l(x)+~(m-ll)Ko(;c)ll(m-ll)a
In the latter expression, replacef,
Take r>m and assume g,=O.
g,-4, etc. Then
lim g+&x)=f,,,(x),

r-f-

by g,,,. Fix x.
Compute
g,+
-

m=r-2k

For tables off,,,(x), see [11.21].

References

Texts

[ll.l]

[11.2]
[11.3]
[11.4]
Ill.51
[11.6]

H. Bateman and R. C. Archibald, A guide to tables

of Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp.
1, 247-252 (1943).
See also Supplements I, II,
IV, same journal, 1,403-404
(1943) ; 2,59 (1946) ;
2, 190 (1946), respectively.
A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953).
A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms, ~01s.
1, 2 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1954).
W. Griibner and N. Hofreiter, Integraltafel,
II Teil
(Springer-Verlag,
Wien and Innsbruck, Austria,
1949-1950).
L. V. King, On the convection of heat from small
cylinders in a stream of fluid, Trans. Roy. Soo.
London 214A, 373-432
(1914).
Y. L. Luke, Some notes on integrals involving
Bessel functions,
J. Math. Phys. 29, 27-30
(1950).

[11.7] Y. L. Luke, An associated Bessel function, J. Math.

Phys. 31, 131-138 (1952).
[ll.S] F. Oberhettinger,
On some expansions for Bessel
integral functions, J. Research NBS 59, 197-201
(1957)

RP

2786.

[11.9] G. Petiau, La thQrie

des fonctions de Bessel
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
Paris, France, 1955).
[ll.lO]
G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions,
2d ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1958).
Tables

[ll.ll]

W. G. Bickley and J. Nayler, A short table of the

functions Kin(z), from n=l to n=16.
Philos.
Mag. 7,20,343-347
Ki.(z)

(1935).

m K&,-l(t)&,
J(.1)2, 3, 9D.

Kir(z)=l-K&)&

n=1(1)16,

~=0(.05).2

INTEGRALS

OF BESSEL

[11.12] V. R. Bursian and V. Fock, Table of the functions

Akad.

Nauk,

Trudy

(Travaux)

Leningrad,

Inst.

2, 6-10

(1931).

Fiz.

Mat.,

jzmKo(t)dt,

7D;
7D; e* z =io(t)dt, 2=0(.1)16,
I
lo(t)&, 2=0(.1)6,
7D; e-= zo(t)dt, x=
s0
s
O(.l) 16, 7D.
[11.13] E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy
funktsii Besselya ot
nogo argumenta
i integralov
ot
deistvitel
nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR., MOSCOW, U.S.S.R.,
J,,(X),

Y,,(X), lrn +

dt, 5

&

n=o, 1; s=o(.o01)15(.01)100,
7D.
Also tabulated are auxiliary expressions to facilitate interpolation
near the origin.
[11.14] A. J. M. Hitchcock, Polynomial approximations
to
Bessel functions of order zero and one and to
related functions,
Math. Tables Aids Comp.
approximations
11, 86-88 (1957). Polynomial
2
-Ko(t)dt.
for
Jo(t)dt
and
s
sz
[11.15] C. W. Horton, A short table of Struve functions
and of some integrals involving
Bessel and
Struve functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 56-58
(1950).
4D;

C.(z)=~tJ,(t)dt,n=l(l)4,z=O(.l)lO,

D,(z) =l

z=O(.l)lO,

4D, where E,(z)

is Struves function;
see
chapter 12.
[11.16] J. C. Jaeger, Repeated integrals of Bessel functions
and the theory of transients in filter circuits,
J. Math. Phys. 27, 210-219 (1948). fi(z)=
s

Jo(t)dt,

z=O(1)24,8D.

f,(z)

=lz
Also

f,-l(t)dk

2-f,(z),

r=1(1)7,

o.(z)=~mJo[2(zt)]J.(t)dt,

a,,(x), a;(x), n=l(l)7,

z=O(l;24,
4D.
[11.17] L. N. Karmazina
and E. A. Chistova, Tablitsy
funktsii
Besselya ot mnimogo argumenta
i
integralov ot nikh (Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR.,
MOSCOW, U.S.S.R., 1958). e-zZ&),
e-*11(z),
ezKo(z),

Denmark,

1953).
5D.

eZZG(x), e=, e-2 = Zo(t)dt, es s - Ko(t)dt,

s0
2=0(.001)5(.005)15(.Ol)lOO,
7D exlept for ea
which is 75. Also tabulated are auxiliary expressions to facilitate interpolation
near the origin.

n=0(1)8,

= J,(t)dt,

s0

Also

s J,(t)e*dt,

a=t,

z=

a=%-t.

s
[11.19] Y. L. Luke and D. Ufforod, Tables of the function
i?o(z)

Math.

o=Ko(t)dt.

UMT

129.

A,(z),

A&).

Tables

Aids Comp.

r&r)=-[[y+ln
(z/2)lAl(z)+A&),
s=O(.O1).5(.05)1,
SD.

[11.20] C. Mack and M. Castle, Tables of

oaZo(z)dz and

mK&c)dz, Roy. Sot. Unpublished Math. Table

s
File No. 6. a=O(.O2)2(.1)4,
9D.
[11.21] G. M. Muller, Table of the function
Kj.(z)

=x-n

zu*Ko(u)du,
s
Office of Technical Se&es,
U.S. Department
of Commerce,
Washington,
D.C.
(1954).
n=0(1)31,
z=O(.O1)2(.02)5,
8s.
[11.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of functions
and zeros of functions, Applied Math. Series 37
(U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1954).

(1) pp. 21-31: ff

z=O(.ol)lo,

10D.

2=0(.1)10(1)22,

n=0(1)4,

tE,(t)dt,

[11.18] H. L. Knudsen, Bidrag til teorien for antennesystemer med he1 eller delvis rotations-symmetri.
I (Kommission Has Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen,

O(.Ol)lO,

2=0(.1)12,

1958).

491

FUNCTIONS

Jo(t)dt,

(2) pp. 33-39:

1oD;

F(z)

l
sz

=sm

Yo(t)dt,

m Jo(t)dt/t,
Jo(t)dt/t

+in
(z/2), 2=0(.1)3,
10D;
F((i)/n!,
z=
10(1)22, n=0(1)13,
12D.
[11.23] National Physical Laboratory,
Integrals of Bessel
functions, Roy. Sot. Unpublished
Math. Table
File No. 17.
1oD.
[11.24] M. Rothman,

s,

Jo(t)&

s,

Yo(t)dt,

2=0(.5)50,

Table of OZ~(x)dz for 0(.1)20(1)25,

s
Quart. J. Mech. Appl.Math.
2, 212-21.7 (1949).
8S-9s.
[11.25] P. W. Schmidt, Tables of Jo(t)dt
for large z,
s
J. Math. Phys. 34, 169-172 yl955). z=lO(.2)40,
6D.
[11.26] G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1958). Table VIII, p. 752:
1 =
x=0(.02)1,
7D, with
5
Jo(t) dt, f j- =Y,(t)dt,
s
the first 16 m:xima and minima of the integrals
to 7D.

492

INTEGRALS

Table

11.1

OF

BESSEL

INTEGRALS
s

FUNCTIONS

OF BESSEL

LYo (t)dt

FUNCTIONS

e-z

s ,li 10 (t) dt
0.00000
00

ez

- Ko (t) dt

0.00000

00000

0.09991
0.19933
0.29775
0.39469

66979
43325
75802
85653

-0.21743
-0.34570
-0.43928
-0.50952

05666
88380
31758
48283

0.09055
0.16429
0.22391
0.27172

92
28
79
46

1.;7079
1.35784
1.25032
1.17280
1.11171

63
82
54
09
28

0.48968
0.58224
0.67193
0.75834
0.84106

05066
12719
68094
44308
59149

-0.56179
-0.59927
-0.62409
-0.63786
-0.64184

54559
15570
96341
88991
01770

0.30964
0.33929
0.36206
0.37910
0.39137

29
99
71
05
42

1.06127
1.01836
0.98109
0.94821
0.91885

17
48
70
80
56

0.91973
0.99399
1.06355
1.12813
1.18750

04101
71082
76711
83885
20495

-0.63706
-0.62447
-0.60490
-0.57911
-0.54783

93766
91607
26964
12548
19295

0.39970
0.40479
0.40721
0.40745
0.40593

88

52
52
78
39

0.89237
0.86829
0.84626
0.82596
0.80719

52
97
10
89
04

1.24144
1.28982
1.33249
1.36939
1.40048

95144
09734
68829
85727
85208

-0.51175
-0.47156
-0.42788
-0.38136
-0.33260

90340
13039
62338
24134
04453

0.40298
0.39891
0.39394
0.38828
0.38211

85
09
29
68
11

0.78973
0.77344
0.75819
0.74386
0.73037

57
80
62
97
44

1.42577
1.44528
1.45912
1.46740
1.47029

02932
81525
63387
80303
39949

-0.28219
-0.23071
-0.17871
-0.12672
-0.07526

28501
32490
50399
97284
50420

0.37555
0.36873
0.36174
0.35467
0.34757

57
67
98
38
29

0.71762
0.70556
0.69412
0.68324
0.67288

95
50
02
16
26

1.46798
1.46069
1.44871
1.43231
1.41181

09446
96081
25408
16899
57386

-0.02480
+0.02420
0.07132
0.11617
0.15839

29261
24953
69288
78353
62206

0.34049
0.33349
0.32659
0.31981
0.31319

93
48
30
99
59

0.66300
0.65356
0.64452
0.63587
0.62757

15
16
98
68
60

1.38756
1.35992
1.32928
1.29602
1.26056

72520
96508
40386
59125
17835

0.19765
0.23367
0.26620
0.29502
0.31996

82565
66986
20748
36222
99576

0.30673
0.30045
0.29435
0.28843
0.28271

62
18
04
67
31

0.61960
0.61193
0.60455
0.59744
0.59059

34
74
84
84
11

1.22330
1.18467
1.14509
1.10496
1.06471

57382
59706
13136
78009
52877

0.34090
0.35775
0.37044
0.37896
0.38335

94657
03989
06831
74266
61369

0.27718
0.27183
0.26668
0.26170
0.25691

02
70
11
94
78

0.58397
0.57757
0.57139
0.56540
0.55961

14
57
13
66
09

1.02473
0.98541
0.94712
0.91021
0.87502

41595
21560
13375
52175
60866

0.38366
0.38000
0.37250
0.36131
0.34665

96479
67672
06552
69475
16398

0.25230
0.24785
0.24357
0.23945
0.23548

18
61
56
46
74

0.55399
0.54854
0.54326
0.53812
0.53314

42
72
15
91
27

E
4: a
4. 9

0.84186
0.81100
0.78271
0.75721
0.73468

25481
72858
50802
10902
94106

0.32872
0.30779
0.28413
0.25802
0.22977

87513
77892
10351
06786
58227

0.23166
0.22799
0.22445
0.22104
0.21775

83
15
13
21
83

0.52829
0.52358
0.51899
0.51452
0.51017

52
03
19
43
24

5. 0

0.71531

19178

0.19971

93876

0.21459

46

0.00000

3. 0
3. 1
;*3
3: 4
E
3: 7
33:;
4. 0
4.1
4. 2
t:;
4. 5

00000

INTEGRALS

INTEGRALS

,I,Jo (t)dt

OF

BESSEL

OF BESSEL

493

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

(t)dt
so=Yo

e-=

Table 11.1

l,,(t)dt

ez zp Ko(t)dt
s

0.71531
0.69920
0.68647
0.67716
0.67131

19178
74098
10457
40870
39407

0.19971
0.16818
0.13551
0.10205
0.06814

93876
49405
34784
01932
12463

0.210459
0.21154
0.20860
0.20577
0.20303

46
58
68
28
89

0.50593
0.50179
0.49776
0.49382
0.48998

10
55
16
50
19

0.66891
0.66992
0.67427
0.68187
0.69257

44989
67724
98068
18713
19078

0.03413
+0.00035
-0.03284
-0.06517
-0.09630

05806
67983
98697
04775
01348

0.20040
0.19785
0.19539
0.19301
0.19072

08
40
44
81
13

0.48622
0.48256
0.47897
0.47547
0.47204

86
16
75
34
60

0.70622
0.72263
0.74160
0.76290
0.78628

12236
54100
64692
51256
33012

-0.12595
-0.15385
-0.17975
-0.20344
-0.22470

06129
27646
87372
39625
89068

0.18850
0.18635
0.18427
0.18225
0.18030

02
16
20
84
78

0.46869
0.46541
0.46219
0.45905
0.45596

29
11
83
20
99

0.81147
0.83820
0.86618
0.89512
0.92470

67291
76824
77897
09137
60635

-0.24338
-0.25931
-0.27239
-0.28252
-0.28966

05692
37161
18447
78684
45218

0.17841
0.17658
0.17480
0.17308
0.17140

74
44
64
09
55

0.45294
0.44998
0.44708
0.44424
0.44144

98
97
76
15
97

0.95464
0.98462
1.01435
1.04354
1.07190

03155
17153
21344
00558
32638

-0.29377
-0.29486
-0.29295
-0.28811
-0.28043

44843
02239
35658
49927
26862

0.16977
0.16819
0.16665
0.16516
0.16370

82
68
93
39
89

0.43871
0.43602
0.43338
0.43079
0.42824

05
22
34
23
76

1.09917
1.12508
1.14941
1.17192
1.19243

14142
84628
49299
99830
33198

-0.27002
-0.25702
-0.24159
-0.22392
-0.20421

13202
06208
37080
52368
93575

0.16229
0.16091
0.15956
0.15825
0.15698

24
30
91
93
21

0:42574
0.42329
0.42087
0.41850
0.41617

81
20
86
63
40

1.21074
1.22671
1.24021
1.25112
1.25939

68348
60587
13565
88778
12520

-0.18269
-0.15959
-0.13516
-0.10966
-0.08335

75150
61109
40494
01934
07540

0.15573
0.15452
0.15333
0.15217
0.15104

64
08
42
55
36

0.41388
0.41162
0.40940
0.40722
0.40507

07
52
65
37
56

1.26494
1.26777
1.26787
1.26528
1.26005

80240
58297
83120
57796
46162

-0.05650
-0.02940
-0.00230
+0.02451
0.05078

66385
07834
54965
01664
29664

0.14993
0.14885
0.14779
0.14676
0.14575

74
61
88
44
23

0.40296
0.40088
0.39883
0.39681
0.39482

15
04
15
40
69

1.25226
1.24202
1.22946
1.21473
1.19799

64460
70675
51666
08237
38314

0.07625
0.10069
0.12385
0.14552
0.16550

79635
08937
04194
02334
09969

0.14476
0.14379
0.14284
0.14191
0.14099

16
16
16
08
87

0.39286
0.39094
0.38904
0.38716
0.38532

97
15
17
95
41

;:;

1.17944
1.15927
1.13772
1.11499
1.09134

18392
83464
05614
71504 *
58985

0.18361
0.19969
0.21360
0.22523
0.23448

20962
32017
56169
34059
42919

0.14010
0.13922
0.13836
0.13752
0.13669

46
78
79
43
65

0.38350
0.38171
0.37994
0.37820
0.37648

53
20
39
03
06

10. 0

1.06701

13040

0.24129

03183

0.13588

40

0.37478

43

5. 5
267
55::
2;
6:2
66:;
22
6:7
66::
7. 0
3::
::i
::2
7'8
7: 9
8. 0
8"-:.
8: 3
8.4
E
xl
8:9
;*i
9:2
9'::
9.5
9':;

494

INTEGRALS

Table
X

OF

BESSEL

INTEGRALS

11.2

s t
z 1 --Jo@)

FUNCTIONS

OF BESSEL

FUNCTIONS

&
Jz

o.ooooo

000

0.00124
0.00499
0.01121
0.01990

961
375
841
030

-1.3;?38
-0.43423
-0.05107
+0.15238

382
067
832
037

0.00000
0.00113
0.00409
0.00835
0.01347

000
140
877
768
363

0.000000
0.368126
0.460111
0.506394
0.532910

::"9

0.03100
0.04449
0.06032
0.07841
0.09872

699
711
057
882
519

0.26968
0.33839
0.37689
0.39543
0.40022

854
213
807
866
301

0.01910
0.02497
0.03088
0.03667
0.04222

285
622
584
383
295

0.548819
0.558366
0.563828
0.566545
0.567355

z!
1:2
1. 3
1. 4

0.12116
0.14565
0.17211
0.20043
0.23052

525
721
240
570
610

0.39527
0.38332
0.36633
0.34572
0.32256

290
909
694
398
701

0.04744
0.05229
0.05672
0.06070
0.06425

889
376
080
995
420

0.566811
0.565291
0.563058
0.560302
0.557163

0.26227
0.29557
0.33031
0.36636
0.40360

724
796
288
308
666

0.29769
0.27176
0.24529
0.21871
0.19235

696
713
896
360
409

0.06735
0.07002
0.07228
0.07414
0.07563

663
797
458
688
806

0.553745
0.550126
0.546364
0.542506
0.538587

0.44191
0.48117
0.52124
0.56200
0.60333

940
541
775
913
248

0.16650
0.14138
0.11719
0.09408
0.07218

135
594
681
798
365

0.07678
0.07760
0.07813
0.07839
0.07841

298
744
746
884
674

0.534635
0.530670
0.526711
0.522768
0.518854

0.64509
0.68716
0.72942
0.77174
0.81402

164
194
081
836
795

0.05158
0.03235
+0.01457
-0.00174
-0.01655

229
987
248
144
931

0.07821
0.07781
0.07724
0.07652
0.07566

544
809
664
168
245

0.514976
0.511139
0.507350
0.503610
0.499924

0.85614
0.89799
0.93947
0.98047
1.02091

669
596
188
571
428

-0.02987
-0.04168
-0.05201
-0.06088
-0.06833

272
613
554
740
756

0.07468
0.07361
0.07245
0.07121
0.06993

681
124
090
963
006

0.496292
0.492717
0.489198
0.,485736
0.482332

1.06070
1.09975
1.13799
1.17536
1.21179

032
277
707
536
667

-0.07441
-0.07915
-0.08263
-0.08491
-0.08605

025
722
683
323
553

0.06859
0.06722
0.06582
0.06440
0.06297

360
060
033
109
029

0.478984
0.475694
0.472459
0.469280
0.466155

1.24723
1.28163
1.31496
1.34718
1.37826

707
975
504
044
060

-0.08613
-0.08523
-0.08342
-0.08079
-0.07742

706
459
762
769
769

0.06153
0.06009
0.05867
0.05725
0.05584

450
952
042
166
708

0.463085
0.460067
0.457100
0.454185
0.451320

1::

1.40818
1.43694
1.46454
1.49096
1.51622

716
870
052
446
864

-0.07340
-0.06880
-0.06371
-0.05821
-0.05239

123
199
317
690
371

0.05446
0.05309
0.05174
O.(r5042
0.04913

000
325
921
989
691

0.448503
0.445734
0.443012
0.440335
0.437703

5. 0

1.54034

722

-0.04632

205

0.04787

161

0.435114

0.0.
2:
0:;

0. 5
::76

::2
i-i
1:9
::1"
22'32
2: 4
5-z
2:7
::i
3. 0
;*;
3:3
3.4
33::
z
3:9
f-1"
4:2
44:43
4. 5
t:;

12.

Struve

Functions
MILTON

and Related

Functions

ABRAMOWITZ~

Contents

Pege

Mathematical
Properties
....................
12.1. Struve Function H,(z) .................
12.2. Modified Struve Function L,(z) .............

12.3. Anger and Weber Functions

(2/r) l

t-E&)&t,

12.2. Struve

Table

Ho(x)-Y,(x),
Io(~>-L&>,

499

............

499

..........................

12.1. Struve Functioqs

Table

496
498
498

..............

Numerical
Methods
......................
12.4. Use and Extension of the Tables
References

496

(OjzSa~)

x=o(.1)5,5D

Functions

Hlw--l(4,
Id+-h(x),

zm [II&)-Y,(t)]t-&,

500

.............

501

to 7D

for Large Arguments

. . . . . . . . .

sb; t&w-~cl(~)l~+w7d
Jo2 [L,(t)--I,(t)ldt-(2/lr)

502

ln x
ln x

x-l= .2(- .Ol)O, 6D

The author acknowledgesthe assistanceof Bertha H. Walter in the preparation and

checkingof the tables.

1National Bureau of Standards. (Deceased.)

495

12. Struve

Functions
Mathematical

12.1.
Differential

Struve

Function

Equation

and

Solution

Functions

Properties
Ii&

12.1.11

H,(s)

General

and Related

12.1.12

(2/7r)--HI

-$ (2,H,)=zH,4

12.1.1

22 dazu+2 dw+(22-va)w=
dz2
dz
The general solution
12.1.2

where

4(w+
J;;wJ+ 3)

(2-,H)=&

2,;(v+))-2-,H.,1

is
(a$, constants)

w=aJ,(2)+bY,(2)+Hv(2)

Z-H(2)

12.1.13

is an entire function
Power

Series

of 2.

Expansion

12.1.3

FIGURE 12.1.
Integral

H.(z), n=0(1)3

Representations

If 9v>

Struve junctions.

-4,

12.1.6

5
i
S

o1(l-ty%in

12.1.7

%]a 2)
=&r(v+f)

12.1.8

=Y. (2)

sin

(zt) dt
.6

cos 0) sinaVBdO

(2

--I (l+tn)-3d,

Recurrence

12.1.9

E,-1+H.+,=~

Relations

l3,+

($4
h w+#)

-.6

-.6

FIGURE 12.2.
12.1.10

H,-1--H,+I=BH;-

(a2)
6 rb+io

Struve junctions.

H,(z), -T&=1(1)3

STRUVE

FUNCTIONS

AND RELATED

497

FUNCTIONS
Struve*a

Integral

12.1.25
4 *
t-.H,(t)dt=~al(z)+~sm
r L
-s
12.1.26
2 t-lE&)&=l-f
*-s 1

t-1 l.&(t)&

2
[ -15.32.j

zb

OI
=
st~-v-H,(t)dt
+1%3.5.5-

***

12.1.27

r(j~)P--
tan (3~~0
w--~P+l>

(I9Pl<h ~v>9k--9)

If j,(z)=

FIGURE

0SH,(t)t*dt

12.1.28
f+l= (2v+ l)f,< Z)--Z+W(Z)

Struve functions.

12.3.

++f
+ (Y+i)2+lr(~pyY+g)

E,(z), 2=3, 5
Special

12.1.14

Proper&x

Asymptotic

(z>O and u> 3)

H,(z) 2 0

H-(,+),(z)=

H&)=(-g

12.1.16

(n an integer>O)

(-l)nJn+i(z)

for

Large

1x1

12.1.29

H.(z)-Y.(z)=;

12.1.15

Expansions

(wy>-43)

zol

r(k+3)

r(v+3--k) (i)

*-d-R,

(larg 4<4
(1-cos

2)

where R,,,=O(IZI~-*~-~).
If Y is real, z positive *
and m+ )- v 20, the remainder after m terms is
of the same sign and numerically
less than the
first term neglected.

12.1.17

12.1.30
12.1.18 H,(zemr*)=en(r+*)ri

H,(z) (m an integer)

12.1.19

x&(z)--Yl(z)-f
H,(z)=

!!z2)+1

IFS

dr rG+*>

1; z+~, &

z2

a0
L(t)&=;
st-1

Integrala

12.1.22

(See

chapter 11)

. .]
(larg 4<*)

12.1.31

12.1.20
12.1.21

&(z)-yo(z)~~[~-~+q.&$~+~
[1+$-y+y-

. . .]

(larg 4<4
12.1.32
s0

s[Ho(t)--YoWW -5 [In cw+r1

12.1.23

z4+A6- **-1
s8Bb(t)dt=~
[g-m

where *i=. 57721 56649 . . . is Eulers

constant.

12.1.33

12.1.24

s0

* t- H.+l(w=2&+p)

- z-H,(Z)

*setpage
II.

(lw 4<4

498
Asymptotic

Expansions

STRWE

FUNCTIONS

for

Orders

Large

AND

12.1.34

2(32)
H(Z)-Y

(z)-&r(y+f)

FUNCTIONS
Asymptotic

12.2.6

2 k!b,
k=O

RELATED

bz=6(~/2)~-&,

Large

)a i

Lv(z)-I-p(z)

k- 32

(-lk+lr(k~v+l

(jargzI<+a)

a kPor(Y++--k) (i)

b,=20(~/~)~-4(p/z)
Integrals

12.1.35

2(W
-&++$)

= (4 +iJ(z)

-jy!!s
4 (Iyl>lzl)
k-o 2+1

12.2.7

LoWt=f

12.2. Modified
Power

Struve Function
Series

L,(5)

12.2.8

Expansion

(VT

12.2.1

for

2+1

(larg 4<hbl<l4
bo=l, h=2h,

Expansion

$+12

3:
.

4+12

SozM~~---Ldt)ldt-~

6+---1

32ze
52 .
.

[In @d+rl

L(z)=--ie-TH(iz)
($a*

=(4z)+k&r(k+4j)r(k+vt-3)
Integral

12.2.2

?
S

2($3
Lv(z)=Gr(,+3)

12.2.4
12.2.5

L&)dt=L,(z)-f

wv>--3)

Relation

to Modified

12.2.10 L-(,++)

Recurrence

Relations

msin (tz)(l+t*)l-+
dt
0
my<3, c-0)

L+

L-l+L+1=2L;-

Spherical

Bessel

(2)=1(,++)(z)

Function

(n an integer10)

12.3. Anger and Weber Functions

2(z2)
J;;w+3>

LwI-L+I=;

o sinh (z cos 0) sin*v e&

12.2.3
I-,(s)-L,(z)=

12.2.9

Representations

(2/2)
6 w+i8

Angers

12.3.1
12.3.2

J.(z)=-I

* cos (vO- z sin 0) de

n 0
(n an integer)

J.(4=Jn(z)

(2/2)
& w+*)

L,(X)

Wehers

12.3.3
Relations

Function

E.(z)=ai
Between

Function

Tsin (d-

z sin 6) de

Angers

and

Wehers

Function

12.3.4

sin (VT) JV(z)=cos (VT)EY(~)-E-Y(~)

12.3.5

sin (VT) E,(z)=J-,(z)-cos

Relations

Between

Wehers
Function
Function

(VT) J,(z)
and

Struves

If n is a positive integer or zero,

12.3.7
FIGURE

12.4.
L(z),

Modijied Struve junctions.

fn=C(1)5

E-,,(z)=+

+l[~lr(n-k-t)(aZ)-.+~+l
C
k=O
w+a

--H-,(z)

STRUVE

12.3.8

E,,(z)=--Ho(z)

12.3.9

El(z)=:-H,(z)

FUNCTIONS

AND

of the Tables

Example
1. Compute
L,(2)
to 6D.
From
Table12.1 I,(2)-L,(2)=.342152;
from Table 9.11
we have 1,,(2)=2.279585
so that L,(2)=1.937433.
Example
2. Compute
H,(lO)
to 6D.
From
Table 12.2 for s-=.l.
H,,(lO)-~Y,(10)=.063072;
from Table 9.1 we have Y,(10)=.055671.
Thus,
H,,(10)=.118743.
Example
5D.

3.

Using

Compute

Tables

Ho(t)&
for 2=6 to
s
12.2, il.1 and 4.2, we have

YdWt

J)ut)dt=Jy

+f In 6+fi (6)

= 1.83148
Example 4. Compute H,(x) for x=4, -n=
O(l)8 to 6s. From Table 12.1 we have H,,(4)=
.1350146, HI(4)=1.0697267.
Using 12.1.9 we find
H-,(4)
H-,(4)
H-3(4)
H-4(4)

= - .433107
= .240694
= .152624
= - .439789

H-,(4)
H-,(4)
H-,(4)
H-,(4)

=
.689652
= - 1.21906
= 2.82066
= - 8.24933

Example 5. Compute H,(s) for x=4, n=

O(l)10 to 7s. Starting with the values of H,(4)
and H,(4) and using 12.1.9 with forward recurrence, we get
H,(4)=
H,(4) =
H,(4) =
H,(4)=
H,(4)=
H,(4)=

.13501
1.06972
1.24867
.85800
.42637
.16719

46
67
51
95
41
87

Ha(4)
H,(4)
H,(4)
HQ(4)
H,,,(4)

=.05433
=.01510
=.00367
=.00080
= .00018

E&)=g-H&)

Methods
We note that for n>6 there is a rapid loss of
significant figures. On the other hand using 12.1.3
for x=4 we find H,(4)=.0007935729,
H,,(4) =
.00015447630 and backward recurrence with 12.1.9
gives
H,(4)
H,(4)
H,(4)
H,(4)
H,(4)

= .00367
=.01510
= .05433
=.16719
= .42637

54
37
SS
Od
%5

1495
315
519
87
43

H,(4)=
.85800
H,(4)=1.24867
H,(4) = 1.06972
K(4)=
.13501

94
6
7
4

Example 6. Compute L,(.5) for n=0(1)5 to

8s. From 12.2.1 we find L,(.5) =9.6307462X lo-,
L,(.5) =2.1212342X 10m5. Then, with 12.2.4 we
get
L,(.5)=3.82465
L,(.5)=5.36867

=-.125951+(.636620)(1.791759)
+ .816764

499

FUNCTIONS

12.3.10

Numerical
12.4. Use and Extension

RELATED

03X10-
34X1O-3

L1(.5)=.05394 2181
Lo(.5) =.32724 068

Example 7. Compute L,(.5) for -n=0(1)5

to 6s. From Tables 12.1 and 9.8 we find L,(.5) =
.327240, L,(.5) = .053942. Then employing 12.2.4
with backward recurrence we get
L-,(.5) =
.690562
L-z(.5)=-l.16177
Lb3(.5) = 7.43824

L-,(.5) = -75.1418
L-,(.5) = 1056.92

Example
8. Compute L,(s) for x=6 and
-n=0(1)6
to 8s. From Tables 12.2 and 9.8
we fhd
L,,(6)=67.124454,
L,(6)=60.725011.
IJsing 12.2.4 we get
L-,(6)=61.361631
L-*(6) =46.776680
L-a(6)=30.159494

L-4(6)=16.626028
Lm5(6)= 7.984089
L-,(6) = 3.32780

We note that there is no essential loss of accuracy

until n= -6.
However, if furt.her values were
necessary the recurrence procedure becomes unstable. To avoid the instability use the methods
described in Examples 5 and 6.

STRUVE

500

FUNCTIONS

AND

RELATED

FVNCTIONS

References
Texts

[12.1] R. K. Cook, Some properties of Struve functions,

J. Washington Acad. Sci. 47, 11, 365-363 (1957).
[12.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 2, ch. 7 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[12.3] A. Gray and G. B. Mathews, A treatise on Bessel
functions, ch. 14 (The Macmillan Co., New York,
N.Y., 1931).
[12.4] N. W. McLachlan, Bessel functions for engineers, 2d
ed. ch. 4 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1955).
[12.5] F. Oberhettinger,
On some expansions for Bessel
integral functions, J. Research NBS 59 (1957)
RP2786.
[12.6] G. Petiau, La theorie des fonctions de Bessel,
ch. 10 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, 1955).
112.71 G. N. Watson, A treatise on the theory of Bessel
functions, ch. 10 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1958).

Tables

[12.8] M. Abramowitz,
Tables of integrals of Struve
functions, J. Math. Phys. 29, 49-51 (1950).
[12.9] C. W. Horton, On the extension of some Lommel
integrals to Struve functions with an application
to acoustic radiation, J. Math. Phys. 29, 31-37
(1950).
[12.10] C. W. Horton, A short table of Struve functions
and of some integrals involving
Bessel and
Struvefunctions,
J. Math. Phys.29,56-58
(1950).
[12.11] Mathematical
Tables
Project,
Table
of the
Struve functions L.(z)
and H,(z), J. Math.
Phys. 25, 252-259 (1946).

STRTJVE

FUNCTIONS

AND

STRUVE

Ho(x)

HI(X)

s;Ho(W

RELATED

501

FUNCTIONS

Table

FUNCTIONS
II(X) -L1 (x)

Io(+-b(4

fo(4
0.00000

12.1

j- H$&
* 2

0.00000

00

0.00000

00

0.06359
0.12675
0.18908
0.25014

13
90
29
97

0.00212
0.00846
0.01898
0.03359

07
57
43
25

0.003181
0.012704
0.028505
0.050479

1.000000
0.938769
0.882134
0.829724
0.781198

0.000000
0.047939
0.091990
0.132480
0.169710

E.

0.30955
0.36691
0.42184
0.47399
0.52303

59
14
24
44
50

0.05217
0.07457
0.10063
0.13012
0.16281

37
97
17
25
75

0.078480
0.112322
0.151781
0.196597
0.246476

0.736243
0.694573
0.655927
0.620063
0.586763

0.203952
0.235457
0.264454
0.291151
0.315740

0.42982
0.50134
0.56884
0.63262
0.69294

0.799223
0.760044
0.721389
0.683341
0.645976

1. 0
1.1
1. 2
1. 3
1. 4

0.56865
0.61057
0.64855
0.68235
0.71179

66
87
00
03
25

0.19845
0.23675
0.27742
0.32012
0.36452

73
97
18
31
80

0.301090

0.555823
0.527058
0.500300
0.475391
0.452188

0.338395
is ::z
0:396290
0.412679

0.75005
0.80418
0.85553
0.90430
0.95066

0.609371
0.573596
0.538719
0.504803
0.471907

1.5

0.73672
0.75702
0.77261
0.78345
0.78952

35
55
68
23
36

0.41028
0.45704
0.50444
0.55210
0.59966

85
72
07
21
45

0.631863
0.706590
0.783111
0.860954
0.939643

0.430561
0.410388
0.391558
is. :::z

0.427810
0.441783
0.454694
0.466629
0.477666

0.99479
1.03682
1.07691
1.11518
1.15174

0.440D86
0.409388
0;379057
0.351533
0.324450

0.79085
0.78752
0.77961
0.76726
0.75064

88
22
35
65
85

0.64676
0.69304
0.73814
0.78174
0.82351

37
18
96
98
98

1.018701
1.097659
1.176053
1.253434
1.329364

0.342152
0.327756
0.314270
0.301627
0.289765

0.487877
0.497329
0.506083
0.514194
0.521712

1.18672
1.22020
1.25230
1.28309
1.31265

0.298634
0.274109
0.250891
0.228992
0.208417

0.72995
0.70542
0.67729
0.64586
0.61142

77
23
77
46
64

0.86315
0.90036
0.93489
0.96649
0.99496

42
74
57
98
63

1.403427
1.475227
1.544392
1.610577
1.673465

0.278627
0.268162
0.258319
0.249056
0.240332

0.528685
0.535156
0.541164
0.546746
0.551933

1.34106
1.36840
1.39472
1.42008
1.44455

0.189168
0.171238
0.154618
0.139293
0.125242

3: 3
3.4

0.57430
0.53484
0.49339
0.45032
0.40600

61
44
57
57
80

1.02010
1.04177
1.05983
1.07418
1.08477

96
30
03
63
74

1.732773
1.788248
1.839675
1.886873
1.929699

0.232107
0.224348
0.217022
0.210099
0.203553

0.556757
0.561246
0.565426
0.569319
0.572948

1.46816
1.49098
1.51305
1.53440
1.55508

t ZEi
o:oa1212
0.073071

3. 5
3.6
3. 7
3.8
3. 9

0.36082
0.31514
0.26935
0.22382
0.17893

08
40
59
98
12

1.09157
1.09457
1.09380
1.08934
1.08127

23
16
77
44
62

1.968046
2.001847
2.031071
2.055726
2.075858

0.197357
0.191488
0.185924
0.180646
0.175634

0.576333
0.579492
0.582442
0.585199
0.587776

1.57512
1.59456
1.61343
1.63176
1.64957

0.065992
0.059928
0.054829
0.050642
0.047311

4. 0
::4'

0.13501
0.09242
0.05147
+0.01247
-0.02427

46
08
40
93
98

1.06972
1.05484
1.03681
1.01584
0.99214

67
79
86
22
51

2.091545
2.102905
2.110084
2.113265
2.112655

0.170872
0.166343
0.162032
0.157926
0.154012

0.590187
0.592445
0.594560
0.596542
0.598402

1.66689
1.68375
1.70017
1.71616
1.73176

0.044781
0.042994
0.041891
0.041414
0.041502

is
417
4. a
4. 9

-0.05854
-0.09007
-0.11867
-0.14415
-0.16637

33
71
42
67
66

0.96597
0.93759
0.90729
0.87535
0.84208

44
56
01
28
90

2.108492
2.101037
2.090574
2.077406
2.061852

0.150279
0.146714
0.143309
0.140053
0.136938

0.600147
0.601787
0.603328
0.604777
0.606142

1.74697
1.76182
1.77632
1.79049
1.80434

0.042096
0.043139
0.044571
0.046335
0.048376

5. 0

-0.18521

68

0.80781

19

2.044244

0.133955

0.607426

1.81788
(97
[
I

0.050640

0: 2
0"::
0. 5
2;

:*;
1: a
1. 9
2;
:*:
2:4
22::
z
2:9
3:;

i::

[(-y]

[c-y]

0.000000

i* Ez:
0:489655
0.559399

(-;I6
I:

0.09690
0.18791
0.27347
0.35398

1.000000

0.959487
0.919063
0.878819
0.838843

0.112439

(412
1.
I

Ho(x), HI(X), LO(Z), L1 (z), compiled from Mathematical Tables Project, Table of the Struve functions
L,(x) and H,(x), J. Math. Phys. 25,252-259, 1946(with permission).
s;Ho(l)dt,

s;[r,(t)-b(t)]&

is=- H+

dt, compiledfrom M. Abramowitz, Tablesof integralsof Struve

functions, J. Math. Phys. 29,49-51,195O (with permission).

502

STRUVE FUNCTIONS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

Table 12.2
X-

STRUVE

Hoc@ - Y,(x)

H,(x)- Y,(x)

0.123301
0.117449
0.111556
0.105625
0.099655

0.659949
0.657819
0.655774
0.653818
0.651952

0.15
0.14
0.13
0. 12
0.11

FUNCTIONS

FOR LARGE

I,(x)-L,(x)

fdx)

0.607426
0.610467
0: 618598

0.793280
0.794902
0.796448
0.797910
0.799279

0.815341
0.814541
0.813785
0.813074
0.812411

0.098241
0.091318
0.084474
0.077706
0.071010

0.620955
0.623129
0.625119
0.626927
0.628558

0.800551
0.801721
0.802787
0.803750
0.804611

0.094843
0.088593

0.811796
0.811232
0.810722
0.810266
0.809866

0.064379
0.057805
0.051279
0.044793
0.038340

0.630018
0.631315
0.632457
0.633450
0.634302

0.805374
0.806047
0.806634
0.807140
0.807572

0.063460
0.057147

10
11

i* E%24
0: 038152

:z
17

0.809525
0.809244
0.809023
0.808865
0.808770

0.031912
0.025506
0.019116
0.012738
0.006367

0.635016
0.635596
0.636045
0.636365
0.636556

0.807933
0.808225
0.808450
0.808611
0.808706

0.031805
0.025451
0.019093
0.012731
0.006366

20
25
33

fdx)

W)

-Lo(x)

0.819924
0.818935
0.817981
0.817062
0.816182

0.133955
0.126683
0.119468
0.112319
0.105242

0.093647
0.087602
0.081521
0.075404
0.069254

0.650180
0.648504
0.646927
0.645452
0.644081

0.10
0. 09
0.08
0.07
0. 06

0.063072
0.056860
0.050620
0.044354
0.038064

0.642817

0.05
0. 04
0.03
0. 02
0. 01

0.031753
0.025425
0.019082
0.012727
0.006366

0.638200

0.00

0.000000
(-!)5

0.636620
92

0.20

0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

k T%5:

0: 639696
0.638888

;- 66::%!
0: 636874
0.636683

ARGUMENTS

i- 66:z

fA4
i* :21zi

0: 113505

00.
. :Kz

6
i

i* %EB
0: 069761

0.000000
0.636620
0.808738
0.000000
c-y
c-g)1
-;I1
92
1 1 c 1 [ 1 c 1 L- 1 [ 1 [(-;I2 1
0.808738

<x>

1%
CG

:[H,(1)-Y,(t)lat=~Inz+fi(x)

Ho(t)- Ye(t) dtzfo(x)

t
<x > = nearestintegerto 2.
Startingwith H,(z) andH,(x), recurrenceformula12.1.9may be usedto generateH,(z) for n<O. ASlongas?<x/2
(approx.),K(x) may be generatedby forward recurrence. Whenn>x/2, forwardrecurrenceis unstable. To avold the
instability, choosen> >x, computeH,(x) and HI+l(x) with 12.1.3, andthen usebackwardrecurrencewith 12.1.9.
If n>O, L,(z) mustbegeneratedby backwardrecurrence.If n < 0, L,(X) may be generatedby backwardrecurrence
forwardrecurrenceshouldbe used.
as long asL,(x) increases.If n<O and L,(x) is decreasing,
iike

Examples

4-8.

13. Confluent

Hypergeometric

Functions

LUCY JOAN SLATER l

Contents
Page

Mathematical
Properties
. . i . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .
13.1. Definitions of Kummer and Whittaker
Functions . . . . .

13.2.
13.3.
13.4.
13.5.

Integral
Representations
. . . .
Connections With Bessel Functions
Recurrence Relations and Differential
Asymptotic Expansions and Limiting
13.6. Special Cases . . . . . . . . .
13.7. Zeros and Turning Values . . . .

Numerical Methods . . . . . . . . . .
13.8. Use and Extension of the Tables
13.9. Calculation
of Zeros and Turning
13.10. Graphing M(a, b, 2) . . . . . .
References

. . .
. . .
. .
. . .
. . .
. . .

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

510
511
511
513
513

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

514

2=.1(.1)1(1)10,

Hypergeometric
a=-l(.l)l,

Table 13.2. Zeros of M(a,

b=.l(.l)l,

. . . . . . . . . . . .

509

. . . . . . . . . . . .
Points . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 13.1. Confluent

a=--l(l)-.I,

. . . . .
. . . . .
Properties
Forms .
. . . . .
. . . . .

504
504
505
506
506
508

Function

. . . . .

516

b, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7D

535

b=.l(.l)l,

M(a, b, s)

8s

The tables were calculated by the author on the electronic calculator EDSACI in the
Mathematical
Laboratory of Cambridge University, by kind permission of its director, Dr.
M. V. Wilkes.
The table of M(a, b, z) was recomputed by Alfred E. Beam for uniformity
to eight significant figures.

1 University Mathematical
National Bureau of Standards.)

Laboratory,

Cambridge.

(Prepared

under contract with the

503

13. Confluent

Hypergeometric

Mathematical
13.1. Definitions

of Kummer
Functions

Kummers

13.1.1

Logarithmic

Kummers

U(v+L
and an irregular

z=O

(4 &J
. . . +(b),n!+

...

where

2) In z

+goc$$r,
-WST)-W
+n+r)
I]
I *!tGz+79
z-M(a-n

, l-n

J 2) n

13.1.7

U(a, l--n,

l+n,

2)=2U(a+n,

2)

As 9z~a,

(a)),=a(a+l)(a+2)

. . . (a+n-l),

(ah=l,

13.1.8

and

U(a, b,

2)=~-~[l+O(lzJ-~)]

Analytic

Continuation

13.1.9

13.1.3
bJ z)~~

lr

b,
U(a, b, .~e*~) ==.
em-L I MP-a,
sm ab
I(i+a--b)r(b)

Mb,
4 2)
r(l+a-b)r(b)

-,,-eM(1+a--b,2--b,
Parameters
n positive
integers)

b#--n

a+-m

bie-n

a=-m

b= -n
b= -n
m>n

a#-m
a=-m,

M(a,

b, 4

a convergent series for

all values of a, 1, and z
a polynomial
of degree m
in 2

e**(l-bzl-bM(l
-a, 2-b,
r(a)I(2-bb)

211

l?(a)r(2-b)
(m,

M(a,n+l,

for n=O,l,
2, . . ., where the last function is the
sum to n terms. It is to be interpreted
as zero
when n=O, and $(a)=I(a)/I(a).

13.1.2

la

(-1)n+l
Z)=n,r(amn)

+(n-l)!
r(a)

Function

a2 @
Mb, h 2)=+7;+(b)$!+

Solution

13.1.6

g-au=0

It has a regular singularity at

singularity at CD.
Independent solutions are

Properties
U(a, b, z) is a many-valued function,
Its principal branch is given by - r< arg z 5 CT.

and Whittaker

Equation

2 %+(6-z)

Functions

2)

where either upper or lower signs are to be taken

throughout.
13.1.10

U(a, b, ze2i)=[I-e-2~tb]

rfi:ii\)

a simple pole at b= -n

Mb,

b, d

+e-2ribnU(a,
Alternative

b, z)

Notations

b=-n
a=-m,
undefined
m,<n
U(a, b, z) is defined even when b-&n
As JzJ-+co,

$,(a; b; z) or *(a; b; 2) for M(a, b, z)

P2Fo(a, 1 +a-b;
;- l/z) or *(a; b; 2) for U(a, b, z)

13.1.4

13.1.11

Mu,

6, z)=$j

e~~-*[l+U((z(-~)~

Complete

(wz>o)

y==AWa,

Ma,

b, 4+BU(a,

where A and B are arbitrary

Eight

and
13.1.5
4 d =&
504

(-4-41+0(14-)1

(92<0)

Solution

4 4

constants, b ti -n.

Solutionr

b, z)

13.1.12

y,=M(a,

13.1.13

y~=zt-eM(l+a-b,

13.1.14

y8=egM(b-a,

2-b,
b,

-2)

z)

iZONFL1TENT HYPERGEOMETRIC

13.1.1.5

y,=zl-bezM(l-cz,

13.1.16

ya=U(a,

13.1.17

y~=z-U(l+a--b,

13.1.18

y,=eU(b--a,

13.1.19

yg=21-berU(1-a,

505

FUNCTIONS

13.1.34

2--b, -2)

b, z)

r(-2r)
wK,fi(2)= r(+g-K)

2-b,

2)

M,,,(z)

General

Confluent

r(Ly:J-K)

M% -/d2)

Equation

b, -2)
2-b:

-2)

Wronskians

If W(m, n}=y,yi-yy,yk
and
t=sgn (92)=1
if Jz>O,
=-1 if J&O
13.1.20
W{l,

2}=W{3,

4}=W{l,

4}=-V{2,

Solutions:
3}
= (1 --b)zwbea

13.1.21
W{l,

3}=W{2,4}=W{5,

13.1.22

6)=W{7,

13.1.36

Z-Ae-f(z)it4(a,

b, h(Z))

13.1.37

Z-Ae-(z)U(a,

b, h(Z))

8)=0

13.2. Integral

W{ 1, 5}=-F(6)zmbe/I(a)

Representations

.%b>Wa>O
13.2.1

13.1.23

W{ 1, 7} =,(b)ee**bz-bezlr(b-a)

13.1.24

W{2, 5}= -r(2--b)2-be~/r(l+a-5)

13.1.25

W{ 2, 7) = -r(2-b)2-be~/r(l-a)

r(b;;y(a)

M(a, b, 2)
le~t~.-l(l-~)b-.-l&

e:

13.1.26

W{ 5, 7} =ef(b-az-be*
Kummer

s 0

M(a, b, z)=eM(b-a,

13.1.27

13.2.2

Tranaformations

b,

=21-bet

-2)

13.1.28

13.2.3

2-bM(l+a-b,

13.1.29

l t1 e-t~~(l+t)b--l(l--t)~-ldt

s -1

2-4

2)=2-bezit4(1--a,

U(a, b, 2)=21-aU(l+a-b,

2--b,

-2)

=21-befz
s0

2-4

*e-t conesin-9

cotb-% (if?) u!0

2)

13.2.4

13.1.30
eU(b-a,

b, -2)=e(*1(1-be*21-bU(1--a,
Whittakers

2---b,

=e -A.? ez,(,-A),-l(B--t)b--ldt
sA

-2)

(A=B-1)

L?Za>O, W2>0

Equation

13.2.5
!g+

13.1.31

[-;+;+Gp]

WC0
r (a)U(a, b, 2) =

Solutions:

13.2.6
Whittakers

13.1.32
13.1.33

Functions

MI,r(2)=e-tE2ffrM(4+C(-K,

1+2p,

=e*s

2)

me-art-(l+l)b-.-ldt

s0

e-~(~-~)-l~b--l&

13.2.7
1+2p, 2)

W~.r(2)=e-*z2t+rU(3+~-K,

(--n<arg

257r,

~=*b-a,

p=#b-3)

e-t2 Cosh@sinhbwle cothb- (@)&

506
13.2.8

CONFLUENT

r(a)

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

13.3.7

U(a, b, z)

Ma, b, 4 =e+z(+bz-uz)~-*b
OD
I-(b)
=eAr
SA e-(l-A)a-l(t+B)b-a-l~~
@=1---B)
. neo A,(3z)tn(b-2a)-1nJb-1+,(J(2zb-4za))

Similar integrals for MI,,,(z) and W,,,(z) can

be deduced with the help of 13.1.32 and 13.1.33.
Barnes-type

Contour

where
Ao=l, A1=o, A,=$b,

Integrale

(n+l)A,,+l=(n+b-l)A,-,+(2a-b)A,-P,

13.2.9

r$M(a, b,z)=&

c+fm
I-(-s)J?(a+d
(-z)js
_
r(b+d
Sc 40

for (arg (-z)l<+7r,

a, b#O, -1, -2, . . . . The
contour must separate the poles of r(--s)
from
those of r(a+s); c is finite.

(a real)
13.3.8
Ma,

b, 4
r(b)
(D
C
n-0

=eh

13.2.10

CO=l,

a#O,

-2,

-1,

Connections

With

. . ., b-afl,

Bessel

Functions

as Limiting

13.3.2

0-w

a+=

Ma,

Cn+l(a, b>=2aC&+l,
Recurrence

=d-fb~,-~(2,@

b,-+)/r(b)}

=d-tbJb-I(2d;i)

(b-u)M(u-1,

b(b-l)M(u,
b, -z/u))
= -7rie~*bz+~bH~~:1,(2fi)

Relations
Properties

and

b)

Differential

Expaneiona

in

b-l,

z)+b(l--b-z)M(u,
+z(b-u)M(u,

b, z)
b+l, z)=O

(l+u-b)M(a,

b, z)-aM(u+l,
b, z)
+(b-l)M(u,

b-l,

z)=O

13.4.4

Series

13.3.6

M(u, b, z)=eW (b-u-$)(+)a-b++

. 5 (2b-2a-l),(b-%),(b--a-i+
*
n=O
n!(b).
(-1) I,-a--f+(+)
(b#O,-l,-2,.

b, z)+(2u-b++)M(u,
b, z)
-aM(u+l,
b, z)=O

13.4.3

(Yz>O)

13.3.5

*see page II.

b+l)/b-C.-l(a,

13.4.2

U(a, b, z/u)} =2d-*b&,-~(2~

13.3.4

lim( I(l+a-b)U(a,
a-+-

b)In(z)

13.4.1

13.3.3

lim
{r(i+a-b)
a+0

b, 4=n~oG(a,

(h real)

Co= 1, Cl(u, b) =2u/b,

Cases

13.4.

lim( M(u, b, z/u)/I(b)}

lim{M(a,

13.3.9

l)aC,-l

where

Functions

If b and z are fixed,

13.3.1

C,=-$(2h-l)a+$b(b+l)h*,

+[(l-2h)a--h(h-l)(b+n-l)]C,-1
--h(h-

2,

(see chapters 9 and 10)

Be-1

4=-b&

(n+1)Cn+I=[(l-2h)n-bh]C,,

3
The contour must separate the poles of
r)(--6) from those of r(a+s> and r(1 +u-b+s).
13.3.

b-l+n@d--a&

where

r(a)r(l+a-b)zV(o,
b, Z)
C+11
r(--s)r(a+a)r(l+a--b+s)Pds
=3z
c-,o
for larg zI<$

CnZ(-az)i(l--b--n)J

bM(u, b, z)-bbM(u-1,

b, z)-.&(a,

b+l,

z)=O

13.4.5

n)

b(a+z)M(u,
. .)

b, z)+z(u-b)M(u,

b+l, z)
-abM(u+l,
b, z)=O

CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

507

FUNCTIONS

13.4.19

13.4.6
(a-l$z)M(a,

b, z>+@--aMa-1,

(u+z)U(u,

4 2)

t-(1--b)M(a,

b-l,

b, z)--zU(u,

b+l,

2)

+u(b-u-1)U(u+1,

z)=O

b, z)=O

13.4.20

13.4.7

(u+z-l)U(u,

b(l--b+&t&,

b, z)+b(b-l)M(a-1,
-azA4(u+l,

13.4.8

k!(u, b, z)=+(u+l,

b+l,

b-l,

z)

b-tl,

z)=O

-g

13.4.10

{it&,

ukqu+1,

b, 2)) =&

13.4.21

b+l,

z)

KJ(% b, 4 1=(-l>(u),U(a+~,

b+% 4

13.4.23

b, z)=uM(u,b,

z)+zM(u,

b, 2)

u(l+u--b)U(u+l,

b, z)=uU(u,

b, 2)
fzU(u,

b, 2)

13.4.24
b, z)=(b--a---z)M(u,

b, 2)

(l+u--b)U(u,

$zM(u,

z)=bM(u,

z)=(l-b)U(u,

b, 2)
--ZU(u,

13.4.25
bS1,

b-1,

b, 2)

13.4.12
(b-u)M(u,

U(u, b, z)=-uU(u+l,

z)=O

b+n, 2)

13.4.11
(b-u)A4(u-1,

b-l,

13.4.22

z)

M(u+n,

6, 2)

+(l+u--b)U(u,

$
13.4.9

b, z)-U(u-1,

b, 2)-4ikP(a,

U(u, b+l,

z)=U(u,

6, z)-U(u,

b, 2)

b, z)

b, 2)

13.4.26
13.4.13
(b-

l)M(u,

U(u-1,
b- 1, 2) = (b-

l)M(u,

b, 2)

b, z)=(u-b+z)U(u,

b, Z)-zU(u,

13.4.27

+zMb,

4 4

U(u-1,

b-1,

z)=(l--bfz)U(u,

b-1,

z)=(b-1-z)M(u,

b, 2)

13.4.28

+zM(a,

13.4.29

b, z)+(a-2u-z)U(u,

(1+2~+fK)M,+*,1r(Z)-(1+2E1-2K)Mr-1,p(Z)

b, 2)

=2(2K-Z)M,,,(Z)

+u(l+u-b)U(ufl,

b, z)=O

13.4.16
(b-a-l)U(fz,

13.4.30
W~+t,p(z)-Z*W.,r+f(%)+(K+I1)Wr--f,p(%)=O

b-1,

2)+(1--~-2)U(u,

b, 2)

+dqu,

63-1,

z)=O

13.4.31
(2K--2)~~,ll(Z)+W,+1,r(Z)

13.4.17
U(u, b, z)-uU(uf1,

b, z)-U(u,

b-l,

=(c(-K+a)(~+K-~)Wr-l,lc(Z)

z)=O

13.4.32

13.4.18
(b-u)U(u,

2~M.-t,,-t(z)-z~M,,,(z)=2~C1M~+t,r-t(~)

4 4

13.4.15

U(u-1,

b, 2)
--ZU(u,

13.4.14
(b-l)M(u-1,

b, z>+U(u-1,

b, 2)
-zU(u,

b, 2)

bfl,

z)=O

13.4.33

ZW:,,(z)=(aZ-K)w,,,(z)--~r+l,~(Z)

b, 2)

508

CONFLUENT

13.5. Asymptotic

Expansions
Forms

For

Iz\ large,

HYPERGEOMETRIC

and Limiting

r(1-b)
Ub, 4 2)=r(l+u-b)

13.5.10

+o((2(l-

9)

(O<gb<l)

(a, b fixed)

13.5.1
wb

FUNCTIONS

13.5.11

=&+Wlz

In 4)

13.5.12

=,fi~;~~)+(iz,~

@=O)

h 2) =
r(b)
Ezr&g;

(ayy).

(WblO,

(-z)-n+o(,Z,-R)}
For

large

a (b,

bf0)

fixed)

13.5.13

the upper sign being taken if-$r<axg

lower sign if -g?r<arg
z<-*n.

z<#T,

the

U(u, b, 2) =2-a{Rs

()*(l;a-b)n

+WfR)
Converging

Factors

I+It

(-z)-

n-0

1k-i%<arg z<W

for

the

P +fXlW--al ->I

O(,2,-R)=(u)~(1+a-b)~

b- a 1and

+ w4-2>1

2-.q

13.5.15

13.5.16

where the Rth and Sth terms are the smallest in

the expansions 13.5.1 and 13.5.2.

U(\cG,b, z)=r(3b--a+t)?r-,etz~t-tb
cos (d(2bz--4uz)

z (a, b fIxed)

As 1++0, M(u, b, O)=l,

as a+--ol

bf--n

z-+o(,2,9e-2)
(9?b22,

=qg

z-+o(,ln

a, b, x

so that z>2b-u>l,

13.5.17

sin (a*)
exp [(b-%)(4
sinh 2&6+cosh*
e)]
[(b-2u) cash fp+[?r(3b-u)
sinh 201-t

&+o(l)
(l<Wb<2)

=-&

real

A4(u, b, Z) =r(b)

2,)

(b=2)
2g

large

If cosh2 8=z/(2b-4u)
bf2)

-$b?r+ur+ts)
P+Wl3b-4-W

for b bounded, CCreal.

For

ret-l)
13.5.6 U(u, b, z)=r(a)

2 real.

where u is defined in 13.5.13.

[#-b+2u+z-S+O(lzl-)I

small

for b bounded,

U(u, b, z)=
r(~b-u+#e+z+-+b[cos
(u+Jb-l(,Q2bz-4uz))
-sin (ar)Yb--1(d(2bz-4uz))]
[l+O((+b-ul-g)]

13.5.4

For

O_<p<j.

13.5.14

as a+--cx,

and

o(14-s)= %--aMl-4s
8,

$-#p),

U+Wb--al-*)1

L3+(b+tb-h+t2-ifR)
2

13.5.9

(l--p,

(-z)-R

R!

13.5.8

a=min

M(u, b, z)=r(b)ee(3bz--az)t-tblr-1
COB(d(2bz--4ux)-$bn++r)

Remainders

13.5.3

13.5.7

(~(2bz-dzz))

where

13.5.2

13.5.5

M(u, b, z) =
r (b)etz(3bz-uz)t-tbJ~-,

b z+#(4l+O(lzh 21)
(b=l)

13.5.18

U(U, b, z)=exp

[1+0(13b--4-91
[(b--t&)($ sinh 28--e+cosh* e)]
[(b-2u) cash e]l-b[($b-u) sinh 201-t
~1+Wb-4-31

CONFLUENT

If Z= (2b--4~)[l+t/(b--2a)~],

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

509

13.5.21

so that

M(a, b, x) = r(b) exp { (b--u)

xm2b-4a
13.5.19

[(b-2a)

M(a, b, x)=etz(b-2u)f-bI(b)[Ai(t)

+Bi(t)

cos (ar)

[sin (mr)+sin
13.5.22
U(a, b, z)=exp

V(a, b, ~)=et~+-~r(;)a-t~-*

[(b-2a)

{ (+b-a)(2&sin

ae) +t~}

(2B-sin

=
I

13.6. Special

Wa, b, 4

cos* e][(b-2u)

cos e]l-

sin 28]-t{sin

[(*b-a)

so that 2b--4a>x>O,

sin 281-4

+o(13b-a(-1)]

{ h-tr(~)(bx-2ux)-f3f?r-~+O(l~b--a~-*)~

=
I

cos e]-[r(+b-a)

sin (ar)+O((+b--a(-*)]

13.5.20

If ~0s*e=x/(2b--4u)

cos* e}

[($b-a)

2e)+)T]+O(J)b-aJ-*))

Casee
=

Relation

Function

b
.-

r(l +v)ei~&)-~J.(z)

v+t

2v+1

13.6.2

-v-k,

-2v+1

IV -v)eis(+z)

13.6.3

v+t

2v+1

IYl+v)e~OzPZ.(z)

13.6.4

n+l

2n+2

r(~+n)6i*(~t)--~J.+t(z>

Spherical Bessel

13.6.5

-n

-2n

r(t-n)eI(fz)+tJ-.-t(z)

,
I

Spherical

Bessel

13.6.6

n+l

2n+2

r(q+n)eg(tz)--tZ.+,(t)

Spherical

Bessel

r(l+n)e-*rr(fiz*)-n(ber.

13.6.1

Bessel

+ms (vr)J,(z)

--sin (M) Y,(z)]

Bes8el
Modified

n-l-3

2n-k1

13.6.8

L+l-is

2L+2

eizF&j, z)z-~-~/CL(S)

Coulomb

13.6.9

-n

a+1

&

Laguerm

13.6.10

a+1

-@da,

13.6.11

-n

1+v--n

(nl)V
(1 +v-n).

13.6.12

13.6.13

13.6.14

r sinh t

13.6.15

-iv

2+ exp ( +za) Ez) (2)

exp2jfr)

13.6.7

z+i

bei. z)

Bessel

Kelvin

I) L:(z)

Wave

Incomplete

2)

Gamma

Poieaon-Charlier

Pn(v )

Exponential
,-is

sin 2

13.6.16

3-b

13.6.17

-n

&-j

13.6.18

-n

r)

&

13.6.19

13.6.20

tm+t

1+n

- erf 2
22
&.-zn+n-I

*see

page

II.

Trigonometric
Hyperbolic.

,;1,

Weber

(#I

Pa%bolic
Hermite

(-H-*fh&)

C-W

$ Hea,+lb)

Hermite

rt

r(bm+t)

Cylinder

Error Integral

erT(m, n, r)

Toronto

510

CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

13.6. Special Cases-Continued

Uh

b, 4

Relation

--

-13.6.21

2v+1

v+t

13.6.22

2v+1

u+3

Function

20

r-fe*(22)-K,(z)

-2it

&,1,iMYS3)

Hankel

Modified

-~l(2z)-.~p(z)*

Bessel

EIankel

13.6.23

p+i

2v+1

2iz

3*te-i[n(St)-Zl(2z)-.HI*(zjL

13.6.24

n+l

2n+2

2t

r-ter(2z)--tk,++(z)

Spherical

13.6.25

#z3l

&Z-I exp ($~3/~)2-2/~3~/@ Ai (z)

Airy

13.6.26

n+i

Zn+l

he

i~~-tev5*(2&)-[ker,

Kelvin

13.6.27

-n

a+1

(- l)%!LIp

Incomplete

Gamma

Exponential

Integral

z+i

kei,, z]

(2)

Bessel

Laguerre

13.62%

l-a

l-a

eT(a, x)

13.6.29

-X

-e-z

13.6.30

e=E~(x)

Exponential

Integral

13.6.31

-1nx

-2li

Logarithmic

Integral

13.6.32

*m-n

l+m

r(l+n--m)e=-r4(1m-n)w.,

13.6.33

-b

2x

r(l+fv)ek.(z)

13.6.34

ix

eiz[-+*i+i

13.6.35

4X

e+l[fri-i

13.6.36

-b

3z1

2+es214D.(z)

13.6.37

f-b

2t+e*lD.

13.6.38

t-h

pr

29

2-*H&c)/x

21

13.6.39

13.7.

Zeros

(2)

13.7.2

and

Si (2)-Ci
Si (2) -Ci

Bateman
(z)]
(z)]

Sine and Cosine Integral

Sine and Cosine Integral
Weber

(2)/z

Pa$bolic

Cylinder

Hermite

Error Integral

Turning

Values

For the derivative,

13.7.4

M(a, b, X,) =

l/(2&4a.>+O(l/(~b-a)*))

xo-

A*(?-+ fb- 3)
2b-4a

A closer approximation
13.7.3 XY,=Xo--M(u,
*see page II.

for z>o

Cunningham

If jb--l,r is the rth positive zero ofJbel(x), then

a first approximation X0 to the rth positive zero
of M(a, b, 2) is
13.7.1 X,=j;-,.,{

,(x)

& exp (9) erfcz

Ei (2)

is given by
b, Xo)/A4(a, b, Xo)

If XA is the first approximation to a turning value

f of M(a, b, r), that is, to a zero of M(a, b, 2) then
a better approximation is

CONFLUENT

The self-adjoint
written

equation

&be-z

13.7.6

13.1.1

HYPERGEOMETRIC

can also be

$$z&-e-w

511

FUNCTIONS

is an increasing or decreasing function of z, that is,

they form an increasing sequence for M(a, ZJ,z)
if a>O, x<b--3 or if a<O, x>b--3,
and a decreasing sequence if a>0 and x>b--3
or if a<0 and
x<b-4.

The

Sonine-Polya

The turning

Theorem

The maxima and minima of IwI form an increasing or decreasing sequence according as

values of /WI lie near the curves

13.7.7
w= f ~(b)?r-1~2e2~2(~bx-ax)~~~b~

1-x/(2b-4a)}-14

-,&b-le-2z

Numerical
13.8. Use and Extension
Calculation

In this way 13.4.1-13.4.7 can be used together

with 13.1.27 to extend Table 13.1 to the range

of the Tables

of M(a,

Kummers

Methods

b, 2)

-lO<a<lO,

Transformation

Example 1. Compute M(.3, .2, - .l) to 7s.

Using 13.1.27 and Tables 4.4 and 13.1 we have
a=.3, b=.2 so that

M(.3,

.2, -.l)=e-.M(-.l,
.2, .l>
= .85784 90.
Thus 13.1.27 can be used to extend Table 13.1 to
transformation
negative values of 2. Kummers
should also be used when a and b are large and
nearly equal, for x large or small.
Example 2. Compute
M(17, 16, 1) to 7s.
Here a=17, b=16, and
M(17,

16, l)=eM(-1,
=2.71828
=2.88817
Recurrence

Example 3. Compute
Using 13.4.1 and Table
b=.2 so that

16, -1)
18X1.06250

00

M(-

1.3, 1.2, .l) to 7s.

13.1 we have a= -.3,

This extension of ten units in any direction is

possible with the loss of about 1s. All the recurrence relations are stable except i) if a<O, b<O
and bl>lbl,
x>O, or ii) b<a, b<O, lb-al>lbl,
x<O, when the oscillations
may become large,
especially if 1x1also is large.
Neither interpolation
nor the use of recurrence
relations
should be attempted
in the strips
b= --nf .l where the function is very large numerically.
In particular
M(a, b, x) cannot be
evaluated
in the neighborhood
of the points
a=-m,
b=-n,
m<n,
as near these points
small changes in a, b or x can produce very large
changes in the numerical value of M(a, b, x).
is undefined.
When a=-1,
Hence:.mlM(-1,

M(-1,

b, z)=l-zfor

.l)]

tx.

b,x)=l

for all x, when a=b.

.2, .l)-.3M(.7,.2,

= .35821 23.

ati x.
ButM(b,

b,x)=e

M(b,

b, x)=8.

Heocek$l

In the first case b+- 1 along the line a= - 1, and

in the second case b-+-l
along the line a=b.
Derivatives

By 13.4.5 when a= - 1.3 and b= .2,

M(-1.3,1.2,.1)=[.26
M(-.3,
.2, .l)
-.24 M(-1.3,
= .89241 08.
Similarly

-lOsx<lO.

Example 4. At the point (- 1, - 1, x), M(a, b, x)

44.

Relations

M(-1.3,.2,.1)=2[.7M(-.3,

-lOlb<lO,

Example 5.

.2, .1)]/.15

7s.

To evaluate M(-.7,
-.6, .5) to
By 13.4.8, when a= -.7 and b= -.6, we have
M(-.7,

-.6,

.5)=+4(.3,

.4, .5)

when a= - .3 and b=.2

M(--3,

1.2, .1)=.97459

= 1.724128.

52.
Asymptotic

Check, by 13.4.6,
M(-1.3,
1.2, .1)=[.2

&Q-.3,
.2, .l)
+1.2 M(-.3,
= .89241 08.

1.2, .1)]/1.5

Formulas

For x2 10, a and b small, M(a, b, 2) should be

evaluated
by 13.5.1 using converging
factors
13.5.3 and 13.5.4 to improve the accuracy if
necessary.

CONFLUENT

512
Example 6.
using 13.5.1.
wg,

Calculate

M(.9,

.l,

HYPERQEOMETRIC

10) to 7S,

FUNCTIONB

Hence
U(.l,

61, 10)

=- W)
Q-*8)

r(.l)

&.101().8

cN Wn(1.8)n

,.erq()-.o

.2, 1)=5.344799(.371765--194486)
= .94752.

Similarly

n-0 n!(-lo)n

U(5

+r(.9)

n!lO

n-0

Hence by 13.4.15

=-.198(.869)+1237253(.99190

285)
-tom

U(1.1, *2, l)=[U(.l,

.2, l)-U(-.s,
= .38664.

=1227235.23-.17+0(l)
= 1227235+ O(1)
Check, from Table 13.1, M(.9, .I, 10)=1227235.
To evaluate M(a, 5, 2) with a large, z small and b
small or large 13.5.13-14 should be used.
Example 7. Compute M(-52.5,
.l, 1) to 3S,
using 13.5.14.
M(-52.5,

.l, 1)=I(.l)e*6(.05+52.5)*a6*06

By direct application
of a recurrence relation,
M(-52.5,
.l, 1) has been calculated as -16.447.
To evaluate M(a, 5, 2) with z, a and/or b large,
13.5.17,19 or 21 should be tried.
Example 8. Compute M(-52.5,
.l, 1) using
13.5.21 to 3S, cos 0=&210.2.
M-(-52.5,
J, 1)
=r(,l)e106.1 oode L105.1

co0

Example 10. To compute

5s. By 13.4.21
U/(-.9,

11.

=.Ol{

For -lO<z<lO,
-1OSa110,
-105&10
this is possible by 13.1.3, using Table 13.1 and the
recurrence relations 13.4.X-20.
Example
9. Compute
U(l.1, .2, 1) to 5~.
Using Tables 13.1, 4.12 and 6.1 and 13.1.3, we
have

But M(.9,

1.8, 1)=.8[M(.9,

M(.9,1.8,1)
- r(.l)r(l.8)

.8, 1)-iV(-.l,

= 1.72329, using 13.4.4.

2go

l-.019+.000551-.000021
+o(lo-e)

53.

]*

.8, l)]

-2, .Ol).

1,
For

r(.8)
=,o+o((.01)~8)
=1.09

to 3S, by 13.5.10.

To evaluate U(a, 5, 2) with a large, z small and

b small or large 13.5.15 or 16 should be used.
To evaluate U(a, 5, z) with 2, a and/or b large
13.5.18, 20 or 22 should be tried.
In all these
cases the size of the remainder term is the guide to
the number of significant figures obtainable.
Calculation

.2; l)=
~GiifSj~

U(1, .l, 100) to 5s.

*2, .Ol)= r(l,lr(1--.2) q+((.ol)l-a)

A full range of asymptotic formulas to cover all

possible cases is not yet known.

M(.1,.2,1)
r(.9)r(.2)

Formular

l-go+;

=.00981

U(.l,

b, x)

1) to

-~jjjjj~+OwOb
1.9 2.9 3.9

+0((52.55)-)I=-16.47+0(.02)

of U(a,

.9, -.8,

1)=.9U(.l,
.2, 1)
=(.9)(.94752)
= .85276.

To compute

U(1, .l, loo)=&{

.2, 1)]/.09

U(-

Example 12. To evaluate U(.l,

2 small, 13.5.6-12 should be used.

e]+s1.5641

52.55-i sin 2tI-*[sin (-52.5~)

+sin
{ 52.55(2e--sin 2e) +ir>

Calculation

-.8,

Asymptotic

Example
By 13.5.2

.5642 COB[(.2-4(-52.5))*-.05~+.25s]
[1+O((.05+52.5)-*6)]=-16.34+0(.2)

U(.l,

.9, *2, 1) = .91272.

(-*%w+*(l(yN)

of the

Whittaker

Functionr

Example 13. Compute M,-.,(l)

and W.,,,-.,(l)
to 5s. By formulas 13.1.32 and 13.1.33 and
Tables 13.1, 4.4
M.o,-.,(l)=e-~6M(.1,
W.o,-.,(1)=e-~6U(.l,

.2, 1)=1.10622,
.2, 1)=.57469.

CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

Thus the values of M,,,(x) and W,,,(Z) can

always be found if the values of M(a, 5, 2) and
U(a, b, 2) are known.
13.9. Calculation
Example

zero of M( -4,
Table

13.2.

of Zeros

and Turning

Points

Compute the smallest positive

.6,~). This is outside the range of
Using 13.7.2 we have, as a first

14.

513

FUNCTIONS

xi=xA
=X;

M(-3,
[l--3M(-3,

.6,X;)
.6,X;)]

[l-&Q-2,1.6,

X;)/.6M(-3,

=.9715X1.0163=.9873

.6,X;)]

to 4s.

This process can be repeated to give as many

significant figures as are required.

approximation
x0- (-55a)a
-17.2=-

174

Using 13.7.3 we have

X1=X0--M(-4,
But,

-6, X,)/M(-4,

-6, X0).

by 13.4.8,
iW(-4,

.6, X0)=-(.15)-M(-3,

1.6, XJ

Hence
X,=X,+.15M(-4,

.6,X,)/M(-3,1.6,X,,),

=.174+ (.15) (.030004)

= .17850 as a second approximation.
If we repeat this calculation,
x,=x,+.00002
Calculation

99=.17852
of Maxima

and

99 to 7s.
Minima

Example 15. Compute the value of 2 at which

M(-1.8,
- .2, Z) has a turning value. Using 13.4.8
and Table 13.2, we find that M(-1.8,
--.2,x)
= 9M(--.8,
.8, x) =0
when %=.94291
59.
Also M(-1.8,
-.2,
x)=9M(-.8,
.8, x)=
-9M(.2,
1.8, Z) and M(.2, 1.8, .94291 59)>0.
Hence M(-1.8,
- -2, a~)has a maximum in z when
x= .94291 59.
Example 16. Compute the smallest positive
value of z for which M( -3, .6, Z) has a turning
value, Xi. This is outside the range of Table 13.2.
Using 13.4.8 we have

M(-3,

.6, z)=-3M(-2,

By 13.7.2 for M(-2,

we find that

1.6, x)/.6.

1.6, ;c),

This is a first approximation

to XA for M( -3, .6, x).
Using 13.7.5 and 13.4.8 we find a second approximation

FIQURB

13.1.

Figure 13.1 shows the curves on which M(o, 5, Z)

=0 in the cc, b plane when x=1.
The function is
positive in the unshaded areas, and negative in the
shaded areas. The number in each square gives
the number of real positive zeros of M(a;, b, Z) as a
function
of 2 in that square. The vertical
boundaries to the left are to be included in each
square.
13.10. Graphing

M(u, b, x)

Example
17. Sketch M(-4.5,
1, 2). Firstly,
from Figure 13.1 we see that the function has
five, real positive zeros. From 13.5.1, we find
that it&+-=,
M+--co
as x++m
and that
M++-,
M++a
as x+-w.
By 13.7.2 we
have &s first approximations
to the zeros, .3,1.5,3.7,
6.9, 10.6, and by 13.7.2 and 13.4.8 we find as first
approximations
to the turning values .9, 2.8, 5.8,
9.9. From 13.7.7, we see that these must lie near
the curves

y=fe+(5r))-~(l-r/ll)%r-+.
From these facts we can form a rough graph of
the behavior of the function, Figure 13.2.

CONFLUENT

60

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

6
5

i4

FIGURE 13.2.
(From

M(-4.5,

1, z).

ipergeometrioh~
confluenti,
F. G. Tricomt, Funzionl,
cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954, with permission.)

Edlzionf.

M
4

IO

b=.5

-1.5

FIGURE 13.4.
.5

1.5

2.5

(From

.5, 2).
Publlcatlons,

References

IO

b=l

Texts

[13.1] H.

[13.2]
[13.3]

[13.4]

FIGURE 13.3.
(From

M(a,

E. Jahke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, Dover

Inc., New York, N.Y., 1945, with permiaslon.)

M(a,

[13.5]

1, z).

E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, Dover Publicatlon~,

Inc., New York, N.Y., 1945, with permission.)
.

Buchholz,
Die konfluente hypergeometrische
Funktion
(Springer-Verlag,
Berlin,
Germany,
1953). On Whittaker
functions, with a large
bibliography.
A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 1, ch. 6 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1953). On Kummer
functions.
H. Jeffreys and B. S. Jeffreys, Methods of mathematical physics, ch. 23 (Cambridge Univ. Press,
On Kummer
Cambridge,
England,
1950).
functions.
J. C. P. Miller, Note on the general solutions of the
confluent hypergeometric equation, Math. Table6
Aids Comp. 9,97-99 (1957).
L. J. Slater, On the evaluation of the confluent
hypergeometric
function,
Proc. Cambridge
Philos. Sot. 49, 612-622 (1953).

CONFLUENT

HXPERGEOMETRIC

[13.6] L. J. Slater, The evaluation of the basic confluent

hypergeometric
function,
Proc. Cambridge
Philos. Sot. 50, 404-413 (1954).
113.71 L. J. Slater, The real zeros of the confluent hypergeometric function,
Proc. Cambridge
Philos.
Sot. 52, 626-635 (1956).
[13.8] C. A. Swanson and A. ErdBlyi, Asymptotic forms
of confluent hypergeometric
functions, Memoir
25, Amer. Math. Sot. (1957).
[13.9] F. G. Tricomi, Funeioni ipergeometriche
confluenti
(Edizioni
Cremonese, Rome, Italy, 1954). On
Kummer functions.
[13.10] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, ch. 16, 4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952). On
Whittaker functions.
Tables

[13.11] J. R. Airey, The confluent hypergeometric function,

British Association
Reports, Oxford, 276-294
(1926), and Leeds, 220-244 (1927). M(a, b, z),
a=-4(.5)4,
b=), 1, 8, 2, 3, 4, ~=.1(.1)2(.2)3
(.5)8, 5D.

FUNCTIONS

515

[13.12] J. R. Airey and H. A. Webb, The practical importance of the confluent hypergeometric
function,
Phil. Msg. 36, 129-141 (1918).
M(a, 6, CT),
a=-3(.5)4,
b=1(1)7,
~=1(1)6(2)10,
45.
[13.13] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, ch. 10,
4th ed. (Dover Publications,
Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1945). Graphs of M(a, b, 5) based on the
tables of [13.11].
[13.14] P. Nath, Confluent
hypergeometric
functions,
Sankhya J. Indian Statist. Sot. 11, 153-166
(1951). M(a, b, z), a=1(1)40,
b=3, 2=.02(.02)
.1(.1)1(1)10(10)50,
100, 200, 6D.
[13.15] S. Rushton and E. D. Lang, Tables of the confluent
hypergeometric function, Sankhya J, Indian Statist.
Sot. 13, 369-411 (1954). M(a, b, z), a=.5(.5)40,
b=.5(.5)3.5,
~=.02(.02).1(.1)1(1)10(10)50,
100,
200, 7s.
[13.16] L. J. Slater, Confluent hypergeometric
functions
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
M(a, 6, z), a=-l(.l)l,
b=.l(.l)l,
1960).
s=.l(.l)lO,
8s; M(a, b, l),
a=-11(.2)2,
b= -4(.2)1,
8s; and smallest positive values of
I
z for which Mfa, b, z)=O,
a= -4(.1)-.l,
6=.1(.1)2.5,
8s.
I

516

CONFLUENT

Table

CONFLUENT

13.1

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION

M(a,

b, x)

z =O.l

a/b

0.2

0.1

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.00000

00

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

i -1 / 4.88360
-1 5.88807
-1 6.90191
(-1
7.92514
(-1
8.95782

25
94
26
70
77

0.0

( 0) 1.00000

00

0
80
0
0
0

1.64549
1.75647
1.86845
1.98142
2.09538

5.00000

( 0) 1.00000

0.3
00

00

(-1)

6.66666

( 0) 1.00000

0.4

0.5

67

00

( 0) 1.00000

00

07
99
49
05
12

0.6

0.7

8.33333
8.49524
8.65820
8.82221
8.98727

33
54
31
06
18

(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1
(-1

0.0

( 0) 1.00000

00

( 0) 1.00000

0.1

( 0) 1.01725

53

0.5

( 0) 1.08736

79

0.8
-1)
-1
-1
II-1
-1

00

00
35
39
38
56

( 0) 1.00000

00

I 0j
0
0
0
( 0

17
56
21
13
35

1.01289
1.02585
1.03889
1.05200
1.06518

( 0) 1.00000

8.00000
8.19391
8.38915
8.58575
8.78369

00
07
99
33
61

II -1
-1
-1
-1
-1

8.98299
9.18365
9.38567
9.58907
9.79384

40
22
64
21
48

( 0) 1.00000

00

II 0

77
34
83
22
66

1.21388
1.19185
1.16996
1.14822
1.12662

1.0

0.9

8.75000
8.87183
8.99436
9.11759
9.24152

II(-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

00

( 0) 1.00000

00

For Olzl 1, linear interpolation in a, b or z provides 3-4s. Lagrange four-point interpolation

gives 7s in a! b or 5 over
most of the table, but the Lagrange six-point formula is needed over the range 1 <s< 10. Any interpolation
formula
can be reapplied to give two dimensional interpolates in a and b, a and 2: or b and z. This calculation can be checked
by being repeated in a different order.

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERCEOMETRIC

517

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

M(a,

b, ix)

Table

13.1

x=0.2

a\b

0.2

0.1

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

-l)-6.30239
-l)-4.39817
-l)-2.45653

72
97
39

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-2)-4.77093
-1)+1.54050
-1) 3.59664
-1 5.69168
-1 7.82601

96
87
50
81
37

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

-2)
-1)
(-1
(-1

0.00000
9.22415
1.86164
2.81785
3.79118

0.3
00
48
63
03
64

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.4
(-1)

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.5

5.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0"::
0:5
E
0.6
0.7
E
l:o

a\b

0.6

0.7

0.8

1.0

0.9

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0:4
E
0.5
0.6
0.7
8.:
l:o

II -1
-1
-1
-1
-1
( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

8.97413
9.17511
9.37817
9.58333
9.79060

99
81
91
69
58

( 0) 1.00000 00

518

CONFLUENT
Table

13.1

CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION

M(a,

b, 2)

x=0.3
0.1

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.2

II-1O)-2.00000
0 -1.73884
-1.19153 00
-1.46940
-9.05127
94
09
81
36

(-2)

( 0) 1.00000 00

II

0)
0 1.17274
1.71742 49
1.53139
1.34985
1.90800
78
94
88
56

a\b

0"::
i-:
0:5

0.5

0.00000
8.90939 00
59

II
-1)
-1
-1
-1
-1

0.6

5.00000
5.45594
5.92137
6.39639
6.88112

0.7

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

II 0 1.11393
1.34985
1.23054
1.59674 77
1.47191
26
88
56

0.8

0.9

1.0

00
63
29
42
54

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

0.4

I -1 I 4.54351
5.66711 25
5.09916
4.00000
03
00
51
(-1) 6.24750 17

( 0) 1.00000 00

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.3

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

II

( 0) 1.00000 00
0 1.03645
1.07349 27
08
0 1.14937
1.11113 16
40
0 1.18822 61

( 0) 1.00000 00

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

519

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION

M(a,

b, x)

Table

13.1

x=0.4

a\b

0.2

0.1

O)-1.00000 00
-1 I -8.32139 43

-1.0

-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.3

-1

( 0)-1.59134

63

I 0)-1.20063

19

-6.57495

-1 -4.75937
-1 -2.87331

96

91
90

-1 -3.33333
I -1 j -2.19718
-1 -1.01932
-2 +2.01024
(-1
1.46463

0.4
33
27
12
24
65

-2
1-l I
-1
-1

0.00000
8.63057
1.75514
2.67677
3.62847

00
33
40
48
08

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-2)+6.90415 20
(-1) 5.25850 66

0.1
:::

( 0) 1.49182 47
0 2.52986
2.00166 27
43

II 0 1.15892 34
0 1.32283
1.49182 47
59

II( 0 1.11772 81
0 1.36358
1.23890 28
21

0"::

I 0I 3.07676
3.64273 82
38

0 1.66597
1.84538 84
67

0 1.49182
1.62369 47
00

-1)

7.66207 59

0
0
0
0
0

i-76
0:8
!:;1

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

3.33333
3.92050
4.52459
5.14587
5.78462

00
03
02
39
63

1.0

0.7

0.6
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

2.03014
2.22033
2.41605
2.61739
2.82445

33
85
74
62
40

-1)
-1 I
-1
-1
-1

6.00000
6136214
6.73238
7.11085
7.49764

00
28
89
21
78

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
8:;

j 0I 1.07691 20
0 1.23671
1.15580 59
28

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0 1.31966 37
0) 1.40469 04
0.6
EG
0:9
1.0

II 0

1.41655 50

0 1.56883
1.49182 47
03
0 1.64759 75
0 1.72815 18

0) 1.28326 80
01 1.33388 28
0
0
0

520

CONFLUENT

Table

13.1

CONFLUENT

HIYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONB

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTION

M(a, b, x)

r=0.5
a\b

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.2

0.1

( 0
0
II 0
0
0

-4.00000
-3.61201
-3.20079
-2.76573
-2.30622

0.3

00
86
89
85
47

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.5
-2
II -1
-1
-1

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

0.4

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

II

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.00000
8.38114
1.71019
2.61697
3.55920

00
43
66
96
78

( 0) 1.00000 00

0 1.31281
1.15358 36
87

i-z
a:5

0 1.64872
1.47782 42
13
0 1.82563 24

1.0

$9

-0:s
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.1
::3
Fl::

-1

4.44444 44

-1

5.00000 00

II -1
-1
-1

4.92975 21
5.42992
27
5.94522 72
6.47594 62

II -1
-1
-1

5.89284 21
5.44007
39
6.35854 17
6.83739 50

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERCEOMETRIC

521

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

i)Z(a, b,x)

Table 13.1

z=O.6

a\b

-0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

II( 0 -1.77497
-1.00575 51
-1.27832
-1.53457
-2.00000
00
65
83
96

( O)-1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.000b0 00

0.4

0.5

( 0)-3.05183 34

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.40083 55

0.1

II 01 7.75149
1.14187 48
1.01404
6.63788
8.91853
04
08
45
76

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

85
l:o
8-98

0.6

n.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.00000 00

II

0 1.69207
1.82211 88
45
0 1.95661 34
0 2.09565
2.23934 57
48

II 0 1.54938
1.46364 36
57
0 1.63767 83
0
22
0 1.72857
1.82211 88

522

CONFLUENT
Table

CONFLUENT

13.1

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION

M(a,

b, x)

x=0.7
a/b

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

Ii 0)-3.16446
0 -2.44543
0 -1.67144
-1 -8.40541
-2 +4.92624

06
68
46
00
47

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
0.2

II( 0 2.01375 27
0 3.09264 92

ki
0:5

0 4.23886
5.45463 64
06
0 6.74221 79

II-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
( 0) 1.00000 00

0.6
0.7
E

II 0 4.41274 94
0 5.09565 95
0 6.56853
5.81389 43
76

l:o

0 7.36066 31

a/b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.6

0.7

0.8

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.9

00
61
44
66
23

( 0) 1.00000 00

1.0

0.00000 00
t-1)
(-1)

1.22710 86
2.30054 51

(-1)

3.43855 96

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

-1) 3.43109 52
-1 4.62042 36
-1 5.87022 82
-1 7.18224 16
-1 8.55823 13

0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1

I 0) 1.15093 86

( 0) 1.12744 17

0.6

( 0) 1.00000 00

2.05299
3.48181
4.98858
6.57561
8.24528

Ii II
0
0
0
0
0

2.01375
2.20933
2.41306
2.62516
2.84585

27
17
50
74
75

0
0
0
0
0

1.85078
2.01375
2.18318
2.35926
2.54213

59
27
94
09
50

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

523

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

M(a, b, .x)

Table

13.1

z =0.8

d\b

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.1
(II 0
0
0
0
0

-7.00000
-6.50401
-5.94785
-5.32888
-4.64439

0.2
II( 0
0
0
0
-1

00
48
78
96
77

0.4

0.3
-1.66666
-1.48461
-1.28563
-1.06906
-8.34197

67
68
99
32
05

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
8:;

( 0) 1.00000 00

II

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0 1.38374
2.22554 79
1.79197
2.68533
25
39
09

0"::

( 0) 3.17225 39

8:;
it:
l:o

0.6

n\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.1
00:;
8:;
2;
E
l:o

II

( 0) 2.22554 09
0 2.46668
2.98352
2.71923
3.25992 24
90
56
11

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

524

CONFLUENT
Table

a\b

CONFLUENT

13.1

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION

M(a,

0.2

0.1

t-11-9.35972

0.6
0.7
0.8

I 1 I 1.16728
1 1.39370
1 1.63551

93
17
72

ki:;

( 1)
1 189334
2:16782

87
94

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

b, 2)

0.6

-1 -8.20518
-1 -5.12058
(-1 -1.76920
-1 I +1.86021
t -1) 5.77931

02
10
97
91
14

0
0j
0
0
i 01

1.45345
1.93955
2.45960
3.01492
3.60688

52
77
31
28
44

I 01 4.23689

27

0.7

0.8

II-l)-5.00000
-1 -3.93506
-1 -2.78312
-1 -1.54071
-2 -2.04284

00
44
29
44
74

II -1
-1
-2
-2
-1

-2.85714
-1.92058
-9.13906
+1.65565
1.32057

29
43
92
38
89

( 0) 1.00000

00

( 0) 1.00000

00

27

0.9

1.0

0.00000
7.59274
1.56725
2.42566
3.33625

00
35
54
24
68

( 0) 1.00000

00

-2
I -1
-1
-1

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
00.:
0:4
0.5
0:8
i-b7
1"::

( 0) 1.00000
0

00

1.15190

18

I 0 1.31197
1.48048
0 1.65771
( 0) 1.84394

31
24
19
34

( 0) 1.00000
0

00

1.11790

61

j 0 1.37111
1.24155
0 1.50677
0) 1.64871

02
10
14
85

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

-0.6

( O)-6.38931

44

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

( O)-2.62968

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

M(a,

525
b, x)

Table

13.1

42

II-1
-3 +7.71680
-2.72739
-5.29840
6.42974 30
3.12589
94
92
36
46
( 0) 1.00000 00

0.6

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

0.7

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

II-1

II

6.28763 92
8.08383
4.60681
3.03694
1.57371
81
41
99
08

-1

( 0) 1.00000 00

if:
0:3

876
II
8::

0 2.71828
3.06961 97
18

0:8
0.9
1.0

0 3.44142 89
0 3.83447 12
0 4.24952 89

0
0I
0
0
0

2.21650
2.46087
2.71828
2.98919
3.27406

01
06
18
01
39

II
0
0
0
0
0

2.05491
2.26515
2.48615
2.71828
2.96190

39
76
84
18
29

5.27314
4.25195
8.71734 45
7.50355
6.35625
01
07
70
83

526

CONFLUENT
Table

13.1

CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTION

M(a,

b, x)

x=2.0

a\b

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

-1.0
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.9

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0) 1.00000 00

II

0 3.07855
7.38905 71
5.77622
4.34381
1.96790
63
17
61
05

a\b

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1

-1.00000
-9.19616
-8.18288
-6.94107
-5.45057

II
( 0) 1.00000 00

II

0 1.52511
4.35023
2.78211
2.11745
3.52448 72
19
88
92
69

( 0) 1.00000 00

00
98
30
82
11

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

M(a,

527
b, x)

Table

13.1

x=3.0

a\b

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

1 -1.78256 05
1 -1.65079 47
1 -1.41549 22
1 -1.05876 41
0)-5.60854 66
( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.0000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

-1)+2.46564

64

2:
82
0:5
0.6

2 2.05059 14

2 2.65765
3.36670 56
66

.i:'o

22) 4.18932
5.13805 19
80

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

0.6
O)-4.00000

0.7

0.8

00

Ii
0
0
0
0
-1

-3.95879 09
-3.47899 58
-2.77784 38
-1.82229 72
-5.76188 60

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

1) 3.63241 26

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0) 1.00000 00

( 0) 1.00000 00

528

CONFLUENT
Table

13.1

CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTION

M(a,

b, 2)

2=4.0
a\b

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.5

II O)-9.00000 00
1 -1.10723 65
1 -1.28958 24
1 -1.43486 25
1 -1.52885 30

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

II 12 3.20473
1.17799 42
1.44217
8.28815
5.45981
65
11
50
35

0.6
ii:87
Zl

a\b

2
2
3I
3
3

6.58320
8.74427
1.13401
1.44322
1.80888

17
45
20
61
49

0.7

0.6

0.8

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1.0

0.9

Oj-5:38234

50

( 0)+1.00000

00

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0"::
i::

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

HYPlCRGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

529

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION

M(a,

Table

b, z)

13.1

x=5.0
a\b

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.4

$9"
-0:s
-0.7
-0.6

II 1
1
1
1

-1.56666
-2.41382
-3.23511
-3.98065
-4.58862

67
36
34
33
62

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

II 1
1
1
1
1

-4.98353
-5.07426
-4.75193
-3.88754
-2.32934

39
08
11
12
93

( 0)+1.00000

00

0.0

( 0)+1.00000 00

( 0)+1.00000
1

oo*:
0:s

00

0.5

II 1
1
1
1
1
( 0)+1.00000

00

-2.33084
-2.33646
-2.15579
-1.73399
-1.00692

19
31
45
46
28

( 0)+1.00000

00

6.28624 01

II 2 2.62678
1.48413 16
96

8::

2 6.01287
4.11434 26
11

a\b

0.7

0.6

0.8

0.9

1.0

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000

1.0

ppE&

0.6
t;:
0:9
1.0

00

Ii

2 1.48413 16
2 1.98603 96

2 3.33018
2.59579 43
07
2 4.20801 74

( 0)+1.00000

pps&

00

( 0)+1.00000

pfiztp

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

pz&

II

1 6.77444 40
1 8.98511 69
2 1.48413
1.16513 78
16
2 1.86309 66

( 0)+1.00000

Poe&

00

530

CONFLUENT

Table

CONFLUENT

13.1

HYF'ERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

M(a,

b, 2)

x=6.0
a\b

0.1

0.2

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

1
1
2
Ii 2
2

0.3

-2.90000
-6.43961
-1.01116
-1.37008
-1.69209

00
14
95
05
38

( 0)+1.00000

00

0.4

0.5

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000

00

8::

II 2

00*43
0:5
0.6

( 0)+1.00000

00

4.03428 07
1.66280
79

il 21 2.23669
9.26969 34
33

32 1.16700
7.30095 48
13
3 1.73835 48

2 6.43121
4.03428 79
54
2 9.55746 91

II 3 6.08625 44
43

1.12757 14
8.38957
36

3 1.86253
2.49428 97
70

1":;

4 1.48541
1.92506 80
91

3 4.23039
3.27475 26
92

0.6

( 0)+1.00000 00

II 3 1.35639 99

00::

a\b

( 0)+1.00000 00

0.7

0.8

II

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.9

1.0

10 -5.66666
-1.56045 67
-1.35713
-1.11025
-8.41150
64
26
62
68

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

0.1

0.6
2:
0:9
1.0

00

II 1 4.32726
9.80333
2.48291 13
1.10148
6.73053
40
09
68
56

8:;
i::

( 0)+1.00000

II

2 2.34847
4.03428
1.73291
5.15728 70
3.10736
26
33
89
79

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGfEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

it&z,

531
b, x)

Table

13.1

x=7.0

a/b

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.5

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

2:
8'34
0:5

a\b

0.6

0.7

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.8

j 1l)-4.98346
0 I -9.00000
-4.02257
-2.96917
-1.90770

41
00
88
93
95

( 0)+1.00000

001

0.9

1.0

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

0.6
kz
0:9
1.0

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

532

CONFLUENT
Table

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

13.1

CONFLUENT

FUNCTION

M(a,

b, x)

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000 00

( 0)+1.00000 00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.jl0000

( 0)+1.00000 00

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
82
0:3
8::

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

2;
i-98
l:o

II

3 2.98095
2.12243 80
36

3 4.08075
5.47370 48
63
3 7.22067 87

00

CONFLUENT
CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

HYPERG EOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

M(a,

533
Table 13.1

b, 2)

z =9.0

0.1

a\b

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

0"::
8-i
0:5

oo*sB

ii

l:o

4) 5.90279 86
4 8.44810 69
5 1.60777
1.17771 16
47
5 2.15743 14

a/b

0.6

0.8

0.7

0.9

1.0

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

00

( 0)+1.00000

0.1
00:;

8.10308
1.15389
1.60085
2.17532
2.90602

5.69778
8.10308
1.12277
1.52385
2.03337

4.12286
5.85547
8.10308
1.09842
1.46399

z%E!
5:98502
8.10308
1.07870

2.30549
3.26534
4.50694
6.09425
8.10308

00

534

CONFLUENT HYF'ERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Table

13.1

CONFLUENT

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTION

M(a, b, x)

x =lO.O

a\b

0.2

0.1

-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

l)-4.90000
3 -1.04774
II 3 -2.26606
3 -3.65315
3 -5.11412

0.3

00.:
0:3

3
3
3
3
II 3
( 0)+1.00000 00
4)
4
51
5
5

2.20264 66
5.69563 19
1.09330 93
1.84869 24
2.90713 00

( 0)+1.00000 00
3
41
4)
4
5

0.5

00
98
51
21
18

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0

0.4

( 0)+1.00000 00

-2.06370
-2.39329
-2.51877
-2.29844
-1.54205

40
23
45
83
59

( 0)+1.00000 00

( 0)+1.00000 00

8.52983 30
2.20264 66
4.22272 41
7.13160 87
1.12016 64

::t

4 3.28620
4.73642 65
75
4 6.64873 73

l:o
E

II 4
5 9.13874
1.23458 32
19

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

CONFLUENT

IIYPERGEOMETRIC
ZEROS

a\b

0.2

OF

M(a,

FUNCTIONS

535

b, r)

Table

13.2

-1.0
-0.9
-0. 8
-0.7
-0.6

0.1
0.10000
0.11054
0112357
0.14010
0.16173

00
47
83
11
42

0.20000
0.22012
0.24477
0.27567
0.31555

00
64
52
24
72

0.3
0.30000
0.32894
0.36411
0.40779
0.46354

00
15
44
72
99

0.40000
0.43713
0.48196
0.53721
0.60707

00
15
35
21
04

0.50000

00

0.54480
0.59858
0.66443
0.74705

16
98
91
02

-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.19128
0.23411
0.30182
0.42537
0.72703

98
73
31
31
16

0.36906
0.44470
0.56019
0.75993
1.20342

09
78
88
80
40

0.53728
0.63961
0.79200
1.04632
1.58016

03
58
44
32
05

0.69839
0.82334
1.00591
1.30289
1.90320

96
00
69
37
51

0.85403
0.99868
1.20695
1.53918
2.19258

26
55
84
36
90

00
19
38
07
45

0.7
0.70000
0.75888
0.82892
0.91376
1.01887

00
50
89
55
44

0.8
0.80000
0.86541
0.94291
1.03637
1.15158

00
05
59
62
21

00
85
10
85
70

1.0
1.00000
1.07763
1.16901
1.27838
1.41205

00
19
22
33
79

1.29771
1.49044
1.75960
2.17271
2.94434

21
27
56
84
51

1.57995
1.79887
2.10045
2.55566
3.38779

68
13
49
24
57

a\b
-1.0
-0.9
-0. 8
-0.7
-0.6
-0. 5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1

0.6
0.60000
0.65203
0.71419
0.78986
0.88415

0.4

0.5

0.9
0.90000
0.97164
1.05625
1.15786
1.28256

Table
13.2 gives the smallest zeros in z of Jf(a, b, z), near a = b =O, that is, the smallest positive roots in
z of the equation M(a, b, z) =O. Linear interpolation gives 3-4s. Interpolation by the Lagrange six-point
formula in two dimensions gives 75.

14. Coulomb Wave Functions

MILTON

ABRAMOWITZ

Contents

Page

Mathematical
Properties ....................
14.1. Differential
Equation, Series Expansions .........
..........
14.2. Recurrence and Wronskian Relations

14.3.
14.4.
14.5.
14.6.

Integral Representations
................
Bessel Function Expansions ...............
Asymptotic Expansions
................
Special Values and Asymptotic Behavior

Numerical Methods
......................
14.7. Use and Extension of the Tables
References

538
538
539
539
539
540
542

.........

543
543

............

544

..........................

Table 14.1. Coulomb

lIp120)

Wave Functions
of Order Zero (.5 1~520,
. . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . * . . .

q=.5(.5)20,

p= l( 1)20,

Table 14.2. Co(q)=e-*~\I(l+iq)I

q=O(.O5)3, 6s

The author wishes to acknowledge

formulas and tables.

1 National

546

5s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

the assistance of David 9. Liepman

554

in checking the

Bureau of StEbndards (deceased).

537

14. Coulomb
Mathematical
14.1. Differential

Equation,
Diklerential

Series

Expansions

Wave Functions
Properties
14.1.12

FL=;

F'!TI,

14.1.13

#h,

P,=~$,,,

P)=CL(~I)PW~~,P)

Equation

14.1.1

(P>O,

O3 <rl<

L a non-negative

OJ,

The Coulomb
wave equation has a regular
singularity
at p=O with indices L+l
and -L;
it has an irregular singularity at p= a.
General

Irregular

integer)

14.1.2

GL(T,

14.1.16

where FL(v, p) is the regular Coulomb wave

function and a(~, p) is the irregular (logarithmic)
Coulomb wave function.

14.1.17

P)+&%(T,

Regular

P>

Coulomb

Wave

Function

FL((),

p)

Wave

Function

P)=&

Fdv,

0
flLh,

PNn

~P-I-@-@
pL(q)l+~Lh,

P)=DL(dP-L#LL(tl,

PI

P)

OD
tiLbI,P)==~.

-L

4x11>

Pk+L

14.1.18
atL=l,

2L+2,2ip)

p)

DLb)CL(d&

14.1.3

F,(q, p)=CL(q)pL+le--f~M(L+l-iq,

GLO),

14.1.14

(C,, Cz constants)

w=GFds,

Coulomb

14.1.15

Solution

k&(dpk+

(k-L-1)

4+1=0,

(k+L)a:=2qu&-a:-,-

(2k-1) pL(q)Af

14.1.4
=cLh)

14.1.5

P+wrl,

a(~,

14.1.19

P>

P) =,=Z+,

AE(d

PLO&L-if

P+-]

PLC4

a-1 s2+q2

2L 1s-1

14.1.6
A:+I=l

, AL.+2==&
(See Table 6.8.)

(k+L) (k-L-

1)A: =2qA;-,-A;-*

(k>L+2)
14.1.20

14.1.7

CL(O)=

2Le-y Il?(L+l+itl)l
r w+q

rdd=w 91i&f2$~~

(See chapter 6.)

14.1.8

+2(iq-L)(iq-L+l)+
(2L-1)

~(7])=27r~(ez*~-l)-1

***

(2!)

+2(iq-L)(iq-L+1)

. . . (iq+L-1)
(2L)!

14.1.9
14.1.10

pL(rl)
14.1.11 -=
211
538

(L2+v21f

cL(77)=L(2L+1)

14.1.21

c5-167)

(1+q2)(4+t12) * * * (L2+q2P

w+1)[w)u2

,Qc&-- 2q
L dp GM

l+p-lFL(q,
+a%

P> 1

PI

COULOMB

14.1.22

S;=$

f&(7, P) =&L(v)

P+%(v,

WAVE

14.2.

P>

539

FUNCTIONS

Recurrence

and

Recurrence

14.1.23

If

c=Fh,

P> or

WI,

Wronskian

Relations

Relations
P>,

L ~~=(L2+112)t~~-,-(~+q)~~

14.2.1

14.2.2

GL.FL

~=[~+,1u,-[(L+1)+121111,,,

(L+l)
14.2.3

L[w+1)2+v21f~ .+,=(2L+1)[,+L(LP+1)l%
-(L+1)[L2+~21k.1
Wronskian

Relations

F;GL- F,G;=

14.2.4

FL--GL-FhGL--I=L(L2+q2)-*

14.2.5

14.3.

Integral

Representations

14.3.1

14.3.2
FIGURE 14.1. &(rl, P), &(?I, P>.
v=l,

FL-iGL=

p=lO
e-*q

L+l

(2L+1~IcL(q)
FL, F;

GL;G;
.

S-yfm e-tP(l-t)L-fl(l+t)L+i(lcEt

14.3.3

- 24
- 22
I.1 -

- 20

LO -

- 16

( (1- tanh2 QL+ exp [-i(p

s

.9 -

- I6

.6 -

- I4

.7 -

- 12

.6 -

- IO

.s -

-6

.4-

-6
-4
-2
-0

FIGURE

14.2.

FL, FL, (IL and (2;.

?f= 10, p=20

tanh t-2~7t)]

+i(l+t2)L
14.4.
Expansion

14.4.1

Bessel
in Terms

exp [--pt+2r]
Function

arctan t]}dt

Expansions

of Bessel-Clifford

Functions

540

COULOMB

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

j1= U/5)$

14.4.3
b2~+1=1,
4q2(k-2L)

hL+z=o,

b,+l+kb,-l+

j2=f

@f'+S)

@x-=+2)

b&-2=0

(84?+1480~*+232Oz)

j3=&

14.4.4

rn=-W5)~
g2=&

(See chapter
Expansion

9.)

g3=ko

in Terms

of Spherical

Bessel

(See chapter
. C=+1)

,&ds)

(1056x6-11602-2240)

Functions

14.4.5
FL(% P) =
1.3.5..

(7s6--309)

k%L
I b, 4;

10.)

Jk+tb)

14.4.6
b&=1, bL+,=2z

14.5. Asymptotic

W+l)
=k(k+l)--L(L+l)

Asymptotic

(k--1)(k--2)--L&+1)
2k--3

Ihbn-,-

bke2)
(k>L+l)

14.4.7
FL(q, p)=1*3.5

Expansion
sJ=

b -(Ic-1)
+I
(2k--1)

in Terms

@7FP)/h>

of Airy
I.c=

14.5.2

GL=j

cos e,--g sin eL

14.5.3

FL=g*
G;=j*

cos eL+j*

cos eL-g*
eL=p-q

sin 0,

sin e,, gj*-jg*=l

In 2p-L

uL=arg

II-+uL
2

l?(L+ l+iq)

uL+,=uL+arctan

14.5.7

Functions

(See Tables

tt>>o

&

p.14, 6.7.)

b--2Kh

14.4.9

14.5.8

j-&k,

g-2

sx,j*+&

where

+Ai
(4 [r+~+
fl f2 I }
Bi(~)
14.4.10
FXrl,
G,(q,

of p

(See 6.1.27, 6.1.44.)

bksl

(21)23,

Values

cos flL+j sin eL

14.5.6
b:=--- (k+2)
(2k+3)

Large

FL=g

14.5.5

14.4.8

for

14.5.1

14.5.4

. . . (2Lfl)PCdf)

Expansion

Expansions

P) =--at(2q)-tIAW
Bib)
+d+rfi+

go=o, jo*=O, go*=l-q/p

fk+l=anfn-bngr
gk+l=akgk+bkfk

,d+?h

P)

jo=l,

P
. . .]+Ai!d

f:+l=akf:-bkgg:-fk+l/P
Bi,

(2)

11 +q

&+l=ak$+bkf:-gk+dP

P2

+i$e.&+
I

. . .]}

,=(zk+l)rl,

(2k+2)p

bk=

L(L+l)--k(k+l)+v2
@k+2) p

g*-&

s:

COULOMB

Asymptotic

14.5.10

r(1/3)8"(lT

F&d
4&>/d3

245

FUNCTIONS

WAVE

Expansion

for

541

L=O, p=2q>>O

2 r(2/3) 1
32 leT 92672 r(2/3) 1
35 r(1/3) p4 8100 B 7371.104 r(1/3) a"-

* . *I

14.5.11
3: (271)
Gcw/d3

-r(2/3){*1,
wa3~

1 rm
15 r(2/3)

1I
8
l+
11488 W3)
1 I . , *)
82 56700 I36 18711.103 r(2/3) j3B
a==(2vj/3)%, r(1/3)=2.6789

38534. . . , r(2/3)=1.3541

17939 . . .

14.5.12
.70633 26373
04959 570165 .00888 88888 89
rv
-GAW
( 1.22340 4016 l qw I 1 ~.
q%
D2
JO245 51991 81 .00091
061
F08958
P
q4
L.T.00025

F&d

34684
115 -.
71
'H

. .I

73966 427
+.
P

* .I

14.5.13

KOd
E&W

.40869 57323
-.70788
17734}@{lf
- '

.17282 60369

.00031 74603 174

qs

q2

-+

L.CJ0358 12148 50+.00031

-L

FIGURE

14.3.

9=0, 1, 5,

FIGURE

F,(q, p).
10,

14.4.

r)=o, 1, 5,

7%

P/2

Fi(q, p).
10,

P/2

17824 680k.00090
q4

FIGURE 14.5.
v=o, 1, 5,

FIGURE
q=o,

14.6.

G,,(q, p).
10,

P/2

Gi(q, p).

1, 5, 10, p/2

542

COULOMB

14.6. Special

Values

14.6.1

and Asymptotic

Behavior

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

14.6.10

L>O, p=o
F,=O, FL=0
GL=w, (&--cm

14.6.2

L=O,
F,=O,

L=O,

Fo-i

Bea; Fi-

Go-Be-y

p=o

F,=Co(q)

h>>P

(s++&

Gi-

t-P]

{ -a++&

t-*p4} Go

t=P/$

Go= 1/C,,(t), G;= --oo

14.6.3

a=%{[t(l-t)]++arcsin

L+=
J?L-%(~P~+~,

14.6.4

GLv~&I)P-~

L=O, q=o
F,=sin p, F,=cos
Q=cos

L=O,

P>>%

Fo=cu sin 8; Fi=-

p, GA=-sin

i!+-&f}

8= {t/(1-t)}*
14.6.11

t2(bFo-aGo)

p
Go=a cos /3; Gi= - t*(aF,+bG,J

14.6.5

P+=

G,+iF,-exp

i[p-q
L>O,

14.6.6
FL=

GYP?

CL=

(-

A,++(P)
J-w)

L 20,

FL-

q=o

lY(3r~Y

14.6.7

t=?!

In 2p-$+nJ

(P>

a= P(l-

h>>P

t), b=[8q(l-

14.6.12

(2L+1)!cdd
cwL+

rl>>%

t)]-1
217-p

@?P)+~12L+1wrlP)fl

2 WL
(27lPwGL+1rw7lP)~l

c~(2LSl)!C,(q)
14.6.8

L=O,

%>>P

Fo-e-?(?rp>~~l,[2(2qp)tl

x=(PL-P)[-&+

1 W$l)]l,,
p;

F&e-?(2aq)fI,,[2(2qp)*]
14.6.13

Go-2ecq
G 0-

kwtlP)tl

[GoSiFoI wr1/2(2q)116[Bi(z)+iAi(x)]

14.6.9

[G~+iF~]~-d/2(2q)-1~6[Bi(~)+iAi(z)]

L=O,

%>>P

Fomk Bea; FL-a

Go-@-a;

29-p

z= (2q- p) (2q) -I3

??!
a e~~0WrlpN

-2

s>>o,

14.6.14

/?-lea

(Jim -b-e-a

q>>o
PL=l+[112+uL+1)12

FL(PL)

r (l/3)

G&L)/&-T
cr=2$i&-?rq
FZPL)
8=

(P/w*

G~PL>/&

~(213)
2&

F.

E -16
03
1

COULOlkfB

14.6.15

WAVE

1 14.6.17

Ph>>o

r(1/3)

FO
G,,/&-2J;;

3 WE
03

L+=

to 8S for 7>3.)

14.7. Use and Extension

of the Tables

In general the tables as presented are not si.mply

interpolable.
However, values for L>O may be
obtained with the help of the recurrence relations.
The values of GL(q, p) may be obtained
by
applying the recurrence relations in increasing
order of L. Forward recurrence may be used for
FL(v, p) as long as the instability
does not produce
errors in excess of the accuracy needed. In this
case the backwards recurrence scheme (see Example 1) should be used.
Example 1. Compute FL(q p) and F;(q, ,p) for
q=2,
p=5,
L=O(1)5.
Starting
with Fg=l,
Ffi=O, where FZ=CF~, we compute from 14.2.3 in
decreasing order of L:

F,/F,*=

2LL!

v--l)1

Numerical

L
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

constant)

(2L+l)!

14.6.18

Co(T)) v (2mj)%-*,

(Equality

(r=Eulers

--VI

C&) -

1l+Q)
dd-ii+sOn

rl-*o
dd

r (213)
Fi
-Gv&-2&(2~/3)
14.6.16

543

FUNCTIONS

(1)
FZ
0.
1.
4.49284
17.5225
61.3603
191.238
523.472
1238.53
2486.72
4158.46
5727.97
6591.81

(2)
FL

(3)
FL

(4)

,F;

Methods
2. Compute
L=1(1)5.

Example
v=2, p=5,

Using 14.2.2 and G,,(2, 5)= .79445, G,= - .67049

from Table 14.1 we find G1(2, 5) = 1.0815. Then
by forward recurrence using 14.2.3 we find:
L

.091
.215
.4313
.72125
.99347
1. 1433

1043
: 2030
.32:05
.3952
3709
: 29380

1.7344~ lo-=c-.

The values in the second column are obtained

from those in the first by multiplying
by the
normalization
constant, F,/F,* where F. ie; the
known value obtained from Table 14.1.
Repetition
starting with F&=1
and F&=0
yields the same results.
In column 3, the results have been given when
14.2.3 is used in increasing order of L.
Ft. (column 4) follows from 14.2.2.

-CL

GL

-I
i

1. 0815
4969

3
.t

2.0487
5.6298
3.0941

..56619
60286
4.5493
1: 81?9

The values of GL are obtained with 14.2.1.

Example 3. Compute G,,(l, p) for ~=2, p=2.5.
From Table 14.1, G,(2, 2)=3.5124,
$(2,
2)
= -2.5554.
Successive differentiation
of 14.1.1
for L=O gives

Taylors
.090791
.21481
43130
172124
99346
1: 1433

GL(q, p) and GL(q, p) for

expansion

+@P)
Twq....

we get:

is w(p-/-Ap)

=w(p)

+ (Ap)w

With w=G,,(v, p) and Ap=.5

d&Go
dpl
3.5124
-2.5554
3.5124
-6.0678
12. 136
-29.540
83.352
-268.26

--(API

k dkGo

k! dpk
3.51i4
- 1.2777
.43905
-. 12641
.03160
-. 00769
.00181
-. 00042

Go(2, 2.5)=2.

5726

As a check the result is obtained with TJ=~, p=3,

Ap=-.5.
The derivative
Gi(q, p) may be obtained using Taylors formula with w=GA(q, p).
See pageII.

544

COULOMB

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

References
Texta

[14.1] M. Abramowitr
and H. A. Antosiewicz,
Coulomb
wave functions in the transition region.
Phys.
Rev. 96, 75-77 (1954).
[14.2] Biedenharn, Gluckstern, Hull, and Breit, Coulomb
functions for large charges and small velocities.
Phys. Rev. 97, 542 (1955).
[14.3] I. Bloch et al., Coulomb functions for reactions of
protons and alpha-particles
with the lighter
nuclei. Rev. Mod. Phys. 23, 147-182 (1951).
[14.4] Carl-Erik Froberg, Numerical treatment of Coulomb
wave functions.
Rev, Mod. Phys. 27, 399-411
(1955).
[14.5] I. A. Stegun and M. Abramowit,z,
Generation of
Coulomb wave functions from their recurrence
relations.
Phys. Rev. 98, 1851 (1955).

Tables

[14.6] M. Abramowitz
and P. Rabinowitz,
Evaluation of
Coulomb wave functions along the transition line.
Phys. Rev. 96, 77-79 (1954). Tabulates F,, F&
Go, Go for ~=2z=O(.5)20(2)50,
8s.
[14.7] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Coulomb
wave functions, vol. I, Applied Math. Series 17
(US. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1952). Tabulates

(-f$
Mr], P>and JJ
9=-5(1)5,

) for p=O(.2)5,

L=O(1)5, 10, 11,20,21,

7D.

[14.8] Numerical Computation

Bureau, Tables of Whittaker functions (Wave functions in a Coulomb
field).
Report No. 9, Japan (1956).
t14.9) A. Tuhis, Tables of non-relativistic
Coulomb wave
functions,
Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory
La-2150, Los Alamos, N. Mex. (1958). Values
of Fo, Fb, Go,G;, P= 0(.2)40; z=O(.O5)12,
55.

546

COULOMB

Table

14.1

COULOMB

WAVE

4. 5
5. 0

- 4) 2.8622

2.:
6: 5
7.0
5
E
9: 5
10.0

10. 5
11. 0
11. 5
12. 0
12.5
13.0
13. 5
14. 0
14. 5
15.0
15. 5
16. 0
16. 5
17. 0
17.5
18.0
18. 5
19. 0
19. 5
20.0

0. 5
1. 0
i:;
::i
:*z
5: 0

10.5
K
;;: ;
13:o
13. 5
14. 0
14. 5
15. 0
15. 5
16. 0
16. 5
17.0
17.5
18. 0
18. 5
19. 0
19.5
20.0
l-3.

FUNC!CIONS

FUNCTIONS

Fo(?,P)

rllP
0.5
::5
$2
i-5
4: 0

For use of this table ee Examples

WAVE

OF ORDER

ZERO

COULOMB

COULOMB

WAVE

WAVE

547

FUNC.lIONE)

FUNCTIONS

OF ORDER

ZERO

Go(T,P)

x
Ii5
12.0
:z
13:5
14.0
:::i
15.5
2:
;;:

1s:o
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

::
k-E
16 I 117969

5 -2.0878
5 -6.3080
6 I -1.9295
10.5
:z
12:o
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
x
1e:o
18.5
19.0
::::

*see page Il.

14 -4.66lO
15 -1.15132
15 I -6.61'?4

11
12
12
13
14 I
14
15
15
16
16 I

-7.7763
-2.6230
-8.8973
-3.0340
-1.0399
-3.5813
-1.2392
-4.3069
-1.5033
-5.2691

Talde

14.1

548

COULOMB

Table

14.1

COULOMB

WAVE

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

OF ORDER

ZERO

6
(

0i
- 1
- 1
0

-1.0286
-1.fJ71a
+a.7682
it2850

(-

i)+a.aaoz

- 21 3.5181
- 2 1.5740

10.
11.
11.
12.
12.
13.
13.
14.
14.
15.

5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0

5
6
6
7
7

1.5930
5.9782
2.2113
a.0697
2.9081

- 7
- 7

15.5
16. 0
16.5
17. 0
17.5
18. 0
18.5
19. 0
19. 5
20. 0

-10 I 5.0935
-10
1.7129
-11
5.7147
-ii
1.8924
-12 I 6.2217
-12
2.0316

- 1 +6.5317
- 1 -4.9515
- 1I -a.7151

I : g-g;
- 1

- 5
- 5
10.5
11. 0
11. 5
12. 0
12.5
13.0
13. 5
14. 0
14. 5
15.0
15. 5
16.0
16.5
17. 0
17.5
18.0
18. 5
19. 0
19. 5
20. 0

2:9346

3.8880
1.4803

I - 76I 5.5384
7.3981
2.0392

- 5 I 2.3388
- 6 9.0675
- 6 3.4579

- 9) 2.7940
- 8) 2.6629

5.3814
2.0569

COULOMB

COULOMB

WAVE

WAVE

549

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

Go(v,P)

OF ORDER

ZERO

5.5
6. 0
6. 5
7.0
.i:'o
2'0
1:::
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12. 5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15. 0

3
3I
4
4

15.5
16. 0
16.5
17. 0
17.5
18. 0
18.5
19. 0
19.5
20.0

10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13. 0
13. 5
14. 0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16. 0
16.5
17.0
17. 5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0

3I
4
4
5
5

-1.4717
-1.9033
-4.9246
-1.2929
-3.4407

8 -1.5573
6 -4.4670
9 -1.2923
9 -3.7692
10 i -1.1079
10 I -3.2807
10 -9.7640
11 -2.9371
11 -8.8779
12 -2.6998

1.9070
4.4437
1.0570
2.5623

Table

14.1

550

COULOMB

Table

q\P
0. 5

14.1

COULOMB

WAVE

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

OF ORDER

ZERO

11
- l)-6.9792

::i
z
3: 0
2-z
4:5
5.0

- 2 4.3132
- 2 I 2.2096
- 2 1.0980
10. 5
11.0
11. 5
12. 0
12.5
13.0
13.5
22
15: 0
15. 5
16. 0
16.5
17. 0
17.5
18.0
18. 5
19.0
19.5
20.0

10. 5
11. 0
11.5
12. 0
12.5
13.0
13. 5
14. 0
14.5
15.0
15. 5
16.0
16.5
17. 0
17. 5
18.0
18. 5
19.0
19. 5
20.0

1.2422
4.9601
1.9580
7.6449
2.9542
1.1303
4.2845
1.6095
5.9943
2.2143

- 9) 1.0052

- 5
- 5

7.9271
3.5765

COULOMB

COULOMB

WAWE
12

WAVE

551

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

Go(w)

OF ORDER

ZERO

Table

13

15
-

II

- 01 -1.0783
-8.5560
-1.2510

10.5
11. 0
11. 5
12. 0
12. 5
13.0
13.5
14. 0
14.5
15. 0

2)
2I
3
3
3

2.5735
5.4370
1.1780
2.6115
5.9114

2I
2
2
2

1.0506
2.1519
4.5?09
9.6(54

4 7.6408
5 1.8544
5 I 4.5606

4
4I
4
5

1.0421
2.35'53
5.55~78
1.3286

15. 5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19. 0
19. 5
20.0

- 1I -5.0324
- 1 -5.8597
- 1 -9.1132
0I -1.6356
0 -3.0877
0 -5.9776
1I -1.1842
1 -2.4038
1 -5.0022
2 -1.0663
10.5
11. 0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14. 5
15. 0
15. 5
16. 0
16.5
17. 0
17.5
18. 0
18. 5
19. 0
19.5
20.0

1
1
2

1 +6.6972
1I -7.2341
1 -7.2415
1 +2.8479

II

- 1 -5.56,63
-5.7431
-4.9764

1I
2
2
2

4 I -9.2211
5 -2.3041
5 -5.8301
6
6I
7
7
7
8
8I
9
9
10 I

-1.4929
-3.8658
-1.0118
-2.6753
-7.1420
-1.9243
-5.2302
-1.4335
-3.9609
-1.1028

1
1
1
1
1
0
- 1
- 1
0
0

+8.9435
+3.4046
-9.7085
-6.2172
+6.1593
+1.1292
+5.4881
-4.6254
-1.1612
-1.2413

I
I
I

5.0429
9.6258
1.8964

I
I
I

4) 9.7988

14.1

4
4
4
5
5
5
6)
6
6
7

- 1 +9.7040
- 2 +5.5060
- 1 -9.1975

II

- 1 -6.5243
- 1 -5.4972
- 1 -4.9245

-8.8802
-1.8956
-4.1335
-9.1940

1.1531
2.5494
5.7251
1.3047
3.0146
7.0570
1.6726
4.0107
9.7253
2.3833

- l)-4.6958

- 1 -1.4460
- 1 -5.3907
(-

l)-6.8002

- 1 -5.5683
- 1 -6.7414
- 1 -6.2956

O)-7.7837

3 1-8.4644
4 -1.9742
4)-4.6712

5 -1.1203
5 -2.7217
5 -6.6925

4 -1.1531
4 -2.6329
4 -6.0946
5 -1.4291
5 -3.3924
5 -8.1473
6 1 -1.9785
6 -4.8557
7 1-1.2038
7)-3.0133

552

COULOMB

Table

COULOMB

14.1

WAVE
17

(-

1) 1.8899

(-

l)-7.4641

(-

1) 3.2134

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

Fe(w)

(-

1) 5.0960

E
12: 0
12.5
13. 0
13. 5
14. 0
14. 5
15. 0
15. 5
:s
17:o
17. 5
18. 0
18. 5
19. 0
19.5
20.0

10.5
11. 0
11.5
12. 0
12. 5
13.0
13. 5
14.0
14.5
15. 0
15. 5
16.0
16. 5
17. 0
17.5
18. 0
18. 5
19.0
19.5
20.0

ZERO

18

10. 5

- l)-7.0977

OF ORDER

- 2)+1.8327
- l)-5.3380

(-

1) 7.5308

COULOMB

COULOMB
16

10. 5
11.0
11. 5
12. 0
12.5
13. 0
13.5
14.0
14. 5
15. 0
15. 5
16. 0
:Ei
17: 5
18.0
18.5
19. 0
:E .

WAVE

WAVE

553

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

OF ORDER

ZERO

Table

14.1

554

COULOMB

Table
9

WAVE

CO(~) =e-iq

14.2

FUNCTIONS

IW+hY

co(4

co(9)

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.000000
0.922568
0.847659
0.775700
0.707063

1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.642052
0.580895
0.523742
0.470665
0.421667

1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45

0.50
0.55
0. 60
0.65
0.70

0.376686
0.335605
0.298267
0.264478
0.234025

1.50
1.55
1. 60
1.65
1.70

2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

0.206680
0.182206
0.160370
0.140940
0.123694

1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95

2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95

1. 00

0.108423
(-4)5

2.00

0. 00

II 1

For In J?(l+iy),

see Table

6.7.

(-2)6.33205
(-2)5.52279
(-2)4.81320

(-3)6.61992

co(1)

2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45

3.00

j -3 I 2.76623
2.06392
3.20136
2.38968
-3)1.78218

(-4)3.50366

15. Hypergeometric

Functions

FRITZ OBERHETTINGER

Contents
Mathematical
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1. Gauss Series, Special Elementary Cases, Special Values of
the Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2. Differentiation Formulas and Gauss Relations for Contiguous
Functions. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3. Integral Representations and Transformation Formulas . . .
15.4. Special Cases of F(a, b; c; z), Polynomials and Legendre
Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5. The Hypergeometric Differential Equation . . . . . . . .
15.6. Riemanns Differential
Equation . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.7. Asymptotic Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References

1 National

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bureauof Standards.

(Presently,

Oregon State University,

Page
556
556
557
558
561
562
564
565
565

Corvallis, Oregon.)
555

15. Hypergeometric
Mathematical
15.1. Gauss Series, Special Elementary
Special Values of the Argument
Gauss

Functions
Properties
15.1.7

Cases,

F(i,

3; Q; -z2)=(1+z2)+F(1,

The circle of convergence

geometric series

=2-l
F(a, b; b; z)=(l-~)-~

15.1.8
15.1.9

F(a, ++a; 3; z2)=~[(l+z)-2$(1-z)-2a]

15.1.10

b; c; 2)

F(a, $+a; 4; z2)=

&z-(1-2a)-
I-(C)

a r(a+n)r(b+n)

=r(a)r(b>

%Fo

In [z+(l+z2)*]

of the Gauss hyper-

15.1.1
F(a, b;c; 2) =zF1(a,

1; Q; -.z2)

Series

r(C+12)

[(l+~)-~-(l-z)~-~~]

15.1.11

ii!

F(-a,a;~;-z2)=${[(1+z2)f+z]2a+[(1+z2)*-z]2a}

q&q

$mc,

13\i++J

is the unit circle ]z( =l.

The behavior of this
series on its circle of convergence is:
(a) Divergence when 9 (c-a--b) 5 -1.
(b) Absolute convergence when 9Z (c-a--b)>O.
(c) Conditional convergence when - 1 <kL? (c-a
--b) =<0; the point z= 1 is excluded.
The Gauss
series reduces to a polynomial
of degree n in z
when a or b is equal to -n, (n=O, 1, 2, . . . ) .
(For these cases see also 15.4.) The series 15.1.1
is not defined when c is equal to -m, (m=O, 1,
. .), provided a or b is not a negative integer
2
For c= -m
nkth
n<m.

15.1.12

15.1.2

15.1.15

F (a, l-a;

sin [(2a- 1) z]
Q; sin2 z)=~--1)~

15.1.16

F(a, 2-a;

sin [(2a-2) z]
Q; sin2 z>= (a-l) sin (22)

15.1.17

F(-a,

-!-

2k

r(c)

(a+m+l,

Elementary

(For cases involving

F(l,

15.1.3

Cases

b+m-kl;

of

Gauss

m+2;

Series

higher functions

1; 2; z)=-z-1

15.1.4

F(+, 1; Q; ,z?)=&-

15.1.5

F(+, 1; Q; -z~)=z-~

2)

In (l-z)

15.1.13

F(a, ++a; 1+2a; ~.)=2~[1+(1--2)~]-~

=(l--z)+F(l+a,
$+a; 1+2a;

F(a, $+a; 2a; z)=22a-1(1-z)-~[l+(1-z)~]1-2a

a; 3; sin2 z)=cos (2~)

15.1.18

F(a, 1 -a; 4; sin2 z) =

15.1.19

F(a, $+a; 3; -tan2

Special

Values

of

co9 [@a-l)z]
cos z

z)=coP
the

z cos (2a.e)

Argument

15.1.20

arct.an z
F(a, b; c; l)=

F(i,
See

4; Q; z)=(l-z2)*F(1,
page II.

556

1; Q; .z~)=z-~ arcsin z

z)

15.1.14

In (E)

15.1.6

0 c,,

~(1+2)-~{[(1+22)~+2]2~-~+[(1+~2)~-2]2~-~}

see 15.4.)
*

i, \\

+; -z2)=

F(a, b; c; z)=

(&+1(b) n+l p+lF

(m+l>!
Special

F(a, l-a;

( [y (,!i.i

r(c)r(c--a---b)
r(c-a)r(c--b)
(c#O, -1, -2,

. . .) 9?(c-a--b)>O)

WPEROE~METRE

15.2.

15.1.21

(l+a--b#O,

-1,

-2,

Differentiation
Relations

15.2.1

F(u, b; a-b+2;-1)=2-7r2(b-l)-r(a--b-+2)

-1,

(a--b+zzo,

-2,

Formulas
for Contiguous

and
Gauss
Functions

Differentiation

Formulas

F(u, b; c; z)=f

F(uf1,

b+l; c+l;

z)

F(u+n,

b+n; c+n;

z)

. . .)

15.1.22

1
1
r(3a>r(g+3a-b)-r(3+6a>r(l+~~--2;j
[

557

mcmo~s

15.2.2

-$ F(u, b; c; z)=w

. . .)
15.2.3

F(l, a; a+l;

15.1.23

-1)=3a[lC1(~+3u)-~(~u)]
.$

[Za+n-l F(u, b; c; z) I= (a)&-F(ufn,

b; c; 2)

15.2.4

(+u++p+~#O,

-1,

-2,.

. .)

15.1.25
F(u,

-$ [z+F(u,

b; c; z>l= (c-n),z--F(u,

b; c-n;

z)

15.2.5

3)=2~(a--)-r(l+~u+~ib)

b; +u+g+i;

{[r(6~>r(B+3b)l-~-[r(3+4u)r(3b)i-~:I
(~(u+b)+l#O,

-1,

[Zc-atn-l

-2, . . .)

15.1.26

(l-z)+-F(a,

b; c; z)]

= (~-u),&-=-~(1-,z)+~-~-F(a-n,

b; c; z)

15.2.6

F(u, l-u;

b; *>=

2?&(b)

[r(;a+$b)

r (~+++~a)]-1
(b#O, -1,

a+b-cF(u, b; c; z)]

[(l--z)

-2, . . .)

--;;;~-

(l-z)=+--F(q

b; c+n; z)

15.1.27

I--

FU, 1; a+l; 3>=4lt(3+%4-e41

(a#-1,

15.2.7

-2,

-3,.

. .)

[ (1- z)=+-~F(u, b; c; z)]

25.1.28
,.-

-(-l>(Mc-b>n
(c)n

e, a; a+l; 3>=~-a[~(3+~ua>-~(3a>l
(a#-1,

-2,

-3,.

. .)

b; cfn;

z)

b;c-n;

z)

c-n;

z)

15.2.8

15.1.29
F (a, t-ta;

(l-z)=+F(u+n,

g-%;-+>=(#-2a

-$ [z-(l-z)~-+F(u,

;g;g;
(g-2uf0,

-1,

-2,.

. .>

15.1.30

6;~; z)]

=(c---~),,~~-~-~(l-~)~-~F(u-n,
15.2.9

g
(g+gu#o,

-1,

-2,

. . .>

[~~-(l--z)=+~-~F(u,

=(c-n),zc--yl-,z)

b; c; z)]
a+b-c-nF(u-n,

b-n;

15.1.31

F (a, &a+&; #.~a+#; ef*i3)

Gauss

(+a# -S,--%--+f, . . J

Relations

for

Contiguous

Functions

The six functions F(u f 1, b; c; z), F(u, f3f 1; c; z),

F(u, b; cf 1; z) are called contiguous
to
F(a, b; c; z). Relations between F(a, b; c; z) and

558

HYPERGEOMETRIC

any two contiguous functions have been given by

of these relaGauss. By repeated application
tions the function F(a+m,
b+n; c+l; z) with
integral 171,n, Z(c+Z#O, -1, -2, . . .) can be
expressed as a linear combination
of F(a, b; c; z)
and one of its contiguous functions with coefficients
which are rational functions of a, b, C, Z.

FUNCTIONS

15.2.21

[a-l-(c-b-l)z]F(u,

+(c-u)F(u-1,

b; c; 2)

-(C-l)(l-z)F(a,

b; c-l;

(c--a)&-1,

b; c; z)+(2a--c--az+bz)F(a,
+a(z-l)F(ufl,

b; c; 2)
zq c; z)=O

15.2.11

c; z)+(2!J-c-bz+uz>F(u,
b; c; 2)
+b(z-l)F(u,
bS1; c; z)=O

c(c-l)(z-l)F(u,
b; c-l; 2)
Sc[c-l-(2c--a--b-l)z]F(u,
+(c-u)(c-b)zF(u,

l3; c; 2)
6; c+1; z)=O

6; c; z)---bc(l-z)F(u,

+u(l-z)F(u+1,

b; c; 2.)=o

15.2.14

b; c; z)+bF(u, b+l;
-(C-l)F(u,

c; z)+u(l-z)F(u+1,

c; z)=O

b; c; 2)

-(c-b)F(u,

c; 2)
b; c-l;

z)=O

15.2.25

c(l-z)F(u,

b; c; 2)-c&,

k-1;

c; 2)

+ (c-a)xF(u,

6; c+1;

z)=O

[b-1-(c--a-l)z]F(u,
b; c; 2)
+(C-b)F(u,
b-1; c; 2)
-(C-l)(l-Z)F(U,

b; c; 2)
-bF(u, b+l;

15.2.15

(c-u4)F(u,.b;

z)=O

15.2.26

b; c; 2)

-(c-u)F(u-1,
6; c; z)+uF(u+l,

6; c+1;

15.2.24

*
6; c; 2)

c; z)=O

?J+1; c; 2)

+(c-u)(c-b)zF(u,

15.2.13

[C-2u-((b-u)z]F(u,

b-l;

15.2.23

(c--b-l)F(u,

15.2.12

c; 2)

-(C-b)F(u,
c[b-(c-u)z]F(u,

(c--b)F(u, b-l;

z)=O

15.2.22
[c--2b+(b--a)z]F(u,
6; c; 2)
+a(l-z)F(u,
b+l;

15.2.10

(b-u)F(u,

b; c; 2)

b-l;

b; c-l;

z)=O

15.2.27

c[c- 1 - (2c--a--&
l)z]F(u,
+(c-u)(c-6)zF(u,

6; c; 2)
6; cfl;

-C(C-l)(l-z)F(u,

c; z)=O

2)
b; c-l;

z)=O

15.2.16

c[u-(c-b)z]F(u,

6; c; z)-uc(l--z)F(uj-1,
+(c-u)(c-b)zF(u,

b; c; 2)
6; c+1;

z)=O

15.3. Integral

15.2.17

(c--a-l)F(u,

b; c; z)+uF(u+l,
-(C-l)F(u,

Integral

b; c; 2)
b; c-l;

z)=O

15.2.18

(c--a--b)F(u,

6; c; z)-(c-u)F(u-1,

b; c; 2)
b+l;

c; z)=O

15.2.19

+(C--6)F(u,
6; c; z)--F(u-1,

b; c; 2)
b-l;

c; z)=O

b; c; 2)

+(c-b>zF(u,
*seepagrn.

Transfor-

Representations

15.3.1

w
Jxb)r(c-bb)

1
s cl

t~-(l---~)~--(l-Lz)-dt

(9c>gb>o)
b; c; z)-(c-u)F(u-1,

15.2.20

a---)F(a,

and

F(u, 6; c; z)=

+b(l--z)F(u,
(b-u)(l-z)F(u,

Representations
mation Formulas

6; c+1;

z)=O

The integral represents a one valued analytic function in the z-plane cut along the real axis from 1 to
09 and hence 15.3.1 gives the analytic continuation of 15.1.1, F(u, b; c; z). Another integral
representation
is in the form of a Mellin-Barnes
integral

HYPERGEOMETRIC

559

FUNCTIONS

r(c)
+

r(a)r(b)

Here

-r<arg(-z)<r
and the path of integration
is chosen such that the poles of I(a+s)
and
and s=-b-m(n,
m=O, 1, 2, . . .) respectively,
are at its left
i.e. the points s= -a-n
side and the poles of csc(*s) or r(--s) i.e. s==O, 1, 2, are at its right side. The cases in which --a, -b
or -c are non-negative integers or u-b equal to an integer are excluded.

r(b+s)

Linear

Transformation

Formulas

From 15.3.1 and 15.3.2 a number of transformation

15.3.3

F(u, b; c; z)=(l--~)~-=-~F(c-u,

for F(a, b; c; z) can bederived.

c-b;, c; z)

15.3.4

=(I-z)-F(a,

c-b; c; ;>)

15.3.5

=(I-z)-PF(b,

c-u; c; -;-.&)

r(c)r(c-a-b)

15.3.6

formulas

F(a, b; a+b-c+l;

?(c---a)r(c-b)

1-z)

r(c)r(a+b--c)
r (4 r(b)

+(1-$--b

F (c-u, c-b; c-a-b+l;

1-z)
(larg Cl--z)l<d

=;;;;;I;;

15.3.7

(--z)-T(u,

l-cfa;

+$&s
=(1--z)+

15.3.8

l-b+a;

(-z)-bF(b,

;;;;;-;

F(u, c-b; a-b+l;

.

br (c) r (a- b)
+(1--z)- r(a)r(C-b) F
r(c)r(c-a-b)

15.3.9

=r(c--@r&-b)

z- F

a u-c+l.

a+b

;)
l-c+b;

I---a+b;

;)

+-)

b, c-a;
c+l.

)
)
+r(C)r(a:+b-c)
______
(l--~)~-=-~z=--~
rb)r@>

b--a+l;

&

(kg

5*3*0

WSb)
2 Tk&(b).
(a, b;a+b; 2)=r(a)r(b)
n=O
(nv)2

(m=O,

Cl---z)l<d

1
F(c-a,

l--a;

c--a-b+l;

(larg zl<~,

Each term of 15.3.6 has a pole when c=a+b:km,

(larg (--4I<r>

1-i)

larg Cl-z>l<d

1, 2, . . .); this case is covered by

[~(n+l)-~(u+n)-~(b+n)--In

(l--z)l(l-~)~

(lariz W-.4<*, P--21<1)

Furthermore
15.3.11

for m=l,

F(% b; a+b+m;

2, 3, . . .
rh>W+b+m)
Z)=r(a+m)r(b+nE-j

m-l (Mb),
go n!(l-m),

-IL(n+m+l).trl(a+n+m)+~(b+n+m)l

(1-z)

(larg Cl--z)l<dl--zl<l)

HYPERGEOMETRIC

560
15.3.12

F(a, 6; a+ b- m; z)= r(m>r(a+b-ml

W4M4

FUNCTIONS

(l--z)-m

(--l)Ua+b-mm)
- r(a-m)r(b-m)

?iC (a-mL(b-m),
n!(l-mm),
n-0

2
(aL@)*
n10 n!(n+m)!

(l-.#@

(1-z)
(l--z)-#(n+l)

-rL(n+m+l)+~(a+n)+rL(b+n)l
(Ia% o--z)l<*,ll-zl<l)
Similarly

each term of 15.3.7 has a pole when 5 =a f m or b -a=

15.3.13

F(a, a; c; z) = rca)r,(~&

(-2)-a

ca)n~$+a)n

f m and the case is covered by

P[ln

(-2)+2$(n+l>+(a+n)+(c-a-n)]

(lax (-z>I<r, lzl>l, (c-a)+4 fl, f2,. . .I

The case b-a=m,
15.3.14 F(a, a+m;

(m=l,

2, 3, . . .) is covered by

c; z) = F(a+m,

a; c; z)

r(C>(-2)-a-m -g (4n+m(l-c+aL+m 2--))[In

=r(a+m)r(c-a)

n!(n+m)!

n4

(-z>+N+m+n)+$(l+n)

r(c) m-l r (m-n)(a),

-rl(a+m+n)-~(c-a-m-n)l+(-z>-
r(a+m) ~onlr(e-a-nn) 2-a
(larg(--z)l<~Izl>l,(c--a)ZO,~1, f2,...)

The case c-a=O,

-1, -2, . . . becomes elementary, 15.3.3, and the case c-a=l,
obtained from 15.3.14, by a limiting process (see [15.2]).
Quadratic

Transformation

2, 3, . . . can be

Formular

If, and only if the numbers *(l-c),

&ta-b),
f (a+b-c)
are such, that two of them are equal
The basic formulas
or one of them is equal to 3, then there exists a quadratic
transformation.
are due to Kummer [15.7] and a complete list is due to Goursat [15.3]. See also [15.2].
15.3.15 F(a,l;2b;z)=(l-z)-*F($a,b-$a;
15.3.16

=(l-+z)-F($a,

15.3.17

-(#+3&i)-F

15.3.18

=(l--z)-4F

b+$;4&)
$+$a; b++; ~~(2-2)~~)
a,a-b+3;
a, 2b-a;

b+&

bS3;
-

(1--111--2)2

(
15.3.19

15.3.20

F(a, a+3; c;z>=(++&i%>-F

=(lf&)-lOF

2a, 2cc-c+l;
(2a,c-3;

15.3.23

25; a+b+$;

=(++&/i=i)-

c;

l-;-G
1+&-z

2c-1; =ks>)

2a, 2c-2a-1;

15.3.21
15.3.22 F(a,b; a+b+i;z)=F@a,

4Ji--z

c;

G-1
26

>

i-i=)

F(%, a--b++; .,b+:;E;:)

HYPEROEOMETRIC

15.3.24

F(a, b; a+b-4;

z)=(l--z)-)F(2a--l,2b--l;a+b--3;3-~J1--z)
=(1-2)-f

15.3.25
15.3.26

F(a, b; a--b+l;

(&+gilyT(2a-l,

z)=(l+z)-F($u,

15.3.27

=(1*qz)-F(

15.3.28

=(l-z)-F($a,

15.3.29

F (a, b; &a++b++;

=F(&z,
F(a, l--a;

a;, a--b+*;

a+b--:;g+J

42(1+~)-~)

2u--2b+l;

*4Jz(lf$)-2)

~~-b+4;a--b+1;-42(1-2)-~)
-F (h,

&+$;

$b; ~~t+~b+~;

c; 2)=(1-2>~-F(~c-&7a:,

ha+@++;

B)

42-423

~c++-~;

=(1-2)~-(1-22)-CF

15.3.32

a--d++;

$a++; a--b+l;

z)= (l-22)

15.3.30
15.3.31

561

FTJ-NCTIONS

c; 42-4z2)

($c-$a,

&-+a+&

c; (4,s42)(1-22)-y

Cubic transformations
are listed in [15.:2] and [15.3].
In the formulas above, the square roots are defined so that their value is real and positive
O<,z<l.
AU formulas are valid in the neighborhood of z=O.
15.4. Special

when

Cases of F(a, b; c; 2)

Polynomials

When a or b is equal to a negative integer, then

15.4.1

b; c; z)=C m F,,,.,.c n

F(--m,

n-0

This formula
1.5.4.2

is also valid when c=-m-Z;

F(-m,

b;-m-l;

Some particular

m, Z=O, 1, 2, . . .

z)=~$ :smm)lt-(lb::5

cases are

15.4.3

F(-n,

n; 3; z)=T,(l-22)

15.4.4

F(-n,

n+1;

15.4.5

F -22, n+2a; a+f; 2 =$&

15.4.6

F(-n,

1; z)=Pn(l--25)

>

cr+l+@+n;

a+l;

z)=&-

Cfp)(:l-2x)

P$fl)(l-22)

Here T,,, P,, CF, Pg*@j d enote Chebyshev, Legendres,

spectively

(see chapter

Gegenbauers

and Jacobis polynomials

Legendre

Functions

Legendre functions are connected with those special cases of the hypergeometric
a quadretic
transformation
exists (see 15.3).
15.4.7
15.4.8

F(a, b;2b; z)=22b-I(&+b)z+-b (l-z)+cb-u-*)P:-:-t [(1-;)(l-d-q

=22bT-#

re-

22).

r(3+b)

r(2b---a)

15.4.9 F(a,b;2b;-~)=2*~7r -4 !$fd

Z-b(l-_Z)f(b-a)e~(a-b)

ff~t

,-b(]~+Z)W-a)e -**(a-b)P;zf

function

for which

562

HYPERGEOMETRIC

15.4.10

F(a, a+3;c;

FUNCTIONS

z)=2-r(c)z-~~(l-z)~~-=-~~~~~~[(l-z)-~]
(larg zl<?~, larg (l--z)l<*,

15.4.11

F(u,u+~;c;2)=2-r(c)(--z)~-~~(l--z)~~--P:,4,[(1--2)-~]

15.4.12

F(a, b; &+b+*;

z)=20 +-+r(~+u+6)

z not between 0 and - OD)

(-- O3<z<O)

(-z)(--~-t-~[(l--)l]
(larg (-z>l<?r,

15.4.13

z not between 0 and 1)

2>=a+-tr(~+a+b)ztt--b)~~~~~[(l-Z)f]

P(&, b; a+b+i;

(O<x<l>

15.4.14 F(&,~;a--b+i;d=r(a-b+i)2~b-r(i-2)-b~~~=

(kg O-41<

1~~z not between 0 and - W)

15.4.15 F(r,b;a--b+i;x)=r(a--b+i)(i-2)-b(-~)~b-~~b;~

(--- co<x<O)

F(Q, 1--a;~; z)=I(c)(--z)-~(1--z)~c-~~p=,(l-2z)

15.4.16

(larg (-z)I<1p,

15.4.17

F(u,L-u;c;2)=

15.4.18

F(u, b; $B+#+$;

15.4.19

F(~,b;$a+#b+);

15.4.20 F(a, Q;a+&$;

15.4.22

F(a,b;&

z not between 0 and 1)

r(c)~~-t~(i-~)tc-'P~~~(i-22)

(O<x<l)

z)=r(3+~+3b)[z(z-l)]t-a-b)~~~~~~~~(l-2~)
(larg z I<T,

Iarg (z-l)l<~,

z not between 0 and 1)

z)=r(~+3a+)b)(2-xz)t(1--.-b)~Pt~~~~:~(1-22)

(O<x<l)

2)=2 +b-tr(u+6-~)(-z)tt--b(i-Z)-t~b~~~-bf[(l-Z))]

(I arg (-z)l<?r,
15.4.21 F(cz, Q;a+&$;

larg (l-z)l<?r,

I arg(l--z)l<?r,

.%?[(l-z)+]>O,

z not between 0 and 1)

z)=20+b-tr(u+b-~)zr(i-a-b(1-z)-tP1-oa-~[(l--z)l]

(O<x<l)

2)=?r-12a+b-fr()+a)r()+b)(2-i)I(t-o-b)[Pt=~~~~(Z))+~~~~~~(-2))1
(larg zl<?r, I arg(z-l)[<r,

15.4.23 F(a,b;~;~)=ct~+~-T()+a)r(3+b)(i--z)

z not between 0 and 1)

'('-"-"'[P~~~-t(x')+Pta--Ob--~(-x~)]

15.4.24 F(e, b; $;-z)=r-W-b-1r($+a)r(~-lJ)(2+1)-@-+be*i~

(O<x<l)

(*+) {~:;;-,[~t(l+~)-t]

+z%;-l[--z(l

+zr+1j

( f according as Y,zSO, z not between 0 and OJ)

*15.4.25 F(u, 6; 3;-x)=~-)20-b-1r(~+a)r(i--b)(l+s)-~-~b{~:;;_l[~~(l+x)-f]+~:;:-,[-X1~2(1+2)-t]}

CO<%<c01
15.4.26

F(a,b;4;z)=--?r-t2+b-~r(a-~)r(b--3)x-l(l-x)t(;-a-b)

15.5. The Hypergeometric

The hypergeometric
15.5.1

z(l-2)

*see page Il.

differential

$$+[C-(a+6Sl)zl

equation
$zbw=O

{~~--:-~(~1)--~a-t-~(-~t)

Differential

Equation

(O<x<l)

HYPERGEOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

563

has three (regular) singular points z=O, 1, 03. The pairs of exponents at these points are
15.5.2

p;pi=o, l-c,

respectively.
the following

p$=O,

c-a-b,

~&)=a,

The general theory of differential

cases.

equations

of the Fuchsian type distinguishes

between

a-b is equal to an integer. Then two linearly independent

of the singular points 0, 1, m are respectively

solutions

A. None of the numbers c, c-a-b;

of 15.5.1 in the neighborhood

b; c; z)=(l-z)C-a-bF(c--a,

15.5.3

wl(,,)=F(u,

15.5.4

~~~~~=z~-~F(u--e+l,

15.5.5

wIC1)=F(a, b; a+b+l-c;

15.5.6

wZ~l~=(l-z)C-a-bF(c-b,c-a;c-a--b+l;

15.5.7

?blCII))=~-BF(u,

15.5.8

toa

b-c+l;

c-b;

c; z)

z)=zl-c(l-z)C--bF(l-a,

2-c;

l-z)=&cF(l+b-c,

l-b;

l+a-c;

2-c;

a+b+l-c;

z)
l-2)

l-z)=zl-C(l-z)c--F(l-a,

1-b;c-a-b+l;

a-c+l;

a-b+l;

z--l)-lzb-C(z-l)C--bF(l-b,

c-b;

a-b+l;

z-)

=z- F(b, b-c+l;

b-a+l;

z--l)=za-c(z-l)c-a-b~(l-a,

c-u;

b-&l;

z-l)

l-2)

The second set of the above expressions is obtained by applying 15.3.3 to the first set.
Another set of representations
is obtained by applying 15.3.4 to J5.5.3 through 15.5.8.
gives 15.5.9-15.5.14.
15.5.9

a, c-b; c; -)=(l-,z)-bF(b,
zf1

~~~,,~=(l-z)-F

15.5.10

w~~~~=z~-~(~--z)~-~-~F

15.5.11

WluI=PF(a,

a-c+l,

a-c+l;

1-b;

a+b-c+l;

c-a;
2-c;

l-z-l)=z-bF(b,

>

This

c; --&)

=z l-c(l--z)c-b-lF
b-c+l;

b-c+l,

l-a;

a+b-c+l;

2--e;A -

>

1-z-l)

15.5.12
wm=2

15.5.13

=-c(,-z)-bF(c-u,

l-u;

w lC~~=(z-l)-F(a,

c-b;

l-z-l)=zb-C(l-z)c-a-bF(c-b,

c-u-b-t-1;

a-b-l-1;;

&)=(z-l)-bF(b,

c-a;

l-b;

b-a+l;

c-a-b+l;

l-z-)

$--)

15.5.14
w4(a.)=2 l-c(~-l)C-a-lF

(a-+1,

1-b; a--1+1;

$--)=zl-C(z-l)C-b-lZi

(b-c+l,

l-a;

b-a+l;

$-)

15.5.3 to 15.5.14 constitute Kummers 24 solutions of the hypergeometric

equation.
The analytic continuation of wl ,z(O,(z) can then be obtained by means of 15.3.3 to 15.3.9.
Then one of the hypergeometric
series for
B. One of the numbers a, b, c-a,
c-b is an kteger.
instance wl ,2(0), 15.5.3, 15.5.4 terminates and the corresponding solution is of the form
15.5.15

w=zQ(l-z)@p&)

where p,(z) is a polynomial

in z of degree n. This case is referred to as the degenerate case of the
hypergeometric
differential equation and its solutions are listed and discussed in great detail in [15.2].
C. The number c-a-b
is an integer, c nonintegral.
Then 15.3.10 to 15.3.12 give the analytic continuation of wr ,2Co,into the neighborhood of z=: 1. Similarly 15.3.13 and 15.3.14 give the analytic continuis an integer but not c, subject of
ation of wl ,2(0) into the neighborhood
of z= 03 in case a-b
(For
a
detailed discussion of all possible
course to the further restrictions c-a=O,
fl,
f2 . . .
cases, see [l&2]).
Then 15.5.3, 15.5.4 are replaced by
D. The number c=l.
15.5.16

wlto,=F(a,

b; 1; z)

564

HYPERGEOMETRIC

15.5.17

E.

wz(O)=F(a,

The number

b; 1; 2) In 2+g1

c=m+l,

m=l,

15.5.18

wIcO)=F(a,

b; m-t-1; z>

15.5.19

wZcOj=JYa,

b; m+l;

wmn

~@,)a z[~(a+n)-9(u)+~(b+n)-~(~)--2~(n+l)+2~(2)1
2, 3, . . . . A fundamental

2) In z+gI

The number c= 1 -m,

15.5.20

wl(,,)=zmF(u+m,

system is

~~~~$--d,: z-

m= 1, 2, 3, . . . . A fundamental
b+m;

l-km;

(l4<1)

GMb)n
cl+mj ~nl. z[#(u+n)-Ku)++(b+n)+(b)-+(m+l+n)

+Km+l)-~(11+1)+~(1)1-~~
I:

FUNCTIONS

(lzl<

1 and a,b#O,

1, 2, . . , (m-l))

system is

z)

15.5.21
w2~0~=z~F(u+m,

b+m;

l+m;

2) In z+z~$~z

cu~~)~j+J)n

n *

[G(u+m+n)-1L(u+m)+~(b+m+n)

(lz/<l
15.6. Riemanns

Differential

Equation

The hypergeometric
differential equation 15.5.1
with the (regular) singular points 0, 1, Q) is a
special case of Riemanns
differential
equation
with three (regular) singular points a, b, c

Special

and a, b#O, -1, -2,

Cases

of

(a) The generalized

Riemanns

hypergeometric

(b) The hypergeometric

15.6.5

function

0 OJ
1

w=P

11-c

P!(z),

co

3P

I%++ -3P

cr+a+B+B+r+Y=l

-4V

(d) The confluent

21

&:(z)

(1-22)-1
1

hypergeometric

function

15.6.7
0

15.6.3

F(u, b; c; z)

15.6.6
w=P

The complete set of solutions of 15.6.1 is denoted

by the symbol

function

1
0
c-u-b

a
b

(c) The Legendre functions

15.6.2

P Function

w=p{;,
; ,.z}

15.6.4

15.6.1

The pairs of the exponents with respect to the

singular points a; b; c are (IL,cr; 6, B; y, y respectively subject to the condition

. . . -(m-l))

w=P

+ku
3-U

provided

lim c+= .

Q)

c
c-k

-c
0

HYPERGEOMETRIC
Transformation

a
z-a
z-b
(>(

15.6.8

z-c

-PiY
z-b I{

Formulas

565

FUNCTIONS
for

P Function

Riemanns

a+k

8-k-l

d-j-k

8,-k--l

and A, B, C, D are arbitrary constants such that AD-BC#O.

Riemanns P function reduced to the hypergeometric function is

The P function on the right hand side is G.ausshypergeometric function (see 15.6.5). If it is replaced
by Kummers 24 solutions 15.5.3 to 15.5.14 the complete set of 24 solutions for Riemanns differential
equation 15.6.1 is obtained. The first of these solutions is for instance by 15.5.3 and 15.6.5

15.7.

Asymptotic

15.7.2

Expansions

The behavior of F(a, b; c; z) for large (z] is

described by the transformation formulas of 15.3.

F(a, b; c; z)=e-sm[r(c)/I(c-a>]

+[r(c>lr(a)l

(bz)-[l+O(lbz(-)]

e**(bz)O-[l+O(lbzl-)I

For fixed a, b, z and large ]c( one has [15.8]

(-$<

w (bz)<+r)

15.7.3
15.7.1

?(a, b; C;

z)=d@[r(c)/r(c--a)]

(bz)-a[l+O(lbz(-l)l

+~r~~>lr~~>l~bz~b~~-c~~+O~l~~l->l

F(a, b; c; z) =Cn~c~~+o(~cl--)

C-+~<
For fixed a, c, z, (c#O, -1,
and large lb1 one has [l&2]

-2,

. . . , O</r:j<l)

arg b+Gb)

For the case when more than one of the parameters are large consult [15.2].

References
115.11 P. Appell and J. Kampe de F&et, Fonctions hypergeometriques
et hyperspheriques
(GauthiersVillars, Paris, France, 1926).
[15.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 1 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1953).
[15.3] E.

Goursat, Ann.
3-142(1881).

Sci. Ecole

Norm.

Sup(2)19,

[15.4] E. Goursat,
Propri&&
generales de lequation
dEuler et de Gauss (Actualit&
scientifiques et
industrielles 333, Paris, France, 1936).
[15.5] J. Kampe de Feriet, La fonction hypergeom&rique
(Gauthiers-Villars,
Paris, France, 1937).
[15.6] F. Klein, Vorlesungen iiber die hypergeometrische
Funktion
(B. G. Teubner,
Berlin,
Germany,
1933).

566

HYPERGEOMETRIC

[15.7] E. E. Kummer, Uber die hypergeometrische

Reihe,
J. Reine Angew. Math. 15, 39-83, 127-172(1836).
[15.8] T. M. MacRobert, Proc. Edinburgh
Math. Sot. 42,
84-88(1923).
[15.9] T. M. MacRobert, Functions of a complex variable,
4th ed. (Macmillan
and Co., Ltd., London,
England, 1954).
[15.10] E. G. C. Poole, Introduction
to the theory of linear
differential equations (Clarendon Press, Oxford,
England, 1936).

FTJNCIIONS
[15.11] C. Snow, The hypergeometric
and Legendre functions with applications
to integral equations of
potential theory, Applied Math. Series 19 (U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C.,
1952).
[15.12] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1952).

16. Jacobian

Elliptic Functions
Functions
L. M. MILNE-THOMSON

and Theta

Contents
Mathematical
Properties ....................
16.1. Introduction
.....................
16.2. Classifiication of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions . .
16.3. Relation of the Jacobian Functions to the Copdlar Trio . .
16.4. Calculation
of the Jacobian Functions by Use of the Arith16.5.

16.6.
16.7.

16.8.
16.9.
16.10.
16.11.
16.12.
16.13.
16.14.
16.15.
16.16.
16.17.
16.18.
16.19.

16.20.
16.21.

16.22.
16.23.
16.24.
16.25.
16.26.
16.27.
16.28.
16.29.
16.30.
16.31.

16.32.

Page
569
569

...........
metic-Geometric
Mean (A.G.M.)
Special. Arguments
..................
Jacobian Functions when m=O or 1 ...........
Principal Terms ...................
.................
Change of Argument
.....
Relations Between the Squares of the Functions
Change of Parameter ..................
...
Reciprocal Parameter (Jacobis Real Transformation)
Descending Landen Transformation
(Gauss Transformation) .......................
Approximation
in Terms of Circular Functions ......
...........
Ascendling Landen Transformation
....
Approximation
in Terms of Hyperbolic Functions
......................
Derivatives
Addition Theorems ..................
..................
Double Arguments
Half Arguments
...................
Jacobis Imaginary
Transformation,
...........
.................
Complex Arguments
Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending Powers of u. ..
Series IExpansion in Terms of the Nome p ........
...
Integrals of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions.
Notation
for the Integrals of the Squares of the Twelve
Jacobian Elliptic Functions
.............
Integrals in Terms of the Elliptic
Integral of the Second
Kind1 .......................
Theta .Functions; Expansions in Terms of the Nome p . .
Relations Between the Squares of the Theta Functions
. .
Logarithmic
Derivatives of the Theta Functions .....
. .
Logarithms of Theta Functions of Sum and Difference
Jacobis Notation for Theta Functions
.........
Calculation
of Jacobis Theta Function O(ulm) by Use of
the Arithmetic-Geometric
Mean ...........

1 University
Standards.)

of .Arizona.

(Prepared

under

contract

with

the National

Bureau
567

570
570
571
571
571
572
572
573
573
573
573
573
573
574
574
574
574
574
574
575
575
575
575
576
576
576
576
576
577
577
577
of

568

JACOBIAN

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS

AND

THETA

FUNCTIONS

Page

16.33. Addition
of Quarter-Periods
to Jacobis
Eta and Theta
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.34. Relation of -Jacobis Zeta Function to the Theta Functions.
16.35. Calculation of Jacobis Zeta Function Z(ulm) by Use of the
Arithmetic-Geometric
Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.36. Nevilles Notation for Theta Functions . . . . . . . . .
16.37. Expression as Infinite Products. . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.38, Expression as Infinite Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

579
579

References

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

581

Theta Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

582

?Y,(rO\cYO),
&iz

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

579
579

Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.1.

. . . . . .

578
578

Numerical
16.39.

Table

Methods

577
578

s,(Eydq

tYn(eO\aO),Jseccy tY,(E;\op)
~t=O~(5~)85~, e, e1=00(50)900, 9-10D
Table

16.2.

Logarithmic

Derivatives

of Theta Functions . . . . . .

584

& In 8.(u) =f(~~\oP)

$ In GC(u)= -f(e\c~)
&In

Sn(~)=g(to\aP)

& In ad(u) = -g(ET\OP)

c~=O~(5~)85~,t, el=00(50)900,

5-6D

The author wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to his friend, the late Professor
E. H. Neville, for invaluable assistance in reading and criticizing
the manuscript.
Professor Neville generously supplied material from his own work and was responsible for many
improvements in matter and arrangement.
The authors best thanks are also due to David S. Liepman and Ruth Zucker for the
preparation and checking of the tables and graphs.

16. Jacobian

Elliptic

Functions

Mathematical
Jacobian

Elliptic

Properties

Functions

16.1. Introduction

A doubly periodic meromorphic

called an elliptic function.
Let m, ml be numbers such that

function

is

We call m the parameter, ml the complenientary

parameter.
In what follows we shall assume that the parameter m is a real number.
Without loss of generality we can then suppose that O_<m<l
(see
16.10, 16.11).

K and iK by

16.1.1

de
iK(m)
=iK=lis0*/a
(l-mlsim
so that K and K are real numbers.
K is called
the real, iK the imaginary quarter-period.
We note that
16.1.2

K(m)=K(mI)=K(l-m).

the pattern
sides.

The Jacobian elliptic function pq u is defined by

the following three properties.
(i) pq u has a simple zero at p and a simple
pole at q.
(ii) The step from p to q is a half-period of pq u.
Those of the numbers K, iK, K+iK
which differ
from this step are only quarter-periods.
(iii) The coefficient of the leading term in the
expansion of pq u in ascending powers of u about
u=O is unity.
With regard to (iii) the leading
term is u, l/u, 1 according as u=O is a zero, a
pole, or an ordinary point.
Thus the functions with a pole or zero at the
origin (i.e., the functions in which one letter is s)
are odd, and the others are even.
Should we wish to call explicit attention to the
value of the parameter, we write pq (ulm) instead
of pq u.
The Jacobian elliptic functions can also be
defined with respect to certain integrals.
Thus if
16.1.3

We also note that if any one of the numbers m,

ml, K(m), K(m), K(m)/K(m)
is given, all the
rest are determined.
Thus K and K can not
both be chosen arbitrarily.
In the Argand diagram denote the points 0, K,
K+iK,
iK by s, c, d, n respectively.
These
points are at the vertices of a rectangle.
The
translations of this rectangle by M, giK, where
x , ccare given all integral values positive or negative, will lead to the lattice
.S

Let p, q be any two of the letters s, c, d, n.

Then p, q determine in the lattice a minimum
rectangle whose sides are of length K and K and
whose vertices s, c, d, n are in counterclockwise
order.
Definition

m+ml=l.

We define quarter-periods

and Theta Functions

.S

.n

Zi

.n

.S

.C

.S

::
.C

.n

.d

.n

.d

being

repeated

indefinitely

on all

u=

the angle cpis called the amplitude

16.1.4

p=am

and we define
16.1.5

sn u=sin

ip, cn u=cos

p,
dn u=(l-m

sin2 p>1/2=A((p),

Similarly
all the functions pq u can be expressed
in terms of cp. This second set of definitions,
although seemingly different, is mathematically
equivalent to the definition
previously given in
terms of a lattice.
For further explanation
of
notations,
including the interpretation,
of such
expressions as sn (V\(Y), cn (ulm), dn (u, k), see 17.2.
569

JACOBIAN

570

ELLIPTIC

16.2. Classification

FUNCTIONS

of the. Twelve
According

Pole
iK

to Poles

Pole
K

Pole
K+iK

AND

THETA

Jacobian
and

FUNCTIONS

Elliptic

Functions

Half-Periods

Pole
0

-Half period iK
Half period K+iK
Half period K

cd u

sn u
-cn u

sd u

dn u

nd u

dc u
-nc u
-SCu

ns u

Periods 2iK,

4K+4iK,

4K

ds u

Periods 4iK, 2K+2iK,

4K

cs u

Periods 4iK,

2K

4K+4iK,

The three functions in a vertical column are

copolar.
The four functions in a horizontal
line are
coperiodic. Of the periods quoted in the last line
of each row only two are independent.

FIGURE

FIQURE 16.1. Jacobian

16.3.

elliptic junctions

Jacobian elliptic junetiom

SCu, es u, cd u, dc u

sn u, cn u, dn u
m=l

16.3.

The curve for on (~13) is the boundary

between those
which have an inflexion and those which have not.

Relation
of the Jacobian
Functions
Copolar
Trio sn u, cn u, dn u

16.3.1

cd u=E

& u=dn
cn u

16.3.2

sd u=E

nc u=-

16.3.3

nd u=-&

snu
sc u=cn

r"

ZK

-.5 -

3K

cnu

I-ISu=gn

to the

& uzdnu
sn u
cnu
ca U=sn

4K

And generally if p, q, r are any three of the letters

s, c, 4 n,
FIGURE

16.2.

Jacobian elliptic junctions

ns u, nc u, nd u

16.3.4

provided that when two letters are the same, e.g.,

pp u, the corresponding function is put equal to
unity.

JACOBIAN

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS

16.4. Calculation of the Jacobian Functions by

Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric
Mean
(A.G.M.)

For the A.G.M. scale see 17.6.

To calculate sn (ulm), cn (ulm),
form the A.G.M. scale starting with
16.4.1

and dn (ulm)

AND THETA

571

and then compute successively p+,,

lpi, p. from the recurrence relation
16.4.3

sin (24+,-&=~

pNm2, . . .,

sin q*,

Then
16.4.4

sn (ujm)=sin

ao=l, bo=Jm1, co=&,

terminating
at the step N when cN is negligible to
Find lpN in degrees where
the accuracy required.
(oN=2NaNuIso0
r

16.4.2

FUNCTIONS

(potcn (ulm)=cos

OS PO
cos (Cpl-PoPg)
From these all the other functions
mined.

dn (ulm)=

can be deter-

16.5. Special Art guments

u

cn u

Fm u

dn u

16.5.1

16.5.2

+K

1
(l+m:l)

mP
(l+mll*)la

m$14

16.5.3

rn+l

16.5.4

$K')

im-I

(1 + m1*)1/2
mll

(l+ml*)L/*

16.5.5

$K+~K!)

2-/z7+/[(l

2 l(l-i)
( >

+,121/1)1/*
+.~(l--ml)l]

16.5.6

K+;(iKt)

16.5.7

iK'

co

16.5.8

f~+iKt

(1

16.5.9

K+iK'

m-m

-i

m-1

m,12)

-i

-12

(!-.IlE$)

(j-+$)

when m=O or 1
=

16.6. Jacobian Functions

r

m=O

m=l

.16.6.1
16.6.2
16.6.3

See page II.

If&l [(I + m,l/2)1/*

>
-i(l-mmlUZ)l/2]

co

sin u
co9 IL
1

tanh u
sech u
sech u

:t %
16:6:6

cd (ulm)
sd (ulm)
nd (ulm)

COBu
sin 2~
1

1
sinh u
cash u

16.6.7
16.6.8
16.6.9

do (u m)
no (u m)
80 (ulm)

set u
set u
tan u

1
cash u
sinh u

16.6.10
16.6.11
16.6.12

:ns (u m)
(ds (u Im)
(cablm>

csc u
csc u
cot u

,20th u
,csch u
,osch u

16.6.13

i~1x3
(ulm)

IL

Ited u

im,l/4

n s3-

n SP
n sun asn 3u
n opn pun Ps
n pa-n upn u3
n us-

n s3-

n P~~IW+n ~s~1wW.2
n PAVES

n spn su
n asn aun 3~

n UP~I~-W
n uw+~~-W
n usyltu-

n sa,,,~hu+

n pun psn ~3
n upn us-

1 SPzlr-%lI-wn suzl,-ULn 3szl,hu~

n 3uzll-~zl,k+-n

n us

3pg~l-m

n up+-n nwcn wow

n PUT
n ~w+

n P+~U
n 3s?
n cm,,,-uq
n ~P~I~-w

n fpzn wl-vn suzI,--u1

n s3-n SP
n su

n s3

n 63

n spn su-

n spn su-

n asn x5-n 3p-

n 3s
n aun 3p-

n 38
n aun 3p-

n PU
n PS
n p3-

n PU
n psn pa-

n PU
n psn p3-

n UP
n u3n us

n UP
n us--n us-

n UP
n mn us-

n 3sz11bu
n 3uz,,h4d

n 3szI,Qun 3uzllbk-

n 3p-

n 3~
n s3zll--Iau

n ~3~,~--1tu -

n fwr-~~

n spzil-l~

n su

n UP~I~-~~
n uIozIl--Itu
n us

n su

n UP~I~-~UJ

I a u311,1~~zu-

n us

n dude
n PW~

n 3~
n ~3~,~~hu n spz~I-r~

n UP~I,-~~
n ~3~~~--1au
n usn PU~-J

n PW~

n psd~--

n p3 -

n ~3

n su-

n PUPIL

n spn su-

n 63
n sp
n su

n asn 311
n 3~

G
su

21891
11891
07891

n 3s
n 3u
n 3~

38
3U

3P

6891
8891
LS91

n PU
n @sn ~3

n Pu
n PS
n ~3

PU
;:

9891
SS91
VS91

n UP
n 013
n us -

n UP
n u3
n us

UP

6891

U3
us

ZS91
1891

n SD-

n x3zl,~~n 3uz11bu

n ~3

-,szz +

az+-n

m+n+n

I
-

n2zfn

n-nz

,n!+n

az-n

az+n

n-n

n--n

n-

n+n

--

n 53

n
n
n
n

SP
su
38
311

ZTt91
wL9
t
OIL91
6L9T
8L9T

nap

LL91

npu
n PS
n ~3
nup
n u3
n us

9t91
SL91
pL.91
s-L.91
ZL91.
It9T.

-=
*pagddns aq 03 svq (2-n)
JOS!MP aq? c~eq$smam + pus
pa!lddns aq 09 s~q (X--n) .ro~m3 aql ~t3q$smam X aJaqhi sur.103asaqq sangI gsg &n~o~~o3 aq&
-n bd 30 alod 13JO oJaz B gu!od Lmup~o 1113
s: Lx SB Z?uyp.~oom(x-n)-+3
(x-n)
x& 8 sm.103
aql 30 auo ssq pus ma2 pd!mvd
aq$ panw st uo!susdxa aqq 30 rnsa%ys.~y aq$ ,xz+x
,x! ;y $0
30 auo s! x alaqM &-n)
30 maMod Bmpuaoss uy papusdxa so n bd uo~~oun3Di$dma aq? uaq&
smra& ~dpupd

t-91

JACOBIAN

16.9. Relations

ELLIPTIC

Between the
Functions

16.9.1

--dn2u+ml=-m

16.9.2

-mind2u+ml=-mmlsd2u=m

:FUNCTIONS

Squares o:f the

cn2u=m

sn2u-m

AND THETA

16.12.1

573

FUNCTIONS

/quay>

a&*

then
16.12.2

sn (ul m) _ (1+c(/~) sn (4~)

16.12.3

cn (ul m) =

In using the above results remember

that
m+ml=l.
If pq u, rt u are any two of the twelve functions,
one entry expresses tq2u in terms of pq2u and
another expresses qt2u in terms of rt%. Since
tq% . qt2u= 1, we can obtain from the table the
bilinear relation between pq2u and rt2u. Thus
for the functions cd u, sn u we have

16.12.4

* tl m)= (1fpi/2)

16.93

When the parameter m is so small that we may

neglect m2 and higher powers, we have the
approximations

16.9.3
16.9.4

d2u-m

mlsc2u+ml=m1nc2u=dc2u-m
cs2u+ml=ds2u=ns2u-m

nd2u=-

m ca2U, dn2u=l-m
ml

sn2u

and therefore
16.9.6

Ca2U)(i-m

(l-m

sn*u) =ml.

If m is a positive number,

16.10.2

,=A 1+

Pl=l+mf

v=;;;i

Note that successive applications can be made

conveniently to find sn (ujm) in terms of sn (01~)
and dn (ulm) in terms of dn ($A), but that the
calculation of cn (ulm) requires all three functions.
16.13. Approximation
in Terms of Circular
Functions

m(u-sin

u co9 u) co9 u

cn (ulm) = cos u+a m(u-sin

u co8 u) sin u

(O<rr<l)

(a[~)

cn (uJ-m)=d

(VIP)

16.10.4

dn (u(-m)=nd

(O/P).

16.11. Reciprocal Parameter

Transformation)

p=m-l,

(Jacobis Real

v=um1f,2

16.11.2

sn (ujm) =p1/2sn (VIP)

16.11.3

cn (ulm>=dn (4~)

16.11.4

dn (ujm) =cn (VIP)

Here if m>l then m-l=p<l.

Thus elliptic functions whose parameter is real
can be made to depend on elliptic functions whose
parameter liea between 0 and 1.

dn (ulm) a l-f

16.13.3
16.13.4

am (ulm) =u-a

m(u-sin

u co9 u).

16.14. Ascending Landen Transformation

To in&ease the parameter,

16.14.1 r=(l$::1)2~~l=
16.14.2 sn (ulm) = (l+~~)

cn (ul m) =y

16.12. Descending Landen Transformation

(Gauss Transformation)

let

m sin2 u

One way of calculating the Jacobian functions

is to use Ladens
descending transformation
to
reduce the parameter sufficiently for the above
See also 16.14.
formulae to become applicable.

16.14.3

To decrease the parameter,

sn (u(-m)=w+sd

m>O,

_ an2(ulpj

16.13.2

16.10.3

16.11.1

1+ j.P* SIP (81/A)

any~~p~-(i-p~~~~

sn (ulm) =sin u-a

let

1
m

cn @Id dn (4~)

16.13.1

16.10. Change of Parameter

Negative Parameter

16.10.1

- 1+p1/2sn2 (VIP)

16.14.4

dn

(~1

i+j$/2

l-j&l*
m) = cc

let

1+
(qz>:

v= j-&G

sn C4r>cn 04~4
an (VIP)
dn 2(~Ijb)-~,1~2

an (44
dn* (OJP)+Prt*

anbl~)

574

JACOBIAN

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS

Note that, when successive applications are to

be made, it is simplest to calculate dn (ulm) since
this is expressed always in terms of the same fnnction. The calculation of cn (u/m) leads to that of
dn (4.4.
The calculation
of sn (u/m) necessitates the
evaluation of all three functions.
16.15.

Approximation

in Terms
Functions

THETA

FUNCTIONS

16.17.
16.17.1

16.17.2

(sinh u cash u-u)

sech2 u

16.15.2

cn (ulm) =sech u
-- i ml (sinh u cash u-u)

tanh u sechu

cn(u+v)
= cnu.cnv-snu.dnu.snv.dnv
1 - m sn2u sn3v
dn(u+v)

16.18.
16.18.1

1
4

+- ml (sinh u cash u+u)

tanh u sech u
16.18.2

16.15.4
am (ujm) =gd u+i

ml (sinh u cash u-u)

16.16.

16.18.3

16.18.4

16.18.5

Derivative

sn 2u
= 2snu.cnu.dnu=2snu.cnu.dnu
cn2u+sn2u.
1 - msn4u

:z%

16:16:3

cn u dn u
--8n u an u
-m sn u cn u

Pole n

16.19.1

16.16.4
16.16.5
16.16.6

cd u
sd u
nd u

-ml sd u nd u
cd u nd u
m sd u cd u

Pole d

16.19.2

16.16.7
16.16.8
16.16.9

dc u
nc u

ml sc u nc u
SC u dc u
dc u nc u

Pole c

16.19.3

16.16.10 ns u
16.16.11 ds u
16.16.12 csu

-ds u cs u
-cs u ns u
-na u da u

Note that the derivative is proportional

product of the two copolar functions.

16.20.
Pole 8

to the

dn2u

cn 2u
dn2u
dn2u

dn 2u

1 -cn
l+cn

2u sn2u . dn%
2u=
cn2u

1 - dn 2u msn2u acn2u
l+dn 2u=
dn2u
16.19.

sn u
cn u
dn u

SCu

cnv

Arguments

=dn2u-msn2u.cn2u=dn2u+cn2u(dn%-1)
1 - msn4u
dn2u-cn2u(dn2u-

Derivatives

Function

Double

= cn2u-sn2u. dn% cn2u-sn2u.

l-msn4u
= cn2u+sn2u.

sech u.

Another way of calculating the Jacobian functions is to use Landens ascending transformation
to increase the parameter sufficiently for the above
formulae to become applicable.
See also 16.13.

dnu+dnv-msnu.cnu.snv.
I- msn2u . sn2v

Addition
theorems are derivable
one from
another and are expressible in a great variety of
forms. Thusns(u+v)
comes from l/sn(u+v) in the
form (l-msn2usn2v)/(snucnvdnv+snvcnudnu)
from 16J7.1.
Alternatively
ns(u + v) =m112sn { (iK - u) -211
which againfronr16.17.1
yields the form (ns u cs v dsu
--nsvcsudsv)/(ns2u-ns2v).
The function pq(u+v) is a rational function of
the four functions pq u, pq v, pqu, pqv.

16.15.3

dn (ulm) =sech u

Theorems

u-en v.dn v+sn vacn uedn u

1 -m sn%.sn%

=sn

16.17.3

16.15.1

Addition

sn(u+~)

of Hyperbolic

When the parameter m is so close to unity that

ml2 and higher powers of ml can be neglected we
have the approximations

sn (ulm) =tanh u+$m,

AND

dn21yu=
Jacobis

Half

Arguments

m,+dn

u-kmcn
lfdn u

Imaginary

Transformation

16.20.1

sn(iulm)=isc(ulmJ

1620.2

cn(iujm)=nc(uJ

ml)

16.20.3

dn(iulm)=dc(ul

m,)

1)

JACOBIAN

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS

16.23.6

16.21. Complex Arguments

nd @lm>=sK+

With the abbreviations

16.21.1

s=sn(zIm),

c=cn(z~m),

d=dn(zlm),

sn(z+iylm)

16.21.3

cn(z+iyj

m) =

16.21.4

dn(z+iy)m)=

dc (ulm)=&sec
+g
16.23.8

c. cl--is. d +51. dl
cf + ms2 . st

nc (ul m) =2---&
1

F. (-1)

2nv

&

CO8 (2nfl)v

set v

-m+&

C-1) $q

cos @n+l)v

1623.9

16.22. Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending

Powers of u
16.22.1

$+(l+14m+m2)

g1 (-l)y&.eos

s . dl+ic. de 51. cl
c:+ms2 a9.:

d . cl. d,--ims . c . s1
cT+ ms2 ast

sn(ulm)=u-(lfm)

SKl

16.23.7

sl=sn(yIml),

cl=cn(ylml), dl=ddylmd
16.21.2

575

AND THETA FUNCTIONS

SC (u Im) =2+K

tan v
1

sKmcl

(-1)

&sin

2nv

1623.10

-(1+135m+135m2+ma)

$+

...

2 Q2n+l
11s(4m>=& cscv-x2u n=O
l-p2n+l

sin (2n+l)v

16.23.11

16.22.2
cn(ujm)=l

-$+(1+4m)

v-- g go $g--

ds (ulm)=&csc

sin (2n+l)v

16.23.12

-(1+44m+16m2)

$i-

...

16.22.3

16.24. Integrals

dn(ulm)=l-m

$I-m(4+m)

- m(16+44m-k m2) $t

No formulae are known for the general

cients in these series.

...

sn (ulm)=-

27r 2

pn+1/2 sin (27bfl)v

rn1i2K n=O I-

cn (ul m) = - 2*

16.23.3

dn (ul m) =&+z

p2n+1

5 p.n+1/2 cos (2n.+l)v

m1/2K n=O1 + p2n+l
2lrm

g1 1 +pq2,, cos 2nv

16.23.4

cd (ul m)=x

(-l)p+l/2

2
m1/2K n=O 1-p2+l

cos (2nfl)v

16.23.5

sd (ulm)=(m~~~,2~~~(-l)n~~*2~+~s~

n+r/z

sin 2nv

of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic

Functions

16.24.1

Jsn u du=m-lt2 In (dn u-mf2cn

16.24.2

$ cn u du=m-1J2 arccos (dn u)

(2n4-1)v

Jdn

16.24.3

u)

u du=arcsin

(sn u)

16.24.4

$ cd u du=m-12 In (nd u+m112sd u)

16.24.5

Jsd u du= (mmJ-12 arcsin (-m12cd

16.24.6

Jnd

16.24.7
16.23.2

gl +ft+

coeffi-

16.23. Series Expansions in Terms of the Nome

q=t?--*KK and the Argument v=?ru/(2hr)
16.23.1

cs blm> =z2K cot v-- g

u)

u du=mI-112 arccos (cd u)

Jdc u du=ln

16.24.8

Jnc

16.24.9

Jsc u du=m;li2

du=m;2

(nc u+sc u)
In (dc u+m:bc

U)

In (dc ufm:t2nc

u)

16.24.10

$ ns u du=ln (ds u-cs

u)

16.24.11

$ ds u du=ln (ns u-cs

u)

16.24.12

u)

cs u du=ln

(ns u-ds

In numerical use of the above table certain restrictions must be put on u in order to keep the
arguments of the logarithms positive and to avoid

576

JACOBIAN

trouble
tions.

with many-valued

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS

inverse circular

func-

16.25. Notation
for the Integrals
of the Squares
of the Twelve Jacobian
Elliptic
Functions
16.25.1

Pqu=

16.25.2

Ps u=s,

s0

Upq2t dt when q#s

dt-t

(pq2t-$)
Examples

Cdu=

cd2t dt, Ns u=l(ns2t-$)dt-t

16.26. Integrals
in Terms of the Elliptic
gral of the Second Kind (see 17.4)

mSn u= -E(u)

16.26.1
16.26.2

mCn u=E(u)

+u
Pole n

-mlu

mCd u= -E(u)

+u+msn

16.26.6
16.26.7

m,Nd

-mlu-msn
u=E(u)

DC u= -E(u)

u cd u

Pole d

-msn

u cd u

+u+sn

u dc u

+miu+sn

16.26.9

m$c u= -E(u)

16.26.10

Ns u=-E(u)+u-cn

Pole c

u dc u

&(z,

FUNCTIONS

a)=&(z)

+sn u dc u

16.27.4
tJ4(2,

*)=tY,(z)=l+2

Ds u=-E(u)+mlu-cn

Pole 8

u ds u

Cs u=-E(u)-cn

u ds u

All the above may be expressed in terms of

Jacobis ieta function (see 17.4.27).
-gu,

where E=E(K)

Functions;
Expansions
of the Nome p

where K and iK are the quarter periods. Since

q=q(m) is d et ermined when the parameter m is
given, we can also regard the theta functions as
dependent upon m and then we write
2, 3, 4

but when no ambiguity

is to be feared, we write
9,( 2) simply.
The above notations are those given in Modern
Analysis [16.6].
There is a bewildering variety of notations, for
example the function G,(z) above is sometimes
denoted by 8,(z) or b(z); see the table given in
Modern Analysis [16.6]. Further the argument
u=2Kz/~
is frequently used so that in consulting
books caution should be exercised.

b,(z, *)=~,(z)=2p1~~~(-l)qc

Squares

~~(z)s:(O)=s:(z)~:(O)-s:(z>st(O>

16.28.2

S:(z)S:(O)=~:(z)9:(0)--61(z)9~(0)

16.28.3

S:(z)r9:(0)=191(~)(93(0)-d:(z)9:(0)

16.28.4

9:(+9:(O)

=S:(z)ti:(O)

f%(O) +fm

of the

-19;(z)@(O)
=WO)

Note also the important

sin (2nfl)z

(%+l)z

relation

ti;(O)=&(O)&(O)&(O)

Or

6;=t9,6&

16.29. Logarithmic

Derivatives
Functions

of the

16.29.1

u+4

sin 2~

16.27.2
cos

Between
the
Theta Functions

16.28.1

16.28.6

*)=92(2)=294~~p.(+l)

a=l,

in Terms

16.27.1

8,(z,

cos 2ti.2

Theta functions are important

because every
one of the Jacobian elliptic functions can be expressed as the ratio of two theta functions.
See 16.36.
The notation shows these functions as depending on the variable z and the nome p, 1~1<l.
In this case, here and elsewhere, the convergence
is not dependent on the trigonometrical
terms.
In their relation to the Jacobian elliptic functions,
we note that the nome p is given by

16.28.5
16.27. Theta

(-l)qn2

2
n=1

16.28. Relations

Z(u) =E(u)

$, qn2 cos 2nz

u ds u

16.26.11

16.26.12

=1+2

f%(z, a>=Wlm>,

16.26.8

mlNc u= -E(u)

16.27.3

u cd u

16.26.5

mm,Sd u=E(u)

THETA

P=e--*KIK 7

Dn u=E(u)

16.26.3

16.26.4

Inte-

AND

$$=cot

&

Theta

JACOBIAN

ELLIPTIC

l?UNCTIONS

AND

THETA

577

FUNCTIONS

16.31. Jacobis Notation

1629.2
8;
(4
-=-tan
fJ*(u>
16.29.3

u-j-4
$$=4

n$l (-1)

(-1)

sin 2nu

i-C+

sin

ha

16.31.2

2nU

16.31.4

16.29.4

ln &(a+P)-ln
ts,-

H(ulm)=H(u)=t$(v)
H,(u~m)=H,(u)=&(v)=H(u+K)

16.32. Calculation of Jacobis Theta Function

@(ulm) by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric
Mean

of !%.un

Form the A.G.M.

sin (a+@)

with

16.32.1

cos bfB)
cos (a--/3)

terminating
with the Nth step when cN is negligible
to the accuracy required.
Find VN in degrees,
where
180
16.32.2
QN=
2aNu T

+4 5 -iq
(-)
n-1 n

u()=l,

16.32.3
-

(-1)

+I

p
1-p

b,=Jm,,

co= &ii

and then compute SUcceSSiVely

Q~, Q. from the recurrence
relation

@ sin 272~~sin 2nfi

16.30.3

ln$3=4C--

scale starting

sin ((Y-P)

16.30.2
In sab+a)-1,
KGB--

~,(u~m)=0~(~)=83(v)=@(u+K)

16.31.3

16.30. Logarithms of Theta Functions

and Difference
16.30.1

16.31.1 ~(u~m)=O(u)=29&),

It=1

for Theta Functions

sin 2 na! sin 2nf3

Sin

(&9.-1-Q,,)=~

QN-1,

Sin

. . .,

QN-~,

Qn.

Then
16.32.4

16.30.4

+i ln Set

The corresponding expressions when /3=i:r are

easily deduced by use of the formulae 4.3.55 and
4.3.56.
16.33. Addition
U

of Quarter-Periods
u+2K

u+K

--u

(2Qo-Ql)

i$

ln

SeC

(2Q1-(02)

1
+ 2N+
- 1 In set
to Jacobis Eta and Theta
=

u+iK'

uf2iK'

. . .

C&N-I-QN)

Functions

u+K+iK'

u+2K+2iK'

-16.33.1
H(u)

--B(u)

HI (4

-H(u)

iM(u) O(u)

-N(u)Wu)

MW01(4

N(u) H(u)

16.33.2
HI(U)

H,(u)

--H(u)

--H,(u)

M(u) @l(U)

N(u) HI (4

-iM(u)O(u)

- N(u) HI (4

@l(U)

O(u)

@l(U)

M(u)HI(u)

NC.4 O,(u)

iM(u)H(u)

N(u)

O(u)

O,(u)

O(u)

iM(u)H(u)

- N(u)

fif(U)Hl(U)

-N(u)

16.33.3
@l(U)
16.33.4
O(u)

e(u)

@l(U)
O(u)

where
M(u) =[ exp (-$)I

r-z-*,

N(u)=[exp

p-1

(-$)I

1 H(u) and H,(u) have the

&(u) have the period 2K.
2iK is a quasi-period
that is to say, increase of
multiplies
the function by

period 4K.

O(u) and

for all four functions,

the argument by SK
a factor.

JACOBIAN

578
16.34. Relation

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS

of Jacobis Zeta Function

Theta Functions

Z(u) =&

to the

AND

THETA

FUNCTIONS

.6.36.2

If A, P are any integers positive, negative, or

sero the points uJ-2xK-l-2piK
are said to be

In O(u)

mngruent to ti.
16.34.1

Z(u)=&

?Tu -

8,(u)
6,(u)
8,(u)
8,(u)

cnudnu
sn u

(6)2K

has zeros at the points congruent to 0

has zeros at the points congruent to K
has zeros at the points congruent to iK
has zeros at the points congruent
to

K+iK

Thus the suffix secures that the function 8,(u)

has zeros at the points marked p in the introductory diagram in 16.1.2, and the constant by
which Jacobis function is divided secures that the
leading coefficient of 8,(u) at the origin is unity.
Therefore the functions have the fundamentally
important property that if p, q are any two of the
Letters s, c, n, d, the Jacobian elliptic function
pq u is given by

16.34.2

sn u cn u
dn u

16.34.3

16.36.3

16.34.4

These functions
16.35. Calculation
of Jacobis
Zeta Function
Z(ulm)
by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric
Mean

Form

the A.G.M.

16.35.1

h=l,

scale 17.6 starting

b,=JG,

with

c,,=&

terminating
at the Nth step when CN is negligible
to the accuracy required.
Find PN in degrees
where

16.36.4

m;4cP,(K-u)=8,(~)

16.36.5

m;48~(K-U)=8n(~),

for complementary
arguments u and K--u.
In terms of the theta functions defined in 16.27,
let v=n-u/(X),
then
16.36.6

16.35.3

sin (Z(p,-,-(p.)=z

2Kt9, Cd

tYJu)=

16.36.7

and then compute successively (p&l,

(pl, (p,, from the recurrence relation

also have the property

b;(o)

sd(u)=s,o

63 (VI

92 (4
ms,(o)

~Au>=---.

fJ4(v)
194(O)

$?V+Z,. . .,

sin opt.

Then
16.35.4

Z(ulm)=cl

sin a+c2 sin (pz+ . . . +cnr sin (ON.

16.36. Nevilles

Notation

for Theta

Functions

These functions are defined in terms of Jacobis

theta functions of 16.31 by
16.36.1

s.(lL)=g$$

S,(u)=

H&SK)
H(K)

FIQURE

16.4.
fi,(u),

Neuiues thetajunctions
G,(u),

@d(u),

m=-

&&)

JACOBIAN
1.0

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS

AND

\.

THETA

FUNCTIONS

16.38.

579

Expression

as Infinite

Series

Let v=4(2K)
16.38.1

8,(u) =[m~~$~K]lz

16.5.

FIGURE

Logarithm@
junctions

derivatives

of

theta

(--l)fQp(n+l) sin (2ni+l)v

16.38.2

tpC(u)=

[ 1

16.38.3

&(u)=

c1

$2

n$O qncn+l) cos (2n+l)v

l/2

&

{ 1+2 gI qn2cos 2nvj

16.38.4

11+Gg (-1Pqn2cos
2?b}
12

h(u)=[eK]
16.37.

Expression

as Infinite

a=abO,

Products

sin v nt, (l-2qzn

8*(u)=(~)16

cos 2v+q4)

16.37.2

(2K/?r)12=1f2p1+2~+2q;+

. . . =&(O,

il>

cos 2vfq49
(2m1~2K/7r)1~2=2q1~4(1+q2+q6+q12+q20+. . .)

16.37.3

(1+2p-

cos 2v+p4-2)

16.37.4

=w4

n>

16.38.8
l/12

( >
m
lW4

l-l (l--2q+l

co9 2v+q4-3

r=~

Numerical
Use and

Extension

table of principal terms

nc u=-m;1f2/(u-K)+
nc (KS .OOlI.64) =-(:yo)l-+

...

=-s+ **.
..

and since the next term is of order .OOl this value

-1667 is correct to at least 4s.
Example
2. Use the descending Landen transformation to calculate dn (.20(.19) to 6D.
Here m=.19, m:12=.9 and so from 16.12.1
1 2
cc=1+p==$?
19

. . =fi4(0/,

q).

Methods
=lO-X7.67
which is negligible.
From 16.12.4
dn2 [.I9

. . .

10000

=-1667+.

(2m~2K/7r)12=1-2p+2p4-2q9+.

of the Tables

Example
1. Calculate nc (1.996501.64) to 4s.
From Table 17.1,1.99650=K+.OOl.
From the

Also

. . . =11)3(0, q)

16.38.7

co9 v ,= (1+2p

16.39.

(2K/7r)2=1+2p+2q4+2qe+

16.38.6

16.37.1

r&(u)=

16.38.5

v=7r74@K)

I($)]-(1-i)

dn(*20-1g) =(l++jnf-

-19 1(hyl

Now from 16.13.3

dn [.19 1(A)]=.999951
whence dn (.201.19)=.996253.
Example
3. Use the ascending Landen transformation to calculate dn (.20).81) to 5D.
From 16.14.1
2
4(.9) 360
C(=(1.9)2=gg

Pl

w=.19.
& is negligible to 4D.

Thus

580

JACOBIAN

1g

ELLIPTIC

dnz(.19)

FUNCTIONS

AND

dn (.20] .Sl) =5X

From J-6.15.3
dn

19 3*

1361)

=sech (.lg)+tX&

tanh .19 sech .19

calculation
when

[sinh .19 cosh.19+.19]

=.982218+:X&

FUNCTIONS

Example
4. Use the ascending Landen transformation to calculate cn (.20).81) to 6D.
Using 16.14.4,
we calculate dn (.20(.81) and
deduce cn (.20].81) from 16.14.3 settling the sign
from Figure
16.1.
As in-the preceding example, we reduce the

$$)+A

dn(.l9IE)

THETA

of dn (.20).81) to that of dn
dn (.19/%)=.982267

(.187746)(.982218)
[(.191145)(1.01810)$.19]

= .982218+;X&

dn (.20].81)=.984056

(.184408)[ .384605]

cn (.20].81) = .980278.

= .982218+ .000049=.982267.
Thus dn (.20] 31) = .98406.
5.

Example

Use the A.G.M.

scale to compute dc (.672].36) to 4D.

From 16.9.6 we have dc2(.672].36) =.36+l-snZ(~72,

method given in 16.4.
?l

Form the A.G.M.

a,

bn

-_______
0
I
2
3

We now calculate

36)*

sn(.672].36)

by the

scale
C

I.

a,

(Pn

sin (Pi

S%
1:
2. 4117
4. 8234

. 60952
. 93452
. 66679
-. 99384

sin

C&-1

cd

2+%-I--Pn

. 10383
00207

. 10402
00207

_______
8
: 89443
ii;;:
:

1
9
89721
. 89721
vn = 2na,u

6
: 1
00279
0

.6
. 11111
00311
0

cpa=23(.89721)(.672)

=4.8234

continuing until c,=O to 5D.

Then complete as indicated in 16.4 to find q. and so sn u and hence dc u,
cpo= .65546
sn u= .60952
dc u=1.1740.
Example
6. Use the A.G.M. scale to compute @(.6(.36) to 5D.
We use the method explained in 16.32 with a~= 1, b,,=.8, co=.6.
Computing
the A.G.M. as explained in 17.6, we find
(For values of a,, b,, c,, see Example
71

pn

sin cp,

0
a

58803
2.
1: 0780
1533

4. 3066

. 55472
83509
88101
.
-. 91879

sin

ztnd then complete the calculation

5.)

C&h.-1- 4

h?k-I-- cp,

00260
09789
0

outlined

00260
09805
0

in 16.32 to give

In @(+I)=-.05734+.02935+.00120
= - .02679
O(ulm> =.97357.

The series expansion for 0 is preferable.

set

C&-1-

1. 0048
1.
1.

&lnsec

G~-~-(PI)

. 00120
i

JACOBIAN

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS

Example 7. Use the q-series to compute

cs (.53601 62l.09).
Here we use the series16.23.12, K= 1.60804 862,
p.00589

414, v=g=%dians

Since d is negligible

AND THETA

FUNCTIONS

581

Ip,(30\450)=.59128
(set 45)~9,(300\450) = 1.02796.

Therefore

or 30.
SC(.61802j.5)=#

to 8D, we have to 7D

cs (.53601 621.09)

(set 45)$

= .68402.

=-r
cot 300-2K
-ltq2sin
60
2K
)
{
= (.97683 3852) (1.73205 081)

Example 10. Find sn (.75342(.7) by inverse

interpolation
in Table 17.5.
This method is explained in chapter 17, Example

-3.90733 541[(.00003 4740)(.86602 5404)]

7.
Example 11. Find u, given that cs (u1.5)=.75.
From 16.9.4 we have

=1.69180 83.
Example 8. Use theta functions
sn (.61802/.5) to 5D.

to compute

1
sn2u=1 -I+cs

2u

Thus

Here K($)=1.85407

sn2 (u/.5)=.64
and
sn (u1.5)=.8.
9, (30\450)
sn L618021.5) z9 (300\450)
n
.59128
== .56458
1.04729
from Table 16.1.
Example 9. Use theta functions to compute

SC (.61802/.5) to 5D.
As in the preceding
so that

We have therefore replaced the problem by

that of finding u given sn (u/m), where m is known.
If (o=am u
sin cp=sn u and so
p=.9272952

radians or53.13010.

From Table 17.5,

example

s0=300 , p=45o

Alternatively,
starting with the above value of
(owe can use the A.G.M. scale to calculate F(~\(Y)
as explained in 17.6. This method is to be preferred if more figures are required, or if CYdiffers
from a tabular value in Table 17.5.

We use Table 16.1 to give

References
Texts

[16.1] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental

funetions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1953).
[16.2] L. V. King, On the direct numerical calculation of
elliptic
functions
and integrals
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1924).
[16.3] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger,
Formulas and
theorems for the special functions of mathematical physics (Chelsea Publishing
Co., New
York, N.Y., 1949).
[16.4] E. H. Neville, Jacobian elliptic functions, :2d ed.
(Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1951).
[16.5] F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen
(Akademische
Verlagsgesellschaft,
Leipzig,
Germany,
1948).
116.61 E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, .4 course of
modern analysis, chs. 20, 21, 22, 4th ed. ((Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

Tables

[16.7] E. P. hdams and R. L. Hippisley,

Smithsonian
mathematical
formulae and tables of elliptic
functions, 3d reprint (The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1957).
[16.8] J. Hoiiel, Recueil de formules et de tables numeriques (Gauthier-Villars,
Paris, France, 1901).
[16.9] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945).
[16.10] L. M. Milne-Thomson,
Die elliptischen Funktionen
von Jacobi (Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany,
1931).
[16.11] L. M. Milne-Thomson,
Jacobian elliptic function
tables (Dover Publications,
Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).
[16.12] G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian
elliptic
function tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous COIlection, vol. 109 (Washington,
D.C., 1947).

582

JACOBIAN

25
:;
40
45

0.00000
0.08715
0.17364
0.25881
0.34202

0000
5743
8178
9045
0143

0.42261
0.50000
0.57357

8262

0.64278

0.70710

0.76604
0.81915
0.86602
0.90630
0.93969

ELLIPTIC

5
0.00000 0000

0.08732
0.17397
0.25931
0.34267

FUNCTIONS

10
0.00000 0000

15
0.00000 0000
3070

2476

0.08782
0.17497
0.26080

0.08867

4191

0.34464

3695

0.17667
0.26332
0.34797

1584
6099
7361

4343
3708

0446
6358
7994
1085
4820

0.42998
0.50871
0.58357
0.65399
0.71944

1306
3952
6134
8067
3681

1966
9362

2677

0000
6436
7610
6781

5688

4443
2044
5404
7787
2621

0.76750
0;82071
0.86767
0.90803
0.94148

5843
4821
7668
6964
5546

0.77192
0.82544
0.87267
0.91326
0.94691

5893
2256
6562
9273
1395

0.77941
0.83345
0.88115
0.92214
0.95611

4712
4505
1505
2410
4956

5826

0.96776

8848

0.97334
0.99237
1.00384
1.00768

6839
4367
9133
3786

0.98281
1.00202
1.01361
1.01748

0311
5068
2807
5224

E\QI
0'

30
0.00000 0000

7753
4698
0000

0;98668
0.99809
1.00190

0526

3768

6836
5528
8098

36
0.00000 0000

40
0.00000 0000
0.09914
0.19754
0.29449
0.38924

0.09353
0.18636
0.27778
0.36710

4894
3367
4006
5393

0.09606

0073

0.19139
0.28530

9811
3629

0.37706

5455

0.45365
0.53676
0.61581
0.69019
0.75934

1078
4494
3814
6708
4980

0.46599
0.55141
0.63268
0.70917
0.78030

3521
5176
1725
3264
3503

0.65339
0.73250
0.80611

0.82272
0.87986
0.93030
0.97366
1.00961

9031
2121
4365

6431
2870

0.84552
0.90433
0.95626
1.00092
1.03795

4503
1298
6326
3589
2481

1.03786
1.05820
1.07047
1.07456

5044
3585
0366
9932

1.06706
1.08801
1.10066
1.10488

1179
9556

::
20

60
0.00000
0.11968
0.23861
0.35604
0.47120

0000
1778
4577
4091
6153

25
30
35
40
45

0.58332
0.69160
0.79525
0.89344
0.98538

3727
6043
0355
6594
4972

50

1.07026
1;14731
1.21579
1.27502
1.32438
1.36335
1;39150
1.40851
1.41421

:;
60
65
70
75
s850
90
ta\
0"
5

65:
65
70
75
2
90

4152
9967

0.42586
0.50383
0.57797
0.64772
0.71253

0.96592
0.98480
0.99619
1.00000

::

THETA

0.42342
0.50095
0.57467
0.64401
0.70845

75
80
85
90

1:

AND

45
0.00000 0000

FUNCTIONS

20
0.00000 0000

25
0.00000 0000

0.08988
0.17909
0.26693
0.35274

7414
1708
4892
9211

0.09149
0.18229
0.27171
0.35907

5034
6223
4833
2325

0.43588
0.51570
0.59159
0.72935

2163
1435
9683
9145
6053

0.44370
0.52497
0.60225
0.67495
0.74253

5382
0857
0597
6130
3161

0.79016
0.84496
0.89332
0.93489

4790
1783
9083
7610

5863
0899
llbb
9199
0216
4761
0908
6011
7974

0.66299

0.96935

0025

0.80446
0.86028
0.90955
0;951as
0.98700

0.99642

3213
0350
2527
9925

1.01458
1.03444
1.04641
1.05041

1.01591
1.02766
1.03158

50
0.00000 0000

55
0.00000 0000

2353
9961
2321
7478

0.10287
0.20501
0.30564
0.40405

9331
0420
8349
4995

0.10740
0.21405
0.31918
0.42204

5819
3194
5434
9614

0;11291
0.22506
0.33569
0.44403

2907
4618
3043

0.48110

6437

0.56937

7735

2178
7761
4729

0.49950
0.59127
0.67868
0.76106
0.83776

2749
8602
8658
3101
1607

0.52189
0.61799
0.70961
0.79606
0.87664

9092
6720
8904
0581
1114

0.54932
0.65080
0.74770
0.83928
0.92480

5515
1843
4387
2749
2089

0.87364
0.93455
0.98837
1.03467
1.07308

0739
6042
8598
8996
5074

0.90817
0.97175
1.02796
1.07635
1.11651

9128
1955
3895
2410
4503

0.95071
1.01765
1.07692
1.12798
1.17041

1025
9399
1759
8100
0792

1.00355
1.07485
1.13807
1.19262
1.23801

1297
2509
1621
9342
2299

1511
6686

1.10328
1.12503
1.13815
1.14254

blO0
6391
8265
4218

1.14811
1.17087
1.18461
1.18920

2152
7087
4727
7115

1.20381
1.22789
1.24242
1.24728

2008
0346
6337
6586

1.27378
1.29959
1.31518
1.32039

3626
2533
2322
6454

0.00000
0.12814
0.25558
0.38160
0.50544

0000
8474
9564
3032
4270

70"
0.00000
0.13904
0.27741
0.41467
0.54994

0000
1489
6571
2740
7578

0.62633

0.96294
1.06350

5361
9784
1570
9380
5669

6403
5349
4546
0900
1718

1.15670
1.24161
1.31733
1.38304
1.43795

0747
9855
3549
3601

1.27329

7730

1.36953

6895

1.45580
1.53099
1.59408

7011
8883
7380

0417
0813
9209
3562

1.48140
1.51284
1.53187
1.53824

2159
3876
4716
6269

1.64417
1.68050
1.70253
1.70991

0149
3336
2036
3565

65

0.74345
0.85596

Ob87

0.68254

0.81164
0.93630

1.05553
1.16824

9331
3704
8263

5305
3466

75
0.00000 0000

80
0.00000 0000

4769

85

0.15372
0.30706
0.45960
0.61082

0475
5715
9511
7702

0.17522

3596

0.35063
0.52633
0.70219

9262
5260
9693

0.00000
0.21321
0.42844
0.64743
0.87146

0000
7690
3440
4941
4767

0.76005
0.90647
1.04907
1.18666
1.31788

8920
6281
2506
0037
6740

0.87783
1.05251
ii22511
1.39412
1.55769

8622
4778
1680
6403
2334

1.10111
1.33612
1.57526
1.81633
2.05616

6239
3616
8297
9939
7815

1.44126
1.55522
1.65814
1.74846

6644
4175
9352

2.72469

1.82467

1283
2258
2358
3523
7685

2.29072
2.51529

0610
1332

1.71363
1.85953
1.99285
2.11103
2.21162

2.91357
3.07668

3417
0558
4161
4159
6743

1.88545
1.92971
1.95660
1.96563

5864
0721
6998
0511

2.29242
2;35155
2.38762
2.39974

2061
6149
2438
3837

3.20921
3.30704
3.36705
3.38728

2227
7313
9918
7004

In calculating elliptic functions from theta functions, when the modular angle exceeds about 60, use
the descending Landen transformation 16.12 to induce dependence on a smaller modular angle.
Compiled from E. P. Adams and R. L. Hippisley, Smithsonian mathematical formulae and tables of
elliptic functions, 3d reprint (The Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D.C., 1957) (with permission).

65
60
55
50
45

15
10
5
0
45
90"
:50
75
70
65
EE
50
45

JACOBIAN

ELLIPTIC

FUNCTIONS
TIIETA

AND THETA

FTJNCTIONS

583
Table

FUNCTIONS
a&\4

5
1.00000
1.00001
1.00005
1.00012
1.00022

00000
44942
75362
78184
32051

1.00000
1.00005
1;00023
1.00051
1.00089

00000
83670
16945
47160
88322

1.00034
1.00047
1.00062
1.00078
1.00095

07982
70246
77451
83803
40492

1.00137
1.00192
1.00252
1.00317
1.00384

1.00111
1.00128
1.00143
1.00156
1.00168

97181
03532
10738
73002
48932

1.00178
1.00185
1.00189
1.00190

lo

15
20
1.0000000000 1.00000 00000
1.00013
1.00052
1;00117
1.00204

28199
72438
12875
53820

1.00023
1.00095
1.00211
1.00369

99605
25510
61200
53131

25
1.00000
1.00038
1.00152
1.00337
1.00589

00000
29783
02770
73404
77438

23717
09464
78880
47551
18928

1.00312
1.00437
1.00575
1.00722
1.00874

29684
13049
24612
44718
26104

1.00564
1.00789
1.01039
1.01305
1.01579

21475
74700
27539
21815
49474

1.00900
1.01260
1.01658
1.02083
1.02520

49074
44231
69227
14013
88930

1.00450
1.00515
1.00576
1.00631
1.00678

90305
58975
28392
14139
49535

1.01026
1.01173
1.01311
1.01436
1.01543

07491
27599
39167
22536
98405

1.01853
1.02119
1.02369
1.02594
1.02789

77143
71444
24323
77596
45992

1.02958
1.03383
1.03781
1.04141
1.04452

63905
08852
34098
29561
01522

02800
05621
36042
80984

1.00716
1.00745
1.00762
1.00768

90696
20912
54187
37857

1.01631
1.01695
1.01735
1.01748

39354
79795
24037
52237

1.02947
1.03063
1.03134
1.03158

37972
73701
99632
99246

1.04704
1.04889
1.05003
1.05041

05862
76746
49895
79735

30"
1.00000
1.00056
1.00224
1.00499
1.00872

00000
64294
85079
51300
28461

35
1.00000
1.00079
l.00316
1.00702
1.01226

00000
66833
25308
56701
87413

40
1.00000
1.00108
1.00429
1.00954
1.01667

00000
26253
76203
73402
23379

45"
1.00000
1.00143
1.00570
1.01267
1.02212

00000
67802
35065
06562
67193

50"
1.00000
1.00187
1.00745
1.01655
1.02891

00000
71775
17850
47635
00179

55
1.00000
1.00243
1.00964
1.02143
1.03743

00000
05914
88003
61311
56974

1.01331
1.01864
1.02453
1.03081
1.03728

83978
21583
23743
00797
45330

1.01873
1.02622
1.03450
1.04333
1.05244

24599
04548
52308
50787
17208

1.02545
1.03563
1.04689
1.05889
1.07126

62012
21191
09786
07481
68617

1.03378
1.04729
1.06223
1.07816
1.09458

46028
03271
37524
10137
82886

1.04414
1.06179
1.08131
1.10213
1.12360

27466
07561
84270
29153
21058

1.05716
1.08002
1.10531
1.13227
1.16009

29130
00285
40947
78297
27802

1.04375
1.05003
1.05592
1.06125
1.06584

90125
67930
71242
10260
67280

1.06154
1.07037
1.07866
1.08615
1.09261

84606
85902
37978
23221
66042

1.08364
1.09564
1.10690
1.11708
1.12586

32917
39724
42279
18582
75438

1.11101
1.12694
1.14189
1.15540
1.16706

64844
63970
38846
45920
77783

1.14507
1.16589
1.18543
1.20309
1.21834

37802
54205
40490
54999
25328

1.18791
1.21489
1.24021
1.26310
1.28287

40899
61356
82552
97835
36204

1.06957
1.07232
1.07400
1.07456

45853
13226
34764
99318

1.09786
1.10172
1.10408
1.10488

02047
37756
99048
66859

1.13299
1.13824
1.14146
1.14254

42539
53698
12760
42177

1.17652
1.18350
1.18776
1.18920

88244
00363
94140
71150

1.23071
1.23982
1.24540
1.24728

12287
51648
69243
65857

1.29890
1.31072
1.31795
1.32039

75994
29838
95033
64540

60
1.00000
1.00313
1.01245
1.02768
1.04834

00000
85295
94672
16504
57003

65"
1.00000
1.00406
1.01615
1.03589
1.06269

00000
92257
50083
51569
75825

1.ooooc~
1.00534~
1.02121
1.047151
1.0823Ei

00000
44028
95717
56657
38086

75
1.00000
1.00720
1.02862
1.06363
1.11122

00000
88997
79374
90673
86903

1.00000
1.01026
1.04076
1.09068
1.15864

00000
06485
43440
07598
11101

85
1.00000
1.01663
1.06618
1.14751
1.25875

00000
88247
38299
59063
62174

1.07382
1.10335
1.13604
1.17088
1.20684

76019
71989
11010
93642
51910

1.09575
1.13408
1.17651
1.22176
1.26848

73598
00433
06705
77148
10938

1.12585 71388
1.17627 97795
1.23214. 31946
1.291761 91861
1.35335' 85717

1.17001
1.23826
1.31398
1.39491
1.47863

24008
96285
80140
71251
07744

1.24276
1.34068
1.44960
1.56636
1.68752

19421
05139
33094
90138
66770

1.39725
1.55957
1.74151
1.93815
2.14389

25218
26706
57980
19599
95792

1.24281
1.27771
1.31046
1.34007
1.36565

67937
04815
39783
a9457
16965

1.56259
1.64425
1.72108
1.79070
1.85094

67789
25175
41609
70015
39670

1.80942
1.92833
2.04054
2.14249
2.23090

88493
82823
54606
29245
12139

2.35264
2.55792
2.75309
2.93165
3.08742

71220
12198
84351
25995
47870

11169
28947
92570
35624

31927
17261
31647
53793
81348
00916
10514
83232
62687

1.41504 43413
1.47494 78592
1.53123 64694
1.58218s 06891
1.62620 90720

1.38640
1.40169
1.41105
1.41421

1.31523
1.36060
1.40320
1.44173
1.47501
1.50203
1.52194
1.53413
1.53824

1.66195
1.68832
1.70447
1.70991

1.89989
1.93602
1.95816
1.96563

92030
35909
92561
05108

2.30289
2.35609
2.38873
2.39974

04563
12550
86793
38370

3.21489
3.30946
3.36764
3.38728

91220
52989
82512
70037

70

87940
00831
27784
35651

80

In calculatingelliptic functionsfrom theta functions,whenthe modularangleexceeds

about 60, usethe
descending
Landentransformation16.12 to inducedependence
on a smallermodularangle.

16.1

584

JACOBIAN
Tuhle

ELLIPTIC

LOGARITHMIC

16.2

FUNCTIONS
DERIVATIVES

AND
OF

THETA
THETA

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS

$&lnWu)=f(t\a)
\a
O0
1;

0
11.4m3005

25
;50
40
45
50
2:
65
70
75
80
98:
c\a
O0
5

1.00000

2.10787
1.70248
1.40378
1.17143
0.98296

2.07952
1.67962
1.38497
1.15577
0.96985

2.04325

1.71888
1.41729
1.18270
0.99240

0.83910

0.83750

0.36397

oo*%
0:46542
0.36328

0.83273
0.69489
0.57297
0.46277
0.36121

0.82481
0.68830
0.56754
0.45839
0.35779

0.81383
0.67915
0.56001
0.45232
0.35306

0.79987
0.66754
0.55047
0.44464
0.34708

0.26592
0.17499
0.08683
0.00000

0.26340
0.17334
0.08600
0.00000

0.25992
0.17105
0.08487
0.00000

0.25553

KZ
0:08732
0.00000
35

40

45"

50

55

9.;7764
4.60585

a.;657
4.38332

%%E
.

;z!.
1.66695
1.35001
1.11647
0.93462
0.78679

65

40

0.70021
0.57735
0.46631

0.26795
0.17633
0.08749
0.00000

30
10.6m5083
5.28496
2.56090

10.?7113
5.14645
3.38730
2.49430

1.61498
1.33189
1.11167
0.93301

:%t;3
1:29791
1.08352
0.90958

0.78307

0.76355

0.65359

:i
20
25

0.53902
0.43543
0.33992

Lx;93
;:M;
.

0.25028
0.16471
0.08173
0.00000

0.24424

a.;941
4.13843
2.72935
2.01530

;.f;;;;
p;;
.
E%

1.57876
1.28047

2.12820

1.65041

1.36096
'0%:
.

KKi
o:ooooo

80

75
70
66:
55
50
45

15
10
i

1.88828
1.52607
1.25919

1.82172
1.47292
1.21591

1.74793

xz.

E595:
.

0.82139

0.74151
0.61923
0.51093
0.41292
0.32248

0.71714
:z3:28
0:39991
0.31242

0.69066
0.57749
0.47705
0.38595
0.30168

0.66232
0.55441
0.45846
i%::
.

:i
25
20

0.23151
0.15634
0.07759
0.00000

0.23017
0.15155
0.07522
0.00000

0.22235
0.14645
0.07270
0.00000

0.21419
0.14114

15
10

%oooo~
.

70
;A;:
2:36323
1.75208

0.71131

0.63242

0.60125
0.50526
0.41932
0.34063
0.26719

0.20584
0.13572
0.06742
0.00000

0.19749
8%:~~
o:ooooo

2.66414

9.;479
4.80696
3.16502
2.33179

1:00096
0.84142

0.53023
0.43911
0.35605
0.27885

3.61876

4.98711
3.28290
2.41789

lO.om4914

Xf
0193737
0.79086
0.67101

50

i50
90

0.07977
0.00000
65"

;50
40
45

75

O.lb076

60

1.06066
0.88940
0.75000

2;
65
70

10.8~811
5.40253
3.55536
2.61756

2.14043
1.72875
1.42543
1.18949
0.99810

1.99919

ta
\
00
5

5.49902

ll.iil275

2.14451
1.73205
1.42815
1.19175

25
30

ii
90

11.2:449
5.57427
3.66823
2.70051

a/4
0
li

:%z
2174225

3.47816

75

11.;306

25

3.73205
2.74748

:i
20

iz
45

ll.iia29

20

15

5.62812
3.70365
2.72658

5.67128

2105

10

75
6.4009756
3.24056
2.15026
1.60057
1.26603

1.41419
1.16828
0.97687

80"
5.7:041
2.85790
YEf
.
1.13996
%27E
0:68225

85"
4.7?263
2.37760
1.60605
1.22261
0.99169
0.83453

65
2

tzs5
p;'9"4:
.

0.58682

:*x
0:54358

0.56918
0.47987
0.39943
0.32532
0.25574

0.53662
0.45454
0.37992
0.31054
0.24484

0.50411
0.42988
0.3b140
0.29684
0.23497

0.47247
0.40690
0.34488
0.28513
0.22685

0.18935

0.18170
0.12026
0.05988
0.00000

0.17490

0.16949
0.11272
0.05628
0.00000

Oo.Ef
o:ooooo

0.11601
0.05784
0.00000

565"
50
45

5";

In calculatingelliptic functionsfrom theta functions,whenthe modularangleexceedsabout

60,usethedescending
Landentransformation16.12 to inducedependence
on a smallermodular angle.

JACOBIAN

ELLIPTIC

LOGARITHMIC

DERIVATIVES

5
0.000000

0.000331

0
i
0

30"
0.000000

0.012059
0.023711
0.034569
0.044277

FUNCTIONS

:to"
o.oc~oooo

OF

AND THETA
THETA

585

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

20"

Table

15
0.000000

0.000000

0.002984
0.005875
0.008583
0.011024

0.005318
0.010466
0.015283
0.019616

0.000000

0.036462
0.041075

25"

K%z
0:001224

O.OCll324
O.OCl2607
O.OC13811
O.OCl4897

0.001458
0.001649
0.001788
0.001874
0.001903

"o.mm;;:
o:oc17147
O.OC17486
O.OCf7596

0.013124
0.014819
0.016057
0.016804
0.017037

0.023332
0.026318
0.028487
0.029776
0.030154

E%4:
0:046846

0.001873
0.001787
0.001647
0.001457
0.001222

O.OCl7476
O.OCl7129
O.OCt6566
O.OC~5805
O.OCl4868

0.016753
0.015962
0.014691
0.012979
0.010879

0.029616
0.028185
0.025912
0.022871
0.019154

0.045938
0.043654
0.040077
0.035328
0.029556

0.000951
0.000650
0.000330
0.000000

0.003786
O.OCi2589

0.008455
0.005780
0.002933
0.000000

0.014877
0.010165
0.005157
0.000000

0.022935
0.015661
0.007942
0.000000

35
0.000000

0.016511
0.032444
0.047248
0.060427

oo%E
.
4OO"

0.000000
0.021734
0.042671
0.06'2057
0.079221

45

0.000000
0.027787
0.054498
0.079124
0.100783

0.008337
0.016401
0.023933
0.030690

0.034760
0.068087
0.098650
0.125308

8-E%

ii:
80
75
70

0:083685
0.120939
0.153099

0.065561
0.062183
0.056989
0.050157
0.041905

0.142097
0.133678
0.121592
0.106302
0.088310

0.172615
0.161784
0.146658
0.127835
0.105932

0.205102
0.191402
0.172831
0.150136
0.124058

0.032483
0.022163
0.011235
0.000000

0.043344
0.029545
0.014968
0.000000

0.055309
0.037660
0.019067
0.000000

0.068143
0.046339

0.081578
0.055395
0.028000
0.000000

0.095321
0.064622
0.032631
0.000000

0.052098
0.101680
0.146471
0.184635

0.063034
0.122704
0.176024
0.220691

rr(0 0
0.000000
0.076222
0.147856
0.210938
0.262588

0.092860
0.179233
0.253725
0.312762

0.214885
0.236514
0.249349
0.253651
0.250000

0.255225
0.278976
0.292010
0.294931
0.288691

0.301193
0.326329
0.338517
0.338908
0.325990

0.239181
E;:",:
01172751
0.142285

0.274426
0.253326
0.226549
0.195171
0.160167

rl.109049
0.073794
0.037222
0.000000

0.122405
0.082664
0.041645
0.000000

60"

65"
0.000000

75"

0.000000

2
Q/c,

0.179081
0.198206
0.210188
0.215082
0.213212

0.000000

15
10

55"

0.147169
0.163627
0.174358
0.179298
0.178606

Ki%o3;fo"3
.

sbs
50
45

50"

0.118758
0.132533
0.141791
0.146411
0.146447

0.071558

65

0.000000

0.093605
0.104784
00'00~8~4028 0.112477
0.116544
0:089827
0.116978
0.090424
0.113888
0.088287
0.107483
0.083549
0.098051
0.076408
0.085943
0.067122
0.071553
0.055989

0.052528
0.059074
0.063730
0.066384
0.066987

16.2

80"
0.000000

40
2
25
20

85

0.000000

EE
.

0.153481
0.289421
0.395712
0.467893

0.354775
0.379918
0.389553
0.385698
0.370590

0.420046
0.442452
0.446532
0.435687
0.413176

0.507818
0.520777
0.512966
0.490013
0.456422

65
60

0.3113353
0.28,4538
0.25.2950
0.215820
0.17'7204

0.346389
0.315020
0.278119
0.237026
0.192823

0.381811
0.343874
0.301140
0.254956
0.206331

0.415539
0.369741
0.320668
0.269431
0.216780

40

0.13,1996
0.090960
0.045763
0.000000

0.146375
0.098382

0.156015
0.104574
0.052449
0.000000

0.163217
0.109083
0.054618
0.000000

15
10
5
0

K%o3
.

0.115687
0.221544

z50
45
5:
;5

In calculatingelliptic functionsfrom theta functions,whenthe modularangleexceedsabout

60,usethe descending
Landentransformation16.12 to inducedependence
on a smallermodular angle.

17. Elliptic

Integrals

L. M. MILNE-THOMSON

Contents
Mathematical
Properties ....................
17.1. Definition
of Elliptic Integrals

.............
17.2. Canonical Forms ...................
17.3. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds . .
17.4. Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds
.
17.5. Landens Transformation
................
17.6. The Process of the Arithmetic-Geometric
Mean ......
17.7. Elliptic Integrals of the Third Kind ...........

Numerical Methodls .......................

17.8. Use and IExtension of the Tables
References

Page
589
589
589
590
592
597
598
599

600
600

............

..........................

606

Table 17.1. Complete

Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds

and the Nome p With Argument the Parameter m .........
K(m),

K(m),

15D; n(m), nl(m>,

15D; E(m), E(m),

608

9D

m=O(.Ol)l
Table 17.2. Complete

Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds

and the Nome p With Argument the Modular Angle (Y ......
WY), K(a),

ab>, PIN),

W4,

Eb),

610

151~

(r=o(10)900
Table 17.3. Parameter

m With

Argument

K(m)/K(m)

.......

612

10D

K(m)/K(m)=.3(.02)3,

Table 17.4. Auxiliary Functions

Parameter m .........................

for Computation

of the Nome p and the

612

15D

Qh>=alh>h,
L(m)=-K(m),tKT

l,(s),

10D

ml=0(.01).15
Table 17.5. Elliptic
a=o(20)900,
Table 17.6. Elliptic

a=O(20)900,

1 University
Standards.)

Integral

of the First Kind

53(100)850, o=o(50)900,

Integral

(p=oo(50)900,

(Prepared

under

. . . . . . .

613

. . . . . .

616

8D

of the Second Kind

5(10)850,

of Arizona.

F((P\cz)

E((P\~)

8D

contract

with

the

National

Bureau
587

of

588

ELLIPTIC

INTEGRALS

Page
Table

17.7.

Jacobian

Zeta Function

Z(~\CY) . . . . . . . . . . . .

619

Values of K(cr)Z( ~\a)

cY=o(20)900, 5(100)850, (p=o(50)900,
Table

17.8.

Heumans

Lambda

A0 (rp\or)=F(~\go0-a)+2K(a)
K(a)
7r
a=0(20)900,
Table

17.9.

n=o(.l)l,

Elliptic

Function

6D

A,,(q\a) . . . . . . . . . .

2(,\90-a),

622

6D

5(100)850, (p=O(5)900

Integral

of the Third Kind lT(n; q\(y) . . . . . .

cp,a=0(150)900,

625

5D

The author acknowledges with thanks the assistance of Ruth Zucker in the computation of the examples, Ruth E. Capuano for Table 17.3, David S. Liepman for Table 17.4,
and Andreas Schopf for Table 17.9.

i89

17. Elliptic
Mathematical
17.1. Definition

of Elliptic

Properties
17.1.5

Integrals

If R(x, y) is a rational function of x anld y,

where y* is equal to a cubic or quartic polyno:mial
in z, the integral
17.1.1

Integrals

(2--s)boJ,-s+3b1(3--2s)J,-z+bz(l--s)J,-l
+$b3(1-2~)Js-~b4Js+l=y(x-~)-S

(s=l,

R(x,y)dx

is called an elliptic integral.

The elliptic integral just defined can not, in
general, be expressed in terms of elementary
functions.
Exceptions to this are
(i) when R(x, y) contains no odd powers of y.
(ii) when the polynomial yy2has a repeated factor.
We therefore exclude these cases.
By substituting
for yz and denoting
polynomial in x we get 2

By means of these reduction formulae and certain transformations

(see Examples 1 and 2)
every elliptic integral can be brought to depend
on the integral of a rational function and on three
canonical forms for elliptic integrals.
17.2. Canonical

by p&c) a

Definitions

m=sin2

a!; m is the parameter,

a! is the modular
x=sin

(0=sn u

17.2.4

+YPdx) =R (x)+Iljp!dd
1
YPh)
Y

(1-m

sin2 v)*=dn

u=A(cp),

where RI(x) and R2(x) are rational functions of x.

Hence, by expressing R,(x) as the sum of a polynomial and partial fractions

17.2.5

q=arcsin

(sn u)=am

JR(x,

17.2.6

y)dx=SR,(x)dx+Z,A,SxyU1:

Reduction

[ (x-c)y]-dx

Elliptic

Integral

the delta amplitude

u, the amplitude

of the

First

Kind

F(~\~)=F(alm)=~(1--sinlcr

17.2.7

Formulae

s0

sin28)-+d0

[(l-t)(l-mt2)]-+dt

=St4

Let
17.1.2

dw=u

y2=aG+a1$+a2z8+a3x+a4

(la01+ Iad +O>

=b,(~-C)4+b!(x-C)3+b&-C)2+b&-c)+t4
17.1.3 I,=

xsy-dx, J,=

(lbol+
hl$0)

Elliptic

17.2.8

of the

Second

Kind

E(~\a)=E(a~m)=~z(1-t2)~~(l-mt2)~dt
0

and

17.1.4

17.2.9

17.2.10

s0

y1-

sin2 cysin2 O)ide

Udn2wdu,

(s+2)a0~~+3+3a,(2s+3)I,+2+a2(s+1)1,+,

a See [17.7] 22.72.

Integral

[y(x-c)s]-dx

By integrating
the derivatives
of yx
y(~-c)-~ we get the reduction formulae

+3~(2s+1)Is+sa4111_l=x~y

angle

cos cp=cn u

17.2.3

JPl(4+YP2bN
km-YPh>lY
{ [P3(X)12-Y2[P4(X)
I1 Y

+z,B,

Forms

17.2.1

17.2.2

=PdX)

2, 3, . . .)

(s=O, 1, 2, . . .)
17.2.11

=m++m

u
cn2 w dw

S
0

590

ELLIPTIC

In computation
the modulus is
portance, since it is the parameter
ment which arise naturally.
The
the modular angle will be employed
to the exclusion of the modulus.

17.2.12

E((P\a)=u-

s1-2w dw

m
s 0

17.2.13

=-

T
8:(42K)+E(m)u
2K(m) &b@K)
K(m)

(For theta functions,

Elliptic

see chapter 16.)

Integral

of the

Third

The

Kind

17.2.14
Cl- n sin2 6)-l [l -sin2

n(n;P\4=Jo~

(Ysin2 B]-12dB

If 2=sn (ulm),
17.2.15

n(n;ulm)=

S
S

(l-nt2)-1[(l-t2)(l-mt2)]-1/2dt

o (l- n sn2 (wlm))-ldw

The

17.2.17

Amplitude

cp=am u=arcsin

can be calculated

from Tables
The

17.5 and 4.14.

Complete

Elliptic
Integrals
and Second
Kinds

of the

First

17.3.1

Parameter

11

Referred to the canonical forms of 17.2, the elliptic integrals are said to be complete when the
amplitude is +n and so z=1. These complete integrals are designated as follows

(sn u) =arcsin

Characteristic

of minimal imand its compleparameter and

in this chapter

The elliptic integral of the third kind depends

on three variables namely (i) the parameter,
(ii) the amplitude,
(iii) the characteristic
n.
When real, the characteristic may be any number
in the interval (- 03, a). The properties of the
integral depend upon the location of the characteristic in this interval, see 17.7.
17.3.

17.2.16

INTEGRALS

[K(m)]=K=~1[(l-t2)(l-mt2)]-1~2dt

Dependence on the parameter m is denoted by a

vertical stroke preceding the parameter,
e.g.,
Fblm>.
Together with the parameter
we define the
complementary parameter ml by

=S
*I2

(l-m

sin2 O)-1/2dB

17.3.2

K=F($rlm)=F(%r\cr)

17.3.3
m+ml=

17.2.18

E[K(m)]=E=~01(l-t2)_Il(l_mt2)112dt

When the parameter is real, it can always be

arranged, see 17.4, that 0 <rn < 1.

=S

*I2

(I- m sin2

The

Modular

Angle

cc

Dependence on the modular angle (Y, defined in

terms of the parameter by 17.2.1, is denoted by a
backward stroke \ preceding the modular angle,
thus E((P\(Y). The complementary modular angle
is r/2--a or 90--a! according to the unit and
thus ml=sin2 (90-a)=cos2
LY.
The

Modulus

17.3.4

In terms of Jacobian elliptic functions (chapter

the modulus
k and the complementary
modulus are defined by

E=E[K(m)]=E(m)=E(&\F\ol)

We also define
17.3.5
rt !

K=K(m,)=K(l-mm)=

(l-ml

K=F(&rjm,)=F($r\$7r--m)

17.3.7

E=E(m,)=E(l-mm)=

*I2

(1 -ml

They

k=ns (K+iK),

are related

k=dn

K.

t,o the parameter

by k2=m,

k2=m

Depkndence on the modulus is denoted

comma preceding it, thus II&; u, k).

by a

sin2 8)-1/2d8

17.3.6

16),

17.2.19

e)i2d8

17.3.8

sin2

e)lj2d0

E=EIK(m,)]=E(mI)=E($r\h-4

K and iK are the (real and imaginary

quurter-periods of the corresponding
Jacobian

elliptic

functions

(see chapter 16).

ELLIPTIC
Relation

to the

Hypergeometric
(see chapter
15)

17.3.9

K=$

17.3.10

E=*aF(-*,

Function

17.3.22

K=f

Series

17.3.24 am u=v+g

[l+c>

rn+(Ey

m2

+(e6>

(Iml<U

m3+ . . .]

y-(&g

Legendres

lii

17.3.26

52 [K-4

17.3.27

lim m-(K-E)=lim

17.3.28

lim p/m=lim

Auxiliary

L(m)=

m=

1- 16 exp

17.3.16

m=

16 exp

m-(E-mm,K)=r/4
m-10

m-10

m-90

Alternative

ql/m,=1/16

ml+1

hvaluations

of

K and

E (see also 17.5)

E(m)=(l+mj~2)E([(l-m~~2)/(i+m~~2)]2)
-2m~~2(1+m~~2)-1K([(1-m~~2)/(i+m~~2)]~)

[--r(K(m) + L(m))/K(m)]

17.3.31

K(cu)=2F(arctan

17.3.32
The function

In (16/m,)]=O

17.3.30

In $-K(m)

17.3.15.

=o

K(m)=2[1+m~2]-1K[(l-m~~2)/(i+m~~2)]2

Function

KG

K(E-K)

17.3.29

Relation

cEK+EK--K.K=;a

17.3.13

17.3.14

(I4-G)

. . .]

Values

17.3.25

-(F6)y--

2 sin 2sv where v=ru/(2K)

.9=1 SC1+a>

Limiting

17.3.12
[l-(;y

A?.!-

a=1 l+qzs

3; 1; m)

Infinite

E(m)=&

,r+~2~ 2

17.3.23

rF($, 3; 1; m)

17.3.11

K(m)=&

INTEGRALS

[--*(K(m)

+ L(ml))/K(m)]

L(m) is tabulated

in Table 17.4.

q-Seriee

The Nome q and the Complementary

17.3.17

q=q(m) =exp [-rK/Kj

17.3.18

ql=q(m,)=exp

Nome p1

I%(Q) =2E(arctan
Polynomial

(sec1/2 &)\a)
(sec12 CX)\CX)
-1 fcos

Approximations

3 (0 5

m< 1)

17.3.33

K(m)=[~+alm,+azm:l+[bo+blm,
+b2mfl In OlmJ+c(m>
le(m)j13X10-6
ao= I. .38629
al=
.11197

[-rK/K]

44
23

az= .07252 96

b,,= .5
bl=.12134

78

bz= .02887 29

17.3.34

17.3.19

K(m)-[ao+arml+
17.3.20

. . . +a4m~l+[bo+bIm,+

...

+b4mtl ln Wml>+4m>
le(m)l12XlO-*

log,, i log,, i=

(?rlog,, e)a= 1.86152

28349

to 10D

17.3.21

q=exp

[--lrK/K]=E+8

(Gy+y
+992

(zy

4+ . . .

(Id<l)

ao= 1.38629

436112

al=

.09666 344259

a~=

.03590

a3=
a(=

.03742 563713
.01451 196212

092383

bo=
b,=
b2=
b3=
b4=

.5
.12498

593597

.06880 248576
.03328 355346
.00441 787012

8 The approximations
17.3.33-17.3.36
are from C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations
for Digital Computers, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J. (with permission).

ELLIPTIC

592

INTEGRALS

17.3.35

~(m)=[l+a~m~+azm~l+[blm,+bzm~l In (lh>
f&d
Jr(m)J<4X10S6
b1= .24527 27
b2=.04124 96

al= .46301 51
a,=.10778
12
17.3.36

. . . +a4mf]+[blmI+

E(m)=[l+aIm,+

. ..

+b4m:] In (l/m,) +6(m)

Ie(m)1<2X10-g
al= .44325
a3= .06260
a3= .04757
al=.01736
17.4.

Incomplete
and

I
00

FIGURE

I I
100

I
20

17.1.

I I
300

I I
400

I t
500

I
600

Complete elliptic

I
700

1 1 1
600
90

17.4.1

R--h4

17.4.2

EC-

integral of the first

kind.

of the

Negative

.Q

17.4.4

1.6

17.4.5

.04069 697526
.00526 449639
of the

First

Tables

Amplitude

= --F(colm)

cplm) = --E(h)

Amplitude

17.4.3

.24998 368310
.09200 180037

Elliptic
Integrals
Second Kinds

Extension
,,SL

bl=
bz=
ba=
bd=

141463
601220
383546
506451

of Any

Magnitude

cp[m) =2sKfF(cp(m)

F(s?rf

E(u+2K)
E(uf2X)

=E(u)+2E

=E(u) +2i(K--E)

17.4.6

E(u+2mK+2niK)
17.4.7

=E(u)

E(K-u)

+2mE+2ni(K-E)

=E-E(u)+msn
Imaginary

u cd u

Amplitude

If tan @=sinh cp
17.4.8

F(icp\cY) =iF(B\&r-a)

17.4.9

E(+\a)

= -iE(e\+-cz)

+iF(e\+-a)
+i tan

Jacobis

Imaginary

e(i -cos2 ar sin2 e>i

Transformation

17.4.10

E(iulm)
FIWRE

17.2.

Complete elliptic
second kind.

=&+dn(ulmI)sc(ulml)
Complex

ini%grd of the
17.4.11

F(q+i$lm)

Amplitude

=F(Xlm)+iF(~ImI)

-E(ulmdl

ELLIPTIC

593

INTEGRAL&

where cot2 X is the positive root of the equation

x2-[cot2 cp+m sinhv csc2p--mJx-ml
cot:(a=O
and m tan2 PI= tan2p cot2X- 1.

Parameter

17.4.15

Than

F(cp(m)=m-+F(Olm-l),

Unity

sin O=m* sin cp

- (m- 1)~

17.4.16 E(ulm) =mtE(um~lm-l)

17.4.12
E((P+i#\cY)

=E(X\a)

by which a parameter greater than unity

replaced by a parameter less than unity.

-iE(p\90-a)
+iF(p\90-a)+qp

Negative

where

can be

Parameter

17.4.17

bl=sin2
bz=(l

Greater

a sin X cos X sin2 ~(l-sin2

-sin2

(Ysin2 A)*

a! sin2 A) (1 - cos2 LYsin2 ~)4 sin j.6mcosP

b3=cos2 p+sin2
Amplitude

(11sin2 X sin2 P
Near

to s/2

(see

-(l+m)+F

G--PI

m(l+m)+)

17.4.18

also 17.5)

If cos LYtan (0 tan $= 1

17.4.13

F((P\a)

+F(l/\a)

=F(?r/2\cY)

=K

cd(u(l +m)*lm(l +m)-l)}

17.4.14
E((p\a)

+@#\a)

=E(?T/~\cY) +sin2a

sincp sin+

Values when cpis near to lr/2 and m is near to unity

can be calculated by these formulae.

whereby computations
can be made for negative
parameters,
and therefore for pure imaginary
modulus.

I.0.6 -

406

.6 30

.42o
.2

IO
0 I,
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I <---,a
3o
4o
so 60 7o
60 9f
0o IO 20

FIGURE

17.3.

Incomplete elliptic integral

first kind.
F(v\d,

p constant

qf

the

00,00
FIGURE

100

200

17.4.

,o*

4OQ

300

600

70*

SO

SO

Incomplete elliptic integral of the

.first kind.
F(y~\4,

a constant

ELLIPTIC

594

INTEGRALS

2
2

I.2 -

60'
7.5.

1.0 -

.6 I

.6 -

.4 -

I
I
0'

IO'

20'

30'

FIGURE 17.7.

40

50'

60'

70'

Incomplete elliptic
second kind.

60'

integral

90'

'

of the

aconstant

E(9\4,
goe.ELQp-Q.
t

FIGURE 17A.

p-90

F((P\~
7~

a! constant.

1.6 -

LO .6 -

500
10~

3CP

200

FIGURE 17.8.

400

SO0

m'

6Q

E((o\4
90 7-q

60'

(Yconstant.

17.4.21
F((p\90) =ln (set pftan
FIGURE

17.6.

Incomplete elliptic
second kind.
9constant
E(v\a),

17.4.20

of the

F(icp\SOO) =i arctan (sinh (p>

17.4.23

Eb\O) = cp

17.4.24

= cp

17.4.25

F(icp\O) =icp

17.4.26

F(v\O)

.p) =ln tan

17.4.22

Casee

Special

17.4.19

integral

E@o\O) =ilp
E(v\900)
E(i(p\90)

SO0

=sin

lp

=i sinh cp

ELLIPTIC
Jacobis

l-7.4.27

Zeta

Heumans

Function

Z(,\CY) =E(cp\cu) -E(cr)F(+o\dK(c.~)

17.4.28

Z(+-L)=Z(u)=E(u)-uuE(m)/K(m)

17.4.29

Z( -u) = -Z(u)

17.4.30

Z(u + 2K) = Z(u)

Lambda

Function

17.4.39
Aob\4

F(qY\90-a)
2
+; K(a) Zb\90 -a)
K(a)

17.4.44I

=~{K(a)&Y\90-cY)

-[K&l --E(4 lQ\90--a) 1

Z(K-u)=-z(K+u)

17.4.31
17.4.32

595

INTEGRALS

r0fcpa)

Z(u)=Z(u--K)--msn(u--K)cd(u--IQ

Special

17.4.33

Values

Z(u(0) =o

Z(uIl)=tanh

17.4.34

Addition

Theorem

17.4.35

Z(u+v)=Z(u)+Z(v)--msn
Jacobis

u sn 2, sn(u+E)

Imaginary

Transformation

17.4.36

iZ(iu~m)=Z(zllm,)+~,-dn(ulml)sc(zllm,)
Relation

17.4.37

to Jacobis

Theta

Z(u)=@(u)/C3(u)=~ln

.2 .I -

Function

O(u)
FIGURE 17.10.

Heumans

lambda junction

A,(p\a).

q-Series

Numerical

17.4.38

27r (ID

Z(u) =K8s

f(l-

p**)-* sin (?rsu/K>

KlalZlp\oJ

FIGURE 17.9.

*seepageII.

Jacobian

zeta junction

K(ar)Z(+~\a).

Evaluation
First

of Incomplete
and Second
Kinds

Integrals

of

the

For the numerical

evaluation
of an elliptic
integral the quartic (or cubic 4, under the radical
should first be expressed in terms of t*, see
Examples 1 and 2. In the resulting quartic there
are only six possible sign patterns or combinations
of the factors namely
(t*+a*)(t*+b*),
(a*-t*)(t*-b*),
(a*-t*)(ZP-t*),
(t*-a*)(t*-b*),
(t*+a>(t*-b*),
(t*+a*)(b*-P).
The list which follows is then exhaustive for
integrals which reduce to F(p\a) or E(p\a).
The value of the elliptic integral of the first
kind is also expressed as an inverse Jacobian
Here, for example, the notation
elliptic function.
u=sn-I2 means that z=sn u.
The column headed t substitution
gives the
Jacobian elliptic function substitution
which is
appropriate to reduce every elliptic integral which
contains the given quartic.
4 For an alternate
17.4.70.

treatment

of cubits see 17.4.61 and

Equivalent Inverse
Jacobian Elliptic
Function

&~\a)

yo

t Substitution

Wv\a)
-

cos a = b/a
a>b
m= (aa-P)/aa

17.4.41
Ia Z
dt
0
[(F+d)(ta+ba)]12
IJ
< 17.4.42

SC-* ($y)

tan q=i

l=b

SC v

a s .m[(P+a2)fj+P)]*12

m-1 ($y)

tan +T=%

l=a

cs v

17.4.43
E
dt
a s b [(aa-ta)(P-bz)]*4

nd-l(ily)

l=a

dn v

dn-1 (ZIy)
I
dl
s [(a2-P)(bl--ta)]*'a
17.4.46

a0

sin (I = b/a
a>b
m = Plaa

(a

at-x2
aa--ba

sin c=? b
cd-1

(I >

&-I

" !!
(I)a a2

17.4.47

? b
b a2

ns-*(Ixb2
-a-aa
>
cota=- ab
17.4.50
m=as/(as+bl)
I

sin2 cp=-

t=bsnv

I &la~=bqa2Lx2)
~a2(P-x2) l=b
sin2 (p=-

x2-ae
39-F

Pdt
-1 a
a s = [(az-F)(F-P)]lz
1 =
(aa - t*) dl
ii s 0 [(aa-ta)(ba-t2)]12

cd v

t=a dc v

sin +J=:

t=a ns v

aJzrn(

t=b nc v

ba
z ta+a2
(aa+b2)* s b ta [(P+a2)(EP)]l/*

cos p=i
sin* cp=-d+bn
a2+xa

t=(d+P)*f*dsv

xa(aa+ P)
sina p= p(a2+xs)

t=(aa+P)Ila
ab sdv

CO8 $2

t=bcnv

7)

[(P--a2);lLP)]*~

(a2+@qm&
1
aa(aa+W1z s o(f2+a*)

dt
[(p+aa)(&2-~)]l/
dt
[(c+aZ)@2-@)]1/2

ELLIPTIC
Some Important

~597

INTEGRALS
Special

Cases

Z!Z

fF(9\4

008

&(9\4

co9

17.4.53
-

dt

s + (1SlP

45O

l-29
1+x1

45O

dt
s 0 u+w

L s-

17.4.55
dt
* (P-l)+

2-l-h
x-1+&

dt

&+1-x
&1+x

dt

s 1 (ta-i)+
17.4.59

45O

17.4.56
1-2 111 1 dt
s 0 (l---t)4

s z (ta-i)*
17.4.58

2 1

17.4.57

X2-1
x2+1

17.4.34

&-1+x
&+1-x

dt

s I (1-W
17.4.60

1-43-x
1+&x

dt

45O

(p

_-

_-

s d-(1--P)+

Reduction
polynomial
0-h)

of dt@ where P=P(t) is a cubic

s
with
three
real factors
P=

(t-&> 0-h)

where A>A>h

Write

Reduction of s&/p
when P=P(t)=t3fa,t2
+a2t+e is a cubic polynomial
with only ones real
root t=@. We form the first and second dehivatives P(t), P(t) with respect to t and then jvrite

17.4.61

x=;(81-83)12,

17.4.70

m=sin2 a=-,62-Sa

ml=ccps2 ~=k&
A-83

17.4.62

sina--x-83

= dt

X2=[P(/3)]i/2, m=sin2 a=$-;

=

17.4.71
= dt
x s u JF

co*

F(9\4

(x-8)
CO8 9=(x-p)+p

=p+(,+)

17.4.72

17.4.63
x

K-(x-8)

F(v\4

9-B2-83

s4

s2

-AZ

(81-/%)(x-A)
cos8
9=(h-83)(81-4

h dt
s JF

17.4.64
* dt

sin

F(v\4

s 81 JF

9=-

x--81

z-82

17.4.63
A

F(v\a)

17.4.74
u dt
A
-s z J(-P)

X-81
COB%
(p=x-83

17.5. Landens Transformation

17.4.66

Descending

F(v\

(90 -a))

F(v\

(90 - ~1)

17.968
= dt
Xs 8s d-P

cod

c-81-2

on-63

s- =

F(9\

(90 -a))

sin

dl
CP

Transformation

17.5.1

b--Ba)@--8s)
9=(8*-/9*)(x-883j

cosla

-- Z-81
-&-&

17.5.2

angles such thpt

(1 +siIl (Y&I) (1 +cos CYJ=2

and let Q,,, Q,,+~ be two corresponding

such that

17.4.69
h

Landen

Let CY*,CY,,+~be two modular

17.4.67

F(cD\W-4)

tan (Q,,+~- an>=cos (Y, tan pn

(%+I $a)
amplithdes
(vn+l>cp.)

5 The emphasis here is on the modular angle sine

is an argument of the Tables.
All formulae
Landens transformation
may also be expressed in
of the modulus k=mi=sin
a and its complement k
=cos (1.

598

ELLIPTIC

INTEGRALS

With

Thus the step from n to n+ 1 decreases the modular

angle but increases the amplitude.
By iterating
the process we can descend from a given modular
angle to one whose magnitude is negligible, when
17.4.19 becomes applicable.
With LY~=(Ywe have

17.5.13
17.5.14
17.5.15

17.5.3
F(cp\cr)=(l+cos

4-1F(P1\LYl)
=Hl+sin

17.5.16

+Y(P~\~

F(cp\ru) =2(l+sin

F(Cp\cY) = 8i,(1 +cos CYJF((On\(Y,)

I%\4

= Cpjl

(1 +sin

a,>

K=F(b\a)=$r

8tI (l+sin

F&\a)

17.5.8

a,)

=F((p\a)

-tF sin a1 sin K+

[ 1 -i

of a Right

17.6. The Process

=27r-Ka

sin2 (Y(1 +f sin cyl

. . .)]+sinct![a

Angle

(see also 17.4.13)

of the Arithmetic-Geometric
Mean

Starting with a given number triple (a,, b,,, c,)

we proceed
to determine
number
triples
(al, h, cd, (a~, b2, cd, . . . , (aN, bN, CN) according to
the following scheme of arithmetic and geometric
means

17.5.9

I&\,)

*=lim
(pn
n+m

When both (p and (Y are near to a right angle,

interpolation
in the table F(cp\a) is difficult.
Either Landens transformation
can then be used
with advantage to increase the modular angle and
decrease the amplitude or vice-versa.

17.5.6
17.5.7

csc or8Qsin (r8]$In tan ($?r+*@)

F(p\a)=[

Neighhorhood

17.5.5

ff)-lF&\~~~)
(1 +sin a,)-lF((p,\(y,)

F(cp\ol) =2n 2:

17.5.17

F(p\~4=2-~~~(l+sinol,)F(q,\a,)

17.5.4

~,=cr we have

(sinar,)1/2sin~,

+i2 (sin (Yesin 1y2)l* sin pz+ . . ,

17.5.10
E=K

l-f

sin* (Y l+f
(

sin a,-$

sin a1 sin a2
ev=Hkl+bN-l)

1
+Psinculsina2sinaQ+.
Ascending

Landen

(l-+-sin cu,)(l+cos

sin (2cp,+,--,J

cl=3

(ao--bo)

c2=3

(al-h)

angles such that

cy,+J =2

and let (on, vn+l be two corresponding

such that
17.5.12

)I

co

..

Transformation

Let (Y,, anfl be two modular

17.5.11

bN=(aN-lbN-l)f

=sin ~~,sin (Pi

(ar,+I>or,)
amplitudes
(v~+,<&

Thus the step from n to n+l

increases the
modular angle but decreases the amplitude.
By
iterating the process we can ascend from a given
modular angle to one whose difference from a right
angle is so small that 17.4.21 becomes applicable.

We stop at the Nth step when aN=bN, i.e., when

cN=O to the degree of accuracy to which the numbers are required.
To determine the complete elliptic integrals
K(a), E(a) we start with
17.6.2

~=l,

b,,=cos LY,c,,=sin (Y

whence
17.6.3

K(a) =&
N

ELLIPTIC
1,

6 4
.

w-4

-m4

=z 1 [co+26+2*c;+

. . . +-2Ncz,]

K(a)

To determine

K(a),

E(a)

aA=l, bi=sin

17.6.5

599

INTEGRALS

17.7.4
s*(v+a>
-=!2
+ It1 S*(v+3)

we start with

LY,ch=cos a!

5*31 a-@(1 - q2S)-1 sin 2sv sin 2s/3

17.7.5

&(8)
---Cot

whence

fl+4 5

$1 (P)

17.6.6

K(a)=&

In the above we can also use Nevilles

functions 16.36.

17.6.7

=z1 [c;~+2c:*+2%;*+

K(a)-,??(a)

K (4

Q2S(1-2q28 cos 2fi+q*)-l

. . . $2%&2,21

17.7.6

(ii)

Hyperbolic

Case

n> 1

To calculate F(cp\cr), E(cp\cy) start from 17.5.2

which corresponds to the descending Landen
transformation
and determine cpl, cpz, . . , q,V
successively from the relation

The case n>l

can be reduced
O<N<sin*
(Yby writing

17.6.8

17.7.8

tan G,

CPO=(O

Then to the prescribed accuracy

17.6.9

F(v\4

of the Third

17.7.9

&\a>
Case

Kind

e=arcsin

17.7.1

II(n; (p\a)=

s0

17.7.2

p (l- n sin2 0) -(l -sin*

(i)

Hyperbolic

Case

(iii)

=KW
Circular

sin* ff<n<

Case

O<B<+U

P=!m
sin2 a

O<n<

(n/sin* cr),

-WV\4

[(l --n)/cos* (u]

17.7.10
v=$~F(cp\a)/K(a),

B=arcsin

17.2.4.

j3=$aF(t\90---a)/K(a)

(Ysin2 0) %13

II (n; 4 ~\a) = II (n\a)

Case

(~\a, +F(v\d

where A(q) is the delta amplitude,

=cl sin (Pl+c2 sin qn+ . . . +cNsin

Integrals

cw)]

+&In1 [(A(v) -I-& tan cp>

(A(v)--P, tan (PI-Y

= E(cp\4 - u-m7 F(cp\4

17.7. Elliptic

to the case

sin2 cr, pl=[(n-l)(I-nn-1sin2

N=n-

17.6.10
a\4
*

17.7.7

H(n; (~\a, = -n(N;

=v%/(2%nr)

theta

n(n\~)=K(ar)+~lK(cu)Z(e\cr)
Case

tan (cpn+l-cpJ=(bn/~n>

sin 2j3

a=1

016<$A

17.7.11

H(7L;

b2=[n(1-n)-1(n-sin2
(P\(Y)

cu)-l])

=6,(ii--4~V)

17.7.12

!I= d4

X=arcta.n

v = 3~G\OI)PW,
61=[n(l-n)-1(siny

(tanh ,5 tan v)

+2 2 (-l)~-1~--lp2s(l-p2a)-1
.?=l
CY--~)-~]+

17.7.13

I[

C2 .a@*sinh 2sfi

17.7.3

p=

Ww\4=~1

17.7.14
p*ge

II.

1
-1

2s/3

a-1

n(n\a)=K((y)+3as2[1-~o(~\a)]

where & is Heumans

*see

1+2 2 q cash

a=1

I-3 ln [&(v+@/~&-i31

sin 2su sinh 2s/3

Lambda

function,

17.4.39.

ELLIPTIC

600

INTEGRALS
Special

Cases

n=O

17.7.18

no% (0\4 =Fb\4

17.7.19

n=O, a=0
NO;

cp\O) =cp

17.7.20

cY=o

n.l.y=45

n(n; cp\O)=(l---n)-+

1.0

arctan

[(l-n)4

tan cp],

n- O.p-45.

*
n<l

= (n- 1)-t arctanh [(n- 1) tan cp],

n>l
FIGURE

17.11.

Elliptic integral
NW cp\a).

Case

(iv)

Circular

=tan cp

of the third kind

17.7.21

The case n<O can be reduced

sin2 a<N<
1 by writing

(YS/2

II(n; (p\r/2) = (1 -n)-[ln

n<O

Case

to the

case

17.7.15

d In (l+n+

-f

ar; cp\cx)--F(cp\cr)}

17.7.23

cw-n)]g

n=l

[(lTsin

&cos (Y

n=sin2 cx

17.7.24

II(sin2 cu;~\a)=sec2~E(~\~)-(tan2
a-n)-l

II(N\~)

+sin2 ar(sin2CY--n)+K(cr)

Numerical

Example

Use and
1.

Extension

of the

Tables

Reduce to canonical form

where

Q1=3x2-10x+9,
First

Q~-XQ2=(3+X)~2-(10+8X)~+9+10x
*see page n.

Q2=-22+8x-10

sec2~~E((p\a)+sec~ (Ytan cpA(cp)

Methods
i.e., if X=-i

is a per-

or f

and then
Q2=; (z--1)2, Q,-f

Q2=; +2)2

Solving for Q1and Qz we get

Ql=(2-1)2+2(2-2)2,

Q2=2(z--1)2-3(2-2)2

The substitution t = (z- 1)/(x-2)

Method

fect square if the discriminant

~(l;cp\ol)=~(cp\or)-

Q,+;

By inspection or by solving an equation of the

fourth degree we find that

CYsin2p)/(2A((p))

n=l

17.7.25

(10+8X)2-4(3+X)(9+10X)=0;
y-l&c,

y2=-3x4+3423-1192+1722-90

y2=QlQ2where

cp

7 (17 cos a)F((P\a)

&p2 sin 2p/A((p)]

17.7.17

17.8.

CY)tan +LY/A(c,o)]

a; cp\or)=&$ln[(l+tan

sin2 CY)]~II(N; cp\a)

II(~\CY) = (-n cos2a) (1 -n)-*(sin2

n#l

-A(cp>)(l-tan
~A((P))-~l-ki
In [(A(v)
+cos cr. tan q)(A(cp>-cos CYtan cp>-]

sin2 cy)]+II(n; (P\CY)

-I-p; sin2&((~\a) +arctan

sin cp)-1

(1Tsin (~){2II(fsin

=arctan

17.7.16

=[(l-N)(l-N-l

sin cp)(l-n)
n= fsin (Y

2 cos cJI(lfcos

[(1--n)(l--n-l

(tan p+sec cp)

17.7.22

N= (sin2 a-n) (1 -TX)-

p2=[-n(l--n)-(sin2

n=l

~y-1dz=i-~[(t2+2)(2t2-3)]-+dt

then gives

EL:LIPTIC

If the quartic y2=0 has four real roots in z

(or in the case of a cubic all three roots are real),
we must so combine the factors that no root of
C&=0 lies between the roots of Q2=0 and no root
Provided
of Q2=0 lies between the roots of Q,=O.
this condition is observed the method jus,t described will always lead to real values of X. These
values may, however, be irrational.
Second

601

INTEGRALS

The discriminant
is

4 w= (2wf 1)2-4w=4w2+

and if we write

be

4T2=(8t2+10)2-4(t2+3)(10t2+9)
(2t2-1)

Then
y

dx= f

T-dt=

[(3t2+2)

(2t2-1)1-f&

The first method of Example

1 fails with the
above values of Q, and Q2 since the root of Ql=O
lies between the roots of Q2=0, and we get
imaginary
values of X. The method succeeds,
however, if we take Q1=x, Q2=(2-l)(2-2),
for
then the roots of Ql =0 do not lie between those
of Q2=0.
Example
3. Find K(80/81).

Table

17.1.

Method

Q1 3x2--10x+9

4W=4(3w+2)

of Q2w-Ql

be

(2w- 1) =4(AW2+Bw+

c:)

Then if
z2=W/w and Z2=(B-z2)2-4AC=(22-1)2-t48
$y-ldz=

iSZ-dz

However, in this case the factors of 2 are complex

and the method fails.
Of the second and third methods one will always
succeed where the other fails, and if the coeffic.ients
of the given quartic are rational
numbers, the
factors of T2 or 22, as the case may be, will be
rational.
Example
2. Reduce to canonical form
,y-lds
s
where y2=2(2- 1) (z-2).
We use the third method of Example
1 taking
&1=(x-l),
Q~=z(z-2)
and writing

Q, x-1
w=a;=-

Method

Table
17.4 giving L(m) is useful for computing
K(m) when m is near unity or K(m) when m is
near zero.

w=~=--s2+8x-10
and let the discriminant

Method

Use 17.3.29 with m=80/81, ml=1/81,

m:l=1/9.
Since [(l-mm:la) (1 +m:)-J2=.64,
K(80/81) =
1.8 K(.64)=3.59154
500 to 8D, takingK(.64)
from
Second

Write

C=i

z2= W/w and

Fkst

This method will succeed if, as here, T2 as a

function of t2 has real factors. If the coefficients
of the given quartic are rational numbers, the
factors of T2 wiIl likewise be rational.
Third

B=O,

J1/-dx=+z2-l)(z2+l)J-Pda

Q2 -x2+8x-10

S-l s s

where A=l,

W=Au++Bw+C

t2-Q~- 3x2-10x+9

=4(3t2+2)

so that

Write

of Q#-Q1

(2wf 1)x+ 1

Z2=(B-z2)2-4AC=(z2)2-1=(z2-1)(z2+1),

Method

and let the discriminant

of Q2w- Q1=Zw-

K(80/81)=:

K(80/81)

In (16X81)--L(80/81).

By interpolation
in Tables
80/81=.98765
43210,

17.1 and 17.4, since

K(80/81) =1.57567 8423

L(80/81) =.00311 16543
K(80/81) =~r-(1.57567 8423)(7.16703

7877)

-.00311
=3.59154

5000 to 9D.
Third

Method

The polynomial
approximation
8D
K(80/81) =3.59154
Fourth

Method,

Here sin2 a=80/81

uo=l,
giving

a,=;,

16543

17.3.34 gives to
501

Arithinetic-Geometric

Mean

and we start with

co= m

2.99380

79900

602

ELLIPTIC

INTEGRALS

a,

0
1
2
3

b,

1.00000
.55555
.44444
.43738
.43735
.43735

00000
55555
44444
79636
95008
95003

.lllll
.33333
.43033
.43733
.43735
.43735

-_
11111
33333
14829
10380
94999
95003

The computation
could also be made using
common logarithms with the aid of 17.3.20. The
point of this procedure is that it enables us to
calculate p1 without the loss of significant figures
which would result from direct interpolation
in
Table
17.1.
By this means In (l/al) can be found
without loss of accuracy.
Example
6. Find m to 10D when K/K=.25
and when K/K=3.5.
From 17.3.15 with K/K=.25
we can write the
iteration formula

c,
.99380
.44444
.11111
.00705
.00002

79900
44444
11111
64808
84628

Thus K(80/81)=;
Example

4.

?ru,-l=3.59154

510(Il.

Find E(80/81).
First

m(+=

Method

Use 17.3.30 which gives, with m=80/81

E(80/81)=;

E(.64)-5
=1.01910

Then by iteration

K(.64)

17.1.
i
3

Method

Method

1.
.99994
.99994
.99994

&a)

0
.(3)26841
.(3)26837
.(3)26837

i
3

25043
65
65

[1.43249 712981

= .71624 85649.
Using the value of K(80/81)
fourth method, we have

found in Example

E(80/81) = 1.01910 6048 to 9D.

5. Find p when m=.9995.
Here ml = .0005 and so from Table 17.4

Example

563013
=.00003

3,

Thus m= .00026 83765.

The above methods in conjunction
with the
auxiliary Table 17.4 of L(m) enable us to extend
Table
17.3 for K/K>3,
and for KlKC.3.
Example
7. Calculate to 5D the Jacobian
elliptic function sn (.753421.7) using Table 17.5.
Here

m=sin
12578 15.

From 17.3.19

ln (i)=dln

we can write the

m(+)= 16e--3.br exp [ -rL(m,))/K(m))

Q(m) =.06251
ql=mlQ(m)

and 17.4

42025
42041
42041

Thus m= .99994 42041.

From 17.3.16 with K/K=3.5
iteration formula,

Arithmetic-geometric
mean, 17.6. The numbers
were calculated in Example
3, fourth method, and
we have

=;

17.1

&I

Polynomial
approximation,
17.3.36 gives
E(80/81)=1.01910
6060. The last two figures
must be dropped tokeep
within the limit of
accuracy of the method.
Third

using Tables

6047

taking P(.64) and K(.64) from Table

Second

1- 16em4 exp [ --~rL(m()/K(m)].

a=.7,

Thus, sn (.753421.7)=sin
from

a=56.789089.
Q where (p is determined

F(cp\56.789089)=
@=4/10.37324

= .95144 84701
q=.38618 125.

.75342.

1132

Inspection
of Table
between 40 and 45.
of F(9\d

17.5 shows that 9 lies

We have from the table

ELLIPTIC

603

INTEGRALS
Second

56

58

% 0

: 63803
73914

. 63945

. ;;;;;

45
50

.84450
.95479

: E:::
.95974

: 85122
.96465

60

Method,

From this we form the table of F((p\56.789089)

F

A3

I35

. 63859

4o

. 74003

Quadrature

Simpsons formula with 11 ordinates and interval

.l gives .141117.
Example 9. Evaluate

s2

-I

Numerical

First

Method,

4 [ (t-2)

Reduction
Bivariate

(t2-4)]-tdt.
to Standard
Interpolation

Form

and

that

a2=4,

A3

Here we can use 17.4.48 noting

b2=2, and that

I10144
437
10581

45

.84584

50

.95674

72
509

s2

4 [(P-2)

(P-4)]-+&=

11090

I-

=f [F(q~~\45) F&45)
=f

A rough estimate now sEows that Qlies between

40 and 41. We therefore form the following
table of F(q\56.789089)
by direct interpolation
in the foregoing table

where

[1.854075-.535623]=.659226

2
2
2
sin (o~=--I sin p2=-7 sin2 a=--
2
4
4

Thus

4o:oo
40.5O
41.0

.74003
.75040
.76082

Second

whence by linear inverse interpolation

$0=40.5Of.5O

.75342- .75040 =40 644go

.76082- .75040

and so sin cp=.65137=sn (.75342].7).

This method of bivariate interpolation is given
merely as an illustration.
Other more dfiect
methods such as that of the arithmetic-geomletric
mean described in 17.6 and illustrated for the
Jacobian functions in chapter 16 are less laborious.
Example 8. Evaluate

Method,

Numerical

Integration

If we wish to use numerical integration we must

observe that the integrand has a singularity at
t=2 where it behaves like [8(t--2)1-t.
We remove the singularity at t=2, by writing

where
f(t)=[(t2-2)(t2-4)]-f-[8(t-2)]-*.
If we definef(2)=0,

Sf (W
2

3 [(2Pfl)
s2
,
First

Method,

(P-2)]-W.

Bivariate

Interpolation

From 17.4.50 we have

can be calculated by numerical quadrature.

S
2

4 [8(t-2)]-*dt=[$

Also

(t-z)*]+

and thus we calculate the integral as

l+

S4f

(t)dt=l-.340773=.659227.

where
1
4 cos (p2=-Jz
sin2 (Y=-I co9 (oi=-~
5
3
2
Thus (r=26.56505 12, (pi=61.87449 43, lp2=45,
F((~~\~~)=1.115921 and F(a\a)=.800380
and
therefore the integral is equal to .141114.

Example 10. Evaluate

u=

- (z3-7z+6)-*ddz.

17

2--7x+6=(x-l)(z--2)(z+3)
with &=2, p2=1, p3=-3,

and we use 17.4.65

ELLIPTIC

604
~=-&2,C0S2

TYi=Sit12 &=4/s,

Thus cr=63.434949,

Q=30

Q=3/4.

the integral=F(90\300)

and

=2(5)-fi(.543604)=.486214

Second

from Table 17.5.

We have

co9alI
;
3.

There is only one real zero and we therefore

use 17.4.74 with P(t)=t?-22t2+12t-24,
fl=2 so
that P(2)=16,
P(2)=8,
X=2 and therefore
m=sh2

,=I,

a=30

,:,=;

Transformation

:02943
33333 333
725
00021 673

sin (2~~-90)=sin

30,

sin Q*
.99956 904
.94280
663
.99999 998
Qpl=60

sin

(2Q2-Q1)=Sin.

al sin (01,

Sin

(2Qa-&=Sin

a2

Sin

(2Qp-Q~)=Si.tl

cU3 Sin

Sin

cr,)

e,

lp2=57.367805'
Q~=
57.348426'

Qa,

~,=57.348425'=@.

From 17.5.16

Therefore the given integralis

s-s0

Amending

1+cos CY,+~=2/(l+sin

dt.

(24-12t+2t2-ta)-1'2

Method,

to 5D.

We use 17.5.11 to give

The above integral is of the Weierstrass type and

in fact 17= @(&A; 28, -24) (see chapter 18).
Example 11. Evaluate
20

(1.071797) (1.001292)

=1.68575

u=2(5)-+F(30\63.434949)

=i

F(go0\300)

[F(Q,\~Q~)--F(Q~\~Q~)~

=A . 1 .942:O 904 1.999:6 663

where
CO8 Ql=--1

1
3

~,=70.52877

CO9 Q2=-,

1
2

~2=6O'

93

and the integral=3[1.510344-1.212597]=.148874.

Example 12. Use Landens transformation
evaluate

=1.37288

050 In tan 73.674213

=1.37288

050(1.22789 30)

F(90\300) = 1.68575 to 5D.

Example 13. Find the value of F(89.5\89.5).
First

to

This is a case where interpolation

in Table 17.5
is not possible. We use 17.4.13 which gives
F(89.5\89.50)

First

Method,

Descending

Transformation

We use 17.5.1 to give

1 +sin cxl=

2
.=1.071797
1+cos 30

cos ,,=[(l-sin

CYJ(1 +sin CXJ]~/~= .997419

Method

= F(90\89.5)

where
cot $=sin (.5O) cot (.5O)=cos (.5O)
$=45.00109 084O
and F($\89.5)
= .881390 from Table 17.5.
F(90\89.5)

=K(sin2

89.5) =K(.99992

=6.12777
1 +sin (Ye=

2
= 1.001292 ; co9 CY2=.999999
1 +cos al

Thus F(89.5q89.5)

Landens
gives

38476)

88

z5.246389.
Second

1 +sin cys= 1 +cos

2
(Y2= 1 .oooooo
Thus from 17.5.7,

- F(#\89.5O)

ascending

Method

transformation,

17.5.11,

ELlUPTIC

CO8 Cq=(l-sin

89.5)/(l+sin

sin q=[(l-cos

CYJ(l+cos

89.5O)
q)]*=.99999

99997

605

INTEGRALS

This is case (i) of integrals

O<n<sin2
(Y, 17.7.3

CO8 as=0
sin rYz=l.

n=$

89.5Osin 89.5
=.99992

2+q-89.5=89.29290490,

38476

q,=89.39645

a1 sin fi,

sin (2+9-tpcp,)=sin
sin(2$o~-~)=sin~,

n=89.39645
Qs=fi=@.

hind,

(0=45~,ar=30~,

c=arcsin (n/sin2 0r)*=30,

/3= $rF(30\300)/K(300)
= .49332 60
V=&rIq45\300)/K(300)=.74951
51,

17.5.12 then gives

sin (2~--89.5)=sin

of the third

61= (16/45)*

24L5'
602'

and so from 17.7.3

rl (A; 450\30) =

Thus 17.5.16 gives

(16/45)*
F(89.5\89.5)

-3 In m+$$

C}

t
1
In (tan 89.69822 801)=5.24640.
.99996 19231 >
Example

Evaluate

14.

q= .01797 24.
Using the q-series, 16.27, for the d functions
II (A; 45\30)

* [(9-P)(16+ta)3]-fdt
1

= (16/45)+ { - .02995 89
+(1.86096

to5D.
Table

From 17.4.51 the given integral

=ssa- ,l=f W(Ql\4

-mQ2\4
0

21)(.74951 51)) =.813845.

17.9 gives .81385 with 4 point Lagrangian

interpolation.
Example

Evaluate

16.

rI &\30)
a=36.86990

sin QlD1=4fi,
5
s*

II (&\30)

to 6D.

Table

p2=m

=K(30)

+ (16/45)2K(~)Z(e\300)

e=arcsin(n/sin2@=300.

where
lp2=23.84264'.
17.6 we

=;[.80904-.41192]=.00496.
Simpsons rule with 3 ordinates gives

= 1.743055.

II (g-; 450\30)
r/4

(1-g sin2 0)-l (1-a

15.

Evaluate

r/4

(1-f

sine)-yl-~

sin2

ey2
&I

to 6D.

lT($45\300)=

using

Table 17.9 gives 1.74302 with 5 point Lagrangian interpolation.

Example 17. Evaluate

~[.00504+.01975+.005]=.00496.
Example

Thus

17.7

l-l (&\30>
in Table

elliptic

From 17.7.6 we have

pl=48.18968

By bivariate
interpolation
find that the given integral

the complete

integral

where
sin cy=&

we get

sinae)-+de

to 6D.

This is case (iii) of integrals

sir? ff<n< 1,
!I&=#,

Q=45,

a=30

of the third hind,

606

ELLIPTIC

e=arcsin [(1-n)/cos2
~$=45~
,9=~~rF(45"\60~)/K(30")=.70317
v=$rF(45\300)/K(300)=

INTEGRALS

Here n=i,
74

(p=45, (r=30 and since the character-

istic is greater than unity we use 17.7.7

.74951 51

N=n-

sin2 (~=.2, p,=(1/5)*

II (2; 450\30) = -H( 2; 45\30) + F (450\30)

62= (40/g)*
q= .01797 24

and so from 17.7.11

+(I@

(7/w+ (l/5)1
In (T/8)+- (l/5)+

II ($; 450\30)= (40/9)yx-4jLv)

=2.10818 51{ .55248 32-4(.03854

=--83612t.80437

26)

(.74951 51)) =.921129.

Table

17.9

gives .92113 with 4 point

Lagrangian

interpolation.
Example

=1.13214.
Evaluate

18.

the complete elliptic

Numerical

integral

Example

II (9\30) to 5D.

From 17.7.14

IL (-*;

we have

quadrature gives the same result.

Evaluate

20.

450\30)

=S
*/4

II (~\30)=K(300)+;~~
where e=arcsin
Table

to 5D.

[(~--~)/cos~cx]~~~=~~~. Thus using

17.8

Table
17.9 gives 2.80126 by 6 point Lagrangian
interpolation.
The discrepancy results from interpolation with respect to n for (o=90 in Table

sin2 @-(l-t

is negative

with n=-i,

N=(l--n)-(sin2

a-n)=.4,

+$5/2)*F(45\300)
*I4

sin2 c?)-(1-a

and we there-

sin2 cx=i

45\30) =(9/4O)*II

H (f ; 450\30)

=S (l-9

sin2 0)-k&

~~~=fi

and therefore
(5/2)* II (-;;

Evaluate

19.

Here the characteristic

fore use 17.7.15

l-I ($\3OO) =2.80099.

17.9.
Example

(l++

[1-~~(e\30~)]

Using Tables

sin2 19)~~d0

4.14,

17.5,

(6; 45\30)

farctan

(35)-t

and 17.9 we get

to 5D.

II (-#;

45\30) = .76987

References
Texts

[17.1] A. Cayley, An elementary

treatise on elliptic
functions (Dover Publications,
Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).
[17.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 2, ch. 23 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[17.3] L. V. King, On the direct numerical calculation of
elliptic
functions
and integrals
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1924).
[17.4] E. H. Neville, Jacobian elliptic functions, 2d ed.
(Oxford Univ. Press, London, England, 1951).
[17.5] F. Oberhettinger
and W. Magnus, Anwendung der
elliptischen Funktionen in Physik und Technik
(Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, 1949).

[17.6] F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funktionen

(Akademische
Verlagsgesellschaft,
Leipzig, Germany, 1948).
[17.7] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, chs. 20, 21, 22, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
Tables

[17.8] P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of

elliptic integrals for engineers and physicists
(Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, 1954).
[17.9] C. Heuman, Tables of complete elliptic integrals,
J. Math. Phys. 20, 127-206 (1941).
[17.10] J. Hoiiel, Becueil de formules et de tables numbriques (Gauthier-Villars,
Paris, France, 1901).

ELLIPTIC
[17.11] E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of functions, 4th
ed. (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1945).
[17.12] L. M. Milne-Thomson,
Jacobian elliptic function
tables (Dover Publications,
Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).
(17.131 L. M. Milne-Thomson,
Ten-figure
table of the
complete elliptic integrals K, K, E, E and a
1
table of 8&,
sm,
Proc. London IMath.
sot. 2, 33 (1931).

INTEGRALS
[17.14] L.

607

M. Milne-Thomson,
The Zeta function
of
Jacobi, Proc. Roy. Sot. Edinburgh
52 (1931).
[17.15] L. M. Milne-Thomson,
Die elliptischen Funktionen
von Jacobi (Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany,
1931).
[17.16] K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete
elliptic integrals (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1934).
[17.17] G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic
function tables, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109 (Washington,
D.C., 1947).

608

ELLIPTIC
T&k

17.1

COMPLETE
AND

ELLIPTIC
INTEGRALS
THE
NOME
p WITH

INTEGRALS
OF THE
ARGUMENT

AND
SECOND
PARAMETER

K(m)=Jj (1-msin2B)-cl0

K(m)=K(m,)

E(m)=Jj (l-m sin*O)dfl

E(m)=E(n/])

g(m)=exp [-sK(m)/K(m)]
1,L

FIRST
THE

0.03
0. 04

1.57079
1.57474
1.57873
1.58278
1.58686

K(m)
63267
55615
99120
03424
78474

94897
17356
07773
06373
54166

3.69563
3.35414
3.15587
3.01611

73629
14456
49478
24924

0.05
0.06
0.07
0. 08
0.09

1.59100
1.59518
1.59942
1.60370
1.60804

34537 90792
82213 21610
32446 58510
96546 39253
86199 30513

2.90833
2.82075
2.74707
2.68355
2.62777

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

1.61244
1.61688
1.62139
1.62595
1.63057

13487
90905
31379
48290
55488

20219
05203
80658
38433
81754

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.63525
1.63999
1.64480
1.64967
1.65461

67322
98658
64907
82052
66675

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.65962
1.66470
1.66985
1.67507
1.68037

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

KINDS
m

ql(m)==9(w)

K(m)

0.00000

9(1)
00000

00000

89875
99160
91841
77648

0.00062
0.00126
0.00190
0.00255

81456
26665
36912
13525

60383
23204
69025
13689

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

72484
24967
30040
14063
33320

44552
55872
24667
15229
84344

0.00320
0.00386
0.00453
0.00521
0.00589

57869
71356
55438
11618
41444

70686
22010
98018
66885
34269

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

2.57809
2.53333
2.49263
2.45533
2.42093

21133
45460
53232
80283
29603

48173
02200
39716
21380
44303

0.00658
0.00728
0.00798
0.00870
0.00942

46515 53858
28484 49518
89058 49815
30002 35762
53141 02678

0.90
0. a9
0.88
0. a7
0.86

64580
64511
98881
94514
22527

2.38901
2.35926
2.33140
2.30523
2.28054

64863
35547
85677
17368
91384

25580
45007
50251
77189
22770

0.01015
0.01089
0.01164
0.01240
0.01316

60362
53620
34936
06407
70202

37153
10173
87540
58856
86392

0. a5
0.84
0. a3
0.82
0.81

35986
07858
00860
34293
28228

10528
45692
83368
77219
48361

2.25720
2.23506
2.21402
2.19397
2.17482

53268
77552
24978
09253
70902

20854
60349
46332
19189
46414

0.01394
0.01472
0.01552
0.01632
0.01714

28572
83850
38457
94906
55806

75318
66891
56320
37206
74605

0.80
0.79
0. 78
0.77
0.76

1.68575
1.69120
1.69674
1.70237
1.70808

03548
81991
86201
39774
67311

12596
86631
96168
10990
34606

2.15651
2.13897
2.12213
2.10594
2.09037

56414
01837
18631
83200
27465

99643
52114
57396
52758
52360

0.01797
0.01881
0.01965
0.02051
0.02139

23870
01914
92872
99793
25853

08967
93399
66940
66788
82708

0.15
0.74
0. 73
0.72
0. 71

0.30
0. 31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.71388
1.71978
1.72577
1.73186
1.73805

94481 78791
48080 56405
56096 29320
47782 52098
53734 56358

2.07536
2.06088
2.04689
2.03336
2.02027

31352
16467
40772
94091
94286

92469
30131
10577
52233
03592

0.02227
0.02317
0.02408
0.02500
0.02594

74361 57154
48765 35013
52661 67250
89803 73177
64110 66576

0.70
0. 69
0.68
0. 67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.31
0. 38
0.39

1.74435
1.75075
1.75726
1.76389
1.77064

05972 25613
38029 15753
85048 82456
83888 a3731
73233.33534

2.00759
1.99530
1.98337
1.97178
1.96052

83984
27776
09795
31617
10441

24376
64729
27821
25656
65830

0.02689
0.02786
0.02884
0.02984
0.03085

79677
40785
51915
17757
43225

51443
93729
76181
44138
51033

0. 65
0.64

0.40
0. 41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.77751
1.78451
1.79165
1.79891
1.80632

93714
88046
01166
80391
75591

91253
81873
52966
87685
07699

1.94956
1.93890
1.92852
1.91841
1.90854

77498
76652
63181
02691
70162

06026
34220
14418
09912
81211

0.03188
0.03292
0.03399
0.03507
0.03617

33473 13363
93907 86003
30208 70043
48344 66773
54594 93133

0. 60
0.59
0.58
0. 57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

1.81388
1.82159
1.82945
1.83749
1.84569

39368 16983
27265 56821
97985 64730
13633 55796
39983 74724

1.89892
1.88953
1.88036
1.87140
1.86264

49102
30788
13596
02398
08023

71554
53096
22178
11034
32739

0.03729
0.03843
0.03959
0.04077
0.04198

55570
58239
69950
98463
51981

75822
43468
38753
75263
67183

0. 55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0. 51

0. 50
ml

1.85407

46773
K(m)

1.85407

46773
K(nd

01372

0.04321

39182
91(m)

63772

0.50
m

0. 00
0. 01
0. 02

01372

ml

kz
0: 61

r.(73 1
&XZ Examples

3-4.

E(m) and E(m) from L. M. Milne-Thomson, Ten-figure table of the complete elliptic integrals
1
1
K, KA E and a table of -p
s;(olv) 7
Ji (o,v) Proc. London Math. Soc.(2)33,1931(with permission).

ELLIPTIC
COMPLETE
ELLIPTIC
INTEGRALS
AND THE NOME q WITH

X(m=Jj

INTEGRALS

OF THE FIRST AND SECOND

ARGUMENT
THE PARAMETER

(l-m sin2O)-IdO

E(m)=Jj (l-m sin28)dO

q(m)=exp [-rK(m) /K(m)]
7n
0. 00

41 (nl)

E(m)

KINDS
m

Table 17.1

K(m)=K(m,)
E(m)=E(q)
CIl (m)=cJ(w)
E(m)

ill,

0. 01
0.02
0. 03
0.04

1.00000 0000000000
0.26219 6267917709
0.22793 4574067492
0.20687 9810847842
0.19149 6308209940

1.57079 6327
1.56686 1942
1.56291 2645
1.55894 8244
1.55496 8546

1.00000 0000
1.01599 3546
1.02859 4520
1.03994 6861
1.05050 2227

1.00
0.99
0. 98
0.97
0.96

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.17931 6006955723
0.16920 7531146133
0.16055 4201073011
0.15298 1481009741
0.14624 4269473236

1.55097 3352
1.54696 2456
1.54293 5653
1.53889 2730
1.53483 3465

1.06047 3728
1.06998 6130
1.07912 1407
1.08793 7503
1.09647 7517

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0. 10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.14017 3126954262
0.13464 5884592091
0.12957 1469520553
0.12488 0122352049
0.12051 7195728729

1.53075 7637
1.52666 5017
1.52255 5369
1.51842 8454
1.51428 4027

1.10477 4733
1.11285 5607
1.12074 1661
1.12845 0735
1.13599 7843

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.11643 90607 17472

0.11261 0316423363
0.10900 1833023834
0.10558 9345798477
0.10235 2423513544

1.51012 1831
1.50594 1612
1.50174 3101
1.49752 6026
1.49329 0109

1.14339 5792
1.15065 5629
1.15778 6979
1.16479 8293
1.17169 7053

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.09927 3697338825
0.09633 8274965990
0.09353 3288880648
0.09084 75434 60707
0.08827 12359 87862

1.48903 5058
1.48476 0581
1.48046 6375
1.47615 2126
1.47181 7514

1.17848 9924
1.18518 2883
1.19178 1311
1.19829 0087
1.20471 3641

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.08579 5733702195
0.08341 3393883117
0.08111 7417341165
0.07890 1728126084
0.07676 0874004317

1.46746 2209
1.46308 5873
1.45868 8155
1.45426 8698
1.44982 7128

1.21105 6028
1.21732 0955
1;22351 1839
1.22963 1828
1.23568 3836

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0. 31
0. 32
0.33
0.34

0.07468 9943537179
0.07268 4496537110
0.07074 0505387511
0.06885 4305247167
0.06702 25515 69108

1.44536 3064
1.44087 6115
1.43636 5871
1.43183 1919
1.42727 3,821

1.24167 0567
1.24759 4538
1.25345 8093
1.25926 3421
1.26501 2576

0. 70
0.69
0. 68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0. 36
i-z
0: 39

0.06524 21836 78738

0.06351 0393400746
0.06182 45979 15898
0.06018 2416179938
0.05858 1648356838

1.42269 1133
1.41808 3394
1.41345 0127
1.40879 0839
1.40410 5019

1.27070 7480
1.27634 9943
1.28194 1668
1.28748 4262
1.29297 9239

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0. 61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0. 43
0. 44

0.05702 0257814610
0.05549 6355309081
0.05400 8185043499
0.05255 4112342653
0.05113 2612721764

1.39939 2139
1.39465 1652
1.38988 2992
1.38508 5568
1.38025 8774

1.29842 8034
1.30383 2008
1.30919 2448
1.31451 0576
1.31978 7557

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.04974 2262164574
0.04838 1728453289
0.04704 9763416424
0.04574 5195980149
0.04446 6925925028

1.37540 1972
1.37051 4505
1.36559 5691
1.36064 4814
1.35566 1135

1.32502 4498
1.33022 2453
1.33538 2430
1.34050 5388
1.34559 2245

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0. 51

0.50
ml

0.04321 3918263772
?(4

1.35064 3881

1.35064 3881
E(m)

0.50

E(m)
(94
II
3

nc

610

ELLIPTIC

Table 17.2

COMPLETE
AND

ELLIPTIC
THE NOME

R(.)=Jj

INTEGRALS

INTEGRALS
OF THE
q WITH ARGUMENT

(l-sin2 01sin2 8)-d0

FIRST AND SECOND KINDS

THE MODULAR
ANGLE a

K(a)=K(g~-c2)
E(a)=E(90%)
ql()=q(9V-a)

K (4

Kc4
1.57079 63267 94897
1.57091 59581 27243
1.57127 49523 72225
1.57187 36105 14009
1.57271 24349 95227

Q(Q)
0.00000 00000 00000

5.43490
4.74271
4.33865
4.05275

9m8296 25564
72652 78886
39759 99725
81695 49437

0.00001
0.00007
0.00017
0.00030

90395
61698
14256
48651

55387
24680
42257
48814

19997
59694
24991
80266
29421

84146
78752
71838
68445
43555

0.00047
0.00068
0.00093
0.00122
0.00154

65699
66451
52197
24470
85045

16867
27305
97816
64294
16579

1.58054

09338 95721

65776

88648

3.83174
3.65185
3.50042
3.36986
3.25530

1.58284
1.58539
1.58819
1.59125
1.59456

28043
41637
72125
43820
83409

38351
75538
27520
13687
31825

3.15338
3.06172
2.97856
2190256
2.83267

52518
86120
89511
49406
25829

87839
38789
81384
70027
18100

0.00191
0.00231
0.00276
0.00324
OiOk76

35945
79450
18093
54674
$2262

90170
15821
29252
43525
86978

1.59814
1.60197
1.60608
1.61045
1.61510

20021
85300
13494
41537
09160

12540
86952
10364
89663
67722

2.76806 31453
2.70806 76145
2.65213 80046
2.59981 97300
2.55073 14496

68768
90486
30204
61099
27254

0.00433
0.00493
0.00558
0.00627
0.00700

34205
84132
45970
23946
22602

09983
64213
58517
95994
97383

1.62002
1.62523
1.63072
1.63651
1.64260

58991
36677
91016
74093
41437

24204
58843
30788
35819
12491

2.50455 00790
2.46099 94583
2.41984 16537
2.38087 01906
2.34390 47244

01634
04126
39137
04429
46913

0.00777
0.00859
0.00944
0.01035
0.01130

46804
01752
92999
26461
08432

16442
53626
75082
44729
78049

1.64899 52184
1.65569 69263
1.66271 59584
1.67005 94262
1.67773 48840

78530
10344
91370
69580
80745

2.30878
2.27537
2.24354
2.21319
2.18421

67981
64296
93416
46949
32169

67196
11676
98626
79374
49248

0.01229
0.01333
0.01442
0.01555
0.01673

45605
45085
14412
61584
95077

27181
07947
80638
97708
33023

1.68575 03548 12596

1.69411 43573 05914
1.70283 59363 12341
1.71192 46951 55678
1.72139 08313 74249

2.15651
2.13002
2.10465
2.08035
2.05706

56474
14383
76584
80666
23227

99643
99325
91159
91578
97365

0.01797
0.01925
0.02059
0.02197
0.02341

23870
57475
05967
80013
90910

08967
39635
10437
16901
88188

1.73124 51756
1.74149 92344
1.75216 52364
1.76325 61840
1.77478 59091

57058
26774
68845
59342
05608

2.03471
2.01326
1.99266
1.97288
1.95386

53121
65652
97557
22662
48092

85791
05468
34209
74650
51663

0.02491
0.02646
0.02807
0.02974
0.03147

50625
71830
67957
53239
42771

23981
76961
17219
19583
20286

1.78676
1.79922
1.81215
1.82560
1.83956

91348
15440
98536
18981
67210

85021
49811
62126
35889
93652

1.93558
1.91799
1.90108
1.88480
1.86914

10960
75464
30334
86573
75460

04722
36423
63664
80404
26462

0.03326 52566 95577

0.03511 99625 22096
0;03704 02001 87133
0.03902 78889 26607
0.04108 50703 79885

1.85407

46773 01372
K'(a)

1.85407

46773 01372
KM

1.57379 21309 24768

1.57511 36077 77251
1.57667 79815 92838
1.57848

0.04321

39182 63772
9lH

cI
C-i9

Compiled from G. W. and R. M. Spenceley, Smithsonian elliptic function tables, Smithsonian

Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 109, Washington, D.C., 1947 (with permission).

ELLIPTIC

611

INTEGRALS

COMPLETE
ELLIPTIC
INTEGRALS
OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KINDS
AND THE NOME q WITH ARGUMENT THE MODULAR ANGLE a
K(a)=Jj

(l-&n2

a sin2

Table 17.2

O)-Bdfl
1

E(a)=f

4(4=exp

(l-

km2
*
01sin2 O)dO

[-rK@)/K(4]

E'(a)=E(gOL)
q1 (a) =q(90"-a)

-w

4164

E(a)

1.00000
0.40330
0.35316
0.32040
0.29548

00000 00000
93063 38378
56482 96037
03371 34866
83855 58691

1.15707963267 94897
l.!j7067 67091 27960
l.fi7031 79198 97448
l.!i6972 01504 23979
l.!i6888 37196 07763

1.00000
1.00075
1.00258
1.00525
1.00864

00000 00000
15777 01834
40855 27552
85872 09152
79569 07096

0.27517
0.25794
0.24291
0.22956
0.21754

98048 73563
01957 66337
29743 06665
71598 81194
89496 99726

1.15678090739 77622
l.!i6649 67877 60132
l.!i6494 75629 69419
1.56316 22295 18261
l.!j6114 17453 51334

1.01266
1.01723
1.02231
1.02784
1.03378

35062 34396
69183 41019
25881 67584
36197 40833
94623 90754

0.20660
0.19656
0.18728
0.17865
0.17059

97552 00965
76611 43642
51836 10217
56628 04653
45383 49477

l.!i5688
l.!i5639
1.55368
1.55073
l.!i4755

71966 01596
97977 70947
08919 36509
19509 84013
45758 69993

1.04011
1.04678
1.05377
1.06105
1.06860

43957 06010
64993 44049
69204 07046
93337 53857
95329 78401

0.16303
0.15591
0.14919
0.14283
0.13680

35348 21581
66592 65792
73690 67429
65198 36280
08474 28619

l.!i4415
1.54052
1.53666
1.53259
1.52830

04969 14673
15741 27631
97975 68556
72877 45636
62960 54359

1.07640
1.08442
1.09265
1.10106
1.10964

51130 76403
52193 72543
03455 37715
21687 57941
34135 42761

0.13106
0.12559
0.12037
0.11539
0.11062

18244 99858
47852 09819
82455 07894
33684 49987
35386 78854

1.52379
1.51907
1.51414
1.50900
1.50366

92052 59774
85300 25531
69174 93342
71479 16775
21353 53715

1.11837
1.12724
1.13624
1.14534
1.15454

77379 69864
96377 57702
43646 84239
78566 80849
66775 24465

0.10605
0.10167
0.09746
0.09342
0.08953

40201 85996
16783 93444
47524 70352
26672 88483
58769 52553

1.49811 49284 22116

1.4.9236 87111 24151
1.4!8642 68037 44253
l.d.8029 26638 27039
1.4.7396 98872 41625

1.16382
1.17317
1.18258
1.19204
1.20153

79644 93139
93826 83722
90849 45384
56765 79886
81841 13662

0.08579
0.08219
0.07872
0.07537
0.07215

57337 02195
43773 66408
46415 92073
99738 58803
43668 98737

1.4.6746 22093 39427

1.4.6077 35062 13127
1.4.5390 77960 65210
1.4,4686 92406 95183
1.4,3966 21471 15459

1.21105
1.22058
1.23012
1.23966
1.24918

60275 68459
89957 54247
72241 85949
11752 88672
16206 07472

0.06904
0.06603
0.06313
0.06033
0.05763

22996 09032
86859 10861
88302 96461
83890 33716
33361 79494

1.43229 09693 06756

1.4.2476 03101 24890
1.4,1707 49233 71952
1.4,0923 97160 46096
1.40125 97507 85523

1.25867
1.26814
1.27757
1.28695
1.29627

96247 79997
65310 65206
39482 50391
37387 83001
80079 94134

0.05501
0.05249
0.05005
0.04769
0.04541

99336 98829
47051 04844
44121 29953
60340 17056
67490 83529

1.39314 02485 23812

1.2~848865913 75413
1.3'7650 43257 72082
1.26799 91658 73159
1.35937 69972 75008

1.30553
li31472
1.32384
1.33286
1.34180

90942 97794
95602 64623
21844 81263
99541 17179
60581 29911

0.04321 39182 63772

d")

1.35064 38810 47676

1.35064 38810 47676

E(4

E'(a)
C-95)3

[I 1

612

ELLIPTIC
Table

17.3

K
K
0. 30
0.32
0.34

PARAMETER

INTEGRALS

m WITH
A-
K
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.99954
0.99912
0.99844
0.99740
0.99590

69976
85258
79307
80762
01861

0. 40
0. 42
0. 44
0.46
0.48

0.99380
0.99101
0.98739
0.98284
0.97726

79974
23521
58502
72586
54540

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.97056
0.96266
0.95352
0.94310
0.93138

27485
75125
60602
38029
57063

0. 60
0. 62
0.64
0. 66
0. 68

0.91837
0.90409
0.88859
0.87191
0.85413

61134
80105
18214
38254
42916

0. 70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.83533
0.81560
0.79505

54217
91841
51193

1.64

0.77377
0.75188

81814
66711

0.80
0.82
0. a4
0. 86
0. 88

0.72949
0.70669
0.68361
0.66035
0.63700

0.90
0.92
0. 94
0.96
0.98

ARGUMENT

K(m)/K(m)
K
K

,,a
0.02158

74007

0.02028
0.01906
0.01791
0.01683

61803
26278
21974
05990

0.30866
0.29292
0.27782
0.26335
0.24949

25998
52811
39170
17107
94512

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.23625
0.22360
0.21154
0.20003
0.18908

58558
78874
10467
96393
70181

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.01395
0.01311
0.01232

94517
49385

0.17866
0.16875
0.15934
.0.15040
0.14193

58032
80773
55603
97635
21249

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.01157
0.01087
0.01021
0.00959
0.00901

52117
41433
62118
44574

0.13389
0.12627
0.11906
0.11223

0.10577

41273
73987
38004
54993

50300

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.00846
0.00795
0.00747
0.00701
0.00659

78199
41974
lb117
82011
22140

1.68

0.09966
0.09388
0.08843
0.08327
0.07841

53447
98538
24583
75739
01486

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.00619
0.00581
0.00546
0.00513
0.00481

20026
60167
27984
09763
92610

03078
84707
86358
50204
74395

1.70

0.07381

0.06948

56747

1.72
1.74
1.76

0.06539
0.06153
0.05789

03054
31533
64327

0.00452
0.00425
0.00399
0.00375
0.00352

64398
13725
29873

1.78

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2. b8

0.61367
0.59043
0.56737
0.54457
0.52209

03730
22404
48621
30994
46531

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.05446
0.05123
0.04819
0.04532
0;04262

83767
77481
38272
63995
57408

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2,78

0.00330
0.00310
0.00291
0.00274
0.00257

81448
69966
80blO
05988
39151

1. 00
1 02
1.04
1.06
1.08

0.50000
0.47834
0.45716
0.43651
0.41642

00000
24497
83054
71048
19278

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.04008
0.03768
0.03543
0.03331
0.03131

26022
81947
41720
26147
60134

2.80
2. a2
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.00241
0;00227
0.00213
0.00200
0.00188

73568
03103
21990
24811
06475

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.39690
0.37800
0.35971
0.34205
0.32503

97552
18621
42366

0.02943
0.02766
0.02600
0.02444
0.02297

72515
95892
66464
23873
11038

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96

0.00176

2.98

0.00155
0.00146
0.00137

62198
87487

98919

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

78119
30127
39785

1.20

0.30866

25998

2.10

0.02158

74007

3.00

0.00129

03591

1.30

1.32
1.34
1.36

1.38
1.40

1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.52

1.54
1.56
1.58

1.60
1.62
1.66

80100

01950

0.01581
0.01485

0.00165

37845
79356

11967

53165

02764

22924

c 1
(-32

For

Table

K
K >3.0,

K
K < 0.3, see Example

6.

17.4

AUXILIARY

FUNCTIONS

FOR

COMPUTATION

OF THE

NOME

q AND

THE

PARAMETER

y(m)2$
9
0. 00
0. 01

0.06250

00000

00000

0.00000

00000

0.06281

45660

38302

0.00251

65276

0.02
0.03
0.04

0.06313
0.06345
0.06378

33261
63756
38128

60188
34180
42217

0.00506
0.00765

0;06411

57394

13714

0.01027
OiO1292

66040
09870

04595
58301

0.06445
0.06479

22603
34842

66828
57396

0.01561
0.01834

79344
76360

Q (4

See Examples

L(m)

[5716 1

3, 5 and 6.

ml

0.08
0. 09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13

0.14
0.15

Q(4
0.06513
0.06549
0.06584
0.06620
0.06657
0.06694
0.06732
0.06770

95233 36060
04937 14101
b5155 38584
77131 77434
42154 15123
61556 59704
36721 61983
69082 47689

L(4
0.02111
0.02392
0.02677
0.02966
0.03259
0.03556
0.03858
0.04165

58281
34345
14110
07472
24678

76342
73466
27452

c(-;I6 3

ELLIPTIC
ELLIPTIC

INTEGBlAL

613

INTEGRALS

OF

THE

FIRST

KIND

F(v\a)

Table

17.5

F(c\Q)=J~ (l-sin2 a sin2@)+dO

5

15

10

20

25

30

0.08726
0.08726
0.08726
0.08726
0.08726

646
660
700
767
860

0.17453
0.17453
0.17453
0.17454
0.17454

293
4011
72:l
25!j
999

0.26179
0.26180
0.26181
0.26183
0.26185

939
298
374
163
656

0.34906
0.34907
0.34909
0.34914
0.34919

585
428
952
148
998

0.43633
0.43634
0.43639
0.43647
0.43659

231
855
719
806
086

0.52359
0.52362
0.52370
0.52384
0.52403

878
636
903
653
839

0.08726
0.08727
0.08727
0.08727
0.08727

980
124
294
407
703

0.17455
0.17457
0.17458
0.17459
0.17461

94')
lo;!
451.
99:.
714

0.26188
0.26192
0.26197
0.26202
0.26208

842
707
234
402
189

0.34927 479
0.34936 558
0.34947 200
0.34959 358
0.34972 983

0.43673
0.43691
0.43711
0.43735
0.43761

518
046
606
119
496

0.52428
0.52458
0.52493
0.52533
0.52578

402
259
314
449
529

0.08727
0.08728
0.08728
0.08728
0.08729

940
199
477
773
086

0.17463
0.17465
0.17467
0.17470
0.17472

611.
67!i
89!i
261
76i!

0.26214
0.26221
0.26228
0.26236
0.26245

568
511
985
958
392

0.34988
0.35004
0.35022
0.35040
0.35060

016
395
048
901
870

0.43790
0.43822
0.43856
0.43893
0.43932

635
422
733
430
365

0.52628
0.52682
0.52741
0.52804
0.52872

399
887
799
924
029

0.08729
0.08729
0.08730
0.08730
0.08730

413
755
108
472
844

0.17475
0.17478
0.17480
0.17483
0.17486

386
110
950
0611
840

0.26254
0.26263
0.26273
0.26282
0.26293

249
487
064
934
052

0.35081
0.35103
0.35126
0.35150
0.35174

868
803
576
083
218

0.43973
0.44016
0.44060
0.44107
0.44154

377
296
939
115
622

0.52942
0.53017
0.53094
0.53174
0.53257

863
153
608
916
745

0.08731
0.08731
0.08731
0.08732
0.08732

222
606
992
379
765

0.17489
0.17492
0.17496
0.17499
0.17502

88i'
96i'
07:;
185'
30C1

0.26303
0.26313
0.26324
0.26335
0.26345

369
836
404
019
633

0.35198
0.35223
0.35249
0.35274
0.35300

869
920
254
748
280

0.44203
0.44252
0.44302
0.44353
0.44404

247
769
960
584
397

0.53342 745
0.53429 546
0.53517 761
0.53606 986
0.53696 798

0.08733
0.08733
0.08733
0.08734
0.08734

149
528
901
265
620

0.17505
0.17508
0.17511
0.17514
0.17517

392'
44E1
455~
397'
26Cl

0.26356 191
0.26366 643
0.26376 936
0.26387 020
0.26396 842

0.35325
0.35350
0.35375
0.35400
0.35424

724
955
845
269
101

0.44455
0.44505
0.44555
0.44604
0.44652

151
593
469
519
487

0.53786
0.53876
0.53965
0.54053
0.54139

765
438
358
059
069

0.08734
0.08735
0.00735
0.08735
0.08736

962
291
605
902
182

0.17520
0.17522
0.17525
0.17527
0.17529

024'
69C1
232
64C'
90:

0.26406
0.26415
0.26424
0.26432
0.26440

355
509
258
556
362

0.35447
0.35469
0.35490
0.35511
0.35530

217
497
823
081
160

0.44699
0.44744
0.44787
0.44828
0.44867

117
153
348
459
252

0.54222
0.54304
0.54382
0.54456
0.54527

911
111
197
704
182

0.08736
0.08736
0.08736
0.08737
0.08737

442
681
898
092
262

0.1 532
0.1 ! 533
0.17535
0.17537
0.17538

010
949
712
289
672

0.26447
0.26454
0.26460
0.26465
0.26470

634
334
420
883
671

0.35547
0.35564
0.35579
0.35592
0.35604

959
377
326
721
488

0.44903
0.44936
0.44967
0.44994
0.45019

502
997
538
944
046

0.54593
0.54654
0.54710
0.54760
0.54804

192
316
162
364
587

0.08737 408
0.08737 528
0.00737 622
0.08737 689
0.08737 730

0.17539
0.17540
0.17541
0.17542
0.17542

a54
830
594
143
473

0.26474
0.26478
0.26480
0.26482
0.26483

766
147
795
697
842

0.35614
0.35622
0.35629
0.35634
0.35636

560
881
402
086
908

0.45039
0.45056
0.45070
0.45079
0.45085

699
775
168
795
596

0.54842
0.54873
0.54898
0.54916
0.54927

535
947
608
348
042

0.08737

0.17542

583

0.26484

225

0.35637

851

0.45087

533

0.54930

614

744

[ (7)3]
0.08726
0.08727
0.08728
0.08730
0.08732
0.08734
0.08735
0.08736
0.08737
_ .

730
387
623
289
185
084
756
998
659 .

[ (-l)3]
0.17453
0.17459
0.17469
0.17482
0.17497
0.17512
0.17526
0.17536
0.17541

962
198
061
397
630
935
454
525
895

[ (-f)l]
0.26182
0.26199
0.26232
0.26277
0.26329
0.26382
0.26428
0.26463
0.26481

[ (-!)2]
180
739
912
965
709
007
466
238
840

0.34911
0.34953
0.35031
0.35138
0.35261
0.35388
0.35501
0.35586
0.35631

[ (-f)5]
842
092
330
244
989
123
092
223
976

0.43643
0.43722
0.43874
0.44083
0.44328
0.44580
0.44808
0.44981
0.45075

[ (-yq
361
998
792
848
233
113
179
645
457

0.52377 095
0.52512 754
0.52772 849
0.53134 425
0.53562 273
0.54009 391
0.54419 926
0.54735 991
0.54908 352

The table can also be usedinversely to find cp=amu where u=F(lp\a) and so the Jacobian elliptic
functions, for example sn u=sin (D, cn u=cos IP, dn u= (l-sin2 a sin2 P) 112. See Examples
7-11.
Compiled from K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, Cambridge
Univ. Press,Cambridge,England, 1934(with permission). Known errorshave beencorrected.

614

ELLIPTIC
Table

ELLIPTIC

17.5

INTEGRALS

INTEGRAL

OF THE

FIRST

KIND

F(v\a)

F(e\a)=K (l-sin2 01
sin20)-*&I
ace
\
0
2"
4
:
10
12
:"b
18
20
2':
:i
30

::
:i
40
t%
ft
50
z24
2s"
:;
:i
68
:2"
:z
78
:2"
8":
88
90

60"
1.04719 755
0.61086 524
0.61090
819 0.69819
0.69813 170
436 0.78548
0.78539 509
816 0.87266
0.87278 463
045 0.96008
0.95993 109
037 1.04738 465
0.61103 691 0.69838220 0.78574 574 0.87312 784 0.96052 821 1.04794 603
1.04888 194
0.78617 644
974 0.87451
0.87370 649
593 0.96231
0.96127450
911 1.05019 278
0.61125 108
0.61155
010 0.69913
0.69869 161
484 0.78678
35

40

45

50

55

0.61193 318
0.61239927
0.61294 707
504
0.61357
0.61428140

0.69969 159
0.70037 358
0.70117 730
608
0.70209
0.70313 511

0.78756 494
0.78851 403
0.78963 221
768
0.79091
0.79236 827

0.87555 545
0.87682 412
0.87832 076
0.88004 389
0.88199 174

0.96366 180
0.96530 224
0.96723 438
998
0.96947
0.97200 462

1.05187 911
1.05394 160
1.05638 099
1.05919 813
1.06239 384

0.61506 406
0.61592871
071
0.61684
0.61784 515
682
0.61890

0.70428 706
0.70555 037
0.70692 183
0.70839 451
788
0.70997

0.79398 143
0.79575 422
0.79768 324
0.79976 461
0.80199 389

0.88416 214
0.88655 254
0.88915 992
0.89198 071
0.89501 076

0.97482 960
0.97794 790
0.98135 773
0.98505 681
0.98904 227

1.06596 891
1.06992 405
1.07425 976
1.07897 628
1.08407 347

0.62003 018 0.71164 728 0.80436 610 0.89824 524 0.99331 059 1.08955 067
1.09540 656
0.62244138
0.62121
622 0.71341
0.71526 124
098 0.80687
0.80951 558
599 0.90167
0.90530852
415 0.99785
1.00267 743
749 1.10163 899
0.62373 019
840 0.71719 052 0.81228 024
039 0.90911 465
148 1.00776 438 1.10824 474
0.62505
0.71919 335 0.81516
0.91310
1.01311 039 1.11521 933
0.62642 563
0.62782 630
0.62925 446
0.63070 385
0.63216 783

0.72126 235
0.72338 982
0.72556 741
0.72778 615
640
0.73003

0.81814 765
0.82123 227
0.82440 346
0.82764 941
0.83095 712

0.91725 487
0.92156 370
0.92601 535
0.93059 558
0.93528 835

1.01870 633
1.02454 127
1.03060 230
1.03687 427
1.04333 948

1.12255 667
1.13024 880
1.13828 546
1.14665 369
1.15533 731

0.63363 947
0.63511 150
0.63657 639
0.63802 636
0.63945 343

0.73230 789
0.73458 970
0.73687 028
0.73913 751
0.74137 870

0.83431 247
0.83770 010
0.84110 344
0.84450 468
0.84788 483

0.94007 568
0.94493 756
0.94985 177
0.95479 381
0.95973 682

1.04997 735
1.05676 412
1.06367 248
1.07067 128
1.07772 516

1.16431 637
1.17356 652
1.18305 833
1.19275 650
1.20261 907

0.64084944
0.64220 613
0.64351 521
0.64476 839
0.64595 751

0.74358 071
0.74572 998
0.74781 266
471
0.74981
0.75172 208

0.85122 375
0.85450 024
0.85769 220
0.86077 677
0.86373 057

0.96465 156
0.96950 647
0.97426 773
0.97889 946
0.98336 406

l..O8479 434
1.09183 436
1.09879 601
1.10562 535
1.11226 392

1.21259 661
1.22263 139
1.23265 660
1.24259 576
1.25236 238

0.64707458
189
0.64811
0.64906 209
829
0.64991
0.65067 415

0.75352 078
0.75519 716
0.75673 800
076
0.75813
0.75936 376

0.86652 996
0.86915 135
0.87157 159
0.87376 830
0.87572 037

0.98762 253
0.99163 507
0.99536166
0.99876 287
1.00180 067

1.11864 920
1.12471 530
1.13039 401
1.13561 610
1.14031 304

1.26185 988
1.27098 218
1.27961 482
1.28763 696
1.29492 436

0.65132 394
0.65186 270
0.65228 622
0.65259 116
0.65277 510

0.76042 640
0.76130 931
0.76200 457
582
0.76250
0.76280 846

0.87740 833
0.87881481
0.87992 495
0.88072 675
0.88121 143

1.00443 942
1.00664.678
1.00839 470
1.00966 028
1.01042 658

1.14441 892
1.14787 262
1.15062 010
1.15261 652
1.15382 828

1.30135 321
1.30680 495
l.31117 166
1.31436 170
1.31630 510

0.65283658 0.76290 965 0.88137 359 1.01068 319 1.15423 455 1.31695 790
c-y
[-y]
[(-i)3]
[-;I
[-p-1
[-;I

[ 1

0.61113 335
0.61325114
0.61733 857
0.62308 236
0.62997 691
0.63730 374
0.64414 930
0.64950 235
0.65245 368

0.69852 295
0.70162198
0.70764702
0.71621 617
0.72661 222
0.73800 634
0.74882 464
0.75745 364
0.76227 978

0.78594 111
0.79025 416
0.79870 514
0.81088 311
0.82601 788
0.84280 548
0.85924 936
0.87269 924
0.88036 502

0.87338828
0.87915 412
0.89054 388
0.90718 679
0.92829 036
0.95232 094
0.97660 210
0.99710 535
1.00908 899

0.96086 405
0.96832 014
0.98317 128
1.00518 803
1.03371 296
1.06716 268
1.10223 077
1.13306 645
1.15171 457

1.04836 715
1.05774 229
1.07657 042
1.10489 545
1.14242 906
1.18788 407
1.23764 210
1.28370 993
1.31291 870

ELLIPTIC
ELLIPTIC

INTEGRAL

615

INTEGRALS
OF THE FIRST

KIND

F(+e\a)

Table

17.5

P(l.\a)=~P(l-sina~sin2e)-de
65

70

75

80

85

90

1.13446 401
1.13469 294
1.13537 994
1.13652 576
1.13813 158

1.22173 048
1.22200 477
1.22282 810
1.22420 180
1.22612 810

1.30899 694
1.30931 959
X.31028 822
1.31190 491
I..31417 314

1.39626 340
1.39663 672
1.39775 763
1.39962 909
1.40225 598

1.48352 986
1.48395 543
1.48523 342
1.48736 769
1.49036 470

1.57079 633
1.57127 495
1.57271 244
1.57511 361
1.57848 658

:z
18

1.14019 906
1.14273 032
1.14572 789
1.14919 471
1.15313 409

1.22861 010
1.23165 180
1.23525 808
1.23943 470
1.24418 827

I..31709 778
1.32068 514
I..32494 296
1.32988 047
I..33550 840

1.40564 522
1.40980 577
1.41474 871
1.42048 728
1.42703 700

1.49423 361
1.49898 627
1.50463 742
1.51120 474
1.51870 904

1.58284 280
1.58819 721
1.59456 834
1.60197 853
1.61045 415

$2
228

1.15754 967
1.16244 535
1.16782 525
1.17369 362
1.18005 472

1.24952 627
1.25545 700
1.26198 957
1.26913 385
1.27690 045

1.34183 901
I..34888 616
I.35666 531
1.36519 359
1.37448 981

1.43441 578
1.44264 399
1.4$174 466
1.41174 360
1.4 266 958

1.52717 445
1.53662 865
1.54710 309
1.55863 334
1.57125 942

1.62002 590
1.63072 910
1.64260 414
1.65569 693
1.67005 943

1.18691 274
1.19427 162
1.20213 489
1.21050 542
1.21938 520

1.28530 059
1.29434 605
1.30404 906
1.31442 210
1.32547 772

1.38457 455
1.39547 013
I..40720 064
1.41979 198
1.43327 179

1.48455 455
1 49743384
1.51134
1
644
1,52633 523
1.54244 734

1.58502 624
1.59998 406
1.61618 906
1.63370 398
1.65259 894

1.68575 035
1.70283 594
1.72139 083
1.74149 923
1.76325 618

1.22877 499
1.23867 392
1.24907 904
1.25998 475
1.27138 210

1.33722 824
1.34968 545
1.36286 013
1.37676 148
1.39139 640

1.44766 938
1.46301 $65
1.47934 287
1.49668 437
1.51507 416

~1.55973441
1.57825 301
1.59806 493
1.61923 762
1.64184 453

1.67295 226
1.69485 156
1.71839 498
1.74369 264
1.77086 836

1.78676 913
1.81215 985
1.83956 672
1.86914 755
1.90108 303

1.28325 798
1.29559 414
1.30836 604
1.32154 149
1.33507 910

1.40676 855
1.42287 717
1.43971 560
1.45726 935
1.47551 372

1.53454 619
1.55513 354
1.57686 709
1.59977 378
1.62387 409

1.66596 542
1.69168 665
1.71910 125
1.74830 880
1.77941 482

1.80006 176
1.83143 068
1.86515 414
1.90143 591
1.94050 873

1.93558 110
1.97288 227
2.01326 657
2.05706 232
2.10465 766

1.34892 643
1.36301 803
1.37727 323
1.39159 384
1.40586 195

1.49441 087
1.51390 609
1.53392 332
1.55435 972
1.57507 940

1.64917 867
1.67568 359
1.70336 398
1.73216 516
1.76199 085

1.81252 953
1.84776 547
1.88523 335
1.92503 509
1.96725 237

1.98263 957
2.02813 570
2.07735 219
2.13070 052
2.18865 839

2.15651 565
2.21319 470
2.27537 643
2.34390 472
2.41984 165

1.41993 796
1.43365 925
1.44684 001
1.45927 266
1.47073 163

1.59590 624
1.61661 644
1.63693 134
1.65651 218
1.67495 873

1.79268 736
1.82402 292
1.85566 175
1.88713 308
1.91779 814

2.01192 798
2.05903 582
2.10843 282
2.15978 295
2.21243 977

2.25177 995
2.32070 416
2.39615 610
2.47892 739
2.56980 281

2.50455 008
2.59981 973
2.70806 762
2.83267 258
2.97856 895

1.48098 006
1.48977 975
1.49690 410
1.50215 336
1.50537 033

1.69181 489
1.70658 456
1.71876 033
1.72786 543
1.73350 464

1.94682 231
1.97316 666
1.99562 118
2.01290 452
2.02384 126

2.26527 326
2.31643 897
2.36313 736
2.40153 358
2.42718 003

2.66935 045
2.77736 748
2.89146 664
3.00370 926
3.09448 898

3.15338 525
3.36986 803
3.65185 597
4.05275 817
4.74271 727

50
52

1.50645 424 1.73541 516 2.02758 942 2.43624 605 3.13130 133
[ (-;]

5
::
i:
2:
75
85

13589544
II*
14740244
1: 17069811
1. 20625 660
1. 25446 980
31490567
:: 38443225
45316 359
:: 49977412

[c-:)5]

22344604
:: 23727471
26548460
:: 30915104
36971948
:: 44840433
54409676
:* 64683711
1: 72372395

[ ;yJ]

1.31101 537
1.32732 612
1.36083 467
1.41338 702
1.48788 472
1.58817 233
1.71762 935
1.87145 396
2.00498 776

[ ;$2]

1.39859 928
1.41751 762
1.45663 012
1.51870 347
1.60847 673
1.73347 444
1.90483 674
2.13389 514
2.38364 709

[ (-3Y]

1.48619 317
1.50780 533
1.55273 384
1.62477 858
1.73081 713
1.88296 142
2.10348 169
2.43657 614
2.94868 876

1.57379 213
1.59814 200
1.64899 522
1.73124 518
1.85407 468
2.03471 531
2.30878 680
2.76806 315
3.83174 200

ELLIPTIC

616
Table

17.6

ELLIFTIC

INTEGRAL

INTEGRALS
OF THE

SECOND

KIND

E((o\a)

E(~\Ix)=J~ (l-sin2asin28)tls
5

10

15

20

0.08726 646
0.08726 633
0.08726 592
0.08726 525
0.08726 432

0.17453 293
0.17453 185
0.17452 864
0.17452 330
0.17451 587

0.26179 939
0.26179 579
0.26178 503
0.26176 715
0.26174 224

0.34906 585
0.34905 742
0.34903 218
0.34899 025
0.34893 181

0.43633 231
0.43631 608
0.43626 745
0.43618 665
0.43607 403

0.52359 878
0.52357 119
0.52348 a56
0.52335 123
0.52315 981

0.08726 313
0.08726 168
0.08725 999
0.08725 806
0.08725 590

0.17450 636
0.17449 485
0.17448 137
0.17446 599
0.17444 879

0.26171 041
0.26167 182
0.26162 664
0.26157 510
0.26151 743

0.34885 714
0.34876 657
0.34866 055
0.34853 954
0.34840 412

0.43593 011
0.43575 552
0.43555 106
0.43531 765
0.43505 633

0.52291 511
0.52261 a21
0.52227 039
0.52187 317
0.52142 828

0.08725 352
0.08725 094
0.08724 al6
0.08724 521
0.08724 208

0.17442 985
0.17440 926
0.17438 712
0.17436 353
0.17433 a62

0.26145 391
0.26138 485
0.26131 056
0.26123 141
0.26114 778

0.34825 492
0.34809 262
0.34791 800
0.34773 la7
0.34753 510

0.43476 831
0.43445 488
0.43411 749
0.43375 767
0.43337 709

0.52093 770
0.52040 357
0.51982 a27
0.51921 436
0.51856 461

0.08723 881
0.08723 540
0.08723 187
0.08722 824
0.08722 453

0.17431 250
0.17428 529
0.17425 714
0.17422 al7
0.17419 852

0.26106 005
0.26096 a67
0.26087 405
0.26077 666
0.26067 697

0.34732 a63
0.34711 342
0.34689 050
0.34666 093
0.34642 580

0.43297 749
0.43256 075
0.43212 880
0.43168 368
0.43122 748

0.51788 193
0.51716 944
0.51643 040
0.51566 820
0.51488 638

0.08722 075
0.08721 692
0.08721 307
0.08720 920
0.08720 535

0.17416 835
0.17413 779
0.17410 700
0.17407 613
0.17404 531

0.26057 545
0.26047 261
0.26036 a93
0.26026 492
0.26016 110

0.34618 625
0.34594 343
0.34569 a50
0.34545 266
0.34520 710

0.43076 236
0.43029 055
0.42981 431
0.42933 594
0.42885 776

0.51408 a62
0.51327 866
0.51246 037
0.51163 767
0.51081 454

0.08720 152
0.08719 774
0.08719 402
0.08719 039
0.08718 686

0.17401 472
0.17398 449
0.17395 477
0.17392 571
0.17389 745

0.26005 795
0.25995 600
0.25985 574
0.25975 765
0.25966 224

0.34496 302
0.34472 162
0.34448 409
0.34425 159
0.34402 529

0.42838 212
0.42791 134
0.42744 775
0.42699 368
0.42655 138

0.50999 501
0.50918 310
-0.50838287
0.50759 a31
0.50683 341

0.08718 345
0.08718 017
0.08717 704
0.08717 408
0.08717 130

0.17387 013
0.17384 388
0.17381 a83
0.17379 511
0.17377 283

0.25956 996
0.25948 126
0.25939 660
0.25931 640
0.25924 104

0.34380 631
0.34359 575
0.34339 465
0.34320 404
0.34302 487

0.42612 308
0.42571 097
0.42531 712
0.42494 358
0.42459 224

0.50609 207
0.50537 all
0.50469 523
0.50404 700
0.50343 686

0.08716 a71
0.08716 633
0.08716 416
0.08716 223
0.08716 053

0.17375 210
0.17373 302
0.17371 568
0.17370 018
0.17368 659

0.25917 090
0.25910 634
0.25904 767
0.25899 519
0.25894 917

0.34285 805
0.34270 443
0.34256 478
0.34243 984
0.34233 022

0.42426 495
0.42396 339
0.42368 913
0.42344 363
0.42322 817

0.50286 804
0.50234 359
0.50186 633
0.50143 a86
0.50106 351

0.08715 909
0.08715 789
0.08715 695
0.08715 628
0.08715 588

0.17367 498
0.17366 539
0.17365 789
0.17365 250
0.17364 926

0.25890 983
0.25887 737
0.25885 195
0.25883 370
0.25882 271

0.34223 650
0.34215 915
0.34209 857
0.34205 507
0.34202 889

0.42304 389
0.42289 175
0.42277 258
0.42268 700
0.42263 547

0.50074 232
0.50047 707
0.50026 923
0.50011 993
0.50003 003

0.08715 574 0.17364 ala

[ 1

See Example

(-i)4

[ (-l)3]

0.08726 562
0.08725 905
0.08724 671
0.08723 006
0.08721 113
0.08719 220
0.08717 554
0.08716 317
0.08715 659

0.17452 624
0.17447 391
0.17437 550
0.17424 275
0.17409 157
0.17394 015
0.17380 680
0.17370 770
0.17365 493

25

30

0.25881 905 0.34202 014 0.42261 826 0.50000 000

[-p]
0.26177 698
0.26160 165
0.26127 157
0.26082 567
0.26031 693
0.25980 639
0.25935 592
0.25902 064
0.25884 192

[f]
0.34901 329
0.34860 188
0.34782 632
0.34677 648
0.34557 562
0.34436 714
0.34329 797
0.34250 043
0.34207 467

[ (-;)I
0.43623 105
0.43543 791
0.43394 028
0.43190 776
0.42957 525
0.42721 938
0.42512 769
0.42356 271
0.42272 556

[c-y1

0.52342 670
0.52207 785
0.51952 597
0.51605 197
0.51204 932
0.50798 838
0.50436 656
0.50164 622
0.50018 720

14.

Compiled from K. Pearson, Tables of the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals, Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1934 (with permission). Known errors have been corrected.

ELLIPTIC
ELLIPTIC

INTEGRAL

617

INTEGRALS
OF THE

J:(v\a)=Jl(l-sin2

SECOND

KIND

E(p\ol)

Table

17.6

n sin2 S) do

a(P
\

35

40

45

50

55

60

0.61086 524
0.61082 230
0.61069 365
0.61047 983
0.61018 171

0.69813 170
0.69806 905
0.69788 136
0.69756 935
0.69713 427

0.78539 al6
0.78531 125
0.78505 085
0.78461 792
0.78401 409

0.87266 463
0.87254 a83
0.87220 la3
0.87162 487
0.87081 998

0.95993 109
0.95978 la4
0.95933 459
0.95859 083
0.95755 301

1.04719 755
1.04701 051
1.04644 996
1.04551 764
1.04421 646

:2
:6
la

0.60980 055
0.60933 793
0.60879 577
0.60817 636
0.60748 229

0.69657 784
0.69590 226
0.69511 023
0.69420 492
0.69318 999

0.78324 162
0.78230 343
3.78120 308
D.77994473
3.77853323

0.86979 001
0.86853 863
0.86707 031
0.86539 034
0.86350 481

0.95622 460
0.95461 005
0.95271 478
0.95054 522
0.94810 a78

1.04255 047
1.04052 491
1.03814 615
1.03542 177
1.03236 049

20
22

0.60671 652
0.60588 229
0.60498 319
0.60402 308
0.60300 616

0.69206954
0.69084 al4
0.68953 083
0.68812 308
0.68663 077

il.77697 402
10.77527316
0.77343 735
0.77147 387
0.76939 059

0.86142 062
0.85914 545
0.85668 781
0.85405695
0.85126 295

0.94541 386
0.94246 984
0.93928 709
0.93587 699
0.93225 la6

1.02897 221
1.02526 804
1.02126 023
1.01696 224
1.01238 a73

0.60193 687
0.60081 994
0.59966 035
0.59846 332
0.59723 431

0.68506 023
0.68341 al7
Oi68171170
0.67994 830
0.67813 578

0.76719 599
Cl.76489908
Cl.76250947
Cm.76003
726
k75749 309

0.84831 663
0.84522 958
0.84201 414
0.83868 340
0.83525 115

0.92842 504
0.92441 083
0.92022 452
0.91588 234
0.91140 150

1.00755 556
1.00247 977
0.99717 966
0.99167 469
0.98598 560

0.59597 a97
0.59470312
0.59341278
0.59211 406
0.59081 324

0.67628 229
0.67439 630
0.67248 651
0.67056 191
0.66863 167

0.75488 a09
0.75223 383
0.74954 234
0.74682 605
0.74409 773

0.83173 189
0.82814 080
0.82449 369
0.82080 700
0.81709 775

0.90680 017
0.90209 742
0.89731 325
0.89246 a58
0.88758 513

0.98013 430

0.58951 664
0.58823 065
0.58696 171
0.58571 622
0.58450 056

0.66670 515
0.66479 la3
0.66290 130
0.66104 317
0.65922 707

0.74137 047
0.73865 766
0.,73597286
O-73332979
0.,73074229

0.81338 346
0.80968 217
0.80601 230
0.80239 262
0.79884 217

0.88268 551
0.87779 305
0.87293 la4
0.86812 660
0.86340261

0.94929 830
0.94300 285
0.93673 272
0.93051 931
0.92439 505

0.58332 103
0.58218 382
0.58109 497
0.58006 032
0.57908 549

0.65746 255
0.65575 905
0.65412 585
0.65257 197
0.65110 612

0.72822 416
0.72578 915
0.72345 085
0.72122 260
0.71911 737

0.79538 015
0.79202 582
0.78879 a39
0.78571 685
0.78279 987

0.85878 561
0.85430 169
0.84997 709
0.84583all
0.84191 082

0.91839 329
0.91254 a21
0.90689 460
0.90146 778
0.89630 323

0.57817 584
0.57733 641
0.57657 la9
0.57588 663
0.57528 450

0.64973 667
0.64847 154
0.64731 al2
0.64628 328
0.64537 322

0.71714 767
0.71532 545
0.71366196
0.71216 766
0.71085210

0.78006 562
0.77753 157
0.77521 434
0.77312 952
0.77129 143

0.83822 090
0.83479 335
0.83165223
0.82882 031
0.82631 a79

0.89143 642
0.88690 237
0.88273 530
0.87896 al0
0.87563 la5

0
2
6

:z
28

8:
a4

0.97414

397

0.96803 a99
0.96184 497
0.95558 a73

it

0.57476 897
0.57434
302 0.64459
0.64394 347
879 0.70972
0.70879 381
019 0.76840
0.76971 298
544 0.82416
0.82238 694
177 0.87275
0.87036 520
381
0.57400 912 0.64344 316 0.70805 745 0.76737 830 0.82097 770 0.86847 970
0.57376 921
0.57362
470 0.64307
0.64286 973
075 0.70721
0.70753 289
050 0.76663
0.76619 912
339 0.81996
0.81935 631
604 0.86712
0.86629 990
068

90

0.57357 644 0.64278 761 0.70710 678 0.76604 444 0.81915 204 0.86602 540
[ (-;)l]

5
::
35

5:
;:a5

0.61059 734
0.60849 557
0.60451 051
0.59906 618
0.59276 408
0.58633 563
0.58057 051
0.57621 910
0.57387 732

[ Qw]

0.69774 083
0.69467 152
0.68883 790
0.68083 664
0.67152 549
0.66196 758
0.65333 a44
0.64678 548
0.64324 351

[ (-i)3]

0.78485 586
0.78059 337
0.77247 109
0.76128 304
0.74818 650
0.73464 525
0.72232 215
0.71289 304
0.70776 799

[ (-l)4]

0.87194 199
0.86625 642
0.85539 342
0.84036 234
0.82265 424
0.80419 500
0.78723 a20
0.77414 195
0.76697 232

[ (-i)5]

0.95899 964
0.95166 385
0.93760 971
0.91'807la6
0.89489 714
0.87052 066
0.84788 276
0.83019 625
0.82042 232

[(-(y]

1.04603 012
1.03682 664
1.01914 662
0.99445 152
0.96495 146
0.93361 692
0.90415 063
0.88079 972
0.86773 361

618

ELLIPTIC
Table

ELLIPTIC

17.6

INTEGRAL
qP\4=[p

INTEGRALS

OF THE
(l75

SECOND

KIND

E(a\a)

65

70

1.13446 401
1.13423 517
1.13354 929
1.13240 a37
1.13081 573

1.22173 048
1.22145 628
1.22063 443
1.21926 717
1.21735 a20

1.30899 694 1.39626 340

1.30867 442 1.39589 024
1.30770
767
1.39477 lb5
1.30609 91b 1.39291 030
1.30385 297 1.39031 062

1.48352 986
1.48310 448
1.48182 929
1.47970 717
1.47674
288

1.57079 633
1.57031 792
1.56888 372
1.56649 679
1.56316 223

1.12877 602
1.12629 522
1.12338 066
1.12004 099
1.11628 624

1.21491 274
1.21193 748
1.20844 065
1.20443 195
1.19992 262

1.30097 484
1.29747 215
1.29335 393
1.28863 089
1.28331 541

1.38697 886
1.38292 302
1.37815 292
1.37268 017
1.36651 a23

1.47294 312
1.46831 652
1.46287 363
1.45662 693
1.44959 085

1.55888 720
1.55368 089
1.54755 458
1.54052 157
1.53259 729

1.11212 778
1.10757 a34
1.10265 204
1.09736 439
1.09173 228

1.19492 542
1.18945 465
1.18352 618
1.17715 743
1.17036 745

1.27742 153
1.27096 502
1.26396 337
1.25643 578
1.24840 326

1.35968 233
1.35218 961
1.34405 903
1.33531 146
1.32596 967

1.44178 179
1.43321 al3
1.42392 023
1.41391 049
1.40321 335

1.52379 921
1.51414 692
1.50366 214
1.49236 a71
1.48029 266

1.08577404
1.07950 942
1.07295 961
1.06614 728
1.05909 660

1.16317 686
1.15560 796
1.14768 469
1.13943 273
1.13087 946

1.23988 a58
1.23091 635
1.22151 305
1.21170 705
1.20152 a70

1.31605 a41
1.30560 436
1.29463 629
1.28318 499
1.27128 343

1.39185 532
1.37986 503
1.36727 328
1.35411 306
1.34041 965

1.46746 221
1.45390 780
1.43966 215
1.42476 031
1.40923 972

1.05183 322 1.12205 408

1.04438 435 1.11298 760
1.03677
875
1.10371 291
1.02904 677
1.09426 484
1.02122 034 1.08468 023

1.19101 036
l.laola 648
1.16909 366
1.15777 077
1.14625 a99

1.25896 675
1.24627 240
1.23324 019
1.21991 241
1.20633 398

1.32623 Obb 1.39314 025

1.31158 614 1.37650 433
1.29652 865 1.35937 700
1.28110
340
1.34180 606
1.26535 a37 1.32384 218

1.01333 305 1.07499 796 1.13460 200

1.00542 010 1.06525 908 1.12284 604
0.99751 a35 1.05550 682 1.11104 010
0.98966
632
1.04578 671 1.09923 b04
0.98190414 1.03614 663 1.08748
883

1.19255 255
1.17861 a73
1.16458 621
1.15051 210
1.13645 710

1.24934 449
1.23311 580
1.21672 971
1.20024 724
1.18373 339

1.30553 909
1.28695 374
1.26814 653
1.24918 lb2
1.23012 722

0.97427 354
0.96681 780
0.95958 158
0.95261 084
0.94595 256

1.12248

1.10866 752
1.09507 580
1.08178 986
1.06889 476

1.16725 747
1.15089 364
1.13472 145
1.11882 b5a
1.10330 172

1.21105 603
1.19204 568
1.17317 938
1.15454 bb8
1.13624 437

1.02171 634 1.05648 221

1.01220
781 1.04465
133
1.00333
091
0.92833 088
1.03350 951
0.92340 024 0.96208 074 0.99517 606 1.02317 331
776
0.98783 b70 1.01376 904
0.91901 a02 0.95638

1.08824 773
1.07377 505
l.ObOOO556
1.04707 504
1.03513 640

1.11837 774
1.10106 217
1.08442 522

0.91522 691 0.95143 a47 0.98140 781

0.91206588 0.94729297 0.97598 331
0.90956
905
0.94400
544
0.97165 228
0.90776
445
0.94162
171 0.96849 392
0.90667
305
0.94017 677 0.96657 142

1.00543 295
0.99831 000
0.99255 019
0.98830 025
0.98568915

1.02436 393
1.01495 896
1.00715 650
1.00123 026
0.99748 392

1.04011 440
1.02784 362
1.01723 692
1.00864 796
1.00258 409

0.90630
['-;'"]

0.98480

0.93965
0.93376

447
462

779

1.13303 553
1.12176 337
1.10005 236
1.06958 479
1.03292 bb0
0.99358 365
0.95606
011
0.92579 978
0.90857 a73

1.02663 689
1.01731 023
1.00822 192
0.99942 966
0.99099

354

1.07585 669
1.06440 132
1.05318 al4
1.04228 653
1.03176 998

85

590

0.98297
0.97544

583
068
0.96845 360

0.93969
['-$11

262

1.22001 a78
1.20649 962
1.18039 569
1.14359 al3
1.09900 a29
1.05063 981
1.00378 508
0.96518 626
0.94269 al3

0.96592

583

[qw]
1.30698 342
1.29106 728
1.26026 405
1.21665 a53
1.16345 846
1.10513 448
1.04769 389
0.99915
744
0.96992

775

[-y]

212

1.39393 358
1.37550 358
1.33976 099
1.28896 903
1.22661 050
1.15755 065
1.08838 943
1.02823 305
0.99022 779

1.06860

953

1.05377 692

0.99619 470 1.00000 000

C-i)3

1 [ 1

1.48087 384
1.45984 990
1.41900 286
1.36076 208
1.28885 906
1.20849 656
1.12673 373
1.05342 b32
1.00394 027

($4

1.56780 907
1.54415 050
1.49811 493
1.43229 097
1.35064 388
1.25867 963
1.16382 796
1.07640 511
1.01266 351

ELLIPTIC
JACOBIAN

ZETA

619

INTEGRALS
FUNCTION

+-\a)

K(,)z(~\,)=K(,)E(,\o)-E(~)F(~\\n)
K(gO)2(~\a)=K~~90)Z(~~~l)=K(9~) tanh IL=- for
5
10
20
15
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000083
0.000164
:- K%
0.000308
0.000332
0.000655
0:000957
0.001231
0.000748
0.001474
0.002155
0.002770
0.001331
0.002621
0.003832
0.004928

&I? Example

0.002080
0.002997
0.004082
0.005337
0.006761

0.004098
0.005905
0.008043

Table

17.7

all ?L
25
0.000000
0.000367
0.001467
0.003302
0.005875

30
0.000000
0.000414
0.001658
0.003734
0.006644

it. EE!

t "OK;;:
0:011765
is. E:E

0.007706
0.011107
0.015136
0.019796
0.025094

0.009188
0.013246
0.018055
0.023621
0.029951

0.010393
0.014987
0.020433
0.026740
0.033919

0.008357
0.010125
0.012067
0.014186
0.016483

0.016470
0.019958
0.02379-I
0.027972
0.032508

0.024105
0.029216
0.034834
0.040968
0.047624

0.031035
0.037627
0.044878
0.052799
0.061401

0.037055
0.044942
0.053626
0.063119
0.073438

0.041981
0.050941
0.060814
0.071617
0.083373

0.018962
0.021625
0.024476
0.027520
0.030761

0.037403
0.042664
0.048298
0.054315
0.060725

0.054811
0.062540
0.070823
0.079674
0.089108

0.070696
0.080700
0.091430
0.102905
0.115148

0.084599
0.096624
0.109534
0.123356
0.138120

0.096103
0.109834

0.034205
0.037860
0.041734
0.045835
0.050177

0.067540
0.074774
0.082444
0.090569
0.099172

0.099145
0.109807
0.121118
0.133109
0.145813

0.128185
0.142046
0.156765
0.172383
0.188947

0.153860
0.170614
0.188428
0.207353
0.227450

00.:z;
0:215197
0.237025
0.260240

0.054771
0.059634
0.064786

0.159273
0.173536
0.188661
0.204716
0.221785

0.206513
0.225145
0.244921
0.265933
0.288294

0.248789
0.271452
0.295538

0.284929
0.311193
0.339150

: . EZ

0.108280
0.117925
0.128146
0.138989
0.150510

"0.
. ::zl:

i*. z%

0.082227
0.088818
0.095876
0.103468
0.111676

0.162776
0.175872
0.189901
0.204994
0.221320

0.239971

t :::'b:i
0:364981
i*. :z;:

t 34707sK
0:442321
0.478462
0.517644

0.434726
0.471170
0.510371
0.552710
0.598675

0.120612
0.130420
0.141301
0.153537
0.167542

0.239097
0.258615
0.280272
0.304631
0.332519

0.353322
0.382351
0.414575
0.450832
0.492356

0.461145
0.499384
0.541857
0.589673
0.644462

0.560402
0.607444
0.659739
0.718657
0.786214

0.648900
0.704225
0.765737
0.835238
0.914934

0.183967
0.203902
0.229402
0.265091
0.325753
m

0.365230
0.404937
0.455734

0.541075
0.600229
0.675918
0.781873
0.962000
00

0.708771
0.786884
0.886859
1.026844
1.264856
m

0.865556
0.961976

0.000519
0.004688
0.013105
0.025973
0.043755
0.067477
0.099601
0.147228
0.245478

0.001023
0.009238
0.025838
0.051258
0.086448

0.001496
0.013513

0.001923
0.017387
0.048754
0.097073
0.164459
0.255266
0.379430
0.565011
0.949910

2. E:
m

is E8O:
0:292070
0.487761

i* z;;
0:302637
0.326895

t E'7i
0:127026
0.196567
0.291216
0.432134
0.723644

:* E%!
1:552420
al

is :GE;
0:157347

:- E56E
11268462
1.472953
1.820811
m
0.002592
0.023479
0.066098
0.132373
i* :::E:
0:531121
!*. :E+:

16.

Compiled from P.F. Byrd and M.D. Friedman, Handbook of elliptic integrals for engineers
and physicists, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1954 (with permission).

620

ELLIPTIC

Table

JACOBIAN

17.7

INTEGRALS

ZETA

FUNCTION

Z(P\=)

K(~)z(~\~>=K(or)E((p\u)-E(a)F(~\p\a)

35
0.000000

R(SV)Z(v\P\(r)=K(900)Z(ull)=K(900)
tanh u=m for all u
40
45
50
55
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000471
o.ooiaa6
0.004248
0.007561

0.000479
0.001916
0.004314
0.007681

0.000471
0.001887
0.004250
0.007567

0.000450
0.001800
0.004056
0.007224

60
0.000000

o.oli284
0.016276
0.022197
0.029060
0.036876

o.olia33
0.017073
0.023293
0.030505
0.038728

0.012023
0.017353
0.023683
0.031029
0.039411

0.011849
0.017106
0.023354
0.030610
0.038897

0.011313
0.016337
0.022312
0.029257
0.037194

0.010433
0.015070
0.020588
0.027006
0.034347

0.045662
0.055435
0.066216
0.078026
0.090893

0.047979
0.058279
0.069655
0.082132
0.095744

0.048850
0.059372
0.071005
0.083783
0.097742

0.048238
0.058663
0.070203
0.082895
0.096782

0.046150
0.056156
0.067246
0.079461
0.092844

0.042639
0.051912
0.062203
0.073551
0.086003

0.104844
0.119914
0.136138
0.153557
0.172220

0.110525
0.126515
0.143758
0.162305
0.182211

0.112924
0.129375
0.147147
0.166300
0.186898

0.111909
0.128330
0.146103
0.165296
0.185983

0.107447
0.123327
0.140549
0.159186
0.179319

0.099613
0.114438
0.130548
0.14aoia
0.166934

0.192178
0.213492
0.236228
0.260466
0.286295

0.203541
0.226365
0.250764
0.276831
0.304671

0.209016
0.232738
0.258158
0.285383
0.314535

0.208248
Fl-ZE
01285531
0.315196

0.201042
0.224459
0.249691
0.276871
0.306156

0.187395
0.209512
0.233413
0.259243
0.287169

0.313816
0.343151
0.374438
0.407844
0.443565

0.334405
0.366173
0.400138
0.436490
0.475457

0.345755
0.379203
0.415067
0.453565
0.494956

0.347064
0.381317
0.418166
0.457861
0.500691

0.337723
0.371776
0.408552
0.448328
0.491428

0.317383
0.350108
0.385601
0.424167
0.466161

0.481836
0.522947
0.567251
0.615191
0.667330

0.517310
0.562378
0.611064
0.663870
0.721434

0.539547
0.587709
0.639896
0.696670
0.758741

0.547003
0.597211
0.651822
0.711460
0.776910

0.538238
0.589220
0.644933
0.706068
0.773487

0.512007
0.562214
0.617399
0.678320
0.745922

0.724397
0.787359
0.857536
0.936789
1.027859

0.784577
0.854390
0.932355
1.020563
1.122089

0.827024
0.902728
0.987491
1.083621
1.194508

0.849178
0.929590
1.019938
1.122735
1.241670

0.848294
0.931931
1.026343
1.134246
1.259612

0.8214il
0.906356
1.002860
1.113848
1.243568

1.135017
1.265447
1.432669
1.667113
2.066078

1.241721
1.387516
1.574623
1.837147
2.284127

1.325428
1.485245
1.690632
1.979107
2.470622

1.382470
1.554749
1.776579
2.088611
2.620801

1.408589
1.591484
1.827639
2.160541
2.729164

1.398577
1.589820
1.837791
2.188502
2.788909

al

co

0.002813
0.025510
0.071991
0.144695
0.248154
0.390865
0.590735
0.895883
1.538234

0.002948
0.026774
0.075754
0.152865
0.263583
0.418002
0.636916
0.975016
1.692810

0.002994
0.027228
0.077249
0.156547
0.271538
0.433972
0.667669
1.033955
1.820471

0.002949
0.026855
0.076403
0.155518
0.271473
0.437641
0.680968
1.069585
1.916972

0.002815
0.025662
0.073210
0.149686
0.263028
0.428046
0.674774
1.078397
1.977347

0.002594
0.023683
0.067742
0.139108

0.000450
0.001800
0.004052
0.007212

0.000415
0.001659
0.003739
0.006660

8* 24%
0:647089
1.056317
1.995386

ELLIPTIC

JACOBIAN

621

INTEGRALS

ZETA FUNCTION

Z(v\a)

Table 17.7

K(+(,~\~)=K(+E(v\~)-E(~)F(~\~)

R(9OO)Z(~\a)=K(900)Z(u~l)=K(90) tanh u=- for all u

65
70
75
80"
85
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000

90

0.000367
0.001468
0.003308
0.005893

0.000308
0.001232
0.002776
0.004946

0.000239
0.000958
0.002160
0.003849

it 8E~
0:001477
0.002633

0.000083
0.000333
0.000750
0.001337

t w:
0:018231
0.023922
0.030438

0.007751
0.011202
0.015312
0.020098
0.025581

0.006032
0.008718
0.011920
0.015649
0.019924

0.004127
0.005966
0.008158
0.010713
0.013642

0.002096
0.003030
0.004143
0.005442
0.006930

0.037803
0.046047
0.055206
0.065319
0.076431

0.031783
0.038732
0.046459
0.055000
0.064397

0.024763
0.030188
0.036225
0.042905
0.050260

0.016959
0.020680
0.024823
0.029411
0.034466

0.008617
0.010509
0.012617
0.014952
0.017526

0.088594
0.101867
0.116315
0.132015
0.149053

t 87sE16
01098224
0.111585
0.126114

0.058332
0.067164
0.076808
0.087324
0.098779

0.040018
0.046099
0.052747
0.060004
0.067920

0.020354
0.023454
0.026845
0.030550
0.034595

0.167527
0.187551
0.209254
0.232785
0.258315

0.141905
0.159064
0.177713
0.197996
0.220078

0.111254
0.124839
0.139641
0.155784
0.173414

0.076554
0.085973
0.096255
0.107493
0.119798

0.039011
0.043833
0.049104
0.054874
0.061201

0.286045
0.316206
0.349070
0.384960
0.424255

0.244154
0.270454
0.299246
0.330854
0.365664

0.192704
0.213858
0.237121
0.262789
0.291220

0.133299
0.148154
0.164550
0.182720
0.202947

0.068157
0.075826
0.084312
0.093745
0.104281

0.467411
0.514976
0.567621
0.626169
0.691653

0.404143
0.446860
0.494517
0.547987
0.608372

0.322854
0.358236

0.116121
0.129521
0.144812
0.162430
0.182965

: tE58
0:494668

0.225584
0.251076
0.279993
0.313069
0.351277

0.765385
0.849072
0.944993
1.056298
1.187535

0.677086
0.755975
0.847508
0.955095
1.083634

0.554038
0.623195
0.704762
0.802400
0.921408

0.395917
0.448779
0.512376
0.590350
0.688163

0.207230
0.236382
0.272114
0.317015
0.375226

1.345674
1.542281
1.798909
2.163806
2.790834

1.240571
1.438150
1.698985
2.073357
2.721008

1.069839
1.260828
1.518315
1.894760
2.555104

0.814374
0.983236
1.220780
1.583040
2.241393
0

0.453784
0.565578
0.736684
1.028059
1.628299
m

0.001025
0.009390
0.027060
0.056296
0.101748
0.173397
0.295957
0.549278
1.380465

0.000520
0.004769
0.013755
0.028657
0.051923
0.088901
0.153297
0.293208
0.860811

m
0.002295
0.020975
0.060141
0.124003
0.220781
0.366615
0.596098
0.998480
1.962673

on
0.001926
i- oa157066::
0:104764
0.187640
0.314676
0.520463
0.899033
1.866624

0.001498
0.013718
0.039483
0.081953
t y;w;
0:419877
0.751288
1.686113

8
8
0

00
8
0

8
8
0
:
00
0
0
0
i
0

8
8
0

i
0
0

i
00

Ii
8
0
L-a

8
0
0
00
00
0

622

ELLIPTIC

Table

AO(P\4

a%+
\0
F!
4

86

HEUMANS

17.8

$2
28
30
32
;"b
38
40
It
46
48

5
0.087156

15

20

25

30

0.258819

0.342020
0.341916
0.341604
0.341084
0.340359

0.422618
0.422490
0.422104
0.421462
0.420566

0.500000
0.499848
0.499391
0.498633

0.339430
0.338299
0.336969
0.335445
0.333729

0.419419
0.418024
0.416385
0.414506
0.412394

0.331827
0.329743
0.327483

0.410054

0.485184

0.407492
0.404717

0.482176
0.478920
0.475428

0.173595
0.173437

0.086917

0.173173

0.258504
0.258111

0.086732

0.172804

0.257562

0.086495
0.086206
0.085866

0.172332
0.171757

0.256858
0.256001
0.254994
0.253838
0.252536

0.084549
0.084013
0.083432
0.082806
0.082136
0.081425
0.080674
0.079884

0.079058

0.078198

0.171080
0.170303
0.169429
0.168458
0.167393

0.166236
0.164991
0.163661
0.162247

0.160755
0.159187
0.157548
0.155842

0.258740

0.251092
0.249509
0.247790

0.245941
0.243966
0.241870
0.239657
0.237335

0.124009
0.122121
0.120307

0.118583

0.296727

0.367209
0.362720

0.430127

0.358145

0.424860

0.353500

0.419519
0.414121
0.408685
0.403228

0.224292
0.221447

0.218543

0.197331

0.194307
0.191324
0.188396

0.185540
0.182774

0.180119
0.177596

0.293022
0.289242
0.285399
0.281505
0.277573
0.273616

0.269648
0.265684
0.261739
0.257832
0.253979

0.250200

0.380037

0.348799
0.344057

0.339290
0.334516
0.329751
0.325015
0.320328
0.315710
0.311185

0.376331

0.371186

0.230436

0.287571

0.344410
0.341017
0.338088
0.335718
0.334046

2
88

0.173054
0.171099
0.169410
0.168043

0.227922
0.225750

0.223992

0.284573
0.281983
0.279887

0.167078

0.222751

0.278408

90

0.055556

0.290914

0.111111

0.166667

0.222222

0.341370

00.z::2"
0: 356706

[ 1 [(-y-1 [c-y1 [c-y1 [c-y1

0.277778

0.333333
c-p
[1
I

0.086990

0.173318

0.085677

0.170704

0.083124

0.165625
0.158377

0.421815
0.415475
0.403252
0.386013

0.499050
0.491565

0.079476
0.074953

0.258327
0.254434
0.246882
0.236134

0.477203
0.457086

0.149408
0.139334
0.128968
0.119433
0.112490

0.208034
0.192809
0.178839
0.168682

0.364976
0.341676

0.432729
0.405958

C-55)2

2;

0.069861
0.064614

75

0.059779

a5

0.392328
0.386926
0.381586

0.352309
0.348194

0.115479
0.114143
0.112988
0.112053
0.111392

E
35
45

0.397769

0.294547

0.302515
0.298427

0.057095
0.056508
0.056034
0.055698

0.435306

0.306778

0.175231

0.057773

0.445330

0.246517
0.242952
0.239531
0.236282
0.233238

0.116967

8820

0.463642
0.459316
0.454813
0.450147
0.440378

0.200380

0.062100
0.061143
0.060223
0.059348
0.058528

0.467777

0.371600

0.134126
0.132049
0.129989
0.127955
0.125958

0.066175
0.065131
0.064100
0.063088

0.471710

0.375880

0.215587
0.212589
0.209558
0.206506
0.203443

0.067226

0.395191
0.391645
0.387930
0.384057

0.487937

0.303869
0.300346

0.144464
0.142428
0.140370
0.138295
0.136211

0.070385

0.316806

0.492638
0.490424

0.229767
0.227068

0.072455

0.150367

0.319707

0.401736
0.398558

0.496219
0.494572

0.234908
0.232383

0.154073

0.148439
0.146470

0.325052
0.322458

0.497574

0.313764
0.310587
0.307286

0.077307
0.076385
0.075436
0.074463
0. 073469

0.152246

~&\a)

{K(rr)E(v\90-a)-[K(a)-E(~)]qco\SOo-+

0.087050

0.069336
0.068281

:i
78

10
0.173648

FUNCTION

0.087129

0.071426

7720

LAMBDA

=- F(pgo-~)+~K(~)Z(p\90-~)=H
K(ol)

0.085476
0.085037

20
22

INTEGRALS

0.056256

0.222878

0.336231
0.326288
0.312192
0.294884
0.275597

0.255897
0.237883

0.224814

0.318009
0.296459
0.280867

0.378946
0.354475

0.336826

Compiled from C. Heuman, Tables of complete elliptic integrals, J. Math. Phys. 20, 127-206,
1941 (with permission).

ELLIPTIC
HEUMANS

623

INTEGRALS

LAMBDA

35
0.573576
0.573402
0.572878
0.572009
0.570795

40
0.642788
0.642592
0.642006
0.641032
0.639674

0.569244
0.567360
0.565150

0.701786

t . %%

0.637940
0.635836
0.633373
0.630561
0.627412

0.556657
0.553238
0.549546
0.545591
0.541389
0.536953

FUNCTION

+\a)

Table

17.8

50
0.766044
0.765811
0.765113
0.763956
0.762347

55
0.819152
0.818903
0.818157
0.816922
0.815210

60
0.866025
0.865762
0.864975
0.863674
0.861876

is E%
0:693729
0.690306

0.760298
0.757822
0.754937
0.751660
0.748011

0.813034
0.810416
0.807375
0.803935
0.800123

0.859602
0.856877
0.853731
0.850194
0.846297

0.623939
0.620157
0.616080
0.611725
0.607107

0.686540
0.682450
0.678054
0.673372
0.668422

0.744012
0.739683
0.735049
0.730130
0.724951

0.795963
0.791483
0.786709
0.781667
0.776384

0.842073
0.837553
0.832766
0.827743
0.822510

is :;:z
0:522388
0.517165

0.602244
0.597153
0.591851
0.586356
0.580687

0.663225
0.657801
0.652170
0.646351
0.640365

0.719533
0.713900
0.708073
0.702074
0.695923

0.770883
0.765190
0.759326
0.753314
0.747177

0.817093
0.811517
0.805804
0.799976
0.794052

0.511786
0.506266
0.500622
0.494873
0.489034

0.574862
0.568898
0.562815
0.556632
0.550366

0.634231
0.627970
0.621600
0.615142
0.608615

0.689642
0.683251
0.676769
0.670217
0.663613

0.740932
0.734602
0.728203
0.721756
0.715277

0.788051
0.781992
0.775891
0.769764
0.763627

0.483125
0.477164
0.471170
0.465163
0.459163

0.544038
0.537668
0.531275
0.524879
0.518502

0.602038
0.595432
0.588817
0.582212
0.575640

0.656976
0.650326
0.643682
0.637064
0.630491

0.708785
0.702298
0.695832
0.689405
0.683037

0.757496
0.75-1385
0.745310
0.739286
0.733329

0.453192
0.447272
0.441428
0.435683
0.430065

0.512167
0.505895
0.499711
0.493642
0.487715

0.569122
0.562680
0.556339
0.550124
0.544062

0.623985
0.617567
0.611258
0.605085
0.599072

0.676745
0.670549
0.664469
0.658528
0.652749

0.727455
0.721680
0.716024
0.710504
0.705142

0.424604
0.419332
0.414284
0.409500
0.405026

0.481959
0.476408
0.471098
0.466070
0.461371

0.538183
0.532519
0.527106
0.521985
0.517202

0.593247
0.587641
0.582290
0.577231
0.572511

0.647159
0.641784
0.636659
0.631818
0.627303

0.699961
0.694985
0.690244
0.685770
0.681601

0.400915
0.397229
0.394049
0.391477
0.389662

0.457055
0.453189
0.449853
0.447157
0.445255

0.512813
0.508883
0.505494
0.502754
0.500823

0.568181
0.564307
0.560967
0.558268
0.556366

0.623166
0.619464
0.616276
0.613700
0.611884

0.677782
0.674368
0.671427
0.669053
0.667379

0.444444
(-;I1
c 1 [(-j)l1

0.500000
c-y
[
I

0.555556

0.611111
(-$)l
[
I

0.666647

13.705765
13.695307
11.675748
0.649283
11.618381
0.585512
11.553214
0.524506
0.504034

0.764592
0.753346
0.732623
0.705094
0.673501
0.640369
0.608153
0.579721
0.559529

0.817600
0.805703
0.784220
0.756337
0.724985
0.692612
0.661480
0.634200
0.614903

0.864388
0.852010
0.830282
0.802903
0.772830
0.742291
0.713246

0.388889

0.572487
0.563926
0.547600
0.524935
0.497760
0.468167
0.438541
0.411857
0.392679

0.641567
0.632010
0.613936
0.589127
0.559735
0.528076
0.496661
0.468546
0.448417

0.707107
0.706891
0.706247
0.705177
0.703687

[(-p1

[c-y1

624

ELLIPTIC

Table

17.8

HEUMANS

65

70"

INTEGRALS

LAMBDA

FUNCTION

75

~,+\ol)

80

85"

0.906308
0.906032
0.905210
0.903857
0.901997

0.939693
0.939407
0.938559
0.937172
0.935282

0.965926
0.965633
0.964769
0.963376
0.961512

0.984808
0.984511
0.983652
0.982315
0.980599

0.996195
0.995903
0.995130
0.994063
0.992833

0.899660
0.896881
0.893699
0. a90152
0. a86280

0.932934
0.930177
0.927061
0.923634
0.919940

0.959244
0.956638
0.953755
0.950646
0.947355

0.978597
0.976384
0.974016
0.971534
0.968969

0.991511
0.990135
0.988727
0.987299
0.985858

0.882119
0. a77704
0.873068
0. a68240
0.863249

0.916018
0. 91.1904
0.907630
0.903221
0.898703

0.943918
0.940364
0.936718
0.933000
0.929226

0.966343
0.963671
0.960968
0.958241
0.955500

0.984410

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

a58117
a52869
a47523
a42100
a36615

0. a94095
0. a89416
0.884681
: . t:E::

0.925409
0.921563
0.917695
0.913817
0.909935

0.952751
0.949998
0.947247
0.944502
0.941766

0.977159
0.975719
0.974286
0.972861
0.971445

0.831085
0. a25524
0.819946
0.814365
0.808792

0. a70277
0.865449
0.860625
0. a55814
0.851026

0.906056
0.902188
0.898337
0. a94508
0.890708

0.939042
0.936335
0.933647
0.930981
0.928341

0.970039
0.968644
0.967262
0.965894
0.964540

0.803241
0.797724
0.792252
0.786839
0.781496

0.846269
0. a41553
0. a36887
0.832280
0. a27742

0.886942
0.883216
0. a79537
0. a75911
0. a72345

0.925731
0.923152
0.920610
0.918108
0.915649

0.963204
0.961885
0.960586
0.959309
0.958055

0.776237
0.771077
0.766029
0.761110
0.756338

0.823283
0. ala913
0.814645
0.810490
0.806464

0. a68846
0.865421
0. a62080
0. a58831
0.855685

is 99E:
0: 908588
0.906357
0.904198

0.956826
0.955626
0.954457
0.953321
0.952223

0.751731
0.747312
0.743104
0.739137
0.735442

0.802581
0.798860
0.795319
0.791983
0.788877

0.852654
0. a49751
0.846990
0. a44390
0. a41 972

0.902119
0.900129
0.898237
0.896456
0.894800

0.951166
0.950154
0.949193
0.948288
0.947446

0.732059
0.729036
0.726434
0.724333
0.722852

0.786036
0.783497
0.781312
0.779549
0.778307

0. a39759
0.837783
0. a36083
0. a34711
0. a33745

0.893286
0. a91933
0. a90770
0.889831
0.889170

0.946677
0.945990
0.945400
0.944923
0.944587

90
:
11
1
1
:
:
:

i- Ko:
0: 980054
0.978604

[(-p1 [(-y 1 [(-i)7 1 c(-!)5 1 [ 1

0.722222

0.777778

0. a33333

0.888889

0.944444
t-y

0.904599
0.891969
0.870676
0.844820
0.817155
0.789537
0.763552
0.741089
0.725315

0.937930
0.925384
0.905441
0.882297
0. a58217
0.834576
0.812552
0.793624
0.780373

0.964135
0.952226
0.934867
0.915757
0.896419
0. a77717
0.860443
0.845669
0.835352

0.983037
0.972787
0.959607
0.945873
0.932311
0.919353
0.907464
0. a97332
0.890270

0.994624
0.988015
0.980779
0.973573
0.966576
0.959944
0.953885
0.948733
0.945145

:
1
:
:
1
:
1
:
i
:
1
:
1
1
i
:
1
1
:
1
1

:
1
:
1
:
1

ELIJPTIC

ELLIPTIC

INTEGRAL

625

INTEGRALS

OF THE

THIRD

an;v\+sop(l- 72sin2 @-'[l--sin2

15-20.

n (n; +\a)

Table 17.9

LYsin2 0]+ds

15"
0.26180
0.26200
0.26254
0.26330
0.26406
0.26463
0.26484

30"
0.52360
0.52513
0.52943
0. 53562
0 542413
0: 54736
0. 54991

45"
0.78540
0.79025
0.80437
0.82602
0.85122
0.87270
0.88137

60"
1.04720
1.05774
1.08955
1.14243
1.21260
1.28371
1.31696

75"
1.30900
1.32733
1.38457
1.48788
1.64918
1.87145
2.02759

1.57080
1.59814
1.68575
1.85407
2.15651
2.76806
06

0.26239
0.26259
0.26314
0.26390
0.26467
0.26524
0.26545

0.52820
0.52975
0.53412
0.54041
0.54712
0.55234
0.55431

0.80013
0.80514
0.81972
0.84210
0.86817
0.89040
0.89939

1.07949
1.09058
1.12405
1.17980
1.25393
1.32926
1.36454

1.36560
1.38520
1.44649
1.55739
1.73121
1.97204
2.14201

1.65576
1.68536
1.78030
1.96326
2.29355
2.966101
co

0.26249
0.26319
0.26374
0.26450
0.26527
0.26585
0.26606

0.53294
0. 5345.2
0.53896
0. 545315
0.55217
!*. zt13

0.81586
0.82104
0.83612
0.85928
0.88629
0.90934
0.91867

1.11534
1.12705
1.16241
1.22139
1.30003
1.38016
1.41777

1.43078
1.45187
1.51792
1.63775
1.82643
2.08942
2.27604

1.75620
1.78850
1.89229
2.09296
2.45715
3.20448
m

0.26359
0.26379
0.26434
0.26511
0.26588
0.26646
0.26667

0.53784
0.53945
0.54396
0.55046
0.55739
0.56278
0.56483'

0.83271
0.83808
0.85370
0.87771
0.90574
0.92969
0.93938

1.15551
1.16791
1.20543
1.26812
1.35193
1.43759
1.47789

1.50701
1.52988
1.60161
1.73217
1.93879
2.22876
2.43581

1.87746
1.91309
2.02779
2.25038
2.65684
3.49853
al

0.26420
0.26440
0.26495
0.26572
0.26650
0.26708
0.26729

0.54291
0.54454
0.54912
0.55573
0.56278
0.56827
0.57035

0.85084
0.85641
0.87262
0.89756
0.92670
0.95162
0.96171

1.20098
1.21419
1.25419
1.32117
1.41098
1.50309
1.54653

1.59794
1.62298
1.70165
1.84537
2.07413
2.39775
2.63052

2.02789
2.06774
2.19629
2.44683
2.90761
3.87214
m

0.26481
0.26501
0.26557
0.26634
0.26712
0.26770
0.26792

0.54814
0.54980
0.55447
0.56119
0.56837
0.57394
0.57606

0.87042
0.87621
0.89307
0.91902
0.94939
0.97538
0.98591

1.25310
1.26726
1.31017
1.38218
1.47906
1.57881
1.62599

1.70919
1.73695
1.82433
1.98464
2.24155
2.60846
2.87468

2.22144
2.26685
2.41367
2.70129
3.23477
4.36620
00

0.26543
0.26563
0.26619
0.26696
0.26775
0.26833
0.26855
C-f)5

0.55357
0.55525
0.56000
0.56684
0,57414
0.57982
0.58198
c-:)4

0.89167
0.89770
0.91527
0.94235
0.97406
1.00123
1.01225

1.31379
1.32907
1.37544
1.45347
1.55884
1.66780
1.71951

1.85002
1.88131
1.98005
2.16210
2.45623
2.88113
3.19278

2.48365
2.53677
2.70905
3.04862
3.68509
5.05734
00

$3~ Examples

KIND

1 c 1 [

(-72

1
1 [C-f)7

90

626
Table

ELLIPTIC

17.9

ELLIPTIC

INTEGRAL

INTEGRALS

OF THE

THIRD

Nn; v\a,=JJ (l- n sin2 e)-'[l-sin2

n
0.7

ff\P
O0

i::

15
30
45
60

i::

;o'

0"::

8-Z
0:9
0.9
iE
0: 9
1.0
:::
i-i
1: 0
1. 0

KIND

n(n;

~\a)

a sin2 e]-*dfI

0.26605
0.26625
0.26681
0.26759
0.26838
0.26897
0.26918

30"
0.55918
0.56090
0.56573
0.57270
0.58014
0.58592
0.58812

45"
0.91487
0.92116
0.93952
0.96784
1.00104
1.02954
1.04110

60"
1.38587
1.40251
1.45309
1.53846
1.65425
1.77459
1.83192

75"
2.03720
2.07333
2.18765
2.39973
2.74586
3.25315
3.63042

2.86787
2.93263
3.14339
3.56210
4.35751
6.11030
03

0.26668
0.26688
0.26745
0.26823
0.26902
0.26961
0.26982

0.56503.
0.56676
0.57168
0.57877
0.58635
0.59225
0.59449

0.94034
0.94694
0.96618
0.99588
1.03076
1.06073
1.07290

1.47370
1.49205
1.54790
1.64250
1.77145
1.90629
1.97080

2.30538
2.34868
2.48618
2.74328
3.16844
3.80370
4.28518

3.51240
3.59733
3.87507
4.43274
5.51206
7.96669
w

0.26731
0.26752
0.26808
0.26887
0.26966
0.27025
0.27047

0.57106
0.57284
0.57785
0.58508
0.59281
0.59882
0.60110

0.96853
0.97547
0.99569
1.02695
1.06372
1.09535
1.10821

1.58459
1.60515
1.66788
1.77453
1.92081
2.07487
2.14899

2.74439
2.79990
2.97710
3.31210
3.87661
4.74432
5.42125

4.96729
5.09958
5.53551
6.42557
8.20086
12.46407
m

0.26795
0.26816
0.26872
0.26951
0.27031
0.27090
0.27112
Q5)5

0.57735
0.57916
0.58428
0.59165
0.59953
0.60566
0.60799
C-$5

1.00000
1.00731
1.02866
1.06170
1.10060
1.13414
1.14779

1.73205
1.75565
1.82781
1.95114
2.12160
2.30276
2.39053

3.73205
3.81655
4.08864
4.61280
5.52554
7.00372
8.22356

15

1 [

[(-f)l1

90

a,
00
00
00
co
00
co

18. Weierstrass

Elliptic
Functions

and Related

THOMAS H. SOUTHARD

Contents
Page
Mathematical
18.1.
18.2.
18.3.
18.4.

18.5.
18.6.
18.7.
18.8.
18.9.
18.10.
18.11.
18.12.
18.13.
18.14.
18.15.

Properties

............

+ .......

Definitions,
Symbolism,
Restrictions
and Conventions . .
Homogeneity
Relations, Reduction Formulas and Processes.
Special Values and Relations .............
.........
Addition and Multiplication
Formulas
Series Expansions.
..................
Derivatives and Differential
Equations .........
Integrals,
......................
Conformal Mapping
.................
Relations with Complete Elliptic Integrals K and K and
Their Parameter m and with Jacobis Elliptic Functions ,
Relations with Theta Functions ............
Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of Q.3 and @ , .
Case A=0 ......................
Equianharmonic
Case (g2=0, g3= 1) ...........
Lemniscatic Case (g,=l, g3=O). ............
Pseudodemniscatic
Case (g,= - 1, g3=O) .......

Numerical
Methods
......................
18.16. Use and Extension of the Tables
References

1 University
at Hayward.

629
629

631
633
635
635
640
641
642
649
650
651
651
652
658
662
663
663

............

..........................

670

of California, National Bureau of Standards, and California State College

627

628

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

Table for Obtaining

Periods for Invariants
g2 and g3
G2=g2g3-2fi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table

18.1.

Non-Negative

Discriminant

wgY, f$f+g

Page
673

(3 I z2 5 03)

ln(J2-3);

T2=3(.05)3.4,

7D

wg;le, wg:/i; ;2=3.4(.1)5(.2)10, 7D

wg;eg:4, wg:ij:/i;
?;I=.1 (-.Ol)O, 7D
Non-Positive

Discriminant
(- a0 5J2 5 3)
wzg:eljj$4/i; J;=O(-.01)--.2,

w2gY61&p4,

wzg;, w;g:6/i; J;=-.2(-.05)-l,

w2gi, +

g:+$

18.2.
Table
Real Half-Period-

Table

Positive

h(3-y,);

7D

7D

J2=-1(.2)3,

7D

for Obtaining @, @ and 5 on Oz and Oy (Unit

Period Ratio a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Discriminant

674

(0 5s 5 1, 0 <y <a)

z2 p(z), 2 @j(z), zf(z),u=l,

1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 4
2=0(.05)1,
y=O(.O5) 1.1, 1.2 (.2) a, 6--8D
Negative

Discrimiuant

(0 5x 5 1, 0 -<y

<a/2)

2 g(z), 2 @(z>, z{(z),a=l,

1.05,1.15,1.3,
x=0(.05)1,
y=O(.O5)1 (.l)b(bla/2),
7D
18.3.
Invariants
Real Half-Period).

and Values at Half-Periods

Table

a=i(.o2)i.s(.d5)z.~(.i)q,oD,

Ndn-Negative
s2, g3,

s3,

(1 <~<m)

(Unit

S--&b * * * * *

680

Discriminant

el= @ (0,

Non-Positive
92,

1.5, 2, 4

e3=

@ (4,

v=SO>,

tl/~=lbW,

4),

4W,

&J

Discriminant
el,

a=W>,

d/~=W)/~,

u(l),

u(w#,

u(w)

The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance and encouragement of the personnel
of Numerical Analysis Research, UCLA (especially Dr. C. B. Tompkins for generating the
authors interest in the project, and Mrs. H. 0. Rosay for programming
and computing,
hand calculation and formula checking) and the personnel of the Computation
Laboratory
(especially R. Capuano, E. Godefroy, D. Liepman, B. Walter and R. Zucker for the preparation and checking of the tables and maps).

629
18. Weierstrass

Elliptic

Mathematical
18.1.

Definitions,

Symbolism,
Conventions

Restrictions

and

Related

Functions

Properties
Invarlants

and

An elliptic function is a single-valued doubly

periodic function of a single complex variable
which is analytic except at poles and whose only
singularities in the finite plane are poles. If w and
w are a pair of (primitive)
half-periods of such a
function f(z), then f(z+2il4~+2Nw)=f(z),
M
and N being integers.
Thus the study of any
such function can be reduced to consideration of
its behavior in a fundamental
period paradelogram (FPP).
An elliptic function has a finite
number of poles (and the same number of zeros)
in a FPP; the number of such poles (zeros) (an
irreducible set) is the order of the function (poles
and zeros are counted according to their multiplicity).
All other poles (zeros) are called congruent
to the irreducible set. The simplest (nontrivial) elliptic functions are of order two. One
may choose as the standard function of order two
either a function with two simple poles (Jacobis
choice) or one double pole (Weiemtrass choice)
in a FPP.
Wekrstrass @-Function.
Let W, w denote a
pair of complex numbers with Jf(w/w)>O.
Then
p(z)= @ (zlw, w) is an elliptic function of order
two with periods 20, 2w and having a double pole
at z=O, whose principal part is zwa; @ (z) - .z- is
analytic in a neighborhood of the origin and vanishes at z=O.
Weierstrass ~-Function j(z) = f(zIw, w) satisfies
the condition l(z) = - @ (z) ; further, c(z) has a
simple pole at z=O whose principal part is 2-I;
{(2)-z-
vanishes at z=O and is analytic in a
neighborhood
of the origin.
t(z) is NOT an
elliptic function, since it is not periodic. However,
it is quasi-periodic
(see period
relations):, so
reduction to FPP is possible.
Weierstrass u-Function u(z) = u(zIw, w) satisfies
the condition u(z)/u(z)=~(z);
further, u(z) is an
entire function which vanishes at the origin.
Like t, it is NOT an elliptic function, since it is
not periodic.
However, it is quasi-periodic
(see
period, relations), so reduction to FPP is possible.

~8 and

Let W=2Mw+2Nw,
Then
ga=6OZW-

18.1.1.

g3

M and N being integers.

and g3=1402Wse

are the INVARIANTS,

summation
pairs M, N except M=N=O.
Alternate

Symbolism

18.1.2
18.1.3
18.1.4
18.1.5

being over all

Emphasising

Invariants

@ (4 = @ (2; $72,93)
@(4=P(z;
92, Sal
e9=T(z;
92, Sal
M=&;
g2, gal

Fundamental

Differential
Related

18.1.6

k+=4

Equation,
Quantities

Discrim,inant

~(4-92

and

(4-93

18.1.7
=4(

P (4---ed(

Cd--e2)(

P (4-e3)

18.1.8

A=&-27&=16(e2-e3)2(e3-e1)2(e1-e2)2
18.1.9
ga=--4(elea+ele3+e2e3)=2(et+e:+e~)

18.1.10

g3=4ele2e3=#(ef+e:+e~)

18.1.11

el+e2+e3=0

18.1.12

eHf#-ei=gV3
4et-gsel-g3=0(i=l,

18.1.13
Agreement

ahout

Values

of Invariants
inant)

2, 3)
(and

Discrim-

We shall consider, in this chapter, only recal g2

and g3 (this seems to cover most applications)hence A is real. We shall dichotomize most of
what follows (either A>0 or A<O>. Homogeneity relations 18.2.1-18.2.15
enable a further
restriction to non-negative g3 (except for one case
when A=O).
Note

on Symbolism
for Roots of Complex
Numbers
for Conjugate
Complex
Numbers

and

In this chapter, elln

_ (n a positive integer) is used
to denote the principal nth root of z, as in chapter
3; 5 is used to denote the complex conjugate af z.

WEIERSTRASS

630

ELLIPTIC

FPPs,

Symbols

AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

for

Periods,

etc.

A>0

A<0

202

2w

R3

R2
co'
R,=

R4

+FPP

r
w

WX
2w

FIGURE 18.1

RECTANGLE

RHOMBUS

w1=w
w=wfw

w&w-w

w=w

w REAL
w PURE

wa REAL
w; PURE

IMAG.

IMAG.

Iw:I 2 02, since ga2 0

1W 12 w, since g3 Z 0
Fundamental

Rectangles

Study of all four functions (,f$ , @ t 1, u) can be reduced to consideration of their values in a Fundamental Rectangle including
the origin (see 18.2 on homogeneity
relations, reduction formulas and
processes).
A<0
A>0
Fundamental

Rectangle

is i FPP, which has ver-

Fundamental

Rectangle

has vertices 0, w2, w&$

tices 0, w, waand w

UP
FUNDAMENTAL
RECTANGLE
(+

FPP)

-x
FIGURE 18.2

There is a point on the right boundary

of Fundamental

Rectangle

where @ =O.

Denote it by 4.

WEIERSTRASS

18.2.

Note

18.2.1
18.2.2
18.2.3
18.2.4

Period

@(tzlto,

(Suppose

Ratio

Thus the case g3<0 can be reduced to one where

sa>o*

0)

Period

e,(tw, td)=te2et(w,

A&o, tw) =t-A(w,

H,(tw, t~)=t-~H~(w,

(See 18.10)

m(tw, tw)=m(w,

18.2.12

@(tz;

18.2.13

@ (tz; t-g2, t-Oga)=t-@

18.2.14

f&z; t-4gs, t-gJ =t-{(z;

18.2.15

a(&; t-ga, t+ga) =tu(z;

=(-1)

= p (2)

=@)

+2Mq+2N$

M+N+MNu(~) exp [(z+Mw+Nw)(2Mq

18.2.21

(z; 92, ga)

where q={(w),
tin

ga, ga)

jugate

q={(w)
Values

j(Z)=J<z),
where j is any one of the functions
@, P, 6, Q*

ga, ga)
to /

FPP

(See

Figure

(Z denotes conjugate

18.1)
Ah<0

of s)

R,

~4 in

JI.qI,)=-p(2C@--z4)

a=---$mBw)
g (4 = 3 @w- 24)

Lw4)=PcG=a
--

18.2.24

rw

18.2.25

u(zJ=u(2w-2,)

= --J@w-4

--

~(2,)=-~(2w2-223+2(~+~)

+a

exp [2q(z,--w)]

~(23 =$GZj
Point

@&a)=-

9 6%)= @ Gk?- za)

18.2.28

l(za> = --1er-%za)+~h+B~
~(4 =u@w-4

5a in

@me-4

18.2.27

@ (4 =B G=zo)
-s%) =fh--2w)
+%I
-u(zg)= -u(z+2w)
exp [2T&?3-w)]

(a--41

--@&r~~

@ @a) = @

ch-

ea)=--~(2~-zJ+2(q+q)
u(za)=u(2@2-22) exp P(ll+ll)(%---o2)1

exp Ph+r13 b-w31

@(z$) =~$pizo)

exp Dh+rl)

Ra

@(za)=

Point

18.2.33

(M,N

+24w1

Point

18.2.32

FPP

u(z+2Mw+2Nw)

t-4g2, t-g3) =t+ @(z; gz, ga)

Reduction

18.2.31

the

18.2.20

(See 18.9)

w)

A>0

18.2.30

to

p(z)

@ (z+2Mo+2Nw)

c(z+2Mw+2Nw)

w)
2, 3
(See 18.3)

18.2.11

18~%~

Reduction
integers)

18.2.19

2, 3

w), i=l,

!I@% iw=!&,

18.2.26

and

p(Z+2&+2Nw)~

18.2.18

w), i=l,

18.2.10

18.2.23

Relations

18.2.17

to) =f4g2(w, w)

g&w tf.4 = f-%b,

18.2.22

@(z; 92, gJ = - @(iz; ga, -ga)

u(tzlkd, ta) =tu(zIw, 0)

18.2.6

18.2.9

18.2.16

(z/w, w)

g*(tw,

18.2.8

ga<O

Put t=i and obtain, e.g.,

0)

{(tzltw, tw) =t-{(zlw,

Case

t # 0)

h)=t-3@(ZIq

@ (tzltw, tw) =t-$p

631

FUNCTIONS
The

is preserved.

18.2.5

18.2.7

RELATED

Relations,

Relations

that

AND

Reduction
and Processea

Homogeneity
Formulas
Homogeneity

ELLIPTIC

53

in

RI

Gw2)=m2)
mz1)=PGl
m-J =m
4%) =x2)

632

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

!W

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

Reduction

from

l/r FPFa;

T;u<ngdamental

Rectangle

We need only be concerned with the case when

z is in triangle A2 (therefore 2w--z is in triangle
AI>.

1
JP + $

18.2.34

@(z)=&D(2d-2)

18.2.35

@p(z)=--@(20-2)

18.2.36

Z(z)=2?f---5(26+-z)

18.2.37

-x
2

u(z)=u(~w-2)

exp [24(2-a)]

FJGURE 18.3
Reduction

to

Case

where

Real

Half-Period

is

Unity

(preserving period ratio)

00

A<0
(w*=w+w)

18.2.38
18.2.39
18.2.40
18.2.41
18.2.42
18.243

.g3(0, w)=w-6g3

18.2.44
(i=1,2,3)
18.2.45

in

(i=1,2,3)
A(w, w)=w-l*A

NOTE:

New real half-period

is

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

633

FUNCTIONS

18.3. Special Values and Relations

Values
@,

@9

and { are infinite,

at

Periods

u is zero at 2.=2w1, i=1,2,3

and at 2oi(A<O).

00

A<0
Half-Periods

18.3.1

$I) (wl)=eI(i=1,2,3)

18.3.2

@(wJ=O(i=1,2,3)

18.3.3

vf=s(4(i=l,

18.3.4

tl1=:7,

18.3.5

E=2e3+e,ek

2,3)

m=rl++,

(i, j, k=l,

l)a=rl

2,3; i#j,

i#k,

j#k)

= (et- e,) (er-en) =2et+4-j=3e+$

f

18.3.6
18.3.7

e: real

18.3.8

el>O2
(equality

ea real and non-negative

(es=0 when g,=(I)

e2>ea

el=-fx+ig,

when ga=O)

e3=Z1

where C-Z>0, /3>0

(equality
18.3.9

~>0

18.3.10

$l$O

18.3.11

(ol/~~1.91014

18.3.12

Hl>O,

18.3.13

Hg = im

r/4<arg(HJ

18.3.14

u(o)=erUIS/Hf/

~(0~) = eW21z/P2fa

18.3.15

~(w)=ie~~/@~~

b(&) =~eq~w~a/~l~

18.3.16

Qe(w2)=e~2W2/(-H2)

ti(w)=eq@/(-Ha)

18.3.17

arg

when ga=O)

d=l(4=1-11
if
&i$O

050 (approx.)

Ha>0

[u(wJ]=+- tfw

if jw#$3.81915

447 (approx.)

Ha>0

7r

I?r/2 (equality

if ga=O) ; H,=a

arg[u(w)]=4i iwa+ 2-2 1 ar g( eg+H$-et)

2
Quarter

PerioQ

18.3.18

@ (w/2)=el+H~>e~

18.3.19

@(w/2)=--2H&&&

QJ (wJ2) = -2Hjd2H,+3e,

18.3.20

z(w/2)=4h+d%i34

Zba/2)=3hr+@zTa

b@)=es+H,>el

634

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FTJWCTIONS
A<0

A>0
er291~

ew18

18.3.21

a(w/2)=21/4~/8(2H1+3e1)l/8

18.3.22

@ W/2)

=e3-&<e3<0

18.3.23

@(w/2)

= -2H,i4-3

18.3.24

[(0/2)

~(~2~2)=21,4~/8(2~2+3,2)1/8

@ bib3 =e2--H2= @ (w2+4/2> <es<0

@(w;/2)=-2H,i,/~=@(w,+w;/2)

=~[q---iJm

Hw&)

=H&d2H2--3ezl=

-T(wa+~P)+W

~&fI~

18.3.25

u(w~2)=21/4H~(2H3-3e3)1/8
=dw2+W;/2)

6 (w/2)=e3-Ha

18.3.26

@ (w2/2)=e2-Ha

18.3.27

@(~/2)

18.3.28

T(oz/2)=3[r12-i(2H2-3e2)11

18.3.29

u(w22)=[~(2H2-&?2)]18

,(P(w/2) = -2iH,(2H,-3e#

= -2Hsi(2Hz-33e,)+

r(w/2)

=$[q--i(2H,--3e#]

e920~la&d4

One-Third

At z=2w,/3(i=l,
equivalently

Period

Relations

2, 3) or 20;/3,@~=12@@~;

4g@4--24g2@2-48g3@ -d=O

18.3.30

A-0

00
18.3.31

{(2w/3) =2+[

@(y3)]

18.3.32

*(2w~,3)=!!!&[

@(,j3)]

18.3.33

@w2/3)

@ (F3)]1

18.3.34

u(2w/3) =

18.3.35

u(2w/3)

18.3.36

u(2w2/3)

=%+[

{(2w2/3)=F+[

--exp Pvd91

4243)

W(243)
-exp [2qw/9]
=
[ @ (2w/3)]1/3e2*13

u(2w;/3) =

-exp
P72wJ91
= [ @(2w2/3)]13e2rf13

u(2w/3)
Legendree

18.3.37

I]w-

Relation

lfw=ui/2

q2w;-lj;wz=ti

(also valid for A<O)

Relations

18.3.38
18.3.39

Among

E+z+G=Ql2/4

WW-~P3+~~=0

the

Hi

@(,,,,]t

--exp

P72w2/91

7 @ @~~/3)
-exp
[@

P&d/91

(2w~/3)]13e2~*

-exp [2qw/9]
[ @ (2w/3)]1/3e2Tg13

exp [--rl~~l

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

LT;H;fl=

18.3.40

--A/l 6

16H:-l:!gzH:+A=O(i=l,

18.3.41

18.4. Addition

FUNCTIONS

2, 3)

and Multiplication

Addition

Formulasa

(51#

Formulas
52)

18.4.1
18.4.2
18.4.3
18.4.4

~(~I+~2)~(~1-22)~=-~2(Zl)u2(Z2)[lP
Duplication

L-

Note that@=6@2(z)-$j

and

(ZJ-@
Triplication

Formulas

@(z)=4@,(z)-g2@(z)-g

3 and @(z)=lZ$B(z)g(z)]

18.4.5

18.4.6

p (22)=

18.4.7

m4 =X(z)
1

18.4.8

+ @W/2

u(22) == -

lPc4

gJ(z)B(z)

4 09 3(2>

18.4.9

~(32)=3Kz)i-~,(,)~,,,(~)-

18.4.10

u(32)= - p(z)u(z)[@

18.5.1
18.5.2

g.+z-2+&

where

ca=g2/20,

Series
ckza-2

ca=g3/28

and
18.5.3
18.5.4
18.5.5
18.5.6
* Formulas

for { and u are nof true algebraic

gj&.)

(22) - P(z)]

18.5. !3eries Expansions

ILaurent

(z2)l

add.ition formulas.

635

WEIERSTRASS

636

AND RELATED

where a,,=1

18.5.7
18.5.8

ELLIPTIC

a~,,=3(m+l)a~+,,.-I+~

FUNCTIONS

and
(2m+3~-1)(4m+6n-1)u,,+~,.,

(n+l)a,_S..+l-;

it being understood that a,,,= 0 if either subscript is negative.

(The radius of convergence of the above series for @--z-, @ +2zm3 and l-z-
smallest of 12~1,12wI and (2wf2wl; series for u converges for all 2.)
Values

of Coefficients3

18.5.9

CL in Terms

of ca and

cs=3c2c3/11

18.5.11

cs=

18.5.12

[2$+3c;]/39

c,=2&3/33

18.5.13

cs=5c~(11&+36c~)/7293

18.5.14

c,=c,(29c;+llc:)/2717

18.5.15

clo= (242$+1455&)/240669

18.5.16

c,,=14c,c~(389c;+369c;)/3187041
c~2=(114950c~+1080000c;cc:+166617c~)/891678645

18.5.18
18.5.19

c3

c*=cy3

18.5.10

18.5.17

is equal to the

c,,=10c~c3(297c;+530c~)/l1685817
2c2(528770c!:+7164675c;c;+2989602cj)
c14=

(306735)

(215441)

18.5.20

4c3(62921815cs,+179865450c;c~+14051367c,)
c15=
(179685) (38920531)

18.5.21

cl~=cj(58957855c~+1086511320c~~+875341836c~)
(5909761)(5132565)

18.5.22

c,,,czc~(30171955c:+126138075c~c~+28151739c:)
(920205)(6678671)

18.5.23
18.5.24

c1o=2c~c3(3365544215c~+429852433.45c~cf+8527743477c~)
(91100295)(113537407)

J NOTES:
1. c,-clp were computed and checked independently
by D. H. Lehmer; these were double-checked
by
substituting
ga=20 CZ, g3=28 cz in values given in
[18.10].
2. clrcls were derived from values in [18.10] by
the same substitution.
These were checked (numerically) for particular values of gz, ga.

3. cl0 is given incorrectly

in [18.12] (factor 13 is
missing in denominator
of third term of bracket) ;
this value was computed independently.
4. No factors of any of the above integers with more
than ten digits are known to the author.
This is not
necessarily true of smaller integers, which have, in
many instances, been arranged for convenient use
with a desk calculator.

Value

* of Coefficients

a,, n

1 I,

-2.3.

6.69

3
.107893773

ii
t

I 10
-2.3. 6.23

-2.3.

.257.13049

.107896773

1,

6.69

6 II

8 10

-2:&.~

-2.3.

2.57

131.1699

~41.6947

.13049

2803

,4922497

2:3%

&:f#.~

.0:03

.*-n,?on

6.7

li 10
-2.3. b
,nc*r\.nn
Nulyuy

-2.3.

-2$

6.7

6.7

In .m,l
.il.l,O
J42ql

II,

2.3.6

2:3:6.9103

-2!&.7
13.37.41

.31
IO
2.3.6.31

2f3f23

: zf35.17

-2.3

2f3i3

-2!3:6.11.31

-2.3.

33609

313.190337

263.43489b3

6.7.2.3
.17b2630144977

-&&.,j3

-2!3:b.b03

-2:3:3$

-2!3:6.7.11.29

-2!3$.7.613

.109

3911

166217

,316939669

a33.1129.9bbl

.176052%081

: !:3:b.b3

i3s.37

-2.3:5X

-2f3h.151

-213

-2f3k17.63

-2.3yb.71117

;a!&;

167

3037

,853

2337260103

.2967.41X39

R7.19b6blObQ

35866647631801

!!3f311

l~b.XJN7

-2.3:11

-3f17

-2f3t7.13

-3

-2.3:6.7:193

%Q

2609

.1678267

.2742.%7

13679.274973

39bbbew341079

sJ7.23.37

33313.503

-3f7

-347.23.14337

-3f71

-3f7.11.23

sf7124733

\bOj ;fi,

y i, Id?
(_ t

a5973

40763

~1763ca760639

a3.739.13539

19392278bsll

zI59

-2.3

1 10 t

-2f3fb.691

1.107

-1
\
1

?,?
/ I
4

3,fll.37
267981
7

10

11

12

+m

Value3

de&

calculators;

Of a..

.I in unfactored
form for 4m+3n+113b
primality
of large factors was established

are given in k3.251, p. 7; of (ar,

with the aid of SWAC
(National

form
n)3-m in factored
Bureau
of Standards

in [13.15],
Western

Vol. 4, p. 89 for 4m+6n+l<25.

Automatic
Computer).

Additional

values

were computed

and

cheeked

on

638

WEIERSTRASS
Reversed

Series6

for

Large

ELLIPTIC

1
[

ru2
U9f,- km

2u+c,u~+c,u7+3

RELATED

[@ 1

18.5.25
zy

AND

u 11

FUNCTIONS
Reversed

Series

(3*~+5a:)u1~+Q3u+~

+2

(a;+7a:)Ug+f+j

+35W3
92

(12&+7a;)u

(3a:+10a:)d1

(9a;+4&

z=Alu+A5~5+A,~7+Ag~9+

18.5.30

where u=( @1/3)--lefr3

18.5.33

(lla;+loa~)

u2

+g9

(143a;+1155&~~+21Oa;)

+g

(143a~+220a;a~+6aol:)u31

A13=%

18.5.37
u29

18.5.38
18.5.39

18.5.4Q
+ s; . . (195a~+456&;+42a:)U3~

A =
17

14a2AT
-51
(d+lW)

where &=g2/6, a3=g3/6

18.5.42

&=---6&I

18.5.43

A,= -4J7

18.5.44

Ag= &i/7

(1615a~+7140a~+2520a$&-24a~)~43

18.5.47

18.5.48

+ o(u4y

18.5.28

as=gt&
u=(

p -)i

b In this and other series a choice of the value of the

root has been made so that z will be in the Fundamental
Rectangle(Figure
18.2). whenever the value of the given
function is appropriate.

for

Large

1f 1

. .

18.5.41 where u= {-

f$$$

18.5.27

Series

z=ufAguSfA,u+A,us+.

&=36,6,/11

A Is&

18.5.4.6

a2=g2/8

(az+S&)

AIS= -96&a3/175

18.5.45

where

All=8a2a3A~/11

Reversed

18.5.26

=-+a+%
-I-

Ag=O

18.5.36
+?$

...

18.5.32

18.5.35

7
+zoo (33~~+lS0~~~~+10~~)Uz6

( @ (

4=2113

18.5.34

uB

Large

18.5.29

18.5.31

+&

for

(--86:+7%)

Alb= -41&J&/91
82 (13496;-41166;)
A17=9163
(1154316;--2256861,)

18.5.49

A,,=&

18.5.50

where 62=g2/12

18.5.51

63=g3/20

WEIERSTRASS
Other

Seriesnear

z.

Series

Involving

ELLL-PTIC

AND

RELATED

18.5.57

where u= (z-

[@(zo)=Ol

Other

18.5.52

Series near

~~~;u[1--3e2u4~-4e,u'+~2L8+~u~lo

1 [

+702+-5&
13

un 4@3c:~3~14
+u2 -5cy--14c3u2
33
84c;- 10~; u8, 1363~;~~~~
+5c:u4+33czc3ue+
3

18.5.53

where u=(z-z,),@o)=

1jr*..

Involving

30c:us+

264~~4~~

+(84Oca,-1OOci) u8 54524~~ u,l

3
11
+70q(55&2316d)
u13
143

+ @

;[ -

15C3U4-

28C3Ue+

3oC;U3+

1 14C3C3d

@(zo)=i&
+7(12+5~)u~-~uLl+.

u= @,l[v+av+2u2v+

q+5a3)
d+f (3@$
(
+15g3@~2+70a3)2P+22(2@~4+7g3@~2+21a3)z+
!J3@0

+( ++

{ d+20a3}

+15a (*

+ { !f+fjas}

@i4+15a2g3@i2+132a8)a
@;a+?

18.5.59

where u= (z--zo)

(z--zo)=A-bA3-

pi2

A4+3(ca+b2)As

+ lot@ a--3[36c3-3@

6f

-3P

@;4+2002a5ss @i2+57ke)
~6*+llg3~9~a3+&

{ya3+d}Pi4

..

and b = 4g3/g2
wi

@ =2(3e+5c2)(u+4(10c2ei+21e3)(r3+6(7ti2ei

wi

+21c3e,+5~~)~sS24(6c3e~t10c~e,

18.5.56
(@ -ei)=(3e?-&&t

(loC2eit21C3)U2+

22f$ei+92c2c3ei+105C

(7C3t!:

+21c3ef+5ci)u3+(18cae:+30c~ei
+3h&)U4+

+ F

A+.

18.5.63

18.5.55 where v= @ /(Q.J 6) and a=g2/4

-y

>

where A= (,f$ - @ 6)/(- 10~2)

Series near

+ 16016a6g3@ A+ 19448 a) VI]+ . . .

near

i2b+132b4

@3

18.5.62
+2002a3

(285Q2c2

~9

18.5.61
+a (3Wa3+i73

;+4b3]A7

c2+21 b2)As+$

+100+279@
+ { 154a3+33d}

..

18.5.60

(;g.y+15g3@;~

dJ+$f

Series

lOc2u-56c3u3+

18.5.54

+F)

Series

wJ2

z,

18.5.58
(P w=[-

33

5c~(55c;-2316c2,)u12
143

639

FUNCTIONS

>

22c~~+92c2c3ei+105~

Us+ z
(

2c3)

-~)u+24(~~2~3e:+~~e,
+42c$e,+E

dc3) a?'+70 (g

de:

w~e~+~4e,+84&

u+(gde:+J$

+gc$e:+T

c$eset+E

c24+&

4)

al3

c$ej
t . .. ,

>

d+

. . .,

18.5.64

where a= (z-w<).

WEIERSTRASS

640
Other

Series

Involving

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

18.6.

and

Derivatives

Ordinary

Series near a [ @ (20) = 01

FTJNCTIONS

Differential

(c2=gd20,

ca=gJ28)

18.6.1

sW=-

9 (4

18.6.2

a W&>

=I(d

Equations

18.6.3
+(5c;-1%;)
26
7c3u
+2-F--

I[

u,4+61&3u6
66
5&L

+ 5s~~
3

llczc&
--3-+

~(2)=4~3(z)-g*~(z)-g~=4(~3-~c*~-7c3)

(loc;-84c%)
33

1 ...

1363&a ,,+&316+-55~~)
+ 429
429
18.5.66

where u= (Z-G),

18.5.67

~o=eo)

ul*

utg +

18.6.4

QY(z)=6~2(z)-~g~=6@2-10cz

18.6.5

@(Z)

= 12

@Q

18.6.6
@(4)(2)=12(

QQ,

@@>

=5!

@3--3c@

18.6.7
gP(z)=12(@~+2@~+

Series near wi

-y

[
@

@>

=3.5!@[p-cz]
18.6.8
@(~)=12(~@(~)+3~@+3~~
+@,@I)

_ (7cae:+21c3e,+5c~)d
7
-(6c~e~+10c~e~+llc~&ze
3

18.6.9

==7![ ~4-4c*p--4c3@+5c~/7]

18.6.10

@7~(z)=4~7!~[~a-2c~~-c~]

18.6.11

22c&$+92cflae1+105c&j

ci

>

~((2)=9![~6-5C2~a-5ca~~

o?I

+(lOc:~+~lc*ca>/3l

18.6.12

11

~((2)=5.9!~[~-33~z~~-2ca~

+2c1,/3]

18.6.13
~~0(z)=ll![~-6c~~4-6c~@8+7~~a

+x681 c%3el+~9150 wi+~

5 4 > &-

--.,

18.5.69
where
Reversed

a= (zSeries

for

WJ
Small

18.6.14

+ (342cgQ

lOc,8)/33]

~(z)=6~11!~[~*-4c~~8-3cg~2
+ (774 L? +57cd331

18.6.15
1~1

+84+

pyZ)=13![&07-7c~p-7ca@4+35C$p/3
+210c~a~2/11+(84c+35c~))/13-1363&~/4291

18.5.70

18.6.16
~~~~(z)=7.13!~[~~-5q~4-4c*~~
+-

18.5.71
18.5.72
For reversion
[18.18].

1%2%

u 11 +3fW+W+

55

6006

ula+

. . . ,

where -ya= gal48

Ya=gdl20
of Maclaurin

series, see 3.6.25 and

18.6.17

+5~~2+60c~c~~/11+(12+55Q)/13]

~(14)(z)=15![~8-8c&P-8c~$iP+52~~4/3
+32&m
@ Ill + (444&---3284)
@ *I39
-488&s@
/33+s(55+2316eo,)/429]
18.6.18
~1s~((z)=8~15!~[~7-6c&6-5ca~4+26e,~/3
f123~q
@a/11+(111t+82c$@

/39-61&/33]

WEIERSTRASS
Partial

Derivatives

with

Respect

ELILIPTIC

AND

RELATED

y=

to Invariants

641

FUNCTIONS

[a @ (2) +a]y

(LamtYs equation&see

118.81,

2.26

18.6.19

For other (more specialized)

equations
(of
orders l-3) involving
p(z),
see [18.8], nos.
1.49, 2.28, 2.72-3, 2.439-440, 3.9-12.
For the use of @ (z) in solving differential equations of the form y+A(z,y)=O,
where A(a,y) is
a polynomial in y of degree 2m, with coefficients
which are analytic functions of z, see [18.7],
p. 312ff.

A~=~(3g2l-~g~z)+6g2~-9$~~~-$~
18.6.20

A~=~(-;g&+$)-9g.lP+$+;gzg~
18.6.21

18.7. Integrals
hfk$nite

d--33.($2P
Adg,-

+&)

18.7.1
+;

2 (%I@

+;,,>-;

@P(z)dz=;

@ W+~

$22

$2P

18.6.22

x7.2

A~=;,(sss@+$)

(formulas for higher powers may be derived by

integration of formulas for @ (a) (2) )
For f @(z)dz, n any positive integer, see
[18.15] vol. 4, pp. 108-9.

-ij

A E=;

18.6.23

$22

g2uf+;

($

$2 P

+i

$3)+:

!?a P

garr+; g;z2,-;

gtza

@ 3(2)d2=&o

gas(z) +b

gaz

If @ (a)#0

18.6.24

18.7.3

1
A bg,= -4 gau --4 gg-- 18asaz2u+;
9

bu

$W
@ @) j-9

here denotes =&

Differential

y=yyy-a)

u(z-a)-ln

DeJnite

@ ( g; 0, -g

A>0

>

18.6.26

A<0

18.7.4

Ya=w-3aY2+3Y)2

Y,-3

@ T(2; 0, ga)

4:-3a2

$a =-- 27

18.7.5

w=i

18.6.27

(y+a)(y+b)

u(z+a)

For Jdz/[ @ (z)- Ip (a)], ( @ (a) #O) n any positive integer, see [18.15], vol. 4, pp. 109-110.

solution
y=;+g

(a)
=22f(a)+ln

Equations

Equation

(2)f%

>

18.6.25

Y ,=y

@ (z)-&

Y=~@~(z;

$2, W-b,
s2=-,

(a-b)

18.7.6
18.7.7

s
#3

-Jqj

- dt

where t is real and

s(t)=4P-g2t-$2

WEIERSTRASS

642

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

18.8 Conformal

FUNCTIONS

Mapping

w=@ (a) maps the Fundamental Rectangle

onto the half-plane vI0;
if Iwl=&7~=0),
the
isoscelestriangle Owwzis mapped onto ~20, vIO.

w=@(z)
maps th e Fundamental Rectangle
onto the half-plane ~50; if jw:)=wz(g3=O), the
isosceles triangle OQW is mapped onto ~10,
VlO.

w=@(z)
maps the Fundamental Rectangle
onto the w-plane less quadrant III; if lwl=u, the
triangle Owwzis mapped onto v 20, a 2~.

w=@ (2) maps the Fundamental Rectangle

onto most of the w-plane less quadrant III; if
jwil =w2, the triangle Owzwis mapped onto v 20,
v2u.

(a = period

ratio)

w={(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

the half-plane ~20.
If a 11.9
(approx.), ~50;
otherwise the image extends into quadrant I.
For very large a, the image has a large area in
quadrant I.

w={(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

the half-plane u>O. The image is mostly in
quadrant IV for small a, entirely so for (approx.)
For very large a, the image has a
1.3 la I3.8.
large area in quadrant I.

w=a(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

quadrant I if a < 1.9 (approx.), onto quadrants
I and II if t.9 <a<3.8
(approx.).
For large

w=a(z) maps the Fundamental Rectangle onto

quadrant I if a<3.8 (approx.), onto quadrants I
and II if 3.8<a<7.6
(approx.).
For large

a, w&d41

a, arg[r

=z;

consequently the image winds

(az+$)]-$

consequently the image

around the origin for large a.

winds around the origin for large a.

Other maps are described in [18.23]

arts. 13.7
(square on circle), 13.11
(ring on plane with 2
slits in line) and in [18.24],
p. 35 (double half
equilateral triangle on half-plane).

Other maps are described in [18.23] arts, 13.8

(equilateral triangle on half-plane) and 13.9
(isoscelestriangle on half-plane).

Obtaining

Fundamental

@ from

@ 2

Rectangle

Fundamental

A >O
FUNDAMENTAL

FUNDAMENTAL

RECTANGLE

.4

w=1

RECTANGLE

-X
FIGURE

In region A
LZ?(@) 20 if ~2.4 andxS.5;

Rectangle

A<0

18.4

In region A
9(@)

20 elsewhere

(1) If ~~11.05, use criterion for region A for

A>O.
(2) If 1 $z<1.05:
a(@) 20 if ~2.4 and
x1.4, -1~/4<arg
(@)<3*/4
if .4< ~1.5 and
.4<z<.5.
Y(@ ) 1 0 elsewhere

WEXERSTRASS ELLLPTIC AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

In region B

In region B

Use the criterion

The sign (indeed, perhaps one or more significant

digits) of @ is obtainable from the first term,
-21.9, of the Laurent series for @.
(Precisely similar
A>0
Map:

643

criteria apply when the real half-periodf

for region B for A>O.

1)

w=l

@(z)=u+iv

Near zero : @ (2) =$+c,

w'=1*4i

-4

* -3

-2

-I

-_
_
--_
-----/I[[
_._

1.5

- - -

--

1.0
/.3

,.3i

Ltd-~-i
.5- M

--

- -

r
&_

_
- -

- i - - L
c-- -t --

0=2.Oi
FIGURE 18.5

l--y
0

1.0

644

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

A<0
Map:

FUNCTIONS

wa=l

@ (z)=u+iv

wj=1.5i

-2 -

-5-

lE,l5 .07
lC215 .03

4=2.oi

Iv

-6-

FIGURE

18.6

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

00

RELATED

w=l

Map: c(z)=u+iv

FIGURE

18.7

FUNCTIONS

645

646

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FTJNCTIONB

Map:
Near zero:

Y
strq--y
-1
-_____
###L
0

.5

1.0

x.

If, IS.04
IQ .0002

w&i

"

.5

I.0

I.5
.9 H

-.5

,,
(1
1 ;

4si!F

_-

,.
&

,!5i

-.

-2.0

j
1.41

,:
/

.,

__---3.5

1
,
I
I

.2

b
*-

0;=2.oi
-3.5

_-

1
_

kik
0

,/

0
-3.0

.5

_
I

.75

t-----G

FIGURE

1
_

:
,

;=1.5i

I.31

------

.li
.

_--*

-2.5

-,

.3

,I

xi2i

._

I &

I
-4.5

,I.

3.5

i--or---

\
\

!7i

.5

-.

.75i,

-1.0

-.
\\

I I (I

3.0

-_2&L2.5

.7_

18.8

_
_
_-

__

_-_
_--

-.
__
.5

-i.o

WEIERSTRASS

ELLWTIC

AND

RELATED

w=l

00

Map:

(2) =u+iu

kY
1.0
lI--~l
---_--__--.
---_-- -_
_
--_
.5---------_--_
--------.
- ---_--

I.0

.5

w=2

647

FUNCTIONS

.5

,\J, .

I.0

jy

,1.2i

1.4 - ---1.0 ---

-i-d---/.81

--

--

0.5-

-#I

--

_
-

--

--

--

---

/ill!!l~
0
-

-__

--

. - a !4i
-.2i

--_
- --

--

--

2.Oi 1.8i
r, I\I

6i

2.0

Ai

.5

--

co

IY
------

--~

-_--.

-----,-se
----

-..
--

-._--.-..-

----

-_.-

--.-

--

--

1.5 ---- --_--..

-._

.---

.--------

-..-

-- -

_
-.-

-----.--.v_

w=2.Oi
1.0
FIGURE

u
18.9

1.0 -:.
-------.---_-- ----.-5 ---.------_.
--.-mm.---.
-.----0

_-._
-

--

----- - -.---..--.----_.--_ --.__

----- - .----.- -- -- - -- .5
1.0

648

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

A<0

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

t&=1

Map: u(z) =u+iv

It-1
1.liiiiit
Y

.5i

*5

.ai

--_
----_
_
-- _
--0-- ---

.5

1.0

1.2

.2

.4

.6

.8

.5

1.0

.5

Y
- ----- -

BB~
-

--

U
.4

.6

.u

FIGURE 18.10

1.0

----

---- - - --

_--

*2

1.0

I.0

7.0

.5-

I.0

WEIERSTRASS

18.9. Relations

with

Complete

and with

(Here K(m)

and K(m)

Jacobis

=K(l-mm)

ELLIPTIC

AND

Ellipltic

Integrals

Elliptic

are complete

RELATED

K and

Functions

elliptic

e1=(2

18.9.2

e2=

integrals

18

. .
9

18.9.6

(2m-l)IC(m)

e2=

3wa

see chapter

2(1--2m)Kym)
34
m-1)-6iJm-m2
3w2
a

30

- JWd

34

g,,8(2m-1)(32mz-32m-l)IP(m)

g3=4(m-2)(2m-l)(m+l)~(m)
27~

274

A~16ma(m-1)a~2(m)

A =-256(m-m2)K12(m)

WI2

Wp

iK(m)w
K(m)

w=

iK( m)w2
K(m)

18.9.8

w=K(m)/(eI-eJ1/2

e=K(m)/a12

18.9.9

m=

1 3e2
m=Z-4H,

(e2-e3Y(el-e3)

18.9.10
18.9.11

of the 1st kind;

gl=4(16mz-16m+l)K4(m)

gl,4w-m+l~K4(m)

w=

16)

-mW(m)
3w2

e3=(2

18.9.7

A<0

18.9.3

18.9.4

K' and Their Parameter

(see chapter

A>0
18.9.1

649

FUNCTIONS

D<m I*, f&e g3201

~(z>=e3+(el-e3>/sn(z*lm)

:+z[z:/ti
-

@Yz)=e2+&

18.9.12
@(z)=-2(el-e3)3/2

~cn(z*~m)dn(z*~m)/sn3(z*~n)

where

-4IWsn(
z Im)dn( z Im)
[l-cn(z(m)]2

P(z)=
where

z*=(el-e3)b
18.9.13
18.9.14
[E(m)

~=t(w)=-

Kiz

.z~=22Hp

W(m)+(m--2Mm)l

r2=rcw*,=K*

[6E(m)+(4m--5)K(m)l

q=l(w)=SW;W

is a complete

elliptic

integral

of the 2d kind (see chapter l?).]

17.)

650

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FIJWCTIONS

18.10. Relations with Theta Functions (chirpter 16)

The formal definitions of the four 9 functions are given by the series 16.27.1-16.27.4 which converge
for all complex z and all p defined below. (Some authors use ?FZ,instead of z, as the independent variable.)
These functions depend on z and on a parameter p, which is usually suppressed. Note that
8:(O) =S2(0)8,(O)84(O),

where 6,(O) =Gr(O, q).

A>0
18.10.1

r=w/w
p,eir+,e-rKlK

18.10.2
18.10.3

q is real and since g320(]o]20),

18.10.4

O<q_<eBr

(v=7rz/2w)

P & q-;e-$2@av andsinceg~2O(Iw~I2wl),

P(v=rz/2wJ

j=l,2,3

18.10.7
18.10.8

c(z)=?

NV>
exp -w2
( 20 > qq

18.10.9 12w2eI=+[t9:(0) +0:(O)]

12w:e1=?r2[6:(0)-89:(O)

18.10.10 12w2e2=lr[8~(0)-8:(O)]
18.10.11 12w2e3=-+[9:(0) +6$(O)]

12wie2=79[9:(0) +8:(O)]
12w:ea=--Ir[tP:(0)

18.10.12 (e2-e#=-;(e,-e2)*=&@(0)

(e2-es)f=i(e,-e2)+=22:(0)

18.10.13 (e~-et)+=-i(es-eI)+==~~~(o)

h-

18.10.14 (eI-e2)+=-i(e2-e,)+=f$$))

(e2-e#=-i(el-e2)*=2:(0)

18.10.16 g3=4eIe2e3
18.10.17 Ai=-&2(0)

(-A)i=&8;2(0)e-(r/4
2

7&?:"(o)
18.10.18 m4=-12wg;(0)
18.10.19 +f(~')="~';~

+r9pb(O)]

e#=i(e,-e,)i=a:(0)

18.10.15 g2=;(@':(0)+@(0)+~:(0)]

&;(o)
Ir2=r(~2~=-12y&(o)

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

651

FUNCYlIONSr

Series

18.10.20

81(O)

18.10.21

ll)a(o)=zq~[l+q~2+q23+d~4+

=o

. . . +q*(+)+

tPg(0)=l+:l[q+$+qQ+

18.10.22

~4(o)=1+2[--p+$--q9+

18.10.23

. . . +qG+

. . .]

. . . +(-l)p~2+

Attainable

. . .]

Accuracy
A-0

A>0

Note: a,(O)>O,

Note: &(O) =Aefr/8,

j=2,3,4

9z&(O)>O;
85

(0) :

j=2,3,4

. . .]

A>6;
84(0)=s3o

2 terms give at least 5s

2 terms give at least 3s

3 terms give at least 11s

3 terms give at least 5s

4 terms give at least 21s

4 terms give at least 10s

18.11

Expressing

If f(z) is any elliptic

any Elliptic

function

and P(Z)

Function

in Terms

has same periods, write

f(z>=3[f(z)+f(-:?)l+3[(f(z)-f(-z)l

18.11.1

of @ and @

{JY(4~-l@W.

Since both brackets represent even elliptic functions, we ask how to express an even elliptic function g(z) (of order 2k) in terms of @ (2). Because of the evenness, an irreducible set of zeros can be
denoted by a, (i=l, 2, . . . , k) and the set of points congruent to -a2 (i=l, 2, . . . , k); correspondingly in connection with the poles we consider the points fbi, i= 1,2, . . . , k. Then
18.11.2

3 where A is

a constant.
If any a, or b, is congruent to the origin, the corresponding factor is omitted from the
product.
Factors corresponding to multiple poles (zeros) are repeated according to the multiphcity.
18.12.

Case A=O(c>O)

18.12.9

Subcase I

.18.12.10

18.12.1

g2>0, g9<O: (eI=ez=c,

18.12.2

Hl=Hs=o,

e3= -2~)
18.12.11

H,=3c
18.12.12

18.12.3

@(z; 12dL,-gc3)=c+3c{sinh

[(~c)+z]}-~

18.12.4

18.12.13
18.12.14

l(z; 12c2,-8~+)=-~+(3c)+

coth [(3c)iz]

18.12.5

18.12.15
18.12.16

a(~; 12c2,--88) =(3c)-*

sinh [(3c)+z]e-l
18.12.17

18.12.6

co==, w=(12c)-+lri

18.12.7

~=~(w)=--o>

18.12.8

q=f(w)

= -co

18.12.18
18.12.19

!I=19
u(o)=0

m=l

652

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

a(w/Z)=

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

18.12.46

&,*2/96~

18.12.20

AND

~bm=O

T
18.12.47

18.12.21

g (42)=c

18.12.22

@(~*/2)=0

18.12.23

l(w*/Z)=-

18.12.24

18.12.48

Subcase II
18.12.25

18.12.26

&=3c,

(el=2c,

@(z;

18.12.49

g2=0, g3=0(el=e2=e3=O)

18.12.50

@(z; 0, O)=z-

18.12.51

t(z; 0, 0) =2-l

18.12.52

u(z; 0, O)=r

18.12.53

UC -&=a0

e2=e3= -c)

H*=H,=O

12c*, 8c3)=-c+3c{sin

128, 8c3)=cz+(3c)*

cot [(3c)*z]

18.12.29
u(z; 128,

18.12.30

8~s) = (3c)-1

sin [(3c)*z]eCP*

w= (12c)-+lr,
Tj=[(u)

=cw

18.12.32

q=(+,J)

&xl

18.12.33

If g2=0 and g3>0, homogeneity relations allow

us to reduce our considerations of @ to@ (z; 0, 1)
(@ , r and u are handled
similarly).
Thus
@(z;0,g3)=g:/3QJ(zg~o;0,
1). The case g2=0,
g3=l is called the EQUIANHARMONIC
case.
1 FPP; Reduction to Funo!wnentd Triangle

w=&

18.12.31

Case (g,=O, g,=l)

[(3c)*z]}-*

18.12.28
{(z;

u(w,/2) =o

18.13. Equianharmonic
18.12.27

cw
2

Subcase III

ca co
-2

a(w,/Z)=O

g2>0, g3>O:

+,/z)=-+i

A1=AOo2z,, is the Fundamental

Let Bdenote etTJ3throughout

wzl.5299

54037

05719

28749

Triangle
18.13.
13194

17231

m=O

!2=0,

Joer2/24

18.12.34

u(co)=y

18.12.35

u(d)

=o

18.12.36

u(q)

=o

18.12.37

g (w/Z) = 5c

18.12.38
18.12.39
18.12.40
18.12.41
18.12.42

u(w/Z)=

e**/%Jz
7r

@(d/2)=-c
@(d/2)=0

18.12.43

{(d/2) = +im

18.12.44

u&/2) =o

18.12.45

@ 6.d~) = --c

FIGURE 18.11
6 This value was computed
precision on a desk calculator

30s.

and checked by multiple

and is believed correct to

WEIERSTRASS

Reductionsfor ,Q in A$ zl=t&
18.13.1
@ (4 = @P (4
18.13.2

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

Special

is in AI.

and

Formulas

A= -27,

H,=&4-13)Z,
H2=&(4-3),

H3=,h(4-1/3),

~-lf(~l)

18.13.10

u(zJ =t&>

18.13.11

Q2(0) = Aeir18

18.13.12

0,(O) = Aeir/z4

18.13.13

G4(0) = Ae-i*124

z(zz>

18.13.4

Values

653

18.13.9

g (22)= - ml,

18.13.3

FUNCTIONS

is in Al

Reduction.for z3 in A3: zl=e-'(2w'-~)

18.13.5
@(z3>=@Lw1)

m=sin2 15=2*j

q=ie

-*ti/j/z

18.13.14
18.13.6

@(z3)=

18.13.7 {(Za) = -t-{(ZJ

18.13.8

&3)

PW

exp

=d%)

where A= (~~/l~)'/2~'~3~'~~1.0086

+2$,

I= CC@)

cw)l

[k3-4

18.13.15
Values at Half-periods

.-

=
I
__

.- --

i-

18.13.16
W=Wl

18.13.17
w

18.13.18
W"6.Q

18.13.19
Y'

_-

_-

values along (0, wJ

=
--

.P

--

18.13.N
- p[ GG-GF
i/cos--

20*/9

+ 4/cos 407
2/m 4o

18.13.21
l/(21-

WI3

1)

- p(21+

1)/(2!-

1)

18.13.22
- P[ 2/cos

402/9

D-

18.13.23
WI2

a+&

18.13.24
1

ad3
18.13.25
8wl9
7

Value& at 2w2/9, 4w1/9 and 8ws/9 from 118.141.

+ Qcos so01
%:os 80

u2=K(W1/3-r3W3)
3114

4n

67

WEIERSTRASS

654

18.13.26

2012

-21/ae2

3i

l a(ez - HZ)

i(3)

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

Values

along

(0, zO)

FUNCTIONS

18.13.27

32014

18.13.28
20

Duplication

18.13.29
18.13.30

&qi

where tan 4=@(z),

choose C$in intervals

Formulas

@(2@$$7~

0<2<20~

and we must

<
(-iE)969$)9($7$)toget

2~6(2)-lo~3(2)-1
@(22)=
t @(z>P

@ (g), @ (g+?),
18.13.31

@ (:+2),

respectively.

rczz,=zrc,,+~
Complex

a(22)=-

18.13.32

Trisection

~(2)u4(2)
Formulas

(x real)

Multiplication

18.13.35

gB(EZ)=e--2@(2)

18.13.36

JD(ez)=-p(z>

18.13.37

l(a) = c-&g

18.13.38

u(ez) = CU(2)

In the above, E denotes (as it does throughout

section 18.13), ei*fi. The above equations are useful
as follows, e.g. :
If z is real, EZ is on 00 (Figure
18.11); if tz
were purely imaginary, z would be on Oz, (Figure
18.11).

Conformal
-60

Equianharmonic

.2

.4

Maps
.6

.6

Case

Map: f(z)=u+iw

I\

+-----\,

..

1.0

1.2

I.4

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

.2

AND

.4

RELATED

.6

.6

655

FUNCTION&

1.0

1.2

s-(z)
Near zero: {(z)=,+q

-.4
x
-.6
1.5, I 5 .007

-3

(.$*I 5

I x10-5

t
v
1.0

1.6

.8

FIGURE

18.12

656

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

Coefficients

for Laurent
(cm=0

EXACT

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

Series for @, @ and {

for mf3k)

cab

:\~~3.2s)
= l/10192
l/(13.19.28)
= l/5422144
3/(5.13.19.28)=234375/(7709611X10*)
4/(5.13*.19.31.28)=78125/(16729
(7.43)/(13~19*.31.37.283
(6.431)/(5.13.19.31.37.43.28)
(3.7.313)/(5.13.19.31.37.43.28*)
(4.1201)/(5*.134.1~.31.37.43.280)
(2.3.41.1823)/(5.13.19*.31.37.43.61.28i)
(3.79.733)/(5.13.196.31.37.43.61.67.28)
3.1153.13963.29059
53.136.194.31s.37s.43.61.67.73281
2.3*.7.11.2647111
5.13.19.31s.37s.61.67.73.79.286

APPROXIMATE

85587X

First 5 approximate
values determined
from
cak/c3k+
using at least double
precision
arithmetic
use of the recursion
relation;
cx -CH are believed
c3k<

AND

108)

cxs

3.
9.8116
5714
1.8442
3.0400
4.6697
6.8662
9.7990
1.3685
1.8800
2.5497
3.4222

28571
16954
88901
36650
95161
18676
31742
06574
72610
66946
48599

42857
47409
21693
35758
83961
79393
57961
79360
01329
68202
51463

733iZx
%88X
lo-6
55885
78983X10-
61350
20301X
lo-10
00384
33643X10-1
36788
98X10-@
41839
66X10-
13026
87X10-n
79236
40X10-x
63683X10+
05316X
lo-80

4.5541

38864

99184

3O391X1O-J

6.0171

15776

98241

99591

X 10-s

exact values of cxk; subsequent

values determined
by using exact ratios
with a desk calculator.
All approximate
cs were checked
with
the
correct
to at least 215;
C~O-C~O are believed
correct
to 205.

Ca
13k-1

2@-1t k=2, 3, 4, . . .

Other Series Involving

Reversed

Series

for

Large

18.13.46

@
I@

18.13.39

18.13.47 where w =( @ -&)/3ea

Other Series Involving
18.13.40 where u=&B-/S
and z is in the Fundainental Triangle (Figure 18.11) if @ has an appro-

priate value.
Series

near

~0

Reversed

Series

for

Large

@
1@ (

18.13.48
z=21/a( @1/8)-l&/3

1-g

(@)-2

18.13.41

18.13.42

z being in the Fundamental Triangle

if @ has an appropriate value.

18.13.43 where u=(z-z,J

18.13.49

Series

Series

near

w2

(Lo--i)==x[2-ir+A

X3

18.13.50 where z= (z-z,J3

18.13.44
(@ --e2)=&?& [1+X+2+;

+; x4+;x6+$ x~+o(xq,
18.13.6 where u=( z-w)~,

z=e2u

18.13.51

x=2a!

l-k-;

near

(Figure 18.11)

SO

x2+$

a++o(xq]

13s
cu2+- 7 +o(u4)

18.13.52 where U= (@ --i)/(-4)

WEIERSTRASS
Series

near

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

w2

18.13.53
@=6ei(z--w2)

1+2u+3d+~

+F

v4+7

27.36.52.31
28*3vi.9103
25!
226+
31!

v6+2$

- 214.310.5*23.257.18049 243
43!

v~+o(v7)],

215*312*5*59*107895773
24g+o( P)
49!

18.13.55
@/6e;)

[1-2~+9~+0

18.13.66

d
212058
- 13 we+O(W)

+330w4-2268w+

18.13.56 where w= @ 2/9

Other

Series Involving

Reversed

Series

for

Large

41d3
13*337$9
27.32.52.11.13+210.34.5a.ll.l7.ig

31.101u
+25.35.5.112.17.23 +#0($7
Economized

IfI

18.13.67

near

[-~+~-~]+~~-~]+0(2117),

18.13.60 where u= (z-z,,)

near

~,J?+c(z)

a,=(-1)9.99999

96

a4= - (-9)2.20892

aI= (-2)3.57143

20

at,=(-10)1.74915

a2= (-5)9.80689

93

aB= - (- 12)4.46863

Ua= (-7)2.00835

02

47
$5

50

18.13.59

Series

(0 <x < 1.53)

le(z)~<2XlO-

y= p-y20
Series

Polynomials

cc2@(z)=$

1-?+17y2
, 143 -4g+o(rq],

18.13.58

(l-{o)=i

a7
2=a+2a.3.5.7

18.13.57
z=p

zal

- 212.3Q-5-229.2683 237
37!

18.13.54 where v=h(z--w2)

(z-w2)=(

657

18.13.68

w2

2@ (z)=$

18.13.61

93

a,cP+e(s)

le(z)j<4X10-7

c-02) 1+0+;
[

(l-72)=-2(2-

+g

18.13.62

?Y+g

ua,;

va+; v4
a(=

ao= - 2 .OOOOO00
ti+g

v7+o(v))],

v=e2(z-cdJ2

-(-9)2.12719

aI=(-1)1.42857

22

us=(-

a2= (-4)9.81018

03

a(=--(-11)1.70510

aa=(-6)3.00511

93

66

10)6.53654 $7
78

18.13.63
12w2
l-w+5-35+5-

(r-92)

(z--02)=-

-2

267d

139~

18.13.69

a$(~)=$

a,$!*+&>

~c(z)~<3xlo-~

18.13.64

w=
Series

*=(-1)9.99999

(t-722)2/e2

Involving

18.13.65
u=z-y-

2.3

&,7

26~3~.23 1g
13! z13+2
191

98

a4= (- 10)6.12486 14

aI=-(-3)7.14285

86

a,=(-11)4.66919

$5

al=-(-6)8.91165

65

a,=(-12)1.25014

65

tZa=-((-8)1.44381

84

2a*3a

658

WEIERSTRASS

18.14. Lemniscatic

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

tFPP; Reduction to Fundamental Triangle

A1= AOwwzis the Fundamental
Triangle

Case

(g2=1, ga=O)

w ~1.8540 74677 30137 1928

Reducticm for zz in 4: zl=a& is in A1

If ga>O and g3=0, homogeneity relations allow

us to reduce our consideration of @ to @ (z; 1, 0)
(@ , j- and u are handled similarly).
Thus QJ (z;
g2, O)=g2@(zg2~;
1, 0). The case ga=l, g3=0
is called the LEMNISCATIC
case.

18.14.1

m%)=-ml)

18.14.2

g (22) =@@d

18.14.3

ea) = -m
&)=iQ(zJ

18.14.4

Special Values and Formulae

18.14.5
A=l,

w (=

Hl=Ha=2-4,

H,=i/2,
m=f&P 45O=3, q=e--

18.14.6

&(O)=&(O)=(w&+;

18.14.7 w=K(sin2

&(O)=(~W/?T)

45O)=p=k
\*

Jz

where

3~2.62205 75542 92119 81046 48395 89891 11941

36827 54951 43162 is the Lemniscate
constant

FIGURE 18.13

correct

to 18s.

Values at Half-periods

18.14.8
w-0,

a=3

y=*/4w

e*b(21/4)

18.14.9
w-a

a-0

7+4

erl4(~&4*/4

18.14.10
co=01

s--t

) = - *i/40

&/8(21/4)

Valuesalong(O,w)

18.14.11
WI4

&$&+

214)

(1 + 214)

18.14.12

42

aI2

--Q

,m

-G55*
&

,r1(21/16)

l+Q
8w

af

2&i

18.14.13
2013
18.14.14
3014

$(&-2$(1+2f)
a=1+fi

edla(31/.9)
(2+

&)ll

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

Values

AND

RELATED

along

FUNCTIONS

(0, zO)

P
18.14.15

659

%I4
18.14.16

-&++Jz,)

42
18.14.17

-i/2

22013

dsec

30-

(2.zo/3)
la
3
I

18.14.18

-- ; (a-&q

32014

Duplication

18.14.19

18.14.24

Formulas

@ (22)

=[@(d+tl/{

(~)=~(2)~[2~(2)+fli~(r)-?

Q%9[4P(d--lU

-[2@(~)--31JP(~>f3

18.14.20

-2@'"/"(z,)

~(2~)=(P+l)(P~-68+1)/[32~~(~)1,

0=4@(z)

[Use - on O<xlw,

18.14.21

Complex

18.14.22

18.14.25

a(22)=-@'(z)d(z)
Bisection

Formulas

18.14.26

(O<Z<~W)

18.14.23

[Use + on O<x<o,

Case

Map: f(z)=u+iu
P(z)
Near zero:

@(z)=-$+c,

md=$+g+~2,

lzl<l

Near z,,: ~(~)=-(h~)~+~~,

I---zol<&

~(~)~-(~-~o)2+(z-zo)6+6,
4

80

+ on ~52<2f.0]
Multiplication

@(iz)=-P,(Z)
~(iz)=i@(z)

18.14.27

I(k)=-i{(z)

18.14.28

a(iz)=iu(z)

The above equations could be used as follows,

e.g.: If z were real, iz would be purely imaginary.

- on o<x<2w]
Conformal

Lemniscatie

(See [18.13].)

Maps

660

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

Near z,,: g(z)=

Near zero: @ ( z)=$+Q

P(z)=

l(z)
1

Near zero: c(z)=--+Q

-.2

-.4
(z-zo)3
Near

20:

T(z)=T~+T+Q,

-.6

12-r

&.)=ro

; (.-zo)3

12

(z--20)

560

I er

-.6
t

FIGURE

18.14

--(z-z32

+Q

-(2-2cJ+3(2-20)6+c,

40

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

Coefficients

for

AND

RELATED

L.aurent

Series

Cc,.=0

for m odd)

for

1661

FUNCTIONS

!?,@,andI

Z-Z

EXACT

APPROXIMATE

c2k

Czk

.-

.05
.8333

l/20
l/(3.202)
= l/1200
2/(3.13.203)
= l/156000
5/(3.13.17.20)
= l/21216000
2/(3z.13.17.205)
= 1/(31824X
105)
10/(33.13*.17.206)=1/(4964544X
105)
4/@132.17.29.2d)
=ij(7998432X
167)
2453/(3.11.132.172.29.2o8)=9582O3125/(1262OO2599X
2.5.7.61/(33.13a.172.29.37.2O~)=833984375/(18:194643943X

c&+9

k=l,

106)
107)

. . . x10-3
, .~.

.641025
.47134
.31422
.20142
.12502
.75927
.45338

23831
641025
82554
83688
45048
19109
43533

10-T
;8::X
99296X10-Q
32882%
lo-11
37651X10+3
59917X
10-l
06092X
10-I

07bi8
04725
49183
02941
76468
93461

2, . . .

Other Series Involving

Reversed

,/

Series

for

Large

,f$

Other Series Involving

Reversed

1@

for

Large

I@

18.14.38

18.14.29

3wK 231~
+7+x+

18.14.39 A=2113,

429~~
-195~~
464 + 128

1215520~ 4618920~
+o(w)
+ 10496

bp/

Series

.@

1
)

18.14.30 w= g-/S,
and z is in the Fundamental
Triangle (Figure 18.13) if @ has an appropriate
Series

18.14.31 2 @=

near

Series

w=(z--zo)4/m

18.14.42

-5+;-~+&+0(~+)~

(z-zo)=2@
18.14.32

z=(z-20)2/2

18.14.43

d
7wh
w+,+~++$+

18.14.33 x=-

Series

near

a0

(2-20) [ -1+3w-~+~+o(w~)],

18.14.41

~0

near

18.14.4
Q&f

value.

v=Au4/6,
and z is in the
(Figure 18.13) if @ has

Fundamental
Triangle
an appropriate value.

O(w)

[l+~+y+8g+O(u4)],

u=4@4
Series

near

18.14.44

18.14.34

18.14.45

5=(2--w)

18.14.46
18.14.35

v=(z-co)%

18.14.36

f)=y

1-y+6yz-@
[

1 172Y4

18.14.37

!I=(@-ed

819@l
8
+O(@13)

Other Series Involving

75

52@ 1064g
-ij+
195 +wi7>

SO@
___3

Reversed

1
,

Series

18.14.47 z=c-
18.14.48

v=t-4112

for

Large

{
[rj

662

WEIERSTRASS
Series

near

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

Economized

a9

Polynomials

(0 5% 5 1.86)

18.14.49
18.14.57

(S-i-o)=a(z-zJ3[;-;+g-&+o(vq,
18.14.50

2@(x)=$z.x4+c(x)
(e(x)C)(<2X10-7

v= (z-%J)4/20
Series

near

18.14.51

98

a4=

(-8)4.81438

20

al= (-2)4.99999

62

as= (- 10)2.29729

21

a2= (-4)8.33352

77

ae=(-12)4.94511

45

a,=(-6)6.49412

86

1123
-qo(xq,
31200 9750

---- 2"

825

x= (z-w)

18.14.52

ao= (- 1)9.99999

18.14.58

SC@(x) =~a,x4n+a(x)

18.14.53
Ie(x):)1<4x10-7

x=w-p+~-~+~-+g~~~~~~3

891

ao= -2.00000
+ O(d5)

18.14.54

w= -2( c-7)
Series

Involving

(r

00

a,=(-7)6.58947

52
49

al=(-l)1.00000

02

a,=(-9)5.59262

a2=(-3)4.99995

38

as=(-11)5.54177

u3= (--5)6.41145

59

69

18.14.55
25 3%+ -3.23~~~ 3~107~~+3~~7~23~37z~~
~
a=z--2.5!-22.91+
23.13! + 24.17!
25.21!

18.14.59

x{(x) =&7.x4+E(x)

+
(e(x)[<3X10-8
18.14.56

f&=(-1)9.99999

18.15. Pseudo-Lemniscatic
(gz=---1,

a4= - (-9)2.57492

99

aI=-(-2)1.66666

74

a,=-(-11)5.67008

a2=-(-4)1.19036

70 a,=(-13)9.70015

a,=-(-7)5.86451

63

Case

g,=O)

If g2<0 and g3=0, homogeneity relations allow

us to reduce our consideration of @ to @ (z; -1,
0). Thus
18.15.1 @(z; gz, 0) = Ig$@ (zlgzf14;-1, 0)
[ @ , { and u a,re handled similarly]. Because of
its similarity to the lemniscatic case, we refer to
the case g2= - 1, g3=0 as the pseudo-lemniscatic
case. It plays the same role (period ratio unity)
for A< 0 as does the lemniscatic case for A>O.
u,=&x
(real h aIf -period for lemniscatic case)
=i; (the Lemniscate Constant-see 18.14.7)

2w
FIGURE

18.15

62
00
80

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC
Special

A=-1,

18.15.2

g2=-1,

AND

Values

RELATED

and

g,=O

FUNCTIONS

663

Relations

18.15.4

&(O) = R21/4ei*/8,6,(O) = Rein*, a,(O) = Re-*~/8,

18.15.3

HI= --;/,I$

m=$, q=&-2

Hz=+, H,=i@,

Values

18.15.6
18.15.7
18.15.8
18.15.9

w = 01
w2
CO = 03
02

18.15.10

@I (z; -1,

18.15.11

@(z;

at Half-Periods

i/2

0
8
0

0)=i@(zefX4;

with

Numerical
Use and

d2w2

f(B2+$2)

112
= --ill,

Lemniscatic

Values

18.15.12

1, 0)

-1, 0)=e3nf4@((zeW/4; 1, 0)

18.16.

fh2-?2)

92 =

-i/2

Relations

where R= ~&Z/T

18.15.5

I 18.15.13

{(z;

-1, O)=eiH4[(zei*/4; 1, 0)

a(~; -1,

0)=e-fr4u(ze2r4; 1, 0)

Methods
Extension

of the

Tables

1. Lemniscat.ic Case
(a) Given z=z+iy
in the Fundamental Triangle, find @(@,{,u)
more accurately than can be
done with the maps.
u-Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle.
Five terms give at least six
significant figures, six terms at least ten. @, {-Use Laurents series directly (near 0, (if IdI< 1, four
terms give at least eight significant figures for @, nine for {; five terms at least ten significant figures for
@, eleven for 0. Use Taylors series directl,y near z,,. Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or
eight significant figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain @ (x), P(Z) and/or [s(z)
as appropriate.
To get @(;y), @(;y) and/or {(iy), use Laurents series for small y, otherwise use
economized polynomials to compute @ (y), ,fp (y) and/or l(y), then use complex multiplication to
obtain @ (iy), @ (iy) and/or [(iy) . Finally, use appropriate addition formula to get @ (z) and/or c(z).
@-Use Laurents series directly near 0 (if lzl< 1, four terms give at least six significant figures,
five terms at least eight significant figures). Ekewhere, either use economized polynomials and addition
formula as for @ and {, or get @2=4@3@ and extract appropriate square root (g@ 2 0).
(b) Given P (@I , l, u> corresponding to a point in the Fundamental Triangle, compute z more
accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series.
For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation procedures.
Example

Equianharmonic Case
(a) Given z=z+iy
in the Fundamental Triangle, find @ (@, [, U) more accurat,ely than can be
done with the maps.
Four terms give at least eleven
u-Use Maclaurin series throughout the Fundamental Triangle.
significant figures, five terms at least twenty one.
@J--Use Laurents series directly near 0 (if lzj< 1, four terms give at least 10s for @, 11s for {;
five terms at least 13s for @, 14s for l). Elsewhere (unless approximately seven or eight significant
figures are insufficient) use economized polynomials to obtain $9 (z), P(Z) and/or T(z), as appropriate.
To get @ (iy), @ (iy) and/or I,
use Laurents series. Then use appropriate addition formula to get
@ Cd and/or W.
Example

2.

664

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

@-Use
Laurents series directly near 0 (if Izi< 1, four terms give at least 8S, five terms at least
11s). Elsewhere, either proceed as for @ and {, or get @2=4@3-1
and extract appropriate square
root (g@ZO>.
(b) Given @ (@,l,a)
corresponding to a point in the Fundamental
Triangle, compute z more
accurately than can be done with the maps. Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use
of any of the given (truncated) reversed series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series.
For greater accuracy, use inverse interpolation
procedures.
Example 3. Given period ratio a, find parameters m (of elliptic integrals and Jacobis functions
of chapter 16) and p (of 6 functions).
m-In
both the cases A>0 and A<O, the period ratio is equal to K(m)/K(m)
(see 18.9).
Knowing
K/K, if I< K/Ks
3, use Table 17.3 to find m; if K/K>3,
use the method of Example 6 in chapter 17.
An alternative method is to use Table 18.3 to obtain the necessary entries, thence use

m= (e2-e3)/(el-e3)

in case A>O,

m = 4 - 3e2/4Hz in case A< 0 a

q----In both the cases A>0 and A<O, the period ratio determines the exponent for p[p=e+
if A>O,
p=ie+j2
if A<O].
Hence enter Table 4.16 [e+, zc=O(.Ol)l]
and multiply
the results as appropriate
(e-r)4(e-.72r)]a
[e.g., e-4.72r=
Determination

of Values

at Half-Periods,

Invariants

and

Related

Quantities

from

Given

A>0
Given w and u, form ~/iw and enter Table

18.3.

4.

Given w=lO,

18.3)

Given w2 and w2, form w2/zIw2and enter Table

18.3. Multiply
the results obtained by the appropriate power of w2 (see footnotes of Table 18.3)
to obtain value desired.
Example

w=lli,

(Table

A<0

Multiply
the results obtained by the appropriate
power of w (see footnotes of Table 18.3) to obtain
value desired.
Example

Periods

find ef, gt, and A.

4.

Given w2=10,

Here w/iw= 1.1, so that direct reading of Table

18.3 gives

find ef, gc and A.

w2=lli,

Here w3w2= 1.I, so that direct reading of Table

18.3 gives

el(l)=1.6843
e2(l)=-.2166

041

cl(l) = -.2166

258 (=-el--e3)

e2(1)=.4332

2576+3.0842
5152=--2LS(eJ

e3(l) = - 1.4676 783

e3(l) =&Cl>

92(l) = 10.0757 7364

g2(1) = -37.4874

ga(1) =2.1420

g3(1) = 16.5668 099.

Multiplying
obtain

1000.

by appropriate
e1=.01684

powers of w=lO

we

Multiplying
we obtain

3041

e3= - .01467 6783

e3=Zl

gz=1.0075

77364 x 1O-3

g2=-3.7487

g,=2.1420

1ouo x 10-B
3191 x lo-lo

powers of w2=10

el= - .00216 62576+ .03084 25893

e2=.00433

A=8.9902

912

by appropriate

e2= - .00216 6258

whence

589i

g3=1.6566

25152
4912 x lo-$
8099 x 1O-6

whence
A=-6.0092

019 x 1O-8

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

Example 5. (A>O)
Given w=lO, w=55i, find q, q, u(w), u(:w)
and u(wJ.
Forming w/iw=5.5 and entering Table 18.3 we
obtain q=.82246704,
u(w) = .96045 40. Using
Legendres relation we find q=qw-k/2=2.9527
723i. Since interpolation
for ~(0) and u(w+w)
is difficult, use is made of 18.3.15-18.3.17 together
with 18.3.4 and 18.3.6. Values of g2, g3 and el can
be read directly to eight significant figures and e3
to about five significant figures giving gz=8.1L74
243, g3=4.4508
759, e,=1.6449
341, and e3
=-.82247.
Use of 18.3.6 ields H,=.OO174
69
and Hz=.00174
69i. App %cation of 18.3.S
18.3.17
yields
u(w)/i=.OO71177
and
u(wJ
= -.002016-.01055i.
Multiplying
the results
obtained by the appropriate powers of w we obtain q = .08224 6704., q= .29527 7233, u(w) =9.6045
40, u(w)=.O71177% and a(~~)=-.02016-.1055i.
Determination

Given g2>0 and

(if g3=0, JwJ= w ;
&=g2gr2.
From
and wg3lt8, thence
Example

of Perk&

from

Given

6.

Invariants

Given g2=8, g3=4, find w and w. With

J2=g2g3-2/a=3.1748 02104, from Table 18.1 wg31B=
1.2718 310 and wg,6=1.8702 425i
whence w=1.009453 and w=1.484413i.
@I,

or f for

18.1.)

6.

Given 2= -10, g3=2, find Q and w;l. With

g2z-g2g3-2L - 1O/1.5874 0105=-6.2996
053, from
Table 18.1 w2g31/6= 1.5741 349 and wkg316=1.7J24
396i whence w2=1.40239 48 and wj=1.52561 02i.
Example

7.

(Table

5.

A<0
Given g2 and g3>0 such that A=d--27d<O!
(if
g3=0, Jw2l= WZ;see pseudo-lemniscatic
case), compute j2=g2gi21a.
From Table 18.1, determine
w2g3 I6 and w2g31/6,thence w2 and w.
Example

of @,

065

(A<O)
Given wz=lOOO, wz=1004i, find q2, qz, a(&,
a(~~) and u(w).
With w$w,=1.004,
four point interpolation
in
Table 18.3 gives q2= 1.5626 756, qi= - 1.5726 664i,
u(w2)=1.1805 028, u(w:)=1.1901
52i and u(w)
= .475084 f .476717i.
Multiplying
the results obtained by the appropriate powers of w2 gives q2=.00156 26756, qi
= - .00157
266643,
u(w2)= 1180.5028,
44
=1190.152i and u(w)=475.084+476.717i.

g3>0 such that A=d-27gi>O

see lemniscatic case), compute
Table 18.1, determine
wg;/e
w and w.

Computation

FUNCTIONS

Example

Given g2=10, g3=2, find w and w. With g2=

g2g3-2/a=6.2996 05249, from Table 18.1 wg316=
1.1267 806 and wg316=1.2324 295i whence w=
1.003847 and w= 1.09797Oi.
Example

RELATED

7.

Given g2=7
s=6, find w2 and 0;.
With &=g2g3-2 9 =7/3.3019
2725=2.119974,
from
Table 18.1 w2g316=1.3423 442 and w2gJ6=3.1441
141i whenoew2=.99579 976 and wi=2.33241 83ti.
Given

z and

arbitrary

g2, ga

(or arbitrary periods from which g2 and g3 can be computedin any case, periods must be known, at least approximately)
First reduce the problem (if necessary) to computation for a point z in the Fundamental
by use of appropriate results from 18.2.

FIGTJEE 18.16

Rectangle

666

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

1 (as accurate as desired)

If both 2 and y are small, (point in double-cross hatched region) use Laurents series in z directly.
If either z or y is L1arge, use Laurents series on Ox, then on Oy and finally use an addition formula.
(For 9 j an alternative is to get @, then compute the appropriate root of @z=4 p3-g2@ -ga; see18.8.)
Method

A<0

A>0
Method

Method

2 (for @ or @ only)

2 (for @ or @ only)

Compute et(i= 1,2,3) (if only 92, g3 are given

use Table
18.1 to get the periods, then get ei in
Table 18.3; if periods are also given, use Table 18.3
directly).
In any case, obtain m(=[ez-es]/
[el- e3]), thence Jacobis functions
sn(z*jm),
cn(z*lm), dn(z*)m), from 16.4 and 16.21 and
@ or @, from 18.9.11-18.9.12.

Compute e2 and Hz (if only g2,g3 are given, use

Table
18.1 to get the periods, then get e( in
Table 18.3; if periods are also given use Table 18.3
directly).
In any case, obtain m(=$--3e2/4H2)
thence Jacobis functions sn(z)m), cn(zlm),

Method
3 (accuracy limited by Table
4.16 of
eenz and by the method of getting periods).
Obtain periods, their ratio a, then q=e- from
Table
4.16.
Hence get St(O), i=2,3,4
from
truncated series 18.10.21-23.
Compute appropriate d functions for z=x and for z=iy, whence
and/or JW), Q (in), @ (iy>
get P(x),
@(4
and/or [(iy), then use an addition formula (if
either x or y is small, it is probably easier to
use Laurents series).

Method

Example

8.

Given 2=.07+.li,

g2=10, g3=2,

find @.
Using Laurents series directly with
cz=.5
c,=.O7142 85714
cq= .08333 33333
c5=
.00974 02597
2-2= -22.97193 820-63.06022 25i
+ c2z2= .00255 000+
.00700 OOi
+c3z4=.OOOOl214.OOOOl02i
fc4z6= f
.OOOOO
024.OOOOO
Oli

dn(zjm),

from 16.4 and 16.21 and @ or @ from

18.9.11-18.9.12.
3 (accuracy limited

as in the case A>O).

Obtain periods, their ratio a, thence q2=e+J2

from Table
4.16.
Then proceed as in the case
A>O, using corresponding formulas.

Example
8. Given z=.1+.03i,
g2=-10,
find@.
Using Laurents series directly with

g3=2,

C2=-.5

~a=.07142 85714
ch= .80333 33333
z.-2=76.59287 938-50.50079 960i
c&= - .00455 ooo.00300 oooi
c3z4= $ .OOOOO
334 + .OOOOO
780i
c4z6= - .OOOOO
002 + .OOOOO
01 li
@ (z)=76.58833

270-50.50379

169i.

@ (z) = -22.97450 010-63.05323 28i.

Example
9. Given z=15+73i,
g2=8, g3=4,
find @. From Example
7, w=1.009453,
c,+=
1.484413i. From Table
18.3,
e,=1.61803 37,
e3= -.99999 96, whence m=.14589 79. From
18.2.18
with M=7
and N=24, 9(.867658+
1.748176i)=@(l5+73i).
Since z lies in Rz, by
18.2.31 @(15+73i)=F(.867658+1.220653).
From 16.4 with z*=1.40390+1.97505i,
sn(z*lm)
=2.46550+1.96527i.
Using 18.9.11, ,f$(15+733)
= - .57743t .067797i.

Example

find @.

9.

Given 2=1.75-t-3.6(

g2=7,

g3=6,
98, &=

From Example
7, o2=.99579
2.33241 83i. Using 18.2.18
with M= 1, N= 1,
@(1.75+3.6i)=@(-.24159
96-l.O64836i)=
@(.24159 96+1.0648 36i). WithA<O fromTable
18.3,el=-.81674362+.50120
90i,e2=1.63348 724,
e,=-.81674
362--50120 9Oi whence m=.01014
3566, Hi=1.58144 50, so that z=2zH!=.76415
29+3.367959i.
From 16.4, cn(zlm)=4.00543
66
-12.32465 69i. Applying 18.9.11, @ (1.75+3.6i)
= - .960894.383068i.

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

A>0

A<0

Given
w=lO,
w=2Oi,
find
Example 10.
{(9+19i)
by use of theta functions,
18.10 and
addition formulas.
For the period ratio a=w/wi=2
with the aid of
Table 4.16, p=e-2=.00186
74427.
Using the truncated
approximations
18.10.2118.10.23 we compute
the theta functions
for
argument
zero. Using 16.27.1-16.27.4
we compute the theta functions
for arguments
v where
Then,
with
18.10.5-18.10.7
Z=X
and z=iy.
together with 18.10.9 and 18.10.18 we obtain
l(9) =.09889
5484,
s(19i) = -.00120
0 155i,
@ (9) = .01706
9647,
p(9) = - .00125
3460,
@ (19i) = -.00861 2615, @(19i) = -.00003
:757i.
Using the addition
formula
18.4.3, we obtain
[(9 + 19i) = .07439 49- .00046 8%.
Use of Table

667

FUNCTIONS

18.2 in Computing

Example
10.
Given
wZ=5,
wi=7i
find
@(3+2i)
by use of theta functions,
18.10 and
addition formulas.
With the use of Table 4.16 and 18.10.2, q=ie-.r
=.11090 12784i.
The theta functions are computed for argument
zero using 18.10.21-18.10.23
and the theta
functions
for arguments
vl and vz corresponding
to z=zlfzz
using 16.27.1-16.27.4.
Using 18.l.O.518.10.6 together with 18 10.10, we find @ (3) =
.10576 946, @ (2i) = -.24497
773, @ (3) =
- .07474140, Q (Zi) = - .25576 007i. The addition formula 18.4.1 yields @(3+2i)=.O1763
210
-.07769
187i, and 18.4.2 yields @(3+21)=
-.00069
182 t.04771
305i.
@,

@,

r for

Special

Period

Ratios

If the problem is reduced to computing @ , @ , { in the Fundamental

Rectangle for the case when the
real half-period is unity and pure imaginary half-period is ia, for certain values of a Table 18.2 may be
used. Consider @ as an example.
If Iz( is small,
then use Laurents
series directly for @ (z) [invariants for use in the series are given in Table 118.31.
If 2 is large and y small use Table 18.2 to obtain x2@ (2) and S?@(X), thence @ (x) and g(x)
;
use Laurents
series to obtain @ (iy) and @(iy) ; finally, use addition formula 18.4.1.
For z small
and y large, reverse the procedure.
For both 2 and y large, use Table 18.!2 to
obtain JB (x), P(X),
@ (iy) and @(iy),
thence use addition formula 18.4.1.
Similar procedures
apply to @ or [. For @ , one can also first obtain $J5, then compute @ I2
=4&?--g,@
-g3 and extract the appropriate
square root (see 18.8 re choice of sign for @).

A>0

A<0

Example 11. Compute @(.8+i)

when a==1.2.
Using Table 18.2 or Laurents series 18.5.1-4 with
g2=9.15782 851 and
g,=3.23761
717 from Table 18.3,
@(.8)=1.92442
11,
@(A) = -2.76522
05,
@ (i) = - 1.40258 06 and
p(i)=-1.19575
5%. Using the addition
formula 18.4.1
@(.8+i)=-.3
81433-.149361i.

Example 11. Compute @(.9+.li)

for a=1.05.
Using Table 18.2 or Laurents
series 18.5.1-4 #with
g2=-42.41653
54 and
g3=9.92766 62 from Table 18.3,
@ (.9) = .34080 33,
@(.9) = -2.164801,
@ (.li) = -99.97876,
With the addition for@(.li)
= -2000.4255i.
mula 18.4.1
@(.9+.1i)=.231859-.215149i.

Example
12. Compute
((.02+3i)
for (2~4.
Using Table 18.2 or Laurents
series 18.5.1-5 with
g2=8.11742 426
g3=4.45087 587
from Table 18.3,
[(.02) =49.99999
89,
@ (.02) =2500.00016,
@(.02) = -249999.98376,
p(3i) = .89635 173i,
@(3i)=-32326
511,
@ (3i) = - .00249 829i.
Applying the addition formula 18.4.3,
{(.02+3i)=.O16465+.89635i.

Example
12. Compute @(.4+.9i)
for o=2.
Using Table 18.2 or Laurents
series 18.5J-4,
with
g,=4.54009
85,
g,=8.38537
94
from Table 18.3,
@ (.4) =6.29407 07,
@(.4) = -30.99041,
@ (.9i) = - 1.225548,
@,(.9i) = -3.19127
03i.
Using the addition formulas 18.4.1-2,
9(.4+.9i)=1.10519
76-.56489
OOi.

668

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

Computation

of s for

AND
Given

RELATED
z and

(or periods from which g2 and g3 can be computed-in

approximately)

FUNCTIONS

Arbitrary

g, and

g3

any case, periods must be known, at least

First reduce the problem (if necessary) to computation

for a point z in the Fundamental
Rectangle
(see 18.2).
After final reduction let z denote the point obtained.
A<0
A>0
If
$?z>w,@
or
If $?a>~/2 or,
$z>w:/4,
use duplication
formula as in case
A>O.
Otherwise,
use
Maclaurin
series for u
Nz>w/2,
use duplication
formula
directly.
obtaining u(P@) by use of Maclaurin series for u
and @(z/2) by method explained above. Otherwise, simply use Maclaurin series for u directly.
An alternate method is to use theta functions 18.10 first computing
A>0
Example
13. Compute
u(.4+1.3i) for g2=8,
g3=4. From Example
7, w=1.009453
and w
=1.484413i.
Since Yz>w/2,
the Maclaurin
series 18.5.6 is used to obtain (z/2) =a(.2+.65i)
= .19543 86+ .64947 28i, the Laurent series 18.5.4
to obtain @(.2+.65i)=5.02253
80-3.56066
93i.
The duplication
formula 18.4.8 gives u(.4+1.3i)
= .278080+ 1.272785i.

p and S<(O), i=2,3,4.

A<0
Compute

Example
13.
u(.8+.4i)
for ga=7,
g3=6. From Example
7, w,=.99579
976, w:
=2.33241 83i. Since k%z>w2/2,
the Maclaurin
series 18.5.6 is used to obtain u(z@)=u(.4+.2i)
=.40038
019-j-.19962 017i, the Laurent series
18.5.4 to obtain
@(.4+ .2i) = -3.70986
70
+22.2185444.
The duplication
formula
18.4.8
gives u(.8+.4$=.81465
765-k.38819 473i.

Rectangle, as well as g2 and g3 or

Given Q(@, P, C> corresponding to a point in the Fundamental
the equivalent, find z.
Only a few significant figures are obtainable from the use of any of the given (truncated) reversed
series, except in a small neighborhood of the center of the series. For greater accuracy, use inverse
interpolation
procedures.
If t,he given function does not correspond to a value of z in the Fundamental
Rectangle (see Conformal Maps) the problem can always be reduced to this case by the use of appropriate reduction formulas in 18.2. This process is relatively simple for g(z), more difficult for the other functions (e.g. if
A>0 and @=a+ib,
where h>O, simply consider &a--ib
and find z1 in RI [Figure 18.11; then compute z2=ZL+2w, the point in R2 corresponding to the given @).

A>0

A<0

Given @=1-i,
g2=10, g3=2,
find z. Using the first three terms of the reversed
series 18.5.25 z1= .727+.423i.
The Laurent series

Given J? = 1 -t-i, g2= - 10, g3=2,

find z. From Example
6, w,=1.40239 48 and
0:=1.52561 02i. Since b>O, z exists in R2 and z
is computed with <E. Using 18.5.25 with a2= 1.25, a3=.25, u=[(@)-]/~
and the coefficients c,
from Example
8

Example

18.5.1

gives

and

@(z,)=

14.

@(.727+.423i)=.825-.895i

@ (22)= @ (.697 + .393&)= .938- 1.038i.

Inverse interpolation
gives
(I)= .707 + .38Oi. Repeated applications
of the
above procedure yield 2= .706231+.379893i.

21

Example

14.

2u= 1.55377 3973 f .64359 424933

c2u5= .08044 9281-.19422

c3u7=-.01961
dUS
-=-*
3

9359f.00812

17466i
660473

10115 7160- so419006673i

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

669

FUNCTIONS

A<0

A>0

Stopping
with
the term in u7, z1 ~.81+~23i.
Assuming AZ= -.03-.Oli,
using 18.5.1, @(.81-l.23i)=.91410
95-.86824
37i, @(.78+.2&)=
1.03191 60- .91795 22i; with inverse interpolation
zi =. 7725 + .2404i.
Repeated
applicationg
of
inverse interpolation
yield z=. 772247-.239$58i.
Example 15. Given a=.4+.li,
g2=7, g$=6,
find z. Using the reversed
series 18.5.70 with
y,=.14583,
y3=.05

Example 15. Given {=lO-15i,

g2=8, 9:$=4,
find Z. Using the reversed series 18.5.40 with
A5= -.I3333
A,=
u=

333,

u= +.40000

.03076 923076+.04615

38461%

A&=

- .OOOOO001402 + .OOOOO00686Oi

A&=

- .OOOoO 000004z=

000+.10000

oooi

$=+.OOOll

783+.00032

696i

Yd
T=-.OOOOO

208+.00001

432i

- .02857 14286,

.OOOOO000003i

.03076 921670+.04615

3-&J9
-=
14

391472&.

w2Y3~11

55

- .OOOOO093 + .OOOOO126i
= -.OOOOO 013+.00000

z=.40011

469+.10034

006i
260i

Methods
of Computation
of @ (@,
f or U) for Given
a and Given
gz, g3 (or the equivalent),
with
the Use
of Automatic
Digital
Computing
Machinery

(a) Integration
of Differential
Equation
@ and @ may be generated for any z close
enough to a known
point z*( @ (z*) and @(z*)
being given) by integrating
@=6
p2-g2/2.
A program to do this on SWAC, via a modification
of the Hammer-Hollingsworth
method
(MTAC,
July 1955, pp. 92-96) due to Dr. P.
Henrici,
exists at Numerical
Analysis
Research,
UCLA
(code number 00600, written
by W. L.
Wilson,
Jr.).
The program
has been tested
numerically
in the equianharmonic
case, using
integration
steps of various sizes.
For example,
if one starts with z*=02, using an integration
step (h,k), w h ere h and k are respectively
the
horizontal
and vertical
components
of a step,
with (h,k) having one of the six values (&2&O),
(fh,,fk,J,
&=w2/2000,
ko=~w~~/2000,
one can
expect almost 8S in @ and 7S in @, after 1000
steps, unless 2 is too near a pole.
(b) Use of Series
The process of reducing the computation
problem to one in which z is in the Fundamental
Rectangle can obviously be mechanized.
Inside
the Fundamental
Rectangle
the direct use of
Laurents series is appropriate
when the period

ratio a is not too large.

However,
if aZ&A>O)
or a 22$(A<O),
the series will diverge at the
far corner of the Fundamental
Rectangle, so that
use may be made of an appropriate
duplication
formula.
Alternatively,
one may compute
the
functions
on Ox and Oy, then use an addition
formula.
Even so, the series will diverge
at
z=ia if aZ2(A>O)
and at z=ia/2 if uh4(A<O).
For great accuracy, multiple precision operations
Double precision
flo&ting
might be necessary.
point mode has been used in a program, written
for SWAC, to compute @ , @ and {.
For computation
of u, use of the Maclwrin
series throughout
the Fundamental
Rectanghe is
probably simplest (series converges for all z).
Mention should be made of the possible u$e of
the series defining the 6 functions.
These sleries
converge for all complex V, and the comput&tion
of @, @, c and u by 18.10.5-18.10.8
could easily
be mechanized.
The series involved
have the
advantage of converging
very fast, even in case
A<O, where lalse-X2(q6
e- if A>O).
Use of Maps
If the problem (of computing @, @, J or u for
given z) is reduced to the case where the real bdfperiod is unity and imaginary
half-period
is one
of those used in the maps in 18.8 inspection of the

WEIERSTRASS

670

ELLIPTIC

appropriate figure will give the value of P(Z)

If @ is wanted instead,
[c(z) or u(z)] to 2-35.
get @, use 18.6.3 to obtain @ I2 and select sign (s)
of @ appropriately.
(See Conformal Mapping
(18.8) for choice of sign of square root of @ >.

Computation

AND RELATED

approximation to (zol by Graeffes process, we

may use the fact that z,,=wi-iyo(A>O),
zo=w2
+ivo(A<O)
to obtain an approximation to zoJ.
It is noted that ye/w is a monotonic decreasing
function of (period ratio) a2 1 for A>0 and

of z.

[lz

Given gz, g3 (or equivalent)

y,,/w>i

arccosh fi( x .7297)].

yo/wz is a monotonic increasing function of a for

A<0 and

Since z$@ (zo) =O, the Laurents series gives

O=1+C&&L3+C~U4+

FUNCTIONS

. . .

[0 5 yo/wz<z arccosh fl]

where u= .zt. We may solve this equation [by

Graeffes (root-squaring) process or otherwise]
for its absolutely smallest root [having found an

Further data is available from Table 18.2 or from

Conformal Maps defined by .Cp(2).

References
Texts

and

Articles

[18.1] P. Appell and E. Lacour, Principes de la theorie des

fonctions elliptiques
et applications
(GauthierVillars, Paris, France, 1897).
[18.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 2, ch. 13 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[18.3] E. Gmeser, Einfiihrung
in die Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen
und deren Anwendungen
(R. Oldenbourg, Munich, Germany, 1950).
[18.4j G. H. Halphen, Trait6 des fonctions elliptiques et
de leurs applications,
1 (Gauthier-Villars,
Paris,
France, 1886).
[18.5] H. Hancock, Lectures on the theory of elliptic
functions, vol. 1 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1910, reprinted,
Dover Publicat,ions, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1958).
[18.6] A. Hurwite
and R. Courant, Vorlesungen
iiber
allgemeine
Funktionentheorie
und elliptische
Funktionen, 3d ed. (Springer, Berlin, Germany,
1929).
[18.7] E. L. Ince, Ordinary differential equations (Dover
Publications,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1944).
j18.81 E. Ksmke,
Differentialgleichungen,
LBsungsmethoden und Liisungen, vol. 1, 2d ed. (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft,
Leipzig,
Germany
1943).
(18.91 D. H. Lehmer, The lemniscate constant, Math.
Tables Aids Comp. 3, 550-551 (1948-49).
[18.10] S. C. Mitra, On the expansion of the Weierstrassian
and Jacobian elliptic functions in powers of the
argument, Bu!l. Calcutta Math. Sot. 17, 159-172
(1926).
[lS.ll]
F. Oberhettinger
and W. Magnus, Anwendung der
elliptischen
Funktionen
in Physik und Technik
(Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1949).
(18.12) G. Prasad, An introduction
to the theory of ellipt,ic
functions and higher transcendentals
(Univ. of
Calcutta, India, 1928).
(18.13) U. Richard,
Osservazioni
sulla bisesione delle
funzioni ellittiche di Weierstrass, Boll. Un. Mat.
Ital. 3, 4, 395-397 (1949).

[18.14] E. S. Selmer, A simple trisection formula for the

elliptic function of Weierstrass in the equianharmonic case, Norske Vid. Selsk. Forh. Trondheim 19, 29, 116-119 (1947).
[18.15] J. Tannery and J. Molk, Elements de la theorie des
fonctions elliptiques,
4 ~01s. (Gauthier-Villars,
Paris, France, 1893-1902).
[18.16] F. Tricomi, Elliptische Funkt.ionen (Akademische
Verlagsgesellschaft,
Leipzig, Germany, 1948).
[18.17] F. Tricomi, Funzioni ellittiche, 2d ed. (Bologna,
Italy, 1951).
[l&18] C. E. Van Orstrand, Reversion of power series,
Phil. Mag. (6) 19, 366-376 (Jan.-June 1910).
[l&19] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, ch. 20, 4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).

Guides,

Collections

of Formulas,

etc.

[18.20] P. F. Byrd and M. D. Friedman, Handbook of

elliptic integrals for engineers and physicists,
Appendix,
sec. 1030 (Springer-Verlag,
Berlin,
Germany, 1954).
[18.21] -4. Fletcher, Guide to tables of elliptic functionst
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 3, 247-249 (1948-49).
[18.22] S. Fliigge, Handbuch der Physik, vol. 1, pp. 126
146 (Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, 1956).
j18.231 H. Kober, Dictionary of conformal representations
(Dover Publications,
Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1952).
[18.24] L. M. Milne-Thomson,
Jacobian elliptic function
tables (Dover Publications,
Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1950).
[18.25] K. Weierstrass and H. A. Schwarz, Formeln und
Lehrsiitze zum Gebrauche der elliptischen Functionen.
Nach Vorlesungen und Aufzeichnungen
des Herrn
K. Weierstrass
bearbertet
und
herausgegeben
von H. A. Schwarz,
2d ed.

(Springer,Berlin, Germany, 1893).

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

Tables
[18.26]

[18.27]

mostly

(4,
4D.

RELATED
[18.28]

Chih-Bing
Ling,
Evaluation
at half-periods
of
Weierstrass
elliptic
function
with
rectangular
primitive
period-parallelogram,
hlath.
Comp.
149
69, 67-70
(19GO).
Values
of ei (i-1,
2, 3) to 15D
for various
period
ratios in case A>O.
E. Jahnke
and F. Emde,
Tables
of functions,
4th
ed., pp. loo-106
(Dover
Publications,
Inc., New
Equianharmonic
case, real
York,
N.Y.,
1945).
argument,.P(u),P

AND

T(u),u

(u),u=O

(go)

T.

H. Southard,
Approximation
Weierstrass
@J function
in
case for real argument,
Math.
11,

58, 99-100

to
7D . with
1~=0(.1).8(.05)1.55.
[18.29]

671

FUNCTIONS

D.

(Apr.

1957).

modified

and table of the

the equianhatmonic
Tables Aids IComp.
f(u)=@(u)-$
central

differences,

A. Strayhorne,
A study
of an elliptic
function
(Thesis,
Chicago,
Ill.,
1946).
Air Documents
Division
T-2,
AMC,
Wright
Field,
Microfilm
No.
Rc-734F15000.
@,(a;
37, -42),
4D,
z= .04i(.O4i)
1.36i.

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

673

FUNCTIONS
Table

TABLE

FOR

OBTAININC:

PERIODS
@2-=&G

Non-Negative

3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40

:::
i::
::2
2;
4:9
5. 0
:::
::i
2;
t-2
6: 8

Non-Positive

1.28254
1.27944
1.21637
1.27333
1.27031

98
73
43
03
49

1.52168
1.51892
1.51685
1.51505
1.51342

83
22
48
45
84

1.26732
1.26436
1.26143
1.25853

80
90
77
38

1.51193
1.51053
1.50923
1.50799

A-

g, AND

18.1
g,

Discriminant

-0.00
-0. 01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04

2.62205
2.62025
2.61693
2.61258
2.60737

76
54
53
67
43

2.62205
2.62304
2.62710
2.63126
2.63611

76
98
11
10
20

18
84
08
63

-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08
-0.09

2.60137
2.59464
2.58720
2.57909
2.57032

48
00
37
05
09

2.64151
2.64735
2.65355
2.66002
2.66669

34
75
47
55
74

38
64
42
45
47
23

' 6.
WiT
3/z
1.69503 33
1.64719 87
1.60789 93
1.57451 65
1.54548 31
1.51978 54

-0.10
-0.11
-0.12
-0.13
-0.14

2.56091
2.55088
2.54025
2.52905
2.51729

33
61
86
23
09

2.67350
2.68037
2.68725
2.69409
2.70081

25
66
00
09
77

- 10
I ;
I

7"

70
03
26
31
52
70

94
06
57
10
63

2.70738
2.71375
2.71986
2.72568
2.73117
2.73630

1.49672
1.47581
1.45668
1.43905
1.42269

11
23
70
01
90
29

47
95
44
69
50

2.50500
2.49221
2.47895
2.46527
2.45118
2.43675

1.22569
1.22055
1.21551
1.21055
1.20568

-0.15
-0.16
-0.17
-0.18
-0.19
-0.20

I
-

;
5

1.20089
1.19618
1.19156
1.18700
1.18253

62
86
00
83
18

1.40744
1.39316
1.37973
1.36706
1.35506

84
72
79
51
88

1.17812
1.16953
1.16120
1.15314
1.14532

83
35
96
34
23

1.34368
1.32250
1.30316
1.28537
1.26889

10
70
60
08
69

49
74
94
71
14

Wig t Ii
1.82987 88
1.94863 05
2.04569 84
2.12452 34
2.18836 07

1.13773
1.13036
1.12321
1.11626
1.10950

46
91
55
38
49

1.25356
1.23923
1.22577
1.21310
1.20113

57
29
96
78
41

1.10293
1.09653
11.09030
1.08423
1.07831

00
11
03
04
46

1.18978
1.17901
1.16874
1.15895
1.14959

83
03
82
67
65

1.07254
1.06691
1.06142
1.05606
1.05083

63
95
83
74
15

1.14063
1.13203
1.12377
1.11583
1.10817

29
51
59
09
84

1.04571
1.04071
1.63582
1.03104
1.02636
1.02178

58
56
65
44
52
54

1.10079
1.09367
1.08678
1.08012
1.07367
1.06742

87
40
83
69
66
51

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0. 06

%!FF$
1.81>01
1.82207
1.82696
1.83165
1.83611

99
90
90
87
17

1.8981E"01
1.89119 06
1.80476 56
1.87888 68
1.87354 40

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0. 01
0.00

1.84028
1.84412
1.84756
1.85050
1.85280
1.85407

47
45
35
78
73
47

1.86873
1.86447

53
02

1.85769
1.86077
1.85534
1.85407

72
37
90
47

.&-I

INvARIANTS

Discriminant

wg3
1.25853
1.25280
1.24718
1.24166
1.23624
1.23092
4. 0

FOR

wg$g

[;;I-11
1s=0.20412

b/i

-P;,
-0:25
-0.30
-0.35
-0.40

:i
::
17

:z
100
-

OPg3
1.62955
1.66926
1.68880
1.69574
1.69529

?J

-0.45
-0.50
-0.55
-0.60
-0.65

1.69080
1.68433
1.67705
1.66962
1.66240

53
20
44
98
65

2.24023
2.28267
2.31773
2.34701
2.37174

31
03
31
74
42

-0.70
-0.75
-0.80
-0.85
-0.90

1.65555
1.64914
1.64320
1.63771
1.63264

57
98
64
44
84

2.39284
2.41102
2.42683
2.44070
2.45294

34
56
68
05
80

-0.95
-1.00

1.62797
1.62366

70
67

2.46384
2.47359

40
62

g2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2

cg,>

'

w2g t

w4$

1.62366
1.60646
1.58820
1.56918
1.54967

67
93
63
06
81

3.03954
3.05518
3.06892
3.08070
3.09053

85
40
24
50
50

1.52995
1.51022
1.49067
1.47143
1.45262

40
67
44
75
13

3.09846
3.10458
3.10899
3.11182
3.11318

47
18
55
48
95

1.43430
1.41652
1.39933
1.38273
1.36672

15
88
41
24
71

3.11320
3.11196
3.10955
3.10604
3.10147

22
36
78
84
38

1.35131
1.33647
1.32220
1.30847
1.29526
1.28254
(,3)3

24
63
24
11
10
90

3.09584
3.08910
3.08116
3.07175
3.06025
3.04337

00
74
35
37
10
67

i:
$=0.40824

20
17
14
13
11

<&?>
I

1
-

2'
2

I :
-1
1

In (3-g,)

[ 1

4145

cc

-100
- 50
- 33
- 25

829

a-

674

WEIERSTRASS
Table

z=r\,,

18.2

ELLIPTIC

TABLE

1.00

1.05

FOR

OBTAINING

AND

RELATED

@, P

AND

(Positive Discriminant--Unit
zV(z)
1.1
1.2

FUNCTIONS
I ON Ox AND

Oy

Real Half-Period)
1.4

2.0

4.0

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00029
1.00094

00
37
91
91
57

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00027
1.00086

00
34
41
41
77

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00025
1.00081

00
32
05
59
12

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00023
1.00074

00
29
59
31
02

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00021
1.00068

00
26
22
46
25

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00066

00
25
08
75
02

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00065

00
25
07
73
97

0.25
0. 30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.00230
1.00479
1.00889
1.01520
1.02442

98
35
27
23
50

1.00212
1.00441
1.00821
1.01408
1.02269

32
61
33
14
65

1.00198
1.00414
1.00772
1.01326
1.02144

79
21
00
70
00

1.00181
1.00379
1.00709
1.01224
1.01985

79
79
99
31
94

1.00167
1.00351
1.00659
1.01140
1.01857

98
80
56
98
24

1.00162
1.00340
1.00640
1.01108
1.01807

64
97
03
69
36

1.00162
1.00340
1.00639
1.01107
1.01806

51
71
57
93
19

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.03738
1.05504
1.07855
1.10923
1.14872

54
92
23
99
15

1.03486
1.05152
1.07381
1.10307
1.14092

08
36
21
22
35

1.03302
1.04895
1.07036
1.09857
1.13524

47
81
11
95
09

1.03071
1.04572
1.06601
1.09291
1.12807

36
73
29
64
45

1.02883
1.04309
1.06246
1.08829
1.12222

08
40
70
58
46

1.02810
1.04207
1.06109
1.08650
1.11995

10
28
15
29
41

1.02808
1.04204
1.06105
1.08646
1.11990

38
87
91
07
05

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

1.19894
1.26229
1.34171
1.44091
1.56460
1.71879

38
01
37
81
22
62

1.18933
1.25071
1.32807
1.42515
1.54671
1.69885

40
86
28
17
40
59

1.18232
1.24227
1.31812
1.41364
1.53366
1.68430

81
98
18
80
04
41

1.17348
1.23162
1.30556
1.39912
1.51717
1.66592

94
95
03
31
65
77

1.16627
1.22292
1.29529
1.38725
1.50370
1.65090

18
96
60
23
31
68

1.16346
1.21955
1.29130
1.38264
1.49846
1.64507

98
14
97
14
94
17

1.16340
1.21947
1.29121
1.38253
1.49834
1.64493

37
17
57
27
59
41

[(-;I
CTi-!/\,l

[ (-i4]

1.00

[(-i]

[(-;I

1.1

1.05

[(-i4]

1.2

[(-i4]

1.4

[(-;I

2.0

4.0

0.00
0. 05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00029
1.00094

00
37
91
91
57

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00027
1.00086

00
34
40
31
20

1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00025
1.00080

00
31
03
42
14

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00023
1.00072

00
29
57
05
54

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00021
1.00066

00
26
19
13
38

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00063

00
25
05
39
99

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00063

00
25
04
37
94

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.00230
1.00479
1.00889
1.01520
1.02442

98
35
27
23
50

1.00210
1.00435
1.00804
1.01371
1.02194

14
08
86
37
93

1.00195
1.00403
1.00743
1.01263
1.02016

05
04
81
dl
25

1.00176
1.00362
1.00667
1.01129
1.01792

15
91
40
28
92

1.00160
1.00330
1.00605
1.01020
1.01612

81
38
50
38
33

1.00154
1.00317
1.00581
1.00978
1.01542

88
81
59
33
64

1.00154
1.00317
1.00581
1.00977
1.01540

75
52
03
34
99

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

1.03738
1.05504
1.07855
1.10923
1.14872

54
92
23
99
15

1.03345
1.04901
1.06955
1.09614
1.13001

04
44
87
60
89

1.03061
1.04466
1.06309
1.08675
l.11663

34
92
37
16
04

1.02707
1.03925
1.05504
1.07507
1.10003

18
21
64
92
09

1.02421
1.03488
1.04856
1.06569
1.08671

09
20
45
47
44

1.02310
1.03319
1.04606
1.06208
1.08160

77
83
96
70
18

1.02308
1.03315
1.04601
1.06200
1.08148

17
85
09
18
16

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95

1.19894
1.26229
1.34171
1.44091
1.56460

38
01
37
81
22

1.17264
1.22578
1.29157
1.37264
1.47224

63
78
86
39
79

1.15387
1.19980
1.25602
1.32443
1.40736

03
68
53
52
61

1.13065
1.16777
1.21233
1.26544
1.32835

03
18
97
15
02

1.11207
1.14221
1.17761
1.21873
1.26610

03
52
18
89
10

1.10494
1.13243
1.16435
1.20095
1.24247

84
76
46
66
14

1.10478
1.13220
1.16404
1.20053
1.24191

09
79
34
95
74

1.00
1.05
1.10

1.71879

62

1.59449
1.74462

89
36

1.50769
1.62902
1.77589

66
39
10

1.40258

06

1.32024

17

1.28909

73

1.28836

81

[(-;4]
Z.I iL!/\rr

:*i
1:4
1.6
1. 8
2.0
:*:

2: 6
2.8
3.0

z i
;: ;
4: 0

[(-:3]
1.05

1.00
1.71879

[(-;3]

62

1.59449

[-$11

1.1
89

1.50769

[-:I

1.2
66

1.85616
1.40258

[(-;I

1.4
29
06

1.32024
1.61789
2.09401

[(-;6]

2.0
95
17
44

4.0

1.52970
1.28909
1.86127
2.28676
2.80921

17
73
05
23
52

1.527649
1.288368
1.855916
2.273495
2.777516

3.43759

29

3.363868
4.028426

If the real half-period ~1, see 18.2 Homogeneity Relations. Interpolation with
respect to II will, in general, be difficult because of the non-uniform subintervals
involved. Aitkens interpolation may be used in this ease. As few as 3s may
be obtained. For the computation of P, 9 or c at z=.r+i!l, an addition formula
may be used (18.4 and Examplea 11-12).

z: :$~~~
* 459856
7.409386
98. $$~~~
lo:660867
11.877621
13.160574

WEIERSTRASS
TABLE

ELLIPTIC
FOR

AND RELATED

OBTAINING

9, Pi AND

(Positive Discriminant-Unit
_.W(:)
1.1
1.2
-2.oooao 00 -2.00000 00
-1.99999 37 -1.99999 43
-1.99989 a9 -1.99990 80
-1.99948 63 -1.99953 10
-1.99836 70 -1.99850 41
-1.99598 17 -1.99630 33
-1.99158 17 -1.99221 67
-1.98420 07 -1.98530 95
-1.97260 99 -1.97437 35
-1.95525 47 -1.95785 77

;=s\fl
0.00'
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

1.00
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99988
-1.99940
-1.99810
-1.99537
-1.99038
-1.98210
-1.96928
-1.95036

00
26
18
16
75
33
23
95
90
:3

1.05
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99989
-1.99945
-1.99825
-1.99572
-1.99107
-1.98332
-1.97121
-1.95319

00
32
17
07
79
57
69
00
06
16

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-1.92339
-1.88593
-1.83488
-1.76619
-1.67451

01
a3
99
53
43

-1.92730
-1.89106
-1.84127
-1.77376
-1.68307

50
43
27
97
45

-1.93016
-1.89480
-1.84594
-1.77931
-1.68934

21
97
09
45
72

-1.93377
-1.89954
-1.85184
-1.78633
-1.69729

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

-1.55271
-1.39118
-1.17683
-0.89169
-0.51095
0.00000

74
65
20
al
a7
00

-1.56189
-1.40041
-1.18536
-0.89858
-0.51505
0.00000

13
70
53
la
33
00

-1.56861
-1.40713
-1.19163
-0.90361
-0.51806
0.0000'3

96
15
25
00
28
00

-1.57715
-1.41579
-1.19959
-0.91006
-0.52188
0.00000

[C-32]

[-321

1.05
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99989
-1.99945
-1.99828

[(72]

1.1
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99989
-1.99940
-1.99840

675

FUNCTIONS
r ON Ox AND

0,

Table

18.2

Real Half-Period)
1.4
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99956
-1.99861

00
47
53
73
55

2.0
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99865

00
49
a1
14
86

4.0
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99865

00
49
a2
17
97

-1.99656
-1.99273
-1.98621
-1.97581
-1.95998

50
38
31
22
33

-1.99666
-1.99293
-1.98656
-1.97637
-1.96080

63
42
35
02
a2

-1.99666
-1.99293
-1.98657
-1.97638
-1.96082

08
89
17
34
78

03
33
a2
a9
96

-1.93671
-1.90341
-1.85668
-1.79209
-1.70382

95
73
71
a0
60

-1.93786
-1.90492
-1.85856
-1.79433
-1.70636

53
32
93
95
76

-1.93789
-1.90495
-1.85861
-1.79439
-1.70642

23
86
37
25
75

61
29
24
69
70
00

-1.58416
-1.42286
-1.20613
-0.91535
-0.52503
0.00000

75
23
88
50
45
00

-1.58689
-1.42561
-1.20869
-0.91741
-0.52626
0.00000

93
79
13
70
26
00

-1.58696
-1.42568
-1.20875
-0.91746
-0.52629
0.00000

39
30
17
57
14
00

[!-;I

[C-j]

[(-;I

[32]

00
37
95
33
62

1.2
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99990
-1.99954
-1.99856

00
43
a9
15
33

1.4
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99869

00
48
65
07
07

2.0
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99959
-1.99873

00
49
94
59
99

4.0
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99959
-1.99874

00
49
95
62
11

0.25 -1.99537 33 -1.99581 31 -1.99613

0.30 -1.99038 23 -1.99133 a2 -1.9920;!
0.35 -1.98210 95 -1.98398 06 -1.98533
0.40 -1.96928 90 -1.97268 69 -1.9751:;
0.45 -1.95036 13 -1.95619 80 -1.96030

14
a9
03
44
48

-1.99652
-1.99289
-1.98701
-1.97818
-1.96561

94
25
63
68
82

-1.99685
-1.99359
-1.98837
-1.98065
-1.96982

19
12
91
01
60

-1.99697
-1.99386
-1.98890
-1.98159
-1.97144

66
12
48
94
57

-1.99697
-1.99386
-1.98891
-1.98162
-1.97148

95
76
71
la
38

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0;85
0.90
0;95

10
25
39
48
64

-1.94845
-1.92574
-1.89643
-1.85930
-1.81290

17
23
16
08
09

-1.95533
-1.93661
-1.91313
-1.88437
-1.84984

26
23
16
77
78

-1.95797
-1.94078
-1.91952
-1.89395
-1.86392

74
35
74
96
68

-1.95803
-1.94088
-1.91967
-1.89418
-1.86425

95
17
77
46
71

62
80
26
95
84

-1.75545
-1.68471
-1.59780
-1.49093
-1.35912

41
79
32
la
08

-1.80902
-1.76134
-1.70615
-1.64263
-1.56972

61
96
96
75
20

-1.82937
-1.79034
-1.74698
-1.69950
-1.64818

52
89
46
14
82

-1.82985
-1.79102
-1.74793
-1.70082
-1.65001

21
80
96
95
75

z/i=?/\u

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00

-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99988
-1.99940
-1.99810

-1.92339
-1.88593
-1.83488
-1.76619
-1.67451
-1.55271
-1.39118
-1117683
-0.89169
-0.51095

00
26
18
16
75

01
a3
99
53
43
74
65
20
al
a7

-1.93299
-1.90123
-1.85861
-1.80221
-1.72827
-1.63184
-1.50639
-1.34312
-1.13018
-0.85145

00
32
21
48
08

a4
75
50
44
05
71
22
50
63
23

-1.93989
-1.91218
-1.87553
-l.a278(1
-1.76629
-1.6875?
-1.5869E
-1.45865
-1.29452
-1.08387

1.00
1.05
1.10

0.00000 00 -0.48485 79 -0.81220 52 -1.19575 58 -1.48600 58 -1.59338 a5 -1.59588 68

o.uoooo 00 -0.45984 59
0.00000 00
[(-;I]
[-y]
[!-p]
[(-i4]
[-;I
[(-i!4]
[-$)]

z/i=y\a

1. 0
1.2
-_1.4
::i

1.4
1.00
1.2
2.0
4.0
1.05
1.1
0.00000 00 -0.48485 79 -0.81220 52 -1.19575 58 -1.48600 58 -1.59338 85 -1.59588
0.00000 00 -0.99449 51 -1.34717 40 -1.35527
0;OOOOO00 -iii7521 03 -1;09935
-0.78786 76 -0.85550
-0.46104 27 -0.64191

68
93
a3
88
20

:*64
21 a

0.00000 00 -0.46669
-0.33022
-0.22828
-0.15467
-0.10296

27
92
a9
43
79

-0.06745
-0.04346
-0.02734
-0.01629
-0.00795
0.00000

48
22
75
07
66
00

3.0
3.2
3.4

676

WEIERSTRASS
Table

TABLE

18.2

ELLIPTIC

AND

RELATED

FUNCTIONS

FOR OBTAINING
@, P AND r ON Or AND 0,
(Positive Diswiminant-Unit
Real Half-Period)
S(i)
1.1
1.2
1.4
2.0
1.00000
000
1.00000
000 1.00000
000
1.00000
0.99999
895
0.99999 905 0.99999 912
0.99999
0.99998 319
0.99998 471 0.99998
595
0.99998
0.99991 481
0.99992
246 0.99992 868
0.99993
0.99973 030
0.99975 429 0.99977
377
0.99978

:=LY\,
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99990
0.99968

000
876
031
029
483

1.05
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99990
0.99971

000
887
198
871
119

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99923
0.99840
0.99704
0.99494
0.99189

041
360
076
715
577

0.99929
0.99853
0.99727
0.99534
0.99251

399
355
741
298
583

0.99934
0.99862
0.99744
0.99563
0.99296

010
782
912
028
602

0.99939
0.99874
0.99766
0.99599
0.99353

799
617
478
122
179

0.99944
0.99884
0.99784
0.99628
0.99399

501
235
008
469
196

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.98762
0.98183
0.97419
0.96430
0.95174

541
783
386
782
028

0.98854
0.98315
0.97599
0.96671
0.95486

726
105
894
478
674

0.98921
0.98410
0.97731
0.96846
0.95714

683
521
096
489
079

0.99005
0.98530
0.97896
0.97066
0.96000

855
511
146
726
343

0.99074
0.98628
0.98030
0.97246
0.96233

0. 75
0. 80
0. 85
0.90
0.95
1.00

0.93598
0.91647
0.89251
0.86334
0.82800
0.78539
['-;'"I

819
208
910
108
562
822

0.93995
0.92140
0.89855
0.87059
0.83659
0.79543
['-j'"]

720
960
136
177
307
267

0.94284
0;92500
0.90294
0.87587
0.84284
0.80274
['-;I"]

503
321
299
177
790
283

0.94648
0;92952
0.90847
0.88252
0.85073
0.81195
['-;'"]

146
973
617
588
222
906

0.94944
0;93322
0.91298
0.88795
0.85716
0.81947
[c-y]

z/i=y\a
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99990
0.99968

000
876
031
029
483

1.05
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99990
0.99971

000
887
200
891
234

1.1
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99991
0.99973

000
895
322
516
226

1.2
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99992
0.99975

000
905
476
299
725

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99923
0.99840
0.99704
0.99494
0.99189

041
360
076
715
577

0.99929
0.99854
0.99731
0.99541
0.99266

836
660
033
639
485

0.99934
0.99865
0.99750
0.99575
0.99322

758
014
544
586
092

0.99940
0.99877
0.99774
0.99618
0.99391

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.98762
0.98183
0.97419
0.96430
0.95174

541
783
386
782
028

0.98882
0.98364
0.97684
0.96808
0.95701

817
988
238
373
320

0.98969
0.98495
0.97875
0.97080
0.96080

725
820
291
464
810

0.75
0.80
0.85
0. 90
0.95

0.93598
0.91647
0.89251
0.86334
0.82800

819
208
910
108
562

0.94322
0.92626
0.90559
0.88063
0.85068

518
102
833
688
069

0.94842
0.93328
0.91496
0.89299
0.86683

1.00
1.05
1.10

0.78539

822

0.81491
0.77237

420
164

0.83587
0.79939
0.75655
[(-;)3]

[-;]
zli=y\a
1. 0
1.2
1.4
::"8
2. 0
2; 2
2. 4

1.00
0.78539 822

[-is]
1.05
0.81491 420

000
915
643
109
130

4.0
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

000
915
644
115
148

0.99946
0.99887
0.99790
0.99639
0.99417

321
957
793
831
016

0.99946
0.99888
0.99790
0.99640
0.99417

364
045
954
099
438

340
174
531
106
582

0.99100
0.98666
0.98082
0.97315
0.96324

867
012
605
633
002

0.99101
0.98666
0.98083
0.97317
0.96326

490
904
833
272
132

525
007
848
364
486
977

0.95059
0.93465
0.91473
0.89005
0.85966
0.82239

446
128
876
936
076
820

0.95062
0.93468
0.91478
0.89010
0.85971
0.82246

155
503
003
902
964
703

1.4
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99992
0.99977

000
912
601
935
752

2.0
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

000
915
649
181
537

4.0
1.00000
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

000
916
650
187
555

928
991
989
100
695

0.99945
0.99888
0.99794
0.99652
0.99448

935
517
811
557
077

0.99947
0.99892
0.99802
0.99665
0.99469

871
586
472
871
855

0.99947
0.99892
0.99802
0.99666
0.99470

917
682
653
184
368

0.99078
0.98659
0.98113
0.97419
0.96553

438
357
896
926
710

0.99166
0.98791
0.98306
0.97694
0.96935

445
646
740
003
061

0.99200
0.98842
0.98381
0.97799
0.97081

425
700
123
651
949

0.99201
0.98843
0.98382
0.97802
0.97085

225
902
874
138
406

600
385
295
175
386

0.95489
0.94200
0.92657
0.90827
0.88676

807
908
574
878
908

0.96010
0.94902
0.93589
0.92051
0.90268

986
381
412
815
849

0.96211
0.95172
0.93947
0.92521
0.90878

557
061
230
144
307

0.96216
0.95178
0.93955
0.92532
0.90892

276
405
644
176
628

315
419
714

0.86166

128

0.88219

209

0.89003

731

0.89022

154

1.1
0.83587 315

[(-941
1.2
0.86166 128
0.71573 454

[(-;)3]
1.4
0.88219 209
0.76897
769
0.59293
450

[ 1

[(-jP1

(93

(Vi)3

2.0
0.89003
0.78909
0.64073
0.43846
+0.17708

731
505
496
099
802

-0.14800

012

22::
3. 0

:2
3:6
20
[(-3s]

r.

4.0
0.89022
0.78956
0.64184
0.44095
to.18250

15
60
73
77
43

-0.13652
-0.51809
-0.96348
-1.47349
-2.04858

01
61
97
03
lb

-2.68905
-3.39508
-4.16677
-5.00417
-5.90734
-6.87630
[(j;)g]

52
38
17
86
21
32

WEIERSTRASS
TABLE

z=r\c,

1.00

1.05

ELLIPTIC
FOR

OBTAINING,

AND RELATED
L?, @ AND

(Negative Discriminant-unit
A~(:)
1.15
1.3

677

FUNCTIONS
I ON Ox AND

Table

Oy

18.2

Real Half-Period)

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
0.99998
0.99976
0.99880
0.99622

00
52
37
40
33

1.00000
0.99998
0.99978
0.99893
0.99663

00
68
83
08
32

1.00000
0.99998
0.99983
0.99918
0.99743

00
98
74
15
55

1.00000
0.99999
0.99990
0.99950
0.99845

00
38
10
43
77

1.5
1.00000
0.99999
0.99996
0.99980
0.99940

00
75
06
51
30

2.0
1.00000
1.00000
1.00002
1.00011
1.00038

00
14
30
a3
24

4.0
1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00065

00
25
07
71
92

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99079
0.98097
0.96495
0.94070
0.90617

63
a2
11
57
03

0.99182
0.98317
0.96915
0.94811
0.91839

47
67
65
25
70

0.99381
0.98736
0.97703
0.96174
0.94051

16
11
14
61
05

0.99631
0.99255
0.98664
0.97810
0.96656

17
06
20
01
45

0.99860
0.99725
0.99525
0.99255
0.98928

26
51
02
94
71

1.00096
1.00205
1.00396
1.00705
1.01183

01
83
14
13
11

1.00162
1.00340
1.00639
1.01107
1.01805

38
46
11
17
02

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

0.85939
0.79882
0.72356
0.63382
0.53123

83
11
52
07
69

0.87853
0.82744
0.76469
0.69080
0.60756

56
45
39
48
14

0.91254
0.877,14
0.83537
0.78725
0.734'35

55
80
63
05
90

0.95189
0.93426
0.91429
0.89316
0.87276

16
12
23
80
38

0.98573
0.98244
0.98031
0.98063
0.98521

01
30
24
64
20

1.01895
1.02925
1.04381
1.06395
1.09136

42
89
01
05
32

1.02806
1.04202
1.06102
1.08641
1.11984

66
47
67
83
70

0. 75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

0.41930
0.30366
0.19233
0.09574
0.02666
0.00000

23
33
10
08
27
00

0.51830
0.42820
0.34438
0.27605
0.23446
0.23286

a4
16
12
07
42
11

0.681!,5
0.63143
0.59046
0.56611
0.56753
0.6051>3

50
16
32
51
12
48

0.85577
0.84585
0.84771
0.86731
0.91197
0.99060

68
35
96
78
25
83

0.99643
1.01739
1.05201
1.10523
1.18314
1.29335

13
07
81
21
77
96

1.12815
1.17693
1.24098
1.32440
1.43234
1.57134

05
44
76
72
85
70

1.16333
1.21939
1.29112
1.38242
1.49822
1.64479

76
20
16
38
24
64

[ C-l)3

zji=?j\o

[C-i)51

1.00

[ -;;)5]

1.05

[C-83)4]

1.15

1.3

[C-83)4]

1.5

[C-i)41

[(-R3)4]

2.0

4.0

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

1.00000
0.99998
0.99976
0.99880
0.99622

00
52
37
40
33

1.00000
0.99998
0.99978
0.99892
0.99658

00
67
76
27
78

1.000(10
0.99998
0.99903
0.99916
0.99734

00
98
59
47
10

1.00000
0.99999
0.99989
0.99948
0.99834

00
37
93
51
96

1.00000
0.99999
0.99995
0.99978
0.99931

00
75
93
96
61

1.00000
1.00000
1.00002
1.00011
1.00034

00
14
24
15
41

1.00000
1.00000
1.00004
1.00020
1.00063

00
32
04
35
88

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.99079
0.98097
0.96495
0.94070
0.90617

63
a2
11
57
03

0.99165
0.98266
0.96786
0.94525
0.91264

20
22
42
04
56

0.9934.5
0.98628
0.97423
0.92846

16
83
43
47
67

0.99589
0.99132
0.98354
0.97122
0.95268

95
10
71
41
27

0.99827
0.99626
0.99275
0.98701
0.97806

12
60
81
30
19

1.00081
1.00162
1.00285
1.00459
1.00684

39
14
94
41
49

1.00154
1.00317
1.00580
1.00976
1.01539

61
22
47
35
36

0.50
0. 55
0.60
0.65
0. 70

0.85939

83

0.86784
0.80881

46
13

0.89009
0.83817
0.77024

57
66
24

0.92592
0.88861
0.83812
0.77163

17
10
71
28

0.96465
0.94522
0.91784
0.88019
0.82955

71
83
50
00
45

1.00955
1.01258
1.01563
1.01827
1.01983

92
51
95
41
61

1.02305
1.03311
1.04595
1.06191
1.08136

58
90
22
71
14

0.76286

31

1.01942
1.01585
1.00758
0.99269
0.96882
0.93312
['-;'I]

61
25
28
39
29
29

1.10461
1.13197
1.16373
1.20012
1.24136
1.28763
[(-yq

36
83
23
24
39
91

0.95576

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
[-;I]

[p]

[C-i3

[-921

[-923

4.0

z/i=y\u

1.1

,
3

::1
1.' 1
1.5

I. 6
$z
;: i

2.0

If the real half-period ~1, see 18.2 Homogeneity Relations. Interpolation with
respect to 6 will, in -general, be diflicult because of the non-uniform subintervals
involved. Aitkens interpolation may be used in this case. As few as 3s may
be obtained. For the computation of @, Ip or I at z-.r+,!/, an addition formula
may be used (18.4 and E&plea
11-12).

_1.39585
____^
1.67719
1.85056
2.04521

80
^^
97
87
26

1.5Z55Y

tlu

2.26025

62

678

WEIERSTRASS

Table

ELLIPTIC

TABLE

18.2

FOR

AND

OBTAINING

RELATED

P, 9

FUNCTIONS

AND

(Negative Discriminant-Unit

r ON

Ox AND

Oy

Real Half-Period)

3cP(r)

r=r\,,
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

-2.00000
-2.00002
-2.00047
-2.00239
-2.00753

00
95
25
01
43

-2.00000
-2.00002
-2.00042
-2.00212
-2.00667

00
65
27
89
30

-2.00000
-2.00002
-2.00032
-2.00161
-2.00502

00
04
37
92
56

-2.00000
-2.00001
-2.00019
-2.00097
-2.00297

00
24
63
17
32

-2.00000
-2.00000
-2.00007
-2.00037
-2.00110

00
50
74
44
66

2.0
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99995
-1.99975
-1.99919

00
71
34
65
66

4.0
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99958
-1.99866

00
49
83
21
07

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-2.01829
-2.03755
-2.06843
-2.11379
-2.17550

41
78
88
74
18

-2.01608
-2.03274
-2.05907
-2.09713
-2.14789

73
55
94
03
87

-2.01196
-2;02197
-2.04247
-2.06835
-2.10148

38
$9
95
37
48

-2.00694
-2.01358
-2.02334
-2.03614
-2.05106

49
73
71
78
10

-2.00246
-2.00448
-2.00696
-2.00922
-2.00992

05
84
68
15
37

-1.99793
-1.99544
-1.99095
-1.98338
-1.97120

23
16
74
63
64

-1.99667
-1.99294
-1.98657
-1.97639
-1.96084

11
36
99
65
72

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-2.25339
-2.34395
-2.43881
-2.52318
-2.57463

16
53
27
49
40

-2.21047
-2.28098
-2.35140
-2.40840
-2.43241

72
85
73
49
27

-2.14013
-2.18023
-2.21466
-2.23248
-2.21839

46
97
43
50
89

-2.06592
-2.07692
-2.07815
-2.06116
-2.01460

49
41
03
83
73

-2.00685
-1.99665
-1.97452
-1.93392
-1.86620

64
49
31
01
81

-1.95234
-1.92399
-1.88246
-1.82286
-1.73878

05
70
83
83
53

-1.93791
-1.90499
-1.85865
-1.79444
-1.70648

93
42
81
54
76

0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00

-2.56240
-2.44770
-2.18496
-1.72414
-1.01321
0.00000

86
16
84
78
01
00

-2.39712
-2.26959
-2.01105
-1.57813
-0.92423
0.00000

18
69
50
99
16
00

-2.15233
-2.00933
-1.75959
-1.36864
-0.79716
0.00000

79
39
77
82
03
00

-1.92378
-1.77031
-1.53168
-1.18057
-0.68374
0.00000

08
11
32
88
39
00

-1.76023
-1;6017a
-1.37288
-1.05066
-0.60580
0.00000

25
75
13
42
78
00

-1.62181
-1;46089
-1.24141
-0.94387
-0.54202
0.00000

13
21
08
76
52
00

-1.58702
-1;42574
-1.20881
-0.91751
-0.52632
0.00000

84
81
20
44
04
00

1.00

1.05

1.15

1.5

1.3

[c-y]
i/i=?/\cl

1.00

1.05

1.15

1.3

[ (-3

[c-y]

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

-2.00000
-2.00002
-2.00047
-2.00239
-2.00753

00
95
25
01
43

-2.00000
-2;00002
-2.00042
-i:iO216
-2.00685

00
65
55
ii
42

-2.00000
-2.00002
-2.00032
-2.00168
-2.00540

00
05
97
65
32

-2.00000
-2.00001
-2.00020
-2.00104
-2.00340

00
25
30
a7
55

1.5
-2.00000
-2.00000
-2.00008
-2.00043
-2.00145

00
50
28
62
41

2.0
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99995
-1.99978
-1.99935

00
72
58
38
00

4.0
-2.00000
-1.99999
-1.99991
-1.99959
-1.99874

00
49
95
6t
22

0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

-2.01829
-2.03755
-2.06843
-2.11379
-2.17550

41
78
88
74
18

-2.01677
-2.03479
-2.06420
-2.10841
-2.17036

67
40
40
06
66

-2.01340
-2.02825
-2.05319
-2.09200
-2.14879

12
59
59
85
02

-2.00859
-2.01849
-2.03567
-2.06346
-2.10597

22
50
60
12
25

-2.00378
-2.00844
-2.01691
-2;03134
-2.05462

54
10
87
51
43

-1.99851
-1.99718
-1.99536
-ii99123
-1.99120

75
99
97
08
21

-1.99698
-1.99387
-1.98892
-ii98164
-1.97152

24
40
95
4i
19

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70

-2.25339

16

-2.25173
-2.35170

01
68

-2.22747
-2.33108
-2.46061

67
42
76

-2.16805
-2.25504
-2.37230
-2.52442

61
79
39
19

-2.09057
-2.14403
-2.22089
-2.32798
-2.47283

56
61
13
29
02

-1.99006
-1.99107
-1.99605
-2.00760
-2.02919

63
16
96
83
12

-1.95810
-1.94097
-1.91982
-1.89440
-1.86458

18
97
80
95
73

-2.66308

69

-2.06534
-2;12ii7
-2.20596
-2.32643
-2.49375
-2.72008

90
04
83
60
12
43

-1.83032

90

4.0
-1.48398
-1.36337
-1.24144
-1.12345
-1.01509

95
47
17
13
75

-0.92286
-0.85472
-0.82134
-0.83783
-0.92645

21
55
27
54
86

0.75
0; 80
0. a5
0.90
0.95
1.00
[ c-p3

zii=q\n

1.1

::3
::5
1.6
1. 7
1.8
::i

[C-i)31

[-;4]

IIC-i)61

WEIERSTRASS
TABLE

z=r\n
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30

1.00
1.00000 00
1.00000 49
1.00007

88

1.00039 88
1.00125 98
1.00307 33
1.00636

38

0.40
0.45

1.01999

45

0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65

1.04821
1.06990
1.09776

0.35

0.70
0.75
0.80
0. 85
0. 90
0.95

1.00

1.01176 23

ELLIPTIC
FOR

OBTAINING

AND

RELATED

9,

AND

1.00274
1.00566

09
06

1.02805

07

1.01043 07
1.01767 00

1.00048 81
1.00098
1.00175
1.00285

15
16
61

0.99968
0.99934
0.99875
0.99781
0.99639

98
32
38
57
49

1.00619
1.00840

68
79

0.99432

31

0.97457

57

91

39
26
64
76

1.02543
1.03459
1.04547
1.05796

63
22
13
45

1.22444 09
1.28188 76
1.34648 26

1.13570

79

1.07181

59

1.41726
1.49272

1.23'329

81
88
58

1.16765 25
1.20.248 62

20
42

22

1.271579 52
1.31332 66

1.57079 62

1.08659
1.10165
1.11613
1.12887
1.13842
(-p4

33
80
35
36
65

1.3
1.00000
1.00000
1.00003
1.00017
1.00054
1.00134
1.00281
1.00529
1.00917
1.01496
1.02322
1.03466
1.05006
1.07029

00
21
34
04
31
04
53
28
72
03
84
71
29
97

[ 1

zli=v\n

1 nn

0: oo- 'l.Oooii, 00
0.05 1.00000 49
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.50

1.00007

88

1.00039 88
1.00125 98
1.00307 33
38
1.01176 23

1.00636
1.01999

45

I.. 03186 18

1.04821 35

0.55
0.60
0.65
0. 70
0.75
0; 80
0.85
0.90
0. 95
1.00

1.05
1.00000
1.00000
1.00007
1.00035
1.00113

00
44
08
86
51

1.15
1.00000
1.00000
1.00005
1.00027
1.00088

00
34
46
73
05

1.00277

55

1.00216

14

1.00576
1.01069
1.01824
1.02921
1.04444
1.06483

38
02
62
31
39
58

1.00451 03
1.001341 42
1.01445 97
1.02333 32
l.O3!i81 72
1.05;!77 97
1.07515 67

1.00433 47

1.01087
1.01343
1.01581
1.01765
1.01845

54
17
69
94
50

1.01754
1.01408

41
58
73
76

1.00702
0.99506

[-;]

[ I

[-;I

[--;I]

[-;]

0.99139 16
0.98734 37
0.98186 55
0.96501 30
0.95262 09

1.5
1.00000
1.00000
1.00001
1.00006
1.00022

00
08
35
91
22

1.00055

4.0
1.00000 00
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0;99978

92
65
12
17

0.99946
0.99888

41
13

0.99640

37

0.99102
0.98667
0.98085
0.97318
0.96328

12
79
06
91
27

0.99791 11
0.99417 86

0.95064

87

0.93672

94

0.93471 88
0.91482 13

0.89105
0.85912

46
29

0.89015
0.85977
0.82253

86
85
59

0.91653 15

43

94
03
67

2.0
1.00000
0.99999
0.99999
0.99996
0.99988

00
95
25
24
28

0.99971
0.99943

90
06

1.00117
1.00225
1.00396
1.00658
1.01042
1.01588
1.02344

41
39
73

0.99897
0.99830
0.99739
0.99619
0.99471
0.99295

1.03369

45

0.99095

77
58

0.98656
0.98447
0.98273
0.98166
0.98165

79
25
54
56
63

42

1.04730 93

[(-;I

41
68
10
89
80

0.98878 64

0.98319 64
[(-i2]

4.0
1.00000 00
0.99999
0.99998
0.99993
0.99978

92
65
19
57

0.99947
0.99892
0.99802
0.99666
0.99470

96
78
83
50
88

0.99202
0.98845
0.98384
0.97804
0.97088

03
10
63
63
86

0.96221 00
0.95184
0.93964
0.92543
0.90906
0.89040

1:5

::;
i-98
2:o

75
06
21
94
57

c(-$)3 I

ZJi=Y\U

:::
:*i

18.2

[C-i'"3

1.06508 51

C-216

51

1.00125 79

1.04478
1.06180
1.08258
1.10724

1.08493
1.11454
1.15021

00
95
24
10

1.00256

54

27
77
02
52

1.04227 15
1.06102 21

Table

Oy

1.00208 94

1.00467
1.00779
1.01217
1.01799

1.13248 70
1.17462 06

0.x AND

1.00429

32
74
50
19

35
78
14

f ON

(Negative Discriminant-Unit
Real Half-Period)
:r(:)
1.05
1.15
1.3
1.5
2.0
1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000 00 1.00000
1;00000
44
1;00000
34
1;00000
21
1.00000 08 0.99999
1.00003
31
1.00001 32 0.99999
1.00007
06
1.00005
43
1.00035
70
1.00027 40 1.00016 65 1.00006 60 0.99996
1.00112 60 1.00086 16 1.00052 15 1.00020 48 0.99987
1.00787
1.01325
1.02090
1.03127

1.03186 18

679

FUNCTIONS

4.0
0.84561
0.79003
0.72274
0.64295
0.55003

98
67
36
89
38

0.44345
0.32282
0.18790
+0.03858
-0.12508

14
70
92
90
40

WJGIERSTRASS

680
Iulh!
n=d/i

18.3
I/?

ELLIPTIC

AND

FUNCTIONS

RELATED

1NVARlANTS AND VALllES AT HALF-PERIODS

(Non-Negative Discriminant-Unit
Real Half-Period)
:(=[P(w)
q=r(l)
(1= P(l)
II3
0.00000 000
1.71079 64 -1.71079 64 0.70539
0.55310 992 1.71005 96 -1.66130 15 0.70979
1.03405 699 1.70235 77 -1.60703 69 0.79367
1.45404 521 1.69556 79 -1.55707 59 0.79700
1.02151 090 1.60950 10 -1.51123 63 0.00009
2.14201 000 1.60430 41 -1.46767 03 0.00274
2.42241 937 1.67965 00 -1.42690 19 0.00507
2.66790 153 1.67554 00 -1.30094 40 0.00713
2.00320 000 1.67193 04 -1.35330 12 0.00095
3.07195 910 1.66074 05 -1.32011 96 0.01054

n/i=r(u)/i
-0.70539
-0.76520
-0.74537
-0.72500
-0.70669

02
32
75
50
61

-0.60777
-0.66910
-0.65066
-0.63241
-0.61434

92
00
09
30
79

906
160
717
299
453

-0.59644
-0.57069
-0; 56106
-0.54356
-0.52616

54
03
78
50
97

0.01606
0.01752
0.01011
0.01062
0.01907
0.01947
0.01903
0.02014
0.02041
0.02066
0.02007
0.02106
0.02122
0.02137
0.02150

533
732
103
572
950
977
269
309
031
031
370
i$i
707
423
329

-0.50007
-0.49166
-0.47452
-0.45746
-0.44046
-0.42352
-0.40663
-0.30970
-0.37290
-0.35621

14
03
75
53
65
46
39
91
56
91

0.02161
0.02104
0.02201
0.02213
0.02222

711
620
364
509
516

-0.33940
-0.32270
-0.30610
-0.20945
-0.27202
-0.25620
-0.21475
-0.17337
-0.13205
-0.09079

50
22
4
55
11
90
00
32
05
10

0.02229
0.02233
0.02237
0.02239
0.02241
0.02243
0.02244
0.02244
0.02245
0.02245
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
0.02246
[c-y]

030
000
201
020
676
032
022
745
274
659
146
406
546
619
659
600
691
690
701
702
703
703
703
704
704
704
704
704

-0.04955
-0.00035
+O. 03203
0.07400
0.11515

91
41
07
01
00

0.15630
0.19745
0.23050
0.27972
0.32005

73
01
01
23
30

0.40311
0.40536
0.56761
0.64906
0.73211
0.01435
0.09660
0.97005
1.06109
1.14334
1.22559
1.30703
1.39000
1.47233
1.55457
1.63602
1.71907

12
30
39
24
01
74
44
13
01
40
16
03
50
17
04
51
10

1. 00
1.02
1.04
1. 06
1. 00

11.01704
11.37372
10.90419
10.64177
10.34065

500
304
107

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.10
1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.20
1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.30
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.40
1.50
1.52
1. 54
1.56
1. 50

10.07577
9.04269
9.63754
9.45693
9.29709

364
105
049
072
413

9.15702
9.03445
0.92575
0.02999
0.74560

051
117
043
055
130

3.23761
3.30300
3.51000
3.62320
3.72197

717
317
223
977
756

1.66592
1.66344
1.66126
1.65933
1.65763

77
74
03
17
09

-1.20900
-1.25900
-1.23262
-1.20710
-1.10320

20
23
55
65
95

0.01195
0.01320
0.01429
0.01526
0.01611

0.67123
0.60560
0.54791
0.49690
0.45209

169
620
374
090
746

3.00005
3.00529
3.95256
4.01170
4.06392

265
056
351
462
070

1.65613
1.65400
1.65364
1.65261
1.65170

11
06
22
37
67

-1.16002
-1.13905
-1.12021
-1.10100
-1.00454

70
91
33
31
05

0.41252
0.37763
0.34607
0.31975
0.29503
0.27475
0.25616
0.23977
0.22531
0.21257

263
305
203
220
997
500
404
191
604
036

4.10905
4.15029
4.10593
4.21732
4.24490
4.26936
4.29004
4.30970
4.32647
4.34119

014
019
045
430
720
502
965
602
752
120

1.65090
1.65020
1.64957
1.64903
1.64054
1.64012
1.64774
1.64741
1.64711
1.64606

60
13
92
06
60
02
39
20
94
13

-1.06037
-1.05321
-1.03099
-1.02566
-1.01316
-1.00144
-0.99044
-0.90012
-0.97045
-0.96137

47
20
50
55
45
04
37
04
19
37

1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.00
1.05
1.90
1.95
2.00
2. 05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

0.20133
0.17070
0.16217
0.15011
0.14129
0.13406
0.13016
0.12672
0.12421
0.12230
0.12104
0.12007
0.11935
0.11003
0.11045
0.11797
0.11771
0.11750
0.11750
0.11746
0.11744
0.11743
0.11743
0.11742
0.11742
0.11742
0.11742
0.11742
0.11742
0.11742
0.11742
0.11742
0.11742

033
300
907
147
012
127
001
634
044
671
003
164
791
660
503
459
705
007
702
004
004
694
103
707
619
529
401
455
441
434
430
426
426

4.35416
4.30026
4.39931
4.41322
4.42337
4.43079
4.43620
4.44016
4.44305
4.44516
4.44670
4.44702
4.44064
4.44924
4.44960
4.45024
4.45053
4.45069
4.45077
4.45002
4.45004
4.45006
4.45006
4.45007
4.45007
4.45007
4.45007
4.45007
4.45007
4.45007

210
291
441
294
010
360
096
375
205
152
219
746
934
963
000
222
705
555
969
457
052
130
011
174
360
472
520
556
572
501

1.64663
1.64617
1.64504
1.64559
1.64541
1.64520
1.64519
1.64512
1.64507
1.64503
1.64500
1.64490
1.64497
1.64496
1.64495
1.64494
1.64494
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

30
54
00
63
70
73
21
25
17
45
74
76
32
26
49
51
00
71
57
49

1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

45
43
42
41
41

-0.95205 64
-0.93379 17
-0.91752 00
-0.90365 10
-0.09100'0?
-0.00169 76
-0.07306 52
-0.06569 37
-0.05939 02
-0.05402 10
-0.04942 70
-0.04550 41
-0.04215 20
-0.03920 00
-0; 03604 11
-0.03296 37
-0.03013 20
-0.02006 54
-0; 02655 50
-0.02545 33
-0.02464 01
-0.02406 01
-0.02363 06
-0.02331 60
-0.02300 70

1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493
1.64493

41
41
41
41
41
41
41

-0.02292
-0.02279
-0.02270
-0.02264
-0.02259
-0.02256
-0.02253

,j2=d,

q3=U,

q=&/Z,

2;
2: 6
22:;
:-z
3: 1
::3'

Forn=l:

347

794

4.45007 505
4.45007 507
4.45007 590

cc-p
,- 1

04
02
09
37
61
13
59

1.64493 41 -0.02246 70
[(-j"]
[c-y]
^
.
I?:,=-02/2,~=*4,
njr=-r/4.

016
710
192
535
279
203
017
637
045
949

[95 I

For a=-: 92-r4/12, 9s-(i/216, c, =r2/6, ;I = -+/12, v&/12, v/;= m.

(w= 1.85407 4677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
-, .to obtain V use Legendres relation q = W -+/2.
-For 4<n<
.
ro obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half-period o+l,
multiPIY 92 by u-4, !lR by w-6, ei by o--2 and 7 by w--l.

WEIERSTRASS

ELtLIPTIC

INVARIANT!5

AND

AND RELATED
VALUES

1. 02
1. 04
1. 06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1. 24
1.26
1.28

(Non-Negative Discriminant-Unit
o(w), i
0.949i9 88
0.949899
0.95114 80
0.967481
0.95224 92
0.984884
0.95321 98
1.002097
0.95407 54
1.019107
0.95482 97
1.035904
0.95549 47
1.052476
0.95608 10
1.068811
0.95659 79
1.084899
0.95705 36
1.100727
0.95745 55
1.116285
0.95780 98
1.131562
0.95812 22
1.146546
0.95839 77
1.161227
0.95864 07
1.175594

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.95885
0.95904
0.95921
0.95935
0.95948
0.95960
0.95970
0.95979
0.95986
0.95993

49
38
04
73
68
10
18
06
89
80

1.189636
1.203344
1.216707
1.229716
1.242361

1.50
:* ::
1: 56
1.58

90
27
01
19
87
13
67
45
94
49
35
71
70
43
96
35
63
84
99
10
24
31
35
37
38
39
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40

1.310087
1.319941
1.329364
:: EE
1.354990
1.373224
1.388539
1.400869
1.410170
1.416408
1.419573
1.419665
1.416707
1.410733
1.401800
1.389977
1.375349
1.358018
1.338098
1.291016
1.235264
1.172151
1.103091
1.029557

::"5
33';
31 a
3.9
4.0

0.95999
0.96005
0.96010
0.96014
0.96017
0.96021
0.96027
0.96032
0.96035
0.96038
0.96040
0.96041
0.96042
0.96043
0.96043
0.96044
0.96044
0.96044
0.96044
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045
0.96045

2=*-o

0.96045 40

0.000000

1.50

:-66;
1: 70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2. 00
2. 05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2. 25
2.30
::z
z
2: a
2.9
::1"
:::

1.254633
1.266522
1.278021
1.289120
1.299811

0.953025
0.874937
0.796655
0.719428
0.644360
0.572395
0.504299
0.440663
0.381903
0.328268
0.279851
0.236623

681

FUNCTIONS

AT HALF-PERIODS

Real Half-Period)
m+Jz)
1.182951
1.170397
1.157316
1.143695
1.129522
1.114782
1.099457
1.083531
1.066989
1.049814
1.031991
1.013507
0.994349
0.974506
0.953970
0.932733
0.910790
0.888138
0.864776
0.840704
0.815927
0.790449
0.764278
0.737425
0.709900
0.681719
0.652896
0.623452
0.593404
0.562777
0.531593
0.451372
0.368286
0.282840
0.195588
0.107125
+o. 018074
-0.070918
-0.159199
-0.246114
-0.331019
-0.413290
-0.492330
-0.567579
-0.638522
-0.765682
-0.870782
-0.951807
-1.007808
-1.038896
-1.046157
-1.031530
-0.997636
-0.947586
-0.884775
-0.812687
-0.734720
-0.654024
-0.573398
-0.495196
-0.421291
-0.353075
0.000000
(-i)3

[ 1

Table 18.3
y44
1.182951
1.218650
1.253864
1.288619
1.322935
1.356827
1.390301
1.423362
1.456007
1.488231
1.520022
1.551369
1.582254
1.612657
1.642557
1.671930
1.700750
1.728989
1.756618
1.783607
1.809925
1.835542
1.860425
1.884541
1.907860
1.930348
1.951974
1.972707
1.992515
2.011370
2.029242
2.069439
2.102914
2.129313
2.148344
2.159783
_~~ .~.
2.163478
2.159353
2.147412
2.127732
2.100473
2.065864
2.024211
1.975882
1.921308
1.795415
1.650936
1.492779
1.326086
1.155967
0.987255
0.824296
0.670787
0.529666
0.403050
0.292246
0.197780
0.119493
0.056643
+o. 008033
-0.027857
-0.052740
0.000000

cc-y 1

w2=l+o', ez=(P (l+J')=-(e,+e$,

12=I(l+w')=1+1'.
For a= 1: u(1) =eR/821/4,$ ~(a) =i+l), +J =$@$#4/,.
For a= oD. #(I) = !&~**4+r,
U(J) = 0, u(~*) =o
(~=1.854& 4677 is the real half-period in-the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
To obtain the corresponding values of tabulated quantities when the real half-period
0~1, multiply g by w

WEIERSTRASS

682
Table

INVARIANTS

18.3

a=o;/i

Q2

1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

-37.48749
-35.54027
-33.62168
-31.73930
-29.89938

12
17
02
91
64

1.20
1.22
1.24

45
62

1.26

-28.10693
-26.36591
-24.67936
-23.04950

1.28

-21.47786

60

-19.96535
-18.51237
-17.11886
-15.78441
-14.50828

52

:*'3;
1:34
1.36
1.38

lb
71
82
67

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

-13.28947
-12.12676
-11.01876

27
19
70

9.96396
8.96072

40
32

21.80880
21.28756
20.74000
20.17372
19.59530

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56

8.b0733
7.10204
6.24304
5.42853

71
36
63
20

19
30
84
53

58
83

1.58

- 4.65668

53

1.60
1.65

- 3.92570
- 2.26537

12
64

1.70

- 0.82241

58

1.75
1.80

+ 0.42844

48

1.51045

44

2.44471
3.25015

18
81

2.00
2.05

3.94365
4.54009
5.05259

25
85
79

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

5.49261
5.87014
6.19388
6.47134
6.70905

76
05
49
42

2.4

7.08692
7.36377
7.56643
7.71470
7.82312

59
30
61
39
83

7.90239
7.96032
8.00265
8.03358

07

8.05618

01

1.85
1.90
1.95

::2
::;
;::
::
3:s

AND

0.00000 00

00

1.06

AND RELATED
VALUES

AT

FUNCTIONS

HALF-PERIOD>

(Non-Positive Discriminant-Unit
Real Half-Period)
.RPe,=
<(If?,=
g+;)
E?(;-;)
112=<(l)
93

-47.26818
-45.35272
-43.40071
-41.42954
-39.45420

1. 00

1.02
1.04

ELLIPTIC

57

11
32
32

0.00000
-0.04867
-0.09452

000

1.57079
1.53091

63

1.49282

30

39

1.45647

40

1.42184

87
01

1.38885

99

29
69
68

00
58
28

-0.13769

202

3.22711

14.25448

26

-0.17834

547

3.15578

16.56680
18.47603

99
08

-0.21662

576
894

3.08425
3.01273

89
84

315
915

2.94140
2.87040

17
90

-0.25266

22.20294

45

-0.28660
-0.31854
-0.34862

22.90208
23.38397
23.67693

34
82
85

-0.37692
-0.40356
-0.42863

23.80660
23.79610

45
09

23.66620

08

23.43548
23.12052
22.73602
22.29496

95
98

20.02550

17

21.25543

82

29
60

22
31

810

3.43759
3.36827
3.29802

4.41906
8.23156
11.49257

083

086

2.79990

29

571

2.73000

96

-0.45222
-0.47442

512
481
513
139

2.66084
2.59249
2.52505
2.45859

-0.49530
-0.51494
-0.53342
-0.55081

414
941
897
058

2.39318
2.32886

49

2.26569
2.20369

11
72

-0.56715

817

2.14291

32

209

2.08336
2.02506

24
27
64

-0.58253
-0.59698

926

81

-0.61058
-0.62336

339
513

70

-0.63538

226

19.01038
18.42378
17.83959
17.26123
lb.69159

59
52
12
98
27

-0.64667
-0.65730

980
023

-0.66728
-0.67666
-0.68548

357

16.13300
14.79653
13.56033
12.43388
11.41927

57

36

14

-1.57079
-1.58005

-1.58905
-1.59772
-1.60600

63
81
67
52
53

1.35748

74

1.32766
1.29935
1.27247

96
18
81

-1.61384
-1.62120
-1.62804
-1.63434
-1.64006

1.24699
1.22283
1.19995
1.17830
1.15780

24
82
95
09
77

-1.64520
-1.64973
-1.65364
-1.65693
-1.65959

1.13842
1.12010
1.10279

65

52
31

-1.66lb3
-1.66305
-1.66384

1.08644
1.07100

09

-1.66403

10

-1.66361

75
bl
43
14
83

-1.66259
-1.66099
-1.65881
-1.65608
-1.65280

76
36
21

26

1.96802
1.91226
1.85777

13
09

1.05642
1.04267
1.02970
1.01747
1.00593

1.80455
1.75261
1.70192

50
00
94

0.99506
0.98482
0.97517

68
68

93
46
85
18
00
28
36
88
82
38

99
31
13
42
26

85
44

40

751
761

1.65250

41

0.96608

09

1.60432

26

0.95751

90

-1.64899
-1.64466
-1.63982
-1.63450
-1.62871

1.55737
1.44527
1.34049
1.24271
1.15159

16

0.94945
0.93130
0.91571
0.90232
0.89084

69
88
53
74
07

-1.62246
-1.60493
-1.58487
-1.56251
-1.53807

17
31
67
97
94

l.Obb78
0.98792
0.91466

0.88099
0.87254
0.86531

10
91

-1.51175
-1.48374
-1.45422
-1.42334
-1.39126

93
94
51
69
17

-1.35810
-1.32398

23
93

-1.28903
-1.25332

05
31

77
94
28

-0.75360

734
375
198
441
961

10.51370
9.71138
9.00473
8.38537
7.84470

92
21
54
94
38

-0.76358
-0.77212
-0.77942
-0.78567
-0.79101

973
691
883
351
353

7.37428
6.96611
6.61278

09
56
90

-0.79557
-0.79948
-0.80282

957
352
119

6.30752

86

-0.80567

458

23

-0.69377
-0.71238
-0.72831
-0.74194

07
39
44
58

63

$/i=f(w$/i

36

21
21
40
48
73

0.84665

65
46

0.85912

0.78355

46

0.85382

0.72504
0.67080

25
91

0.62056
0.57401

06
95

6.04422

78

-0.80811

383

0.53092

40

5.62231

14

-0.81198

137

0.45410

32

5.31058
5.08099
4.91228
4.78851

54
59
49
39

-0.81480
-0.81687
-0.81837
-0.81948

718
lb7
985
158

0.38831
0.33200
0.28383

56
75
23

0.24262

75

4.69782

05

4.63142

26

636
422
361
725

0.20739
0.17726
0.15151
0.12949

21
58
09
50

67

29
00

0.84928

11

0.84539
0.84207
0.83923
0.83679

69
37
09
93

0.83294
0.83012
0.82805

16
09
92

0.82655
0.82545

25
16

0.82464

72
96

13
08
76
65

-1.21695

43

-1.14253
-1.06629
-0.98863
-0.90990
-0.83032

28
03
87
09
82

4.58284
4.54731

25
53

-0.82028
-0.82087
-0.82130
-0.82161

03

-0.66941
-0.58833

4.52134

25

-0.82184

634

0.11067

62

0.82331
0.82308

67
77

-0.42540

32

93
72
14
62

368

0.09459

0.82259

-0.26179
-0.17984
-0.09781
-0.01572

06
10

65

04
82
89
37
61

33

0.08084
0.06909
0.05904
0.05046

0.82292
0.82279
0.82270
0.82264

-0.34366

590
517
038
800

10
29
25
97

0.82405
0.82363

-0.75011

58

39
07

-0.50697

92

::z

8.07268
8.08474

80
69

2;
3:

8.09355
8.09999
8.10469

57
01
00

4.50235
4.48848
4.47835
4.47094
4.46553

65

-0.82201
-0.82213
-0.82222
-0.82229
-0.82233

3.9
4. 0

8.10812
8.11063

30
05

4.46158
4.45869

47
80

-0.82237
-0.82239

279
820

08

0.82256

13

+O. 06639

64

0.03686

13

0.82253

59

+0.14855

08

co

8.11742

43

4.45087

59

-0.82246

703

0.00000

00

0.82246

70

A=0

(7)3

Fora=l:q2=-4d,g3=U,

[(-;)8]
&,=U,

[(-;)4]
^-

0.04313

[-;I

[(-;)I

[T-:)3]

Ye,=~~,?~=~l/2,?;/i=-rr,2.

g2=?r4/12, c7s=i+/216, G?e,= -7+2/12, Se, =o, 7,=+/12, $/;=-.

(m= 1.85407 4677 is the real half-period in the Lemniscatic case 18.14.)
For 4<a< -, to obtain 11;use Legendres relation ni = tt&*i.
To obtain the corresponding values of tabu!ated quantities when the real half-period wz+1,
multiply c12by OF*, 83 by G6, ei by $? and 7 by 02.
For a=-:

91
75

WEIERSTRASS

ELLIPTIC

INVARIANTS
(Non-Positive

AND

AND

RELATED

VALUES

AT HALF-PERIODS

Discriminant-Unit

683

FUNCTIONS

Table

18.3

Real Half-Period)

u(cq/i

R+)

1.00

1.02
1.04
1.06
1. 08

1.18295
1.17091
1.15940
1.14841
1.13793

13
79
62
45
68

1.182951
1.219157
1.255842
1.292964
1.330480

0.474949
0.475654
0.476433
0.417275
0.478169

Su(w)
0.474949
0.483826
0.492792
0.501851
0.511006

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

1.12796
1.11848
1.10948
1.10094
1.09285

39
38
26
49
44

1.368342
1.406502
1.444910
1.483513
1.522257

0.479107
0.480078
0.481074
0.482085
0.483104

0.520259
0.529611
0.539064
0.548616
0.558268

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

1.08519
1.07794
1.07109
1.06461
1.05850

40
61
31
72
11

1.561089
1.599952
1.638790
1.677548
1.716167

0.484122
0.485132
0.486126
0.487098
0.488041

0.568019
0.577866
0.587809
0.597843
0.607968

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

1.05272
1.04727
1.04214
1.03729
1.03272

75
97
12
63
96

1.754591
1.792765
1.830630
1.868133
1.905218

0.488949
0.489817
0.490639
0.491410
0.492126

0.618179
0.620474
0.638850
0.649302
0.659828

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

1.02842
1.02437
1.02055
1.01696
1.01357

64
26
48
00
57

1.941832
1.977922
2.013437
2.048327
2.082544

0.492783
0.493376
0.493902
0.494357
0.494739

0.670422
0.681082
0.691804
0.702582
0.713414

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

1.01039
1.00739
1.00457
1.00191
0.99942

05
28
23
88
27

2.116040
2.148771
2.180693
2.211766
2.241950

0.495045
0.495272
0.495418
0.495480
0.495458

0.724295
0.735221
0.746189
0.757192
0.76a229

1.60
1.65
1.70
1.15
1.80

0.99707
0.99179
0.98727
0.98340
0.98008

51
98
79
36
56

2.271208
2.340071
2.402437
2.457895
2.506120

0.495348
0.494687
0.493456
0.491645
0.489246

0.779295
0.807059
0.834917
0.862812
0.890687

1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05

0.97724
0.97481
0.97273
0.97095
0.96943

49
36
30
31
05

2.546866
2.579972
2.605345
2.622973
2.632902

0.486255
0.482673
0.478503
2 E,"

0.918490
0.946170
0.973680
1.000975
1.028011

2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30

0.96812
0.96701
0.96606
0.96524
0.96455

82
46
23
80
19

2.635245
2.630169
2.617892
2.598678
2.572828

0.462516
0.456054
0.449041
0.441488
0.433405

1.054750
1.081151
1.107179
1.132799
1.157978

2.4
2.5
2.6

0.96344
0.96264
0.96205
0.96162
0.96130

79
13
18
12
65

2.502604
2.410244
2.299090
2.172666
2.034544

0.415693
0.395997
0.374417
0.351055
0.326022

1.206881
1.253647
1.298044
1.339858
1.378884

0.96107
0.96090
0.96078
0.96069
0.96063

67
89
62
67
12

1.888235
1.737097
1.584242
1.432486
1.284291

0.299435
0.271420
0.242114
0.211664
0.180224

1.414929
1.447812
1.477367
1.503441
1.525899

0.96058
0.96054
0.96052
0.96050
0.96049

34
86
31
44
08

1.141740
1.006520
0.879924
0.762869
0.655914

0.147962
0.115052
0.081678
0.048028
+0.014297

1.544621
1.559512
1.570495
1.57751a
1.580552

0.96048
0.96047

09
37

0.559298
0.472982

-0.019318
-0.052618

1.579595
1.574671

0.96045

40

0.000000
(93

0.000000

0.000000
(95

;:7:

&;+$

,>:{=,p f+$ +,
(
>

g~~i:

.(i)d+,

=:

.(1)=2&4/r,

/,,=a

+;)=b(i),

++o,

(1) = -2Be,,

1
f-f

~(W,)=pXIRp~/4/21i4~.

[. 1
-(-;I2

;+f

=f (v2+ni).

+)=o.

(w=1.85407 4677 is the real half-period

in the Lemniscatic
case 18.14.)
To obtain the corresponding
values of tabulated
quantities
when the real half-period
wzfl, multiply
c by 02.

19.

Farabolic

Cylinder

J. C. P. MILLER

Functions
l

Contents
Page
Mathematical
Properties
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.1. The Pare.bolic Cylinder Functions, Introductory
. . . . .
The

Equation

G-

6i6
686

($z+a)y-0

19.2 to 19.6.

Power Series, Standard Solutions, Wronskian and

Other Relations, Integral
Representations, Recurrence
Relations . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
19.7 to 19.11. Asymptotic Expansions . . . . , . . . . . . . .
19.12 to 19.15. Connections With Other Functions . . .
. . .
The

Equation

686
689
691

g+(as2---a)y=0

19.16 to 19.19.

Power Series, Standard Solutions, Wronskian and

Other Relations, Integral Representations . . . . . . . .
19.20 to 19.24. Asymptotic Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.25. Connections With Other Functions . . . . . . . . . . .
19.26. Zeros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.27. Bessel Functions of Order & 2, + $ as Parabolic Cylinder
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Numerical
19.28.
References
Table

Table

Methods

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use and Extension of the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19.2.

W(a,

&x)

Table

19.3.

Auxiliary

697
697
697

700

. . . . * . * . . . .

702

(0<2<5).
. . . . . . . . . . . * . . .
x=0(.1)5,
4-5D or S

712

19.1. U(a, 2) and V(a, x)

&u=o(.l)l(.5)a;
x=0(.1)5,

fa=0(.1)1(1)5;

692
693
695
696

Functions

(O$c15)
5s

. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .

~720

The author acknowledges permission from H.M. Stationery Office to draw freely from
[19.11] the material in the introduction,
and the tabular values of W(a, 5) for a= -51(1)5,
+2=0(.1)5.
Other tables of W(a, z) and the tables of U(a, 2) and V(a, z) were prepared on
EDSAC 2 at the University Mathematical
Laboratory, Cambridge, England, using a program
prepared by Miss Joan Walsh for solution of general second order linear homogeneous
differential
equations with quadratic polynomial
coefiicients.
The auxiliary tables were
prepared at the Computation
Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.

1 The University
Mathematical
Laboratory,
contract with the National Bureau of Standards.)

Cambridge,

England.

(Prepared
685

u/rider

19. Parabolic

Cylinder

Mathematical
19.1.

The

Parabolic

Cylinder

Functions

Functions

Properties
19.2.1

Introductory

These are solutions

d*
a+y

19.1.1

of the differential

equation
=e -L(1-t(a++)

(ax2+~x+c)Y=o

with two real and distinct

standard forms

d2y
&*--

($x+a)y=o

19.1.3

g+

(4x2-a)

y=o

The functions
Y(-a,

ix)

y(-a,

y(--ia,

xefir)

y(--ia,

-xefi*)

Y( ia, -xe-ftw)

y(ia, xe-ii)

Both variable x and the parameter a may take

on general complex values in this section and in
many subsequent sections. Practical applications
appear to be confined to real solutions of real equations; therefore attention is confined to such solutions, and, in general, formulas are given for the
two equations 19.1.2 and 19.1.3 independently.
The principal computational
consequence of the
remarks above is that reflection in the y-axis
produces an independent
solution in almost all
cases (Hermite functions provide an exception),
SO that tables may be confined either to positive
x or to a single solution of 19.1.2 or 19.1.3.
The

Equation
19.2.

Power

Even and odd solutions

686

(u-3) b-9)

$+

. * .}

$+
c.

...
1

$+

...
1

$; +x2)

=e~x2M(-&a++,

4, --$X2)

=e fz2(1+

;+

(a-+)

dA
dx2-(i
Series

x2+a)

8, +x2)

-ix)

are all solutions either of 19.1.2 or of 19.1.3 if any

one is such a solution.
Replacement of a by --ia and x by xefir converts
19.1.2 into 19.1.3.
If y(a, x) is a solution of 19.1.2,
then 19.1.3 has solutions:
*

. . .}

=e-fz2,F~(+a+j-;

y,=xe-fz2M(+a+2,
Y(U, -2)

19.1.5

$+

19.2.3

19.1.4
2)

(uf8)

19.2.2

19.1.2

da,

$+(a++)

YE0

=e -fz2 x+(a++)$+(a+*)(afG)
1
19.2.4

=xdZ2M(-~a+~,

Q, -4x)

=e fZ2 z+(a-+g
{

;;+(a-@(a-g)

these series being convergent for all values of x

(see chapter 13 for M(a, c, 2)).
Alternatively,
19.2.5
?h=1+a

$+(az+i)

$+(as+S

u) $

+(a4+lla3+~)~+(a~+25a3+~

a)$+

19.2.6
.=x+a$+(a3+3g+(a3++);

+(a4+17a+~)$+(a~+35a3+5+a)~+

in which non-zero
connected by

. . .

coefficients

a, of x/n!

in x

of 19.1.2 are given by

. . .

19.2.7

a,,+z=a

. an+;

n(n-1)

an-2

are

PARABOLIC

19.3.

Standard

CYLINDER

$87

FUNCTIONS

19.4.4

Solutions

These have been chosen to have the asymptlltic

behavior exhibited in 19.8. The first is Whittakers function [19.8, 19.91 in a more symmetrical
notation.

r($-+u)

19.3.1

- r(f-+uj

u(a,2)=D~,~~(2)=COSa(~+~a)~Y~

cos n(++$u)
&2&-f

sin n($++u).Y,

yI=2

=U(u, 2) +U(u, -c-x)

19.4.5

sin?r($++a)
J;;2w:

y2=2

=U(u,

.Y,

-sina(~+&z)

cos a($++z)-Yz
2) -U(u,

y>

19.4.6

19.3.2

V(a, 5)=&

$zrU(--a,

{sin7r($++u).Y1

r(g+u) (e-i@-tU(u,

scos n(~+$u)*:F~j

in which

iiz)=

*z) +ei+fU(u,

rix) }

19.4.7

l9 3 3
. .

19.3.4

Yz=&

set 7r($+$u)

=
r(t-34
1 J;;
2wt

?A=fi 21a+tr(f+4u)
csc n(;++a)

;*:2

2~a-t~(5+3u)

yz=fi

y1

&TrU(u,

xtz)=

yz

19.3.5

19.5.

19.4.

4%
u(o)=-2*=-,r(a+~u)

r (B-4 e+

S
=2nieSBe-Q2(Z+t)a-4d

2@+t sin?r(z-$3)

r($-*u)

r(3-4

19.5.2

V(u, O)=

2@+t sina(+--$2)
-

r($-+u)

In terms of the more familiar D,(X) of Whittaker,

(I ers-lsaSa-td,y I

U(u, Z)=F

19.5.1

19.3.6

19.3.7

Representations

A full treatment is given in [19.11] section 4.

Representations are given here for U(u, z)
others may be derived by useof the relations

fi
U(F0)=2#a+tr(p+$u)

V(u, o>=

Integral

tza

where (Yand p are the contours shown in Figares

19.1 and 19.2.
When a++ is a positive integer these integrals
become indeterminate; in this case

U(u, 2)=D-a-*(2)

U(u, z)=&

19.5.3

19.3.8

V(U,X)=~ r(++u){sin
19.4.

Wronskian

19.4.1

W{U,

e -pa

e-zs-+8zsa-+dsi

~u.D_,-~(~)+D_,-~(-:~>}

and

Other

Relations

V) =@Yr

PLANE

PLAN4

a
c

19.4.2

rV(a, 2) = r (++a) {sin TU.U(U,

S> +U(a,

-2)

}
--Z
L

19.4.3
I

ua+w(a,

4=

7r see* *a { V(u,

-2)

FIGURE19.1
-sin 7mV(a,

2) ]

-*<wz

a<*

FIGURE19.2
--r<arg (z+O>r

PARABOLIC

688
19.5.4

U(a, z)=~-&

efr

FUNCTIONS

19.5.9

--IJ+~sls-a-~ds

U(a, 4

=iIyf-+a>

,ca-ud

=Jz;;;

19.5.5

(e

CYLINDER

efz2 (3 ezs+@S-a%?S

Sml)

3ze-fzaf(l+t)-f-f(r-t)~-fdt

2wtr
19.5.10

=iIy*-$a)

19.5.6

21W~

where E, e3 and e4 are shown in Figures

19.3 and

19.4.
s

PLANE

e-(tz+v)--(tz-v)f-dv

11

The contour cl is such that (+z2+v) goes from

coevfr to mei* while v= is2 is not encircled ;
($z2-v)+-t
has its principal value except possibly in the immediate
neighborhood
of the
branch-point when encirclement is being avoided.
Likewise ql is such that (a~-v) goes from me*,
of v= -2~ is simito me -** while encirclement
larly avoided. The contours (11) and (sl) may be
obtained from cl and qI by use of the substitution
v=$zt.

The expressions 19.5.7 and 19.5.8 become indeterminate when a=~, 8, J+, . . .; for these values
FIGURE

19.3
s<h

FIGURE

-t*<arg

On ea I*<arg
On r, --:r<arg

19.5.11

19.4
a<;s
a<-**

rl

19.5.7
;r(a, 2)=

Iyq-+>

2$a+tr;

S(fl)

19.5.12
=W--;;S,,

~2e~(~22+v)ta-f(~z2-v)-*a--1dv

U(a, ~)=~(~l+~~)

Barnee-Type

U(a,
2)=x

e-b2 +
2

+mf r (4 r @+a--2.4

-mrl

V(a, z) =,/;

za-f_+.;

19.6. Recurrence

tGzJ28ds

(larg 4<Bd

r #+a>

U(a,z)+&S7(a,a$+(a+~)U(a+l,z)=O

19.6.2

??(a, z)-$ST(a,

19.6.3

2U(a,

19.6.4

zU(a, z)-U(a-1,

z)+U(a-1,

r () $--;2s)

(Jzz)**

z)+U(a-1,

Similarly

cos sr ds

19.6.7

Relations

19.6.1

e-tr2 ,me-s~a-~(Z2+2s)-to-tdg

Integrals

where the contour separates the zerosof r(s) from those of l(a+$-2s).
19.5.14

Again 19.5.9 and 19.5.10 become indeterminate

when a=&, #,#, . . .; for these values

eql+t)ia-t(l-t)-wfdt

19.5.8

19.5.13

Ub, Z)=r(&a) m-f22 me-~~~o-f(Z2+2S)-ta-tds

2V(a,2)-v(a+1,2)-(a-~)V(a-1,2)=0
x)=0

z)+(a+~)U(a+l,
z)+(a+$)U(a+l,

These are also satisfied by r(+a)V(a,

19.6.8

x)=0
cc)=0
z).

zV(a,2)-V(u+l,z)+(a-~)V(a-l,2)=0
These are also satisfied by U(a, z)/I($-a)

19.6.5

V(a,z>-3zV(ap)--(a-+>V(a-l,z)=o

19.6.9

19.6.6

V(a,z)+&sV(a,z)-V(a+l,s)=o

19.6.10

y;(a,2)+3~yl(a,2)=(a+3)ya(a+1,2)

y;(a,z)-$q/~(a,z)=(a-i)yz(a-1,~)

PARABOLIC

19.6.11

~;(~,~)+3~yz(~,~)=y~(~+1,~)

19.6.12

yxa, xl--bY21/2(% x)=Yl(@--1,x)

Asymptotic

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

sense of Watson [19.6], although valid for a wider

range of ]arg z] in Poincares sense; the second
series is completely valid only for x real and posithe.

Expansions

19.9.
19.7.

Expressions

in

Terms

When a is large
OIx< m

and

2=2JH[

of Airy

negative,

I 689

Expansions

for

a Large

With

z Mod

Functions

write,

for

(i) a positive
When u>>x2,

with p=&

then

t= (4lul)G

19.7.1

19.9.1

Ub,

19.92

U(-)=2*a+r($t)a)

Ia) exp (-px+s)

2) =2,+l&

4 2

T=-(gs,y

Jr

exp (px

t v2)
I

where
19.7.2

$(4x) ($2)-+3x-- : (3x)5

(2P)2 -I-- (2 >
v1J%- %--+md*
($8W-4(3x)+ . . .
04
(2P)5

19.9.3

T=+@w

&=+

arccosh 5

lJsZ-ds=$~,/~-+

Then for 220, a+-

({2 1)

(a++ a>

0~
The upper sign gives the first function,
lower sign the second function.

19.7.3

U(a, ~))--2-+@~

($--+a)

Ai
When -a>>~~,

r (&-a) V(a, 2) -2-*-W

(*-+a)

with p=d?i,

U(u, 2) +ir

(9-a) .V(u, 2)

19.3

Expansions

When z>>

for z Large

and

eir(t+ta) r ($-$a)

etpz exp (v,-t&J

2+++

a Moderate

where

]a]

19.9.5
(32>

19.8.1

2(3x)4
--

9(~x)--$8(~x)

%- + (2p)+ (2p)4

+(a+))(u+~)(a+~)(u+D_ . . .
2 * 4x4

19.8.2

then

19.9.4

Bj (t)

gives T as a function of [.
See [19.5] for further developments.

19.8.

and the

(ii) a negative

19.7.4

Table

rate

(x+-t

vt--

(2p)fl

-*..

g($x)3I 3x+~(3x)+-$B(fx)-to7_
2p
(2P)5
(2P)3

.;,

>

a>

Further expansions
found in [19.11].
19.10.

(i) a positive,

(x+t m>
These expansions form the basis for the choice of
standard solutions in 19.3. The former is valid
for complex x, with (arg s]<h,
in the complete

19.10.1

0=4a& (x/2&) =a

of a similar

Darwins

type

(a-v-

a)

wi$

be

Expansions

x2+4u large.

Write

x=Jiiqz

Xdx=+xX+u
S0

=z J&jZ+u

In sf

~
I

arcsinb ,z&

690

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

19.10.11

(see Table 19.3 for &), then

19.10.2

V(a, s) =

exp

U(a, z)=~%

FUNCTIONS

ear sin { +s++7ra+e+v,}

(27r)tJl?(+-a)

U(a, -z)=~%

19.10.3

exp {e+v(a,

-2))

where

where

19.10.12

In Y-$+$&.

vlm-&

..

19.10.4

v(a, x)--

*In

X-kg1

f-y3

(-1>d3JX3*

(a>O, x2+4a-++
and d3a is given by 19.10.13.
(ii) a negative, x2+4a large and positive.

Write

e=dlal~,(x/2Jiiil)=~S~;,

a Xdx=+xX+a
=+xdw+a

ax)

da=% x2-2a

In x&z
arccosh 5

2&q

do=ii(

-A0

xg-go

ax7-go

a2x5

+3 a3x3-19a4x
12
>
exp { ++v(a,

U(a, x)=-(~~)~,~

m)

19.10.13

19.3 for &), then

(see Table

d 12=i!!?

x) }

x4-186ax2+80a2

See [19.11] for d15, . . ., d24, and [ 19.51 for an

alternative form.

19.10.7
V(a, x)=

exp

(27r)4Jm

Ie+v(a,

-2)

19.11. Modulus

where again

and Phase

When a is negative and Ixl<2Jlal,

the functions U and V are oscillatory and it is sometimes
convenient to write

19.10.8

v(a, x)--

(x2+4a-+-

*. .

In each case the coefficients d3r are given by

d3=k ($++

X=Jx2--4la(

19.10.5

19.10.6

a)

d3 -- &
yg+

* In X+x

(-l)d3JX3S
a=1

(a<O, x*+4a-++
and d3J is given by 19.10.13.
(iii) a large and negative and x moderate.

~0)

Write

19.11.1

U(a, x)+ir($-a)V(a,

x)=F(a,

19.11.2

U(a, x)+iI($-a)V(a,

x)=-G(a,

Then, when a<0

x)efxca*
x)e*@**

and lal>>x,

19.11.3
19.10.9

Y=&q=P

e=41aP4(x/Ni$

+W-ta)
ga+tJ;7

=S

+ YG%=txY

+ Ial arcsin 2.L.

24

(see Table

19.3 for 84=&r-83),

al

eD,

x=(~+~>?r+px+vt

where v,, vr are given by 19.9.5 and p=1/--a.

Alternatively,
with p=Jla(,
and again -a>>x2,
19.11.4

then

19.10.10

U(a , x) =2w

(27r)4

ear co9

+w

++*?ra+e+v,
1

-144x2
(4p)B

* *)

PARABOLIC

p9,i~

-$x6-176z2
(4p)G
19.11.7

(+a -ga+px

9-

*.)

x2
l-gp-.(qp)

,JYS-+a)

19.11.6

2/c*-16
L4P)4

1 ---p-3x2
(4zv
{
-+x6-y,*(4PY

x- (+a+$T+px

19.11.5

CYLINDER

$54

-...

691

FUNCTIONS

U(a, ~)=2-+x-iW-~,

19.12.2
19.12.3

U(a *x)=dG2-:-w~z
,
r(f+3u>

U(a, 2)=2-f-:e-f*CT(3a+4,+,

l-~*-~Yf$

* *>

Again, when x2+4a is large and negative,

Y=d4ja] -x2, then

with

19.13.

Connection

19.11.8

where 13, v, and v$ are given

With
Hermite
Functions

When n is a non-negative

x=$r+&ra+f?+v,
by 19.10.9

and

19.10.12.

from

Polynomials

integer

19.13.1
U(-n-4,

Another form is

4, ix)

Expressions for V(a, x) may be obtained

these by use of 19.4.2.

and

en7

ix)

=2-?-@xe- tzU(+a+$,

(4PY

(2r) f

M(jYaS$, +,+x2)

19.12.4

1
-+x6+yx*-

&w3

&x2)

x)=e-fz2Hen(x)=2-~e-~H,(x/~~)

19.13.2

19.11.9

5a

V(n+$,

621

* *

l+4y4+j%+32ys+

kc*+4a+-

w)

~)=J~e~~He~(x)=2-~e~~H~(x/&)

in which H,(x) and He,(x) are Hermite

nomials (see chapter 22) while

poly-

19.11.10

cw

7a

835
--4y4-F-32yB --

He:(x)=e-+

d$

19.13.4

H*,(x)=e-*

&*=

(--i)He,(ix)

(2*+4a+while $ and x are connected by

&

ez2= (-i)H,(ix)

w)
This gives one elementary solution to 19.1.2 whenever 2a is an odd integer, positive or negative.

19.11.11

*-x--+T-+

19.13.3

(1+$*+gf+gg+

. . .j

19.14.

Connection
and Dawsons

With
Probability
Integrals
Integral
(see chapter 7)

If, as in [19.10]
Connections
19.12.

With

Connection
With
metric
Functions

Other

Functions

Confluent

Hypergeo-

(see chapter 13)

19.14.1

Hh-,(x) =e+*

19.14.2

Hh, (x) = ~mH~~-l(t)dt=(l/n!)~m(~-x)e-i2~t

z

19.12.1

(G20)

then
+21-+x-t
r(+la)
4

M-ta.dW

19.14.3

U(n+$, x)==ef*Hh,,(x)

(n>,-1)

PARABOLIC

692

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

19.15.14

Correspondingly

19.15.15

V(+,s) =meiz2

19.14.4

V(-1,
v(-2,

x)=(tx>+(Y~+Y$)
x)=$($x)(~Y*+~&-$~)

19.15.16

and

V(-3,

19.14.5
V(-n-3,

19.15.17

x)=e-fz2

2) is closely

related

>

WO)

to Dawsons

Set2at
z

19.15.19

5(3x):(5~~+g9.~~-5~~--~)
x)=Ja/~($x)K+

U(-+,

19.15.18

-__- sin ina

~
aW(3n+l)
Here V(-a,
integral

x)=8.

U(-3,

~)=&$(32)~2K~

U(-8,

x)=&$~($z)~(~K~-K;)

19.15.20

VC+, x>= (3x> (It+I-d

19.15.21

V&, x) = (+r)(2r*+2I+)

These relations give a second solution of 19.1.2

whenever 2a is an odd integer, and a second solution is unobtainable
from U(a, 2) by reflection in
the y-axis.
19.15. Explicit
Formula
Functions
When

in Terms
of
2a Is an Integer

Bessel

Write
19.15.1

I-,--I,=(2/?r)

19.15.2

I-,fI,=cos

where the argument

tions is ax2. Then
19.15.3

sinna.

K,

7m * 9,
of all modified

U(2, x)=2.

The

v(1,2)=~(42)~(~--~~)
v(2,

19.15.8

Equation

$$+(i

+-a)

y=O

Series in x

Even and odd solutions are given

19.2.4 with -ia
written
for a and
the series involves complex quantities
imaginary
part of the sum vanishes
Alternatively,

by 19.2.1 to
xeii* for x;
in which the
identically.

yl=l+a

-&)

$+(a

$+(a3-fa)

+(a-lla2+y)

$+(a5-25a3+*)

$+.

..

$+.

..

a, of xn/n!

are

19.16.2
X3

X7

X5

g+ W-E9

3+ (a--!?a)

fl

$. $r-+(&z);(-5Kt+9Ki-5K;+K;)

19.15.6
19.15.7

x) = ($x)(514+51-+-I;-I-;)

19.16. Power

y2=x+a

U(3, x)=2.

2)=4(32)~(2~*-3~~++~)

+(a-17a2+q)
in which
connected

$+(a5-35a3+~~a)

non-zero
by

coefficients

V(3, z) =3(32):(5~~-9~~+55~--~)
19.16.3

19.15.9

a. an-tn(72-l)an-2

an+2=

U(0, z)=?r-+(+x)fKt

19.15.10

U(-1,

i7(-2,

19.17.1

W(a,*x)=(co$,a)

19.17.2

=2-314

Solutions

(see L19.41)
(G~~I+%~YJ

iz$=?r-~(~z):(2Kt+3K~--K~)

19.15.12
U(-3,

19.17. Standard

z>=d(3x);(Ki+Kt)

19.15.11

19.15.13

Bessel func-

$T-~($x)*(~K~-~K~+K~)

19.15.5

V(;,

19.16.1

U(1, z)=2d($x):(-Kt+Ks)

19.15.4

19.15.22

z)=T-~(+T):(~K~+~K~-~K;-K;)
V(0, x)=3(32)*4

(-\iZ

?/,rg

where
19.17.3

G1=II(4+3i4

G3=Ir<t+%)I

y2)

PARABOLIC CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

693

19.20.1

At x=0,

T=-(~a,y

19.20.2
Complex

T= +(9w

Solutiom3

19.17.6

E(a, x)=k-)W(a,

19.17.7

E*(a,

x)+ik*W(a,

-2)

2)-iik+W(a,

-2)

2)=/k-~W(a,

&,=i
Then for x>O, a++

where
19.17.8

(21)

0~

19.20.3
k= &i?=

l/k.=Jl+et

era

era

In terms of U(a, x) of 19.3,

19.17.9

arccosh 5

W(U, x)~~(4~)-t,-r~~(EZ4i)tBi(-tj
19.20.4

E(a, x) =$Zetra+*i*++fQz

U(ia, xe-*)

~(a, -2) -2&4a)-*e+

with
19.17.10

&=arg

Table
19.3 gives r as a function
[19.5] for further developments.

l?(++iu)

where the branch is defined by &=O

and by continuity elsewhere.
Also

of t. ; See

when a=0
19.21.

19.17.11

Expansions

for

x Large

and

a Moderate

When x>>kl,
xe:t*)

{ eha-tf*u(-ia,

xe- ~fi)=l?(+ia)

Jz?rU(ia,

19.21.1

+e-)a+~fU(-ia,-x,!fi*)}

E(a, x)=y2/2
19.18.
19.18.1
19.18.2
19.18.3
19.18.4

Wronskian

and

Other

In x+&+$~)]SQa,

x)
I

19.21.2

w{W(a,x),W(a,-x)j=l
W(u, ~)=J~{s,(a,

W{E(a, x), E*(a, 5)) =-2i

41 +e*E(a,

x) =e@E*(a, x) +iE*(a,--2)

x)=e-%+f~E(-a,

E*(a,

2) cos ($x2-a In x+$7&&)

--~(a, x) sin (ix--a

W(a,-x)=Ji@ii{s,(a,

ix)

In xftnf~~)

19.21.3

2) sin ($x2-a In x+$+3&)

+~,(a, 2) cos ($x2-a In x+$*+16)

19.18.5

JF($TqE*(a,
19.19.

x)=e-fqiygG&q-a,
Integral

i.r)

Asymptotic
Expressions

Expansions
in Terms

of Airy

t= (4a)?7

s(a, 2) =%(a,

and

2) +is,ca,

19.21.5

19.21.6
Funcl;ions

When a is large and positive, write, for O_<x< w

x=2*(

where & is defined by 19.17.10

19.21.4

ReprFsentations

These are covered for 19.1.3 as well as for

19.1.2 in 19.5 (general complex argument).

19.20.

exp {i(ax-a

Relations

u2

s,(a, x):>-----1!2x2

v4

2!22x4

+i!!L+L!!L-

3!23x6 4!24xs

.).

with
b4-

m>

694

PARABOLIC

19.21.7

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

(see Table 19.3 for S,), then.

u,+iv,=r(r+~+ia)/r(~+ia)

19.23.2

V(a, x) = &ke+ cos (&+e+v,)

sin ($n+fI+z+)

19.23.3 W(a, -cc) = meor

19.22. Expansions

When a>>x2,

for a Large With

2 Moderate

where

(i) a positive
with p = &, then

19.23.4

19.22.1

W(a, cc)= W(a, 0) exp ( -ps+vl)

19.22.2

W(a,-cc)=

up-g+gg+.

. .
. .

W(a, 0) exp (ps+vz)

(x2--4a+

(ii) a positive,

19.22.3

4a-x2>>0

Write
%(Bx)3 I (t)21tr+%
2p

(2PY

$2 Gx),

(4x)5
19.23.5

(2P)3

Y=J4a-x2

-$s($x)3++ (6x)
(2p)5

(2P)4

+ ***

cl2Sz

8=4~6,(~//2&)

arcsin 2

Ydx=+xY+a

2&

The upper sign gives the first function,

lower sign the second function.

and the

When -a>>x2,
19.22.4
W(a, x)+iW(a,

with p=JTi,

then

19.23.7

0) exp {v,+i(pz+r+vJ

W(a, --2)=exp{e+v(a,

-2)}

6
da
+ In Y+p+y~+p+

do

...
a)

and d3, is again given by 19.23.12.

-- (6x) 2k44
__(zp)+

9(+x)2+v (&z)B+

(2p)4

Bx+8&Y
(2P) 3

(2p)6

(iii) a negative, x2-4a>>O

..

+wBd3+w(2P)5

expansions of a similar

Write

. .

19.23.9

(a+in [19.3].

x)}

(x2--4a+-

19.22.5

Further

--8+v(a,

19.23.8
v(u, x)--

where W(a, 0) is given by 19.17.4, and

2P

W(a, x)=exp{

then

where
-x)

=JzW(a,

,*,t(M3

(see Table 19.3 for S4=+r-G3),

19.23.6

(ii) a negative

&-

a)

and d3r is given by 19.23.12.

where W(a, 0) is given by 19.17.4, and

Vl,w-f

X d!+d12
xB xI2-.

v,- -i-In

~0)

type will be found

x=J22+4/a/

19.23. Darwins Expansions

(i) a positive,

e=4[albl(z/2yla[)=+~
=+xX-a

x2--4a>>O

Write

Xdx

In -x+x
2m

~x~x2+41ul - a arcsinh --?-Niq

19.23.1

(see Table 19.3 for 0,) then

19.23.10 W(a, 2) =J%er

=*xX-a
= +x4--a

In -x+x

19.23.11

2&

arccosh A!-2&

W(a, -x)=J22e+

cos (b+e+v,)

sin (b+e+u,)

where v, and vI are again given by 19.23.4.

each case the coefficients d3r are given by

In

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

19.24.8

19.23.12

d3=-;

~695

FUNCTIONS

-&+(4p)i19.24.9

d6=%xz+ 2a

~x4+16++x6+yx2
(4p)B

$2'

h=$

a3x3+19a4x

~~-~~az+~a~x~+~

&j

i
J$xe+152x2
(4p)6 + . *

8x4+8

($ax)

lfo-(4p)4

>

19.24.10

d12=- 153 x4+186ax2+80a2

8

$x6+168x2
+

See [19.11] for d15, . . ., d24, and [19.5] for an alternative form.
19.24. Modulus

(4p)6

. . .

19.24.11
$x4--16
(4p)4 +

+-

When a is positive,
oscillatory
when x< when a is negative, the
all x. In such cases it
to write

- . i. .

and Phase

the function W(a, x) is

2&i and when x>:!JZ;
function is oscillatory for
is sometimes convenient

Again, when a<O, x2-4a>O,

then
19.24.12

F---\i%?r

with X=dx2m,

x=$r+e+vi

where 8, v, and vr are given by 19.23.4 and 19.23.9.

Another form also when a>O, x2--4a+m
is

19.24.1

k-W(a,

x)=Fe

x)+ikhW(a,-x)=E(a,

(XX)

19.24.13

F-

19.24.2
k-t dWa,
dx 4 +ikt my(~~mx)=,f(a,

x)=-Gc!W

19.24.14

(XX)

Then, when x2>>lal,

Gwhile J, and

19.24.3

are connected by

19.24.15

F-

J/-X-

19.24.4

X-4x2---a In x+#~++T+,,+

4a2-3

4a3-19a+
8x4

...

19.25. Connections
Connection

Confluent

Hypergeometric

and

Be/ssel

Functions

19.24.5

G-

With

With Other Functionp

J(

19.25.1

zz +y-14a;;663a-

...
>

W(a, &x)=2-f

(J

$ H(-$7

+a, +x2)

19.24.6

*- $x-j-a In x+$#~~-$r+-

4a2+5+4a3+29a

8x2
where +2 is defined by 19.17.10.

When a<O,
19.24.7

8x4

+ ...

19.25.2

H(m, n, x) =e-fZIFl(m+

lal>>x
F~&W(a,

where

19.25.3

0) eor

where V, is given by 19.22.5 with p=J=o.

AIso

1 --in; 2m+2;

=e- fZM(m+l-iin,

2i;c)~

2m+2, 2ix) 1

19.25.4
W(0, ~x)=2-~~?rz{J-t(4x2)fJ~(i~2)

(xqx

696

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

integer for W(a, x) or its derivative, or an even

integer for W(a,-2)
or its derivative,
the zeros
fc, stc have expansions

19.25.5

& W(0, ~2)=-2-tz~{J*(t22)fJ_*(a22)}

(X20)

19.26. Zeros

Zeros of solutions U(a, s), V(a, cc) of 19.1.2 occur

only for ]z]<Zfi
when a is negative.
A single
exceptional zero is possible, for any a, in the general solution; neither U(a, CC)nor V(a, z) has such
a zero for x>O.
Approximations
may be obt,ained by reverting
the series for # (or x for zeros of derivatives)
in
19.11, giving 9 (or x) values that are multiples of
+a, odd multiples for V(a, x), even multiples for
V(a, 2). Writing
a=(gr-+-$r
as an approximation

FUNCTIONS

to a zero of the function,

or

19.26.4

c z;-~

19.26.5

c =;-

2d--3a+52~~~-240~~~+315a+
768OpQ
48~

---

j3 2a+ 38+52f15+ 280fi3-285/3+

7680~~
48~

When x is large and a moderate, we may solve

inversely
the series 19.24.4 or 19.24.6 with
a=+ (m-+a-&),
/3=$ (r7r++qi2),
r odd or even
as above; the presence of the logarithm
makes it
inconvenient to revert formally.
The expansions 19.26.4 and 19.26.5 fail when x
is in the neighborhood
of 2m.
When a is
positive, a zero c of W(a,-x) is obtained approximately by solving
19.26.6

as an approximation
to a zero of the derivative,
we obtain for the corresponding zero c or c, with
-a =p2 t,he expressions
c=BJii[
19.26-J
19.26.2

,,;+!&$+52a5-240a3$315a+

768Op

c = P
- 2/33+3P+52P5+280/33-285/3+
7680~~
P+-- 48p5

These expansions, however, are of little value

in the neighborhood of the turning point x=2-a.
Here first approximations
may be obtained by
use of the formulas of 19.7. If a, (negative) is a
zero of Ai(
the corresponding zero c of U(a, 2)
is obtained approximately
by solving
19.26.3

tY3=+{ arccos f-s-}

=w
c=Nm

(a>>01

...

(a<<@

This may be done by inverse use of Table 19.3.

For a zero of V(a, x), a, must be replaced by b,,
a zero of Bi(t).
For further developments
see
[19.5].
Zeros of solutions W(a, 2), W(a,-z)
of 19.1.3
occur for ]x I>2fi
when a is positive; the general
solution may, however, have a single zero between
-2&
and +2&
If a is negative, zeros are
unrestricted in range.
Approximations
may be obtained by reverting
the series .for $ (or x) in 19.24. With -a=p2,
cr=($r-t)*,
S=($r+i)?r,
rl0
being an odd

with the aid of Table 19.3. For a zero of W(a, x)

we replace a, by b,. When a is negative we solve,
again with the aid of Table 19.3,
19.26.7

zr),=+{[Jl2+1+arcsinh

[} =@$$@
c=wl45

where n=l,
2, 3, . . . for an
of W(a, -x), and n=+, Q, 8, .
mate zero of W(a, x). Further
given in [19.5].
Any of the approximations
above may readily be improved
Let c be a zero of y, and c a
is a solution of

(--a>>01

approximate
zero
. . for an approxidevelopments are
to zeros obtained
as follows:
zero of y, where y

Y "-Iyd-J

19.26.8

Here I=uf+x2,
I= f&x, I=
&$; the method is
general and the following formulae may be used
0. Then if y, y are approximawhenever I=
tions to the zeros c, c and
19.26.9

u=y(r)/y(r)

with 1=1(r)

or I=l(r)

v=yW)l~YW)

respectively,

then

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

I697

FUNCTIONS

19.26.10

19.27.1

J&2,=$

19.27.2

J&z)

{W(O,

-2)

rW(0,

z) 1 ~

Cy-u-*IU3+*IU4
~($aI+~P)u5
19.26.11

+&$IId+

. . .

y(c)-y(y)

{ l-~Iu2$~Iu3
- (~I+~I~)u4+&IIu5+

. . .)

19.26.12

19.27.3

. . .

. . .)

19.27.5

The process can be repeated, if necessary, using

as many terms at any stage as seems convenient.
Note the relations, holding at zeros,

8F

19.26,14

V(u,

c) =&$/U(u,

19.26.16

W(a,c)=-l/W(a,

I-&x2)

c)

19.27.7

-c)

+ I&x2)

=:

2
v (0,x)
4X

I-&x2)+I&x2)=-4

U(0,

d V(O,z)
x& dx

wa, c)=U{ -%(a,

da: -x) 1 z-c =-l/W(a,
Bessel
Functions
Parabolic
Cylinder

Use and

Extension

of Order
f 2, f 2 as
Functions

of the

-sx

g f,

--c)

Most applications
of these functions refer to
cases where parabolic cylinder functions would be
more appropriate.
We have

19.28.

2)

&(+x2)=I-*(fx2)-I&x2)

19.26.17

19.27.

+&z?J~-~(~z2)+0

K~(~22)=I-~(tx*)-I&x2)=&

19.27.6

U(u,c>=--@pqv(a,c)

19.26.15

a~JY+1(4rz)-2~JY(:5)

19.27.4

{ 1--4pb--gPIv3
- (+I3I2--gJ4I+gI~)v4+

-x)}~

Again

19.26.13

y(c) -y(g)

(W(O,x)&W(O,

Functions of other orders may be obtaine

by
use of the recurrence relation 10.1.22, which ere
,
becomes

c-~-Iv-~IIv2+(~121-~II~-~Iq?
+ ($JTI--fJI--&J~I)v4+

= g

$1
I

As before, Bessel functions of other orders ma Jt be

obtained by use of the recurrence relation 10.21.23,
which here becomes
19.27.8

~221y+l(~x2)+2~I~(~x2)-~x21v-~(~x2)

19.27.9

~xz~,+,(~x2)-2~~v(~x2)-~x2~v~,(~x2)~=0

=fj

Numerical

Methods

Tables

reverse direction, from arbitrary starting va ues

(often 1 and 0) for two values of a some hat
beyond the last value desired. This is because4 the
recurrence relation is a second order homogen ous
linear difference equation,
and has two i deLoss of accuracy by cant llapendent solutions.
tion occurs when the solution desired is diminis i: ing
as a varies, while the companion solution is increasing. By reversing the direction of prog ess
in a, the roles of the two solutions are in erchanged, and the contribution
of the desired s lution now increases, while the unwanted solu ion
By st rtdiminishes to the point of negligibility.
ing sufkiently
beyond the last value of a for w ich
the function is desired, we can ensure that the
unwanted solution is negligible but, because : the
starting values were arbitrary,
we have an un-

For U(u, x), V(u, x) and W(u, x), interpolation

x-wise may be carried out to 5-figure accuracy
almost everywhere by using 5-point or 6-point
Lagrangian
interpolation.
For la] 5 1, com.parable accuracy u-wise may be obtained with 5- or
6-point interpolation.
For [aI> 1, U(u, x) and V(u, x) may be obtained
by use of recurrence relations from two values,
possibly obtained by interpolation,
with Ial :I 1;
such a procedure is not available for W(u,. &a),
lal> 1.
In cases where straightforward
use of the a-wise
recurrence relation results in loss of accuracy by
cancellation of leading digits, it may be worth
while to remark that greater accuracy is usuSally
attainable by use of the recurrence relation in the

698

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

known multiple of the solution desired.

The computation is then carried back until a value of a
with (al < 1 is reached, whan the precise multiple
that we have of the desired solution may be determined and hence removed throughout.
Compare
also 9.12, Example
1.

If less accuracy is needed they

selations 19.6.1-2.
:an be found by use of mean central differences of
U(u, s), V(a, x) and also of W(u, x) with the formula

Example
1. Evaluate
. . ., using 19.6.4.

using h= .l; this usually gives a 3- or 4-figure

value of duldx.
If greater accuracy is needed for dW(u, x)/dx it
may be obtained by evaluating d2W/d2 with the
help of the differential equation satisfied by W
and integrating this second derivative numerically.
This requires one accurate value of dW/dx to
start off the integration; we describe two methods
for obtaining this, both making use of the difference between two fairly widely separated values
of W, for example, separated by 5 or 10 tabular
intervals.

(a++)

U(a+

1,~) +zU(a,

Forward
Recurrence

3
4
5
;
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

(-6)
(-7)
i-7j

5. 2847
9. 172*
1. 5527

[I;;
2. 5609
4.
1885
(-10)
6. 2220
(-lO)+l.
2676
(-11)-O.
1221
(-ll)+l.
2654
(-12)-5.6079
(-12)+3.
2555

U(a, 5) for u=5,

2) - U(a-

Backward
Recurrence
12)
11)
10)
9)
9)
8)
7)
6)
0)

1. 59035
2. 76028
4. 67131
7. 72041
1. 24785
1. 97488
3. 06369
4.66352
697082
102444
14789
2111
292
42
5
1+

1,z)

Final

(-6)
(-7)
(-7)
(-8)
( -9)
(- 10)
(-10)
(-11)
(-12)
(-13)
(-14)
(-15)
(-16)

*From
tables.
+Starting
values.
**This
value was used to obtain
the constant
d _(-6)5.2847
=(-18)3.32298
for converting
F-(12) 1.59035
vious column
into this one.

6, 7,

=0

Values

5.2847**
9. 1724
1. 55227
2.5655
4. 1466
6.5625
1.01806
1. 5497
2. 3164
3.404
4.91
7.01
9.7

du

hu=h &=&

-~pccs3u+&63u- . . .

(i) Write j,, j& j: for W(u, xO+rh) and its

first two derivatives, then j: may be found from

hj;-&

(jn-j-.)-gm$

h2
-- 2n
I +-&

(n-r)(j:-ji?)
s2+*

64- . . .} (f;--jQ

-h2{+&--~~~3+&&+-.

. .} j;

multiplier
the

pre-

The second column shows forward recurrence

starting with values at a=3,4 from Table
19.1.
Backward recurrence starts with values 0 and 1
at a=19 and 18, containing a multiple kU(u, 5)
and a subsequently negligible multiple of the other
solution I?($-a) V(u, 5). Rounding errors convert kU(u, 2) into k*U(u, z) without uflecting the
values in the lust column. The value of l/k* is
identified from the known value of U(3,5), and
used to obtain the final column by multiplying
throughout by l/k*.
The improvement in U(5,5)
is evident by comparison with Table
19.1.
Derivatives. These are not tabulated here.
Since the functions U(u, z), V(u, s) and W(u, z)
satisfy differential equations, values of derivatives
are often required.
For all these functions the equation is second
order with first derivative absent, so that secom
derivatives may be readily obtained from function
values by use of the differential equation.
First derivatives can be obtained for CJ(a,x) and
V(a, s) by applying the appropriate recurrenct

(ii) Consider a solution y of the differential

equation for W(u, x), namely y= (-&r+u)y.
If we are given values y and y at a particular
x=x,, and write T,=Hy*/n!,
T-l==T-2=0,
then
we may compute T2, T3, T4, . . . in succession by
use of the recurrence relation obtained from the
differential equation,

--W2T,-21
These are computed, to a fixed number of decimals
until they become negligible, thus giving

y(x,fH)=TofT~+TsfTa+

. . .

This may be applied, with H=rh, h being the

tabular interval, and r a small integer, say r=5,
to the solutions y=y], y=y2 having
Yl (ZJ = W@, ZJ

YI (20)= w*(a, x0)

Y2(xo)=O

Y;:(x0) = 1

in which W*(u, so) is an approximation

to
W(a, x0), not necessarily a good one; it may be

PARABOLIC

obtained from differences, for example.

obtain y1(G AH) and yz(~0 f H> .
Now suppose
W(u, x0) = w*(u,

CYLINDER

We thus

x0) +x

Thus W(-3,
l)=-.74453.
This might have an
error up to about li units in the last figure but is,
in fact, correct to 5 decimals.
(ii) Using the second method, with
yl(l)=W(-3,
y;(l)=-.745

then, for all z

Wb,

4 =y1

(4

the following

W(u, so) = W*(u,

to a suitable

W( -3,

accuracy.
2. Evaluate

Example

X0)+x

W(-3,

.5)=-.05857

W(-3,

l)=-.61113

W(-3,

1.5)=-.69502

(i) Using the first method

v(-3,x:

W-3,x)

0. 4

=
6

.-

KS

t-0: ;;;5:
-. 18832
-. 31226
-. 42646

0. 9

-.

:: :

SE

_- -+131

1. 0
1. 1

-.

1.68842

61113

1.98617

-.

67522

2.22991

-.
-.
-.
-.
-.

71706
73488
72761
69502
63774

2.40932
2.51513

29775

- 1095

24374

- 1032

17941
::i
:2
1: 6

.oooo
677
26

Ts

Te

279 3
134

+
+

24
2

T,
-I54
5
TB
f
+ .4323
y(1.5)-.695223
-.4371
y(.5) -.058363

1) = - .74453 which is correct to

Example
3. Evaluate
the positive zero1 of
U(-3, x).
We use 19.7.3 to obtain a Crst approximatEon,
see 19.26.3. The appropriate zero of Ai
is at

-k.

T=-(2.338)X(12)-1=-.4461

-9129

+JW(-3,1)

-- 1
100

+ .24827 2
$
5680 9
1407 4

t=(4lul)f~=-2.338

The fifth decimal in W( -3, X) is only a guard

figure which is hardly needed. Only the diflerences needed have been computed.
Then

-&- {A

T2
T3
T,

$1 =l/*+bh

At x=1.5
X-.
695223 + .4423X
= - .69502
A= .000203/.43213
= .000470
so W/(-3,
1)
=-.745fX
= - .744530
At x=.5
-.058363-.4371X
= - .05857
X= .000207/.4371
= .000474
so W(-3,
I)
=-.745
+x
= - .744526

whence

; E8~~
2: 32137

=A(--.69502+.05857)

.oEoo
+ .5000

Thus W(-3,
5 decimals.

34081
52722

Tl

T .61113
- .37250

To

1) using r=5.

From Table 1.9.2

values result, with H=.5,

~ofH)=Yl(~ofH)+~Y,(~ofH)

The values of W(a, z. f H) may be read from the

tables and two independent
estimates of X obtained, whence

W(-3,

l)=-.61113
to 5 de&n@
to about 3 decimals

+ XY2 (4

and in particular
wa,

1699

FUNCTIONS

(10.38874)

Hence, from Table - 19.3, [= .3990 and the approximate zero is x=26ju15=1.382.
We improve this by using 19.26.10, but takei for
convenience, Z= 1.4 as an approximation,
so that
the value of Scan be read directly from the tables.
U can be obtained as in the section following
Example

1.

We tind
(2.29664)-k.

& (.54149) -Go

(-.09260)}

(-.02127)

=-.0636450-.0103887-.0001918-.00022;2
= - .0744527

U(-3,

1.4) =.02627

U/(--3,

1.4) =2.06317

Then 19.26.9 gives

u= U/U=.012730

I= -2.51
I=.7

and

I!=.5

PARABOLIC

700

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

y'(c)=2.0637(1+.000203)=2.0641

c=1.4-.012730+,000002=1.38727
which is correct to 5 decimals, while 19.26.11 gives

compared

with the correct value 2.06416.

References
Texts

[19.1] H. Buchholz, Die konfluente hypergeometrische

Funktion
(Springer-Verlag,
Berlin,
Germany,
1953).
[19.2] C. G. Darwin, On Webers function, Quart. J.
Mech. Appl. Math. 2, 311-320 (1949).
[19.3] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental functions,
vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1953).
[19.4] J. C. P. Miller, On the choice of standard solutions
to Webers equation, Proc. Cambridge Philos.
Sot. 48, 428-435 (1952).
[19.5] F. W. J. Olver, Uniform asymptotic expansions for
Weber parabolic
cylinder funcjions
of large
order, J. Research NBS 63B, 2,131-169 (1959),
RP63B2-14.
[19.6] G. N. Watson, A theory of asymptotic series, Philos.
Trans. Roy. Sot. London, A 211,279-313
(1911).
[19.7] H. F. Weber, Ueber die Integration der partiellen
Differential-gleichung:
&@a?+ @r&1/2+ k*u=O,
Math. Ann. 1, l-36 (1869).
(19.81 E. T. Whittaker, On the functions associated with
the parabolic cylinder in harmonic analysis, Proc.
London Math. Sot. 35, 417-427 (1903).

[19.9] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of

modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge
Univ.
Press, Cambridge, England, 1952).
Tables

[19.10] British Association for the Advancement of Science,

Mathematical
Tables, vol. I, Circular and hyperbolic functions, exponential,
sine and cosine
integrals, factorial (gamma) and derived functions, integrals of probability
integral, 1st ed.
(British
Association, London, England,
1931;
Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England,
2d ed., 1946, 3d ed., 1951).
[19.11] National Physical Laboratory,
Tables of Weber
parabolic
cylinder
functions.
Computed
by
Scientific Computing Service Ltd.
Mathematical Introduction
by J. C. P. Miller.
(Her
Majestys Stationery Office, London, England,
1955).
[19.12] National
Physical
Laboratory
Mathematical
Tables, vol. 4, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder functions and other functions for large
arguments, by L. Fox (Her Majestys Stationery
Office, London, England, 1960).

702

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

Table 19.1

c(-5.0, x)

U(-4.5, z)

U(-4.0, x)

lJ-3.5, .A)

0) 1.5204
0 1.1869
-1 8.0608
-1 I +3.9325
-1 -0.3518

::L
0.:

0:4

0)

1.4678

-1 I 8.8615
-1 +2.6550
-1 -3.6676
-1 -9.8321

U(-3.0, r)

0.0000

( 0)-0.8721

2.1235

(-2)

u(-2.5, x)

U(-2.0, x)

U(-1.5, x)

-1 1-4.6224
-1 -8.7118
0 1-1.2462
0 -1.5731
0)-1.8397

0)-3.0982
0 I -3.0617
0 -2.9073
0 -2.6435
0 -2.2824

:*:
314

0I
0

4.3739
4.8038
5.1246

5.0

( 0)

1.8800

(-1)

9.2276

For interpolation, see19.28.

(-1)

4.4586

(-1)

9.9802

-2)

4.6331

(-2)

2.1262

(-3)9.6523

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

: 703

FUNCTIONS

Tab14 19.1
V(p5.0, z)

V(-4.5, .r)

V(-4.0, .r)

TT(-3.5,J)

V(-3.0, cc)

l7-2.0, z)
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

0.0000

0.0000

(-2)-5.8311

V(-2.5, z)

1.8125

1.0

6.7728
-0.3303
-3.9309

:-:
1:3
1.4

-7.3916
+3.2819

(-1)
(-1)

i-2

1.5812
1.1580

r;

.5385
.9387
.2553

-1 -1 - .4995
-1 ii - .6835

-7.b762

l-1 -1.6465
I'-1 -2.0148
('-1
i-1 I -2.3214
-1.2266

1.5
:*;
1:8

1.9

-l)-1.0927
-2 1 -6.9034
-2 -2.7540
-2 +1.4424
-2)
5.6116

-1 3.4421
-1 1 3.7545
-1) 4.0712

-1) 3.8093
-1)
t-78
4:9
5.0

4.1462

-1) 5.5449
(-1)

1.8370

(-1)

3.3533

(-1)

6.2047

( 0) 1.1734

( 0) 2.2757

( 0) 4.5254

( 0) 9.2067

( 1) 1.9107

704
Table
x

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

19.1

U(-1.0,s)

U( - 0.9,5)

U(-O&2)

U(-0.7,x)

U(-0.6,~)

U(-0.5,x)

ix-0.4,s)

0.0
0.1
0.2
il -10 1.0594
9.7698
1.0035
1.0261
1.0448

i::

2.0
2.1
214

(-lj3.7407

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

II II II II

4.9754
4.5701
4.1741
3.7910
3.4238

-1 4.2938
2.8559
3.1876
3.5391
3.9086

-1 2.9165
3.2511
3.6054
3.9779
2.6029

-1 2.3693
2.6647
3.3204
3.6788
2.9820

-1 ;*;;;;
1,'
2.4313
2:7312
2.1538

2.5
f:4

3.0
3.1
3.2
z*z
.

II

-1 1.8488
-1 1.6124
-1 1.3985

-1 1.2064
1.0351

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
t*10
4:2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7

-2 4.6771
r;
2:7052
2.2315
33';;;;

II -2 3.4324
1.9411
2.3589
4.1098
2.8525

1; 4.4657
-2
2:5638
;.:;g
5.3190

ii

-2 3.6903
1.6688
2.0512
2.5079
3.0502

t:9"
5.0

II
II
Ii

Ii-2 2.4280
1.9923
1.0676
1.3211
1.6265

(-2j1.1618

II

-3 9.3333
4.6914
5.9310
7.4594

(-3)4.3375

(-3)3.6919

-3 I 9.9881
-3 8.0067
-3 6.3856
-3 5.0667
-3 3.9996
(-3)3.1412

II

-2
-3 1.7268
9.1898
1.1397
2.1094
1.4064

-3 6.8657
3.4085
4.3266
8.5831
5.4641

(-3)2.6716

(-3)2.2714

(-3)1.9305

(-3)1.6401

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

RO5

FUNCTIONS

Table 119.1

V(-1.0,x)

V( - 0.9,x)

V(-0.8,~)

V( - 0.7,x)

V(-0.6,~)

V(-0.5,x)
I I0.0000

V(--014,s)

-1 3.1502
0.7972
2.3760
1.5905

iI
-1

3.3194
5.0435
4.1939

(-1)
(-1)

5.8660
6.6605

(-1)
(-1)

:-:
1:4

6.4993

6.0492
-1) 8.5594
-1) 9.2113

I 0) 1.3191

f Oj1.3881

2.3
2.4
( 0) 1.5902

2.5

t 0) 1.7975
0) 1.9338

22::

22::

( 0) 2.4881
t 0) 2.1558

3.0
3.1
;::
3.5
3.6

9.9377
1.1805
1.4113

( 1) 4.0344

( 1) 4.6937

( 1) 5.4639

( 1) 6.3641

( 1) 7.4168

( 1)8.6484

( 2)1.tjO90

706
Table

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

19.1

U(O.3,x)

U( -0.2,x)

Ii -10 1.0421
9.8431
1.1000
1.1581
1.2163

82
2;
0:9
t-1)6.8072

1.0
:::

(-lj4.9087
1.5
II -1 4.0657
3.6765
4.4769
3.3102
(-1)2.9673

(-1)2.5142

2.5
il -1
-2 1.0248
6.4422
5.4703
7.5534
8.8173

2.9

(-2)6.9114

3.0
;-21
3:3
3.4

II

-2 9.2134
5.7406
6.7502
7.9031
4.8608

-2 4.0978
1.9799
2.3907
2.8739
3.4393

-2 4.4006
2.5730
5.2146
3.0912
3.6967

t-213.1669

22

t-2)2.7772

t-2)2.4340

32
3:9

t:;

II ii

t-3)2.9336

t-3)2.5122

t-3)2.1504

i-87
4:9
4.6

-3 2:9173
2.2914
-3 1.7909
I'I:';.;G;l"

5.0

(-3)1.3929

(-4)8.5136

(-4)7.2201

(-4)6.1210

-3)7.7613
-3
3.1779
4.0011
5.0135
6.2526

II

(-3J3.9954
-3 2.4912
-3'
3.1626
1.5233
1.9528

(-3)1.1825

(-3)1.0035

f-2)1.8659

II

4.0

4.5

II
ii
II

-1 1.8627
1.0695
1.2363
1.4232
1.6315

(-lj1.3136

-3 4.3184
3.4390
5.3973
6.7143
2.7259

-3 5.8057
2.3371
2.9546
4.6568
3.7179

(-4)5.1875

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

707

FUNCTIONS
Table

Ij

-1 4.5280
5.0724
5.6069
6.1307
(-1 6.6436

-1)5.7994
-1 6.2358
-1 I 6.6661
-1 7.0905
-1 7.5093

t-1)6.1992

t-1)7.1460

-1)7.92:38

(-lj8.4321

(-lj9.0756

Ii -1 8.3353
9.15138
8.7460
(-1)9.5771

II

-1 7.5184
8.1782
7.1901
6.8621
7.8474

(-1)8.9640

0 I 1.0591
0 1.1013
0 1.1490
0 1.2032
0)1.2649

II -10 1.0019
1.1100
1.0553
9.4914
0I 1.25:,3
0 1.3147

II 0 1.2839
0 1.3515

II 0 1.3115
0 1.3848

00 y:!;;
0 1:55:!2

0 1.5142
1.4277
0 1.6130

00 :2:;
0 1:6738

0)1.3353
0 1.4160
0 1.5085
0 1.6150
0 I 1.7379

II 0 1.5886
1.6941
1.8149
2.1153
1.9541
Ii 0 1.8799
2.7195
2.4589
2.2360
2.0446

2;
2:9

0
0
0
0
II 0

2.1614
2.3551
2.5818
2.8478
3.1612

Oj2.4576

14.1

I Oj2.6278

( Oj2.8159

( Oj3.0247

II 0 2.3028
3.0803
2.7785
2.5218
3.4366

0
0
0
0
0

1.35 i
1.44
1.54
1.66
1.80,

9
6
9
2
0

0
0
0
0
0

3.25 I 2
3.66 7
4.14 5
4.70 4
5.38 0

3.0
3.1
1)1.0158
3.5
3:;

0I 6.7730
0 9.1860
7.8635

II 0 7.5658
10 1.0340
8.8182

2;

1 1.0797
1.2766

1 1.4470
1.2196

0 I 8.4638
0 9 90213
1 1:1653
; ;.;m;
.

t-l
4:2

2;
29"
( 2)1.1778

( 2)1.3756

( 2)1.6073

( 1)1.0637

II II II ii
II II II II
1
1
1
1

4.5

5.0

( Oj9.4818

2.2395
2.7041
3.2829
4.0073
4.9179

1
1
1
1

2.5539
3.0927
3.7653
4.6086
5.6708

1
1
1
1

3.5401
2.9150
4.3219
5.3040
6.5433

1
1
1
1

3.33 f 04
4.05
4.96 4
6.10 5
7.55 0

1 6.0680

1 7.0147

1 8.1143

1 9.39 I 1

1 7.5270
9.3866
2 1.4831
1.1768

21 1.0904
8.7230
2 1.3703
1.7309

2 1.0115
1.2674
2 1.5964
2.0211

2 1.47
1.17 60
2 2.36
1.86 81

( 2)1.8791

( 2)2.1979

( 2)2.5720

( 2)3.01$2

708
Table
x

0.0
0"::
24'

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

19.1

U(O.4,x)

U(O.5,x)

U(0.6,~)

U(O.7,x)

U(0.8,~)

U(O.9,x)

0)1.2579
0)1.1672
0)1.0811
-1)9.9946
-1)9.2205

U(l.O,x)
0)1.1627
-1)8.4523
-1)7.5790

(-1)8.2327
(-1)7.5219
t-1)6.8555

(-1)4.8280
(-1)4.3327

-1)4.2896
-1)3.0003
-1)2.6475

(-1)2.9390

1.9

(-1)1.9402

2.0

(-1)1.7003

(-1)2.7238

(-1)2.5204
t-112.2177

(-1)1.6216

(-1)1.4798

(-1)1.3487

-1)2.1487
-1)1.8774
-1 1.6351
-1 11.4193
(-1)1.2278

t-21713793
(-2)6.2874
2.5

t-2)8.2754

2:9

i-2)4:3157

-1)1.9797
I -1 I 1.7240
1.2948
1.4965
(-1)1.1165

(-2j5.0508

II

-2 2.5078
2.0830
1.4189
1.7228

(-2)1.1636
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

5.0

-3)9.5009

il-3 8.2868
3.4952
4.3655
5.4288
6.7217

(-4)4.3948

t-314.3344

f-3)3.7425
-3 2.9826
-3 I 2.3663
-3 1.8689
-3 1.4693

(-4)3.7221

(-4)3.1512

(-4)2.6671

(-4)2.2566

(-4)1.9086

(-4)1.6138

PARABOLIC!

CYLINDER

709

FUNCTIONS

Table

V(O.4,x)

V(O.5,x)

::9"

0) 1.3024
( 0)1.3779

:*i
1:9

0 1.5943
1.7281
0 1.8829

-1 7.1733

( 0)1.3158

-1 I 9.7713
0 1.0488
0 1.1309
0 1.2251
0 1.3330

0 1.4784

t Oj2.0622

( 012.1689

II

00' 2.6757
3.3676
2.9943
2.4030

2.5

II 0 3.5166

;:"7

0 3.9749
4.5165

;:t

0 5.1589
5.9235

w.oJ$

V(OB,x)

-1 17.8124
-1)8.5344

II

1.5

2.0

V(O.7,x)

-1)8.4934
-1 I 8.7302
-1 9.0186
-1 9.3633
-1 9.7698

0.5
0.6
0;7

1.6

V(0.6,~)

14.1

0)2.1703

0I 1.4949
0 1.6542
0 1.8373
0 2.0484

0)2.2926

Oj2.28116

0)3.6363

0)4.2741

0)2.7481
0I 3.1169
0 3.5483
0 4.0548
0 4.6517

0 4.4944
0 5.1536
0 5.9365
0I 6.8696
0 7.9862
1 1.0378
1 1.2220
111.4455

3.0

3.5

1 1.7060
1 2.0373

3:8
3'2
3.9

1 1 2.4452
2.9495
1)3.5756

Ii 1 4.65
6.99i 6
5.69
3.82
3.15'
5

4.3
4.4
4.5
i-7"
4:8
4.9
5.0

( 2)3.5270

( 2)4.1331

( 2)4.8456

( 2)5.6833

( 2)6.6688

( 2)7.8285

( 2)9.19b8

710
Table
2

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

U(2.5~)

U(3.0,2)

FUNCTIONS

19.1

U(1.5,x)

lJ(2.0,x)

-1 I 1.9302
-1 1.6146
-1 1.3490
-1 1.1256
-2 9.3785

U(3.5,x)

-1
-1
-2
-2
-2

1.2931
1.0674
8.8019
7.2491
5.9624

z.7"
2:8
2.9

II II
-2 2.3966

-2 1.3223

-2 1.6441
1.9886
-2 1.3544
-2 1.1116

-2 1.0837
-3
8.8509
-3 7.2040
-3 5.8431

U(4.5,x)

U(5.0,x)

II II II II
-2 I 1.7849
-2 1.4503
-2 1.1759
-3 9.5127
-3 7.6780

2.5

U(4.0,x)

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

8.4374
6.8788
5.6025
4.5579
3.7035

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

5.3758
4.3316
3.4869
2.8040
2.2523

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

3.3518
2.6707
2.1262
1.6910
1.3434

II II II
I II
-2
-3
-3
Ii:

1.0327
8.2953
6.6500
;.;g
.

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

5.8705
4.6645
3.6991
2.9276
2.3122

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

3.2833
2.5816
2.0262
1.5873
1.2409

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

3.3818
2.6869
2.1296
1.6837
1.3277

-3
-3
-3
-4
-4

1.8222
1.4328
1.1240
8.7960
6.8665

-4 i 9.6810
-4 7.5364
-4 5.8538
-4 4.5364
-4)3.5071

-5
-5
-6
II-6
-5

1.4817
1.1039
8.1946
6.0609
1.9818

3.5
3.6

I
II II I II
-4
-5
-5
-5
-5

5.0

(-5)6.9418

1.2259
9.3061
7.0352
5.2961
3.9701

(-5)2.9634

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

5.4198
4.0787
3.0571
2.2819
1.6964

(-5)1.2558

-5
-5
-5
-5

7.3727
5.5875
4.2185
3.1726
9.6913

-5
-5
-5
-6
-6

2.3767
1.7736
1.3183
9.7593
7.1961

( -6)5.2847

-5 3.3191
1; :*:;;:

II-5 1:3920
4.4015
-5
-6
-6
-6
-6

1.0342
7.6538
5.6428
4.1440
3.0315

(-6)2.2089

ii -6 4.4663
-6 3.2790
-6 2.3983
-6 1.7475
-6)1.2685
(-7)9.1724

IIII III
-6
-6
-6
-6

6.5617
4.8485
3.5701
2.6194
8.8495

-6
-6
-6
-7
-7

1.9150
1.3949
1.0124
7.3205
5.2737

(-7)3.7849

-7
-7
-7
-7
-7

8.1539
5.8942
4.2455
3.0469
2.1788

(-7)1.5523

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

711

FUNCTIONS
Table

V(2.0,x)

V(1.5,x)

0.0

V(2.5,~)

V(3.0,x)

V(3.5,x)

0.0000

V(4.0,x)

V(4.5,x)

19.1

V(5.0,s)

0.0000

I -1 I 1.6118
3.3218
2.4481
0.7999
1.0497
7.5647
4.8999
Ii -1
-10 2.4076

0)5.2778

1) 3.0195
1) 3.7699
1 I 4.7150
1 5.9076
1 7.4155

0)6.7480
0 I 7.9725
0 9.4452
1 1.1222
1) 1.3374

1) 2.276El

( 1) 3.9709

2
:2
2:9

1)3.0364
1) 3.7393
1 j 4.6150
1 5.7092
1) 7.0801

( 1)5.2689

1)6.5656

1)9.3262

1 1 8.1989
2 1.0262
I

2)1.2873

1) 8.8025

I(
I
I(

1) 9.2982

( 3)2.9574

I
i
(
i( 1
(
I
(
I

1) 5.1442
1) 6.4978
1 8.2198
2 1 1.0415
2) 1.3218

2) 1.6806
2) 2.14108
2 2.73125
2 3.49148
2)4.4794

2) 9.1055

I(

3)5.4084

4) 1.1642

3) 8.10129
4 1.0722
4 1 1.4232
4 1.8950
4) 2.53113

5.0

3)2.0666

3)4.6909

4) 1.0746

( 4)2.4833

(
4)5.7864

( 5)1.3589

4 1 6.7384
4 9.1425
5I 1.2450
5 1.7018
5)2.3348
( 5)3.2156

I
(

5)7.6639

712

PARABOLIC
Table

FUNCTIONS

19.2
W(-5.0,X)

W(-4.0,x)

W(-3.0,x)

E
i*:

0.47348
0.35697
+0.07727
0.22267

0:4

-0.07200

0.50102
0.39190
0.26715
+0.13172
-0.00899

0.53933
0.43901
0.32555
0.20231
+0.07298

i::

-0.21764
-0.35231
-0.46911
-0.56198
-0.62597

-0.14933
-0.28362
-0.40634
-0.51236
-0.59713

1.0

-0.65752

:::

-0.61732
-0.65470

2:
:t
1:7

CYLINDER

W(-2.0,x)

W(-5.0,-z)

W(-4.0,-z)

W(-3.0,-x)

W(-2.0,-x)

0.60027
0.51126
0.41203
0.30453
0.19088

0.47348
0.56641
0.63113
0.66435
0.66434

0.50102
0.59017
0.65576
0.69515
0.70666

0.53933
0.62350
0.68900
0.73381
0.75649

0.60027
0.67730
0.74078
0.78939
0.82206

-0.05857
-0.18832
-0.31226
-0.42646
-0.52722

+0.07334
-0.04569
-0.16377
-0.27838
-0.38697

0.63099
0.56583
0.47199
0.35408
0.21799

0.68972
0.64485
0.57370
0.47898
0.36441

0.75622
0.73285
0.68690
0.61955
0.53268

0.83798
0.83665
0.81785
0.78173
0.72875

-0.54700
-0.44716

-0.65688
-0.68881
-0.69121
-0.66357
-0.60670

-0.61113
-0.67522
-0.71706
-0.73488
-0.72761

-0.48704
-0.57617
-0.65204
-0.71255
-0.75583

+0.07061
-0.08044
-0.22724
-0.36189
-0.47700

0.23458
+0.09483
-0.04897
-0.19063
-0.32388

0.42880
0.31103
0.18303
+0.04890
-0.08688

0.65975
0.57594
0.47890
0.37059
0.25333

-0.32290
-0.18077
-0.02851
+0.12535
0.27194

-0.52270
-0.41495
-0.28803
-0.14758
-0.00009

-0.69502
-0.63774
-0.55733
-0.45625
-0.33785

-0.78031
-0.78484
-0.76869
-0.73166
-0.67412

-0.56602
-0.62369
-0.64634
-0.63218
-0.58147

-0.44262
-0.54122
-0.61480
-0.65945
-0.67250

-0.21962
-0.34454
-0.45694
-0.55237
-0.62680

0.12978
+0.00294
-0.12397
-0.24749
-0.36405

0.40253
0.50907
0.58468
0.62416
0.62438

+0.14739
0.28751
0.41299
0.51702
0.59364

-0.20633
-0.06661
+0.07581
0.21503
0.34495

-0.59707
-0.50217
-0.39174
-0.26879
-0.13696

-0.49661
-0.38212
-0.24445
-0.09171
+0.06678

-0.65271
-0.60042
-0.51764
-0.40802
-0.27680

-0.67684
-0.69989
-0.69432
-0.65962
-0.59652

-0.47006
-0.56198
-0.63649
-0.69061
-0.72184

0.58460
0.50668
0.39507
0.25669
+0.10057

0.63810
0.64722
0.61968
0.55625
0.45985

0.45960
0.55333
0.62119
0.65920
0.66463

-0.00046
+0.13603
0.26749
0.38872
0.49459

0.22095
0.36067
0.47637
0.55973
0.60434

-0.13062
+0.02276
0.17482
0.31672
0.43980

-0.50704
-0.39454
-0.26363
-0.12008
+0.02936

-0.72830
-0.70889
-0.66340
-0.59265
-0.49853

-0.06260
-0.22123
-0.36354
-0.47850
-0.55672

0.33555
0.19042
+0.03320
-0.12614
-0.27701

0.63631
0.57472
0.48225
0.36312
0.22333

0.58021
0.64123
0.67411
0.67637
0.64681

0.60627
0.56451
0.48124
0.36184
0.21471

0.53615
0.59915
0.62397
0.60808
0.55155

0.17727
0.31588
0.43747
0.53481
0.60167

-0.38404
-0.25332
-0.11153
+0.03530
0.18042

-0.59128
-0.57849
-0.51836
-0.41490
-0.27601

-0.40886
-0.51196
-0.57820
-0.60177
-0.57982

+0.07050
-0.08654
-0.23816
-0.37452
-0.48622

0.58576
0.49519
0.37883
0.24205
+0.09180

+0.05079
-0.11714
-0.27544
-0.41066
-0.51073

0.45725
0.33088
0.18074
+0.01731
-0.14737

0.63325
0.62663
0.58111
0.49849
0.38313

0.31672
0.43701
0.53447
0.60305
0.63793

:*i!
412

-0.11306
+0.05995
0.22741
0.37359
0.48406

-0.51295
-0.40534
-0.26474
-0.10210
+0.06923

-0.56500
-0.60443
-0.60059
-0.55252
-0.46263

-0.06370
-0.21535
-0.35365
-0.46937
-0.55413

-0.56615
-0.57098
-0.52367
-0.42750
-0.29056

-0.30058
-0.42985
-0.52406
-0.57448
-0.57571

0.24189
+0.08387
-0.08010
-0.23812
-0.37804

0.63597
0.59605
0.51937
0.40960
0.27290

4.5
44:;

0.54726
0.55583
0.50770

::9"

0.26226
0.40664

0.23443
0.37847
0.48758
0.55059
0.56028

-0.33674
-0.18393
-0.01604
+0.15314
0.30893

-0.60118
-0.60601
-0.56693
-0.48549
-0.36666

-0.12531
+0.05237
0.22465
0.37342
0.48233

-0.52643
-0.42982
-0.29363
-0.12977
+0.04660

-0.48847
-0.55975
-0.58492
-0.56059
-0.48753

5.0

[(-y 1 [(-f)7
1 [996 1 [ 1 [(-y 1 [53P31 [53161 [ 1

0.51440

0.43707

-0.21874
($3)5

21"
:*:
214
Ei
?i
2:9
3.0
3.1

Z-8
3:9

0.08936

0.53861

0.21827

-0.37095

+0.11769
-0.04573
-0.20576
-0.35036
-0.46788
-0.54818
(-!)5

Values of W( a,z),for integral values of a are from National Physical Laboratory, Tables of Weber parabolic cylinder
functions. Computed by Scientific Computing Service Ltd. Mathematical Introduction by J. C. P. Miller. Her Majestys
Stationery Office, London, England, 1955 (with permission).

PARABOLI:C

CYLINDER

713

FUNCTIONS
Table

W(2.0,x)

W(3.0,x)

W(4.0,x)

W(5.0,x)

W(2.0,-2)

W(3.0, -4

i 1 I 1.4686
1.6117

I 1 \ 3.0749
3.5113

( 0)-9.6664

( 1)6.6590

W(4.0,-2)

19.e

W(5.0,~2j

1.8377
1.4984
1.2246
1.0035
a.2455

5.0

(-2)-1.9179

For interpolation,

t-31-3.8449
see 19.28.

(-4)-1.4564

(-4)1.1577

( 2)5.9987

( 3)2.8528i

714

PARABOLIC

Table

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

19.2

W(-1.0,x)

0.0

0.73148
0.65958
0.58108
0.49671
0.40726

W(-0.8,~)

W(-0.7,x)

W(-0.6,~)

W(-0.5,x)

0.75416
0.68457
0.60881
0.52750
0.44133

0.77982
0.71267
0.63980
0.56175
0.47908

0.80879
0.74421
0.67441
0.59981
0.52089

0.84130
0.77940
0.71281
0.64187
0.56693

0.87718
0.81803
0.75477
0.68766
0.61696

0.91553
0.85912
0.79925
0.73610
0.66984

0.31359
0.21659
0.11723
+0.01657
-0.08429

0.35102
0.25734
0.16111
+0.06324
-0.03529

0.39240
0.30233
0.20958
0.11490
+0.01912

0.43811
0.35200
0.26311
0.17206
+0.07954

0.48837
0.40658
0.32198
8EE
.

0.54293
0.46584
0.38601
0.30379
0.21956

0.60064
0.52866
0.45409
0.37715
0.29811

-0.18412
-0.28164
-0.37549
-0.46422
-0.54635

-0.13342
-0.23002
-0.32384
-0.41357
-0.49783

-0.07684
-0.17198
-0.26523
-0.35538
-0.44119

-0.01369
-0.10679
-0.19880
-0.28870
-0.37536

+0.05650
-0.03384
-0.12386
-0.21269
-0.29933

0.13380
+0.04704
-0.04009
-0.12687
-0.21246

0.21727
0.13503
+0.05185
-0.03172
-0.11502

-0.62034
-0.68464
-0.73771
-0.77808
-0.80439

-0.57517
-0.64409
-0.70310
-0.75070
-0.78547

-0.52130
-0.59431
-0.65875
-0.71317
-0.75611

-0.45753
-0.53393
-0.60317
-0.66382
-0.71446

-0.38270
-0.46162
:;*'b;;1:;
-0:65854

-0.29594
-0.37627
-0.45231
-0.52280
-0.58645

-0.19728
-0.27764
-0.35510
-0.42857
-0.49684

-0.81541
-0.81014
-0.78787
-0.74822
-0.69124

-0.80610
-0.81144
-0.80054
-0.77279
-0.72790

-0.78618
-0.80212
-0.80282
-0.78741
-0.75531

-0.75365
-0.78003
-0.79238
-0.78960
-0.77089

-0.70628
-0.74273
-0.76654
-0.77649
-0.77153

-0.64186
-0.68765
-0.72243
-0.74486
-0.75373

-0.55864
-0.61261
-0.65738
-0.69156
-0.71385

-0.61743
-0.52785
-0.42412
-0.30847
-0.18374

-0.66601
-0.58777
-0.49436
-0.38753
-0.26968

-0.70633
-0.64071
-0.55918
-0.46303
-0.35416

-0.73570
-0.68391
-0.61582
-0.53224
-0.43455

-0.75086
-0.71398
-0.66079
-0.59164
-0.50739

-0.74799
-0.72686
-0.68984
-0.63684
-0.56821

-0.72301
-0.71801
-0.69802
-0.66256
-0.61149

-0.05335
+0.07873
0.20811
0.33006
0.43974

-0.14378
-0.01339
+0.11741
0.24412
0.36198

-0.23506
-0.10884
+0.02083
0.14977
0.27340

-0.32474
-0.20540
-0.07973
+0.04850
0.17504

-0.40948
-0.29995
-0.18146
-0.05729
+0.06875

-0.48485
-0.38820
-0.28034
-0.16395
-0.04232

-0.54517
-0.46444
-0.37075
-0.26614
-0.15327

E
3:8
3.9

0.53233
0.60334
0.64885
0.66575
0.65207

0.46613
0.55184
0.61476
0.65118
0.65834

0.38695
0.48557
0.56460
0.61986
0.64786

0.29527
0.40440
0.49761
0.57035
0.61858

0.19236
0.30891
0.41360
0.50168
0.56868

+0.08071
0.20083
0.31342
0.41373
0.49706

-0.03541
+0.08365
0.19963
0.30797
0.40397

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

0.60721
0.53214
0.42952
0.30382
0.16115

0.63466
0.58002
0.49593
0.38565
0.25422

0.64616
0.61356
0.55042
0.45874
0.34234

0.63904
0.62958
0.58939
0.51923
0.42158

0.61072
0.62476
0.60892
0.56270
0.48725

0.55906
0.59598
0.60496
0.58437
0.53398

0.48303
0.54088
0.57391
0.57944
0.55599

4.5
4.6
t-i
4:9

+0.00918
-0.14329
-0.28674
-0.41153
-0.50861

+0.10831
-0.04397
-0.19348
-0.33057
-0.44572

0.20677
+0.05918
-0.09193
-0.23720
-0.36694

0.30072
0.16266
+0.01497
-0.13360
-0.27352

0.38544
0.26194
+0.12315
-0.02310
-0.16782

0.45522
0.35129
0.22716
+0.08947
-0.05374

0.50355
0.42375
0.31998
0.19740
+0.06277

5.0

-0.57025

-0.53023

-0.47182

-0.39516

-0.30146

-0.19341

-0.07580

0::
8::
:*56
0:7
E
:*:
1:2
::i
1.5
::;
:::

2.0
2.1
5-G
2:4
2.5
$2
22::
3.0
t:
313
3.4
3.5

[(-/'"I

W(-0.9,x)

[(-;'7

(-l)4

[(-;)"I

[(-;)4]

W(-0.4,x)

1 1 [
(-i)4

(-l)4

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

715

FUNCTIONS

Table

W(-1,0,-x)

W(-0.9,-x)

W(-0.7,-z)

W(-O&-x)

W(-0.6,-z)

W(-0.5,-z)

19.2

W(-0.4,-z)

0.73148
0.79607
0.85267
0.90067
0.93946

0.754i6
0.81697
0.87241
0.91990
0.95892

0.77982
0.84073
0.89490
0.94182
0.98099

0.80879
0.86771
0.92053
0.96682
1.00612

0.84130
0.89814
0.94958
0.99522
1.03467

0.87718
0.93193
0.98201
1.02707
1.06677

0.91553
0.96827
1.01711
1.06178
1.10197

0.96849
0.98722
0.99521
0.99202
0.97734

0.98892
1.00940
1.01990
1.01997
1.00923

1.01192
1.03413
1.04713
1.05048
1.04374

1.03797
1.06191
1.07745
1.08414
1.08151

1.06749
1.09323
1.11143
1.12160
1.12325

1.10070
1.12843
1.14951
1.16343
1.16966

1.13729
1.16736
1.19170
1.20981
1.22114

0.95092
0.91262
0.86244
0.80055
0.72729

0.98738
0.95418
0.90952
0.85341
0.78603

1.02655
0.99859
0.95962
0.90954
0.84835

1.06912
1.04657
1.01355
0.96978
0.91515

1.11589
1.09904
1.07228
1.03523
0.98760

1.16769
1.15695
1.13693
1.10714
1.06714

1.22511
1.22112
1.20855
1.18680
1.15529

0.64322
0.54911
0.44603
0.33528
0.21849

0.70774
0.61912
0.52099
0.41443
0.30081

0.77623
0.69355
0.60091
0.49914
0.38936

0.84963
0.77341
0.68684
0.59053
0.48532

0.92923
0.86006
0.78025
0.69014
0.59032

1.01659
0.95525
0.88304
0.80004
0.70659

1.11351
1.06102
0.99750
0.92281
0.83697

+0.09757
-0.02528
-0.14758
-0.26660
-0.37941

0.18179
+0.05934
-0.06427
-0.18651
-0.30459

0.27298
0.15171
+0.02758
-0.09709
-0.21967

0.37236
0.25309
0.12930
+0.00305
-0.12323

0.48166
0.36531
0.24278
+0.11588
-0.01322

0.60326
0.49090
0.37070
0.24419
+0.11327

0.74025
0.63319
0.51665
0.39182
0.26028

-0.48297
-0.57415
-0.64990
-0.70733
-0.74387

-0.41552
-0.51623
-0.60356
-0.67449
-0.72615

-0.33731
-0.44698
-0.54551
-0.62975
-0.69663

-0.24685
-0.36487
-0.47416
-0.57149
-0.65363

-0.14203
-0.26774
-0.38730
-0.49748
-0.59492

-0.01983
-0.15248
-0.28178
-0.40451
-0.51729

+0.12398
-0.01472
-0.15309
-0.28802
-0.41615

-0.75737
-0.74633
-0.70996
-0.64841
-0.56281

-0.75605
-0.76219
-0.74323
-0.69863
-0.62881

-0.74331
-0.76738
-0.76692
-0.74077
-0.68862

-0.71748
-0.76019
-0.77937
-0.77320
-0.74065

-0.67629
-0.73841
-0.77841
-0.79386
-0.78300

-0.61660
-0.69897
-0.76108
-0.79994
-0.81309

-0.53384
-0.63739
-0.72310
-0.78743
-0.82721

-0.45542
-0.32961
-0.18992
-0.04191
+0.10799

-0.53525
-0.42059
-0.28860
-0.14423
+0.00657

-0.61114
-0.51016
-0.38867
-0.25086
-0.10208

-0.68160
-0.59701
-0.48899
-0.36092
-0.21739

-0.74490
-0.67961
-0.58833
-0.47349
-0.33883

-0.79874
-0.75603
-0.68515
-0.58750
-0.46582

-0.83985
-0.82349
-0.77725
-0.70141
-0.59756

0.25266
0.38471
0.49679
0.58208
0.63477

0.15702
0.29976
0.42722
0.53205
0.60759

+0.05134
0.20225
0.34303
0.46597
0.56372

-0.06416
+0.09203
0.24366
0.38285
0.50171

-0.18934
-0.03124
+0.12831
0.28140
0.41981

-0.32421
-0.16811
-0.00420
+0.15987
0.31572

-0.46872
-0.31938
-0.15545
+0.01587
0.18634

0.65055
0.62708
0.56440
0.46513
0.33464

0.64841
0.65075
0.61301
0.53614
0.42379

0.62979
0.65910
0.64846
0.59705
0.50672

0.59285
0.64997
0.66833
0.64531
0.58085

0.53543
0.62083
0.66982
0.67800
0.64328

0.45473
0.56851
0.64950
0.69154
0.69050

Ez:
0:60280
0.68125
0.71794

0.18091

0.28240

0.38215
(-l)5

0.47771

0.56635

0.64481
t-z6

0.70889
C-l6

[(-i)5 1 c 1 [
(-;)5

1 Ii 1 [ 1 [
(-l)5

(-i)5

1 II 1

716

PARABOLIC

Table

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

19.2

W(-0.3,x)

W(-0.2,x)

W(-0.1,x)

we-4 4

W(O.l,x)

W(O.2,s)

W(O.3,x)

0.95411
0.90030
0.84377
0.78461
0.72293

0.98880
0.93725
0.88381
0.82851
0.77137

1.01364
0.96381
0.91299
0.86116
0.80828

1.02277
0.97388
0.92496
0.87595
0.82673

1.01364
0.96480
0.91691
0.86984
0.82344

0.98880
0.93920
0.89145
0.84540
0.80084

0.95411
0.90311
0.85480
0.80896
0.76536

0.65878
0.59225
0.52341
0.45236
0.37924

0.71237
0.65150
0.58875
0.52410
0.45756

0.75426
0.69902
0.64245
0.58445
0.52493

0.77719
0.72716
0.67647
0.62496
0.57244

0.77753
0.73192
0.68637
0.64067
0.59459

0.75757
0.71533
0.67388
0.63296
0.59228

0.72375
0.68386
0.64540
0.60809
0.57163

0.30421
0.22751
0.14946
+0.07042
-0.00912

0.38918
0.31906
0.24734
0.17425
0.10007

0.46383
0.40111
0.33677
0.27090
0.20361

0.51877
0.46381
0.40744
0.34961
0.29032

0.54790
0.50038
0.45186
0.40217
0.35118

0.55160
0.51063
0.46915
0.42691
0.38374

0.53573
0.50010
0.46446
0.42854
0.39209

-0.08857
-0.16725
-0.24435
-0.31894
-0.38999

+0.02522
-0.04982
-0.12443
-0.19788
-0.26933

0.13514
+0.06577
-0.00407
-0.07387
-0.14299

0.22960
0.16760
0.10454
+0.04073
-0.02340

0.29883
0.24510
0.19006
0.13384
0.07667

0.33945
0.29393
0.24713
0.19904
0.14975

0.35491
0.31679
0.27761
0.23725
0.19569

-0.45633
-0.51674
-0.56989
-0.61444
-0.64903

-0.33779
-0.40219
-0.46135
-0.51400
-0.55882

-0.21066
-0.27600
-0.33802
-0.39560
-0.44755

-0.08731
-0.15034
-0.21170
-0.27048
-0.32569

+0.01891
-0.03902
-0.09655
-0.15300
-0.20756

0.09941
+0.04828
-0.00327
-0.05478
-0.10567

0.15296
0.10917
0.06450
+0.01926
-0.02617

-0.67233
-0.68311
-0.68033
-0.66313
-0.63097

-0.59448
-0.61966
-0.63315
-0.63385
-0.62088

-0.49261
-0.52947
-0.55686
-0.57356
-0.57846

-0.37619
-0.42082
-0.45833
-0.48749
-0.50710

-0.25934
-0.30731
-0.35040
-0.38745
-0.41729

-0.15523
-0.20267
-0.24709
-0.28749
-0.32283

-0.07129
-0.11551
-0.15811
-0.19829
-0.23518

-0.58369
-0.52157
-0.44541
-0.35655
-0.25697

-0.59365
-0.55190
-0.49584
-0.42613
-0.34402

-0.57063
-0.54943
-0.51451
-0.46594
-0.40427

-0.51607
-0.51344
-0.49851
-0.47084
-0.43039

-0.43878
-0.45085
-0.45256
-0.44315
-0.42215

-0.35203
-0.37401
-0.38777
-0.39239
-0.38713

-0.26783
-0.29526
-0.31648
-0.33055
-0.33663

-0.14924
-0.03654
+0.07742
0.18846
0.29213

-0.25134
-0.15050
-0.04453
+0.06302
0.16814

-0.33055
-0.24643
-0.15413
-0.05645
+0.04330

-0.37754
-0.31318
-0.23871
-0.15612
-0.06794

-0.38941
-0.34517
-0.29013
-0.22549
-0.15299

-0.37148
-0.34523
-0.30852
-0.26190
-0.20639

-0.33401

0.38382
0.45904
0.51364
0.54413
0.54793

0.26651
0.35370
0.42535
0.47744
0.50658

0.14132
0.23354
0.31572
0.38368
0.43357

+0.02278
0.11257
0.19762
0.27395
0.33764

-0.07486
+0.00615
0.08689
0.16386
0.23342

-0.14349
-0.07518
-0.00389
+0.06754
0.13597

-0.18313
-0.12880
-0.06948
-0.00733
+0.05511

0.52370
0.47151
0.39312
0.29197
0.17327

0.51029
0.48726
0.43762
0.36308
0.26703

0.46212
0.46690
0.44663
0.40138
0.33274

0.38503
0.41300
0.41921
0.40237
0.36248

0.29194
0.33601
0.36270
0.36981
0.35608

0.19809
0.25059
0.29037
0.31476
0.32171

0.11504
0.16948
0.21549
0.25027
0.27144

0.04376
(-$)4

0.15455
(-l)3

0.24393
(-l)3

0.30095
(-;)3

0.32145
(-2)3

0.31009
c-y

0.27719

[ 1 II 1 II 1 [ 1 II 1 [

I"o';;g;;
-0:27027
-0.23072

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

717

FUNCTIONS

Table

W(-0.3,-z)

W(-0.2,-z)

W(-0.1,--z)

W(O.l,-z)

W(O, -4

19.2

W(O.2,~2)

W(O.3,~2)

0:4

0.95411
1.00506
1.05296
1.09759
1.13868

0.98880
1.03835
1.08581
1.13097
1.17362

1.01364
1.06245
1.11016
1.15665
1.20172

1.02277
1.07165
1.12050
1.16924
1.21771

1.01364
1.06348
1.11435
1.16622
1.21899

0.98880
1.04037
1.09399
1.14968
1.20741

0.95411
1.00797
1.06483
1.12477
1.18782

8-Z
0:7
0.8
0.9

1.17589
1.20884
1.23706
1.26006
1.27725

1.21344
1.25007
1.28307
1.31193
1.33606

1.24510
1.28645
1.32534
1.36129
1.39368

1.26568
1.31285
1.35884
1.40315
1.44521

1.27248
1.32644
1.38053
1.43429
1.48719

1.26706
1.32845
1.39129
1.45520
1.51968

1.25396
1.32307
1.39494
1.46928
1.54567

1.28802
1.29171
1.28761
1.27501
1.25320

1.35480
1.36744
1.37321
1.37129
1.36083

1.42185
1.44504
1.46241
1.47304
1.47598

1,48433
1.51974
1.55054
1.57575
1.59429

1.53855
1.58760
1.63341
1.67498
1.71113

1.58412
1.64775
1.70967
1.76885
1.82408

1.62356
1.70224
1.78087
1.85841
1.93366

1.22150
1.17926
1.12596
1.06115
0.98458

1.34098
1.31091
1.26983
1.21705
1.15200

1.47020
1.45469
1.42841
1.39039
1.33973

1.60502
1.60672
1.59813
1.57800
1.54509

1.74059
1.76201
1.77390
1.77474
1.76299

1.87401
1.91713
1.95181
1.97628
1.98870

2.00522
2.07150
2.13072
2.18093
2.22000

0.89620
0.79618
0.68503
0.56357
0.43300

1.07426
0.98365
0.88026
0.76448
0.63710

1.27565
1.19757
1.10510
0.99819
0.87711

1.49825
1.43644
1.35882
1.26478
1.15405

1.73709
1.69557
1.63706
1.56041
1.46471

1.98714
1.96968
1.93446
1.87972
1.80390

2.24569
2.25565
2.24752
2.21894
2.16770

z*e7
2:9

0.29492
0.15140
+0.00489
-0.14168
-0.28503

0.49932
0.35277
0.19959
+0.04242
-0.11563

0.74256
0.59571
0.43825
0.27241
+0.10100

1.02673
0.88342
0.72523
0.55388
0.37173

1.34942
1.21444
1.06021
0.88776
0.69887

1.70575
1.58440
1.43949
1.27129
1.08078

2.09177
1.98946
1.85956
1.70140
1.51507

z!
3:2
3.3
3.4

-0.42150
-0.54722
-0.65815
-0.75027
-0.81974

-0.27098
-0.41967
-0.55742
-0.67978
-0.78229

-0.07258
-0.24442
-0.41011
-0.56487
-0.70368

+0.18182
-0.01213
-0.20574
-0.39404
-0.57158

0.49606
0.28264
+0.06279
-0.15855
-0.37567

0.86979
0.64105
0.39827
+0.14618
-0.10952

1.30151
1.06267
0.80159
0.52249
+0.23083

-0.86311
-0.87754
-0.86098
-0.81248
-0.73233

-0.86067
-0.91101
-0.93010
-0.91559
-0.86631

-0.82147
-0.91331
-0.97470
-1.00185
-0.99193

-0.73259
-0.87118
-0.98158
-1.05844
-1.09719

-0.58228
-0.77162
-0.93674
-1.07077
-1.16728

-0.36221
-0.60449
-0.82836
-1.02554
-1.18779

-0.06670
-0.36232
-0.64721
-0.91187
-1.14634

-0.62227
-0.48559
-0.32717
-0.15346
+0.02771

-0.78249
-0.66595
-0.52024
-0.35070
-0.16437

-0.94343
-0.85640
-0.73270
-0.57611
-0.39249

-1.09434
-1.04786
-0.95753
-0.82515
-0.65483

-1.22069
-1.22662
-1.18240
-1.08743
-0.94350

-1.30732
-1.37730
-1.39231
-1.34891
-1.24610

-1.34070
-1.48554
-1.57256
-1.59514
-1.54901

0.20739
0.37594
0.52351
0.64069
0.71919

+0.03014
0.22299
0.40359
0.56113
0.68534

-0.18962
+0.02291
0.23414
0.43218
0.60494

-0.45301
-0.22843
+0.00810
0.24408
0.46598

-0.75508
-0.52942
-0.27649
-0.00874
+0.25940

-1.08573
-0.87285
-0.61582
-0.32626
-0.01876

-1.43285
-1.24877
-1.00271
-0.70462
-0.36835

0.75259
5316

0.76721
(-p5

0.74090
(-l)5

0.65996
(-l)5

0.51219
5316

+0.28970

-0.01132

E
00-32

1.0
1.1
1.2
:::
1.5
1.6
:*a7
119
2.0
2.1
z.3

2:4
22

4.5
4.6
i-87

4:9
5.0

1 1 1 [

1 [

1 [

1 c(-[I71 [(-;P1

718
Table

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

FUNCTIONS

19.2

W(O.4,2)

W(O.5,2)

W(O.6,s)

W(O.7,x)

W(0.8,~)

W(O.9,x)

W(l.O,x)

0.0
0.1

0.2
0.3
0.4

0.91553
0.86271
0.81331
0.76709
0.72376

0.87718
0.82232
0.77155
0.72456
0.68104

0.84130
0.78433
0.73205
0.68408
0.64007

0.80879
0.74973
0.69590
0.64687
0.60222

0.77982
0.71874
0.66339
0.61328
0.56794

0.75416
0.69116
0.63436
0.58321
0.53718

0.73148
0.66667
0.60852
0.55639
0.50970

0.5
0.6
3.7
0.8
0.9

0.68304
0.64462
0.60820
0.57347
0.54011

0.64064
0.60305
0.56793
0.53495
0.50380

0.59964
0.56244
0.52810
0.49629
0.46666

0.56155
0.52446
0.49058
0.45952
0.43095

0.52692
0.48979
0.45614
0.42558
0.39774

0.49578
0.45853
0.42499
0.39476
0.36745

0.46791
0.43051
0.39703
0.36704
0.34013

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.50782
0.47630
0.44523
0.41435
0.38338

0.47414
0.44567
0.41808
0.39108
0.36438

0.43889
0.41266
0.38765
0.36358
0.34015

0.40452
0.37992
0.35682
0.33494
0.31399

0.37228
0.34888
0.32720
0.30697
0.28790

0.34271
0.32020
0.29960
0.28063
0.26299

0.31594
0.29412
0.27435
0.25634
0.23981

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.35206
0.32018
0.28752
0.25395
0.21934

0.33771
0.31084
0.28354
0.25561
0.22689

0.31709
0.29416
0.27111
0.24773
0.22384

0.29370
0.27382
0.25410
0.23433
0.21430

0.26973
0.25219
0.23506
0.21812
0.20115

0.24643
0.23071
0.21559
0.20085
0.18629

0.22451
0.21019
0.19662
0.18361
0.17094

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.18363
0.14682
0.10899
0.07029
+0.03094

0.19726
0.16665
0.13504
0.10248
0.06908

0.19927
0.17390
0.14767
0.12054
0.09255

0.19384
0.17280
0.15107
0.12857
0.10528

0.18398
0.16644
0.14841
0.12976
0.11045

0.17173
0.15700
0.14195
0.12647
0.11045

0.15845
0.14595
0.13331
0.12038
0.10707

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.00872
-0.04827
-0.08719
-0.12486
-0.16058

0.03504
+0.00063
-0.03378
-0.06773
-0.10069

0.06378
0.03440
+0.00466
-0.02513
-0.05457

0.08121
0.05645
0.03113
+0.00547
-0.02025

0.09043
0.06972
0.04840
0.02659
+0.00447

0.09385
0.07662
0.05879
0.04042
0.02163

0.09330
0.07900
0.06416
0.04879
0.03296

?Y
3:2
3.3
3.4

-0.19356
-0.22295
-0.24788
-0.26746
-0.28083

-0.13202
-0.16105
-0.18700
-0.20910
-0.22656

-0.08319
-0.11043
-0.13568
-0.15826
-0.17749

-0.04569
-0.07041
-0.09392
-0.11569
-0.13511

-0.01769
-0.03960
-0.06087
-0.08106
-0.09969

+0.00259
-0.01649
-0.03531
-0.05355
-0.07080

0.01677
:;*;g;;
-0:03216
-0.04774

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

-0.28722
-0.22598
-0.27664
-0.25895
-0.23299

-0.23861
-0.24455
-0.24381
-0.23596
-0.22079

-0.19265
-0.20307
-0.20814
-0.20735
-0.20033

-0.15158
-0.16446
-0.17317
-0.17718
-0.17604

-0.11623
-0.13014
-0.14088
-0.14793
-0.15084

-0.08664
-0.10061
-0.11222
-0.12101
-0.12652

-0.06242
-0.07581
-0.08750
-0.09707
-0.10411

4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

-0.19913
-0.15813
-0.11115
-0.05975
-0.00585

-0.19835
-0.16901
-0.13343
-0.09266
-0.04811

-0.18692
-0.16717
-0.14143
-0.11032
-0.07481

-0.16946
-0.15730
-0.13965
-0.11684
-0.08947

-0.14922
-0.14284
-0.13162
-0.11566
-0.09531

-0.12836
-0.12624
-0.11996
-0.10948
-0.09494

-0.10824
-0.10912
-0.10653
-0.10030
-0.09046

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

+0.04828
0.10016
0.14714
0.18659
0.21607

-0.00149
+0.04518
0.08968
0.12967
0.16286

-0.03614
+0.00411
0.04416
0.08203
0.11567

-0.05843
-0.02485
+0.00985
0.04406
0.07604

-0.07112
-0.04392
-0.01477
+0.01506
0.04414

-0.07669
-0.05525
-0.03141
-0.00614
+0.01943

-0.07716
-0.06075
-0.04174
-0.02086
+0.00100

5.0

0.23350
(-;I2

0.18712

0.14307

0.10399

0.07092

0.04399

0.02281

c 1 [!-;I11 [c-y1 [(-217 1 [t-y 1 IIc-y1 IIt-y 1

PARABOLIC

CYLINDER

P19

FUNCTIONS
Table

W(O.4,-2)

W(O.5,

-x)

W(0.6,-:e)

W(O.7,

-x)

W(O.8,-2)

W(O.9,

-2)

19.2

W(l.O,-z)

0.91553
0.97201
1.03235
1.09671
1.16520

0.87718
0.93642
1.00031
1.06911
1.14300

0.84130
0.90331
0.97072
1.04386
1.12302

0.80879
0.87352
0.94433
1.02166
1.10591

0.77982
0.84714
0.92122
1.00258
1.09173

0.75416
0.82396
0.90115
0.98636
1.08022

0.73148
0.80361
0.88375
0.97265
1.07106

1.23789
1.31475
1.39567
1.48046
1.56879

1.22215
1.30664
1.39648
1.49158
1.59174

1.20846
1.30040
1.39896
1.50419
1.61602

1.19746
1.29663
1.40371
1.51888
1.64225

1.18917
1.29538
1.41079
1.53574
1.67051

1.18338
1.29644
1.42000
1.55459
1.70068

1.17975
1.29949
1.43106
1.57519
1.73254

1.6602
1.7541
1.8497
1.9460
2.0418

1.6966
1.8057
1.9184
2.0337
2.1506

1.7343
1.8586
1.9884
2.1230
2.2613

1.7738
1.9133
2.0603
2.2144
2.3746

1.8153
1.9700
2.1345
2.3083
2.4909

1.8586
2.0286
2.2107
2.4048
2.6102

1.9037
2.0891
2.2891
2.5037
2.7327

2.1358
2.2263
2.3115
2.3891
2.4570

2.2677
2.3833
2.4956
2.6023
2.7009

2.4020
2.5437
2.6843
2.8216
2.9529

2.5397
2.7083
2.8785
3.0480
3.2141

2.6811
2.8777
3.0788
3.2823
3.4854

2.8264
3.0520
3.2856
3.5249
3.7674

2.9756
3.2316
3.4991
3.7762
4.0605

2.5125
2.5529
2.5754
2.5770
2.5548

2.7886
2.8623
2.9188
2.9546
2.9660

3.0752
3.1853
3.2793
3.3532
3.4030

3.3737
3.5231
3.6583
3.7748
3.8678

3.6849
3.8770
4.0573
4.2209
4.3624

4.0097
4.2479
4.4775
4.6931
4.8889

4.3487
4.6368
4.9201
5.1930
5.4490

2.5061
2.4283
2.3192
2.1772
2.0013

2.9496
2.9018
2.8196
2.7001
2.5413

3.4241
3.4124
3.3634
3.2734
3.1389

3.9321
3.9626
3.9538
3.9007
3.7984

4.4760
4.5555
4.5944
4.5863
4.5251

5.0582
5.1940
5.2887
5.3346
5.3240

5.6811
5.8811
6.0405
6.1502
6.2008

1.7914
1.5484
1.2746
0.9733
0.6496

2.3419
2.1015
1.8213
1.5038
1.1529

2.9573
2.7270
2.4478
2.1206
1.7487

3.6430
3.4312
3.1612
2.8324
2.4466

4.4050
4.2211
3.9697
3.6486
3.2576

5.2495
5.1041
4.8822
4.5794
4.1934

6.1832
6.0883
5.9081
5.6359
5.2669

+0.3098
-0.0381
-0.3848
-0.7198
-1.0317

0.7746
iO.3767
-0.0314
-0.4385
-0.8319

1.3369
0.8923
+0.4244
-0.0553
-0.5332

2.0074
1.5210
0.9962
+0.4445
-0.1199

2.7987
2.2767
1.6994
1.0779
+0.4263

3.7241
3.1746
2.5511
1.8636
1.1259

4.7985
4.2315
3.5700
2.8225
2.0016

-1.3084
-1.5382
-1.7095
-1.8124
-1.8391

-1.1977
-1.5216
-1.7893
-1.9871
-2.1032

-0.9940
-1.4209
-1.7966
-2.1039
-2.3268

-0.6804
-1.2184
-1.7136
-2.1453
-2.4930

-0.2378
-0.8941
-1.5199
-2.0907
-2.5817

+0.3558
-0.4249
-1.1915
-1.9160
-2.5692

1.1251
+0.2152
-0.7013
-1.5936
-2.4280

f-i
4:9

-1.7844
-1.6469
-1.4292
-1.1387
-0.7876

-2.1283
-2.0567
-1.8870
-1.6231
-1.2742

-2.4513
-2.4668
-2.3670
-2.1513
-1.8252

-2.7376
-2.8632
-2.8579
-2.7153
-2.4359

-2.9685
-3.2291
-3.3452
-3.3040
-3.0995

-3.1213
-3.5437
-3.8110
-3.9027
-3.8054

-3.1692
-3.7818
-4.2326
-4.4924
-4.5392

5.0

-0.3927

0.0
0::
E

0.5
i:;
E
1.0
1.1
1.2
:::
1.5
1.6
287
1:9
2.0
22.:
2:3
2.4
2.5
22.;
218
2.9
3.0
;*:
3:3
3.4
3.5
33:;
;::
t:l"
t *:
4:4
2:

-0.8557
-1.4010
-2.0281
-2.7346
-3.5149
-4.3599
c-p
(-;I1
C-f)2
c-y
c-y
C-f)1
[ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [ 1 [(-;I3 1

720

PARABOLIC CYLINDER

Table 19.3

AUXILIARY

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

The functions 8,. 82,83of 19.10 and 19.23 are neededin Darwins expansionand also
the function Tof 19.7 and 19.20.
93

$1
0.00000

E
i-i
0:9

81

62

0.05008
0.10066
0.15222
0.20521

0.39270
0.34278
0.29337
0.24498
0.19817

-0.70270
-0.64181
-0.57855
-0.51304
-0.44540

6.9519
7.2093
7.4716
7.7388
8.0109

5.5506
5.7981
6.0507
6.3084
6.5712

4.1079
4.2291
4.3511
4.4738
4.5972

0.26006
0.31713
0.37678
0.43929
0.50492

0.15355
0.11182
0.07387
0.04088
0.01468

-0.37574
-0.30415
-0.23071
-0.15549
-0.07857

8.2880
8.5700
8.8569
9.1487
9.4454

6.8391
7.1120
7.3901
7.6732
7.9614

4.7213
4.8461
4.9716
5.0977
5.2246

192

81

92

7
5.3521
5.4803
5.6092

0.01513
0.04341
0.08086
0.12617

0.00000
0.08015
0.16185
0.24502
0.32964

9.7471
10.0537
10.3652
10.6817
11.0031

8.2546
8.5530
8.8564
9.1649
9.4784

0.97473
1.06696
1.16344
1.26422
1.36937

0.17866
0.23786
0.30347
0.37527
0.45309

0.41566
0.50304
0.59175
0.68175
0.77300

11.3295
11.6608
11.9970
12.3382
12.6843

9.7970
10.1207
10.4494
10.7832
11.1220

5.9996
6.1310
6.2631
6.3958
6.5290

1.47894
1.59299
1.71155
1.83466
1.96236

0.53679
0.62626
0.72142
0.82220
0.92853

0.86549
0.95917
:- l":tt::
1:24716

13.0354
13.3914
13.7524
14.1183
14.4892

11.4659
il.8148
12.1688
12.5278
12.8919

6.6629
6.7974
6.9325
7.0682
7.2045

2.09467
2.23163
2.37325
2.51956
2.67058

1.04036
1.15764
1.28034
1.40843
1.54187

1.34539
1.44470
1.54506
1.64646
1.74888

14.8651
15.2459
15.6316
16.0223
16.4180

:t 26%
14:0144
14.3987
14.7880

:* E9'
717555
7.8947

2.82632
2.98681
:- :::o":
3149688

1.68063
1.82470
1.97406
2.12867
2.28853

1.85229
1.95669
2.06206
2.16837
2.27562

16.8186
17.2242
17.6348
18.0503
18.4708

15.1823
15.5817
15.9861
16.3956
16.8101

8.0344
a.1747
a.3155
8.4569
8.5989

3.67648
3.86089
4.05011
4.24416
4.44305

2.45363
2.62394
2.79946
2.98017
3.16606

:* i9":;;
2:60281
2.71365
2.82536

18.8962
19.3266
19.7620
20.2024
20.6477

::- ;:2
la:0838
18.5184
18.9581

a.7413
8.8844
9.0279
9.1720
9.3166

4.64678
4.85537
5.06880
5.28711
5.51028

3.35712
3.55335
3.75474
3.96127
4.17295

2.93791
3.05131
3.16554
3.28058
3.39643

21.0980
21.5532
22.0135
22.4787
22.9488

19.4028
19.8525
20.3073
20.7671
21.2319

9.4617
9.6074
9.7535
9.9002
10.0474

::9"

5.73833
5.97126
6.20908
6.45178
6.69938

44.22
4183875
5.07093
5.30822

:* Z~
3174872
3.86770
3.98743

23.4240
23.9041
24.3892
24.8792
25.3742

21.7017
22.1766
22.6565
23.1414
23.6314

10.1951
10.3433
10.4920
10.6411
10.7908

5. 0

6.95188

5.55062
[ '-;'"]
_

4.10792

25.8742

24.1264

10.9410
(-y
[ . .. I

::1"
:*:
1:4
::2
:*i
1:9
21"
z
2:4
2.5
::7"
2:
3. 0
:::
33:;
3.5
333
:::
4. 0
:::
44::
4. 5
44::

0.57390
0.64640
0.72261
0.80265
0.88666

0.00000

[ 5W.3
. .

:*. 'BEi

7.3414

When interpolating for 92and 83for 6near unity, it is better to interpolate for + and then
use
ti2 = f r312

or a3 = i (-.)3/Z.

20. Mathieu

Functions

GERTRUDE

BLANCH

Contents
Page

Mathematical
Praperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.1. Mathieus Equation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.2. Determination
of Characteristic Values . . . . . . .
20.3. Floquets Theorem and Its Consequences
. . . . . .
20.4. Other Solutions of Mathieus Equation
. . . . . . .
20.5. Properties of Orthogonality
and Normalization
. . . .
20.6. Solutions of Mathieus
Modified Equation for Integral v
20.7. Representations
by Integrals and Some Integral Equations
20.8. Other Properties
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.9. Asymptotic
Representations
. . . . . . . . . . . .
20.10. Comparative
Notations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .

722
722
722
727
730
732
732
735
738
740
744

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

745

Table 20.1. Characteristic

Values (O<a<m)

. .

.
.
.
.
.
.

Values, Joining
Factors, Some Critical
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

748

Even Solutions

b, d(O, a), se, (ljr *)p 84 ($ cz), (Jn>f go,4d, (4P)If,, I(a)
q=O(5)25,
G+RI-

(4~+2) Ji h+2qq-+=.16(-.04)0,
?+=o,

Table 20.2. Coefficients

8D or S
(4+-2) 45
8D

1, 2, 5, 10, 15

A, and B, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

p=5, 25; r=O, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15,

1 Aeronautical

Research Laboratories,

Wright-Patterson

750

9D

Air Force Base, Ohio.

721

20. Mathieu
Mathematical
20.1. Mathieus
Canonical

Form

of the

Mathieue

Relation
Equation

a=

Differential

cash 2u)f =0

Between
Mathieus
equation
for the Elliptic
Cylinder

The wave equation

in Cartesian

Equation

(v=iu,

y=f)

and

Wave

the

coordinates

is

g;+gp$+kW=o

20.1.3

A solution W is obtainable by separation of variThus, let

ables in elliptical coordinates.
x=p cash u cos v; y=p sinh u sin v;

2=2;

p a positive constant ; 20.1.3 becomes

20.1.4
SW
2
*m+
p2 (cash 2u-cos

Assuming a solution

An Algebraic

2v)
of the fprm

9-t

(1-t2)

(1-P)

20.1.8

Thus!

Mathieus

2v)
variables,

it follows

20.1.5

where c is a constant.
Again, from the fact that G=c and that u, v
are independent variables, one sets
20.1.6

* a=d2f A+ (k2Lc) p2co& 2u

722

Equation

(co9 v= t>

Wave

Equation

$+(c--4@)Y=o

equation is a special
c=a+2q.
of Characteristic

y=mgo (A,,, cos mz+

B,,, sin

*
case of

Values

A solution of 20.1.1 with v replaced by

period u or 2r is of the form
20.2.1

du2f

$-2(btl)t

20.2. Determination

U, v are independent

of Mathieus

to Spheroidal

20.1.8, with E=-4,

where

2,

Form

$+(a+2*-4*P)y=O

Relation

1 d2cp
(oz2+G=o

Since
that

2v

cos

20.1.7

and substituting
the above into 20.1.4 one obtains,
after dividing through by W,

p2 (cash 2u-cos

&

where a is a constant.
The above are equivalent
to 20.1.1 and 20.1.2. The constants c and a are
often referred to as separation constants, due to the
role they play in 20.1.5 and 20.1.6.
For some physically important
solutions, the
function g must be periodic, of period r or 2~.
It can be shown that there exists a countably
infinite set of churacteristic values a,(q) which yield
even periodic solutions of 20.1.1; there is another
countably infinite sequence of characteristic values
b,(q) which yield odd periodic solutions of 20.1.1.
It is known that there exist pei :odic solutions of
period kr, where k is any positive integer.
In
what follows, however, the term character&tic
value will be reserved for a value associated with
solutions of period r or 2r only. These characteristic values are of basic importance to the general
theory of the differential
equation for arbitrary
parameters a and q.

w= &)f(u)dv)

*G=

d2gs+--.21 (k2-c) $

Equation

cos 2v)y=O

Modified

z2-(a-2q

20.1.2

Properties

Equation
Differential

d2y
a+(a-2q

Functions

2,

having

mz)

where B, can be taken as zero. If the above is

substituted into 20.1.1 one obtains
20.2.2
$i2

[(a--m2)A,-q(A,-2+A,+2)1

+m$-I

[(a-m2)Bm-q(Bm-2+Bm+2)]
A+,,, B-,=0

*seepage
n.

~09 m2

sin mz=O
m>o

MATHIEU

Equation 20.2.2 can be reduced to one of four

simpler types, given in 20.2.3 nnd 20.2.4 below
20.2.3

yo=~oA2,+,

20.2.4

yl=go

~0s @m+p)z,

p=O or 1
p==O or 1

Bz,+n sin (2m+p)z,

If p=O, the solution is of period S; if p= 1, the

solution is of period 2x.
Recurrence

Relations

Even solutions
20.2.5

the

Coefficients

(u-m2)A,-q(A,~2+Am+2)

20.2.8

I
I

UC,,,

Gm+2=Vm-

=0

(mL3)

=0

I
pl=d=O;

cPr=d=&=l,

(m>3!

Odd solutions of period 2~

Let
Go,=B,IB,-2;

G,,,=Ge, or Go,,, when the same operations apply

to both, and no ambiguity
is likely to arise.
Further let

Equations
20.2.14

are equivalent

20.2.22

VI-1

to

Ge2= Vo; Gel= Vz-$

solution

If 20.2.19 is suitably combined with 20.2.13-20. .18

there result four types of continued fractions, the
roots of which yield the required character 2 tic
values
2
1
1
Roots:1 az,
20.2.21 vcl _-__
v,- v,- -ve- . . . =0

(a-m2>/q.

20.2.5-20.2.7

associated with even periodic solutions

a = b,, associated with odd periodic

along wit,11 20.2.10 for m > 3.

V,=

if Gn+2=&a+J&a-1

The four choices of the parameters (pl, (p, d

correspond to the four types of solutions 20. .320.2.4. Hereafter, it will be convenient to eparate the characteristic values a into two m i jor
subsets:
u=u,,

(a-l)&+q(B,-Bd=o,

20.2.13

if G,,,+z=B2,/B2,-2
cpo=d=l, if G,,,+~=A2a+JA~r--l ~

a=-1;

of period ?r:

Ge,=A,IA,+

(po=2, if G,,+2=A21/A21-2

q,=d=+q,=O,

* 20.2.10 (a-m2)B,--(B,_,+B,+,)=O

20.2.12

(mtZ3)

. * * vo;+pl

where

of period 27r:

(a-4)B,--qB,=O

20.2.11

v m--vm-,lVffI-2-

along with 20.2.7 for m 2 3.

20.2.9

R,
I

20.2.19

(a-lb%-&%+&=Oj

Odd solutions

of perio$

These three-term recurrence relations amon the

coefficients indicate that every G, can be devel ped
into two types of continued
fractions.
1 hus
20.2.15 is equivalent to

of period ?r:

(a--4)Ar-q(2A,+A,)

Even solutions

20.2.18 K=Goc, for odd solutions

along with 20.2.15

20.2.20

aAo-qAz=O

20.2.6
20.2.7

Among

~723

FUNCTIONS

20.2.23

_--- 1
v,V2

----v,-1

1
v,1
v,-

1
Jr,1
vs-

* * * =0
- . . =O

Roots: uC,+1
Roots:~ bz,

20.2.15

G,=l/(V,-Gm+p)

20.2.24

Cm2 31,

for even solutions of period ?r.

Similarly

VI+1

20.2.16 VI-- 1 =Ge,; for even solutions

21r, along with 20.2.15

of period

20.2.17 VI+ 1= Goog,for odd solutions

2r, along with 20.2.15
*seepageII.

of period

_---v,-1

1
v,-

1
v,-

. * . =o

Roots:

b,+l
f

If a is a root of 20.2.21-20.2.24, then the co responding solution exists and is an entire func { ion
of 2, for general complex values of p.
If p is real, then the Sturmian theory of second
order linear differential
equations
yields the

724

MATHIEU

following:
(a) For a fixed real p, characteristic
values a, and
b, are real and distinct,
if p#O; ao<bl<al
b,(q) ap<b2<a2<
. . ., p>O and dn>,
preach r2 as p approaches zero.
(b) A solution of 20.1.1 associated with a, or b,
has T zeros in the interval 0 5 z<?T, (a real).
(c) The form of 20.2.21 and 20.2.23 shows that if
a2, is a root of 20.2.21 and p is different from
zero, then a2, cannot be a root of 20.2.23;
similarly, no root of 20.2.22 can be a root of
20.2.24 if q#O.
It may be shown from other
considerations
that for a given point (a, n)
there can be at most one periodic solution of
This no longer holds
period ?r or 2u if q#O.
for solutions of period S?T,s 23; for these all
solutions are periodic, if one is.

FUNCTIONS
Power

Series

for

Characteristic

64

1536

Values

20.2.2s

al(++n-92+9-L-h(a)

llq6
__49q6
36864+589824

55q'
--m-35389440+

83n"
-' *

b,(P)=4-b+~4-7g~2~2~o
21391ps
'+458647142400+
1002401$
7g626240

a2(*) =J+5$-si+

16690684Olq8
-458647142400+
32

28

24

a3(-*)=g+92-93+13p4
5q6
16 64 20480+16384
b&d
1961 p6
609q'
-23592960+104857600+
b,(p)=16+~-~+27~l~o~o~o+

a&)=36+2+

' ' *

..'

...

37qe
+891813888+
b&)=36+2+

' ' *

' ' *

70

5861633q'
187q4
43904000-92935987200000+.

**

70

6743617q'
187q4
43904000+92935987200000+

' *'

For ~27, and IpI not too large, a, is approximately equal to b,, and the following
approximation may be used
20.2.26
a,
br
-24L

FIGURE

20.1.

Characteristic

Values

a,, b,

1,=0,1(1)5

="+2(:-1)a+

(59+7) q4
32(~~-1)~(r~-4)
(9r4+58++29)
+64(+1)"(+4)(+9)+

$
' ' '

MATHIEU

The above expansion is not limited to integral

values of r, and it is a very good approximation
for r of the form n++ where n is a.n integer. In
case of integral values of r=n, the series holds
only up to terms not involving r2-n2 in the
denominator.
Subsequent terms must be derived
specially (as shown by Mathieu).
Mulholland
and Goldstein [20.38] have computed characteristic values for purely imaginary Q and found that
a, and a2 have a common real value for IpI in the
neighborhood of 1.468; Bouwkamp [20.5] has
computed this number as qo= l i 1.46876852 to 8
decimals. For values of -iq>-iqo,
a0 and a2
are conjugate complex numbers. From equation
20.2.25 it follows that the radius of convergence
for the series defining a0 is no greater than \qol.
It is shown in [20.36], section 2.25 that the radius
of convergence for a2,,(q), n22 is greater than 3.
Furthermore
a,-b,=O(qr/rr-l),
Power

in q for the
sufficiently

Series

FUNCTIONS

p25

se2(2,q)=sin%--

..

&g+n(e!.&eg9+.

20.2.28

cdz,n>=cos

se,k
d

~1
4(r+l)
-cos
[(r-22)z-p(~/2)]
(rz--p(r/2))

--p

cos (r+2) 2-q E

[

4(r-1)

+a
1

cos[(r+4)~-pW)l+cos
[@-4)2--p(+)]
32(r-1) (r-2)
Wr+ 1)(r+2)
-cos,rz,,2)l[~~~:t!]}~.

with p=O for ce,(z, q), p=l

for se,(z, a), r23.

r+ co.

Periodic
Functions
small
1q I)

(for

20.2.27
ceo(z, q)=2-1

1-i

cos 2z+a2

-a &g-

*-&

>

;;; 2z)+. . .]

cel(z, q)=cos z--S cos 32

8

sq(z, q) =sin z-z

sin 32

FIGURE

ce2(z, q) =cos 22-q

(s!p)+,

(E.&l9;;;2~)+.

20.2.

..

Even

Periodic

Mathieu
q=l.

Functions,

Orders1 O-6

,.

726

MATHIEU

FUNCTIONS

IE

I .4

Ii

IC

.a

.E
.4

.2
-.2 C

-.4 -

-.2
:6:4
-6 55

-1.0 -

FIGURE

20.3.

Odd

Periodic

Mathieu

Functions,

Orders

1-5

-.6

q-l.
-I 0

20.5.

FIGURE

cr
1.6
e

Odd Periodic

dfathieu
q= 10.

Functions,

Orders

1-5

For coefficients associated with above functions

20.2.29
A;(O)=2-~; A;(O)=B;(O)=l,
r>O
A;,=[(-l)q/s!
s! 22*-1] A;+ . . ., s>O
A:+,, =[(-l)r!
B:+s.

Asymptotic

@/4(r+s)!

Expansion

Let w=2r+l,

for

s!] c:+ . . .
rs>o,C:=A;

Characteristic

p=w*p, (oreal.

Values,

orB;

q>l

Then

20.2.30
a - br+1 --2p+2w&-~----

4
-----~
212p

w2+1
w?

4
217$/2

where

FIGURE

20.4.

Even

Periodic

Mathieu

q= 10.

Functions,

Orders

O-5

33 410 405

d2=w++-g

d, ---. 4
22bqb/2

~20~2

..

MATHIEU

t727

FUNCTIONS

proportional
to F, (-2) ; the second, independent
solution of 20.3.1 then has the form
20.3.6

y2=zce,(z, q)+kg

&kfP sin Pk+p)z,

associated with ce,(& a)

20.2.31

b,+~-ar~24r+6~gtr+fe-4~/~!,

(given in [20.36] without

20.3.

Floquets

Theorem

y+

(a-2q

20.3.7

proof.)

equation

cos 22)y=O

are periodic functions of Z, it follows from the

known theory relating to such equations that
there exists a solution of the form
20.3.2

F(Z) =efV(z),

F,(--z)=e-P(-2)

sat.isfies 20.3.1 whenever 20.3.2 does.

and FJ-z)
have the property

~
,

From 20.3.8 it follows that, if v is a proper fraciion

of 20.3.1 is perio ic,
and of period at most 2?rm,. This agrees ith
results already noted in 20.2; i.e., both indepen ent
solutions are periodic, if one is, provided the pe* iod
is different from A and 27r.

ml/mz, then every solution

Method

Both

F(z)

of Generating

the

Characteristic

Define two linearly independent

20.3.1, for fixed a, 9 by

Expone4t

solutionsi

of

y,(o)=l;y:(o)=o.

y(z+k3f~=Cky(d,
y=F,(z) or FA-z),
C=e for F(z), C=e-v*

20.3.9
ys(O)=O; yi(O)=l.

for FJ-2)

Solutions having the property 20.3.4 will hereafter

be termed Floquet solutions.
Whenever
F.(z)
and Fy(--z) are linearly independent, the general
solution of 20.3.1 can be put into the form

If AB#O,

j2k+P cos (2k+p)z,

The coefficients IL+~ and jit+P depend on the presponding coefficients A, and B,, respectiqly,
of 20.2, as well as on a and p. See [20.301, set ion
(7.50)-(7.51) and [20.58], section V, for det ils.
If v is not an integer, then the Floquet solut i ons
F(z) and Fy(-z) are linearly independent. I It
is clear that 20.3.2 can be written in the form

20.3.4

20.3.5

q)+g

20.3.8

where v depends on a and q, and P(z) is a periodic

function,
of the same period as that of the
coefficients
in 20.3.1, namely
A. (Floquets
theorem; see 120.161 or [20.22] for its more general
form,)
The constant v is called the characteristic
exponent.
Similarly
20.3.3

yz=zser(z,

associated with 8eJ4, a)

and Its Consequences

Since the coefficients of Mathieus

20.3.1

!Fa

y=AFv(z)+BFv(-z)

the above solution will not be a Floquet

solution.
It will be seen later, from the method
for determining
v when a and q are given, that
there is some ambiguity
in the definition
of v;
namely, v can be replaced by v+2k, where k is an
arbitrary integer.
This is as it should be, since
the addition of the factor exp (2ikz) in 20.3.2 still
leaves a periodic function of period r for the
coefficient of exp ivz.
It turns out that when a belongs to the set of
characteristic values a, and b, of 20.2, then v is
zero or an integer.
It is convenient to associate
V=T with a,(q), and v=--T with b,(q); see [20.36].
In the special case when v is an integer, F,(z) is

Then it can be shown that

20.3.10
20.3.11
Thus

cos w-y/1(7r)=O
cos nv-1-2~;
v may be obtained

6)

yz (;-)=o

from

y1 (r) or from a knowledge of both

For numerical
purposes 20.3.11 may be
desirable because of the shorter range of inte
tion, and hence the lesser accumulation
of rou doff errors. Either V, -v, or f v+2k (k an a Fbitrary integer) can be taken as the solutioni of
20.3.11. Once v has been fixed, the coefficiebts
of 20.3.8 can be determined, except for an arbitr ry
it
multiplier
which is independent of z.
The characteristic
exponent can also be
puted from a continued fraction, in a
analogous to developments in 20.2, if a sufficie
close first approximation
to v is available.

728

MATHIEU

systematic tabulation, this method is considerably

faster than the method of numerical integration.
Thus, when 20.3.8 is substituted
into 20.3.1,
there result the following recurrence relations:

20.3.12

FUNCTIONS
0
A
4.0

3.5 -

V*nC2n=CZn4+C2n+l

------.-*
IJ-H-

where

3.0 -

20.3.13 Vz,,=[a-

(2n+~)~]/q,

--CD <n<=.

.I

m20

. . .

./

v- m?4-

. .

,
.

\I.0

m20.

From the form of 20.3.13 and the known properties

of continued
fractions it is assured that for
sufficiently large values of ]mJ both ]Gn] and
IH-,,,j converge.
Once values of G,,, and H-, are
available for some sufficiently large value of m,
then the finite number of ratios G,,,+ G,,,-,, . . ., G0
can be computed in turn, if they exist. Similarly
for H++*, . . ., Ho. It is easy to show that Y is
the correct characteristic exponent, appropriate
for the point (a, q), if and only if H,,G,,= 1. An
iteration technique can be used to improve the
value of v, by the method suggested in [20.3].
One coefficient cj can be assigned arbitrarily;
the
rest are then completely
determined.
After all
the cj become available, a multiplier
(depending
on q but not on z) can be found to satisfy a
prescribed normalization.
1% is well known that continued fractions can
be converted to determinantal
form. Equation
20.3.14 can in fact be written as a determinant
with an infinite number of rows-a special case of
Hills determinant.
See [20.19], [20.36], [20.15],
or [20.30] for details.
Although the determinant
has actually been used in computations
where
high-speed computers were available, the direct
use of the continued fraction seems much less
laborious.
Cases

LO,/
.

.5 -

Special

./

2.0 -

1.0 (

H-m=V-,_,-

*.I-

20.3.14
v,,,--

e I.&--

,/--

C-

__---

I.5 -

fractions

1
-Gm-vm-

2.5 -

___------

-0--

_/-

When Y is complex, the coefficients V,,, may also

be complex.
As in 20.2, it is possible to generate
the ratios
G,,,=c,,Jc,-a and H-m=c+,,-~/c-,,,
from the continued

--/-

FIQURE
20.6.
Characteristic
Region8
y=e*P(x)
where
period r.

Exponent-First
P(z) is a periodic

Two Stable
function
of

Definition
of v;
Zn first etable region, 0 Iv 5 1,
Zn second stable region,
15 Y 5 2.
(Constructed

from tabular values supplied by T. Tamir,

Polytechnic Institute)

Brooklyn

(a, q Real)

Corresponding to q=O, yI=cos $iz, y*=sin ,lZz;

the Floquet solutions are exp(iaz) and exp(-&z).
As a, q vary continuously
in the q-a plane,
Y describes curves; Y is real when (q, a), q >O
lies in the region between a,(q) and b,+,(q) and

FIGURE
20.7.
Characteristic
Exponent
in First Unstable
Region.
Differential equation:
y + (a- 2q cos 22) 1/ = 0.
The Floquet solution
y=e *v*P(z),
where P(z) is a periodic
function of period T. In the first unstable region, v=iN;
CIis given for a 2 - 5. (Constructed at NBS.)

MATHIEU
2.01

.6
,

.?

729

FUNCTIONS

.0
.9
I \ ,I,\\\\vl\\l\\\k\\

1.0
h

I.1
I

1.2
I 1~ I

1.3
I

I,4
I O.,
I -

I.5
I

-4i6

1.8

I.6

-- 29
0

FIGIJRE~ 20.8

.5

.6

.7

.0

.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

I.3

1.4

l5

1.6

--)

da

2.0

1.6

1.2
m-2q
0

FIGURE

120.9

I.0

.6

I
1.7

I.6

1.9

21)

2.1

2.2

2.3

Charts of the Characteristic

(From 8. J. Zamdny,
An elementary
tions, Ballistic Researob Laboratory

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

28

2.9

Exponent.

review of the Matbieu-Hill

equation of real variable based on numerical soluMemo. Rept. 878, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1955, with permission.)

s=eii*=constant;
in unstable regions
- - - - v=constant; in stable regions
-.-* - Lines of constant values of -9.

--+

730

MATHIEU
3.1

II

3.2

3.3

I I

3.4

FUNCTIONS
Expansions

3.5

I I1

for

Small

q ([20.36]

chapter

2)

If v, p are fixed:
20.3.15

c5v2+v q4

z+
a=V2+2(~f-1)

1.6

32(~~-l)~(v~--4)
(9v4f5sv2+29)q6

. . . (Vf1J2J3).

+64(v2-1)5(v2-4)(v2-g)+

For the coefficients czj of 20.3.8

20.3.16
(vz+4v+7)a
128(v+1)3(v+2)(v-l)+

___CZ/Co=4(;-l)

. **

(v#l,2)
c4/Co=q2/32(v+1)(v+2)+

. . .

C2*/CO=(-1)8q*r(v+l)/2%!r(v+S+1)+
.6

. . .

20.3.17

F(z)=co
[efcq{$-g-G}]+

...

(v not an integer)
3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

20.3.18

---da
FIGURE

20.10.

Chart

of the Characteristic

For small values of a

Exponent.

cos v7r=

(From S. J. Zaroodny, An elementary review of the Msthieu-Hill

equation
of real variable based on numerical solutions, Ballistic Research Laboratory
Memo. Rept. X78, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1955, with permission)

a#
l-T+=+

a2r4

. . .

>

-q,,,(l-;)+

s = e=
constant;
in unstable
regions
Y= constant;
in stable regions
- . - . - Lines of constant
values of -4.
----

. . .]
+q(;-g+...)+...

20.4. Other Solutions of Mathieus

all solutions of 20.1.1 for real z are therefore

bounded (stable); v is complex in regions between
b, and a,; in these regions every solution becomes
infinite at least once; hence these regions are
termed unstable
regions.
The characteristic
curves a,, b, separate the regions of stability.
For negative q, the stable regions are between
bzr+, and b2r+2,az, and a2,+l ; the unstable regions are
between a2r+l and b2r+l, a2, and bzr.
In some problems solutions are required for real
values of 2 only. In such cases a knowledge of
the characteristic
exponent v and the periodic
function P(z) is sufficient for the evaluation
of
the required functions.
For complex values of z,
however, the series defining P(z) converges slowly.
Other solutions will be determined in the next
section; they all have the remarkable
property
that they depend. on the same coefficients c,,,
developed in connection with Floquets theorem
(except for an arbitrary normalization
factor).

Following
20.4.1

Erdelyi

[20.14],

[20.15],

cpn(z)=[ err cos (z-b)/cos

Equation

define

(z+b)]tkJk(j)

where
20.4.2

j=2[q

cos (z-b)

cos (z+b)]!,

and J,Jj) is the Bessel function,of order k; b is a

fixed, arbitrary
complex number.
By using the
recurrence relations for Bessel functions the following may be verified:
20.4.3
~$-2&3

2z)(o,+P(M-2+M+2)+~~~=0.

It follows that a formal solution

by
20.4.4

y=

5
9&c--

C2?&72n+v

of 20.1.1 is given

MATHIEU

where the
Floquets
complex.
an integer,

coefficients c,, are those associated with

solution.
In the above, v may be
Except for the special case when v is
the following holds:

QZ?k+"--9
-ly-rv

Q-2n+v

Qzn+u

Q-zn+v+z

-4n2
q [cos

where j satisfies 20.4.2. An examination

ratios #Z/Zn+v/fi2LZn+v-2
shows that

will be a solution

(n-4

(z-b)]2

I731

FUNCTIONS

[Qz2n+v/Qzb2n+v-z]

[cos (~-b)]~

On the other hand

CPn
C--2n -q
CZn-C-2n+2-GF

(n-p OJ)

20.4.7

JP (cc)= p

It follows that 20.4.4 converges absolutely

uniformly in every closed region where

Y, (2) = 2:) (2) ;

I-p (ix) = 2:) (2) ; Hf (2) = z& (ix)

If z is replaced by --iz in 20.4.5 and 20 .4.6

solutions of 20.1.2 are obtained.
Thus
20.4.8

regions:

y:(z)=
(1) ~b-b)>4>0;
(II) JJ(z--b)<--d,<O;

(2) ;

and

Ices (z-b)l>&>l.
There are two such disjoint

(cos (z+b)l>l.

The above two conditions are necessary iven

when v is an integer.
Once b is fixed, the reg ions
in which the solutions converge can be rer dily
established.
Following [20.36] let

- - [cos (z-b)]zq/4n2
- -4d/q

[~-2~+~/~-2~+~+21

provided

(cos (z-b)j>l;

If v and n are integers, J-,,+,(f>=(-l)yJzn-,,(f>.

of ~the

(Ices b---b)l>dl>l)
(jcos (z-b)j>dl>l)

5
cz,(-l)'%ifn:y(2&
It=--m

cash z)

(bosh 4bl>
20.4.9

If v is an integer 20.4.4 converges for all values of

2. Various representations are found by specializing b.

yP(z)=

2
c~,J;$+~(~&
7&3--m

sinh z)
(Isinh zl>l,

j=l,

2,

4)

cos 4

The relation between ?/i(z) and yP(z) ca be

determined from the asymptotic properties of ,the
It
Bessel functions for large values of argument.
can be shown that

cos zl-<?r)

20.4.10

20.4.5

If b=o, yl=e+12 $-

czn(-1w2n+w$

(1~0s zl>l,

larg 2&

20.4.6

y1()(2)/y6)(2)=

If a=$ y= 5

n--m

c~,J~~+~(%&~

([sin zl>l,

sin

2)

larg 2J;j sin 2[<7r)

If b-+-i, y reduces to a multiple of the solution

20.3.8. The fact that 20.3.8, 20.4.5, and 20.4.6
are special cases of 20.4.4 explains why it is that
these apparently
dissimilar
expansions involve
the same set of coeffiaents czn.
Since 20.4.4 results from the recurrence properties of Bessel functions, Jk(f) can be replaced by
Hij(f), j= 1, 2, where Hi is the Hankel function,
at least formally.
Thus let
&=[d*

cos (z-b)/cos

(z+b)] Wij(f)

[F(o)/F@e/2

(9zz

0).

When v is not an integer, the above solutons

1
do not vanish identically.
See 20.6 for inte ral
g
values of v.
Solutions

Involving

Products

of

Bessel

Functiods

20.4.11

y:)(z)=I

&(-lyZ()

c2s?&=--m

n+Y+J(~eiZ)J,-,(~e-~i>
I
(j=l,
2,3j, 4)

satisfies 20.1.1, where Zy) (u) is defined in 20. .7,

the coefficients czn belong to the Floquet solut on,
and s is an arbitrary integer, c2,f: 0. The solu I,ion
converges over the entire complex z-plane if q
Written
with z replaced by --iz, one
solutions of 20.1.2.

732

MATHIEU

FUNCTIONS

20.5.4

20.4.12

2A,+A;+

. . . =A;+A:+

...

=B;L+E+
It can be verified from 20.4.8 and 20.4.12 that

. . . =B2,+Ba,+

. . . =l.

20.5.5
2r
2*
ce2,(z, q)dz; Ai=:
ce,(z, q) cos nzdz
2r s 0
= s0

AZ=- 1
20.4.13

M$-&)=E:(0))

L%%>O)

provided cza$0. If cZJ=O, the coefficient of l/czs

in 20.4.11 vanishes identically.
For details see
[20.43], [20.15], [20.36].
If s is chosen so that Ic2sl is the largest coefficient
of the set /I+(, then rapid convergence of 20.4.12
is obtained, when L%?z>O. Even then one must
be on guard against the possible loss of significant
figures in the process of summing
the series,
especially so when q is large, and ]z] small.
(If
j#l,
then the phase of the logarithmic
terms
occurring in 20.4.12 must be defined, to make the
functions single-valued.)
20.5.

Properties
of Orthogonality
Normalization

If a(v+2p,
20.3.10 then
20.5.1

a), a(v+2s,

and

a) are simple roots of

n#O

se,(z, q) sin nzdz

For integral values of v, the functions ce,(z, a)

and se,(z, q) form a complete orthogonal set for
the interval 0 5 2 5 2~. Each of the four systems
cezl(z), ce21+l(z), se2,(z), se21+1(z) is complete in the
smaller interval 0 5 z<+?r, and each of the systems
cc,(z), se,(z) is complete in O<zl*.
If p is not real, there exist multiple
roots of
20.3.10; for such special values of a(a), the integrals
in 20.5.3 vanish, and the normalization
is therefore
impossible.
In applications,
the particular normalization adopted is of little importance, except
possibly for obtaining quantitative
relations between solutions of various types. For this reason
the normalization
of Fy(z), for arbitrary complex
values of a, p, will not be specified here. It is
worth noting, however, that solutions
cw(z, d,

Bs&,

n>

defmed so that
ace,(O, p) = 1;

42, *I=; [F~(z)+Fv(-z)l;

se,(z, q)=-i f [F(z)-FJ-z)]

ceV(z, q), seV(z, a) are thus even and odd functions

of z, respectively, for all v (when not identically
zero).
If v is an integer, then ce,(z, CJ), ae,(z, n) are
either Floquet
solutions
or ident,ically
zero.
The solutions ce,(z, a) are associated with a,;
se,(z, CJ)are associated with b,; T an integer.
Normalization

20.5.3

or FY+21)(~)FY+21(-~)d~=0, if p#s.

Define
20.5.2

B;=i
s2+

Integral

Values

of Y and

Real

s, [ce,(z, q)lzdz=Jozr [se&, q)]%z=?r

For integral values of v the summation

in
20.3.8 reduces to the simpler forms 20.2.3-20.2.4;
on account of 20.5.3, the coefficients A,,, and B,
(for all orders r) have the property

L%(z, *I]

z1o=1

are always possible.

This normalization
has in
fact been used in [20.59], and also in (20.581,
where the most extensive tabular material
is
available.
The tabulated entries in [20.58] supply the conversion factors A=l/a,
B=l/&
along
with the coefficients.
Thus conversion from one
normalization
to another is rather easy.
In a similar vein, no general normalization
will
be imposed on the functions defined in 20.4.8.
20.6.

for

[i

Solutions
of Mathieus
Modified
Equation
20.1.2 for Integral
v (Radial
Solutions)

Solutions

of the first kind

20.6.1
Ce2r+r(z,

a)

=ce2t+p(iz,

q>

==po A;;$; (q) cash (2k+p)z

associated with a,

MATHIEU

20.6.2

LS&+~(Z, p)=--i~e~,+~(iz,

writing A$f;

(q)=Azr+l,

q) =gO @;T;(q)

for brevity;

similarly

733

FUNCTIONS

sinh (2k+p)z,

associated with b,

for Bzn+p; p=O, 1,

ce2,

20.6.3

Ce2k

a) =

z.

&,

(-

1)LA2,J&fi

cash

I
cezr+l
Ce2r+l(z, a> = fiAf,+~

20.6.4

20.6.5

ce2,+l@,

Se2,(z, a) 7

&-;,+-

!m

$j

go (--~>+&+~z~+ICW?
cl)

coth zgO (2k+1)A2k+IJ2t+l(2fi

ks (-1>k2kB,sJs(2&

=sd@, a> coth z & 2k&JJ,,(2&

!-I&
20.6.6

Se2,+h,

2 B2k+I J2k+1(2fi
kc,-,

See [20.30] for still other forms.

Solutions of the second kind, as well as solutions
functions) are obtainable from 20.4.12.
~c,f,)(z, d=&

cosh4

sinh z)

cash z)

sinh z)

tanh z k$ (-1)(2k+l)Bzk+,J2,+,(2~

a)=
=se;r+l(O,@
,hjB:+

20.6.7

*) p0 A2JJ2,(2,iTj sinh z)

cash 2)

sinh z)

of the third

and fourth

kind (analogous

to Hankel

(-1>+A~;(~>[Jk-~(ul>~~~~(Uz)+Jk+~(u~)~~~l,(uz>l/eaA::

where eo=2, t8= 1, for s= 1, 2, . . .; s arbitrary,

associated with a2,

20.6.8

20.6.9

Ms$(z,

q)=&

(-1)k+Ba~(Q)[Jk-,(u,)~~~~!,(U2)-Jk+a(U~)~~~,(U2)]/B~~,

associated with bzr

20.6.10
where
ul=fiee-g,

ua=&e,

Bijl++pP,A::fj#O,

p=O, 1.

See 20.4.7 for definition of Zg (x).

Solutions 20.6.7-20.6.10 converge for all values of z, when q#O. If j=2, 3, 4 the logarithmic
entering into the Bessel functions Y,(u2) must be defined, to make the functions single-valued.
can be accomplished as follows:
.DeCne (as in [20.58])
20.6.11

ln (fie>=ln

See [20.15] and [20.36], section 2.75 for derivation.

t&)+2

terms
This
I

734

MATHIEU
Other

Expressions

20.6.12

Mc$(z,

20.6.13

Ms$)(z,
Ms:;!,,

for

the

Radial

q)=[ce2,(0,

q)l-

q)=[se:,(O,

q)]-

FUNCTIONS
Functions

&

Over

More

(-1>+&(q).Gf(2~

tanh z g

(2, q) =[se zr+l(O, a)]-

(Valid

Limited

Regions)

co& z>

(-1)+2kB,2;(q)Z~P(2~

cash z)

tanh k k% (-1)+(2k+l)B~;~:(q)Z~I,:,(2~

cash z)

Valid for %z>O,

]cosh zl>l;
if j=l,
valid for all z. They agree with 20.6.7-20.6.10
functions Y,(2q cash z) are made single-valued
in a suitable way.
For example, let
y,(u)=~
where

4(u) is single-valued

20.6.14

On u>Jm(u> +4(u)

for all finite values of u.

In (2q cash z)=ln

if the Bessel

2q*+z+ln

With

u=2q+ cash z, define

+(l+e-zz)

-g

<arg

$(l+e-)

5;

(If q is not positive, the phase of In 2qi must also be specified, although this specification
will not
affect continuity
with respect to z. If Y,(u) is defined from some other expression,
the definition
must be compatible with 20.6.14.)

FIGURE

FIGURE
20.11.
Radial
Mathieu
Function
of the First Kind.
(From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The
Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory
Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1959,
with permission)

/y

20.13.

Radial

Mathieu

Function

of the

Second

Kind.

(From J. C. Wiltse and hf. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The
Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory
Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
with permission)
&

( (Z.-q)
Ms2

$, hld; (z,q)
32I-

-3cl:2 25
Derivative
of the Radial
Mathieu
Function
of the First
Kind.
(From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Derivatives, zeros, and other data per
taining to Mathieu functions, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory Tech. Rept. AF-57, 1955, with permission)
FIGURE

20.12.

FIGURE

20.14.

Radial

Mathieu

Function

of th,e Third

Kind.

(From J. C. Wiltse and M. J. King, Values of the Mathieu functions, The

Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory
Tech. Rept. AF-53, 1958,
with permission)

MATHIEU

If j= 1, A@;:,
and Ms!!,,, p=O, 1 are solutions
of the first kind, proportional to Celr+p and Sezl+P,
respectively.
Thus
?r
ce2, ipz ce240, a>
(
>
MczY(z, n>
Ce24z, a>=
(-l)&

(0, abei,

n>=

3 p
(
>

(-l)&
s&+l(Q, dse2,+l

Se2,+l(z, n) =

q>=-Mc:(z,

Ej p
>

20.6.20

q)
q)

20.6.17
a>
~)+24W+,(z,

Mi?+,(z+in~, n>
=(-l)p[W3!,,(~, a>- 2nM6::&,
M!?+,(z+in~, n>
= (--l)nPIW:,(~, c-d+JnM:?+&,

Properties

ar and

Functions,
b,)

and Some

G(u) =$ K(u, t)V(t)dt

c

be defined for u in a domain U and let the co tour

C belong to the region T of the complex t- 4lane,
with t=yo as the starting point of the co tour
and t=y, as its end-point.
The kernel K & , t)
and the function V(t) satisfy 20.7.3 and1 the
hypotheses in 20.7.2.

n>l

20.7.2 K(u, t) and its first two partial derivqtives

with respect to u and t are continuous for t pn C

a>1

and u in U; V and -

dV
are continuous in t.
dt

20.7.3
n>l

or Ms throughout any of the above

of Characteristic
(Associated
With

a)

See [20.58].
In particular the above equations can be ushd to
extend solutions of 20.6.12-20.6.13 when g&<O.
For although the latter converge for 9&<0,
provided only jcosh zl>l,
they do not reprkt
the same functions as 20.6.9-20.6.10.

20.7.1

From 20.6.7-20.6.11 and the known properties

of Bessel functions one obtains

where M=Mc
equations.

q)-2f,,,M$)(z,

20.7. Representations by Integrals

Integral Equations
Let

functions are

=(-l)"p[ME+,(z,

q>=MsP(z,

a)

M&)+1(2, a>

Mi3(z, q)=Mp(z,
q)+iMp(z,
Mt(z, q)=Mt(z,
a>--iMY(z,
M$=Mc;
orMs?.

IJ)

fe, ,= --Mcs2(0, q)/McS(O, q>

20.6.16

M%,(z+im,

q)-2f,.,McI(z,

20.6.21

Ms2 (2, n>

(-l)&jBy+

The Mathieu-Hankel

Other

Mc:(-z,

where

nce&+l ZP ce2t+1@,a>
(
>
n>=
M&+,(z,
(-l)+l,/ijA;+l
4,

Sdz,

20.6.19

Ms:(-zz,

20.6.15

Cb+l(z,

735

FUNCTIONS

Real

70

If K satisfies

2. 7 4
. .

Consider

2t)V+o.

~V-d~K]l=o;~+(a--Zgcos

b2K
b2K
a+dt2+2&osh

2u-cos 2t)K=O

20.6.18

Xl=-M@(z,
X,=MS:~(Z,

q)+Mc:(-z,
~)-Ms$~)(-z,

q);
q)

Since X1 is an even solution it must be proportional

to McI(z, a); for 20.1.2 admits of only one even
solution (aside from an arbitrary constant factor).
Similarly, X2 is proportional to Msj (z, q). The
proportionality factors can be found by considering
values of the functions at z=O. Define, therefore,

then G(u) is a solution of Mathieus

equaiion 20.1.2.
If K(u, t) satisfies
20.7.5 $$+%;+2q(cos

mojlified

2u-cos 2t)K=O

then G(u) is a solution of Mathieus

20.1.1, with u replacing v.

equbtion

736

MATHIEU
Kernels

20.7.6

Kl(z,

KI(z,

Kz(a, t)

t) and

t)=Z$)(u)[M(z,

t)]-,

@z>O)

where

20.7.7
u=1/2q(cosh 2z+cos 2t)
20.7.8 M(z, t)=cosh (z+it)/cosh (z-a)
To make M-i

single-valued,

define

20.7.9

FUNCTIONS

where F(t) is the Floquet solution 20.3.8. The

path C is chosen so that G(z, t, a) exists, and
20.7.2, 20.7.3 are satisfied. Then it may be
verified that K3(z, t, a), considered as a function
of z and t, satisfies 20.7.4; also, considered as a
function of a and t, K3 satisfies 20.7.5. Consequently G(z, p, a)=Y(z, &/(a, a), where Y and y
satisfy 20.1.2 and 20.1.1, respectively.
Choice of Path C. Three paths will be defined:

20.7.16
cash (z+&r) =ek cash z
cash (z-i?r)=e+cosh

Path C3: from -d,+im

-dl<arg

M(z,

0) = 1

[M(z,

7r)]+=e-iv*M(z,

0)

20.7.10 G(z, p)=;f: j-Or Kl(u,t)Fv(t)dt,

[&{ cash (z+b)

-d2<arg

Let
(9 z>O)

to d2--ia,

t)]-+Af, s any integer.

Kz(z, t)=Z?+zs(u)[M(z,

See 20.4.7 for definition

(same dI, d2 as in 20.7.16)

20.7.18
4;
e2AwF,(t)dt

ql=k

SFci

j=3,4

where M?(z, q) is also given by 20.4.12.

20.7.19

Path C.i: from -d,+ia

q)=

to 2r-dl+im

4;

F(a)M?(z,

20.7.12

q)=k

e2~~wFv(t)dt

See [20.36], section 2.68.

where MY (z, q) is given by 20.4.12, s=O, 1, . . .,

cza#O, and F(t) is the Floquet solution, 20.3.8.
Kernel

K&,

t, a)

20.7.13 K&z, t, a)=e2+

20.7.14 w=cosh z cos a cos t+sinh

If Y is an integer the paths can be simplified;

for in that case F,(t) is periodic and the integrals
exist when the path is taken from 0 to 2~. Still
further simplifications
are possible, if z is also real.
The following are among the more important
integral representations for the periodic functions
ce,(z, n), se,(z, n) and for the associated radial
solutions.
Let r=2s+p,

where

20.7.15

-d,

of Z(!)+,,(u).

From the known expansions for El,)+.,,(u) when

8,s is large and positive it may be verified that

M!(z,

f 1 }]<?r-d2

20.7.17

F&)Mi(z,

20.7.11

f 1 }I<*-do

[&{ cash (z-k)

Path C4: from d2--ico to 2~+i~

where F,(t) is defined in 20.3.8. It may be verified
that K,F, satisfies 20.7.3, K satisfies 20.7.2 and
20.7.4. Hence G is a solution of 20.1.2 (with z
replacing u). It can be shown that KI may be replaced by the more general function

dI, dz real

z sin a sin t

p=O or 1

20.7.20
ce,(z,p)=p,~,s(2~cos

zcost-p;)

cf+(t, q)o!t

MATHIEU

737

FUNCTIONS

r12

20.7.21

ce,(z, n>= 6

20.7.22

cash (24 sin z sin t)[(l-p)+p

a sin 2 sin t se&

>

sin
. ( 2Jq cos 2 cos t+p

se,(z, ql=irl'2

cos z cos t]ce,(t, q)dt

q)dt

*12

20.7.23

se&,

n> = Q,

where
20.7.24

2
~~=;ce~~
p,=t

R
2 p I&(q);
(
>

R s4,(0,q

if p=O;

)&Es(q),

if

z sin t)[(l-p)

-2

p=Op,=;-

se:, $ p /fiE*(q>;
(
>

CT,=: cezs(O,q)/&(q)
G=!

sinh (2&sin

cos z cos t+p]se,(t,

q)dt

P,=:

cei,+l

se2*+1

;, p /,iijAF+l

$ p /e+(q),
>

c,,=4 ce2s+l(0, q)/A:+(q),

R

Integrals

Involving

Bessel

for functions

ce,(z, *)

for functions se,(z, q)

if p-l;

I
uI=; 2 se2a+l(0,
q)/&e+(q),

p=O;

(q) if p=l,

>

associated with functions

if p=l;

Function

ce,(jz, q)

associated with se,(z, q)

Kernels

Let
u= 42q(cosh 2z+cos 27), (9cosh

20.7.25

22>1; if j=l,

valid also when z=O)

20.7.26

Mf$)(z,q)=*

J &$j)(u)ce,,(t,
*)&;M&)+l(z,*)=(-1)8d
Osh J zP(u)OSt 032.+~(t,~&&
,A;+
0

20.7.27

Ms:! k5 !7>=Msil,)+l(z,

(-l)+%q

sinh 22
?rB2,

q)=(-1)r84j

t .Q)(u)

sin 2t sen,(t, p)dt

S
S

u2

sinh z
=B27+1
1

a W(U)

sin t w,+l(t,

ddt

In the above the j-convention

of 20.4.7 applies and the functions MC, Ms are defined in 20/.5.120.5.4. (These solutions are normalized
so that they approach the corresponding
Bessel-Hankel
functions as 9?2+ 0 .)
Other

Integrals

for

20.7.28

cos

20.7.31
20.7.32
20.7.33

( 2~5

cash z cos

20.7.29

20.7.30

Mc!(a,

~~~f)+,(Z, q)=;

Jw+,(z,

a)=-

M&(z, q)=z 4j ;e;;;d,,

and

Msj(s,

cash z cos t-p

t] cos (2&

q)

E) ce,(t, q>dt

sinh z sin

a>

ST
a
S
S

q)dt

t)ce,(t,

sin (2rq sinh z sin t)se2,+l(t,

4 J-(-l)

= s&+l(O,

q)

q)dt

sinh z sin t cos (2Jq cash z cos t)se2,+l(t,

q)dt

sin (2Jq cash z cos

sm

t)

[sinh z sin

ae2, (t,

n>ldt

(2& sinh z sin t)[cosh z cos t ses,(t, q)ldt

738
Further

MATHIEU

with w=cosh

z cos cr cos t+sinh

20.7.34

ce,(a, dMc!(z,

20.7.35

=,(a, dM4(5

The above can be differentiated

z sin (Ysin t
(-l)(i)-p
2?r

d=

(-l)(-i)P
2n

a)=

s0

*ezifi %e,(t,

q)dt

*e2idiwge,(t,

a)dt.

with respect to (Y,and we obtain

cet(ct, q)Mc~l)(z,

20.7.36

FUNCTIONS

q)=(-l)(~mp+lfi

szre2idw

ce,(t, p)dt

20.7.37

se:&

q)M+)(z,

(-lp(ip+JTi
a

q)=

Integrals

With

s0
Infinite

2e2idw g

se,(t, q)dt

Limits

r=2s+p
In 20.7.38-20.7.41
20.7.38

below, z and p are positive.

MC? (2, a>=-Yr

s0

m sin

2 &j cash z cash t+p;)

McS(t,

q)dt

yT =2ce28

m
MsY(z,
a>
=Yr
S

20.7.39

sinh z sinh

-yT=

20.7.40

-4se:,

McJ2(2, q)=-f,

Ms?' (2, n>=-rr

Y,=-4sei,($u,

Additional

if p=O

s0

m sin

q)&

24

Replacing
20.8.1

Solutions

for

Parameters

q)dt

g2 p /?~@+l, if p=l
>
q)dt

if p=l

cash z cash t+p t) sinh z sinh t Ms: (t, q)dt

?rBa2*,if p=6

forms in [20.30], 120.361, [20.15].

Between

-4se2,+1

yr=2ce;s+1(4u, q)/qiTjA?+,

~,=4se2,+1(&r,

4-v,
q and

z by +a- z in 20.1.1 one obtains

y+ (a42p cos 2z)y=O

Hence if u(z) is a solution of 20.1.1 then u&-z)
satisfies 20.8.1. It can be shown that

~)/TB~~+~, if p=l

20.8.2

20.8. Other Properties

Relations

x=

Ms:(t,

cos 24 cash z cash t-p ;) Mcl(t,

q)/rAi8, if p=O

y,= -2ce2,(+r,
20.7.41

24 cash z cash t-p

a0
s(

;I p /@rlP,
>

-p

n>=4v,

-q)=a(v,

c;,(-a)=~(-l)?&(q),
(c2, defined in 20.3.8)
normalization
;
FJz, -q)=pe-

q),
v

not an integer

not an integer

and p depending

on the

MATHIEU

739

FUNCTIONS

20.8.3

azr(-q>=a2,(q>;
b21(-q>=b2r(a>,
forintegraly
~2r+l(--d=bzr+1(q),

+~~+,+1(~d&-,(9-42)1

bzl+l(-d=azr+l(d

20.8.4
ce2&,

-q>=(-l>'ce21(i~-z,

q>

ce2,+l(z,

-q)=(-lI)'se2,+l(~?r--,

a)

se2,+l(z,

-q>=(-l>'ce2,+l(~?r--,

q>

-q)=(-l)-se2,(+7r-2,

n)

se2,k

For the coefficients associated

solutions for integral Y:

with

20.8.10

20.8.5
A;:(-q)=(-l)-A;&(q);
A~~~:,,(-qP)=(--l)~-~~~;t,:(q);
~~~ll(-q)=(-l)-A:~::,,(q).
For the corresponding

20.8.6

y-(a+2q

modified

A2s+1

where I,,,(z), K,(z) are the modified Bessel &unctions, ul, u2 are defined below 20.6.10.
Sbperscripts are omitted, c,=2, if s=O, es=1 if s#lO.
Then for functions of first kind:

the above

E:(-q)=(---l)-Edq)

M&)(z,

-q>=(-l>h(z,

q>

M&(z,

--a)=(-l)Ioz,(z,

q)

Mc~)+~(z,

-q>=(--l)~~e~~+~(~,

a)

Ms:!,,(z,

-~)=(-1)i1oo2,+,(z,

q)

For the Mathieu-Hankel

function of first

kind:

20.8.11

equation

I
M&)(z,

-q)=(--)f1ifKe2r(z,

q)
I

cash 2z)y=o

Ms,:)@,

20.8.7

-q)=(-1)++02,(z,

q)

~
I

ML)@, - q) = M; (z+

!I))
Mez?+,(z,

--4=(-l)

M#+l(z,

-n)=(-l)+~Ko,,+l(z,

Mij) (z, q) defined in 20.4.12.

For integral

values of Y let

20.8.8
lez,(z,

n,=&

For M:(z,
tions

(-l)+Azt[l~-~(ul)Z+~(uz)
+I~+s(ut>l~-s(u2>1/Az,e,

IO2&,

*,=g

n)=po

(--

q,=$

-i(M$3)-Mp))

My@,

-q)=2MI(z,

; M,=Mc,

or Ms4

or

-q)-MM13(z,

Ms;for

--p i

real z, p, M? (z, -q)l

are in general complex if j=2,4.

Zeros

(-1)+A2~+~[~~--s(u~)~~+s+~(u2)
-In+r+~(u~)~~-,(~z)I/A2a+,

20.8.9

My)=

M=Mc

l)+*B2,+,[1,-,(2(,)I,+,+,(~,)

+I~~+l(a)l~-,(zL2)1/~2~+~
102,+1(~,

4, one may use the dbfini-

j=2,

also

(-1)+Bzn[l~-~(ul>~~+*(~2)
-I~s(~l)~~-*(~2>1/~2,

h2,+l(z,

-q),

a> ~

of the

See [20.36],
Zeros

of

ce,(s,

Functions

Xoor

Real

Values

of

section 2.8 for further

q)

and

se,(z,

q),

Mc!"(5,

q),

4.~

results.
Ms!')@,

q).

In O<Z<,T, ce,(z, n) and se,(z, n) have d real *

zeros.
There are complex zeros if q>O.
If zo=zo+iy, is any zero of ce,(z, q), se,(qp) in
-~<z,<~~

then k?rf q, ka f z,,

are also zeros, k an integer.

740

MATHIEU

In the strip

-;<xO<$

the imaginary

FUNCTIONS

McJ(o,
a)=

zeros of

ce,(z, q), se,(z, q) are the real zeros of Ce,(z, q),

Se,(z, q), hence also the real zeros of MC:) (z, q)
and MS,) (z, q), respectively.
For small p, the large zeros of Ce,(z, q), Se,@, q)
approach the zeros of J,(2&cosh
z).

Ince
zero

[20.56]

Tabulation

of Zeros

tabulates

the first

non-trivial

from 0, z, 7r for M,(Z), se,(z),

>
and for se,(z) to within 10m4, for q=O(l)
10(2)40.
He also gives the turning
points
(zeros of the derivative)
and also expansions for
them for small p. Wiltse and King [20.61,2] tabulate
the first two (non-trivial)
zeros of A@)(z,
q) and
Msp)(z, q) and of their derivatives
r=O, 1, 2 for
6 or 7 values of p between .25 and 10. The graphs
reproduced here indicate their location.
Between two real zeros of Mcp)(z, q), Ms~)(z, q)
there is a zero of McP(z,
q), Msj(z, q), respectively.
No tabulation of such zeros exists yet.
Available tables are described in the References.
The most comprehensive
tabulation of the characteristic
values a,, b, (in a somewhat
different
notation)
and of the coefficients proportional
to
A, and B, as defined in 20.5.4 and 20.5.5 can be
found in [20.58]. In addition, the table contains
certain important
joining factors,
with the aid
of which
it is possible
to obtain values
of
Mcji (z, q) and Ms: (z, q). as well as their derivaValues of the functions
ce,(z, q)
tives, at x=0.
and se,(x, q) for orders up to five or six can be
found in [20.56].
Tabulations
of less extensive
character, but important
in some aspects, are outlined in the other references
cited.
In this
chapter only representative
values of the various
functions
are given, along with several graphs.
(
r=2(1)5

i.e. different

Special

Values

for

Arguments

0 and

MsP(z, a)=-go,r(d 4:
The functions j,,, ,, go.,, jc,,, gc,, are tabulated in

[20.58] for q<25.

20.9.

Asymptotic

Representations

The representations given below are applicable

to the characteriskic solutions, for real values of p,
unless otherwise noted. The Floquet exponent v
is defined below, as in [20.36] to be as follows:
In solutions associated with a,: v=r
In solutions associated with b,: v=-r.
For the functions defined in 20.6.7-20.6.10:
20.9.1
~c?(z,

a>

(-l)MSf3(2)

p)

e+fieosh

+T-f)

.&

-&114(cosh z--a)*

D,

m=,,[-4i&(cosh

z-u)],,

where D-1=D-2=O;
DO=l, and the coefficients
D,,, are obtainable from the following recurrence
formula :

20.9.2

20.8.12

+2p-a]

D,,,+( m-i)

[16q(l-~~)-%fi

+4q(2m-3)

urnID,-1

(2m-~)~(l--a2)D,,+~=0

20.9.3
c&+1

se&

;I P =(-l)+lgc,z,+l(q)A:+
>

(!-I> &I

n2 q =(-1)g0,2r(q)B~(p).q
(
>

nse2,+1 5 P =(-1>g~.2r+l(dB1
(
>

-\i

Mcl(% a>
(-l)Ms:(z,
q)

e--t[2+m z-++]

dm

- ?r+q4(coshz-u) 4 go [4i ,@(cosh z-u)]

2r+1(!d

&7

d-I=d-z=O;

d,=l,

and

MATHIEU

741

FUNCTIONS

20.9.4

20.9.9

(m+l)dm+l+[(m+;)l+(m+;)
+2*-+,+(m-;)

&&a

Fo(Z)-l+-w!
S&j Gosh2z

[16p(l-u*)+8i~am]d,-,

__ 1
+2048p [

+4q(2m-3)(2m-l)(l--a2)d,-2=0.
In the above
-2?r<arg
I

+ 16384~~~
l
cosh4 z

Sz>O,

but u is otherwise arbitrary.

If u2=1, 20.9.2 and
20.9.4 become three-term recurrence relations.
Formulas 20.9.1 and 20.9.3 are valid for arbitrary a, p, provided v is also known ; they give
multiples of 20.4.12, normalized so as to approach
the corresponding Hankel functions H?(fie),
II? (&ez), as 2-m . See [20.36], section 2.63.
The formula is especially useful if jcosh z/is large
and p is not too large ; thus if u= - 1, the absolute
ratio of two successive terms in the expansion is
essentially

Jn+
+2
m 4&i
If a, p, z, v are real,
components of M$(z,
Mcy(z, q), respectively;
ponen ts of &Ls$~(z, q).
complex

- (w5+14w3+33w)
cosh2 z

- (zw5+124w3+1122w)+3w5+290w3+1627p

fi cash z<?r
lcosh z-uj>lufl(,

20.9.5

w4+c%6w~~lo5

/(cash z+l)

the real and imaginary

q) are Mcp)(z, q) and
similarly for the comIf the parameters are

Mcs(z, a)=$ [Mca(z, q)+Mcy(z,

20.9.10

F,(z)
- (w6-47w4+667w2+2835)
12 cosh2 z
+(w~+505w*+12139w2+10395J
12 cosh4 z
See [20.18] for details and an added erm in
-6/2;
a correction to the latter is noted in t,[20.58].
P
The expansions 20.9.7 are especially usef 1 when
p is large and z is bounded away from zer . The
order of magnitude of Mc:(O, q) cannot be clbtained
from the expansion. The expansion can [also be
used, with some success,for z=ix, when p 115large,
if lcos xj>>O;

they fail at zc=i ?r. Thus, if q, x are

real, one obtains

q)]

1 ..
+

coshe z

20.9.11
20.9.6

Mc~)(z, q)=-f

[Mci3(z, q)-Mcy(z,

q)]

Replacing c by s in the above will yield corresponding relations among MS? (z, q) .
Formulas in which the parameter a does not
enter explicitly :
Goldsteins

20.9.7
Mf$(z,

q)-iMSp:,(z,

20.9.12

Expansions

q)
= [F,(z)--iF~(z)]e~/~~qt(cosh

z)+

In the above, P,,(Z) and P,(Z) are obtainable

from FO(z), F,(z) in 20.9.9-20.9.10 by Ireplacing
cash z with cos x and sinh z with sin 12. Thus

P,,(x) = F,(k) ; P,(x) = --iFI

where

20.9.13

20.9.8
t$=2 Jq sinh z-k

(2rSl)

Wl=e 2zliisinz [cos (+x+~n)]+

arctan sinh z,
9>0,

q>>l,

w=2rfl

W2=e-2dPshz [sin ($x+$7r)]+/

/(COS~X)f
(cO$

x)+*

742

MATHIEU

FUNCZIONB

20.9.14

20.926

41

(2~+3)J7~+4W-.

..

1024q

64&

See 20.9.23-20.9.24
for expressions relating to
ce,(O, q) and se:(O, q). When ]cos z]>dw/p,
20.9.11-20.9.12 are useful. The approximations
become poorer as r increases.
Expansions

in Terms

of Parabolic

Cylinder

Functions

(Good for angles close to $s, for large values of

p, especially when ]cos s]<2t/q.)
Due to Sips
[20.44-20.461.

sin 5,

Let Dk=Dk(a)=(-l)eas

+ ii&@+j

-?4
1

**

j2=216+5r4-416?-629T1-1162r-476
It should be noted that 20.9.15 is also valid as an
approximation
for se,+l (2, q), but 20.9.16 may give
*
slightly better results. See [20.4.]
Explicit

Expansions

for

Orders

0, 1, to Terms

in

q-*I*

20.9.21 For r=O:

20.9.16

se,+~(x,n)-fCK&)--Z~(41

r+2P-121rZ-122r-84
2048q

(9 Lw34

4x, n>-CWX4+%(41

20.9.15

a=2pf co9 5.

Z,,- D,,-

e-+u2.

+64p

(-$+gp&)+

...

20.9.17

Z,b)-Dr+&j[ -++i (i) Dr-41

+kq

pgp+;;Dr+4+;

(P-l)

(r;)D,-4

20.9.22

++y@*]+

For r=l

.. .

20.9.18
Z,(a)-@

1
C

-4

+kq

Dr+2

rq+

-9

Drm2
($12;-36)

64
+r(r-l)(-fl-27r+lO)

D r_

2-4

+64p

(-g+;-2&)+.

D,+2
1530, 350,
DII
32 +256-2048

6
45 0 r D r-6 + . . .

Formulas

20.9.19

Involving

ce.(O,h)

20.9.23

r+213+263?+262r+lOS
2048~~

..

+ ii&p+*
j

-54 ceo(O,n>
1
cedh,

n)

-21/Z ee2fi

**

ce2(0,

ce2&,

d ---321$2
n)

e-2fi

l+

and

se,(O,

q)

MATHIEU

20.9.24

sei@, d -4q&iee2&

se1 (ia, n)
s&O,
sdh,

a> ----64q@t~-~~
!I>

sd(O, d
seX$r, a>

l21
l- ----+
16,hj
(

17
128q

FUNCTIONS

;743

For higher orders, these ratios are increasi gly

more difficult to obtain.
One method of esti t ating values at the origin is to evaluate both 2019.11
and 20.9.15 for some x where both expansion$ are
I
satisfactory,
and so to use 20.9.11 as a means to
solve for ce,(O, q); similarly for se:(O, q).
Other asymptotic expansions, valid over various
regions of the complex z-plane, for real values of
...
a, p, have been given by Langer 120.251. It i not
>
to determine
the lin ea,r
always easy, however,
combinations
of Langers solutions which coincide
with those defined here.

20.10. Comparative

Notation8

=
Tbie Volume

StrattEi2se-

-Paremet8rs

:omments

t. etc

I
,

in 24X1.1 _-_----

a
9
or
R

I
I
Periodic solutions, of 20.1.1

&aNotel.

Even ___________. _______

Odd ---------_Co~~~knta

- -- -- -- -- -

in Perk&c

80111

Odd.. ___ _- _- _- _- _. - - - vdz, y Is the Stander

lolutlon of 20.1.1.
Flcquets Solutfom 20.3.lI..
Cbwecterlstic Exponent..N&om&elilons
of Floquet
80~om&Modi0ed
. . .

A: (9)

AVDL

A:,

-4:

B:(Q)

BFL

B:

B:

(A)-

or (B)-,

F&l

See Note 1.

h)
p=b

Lpeclded

Equa

Ag.. .QJer(c,

cash I)
~r(~,

~,w~, 0

9)

MC ,(I) (2 9 A)
Ms I

Jofniug Fectors __.___.______

(I I 9)

Mu .(I (z, A)

A4d2)(Z,
I

g)

id2; ,

Ad2+z,
r

9)

Ma;2(z,

A)

XmMc

r(I (09)

&/MC

t(I (0 A)

&@[M,
dr

(2,9)ld

d
Ms
I
(2,
q)
;i;
(29)
[gMI:
1r.
-MC

,&/$fdL

,I(n (0 g)/ikfc ,I(I (0 g)

--Mc~

(z, A)

dz

SW Note 2.

(L A)],-o

(0, A)/bfe .( (0, A)

Seme es this volume

NOTE: 1. The conversion factors A and Br are tabulated in I20.581 along with the coefficients.
2. The multipliers p, and ar are defined in [20.30], Appendix 1, section 3, equations 3, 4, 5, 6.
3. &e 120.591, sections (5.3) and (5.5). In eq. (316) of (5.5), the !irst term should have a minus sign.
*see page II.

&eNotea.

MATHIEU

FUNCTIONS

745

References
Texts

[20.1] W. G. Bickley, The tabulation

of Mathieu functions, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 1, 409-419
(1945).
[20.2] W. G. Bickley and N. W. McLachlan,
Mathieu
functions of integral order and their tabulation,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 2, l-11 (1946).
{20.3] G. Blanch, On the computation
of Mathieu functions, J. Math. Phys. 25, l-20 (1946).
[20.4] G. Blanch, The asymptotic expansions for the odd
periodic Mathieu functions, Trans. Amer. Math.
Sot. 97, 2, 357-366 (1960).
[20.5] C. J. Bouwkamp,
A note on Mathieu functions,
Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Proc. 51, 891-893
(1948).
[20.6] C. J. Bouwkamp, On spheroidal wave functions of
order zero. J. Math. Phys. 26, 79-92 (1947).
[20.7] M. R. Campbell, Sur les solutions de periode 2 su
de lequation de Mathieu associee, C.R. Acad.
Sci., Paris, 223, 123-125 (1946).
[20.8] M. R. Campbell, Sur une categoric remarquable de
solutions de 16quation de Mathieu
aasociee,
C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 226, 2114-2116 (1948).
[20.9] T. M. Cherry, Uniform asymptotic formulae for
functions with transition
points, Trans. Amer.
Math. Sot. 68, 224-257 (1950).
[20.10] S. C. Dhar, Mathieu functions (Calcutta Univ.
Press, Calcutta, India, 1928).
[20.11] J. Dougall, The solution of Mathieus differential
equation, Proc. Edinburgh
Math. Sot. 34, 176196 (1916).
[20.12] J. Dougall, On the solutions of Mathieus differential equation, and their asymptotic expansions,
Proc. Edinburgh
Math. Sot. 41, 26-48 (1923).
[20.13] A. Erdelyi, Uber die Integration der Mathieuschen
Differentialgleichung
durch Lsplacesche Integrale, Math. 2. 41, 653-664 (1936).
[20.14] A. Erdelyi, On certain expansions of the solutions
of Mathieus differential equation, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Sot. 38, 28-33 (1942).
[20.15] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 3 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1955).
I20.161 G. Floquet,
Sur les equations
differentielles
lineaires a coefficients periodiques,
Ann. Ecole
Norm. Sup. 12, 47 (1883).
[20.17] S. Goldstein, The second solution of Mathieus
differential equation, Proc. Cambridge Philos.
Sot. 24, 223-230 (1928).
[20.18] S. Goldstein, Mathieu functions, Trans. Cambridge
Philos. Sot. 23, 303-336 (1927).
[20.19] G. W. Hill, On the path of motion of the lunar
perigee, Acts Math. 8, 1 (1886).
[20.20] E. Hille, On the zeros of the Mathieu functions,
Proc. London Math. Sot. 23, 185-237 (1924).
[20.21] E. L. Ince, A proof of the impossibility
of the coexistence of two Mathieu
functions,
Proc.
Cambridge Philos. Sot. 21, 117-120 (1922).

[20.22] E. L. Ince, Ordinary differential equations (Longmans, Green & Co., 1927, reprinted by Dover
Publications, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1944).
[20.23] H. Jeffreys, On the modified Mathieus equation,
Proc. London Math. Sot. 23, 449-454 (1924).
[20.24] V. D. Kupradze,
Fundamental
problems in the
mathematical
theory
of diffraction
(1935).
Translated
from the Russian by Curtis D.
Benster, NBS Repor) 200 (Oct. 1952).
[20.25] R. E. Langer, The solutions of the Mathieu equation with a complex variable and at least one
parameter large, Trans. Amer. Math. Sot. 36,
637-695 (1934).
[20.26] S. Lubkin and J. J. Stoker, Stability of columns and
strings under periodically varying forces, Quart.
Appl. Math. 1, 215-236 (1943).
[20.27] 8. Mathieu, M&moire sur le mouvement vibratoire
dune membrane de forme elliptique, J. Math.
Pures Appl. 13, 137-203 (1868).
[20.28] N. W. McLachlan,
Mathieu functions and their
classification, J. Math. Phys. 25,209240
(1946).
120.291 N. W. McLachlan,jMathieu
functions of fractional
order, J. Math. Phys. 26, 29-41 (1947).
[20.30] N. W. McLachlan,
Theory and application
of
Mathieu
functions (Clarendon
Press, Oxford,
England, 1947).
[20.31] N. W. McLachlan,
Application
of Mathieus
equation to stability
of non-linear
oscillator,
Math. Gaa. 35, 105107 (1951).
[20.32] 3. Meixner, Uber das asymptotische Verhalten von
Funktionen,
die durch Reihen nach Zylinderfunktionen
dargestellt
werden konnen, Math.
Nachr.
3, 9-13, Reihenentwicklungen
von
Produkten
zweier Mathieuschen
Funktionen
nach Produkten
von Zylinder und Exponentialfunktionen, 14-19 (1949).
120.331 J. Meixner,
Integralbeziehungen
zwischen
Mathieuschen
Funktionen,
Math.
Nachr. 5,
371-378 (1951).
[20.34] J. Meixner, Reihenentwicklungen
vom Siegerschen
Typus fiir die Sphiiroid Funktionen, Arch. Math.
Oberwolfach 1, 432-440 (1949).
[20.35] J. Meixner,
Asymptotische
Entwicklung
der
Eigenwerte
und Eigenfunktionen
der Differentialgleichungen
der Sphilroidfunktionen
und der
Mathieuschen
Funktionen,
Z. Angew. Math.
Mech. 28, 304-310 (1948).
120.361 J. Meixner
and F. W. Schafke, Mathieusche
Funktiomn
und Spharoidfunktionen
(SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1954).
l20.371 P. M. Morse and P. J. Rubinstein, The diffraction
of waves by ribbons and by slits, Phys. Rev. 54,
89.5898 (1938).
[20.38] H. P. Mulholland
and S. Goldstein, The characteristic numbers of the Mathieu
equation with
purely imaginary
parameters,
Phil. Mag. 8,
834-840 (1929).
[20.39] L. Onsager, Solutions of the Mathieu equation of
period 4~ and certain related functions (Yale
Univ. Dissertation,
New Haven, Conn., 1935).

746
[20&l]
[29.41]
[20.42]

(20.431
120.441
[20.45]
[20.46]

[20.47]

[20.48]
[20.49]

L20.501

[20.51]
[20.52]

MATHIEU

F.

W. Sch&fke, Uber die Stabilitiitskarte

der.
Mathieuschen
Differentialgleichung,
Math.
Nachr. 4, 175-183 (1950).
F. W. Schiifke,
Das Additions
theorem
der
Mathieuschen
Fusktionen, Math. Z. 58,436-447
(1953).
F. W. Schiifke, Eine Methode zur Berechnung des
charakteristischen
Exponenten
einer Hillschen
Differentialgleichung,
Z. Angew. Math. Mech.
33, 279-280
(1953).
B. Sieger, Die Beugung einer ebenen elektrischen
Welle .an einem
Schirm
von elliptischem
Querschnitt, Ann. Physik. 4, 27, 626-664 (1908).
R. Sips, Representation asymptotique des fonctions
de Mathieu et des fonctions donde spheroidales,
Trans. Amer. Math. Sot. 66, 93-134 (1949).
R. Sips, Repr&entation
asymptotique des fonctions
de Mathieu et des fonctions spheroidales
II,
Trans. Amer. Math. Sot. 90, 2, 340-368 (1959).
R. Sips, Recherches sur les fonctions de Mathieu,
Bull. Soo. Roy. Sci. Liege 22, 341355, 374-387,
444-455,
530-540
(1953); 23, 37-47, 90-103
(1954).
M. J. 0. Strutt, Die Hiiische Differentialgleichung
im komplexen Gebiet, Nieuw. Arch. Wisk. 18
31-55 (1935).
M. J. 0. Strutt,
Lambche,
Mathieusche
und
verwandte Funktionen
in Physik und Technik,
Ergeb. Math. Grensgeb. 1, 199323 (1932).
M. J. 0. Strutt, On Hiils problems with complex
parameters and a real periodic function, Proc.
Roy. Sot. Edinburgh Sect. A 62,278-296 (1948).
E. T. Whittaker,
On functions associated with
elliptic cylinders in harmonic analysis, Proc.
Intl, Congr. Math. Cambr. 1, 366 (1912).
E. T. Whittaker,
On the general solution of
Mathieus equation, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Sot.
32, 75-80
(1914).
E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A course of
modern analysis, 4th ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1952).
Tables

L20.531 G. Blanch and I. Rhodes, Table of characteristic

values of Mathieus equation for large values of
the parameter, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 45, 6,
166-196 (1955). Be,(t)=a,(q)+2q-2(2r+l)fi
Bo,(t)=&(q)+2q-2(2r-l)fit=1/2Jq,
r=O(l)
15, O<t<.l,
with 62, a*; SD (about); interpolable.
[20.54] J. G. Brainerd, H. J. Gray, and R. Merwin, Solu
tion of the Mathieu equation, Am. Inst. Elec.
Engrs. 67 (1948).
Characteristic exponent over
a wide range. p, M for e=l(l)lO;
k=.l(.l)l,
5D; g(l), h(t) for t=0(.1)3.1,
x, 5D; e=l(l)lO,
k=.l(.l)l,
where g(t), h(l) are solutions of
y+a(l+k
cos t)y=O,
with g(O)=h(O)=l,
g(0) =h(O) =o, CO8 2?rp=2g(?r)h(*)
- 1, M=
[-s(~)g(~)/h(~)h(~)ll*.
[20.55] J. G. Brainerd and C. N. Weygandt, Solutions of
Mathieus
equation,
Phil. Mag. 30, 458-477
(1940).

FUNCTIONS

[20.56] E. L. Ince, Tables of the elliptic cylinder functions,

Proc. Roy. Sot. Edinburgh
52, 355-423; Zeros
and turning points, 52,424-433 (1932). Characteristic values aa, al, . . ., as, bl, bl, . . ., be,
and coefficients for 0=0(1)10(2)20(4)40;
7D.
Aiso ce,(z, 0), se&r, e), @=O(l)lO, z=O(lo)900;
5D, corresponding
to characteristic
values in
the tables. a,=be,-2q;
b,=bo,--29;
e=q.
[20.57] E. T. Kirkpatrick,
Tables of values of the modified
Mathieu function, Math. Comp. 14, 70 (1960).
r=0(1)5,
r=1(1)6;
C4u, d,
fh(u, d,
u=.l(.l)l;
q=1(1)20.
[20.58] National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to
Mathieu functions (Columbia Univ. Press, New
York, N.Y., 1951). Characteristic values be,(s),
ho,(s) for 0 5s <lOO, along with @*, interpolable
to SD; coefficients Der(s), Do&) and conversion
factors for cc,(q), se,(q), same range, without
differences but interpolable
to 9D with Lagrangian formulas of order 7. Joining
factors
&g,,,, sfrgB.,,, a%. ,, srjo,r along with 62*; interpolable to 8s.
[20.59] J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A.
Hutner, Elliptic cylinder and spheroidal wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1941). Theory and tables for bo, bl, bz,
bs, br, b;, b;, b;, b;, and coefficients for Ser(s, x)
and So&, z) for c=O(.2)4.4 and .5(1)4.5; mostly
55;

c=2qf,

b,=a,+2q,

b:=b,+2q.

120.601 T. Tamir, Characteristic

exponents of Mathieu *
equations,
Math. Comp. 16, 77 (1962). The
Floquet exponent Y, of the first three stable
regions; namely r=O, 1, 2; q=.1(.1)2.5;
a=r
(.l)r+l,
5D.
[20.61] J. C. Wiltse and M. J. Ring, Values of the Mathieu
functions, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation
Laboratory Technical Report AF-53, Baltimore,
Md.
(1958).
(Notation
of [20.58]
used:
IX&J, q)/A, se&, q)/B for 12 values of q between
.25 and 10 and
- from 8 to 14 values of v; dir/2
Mc$(u,
q), 442
M&u,
q), j=l,
2 for 6 to 8
values of a between .25 and 10 and about 20
values of i, r=O, 1, 2; 48
McP(1~1, q),
d?r/2 Me?(]u], q), r=O, 1, 2 for about 9 values
of u and q, 2 to 4 D in all.
[20.62] J. C. Wiltse and M. J. Ring, Derivatives, seros,
and other data pertaining to Mathieu functions,
The Johns Hopkins Univ. Radiation Laboratory
Technical
Report
AF-57,
Baltimore,
Md.
(1958).
[20.63] S. J. Zaroodny, An elementary
review of the
Mathieu-Hill
equation of real variable based on
numerical solutions, Ballistic Research Laboratory
Memorandum
Report
878, Aberdeen
Proving Ground,
Md. (1955).
Chart of the
characteristic exponent.
See also [20.18]. It contains, among other
tabulations,
values of a,, b, and coefficients for
ce,(z, q), se,@, q), q=40(20)100(50)200;
5D,
rs2.
*See

page 11.

748

MATHIEU

Table

20.1

CHARACTERISTIC

FUNCTIONS

VALUES,

JOINING

FACTORS,

SOME

CRITICAL

VALUES

EVEN SOLUTIONS
7

9
i

10
15
20
25
2

602
996
776
007
955

781
817
757
832
829
018

(-1)

7.07106
1.33484
1.46866
1.55010
1.60989
1.65751

78
87
05
82
09
03

4.00000
7.44910
7.71736
5.07798
1.15428
3.52216

000
974
985
320
288
473

1.00000
(-1 7.35294
(-1 2.45888
(-2 I 7.87928
(-2)2.86489
(-2)1.15128

000
308
349
278
431
663

-1.00000
(-1 -7.24488
C-1 -,';',

00
15
;;

-1.07529
-1.11627

32
90

100.00000
100.12636
100.50677
101.14520
102.04891
103.23020

000
922
002
345
602
480

1.00000
1.02599
1.05381
1.08410
1.11778
1.15623

000
503
599
631
863
992

a,
1.00000
1.85818
2.39914
8.10110
14.49130
21.31489

000
754
240
513
142
969

cd@
1.00000
(-1)2.56542
(-2 5.35987
(-2 1 1.50400
(~3 5.05181
(-3 1,1.91105

9)
000
879
478
665
376
151

ce:(fr, q)
-1.00000 00
-3.46904
-4.85043
-5.76420
-6.49056
-7.10674

21
83
64
58
15

-5.00000
-5.39248
-5.32127
-5.11914
-5.77867
-7.05988

00
61
65
99
52
45

000

5.80004
13.93697
22.51303
31.31339
40.25677

t
-

1:
:i
25
0
5
10
15
z

7
10

Q
5
10
:z
25

+
-

0
5
10
15
20
25

25.00000
25.54997
27.70376
31.95782
36.64498
40.05019

000
175
873
125
973
099

1.00000
1.12480
1.25801
1.19343
(-1)9.36575
(-1)6.10694

000
725
994
223
531
310

15

225.00000
225.05581
225.22335
225.50295
225.89515
226.40072

000
248
698
624
341
004

1.00000
1.01129
1.02287
1.03479
1.04708
1.05980

000
373
828
365
434
044

1:
:z
25

(4d%, Ad

ce,W, 4)

-1)7.07106
-2)4.48001
(-3)7.62651
(-3)1.93250
-4)6.03743
I -4)2.15863

0.00000

10

ce,(O,
q)

(-1)7.97884
1.97009
2.40237
2.68433
2.90011
3.07743

56
00
95
53
25
91

4.29953 32
1.11858 69
23 I 2.30433
23 2.31909
23 2.36418
23 2.44213
12)1.40118

72
77
54
04

52

w%e, r(q)

@We.,AZ)

1.59576
7.26039
Q1.35943
1)1.91348

2.54647
1.02263
2i 9.72660
2 1.19739
3 1.84066
4)3.33747

91
46
12
95
20
55

8 I 4.80631
8 5.11270
8 6.83327
9 I 1.18373
9 1.85341
9 2.09679

83
71
77
72
57
12

91
84
49
51

Compiledfrom National Bureau of Standards,Tables relating to Mathieu functions, Columbia Univ.

Press,New York, N.Y., 1951(with permission).
q +2qq-?/r

0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00

-0.25532
-0.25393 994
098
-0.25257 851
-0.25126 918
-0.25000 000

-1.28658
-1.30027
-1.27371
-1.26154
-1.25000

(4r+2)&

2
212
972
191
161
000

-3.39777
-3.45639
-3.34441
-3.29538
-3.25000

10

5
483
782
938
745
000

-16.92019
-17.84809
-16.25305
-15.70968
-15.25000

225
551
645
373
000

-76.84607
-76.04295
-63.58155
-58.63500
-55.25000

15
855
314
264
546
000

-141.64507
- 80.93485
-162.30500
-132.08298
-120.25000

<q>
841
048
052
271
000

2
156
625
03

For ge,~ and f,, ~ see20.8.12.

< q> = nearestinteger to q.
Compiledfrom G. Blanch and I. Rhodes,Table of characteristicvaluesof Mathieus equation for large
valuesof the parameter,Jour. Wash.Acad. Sci., 45, 6, 1955(with permission).

MATHIEU

CHARACTERISTlC

VALUES,

749

FTJNCTIONS

JOINING

FACTORS,

SOME

CRITICAL

Table

VALUES

20.1

ODD SOLUTIONS
1

i
10
15
20
25

10

5"
10
15
2

045
824
680
325
062

00
22
84
14
78
17

-2.00000
-3.64051
-4.86342
-5.76557
-6.49075
-7.10677

00
79
21
38
22
19

100.00000 000
100.12636 922
100.50676 946
101.14517 229
102.04839 286
103.22568 004

( 1)1.00000
9.73417
9.44040
9.11575
8.75554
8.35267

00
32
54
13
51
84

l)-1.00000
1 -1.02396
11 -1.04539
l)-1.06429

00
46
48
00

898

4(0,
1.00000
(-1 1.74675
-2 4.40225
I -2 i 1.39251
(-3)5.07788
(-3)2.04435

u)
00
40
66
35
49
94

000
605
636
060
133
590

5.00000
4.33957
3.40722
2.41166
1.56889
(-1)9.64071

00
00
68
65
69
62

225.00000 000
225.05581 248
225.22335 698
225.50295 624
225.89515 341
226.40072 004

1 1.50000
I 1 I 1.48287
1 1.46498
1 1.44630
1
1 I 1.42679
( 1)1.40643

00
89
60
01
46
73

+
-

2.09946
2.38215
8.09934
14.49106
21.31486

1.00000
5.79008
13.93655
22.51300
31.31338

- 40.25671

Li
10
:05
25

15

0
5
10
:i
25

25.00000
25.51081
26.76642
27.96788
28.46822
28.06276

000

000
060
248
350
617

@qP%,r(q)

se;(ta, d

2.00000
(-1)7.33166
-1)2.48822
I -2)9.18197
(-2)3.70277
(-2)1.60562

4.00000

+
5

40, q)

br

6.38307
1)1.24474
1)1.86133
1)2.42888
1)2.95502
1)3.44997
11)1.51800
11)1.56344
11)1.62453
11)1.70421

65
88
36
57
89
83
43
50
03
18

(
(

1)8.14873
1)2.24948
3.91049
(- 1)7.18762
(- 1)1.47260
(- 2)3.33750
23)2.30433
23)2.31909

31
08
85
28
95
27
72
77

se,(%,59
1.00000
1.33743
1.46875
1.55011
1.60989
1.65751

00
39
57
51
16
04

1.59576
2.27041
2.63262
2.88561
3.08411
3.24945

91
76
99
87
21
50

1.00000
9.06077
8.46038
8.37949
8.63543
8.99268

00
93
43
34
12
33

3)9.80440
4 1.14793
4j 1.52179
4)2.20680
4 3.27551
4 4.76476

55
21
77
20
12
62

-1.00000
(-1 -9.88960
(-1 -9.78142
-1 -9.67513
I -1 1 -9.57045
(-l)-9.46708

00
70
35
70
25
70

-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)
-1)

I
19)3.78055
I(1919)3.73437
3.83604

81
49
43
(19 3.90140 52
19 i 3.97732 29
I 19)4.06462 83

2.54647 91
I-(((-

3)2.21737
2)3*74062
4)2.15798
4)2.82474
6)4.53098

82
88
83
71
74

(
(
(
I

8)5.46799
8)4.26215
8)5.27524

57
66
17

8)2.94147

89

( 40)2.19249

18

b,+Zq- (4r-2)@
cl-*\?
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.00

1
-0.25532
-0.25393
-0.25257
-0.25126
-0.25000

2
994
098
851
918
000

-1.30027
-1.28658
-1.27371
-1.26154
-1.25000

164
971
191
161
000

-11.53046
-11.12574
-10.78895
-10.50135
-10.25000

10
855
983
146
748
000

-51.32546
-56.10964
-51.15347
-47.72149
-45.25000

For go,Tand f,, r see20.8.12.

< q> = nearestinteger to 4.

15
875
961
975
533
000

- 55.93485 112
-108.31442 060
-132.59692 424
-114.76358 461
-105.25000 000

<q>
39
69
156
625
m

MATHIEU
Table

20.2

FUNCTIONS

COEFFICIENTS

9,

AND

II,,

4
r/=5
7rA7
0
0 +0.54061
2 -0.62711
4 +0.14792
6 -0.01784
8 +0.00128
10 -0.00006
12 +o.ooooo
14 -0.00000
16 +O.OOOOO

10

2
2446
5414
7090
8061
2863
0723
2028
0050
0001

+0.43873
+0.65364
-0.42657
+0.07588
-0.00674
+0.00036
-0.00001
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000

7166
0260
8935
5673
1769
4942
3376
0355
0007

::
22

+O.OOOOO
+0.00003
+0.00064
+0.01078
+0.13767
+0.98395
-0.11280
+0.00589
-0.00018

?ll,T
1679
3619
2987
4807
5121
5640
6780
2962
9166

1
3
5
9'
11
13
15
17

-0.00000
+O.OOOOO
0071
4226
+O.OOOOO 0001

co.76246
-0.63159
+0.13968
-0 01491
+0'00094
-0:00003
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000
+O.OOOOO

3686
6319
4806
5596
4842
9702
1189
0027
0001

5
+0.07768
+0.30375
+0.92772
-0 20170
+0'01827
-0:OOOSS
+0.00003
-LX00000
+O.OOOOO

5798
1030
8396
6148
4579
9038
3457
0839
0016

:;)
23
25

15
0.00000 0000

+o.ooooo
+O.OOOOO
+O.OOOOO
+0.00014
+0.00428
+0.08895
+0.99297
-0.07786
+0.00286
-0.00006
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000

0002
0106
4227
8749
1393
2014
4092
7946
6409
6394
1092
0014

q=25
77 1
0
0 +0.42974
2 -0.69199
4 +0.36554
6 -0.13057
8 +0.03274
10 -0.00598
12 +0.00082
14 -0.00008
16 +O.OOOOO
18 -0.00000
20 +O.OOOOO
22 -0.00000
24
26
28

1038
9610
4890
5523
5863
3606
3792
7961
7466
0514
0029
0001

2
+0.33086
-0;04661
-0.64770
+0.55239
-0.22557
+0.05685
-0.00984
+0.00124
-0.00012
+O;OOOOO
-0.00000
+o.ooooo
-0.00000

10
5777
4551
5862
9372
4897
2843
6277
8919
1205
9296
0578
0030
0001

+0.00502
co.02075
+0.07232
+0.23161
+0.55052
+0.63227
-0.46882
+0.13228
-0.02206
+0.00252
-0.00021
+0.00001
-0.00000
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000

d,r
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25

6361
4891
7761
1726
4391
5658
9197
7155
0893
2374
3672
4078
0746
0032
0001

1
to.39125
-0.74048
+0.50665
-0.19814
+0.05064
-0.00910
+0.00121
-0.00012
+0.00001
-0.00000
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000

5
2265
2467
3803
2336
0536
8920
2864
4121
0053
0660
0036
0002

+0.65659
+0.36900
-0.19827
-0.48837
+0.37311
-0.12278
+0.02445
-0.00335
+0.00033
-0.00002
+o.ooooo
-0.00000
+o;ooooo

15
0398
8820
8625
4067
2810
1866
3933
1335
9214
6552
1661
0085
0004

31

+O.OOOOO
+0.00003
+0.00032
+0.00254
+0.01770
+0.10045
+0.40582
+0.83133
-0.35924
+0.06821
-0.00802
+0.00066
-0.00004
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000
+o.ooooo

4658
7337
0026
0806
9603
8755
7402
2650
8831
6074
4550
6432
1930
2090
0085
0003

9=5

10

2
+0.93342
-0.35480
+0.05296
-0.00429
+0.00021
-0.00000
+b.ooooo
-0.00000

94'42
3915
3730
5885
9797
7752
0200
0004

+0.00003
+0.00064
+0.01078
to.13767
+0.98395
-0.11280
to.00589
-0.00018
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000
+o.ooooo

TV\?.
3444
2976
4807
5120
5640
6780
2962
9166
4227
0070
0001

:
5
7
9
::
15
17

+0.94001
-0.33654
+0.05547
-0.00508
+0.00029
+O.OOOOO
-0.00001

9024
1963
7529
9553
3879
1602
0332

-0.00000

0007

+0.05038
+0.29736
+0.93156
-0.20219
+0.01830
-0.00096
+0.00003
-0.00000
+o.ooooo

2462
5513
6997
3638
5721
0277
3493
0842
0017

5
+0.30117
+0.62719
+0.17707
-0.60550
+0.33003
-0.09333
+0.01694
-0.00217
+0.00021
-0.0Ou01
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000
+o.ooooo

4196
8468
1306
5349
2984
5984
2545
7430
0135
5851
0962
0048
0002

::
::

15
0.00000 0000

+o.ooooo
+O.OOOOO
+O;OOOOO
+0.00014
tO.00428
+0.08895
+0.99297
-0.07786
+0.00286
-0.00006
+o.ooooo
-0.00000

0002
0106
4227
8749
1392
2014
4092
7946
6409
6394
1093
0013

q=25
?n~s
2
2
8
10
12
::
18
20
22
24
26

2
+0.65743
-0.66571
+0.33621
-0.10507
to.02236
-0.00344
+0.00040
-0.00003
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000
+O.OOOOO

10
9912
9990
0033
3258
2380
2304
0182
6315
2640
0157
0008

+0.01800
+0.07145
to.23131
+0.55054
+0.63250
-0.46893
+0;13230
-0.02206
+0.00252
-0;00021
+0.00001
-0.00000
+o.ooooo

For -1, and II,,, see 20.2.3-20.2.11

m/r
3596
6762
0990
4783
8750
3949
9765
3990
2676
3694
4079
0746
0033

:
5
;

+0.81398
-0.52931
+0.22890
+0.01453
-0.06818

3846
0219
0813
2972
0886

11
13
15

-0.00229
+0.00027
-0.00002

5765
7422
6336

:<
;:

+O.OOOOO
-0.00000
0126
2009
+o.ooooo
0007

::

Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables relating to Mathieu

Press, New York, N.Y., 1951 (with permission).

15
+o.ooooo
+0.00003
+0.00032
+0.00254
+0.01770
+0.10045
+0.40582
+0.83133
-0.35924
+0.06821
-0.00802
+0.00066
-0.00004
+O.OOOOO
-0.00000
+o.ooooo

3717
7227
0013
0804
9603
8755
7403
2650
8830
6074
4551
6432
1930
2090
0086
0003

functions, Columbia Univ.

21. Spheroidal

Wave Functions

ARNOLD N. LOWAN

Contents
Page
Mathematical
21.1.

21.2.
21.3.

21.4.
21.5.
21.6.

21.7.
21.8.
21.9.
21.10.
21.11.
References
Table

Properties.

...................

Definition of Elliptical Coordinates ..........

Definition of Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates ......
Definition of Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates. ......
Laplacian in Spheroidal Coordinates ..........
Wave Equation iu Prolate and Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates
Differential Equations for Radial and Angular Spheroidal
Wave Functions ..................
Prolate Angular Functions ..............
Oblate Angular Functions
..............
Radial Spheroidal Wave Functions
..........
.
Joining Factors for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions
Notation ......................

Eigenvalues-Prolate
m=O(l)Z, n=m(l)mf4
c2=O(1)16, c-=.25(--.Ol)O,

and Oblate

21.2. Angular Functions-Prolate

m=0(1)2, n=m(1)3, ?j=O(.l)l
~=0(10)90, c=1(1)5,
24D

Table

21.3. Prolate Radial Functions-First

m=0(1)2, n=m(1)3
5=1.005, 1.02, 1.044, 1.077, c=1(1)5,

Table

. . . . . . . . . . .

760

4-6D

Table

Table

753
753
756
756
757
758
759

..........................

21.1.

752
752
752
752
752
752

and Oblate

. . . . . . . .

and Second Rinds

. . .

766

768

4s

21.4. Oblate Radial Functions-First

m=O, 1, n=m(l)m+2;
m, n=2
E=O, .75, c=.2, 3, 23, 1(.5)2.5, 5s

and Second Rinds . . . .

769

Prolate Joining Factors-First

1, n=m(l)m+2;
m, n=2
c=1(1)5,
4s

Rind . . . . . . . . . .

769

21.5.

m=O,

1 Yeshiva
University.
Standards.)
(Deceased.)

(Prepared

under

contract

with

the

National

Bureau

of
751

21. Spheroidal

Wave Functions

Mathematical
21.1. Definition

of Elliptical

Coordinates

Properties
21.3.1

21.1.1

Z=T

r1 and rz are the distances to the foci of a family

of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas ; 2f is the distance between foci.
a=ft,

21.1.2

axis;

Equation

21.1.3

b=semi-minor

of Family

axis;

of Confocal

$-&=f

4; X=T sin 4; 02412*

co8

where 4,~ and 4 are oblate spheroidal

Relations

Between

Cartesian
Coordinates

qnd

coordinates.

Oblate

Spheroidal

21.3.2

es- f
a

b=jm,

a=sen-&major
centricity.

e=ec-

21.4. Laplacian

in Spheroidal

Coordinates

21.4.1

Ellipses

$+&=f
Equation

21.1.4

of Family

of Ckmfocal

Hyperbolas

(---1<?<l)

e-L=fa
q2

Relations

l--$

Between

21.1.5

Cartesian

x=fb?;

and

Elliptical

Coordinates

Y=.fJ(ta--lw--lla)

21.2. Definition of Prolate Spheroidal

Coordinates

Metric

If the system of confocal ellipses and hyberbolas

referred to in 21.1.3 and 21.1.4 revolves around
the major axis, then
$+&=f;

21.2.1
y=r

cos

$-&=f

4; Z=T

sin

4; 0 54 12~

Relations

Between

Cartesian
Coordinates

and

Prolate

Prolate

Spheroidal

Coordinates

ht=j$Z

h&s
Coefficienta

+jJ(p-l)(l-92)
for

Oblate

Spheroidal

*
Coordinates

coordinates.
Spheroidal

21.5. Wave Equation in Prolate and Oblate

Spheroidal Coordinates
Wave

c_os4;
z=fJ(+l)(l-v2)

sin 4

21.3. Definition of Oblate Spheroidal

Coordinates

If the system of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas

referred to in 21.1.3 and 21.1.4 revolves around
the minor axis, then
752

for

21.4.3

21.2.2
Y=fJG2--lm--lla)

doe5cients

21.42

Metric

where [, 7 and 4 are prolate spheroidal

x=flrl;

j5+,,_,=f;

Equation

in

Prolate

Spheroidal

Coordinates

21.5.1
v*+k+z+

[(P-l)

$I+;

[(l-r13

$1

2- 2
+(~~~1)(:-r7~+c~(E-13~=0

(c=;
*see page II.

jk)

SPHEROIDAL
Wave

Equation

in

Oblate

Spheroidal

WAVE

Coordinates

753

FlJNC.?lIONS

(21.6.3 may be obtained from 21.6.1 by the

transformations
[*fit,
c++ic;
21.6.4 may be
obtainedfrom21.6.2
by the transformation c-+~ ic.)

21.5.2

21.7.

Prolate

Angular

Functions

21.7.1
WC,

21.5.2 may be obtained from

transformations
p++i[,
c++c.
21.6. Differential
Angular
Prolate

Equations
Spheroidal

21.5.1

by

d =rg;

dY (4 E+r

=Prolate

the

b>

angular function

of the first kind

21.7.2

for Radial
and
Wave Functions

=Prolate

angular function

of the second kind

If in 21.5.1 we put

then the radial

angular solution
equations

solution
R,,(c, 5) and the
&,,(c, 7) satisfy the differential

(E?(v) and R(d are associated Legendre

functions of the first and second hinds respectively.
However, for -1Izj1,
~(z)=(l-z2)2dP,(z)/
dz (see 8.6.6).
The summation is extended over
even values or odd values of T.)
Recurrence

21.6.1

Relations

Between

the

Coefficients

21.7.3

(2m+k+2)(2m+k+l)c2
ak=(2m+2k+3)(2mf2kf5)

21.6.2

he,=(m+k) (m+k+l)

where the separation constants (or eigenvalues)

A,,,,, are to be determined
so that R&c, 5) and
&,,(c, TJ) are finite
at ,$=f 1 and q=f 1
respectively.
(21.6.1 and 21.6.2 are identical.
Radial and
angular prolate spheroidal functions satisfy the
same differential equation over different ranges of
the variable,)

2(m+k)(m+k+l)-2m2-1
(2m+2k-1)(2m+2k+3)

Transcendental

Equation

Equations
for
Spheroidal

Radial
and
Functions

21.6.3

E)]
$ [ Q+U$ Gnn(c,

Angular

X,,

21.7.4
u(~,,)=u1(~,)+uz(xmn>=o
R-2
nm -

Differential

for

c2

-&-A,,-

* . .

Oblate
U&xmn)=-

iT+z
Y?+a--X,,-

8 r+4
r7+4--X,.-

- * *

k(k-1)(2m+k)(2m+k-l)c
~(2m+2k-l)2(2m+2k+1)(2m+2k-3)

Y?= (m+k) (m+k+l)

+4cfl-(zm+2k~Y~$+2k+31
(The choice of r in 21.7.4 is arbitrary.)

(k2 2)

0)
1(k>

754

SPHEROIDAL
Power

WAVE
Series

FUNCTIONS

Expansion

for

X,

21.7.5

&=n(n+l)
1J2m--1Pm+l)
(27+-l) (%+3)

I,=-(n--m+l)(n--m+2)(~+m+l)(n+m+2)+(7a--m-l)(n--m)~~+m-l)(n+m)
2(2n+l) (2n+3)3(2n+5)
ze= (4d-

(n-m+l)(n-m+2)(n+m+l)(n+m+2)~
(Zn-1) (2n+l) (2n+3)(2n+5)

1)

ls=2(4mp-1)2A+~

B+;

C+;

(~-m+1)(7a--m+2)(n+m+l)(~+m+2)
(2n-l)2(2n+1)(2n+3)7(2n+5)(2n+7)2

Expansion

for

X,

Refinement

21.7.6
A,n.(c)=cp+m2-;

-A2

($+5)-s

21.7.7
X,=X$+6x,

-- 1 - 1 (33pb+1594$+5621q)
c3 [ 1282

-z

1
[

of &,m

6X,,= Ul WJ

W6+167P)+~

+u2ou

f&-l-~2

q]

(115*4+1310~+735)+~

(pl+l)]

A2=(N7+2)2

-?%?-

-2

Values

(63$+4940q4+43327tf+22470)

&

-g2
1

of Approximate

If Q, is an approximation to &,, obtained either

from 21.7.5 or 21.7.6 then

($+ll-32m2)

[5(q4+26d+21)--384m2(qB+1)l

-&

(VP-m-l)(n-m)(n+m-l)(n+m)
(2n--5)(2n-3)(2n-l)6(2n+l)(2n+3)

(?--m-l)(n-m)(n+m-l>(n+m)
A=(2n-5)2(2~-3)(2~-l)7(2n+l)(2n+3)2-

Asymptotic

(2n+7)

2(2n-3)(2n-l)3(2n+l)

A2

(hT+2W+4)2+
#%2@+4

0?+2W+4W+J2
/37+2/3%n+a

+...

(527q7+61529pb+1043961$

+2241599(J) -A4
+29s951q)+g

(573iW+l27550$

(355n+15o5p)-~]+o(c-7
p=2(n-m)+1

(2m+r)(2m+r-l)c
w=(2m+2r-l)(2m+2r+l)

d,
4-2

(r22)

T(T-1)(2m+T)(2m+r-1)c
fl~=(2m+2r-l)y2m~+2r+l)(2m.t27--3)
(f 22)

SPHEROIDAL
Evaluation

Step 1.

WAVE

of Coeflicienta

Calculate

755

FUNCTIONS

21.7.15

NTs from

21.7.8
Ny+,=+bn.-g

CT221

N?=rT-Ln;

(n-m)

Ny=ry-L,,

=
Step 2.

Calculate

ratios $ and &

2r

21.7.9

?(n+m+l)!
C-1)
! (+;+1>

2- (y-1)

of Angular
SchZke

Functions

S-1l [Sm&, d12&=&

C,

T!

(This normalization
fwd as v-+1.)

&,(c,O)=~(O)=

Snn(C,

V)

21.7.17
&f&,

9) = 0 -112>~mn(c, 7)

um&keJ5m

(c--

>

1-n-m

Wl,&)

cylinder

func-

$$$
and the H,(z) are the Hermite polynomials
(see
chapter 22). (For tables of &,/hi see [21.4].)

d =(n+m)!

(n-m)!

has the effect that S,,,Jc, q)+

Expansion

of S..(c,

7) in Powers

of r)

21.7.18

Flammer

21.7.13

for

Scheme

(T+2m)!

r=o, 1

Expansions

where the D,(z)s are the parabolic

tions (see chapter 19).

Scheme

Stratton-Morse-Chu-Little-Corbat6

21.7.12

Odd

(The normalization
scheme 21.7.13 and 21.7.14 is
also used in [21.10].)

and the formula for NT in 21.7.7.

The coefficients dy are determined
to within
the arbitrary factor do for r even and d, for T odd.
The choice of these factors depends on the normalization scheme adopted.

21.7.11

(n-m)

P+l

Asymptotic

Meixner-

from

$=(>($)...&)

Normalization

even

21.7.16

Scheme

[21.4]

--(ll
C-l) 2 (n+m)!
2 (?4)!(!!+?9

(n-m)

even

n-m-1

(The derivation
for A,,,,,is similar

(n+m+l)!

21.7.3.)

21.7.14
S;n(c,O)=fy(0)=

(-l)

of the transcendental
equation
to the derivation of 21.7.4 from

2(-3!(+;+)!
Expansion

(n-m)
The above lead to the following
4 mn

conditions

odd
for

of S=(c,

(I) in Powers

of (l-3)

21.7.19
&&,(c, r)=(1-tl)/2~ocb;(l-b)L

(n-m)

even

756

SPHEROIDAL

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

~n=-2-gp[33p4+114p2+37-2m2(23q2+25)

21.7.20
(n-m)

+ 13m*]

odd
,?y= -2-10[63q6+340q4+239q2+

___~

m (2m+2)!(--T)k(m+T+$@
2
(a?)!

Cm;2mk!(m+k)!

-10m2(10p4+23q2+3)+m4(39q2-18)-2me]

(n-m)

even

~=v(v+m)a,+(v+l)(v+m+l)a:
q=n+l

c2; =
m (2m+2ry)!
z
(2r+l).

2k!(ml+k)!

Asymptotic

(n-m)

(The @s

for (n-m)

odd

* . . (a+k+l)

are the coefficients

even; q=n for (n-m)

Expansion

for

Oblate

Angular

Functions

21.8.3

Smn(-ic, +(1+)~2

5 A,mn{e-c~1-~)LSm+![2C(1--l)]
*=--Y

in 21.7.1.)

+(-l)n-me-ccl++L$
Prolate.

Angular

Expansion 21.7.2

Functions--Second

ultimately

odd

(For the definition of agr see 21.8.3.)

(-r,,(m+r+;)$y+,

(&=&+1>(~+2)

14

[Zc(l+~j)]]

Kind

where the L$(2) are Laguerre polynomials (see

chapter 22) and

leads to

21.7.21

f&g

a,f l( m, n>cmk

(Expressions of a&* are given in [21.4].)

21.9. Radial

(The coefficients G$are the same as in 21.7.1;

the coefficients d;: are tabulated in [21.4].)
21.8.
Power

Oblate
Series

21.8.1

Angular
Expansion

Spheroidal

Wave

Functions

21.9.1

Functions
for

Eigenvalues

q)(z)=
Jz-.J?&++(z)

x,.=~(-1)$kc

(p=l)

where the lks are the same as in 21.7.5.

Asymptotic

Expansion

for

Eigenvalues

=J g Yn+&> (p=2)

[21.4]

21.8.2

A,,= -c2+2c(2v+m+

(J,++(z) and Y,++(z) are Bessel functions, order

n++, of the first and second kind respectively
(see chapter lo).)

1)-2v(v+m+l)
-(m+l>+Amfl

v=f (n-m)

for (n-m)
v=f

even;
(n-m-

1) for (n-m)

odd

21.9.2

R7%(C, s> =E~(c,

21.9.3

R~~(c,I)=R~~((c,~)--iR~~T!,(c,~)

Asymptotic

@=

--2-%q*+

10q2+ 1 -2m2(3q2+

1) +m]

Behavior

8 +W~(c,

of

s>

R$,((c, E) and R~;((c, C)

21.9.4

C,@, t)c 01$ ~0sI@-Hn+W

21.9.5

R%(C,S)---& i sin [~[-+(n+l)~]

SPHEROIDAL

21.10.

Joining

Factors

for

WAVE

Prolate

757

FUNCTIONS

Spheroidal

Wave

Functions

21.10.1

Kg;(c)

(n-m)

even

(n-m)

odd

(n-m)

odd

21.10.2
S~~(c,I)=K~~(C)R~~(C,5)

(The expression for joining factors appropriate to

the oblate case may be obtained from the above
formulas by the transformation
c*-k)

21.11.

Ang.
coord.

Stratton, Morse,
Chu, Little and
CorbaM

Independent
variable

Rsd. coord.

&z(h,

kd(h,

Chu and Stratton

I)

Meixner and
Schilfke

Morse and Feshbath

*=cos

Wave
I

Red. wave
function

Ang. wave
function

Functions
I

1 Eigenvalue

AmzV4

Smz(h,

1= Flammers
Amz= L,,,

&n(C, 7)

e2(c, .9

hn(C>

Smn(c, 0) = F?(O)
&,,,,(c, 0) = R (0)

&!k

R%

fQ(c, 0) = P-+,(O)
S::(c, 0) = E:,,(O)

uzmw

11)

Remarks

O=Pi(l)

.-

I9

Normalisation
of angular
functions

,mzp
;]
ml I

Flammer and this

chapter

Notation

Notation for Prolate Spheroidal

ntZ

(n - 74 even
(n - 74 bdd
(I even)
(I odd)

I= Flammers n - m
&z=
-A,, n-m,

E=cosh /.I

.Page

tl

vzIn(d

~(l-PP~~zmn(U1=1

QZWI

E=l

;:-8m
Notation

Stratton, Morse,
Chu, Little and
CorbaM

Flammer and this

chapter

j S,dig,

for
7d

Oblate

Spheroidal

1 jemz(ic7,

TVa
- ve Functions
A

-3

I
1) =P?(U

$= FkFmers
ml
*n

-E

&d-k

R)I* ( -

ic 2 it)

LA-ic)

S,,( -ic,O) =e(o)

S:,(--ic,

Ass ( - ic, 7))

Rg/ ( - ic,

iE)

B IPSZ

-Meixner and
Schiifke

I
S,z(ig,

O)=P$(O)

(n - m) even
(n - m)odd

-Chu and Stratton

I = Flammers
crzm=Xmn-Ca

PC h, - -8

S(f)
( - i& i+)

,Ss( -ic, 0) =e+z(0)

S$( - ic, 0) = P=;z(O)

W-r?
s

ntZ

Z=Flammers
n--m
- X,, n-,,,

Bz,=

A;(-ya)=X,,(-ic)+cl

-1, UPS% --?)I%

2
=2n+l

--

(I even)
(I odd)

(n+m)!
(n-m)!

r(1--?2)-~2&zGB,
dl,1
=[(l -~P2P;(?)lbl

2 F1,;mers
ml
mn

I= Flammers
azm=XnnfCa

-LeEtner and
Spence
The notation

QZWI

in this chapter closely follows the notation

in 121.41.

SPHEROIDAL

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

759

References
[21.1] M. Abramowitz,
Asymptotic expansion of spheroidal wave functions, J. Math. Phys. 28, 195-199
(1949).
[21.2] G. Blanch, On the computation of Mathieu functions, J. Math. Phys. 25, l-20 (1946).
[21.3] C. J. Bouwkamp,
Theoretische
en numerieke
behandeling
van de buiging
door en ronde
opening, Diss. Groningen,
Groningen-Batavia,
(1941).
[21.4] C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions (Stanford
Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957).
[21.5] A. Leitner and R. D. Spence, The oblate spheroidal
wave functions, J. Franklin Inst. 249, 299-321
(1950).
[21.6] J, Meixner
and F. W. Schafke, Mathieusche
Funktionen
und Sphiiroidfunktionen
(SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, Germany,
1954).

[21.7] P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods

of
theoretical
physics (McGraw-Hill
Book Co.,
Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953).
[21.8] L. Page, The electrical oscillations of a prolate
spheroid, Phys. Rev. 65, 98-117 (1944).
[21.9] J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu and R. A.
Hutner, Elliptic cylinder and spheroidal wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1941).
[21.10] J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, L. J. Chu, J. D. C.
Little,
and F. J. Corbat6, Spheroidal
wave
functions (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1956).

760

SPHEROIDAL
Table 21.1

WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE

AND OBLATE

PROLATE

k(c)--m(mf1)

0:879933
1.127734

1
2.000000
2.593084
3.172127
3.736869
4.287128

2
6.000000
6.533471
7.084258
7.649317
8.225713

3
12.000000
12.514462
13.035830
13.564354
14.100203

4
20.000000
20.508274
21.020137
21.535636
221054829

1.357336
1.571155
1.771183
1.959206
2.136732

4.822809
5.343903
5.850492
6.342739
6.820888

8.810735
9.401958
9.997251
10.594773
11.192938

14.643458
15.194110
15.752059
16.317122
16.889030

22.577779
23.104553
23.635223
24.169860
24.708534

2.305040
2.465217
2.618185
2.764731
2.905523

7.285254
7.736212
8.174189
8.599648
9.013085

11.790394
12.385986
12.978730
13.567791
14.152458

17.467444
18.051962
18.642128
19.237446
19.837389

25.251312
25.798254
26.349411
26.904827
27.464530

3.041137
3.172067
c-t)3

9.415010
9.805943
(-92

14.732130
15.306299
t-32

20.441413
21.048960

28.028539
28.596854

3
5.26224
5.25133
5.25040
5.26046
5.28251

4
7.14921
7.05054
6.96237
6.88638
6.82460

5.31747
5.36610
E:
5:59516

6.77941
6.75360
6.75030
6.77286
6.82451

4.324653
4.381878
4.436798
4.489168
4.539096

5.69566
5.80359
5.91452
6.02383
6.12806

6.90779
7.02356
7;16962
7.33916
7.52035
7.69932
7.86638
8.01951
8.16148
8.29538
8.42315
8.54594
8.66452
8.77945
8.89116
9.00000
$314

G/n

0
0.000000

f
x'K40

32

10
::
::

[ 1

[ 1

[(-;I91

[(-p1

c-%0&1

od::
0:21

0
0.793016
0.802442
0.811763
0.820971
0.830059

1
2.451485
2.477117
2.503218
2.529593
2.556036

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.839025
0.847869
0.856592
0.865200
0.873698

2.582340
2.608310
2.633778
2.658616
2.682743

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.882095
0.890399
0.898617
0.906758
0.914827

2.706127
2.728784
2.750762

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.922830
0.930772
0.938657
0.946487
0.954267

2.813346
2.833316
2.852927
2.872213
2.891203

4.586895
4.632927
4.677506
i%slet;
.

6.22577
6.31730
6.40385
6.48655
6.56618

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

0.961998
0.969683
0.977324
0.984923
0.992481
1.000000
(342

2.909920
2.928382
2.946608
2.964611
2.982404
3.000000

4.804519
4.845033
4.884779
4.923820
4.962212
5.000000
(-$I6

6.64326
6.71812
6.79104
6.86221
6.93182
7.00000
c--y

c-l\n

0.25
0.24

[: 1

%19?1
.

[ (-yJ1

2
3.826574
3.858771
3.895890
EZ
.

[ 1

761

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE

AND OBLATE

Table

21.1

OBLATE

k,,(-ic)-m(mf1)
X04- ic)
G\n
10
f
4

15
16

0
0.000000
-0.348602
-0.729391
-1.144328
-1.594493

1
2.000000
1.393206
0.773097
+0.140119
-0.505243

-2.079934
-2.599668
-3.151841
-3.733981
-4.343292

-1.162477
-1.831050
-2.510421
-3.200049
-3.899400

-4.976895
-5.632021
-6.306116
-6.996903
-7.702385
-8.420841
-9.150793
(y)4

II 1

3
12.000000
11.492120
10.990438
10.494512
10.003863

4
20.000000
19.495276
18.994079
18.496395
18.002228

2:923796
2.578730
2.251269

9.517982
9.036338
8.558395
8.083615
7.611465

17.511597
17.024540
16.541110
16.061382
15.585448

-4.607952
-5.325200
-6.050659
-6.783867
-7.524384

1.938419
1;637277
1.345136
1.059541
0.778305

7.141427
6.673001
6.205705
5.739084
5.272706

15.113424
141645441
14.181652
13;722230
13.267364

-8.271795
-9.025710
c-y

0.499495
0;221407
(-;I3

4.806165
4.339082

12.817261
121372144
6gW

c 1

-I

6.OO;OOO
5.486800
4.996484
4.531027
4.091509

z%~~

[ 1

[:t-y1

[ 1

c-2[Xon( GC)]

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

0
-0.571924
-0.585248
-0.599067
-0.613349
-0.628058

1
-0.564106
-0.579552
-0.595037
-0.610591
-0.626242

2
+0.013837
-0.009136
-0.031481
-0.053477
-0.075480

3
0.271192
0.213225
0.157464
0.103825
0.052196

4
0.77325
0.67822
0.58772
0.50191
0.42099

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.643161
-0.658625
-0.674418
-0.690515
-0.706891

-0.642016
-0.657938
-0.674031
-0.690310
-0.706792

-0.097943
-0.121428
-0.146603
-0.174201
-0.204894

+0.002437
-0.045635
-0.092251
-0.137692
-0.182301

0.34521
0.27490
0.21043
0.15215
0.10020

0.15

-0.723530
-0.740416
-0.757541
-0.774896
-0.792476

-0.723486
-0.740399
-0.757535
-0.774894
-0.792476

-0.239109
-0.276886
-0.317881
-0.361548
-0.407352

-0.226469
-0.270627
-0.315206
-0.360594
-0.407081

0.05428
+0.01332
-0.02476
-0.06337
-0.10723

-0.810279
-0.828301
-0.846539
-0.864992
-0.883657

-0.810279
-0.828301
-0.846539
-0.664992
-0.883657

-0.454896
-0.503937
-0.554337
-0.606021
-0.658931

-0.454839
-0.503928
-0.554337
-0.606021
-0.658931

-0.16065

-0.902532
-0.921616
-0.940906
-0.960402
-0.980100
-1.000000
t-f)6

-0.902532
-0.921616
-0.940906
-0.960402
-0.980100
-1.000000

-0.713025
-0.768262
-0.824608
-0.882031
-0.940503
-1.000000
(-$14

-0.713025
-0.768262
-0.824608
-0.882031
-0.940503
-1.000000
(-S4)3

1:;;;;;

c-L\n

if:;
0:12
0.11
0.10
KG
0:07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

c 1

:g;;;;
-0:37117
-0.45125

-0:71218
-0.80533
-0I90131
-1.00000

c(-y 1

762

SPHEROIDAL

Table

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROL.4TE

21.1

AND OBLATE

PROLATE

x,.(c)-m(?n-t-l)

cz\n
10
s
4

1110
12
13
14
15
16

Xl(C)

1
0.000000
0.195548
0.382655
0.561975
0.734111

2
4.000000
4.424699
4.841718
5.251162
5.653149

3
10.000000
10.467915
10.937881
11.409266
11.881493

4
18.000000
18.481696
18.965685
19.451871
19.940143

28.000000
28.488065
28.977891
29.469456
29.962738

0.899615
1.058995
1.212711
1.361183
1.504795

6.047807
6.435272
6.815691
7.189213
7.555998

12.354034
12.826413
13.298196
13.768997
14.238466

20.430382
20.922458
21.416235
21.911569
22.408312

30.457716
30.954363
31.452653
31.952557
32.454044

1.643895
1.778798
1.909792

7.916206
8.270004
8.617558

9%t:
.

%XE!
.

14.706292
15.172199
15.635940
16.097297
16.556078

22.906311
23.405410
23.905451
24.406277
24.907729

32.957080
33.461629
33.967652
34.475109
34.983956

2.281832
2.399593

9.624450
9.948719

17.012115
17.465260
(-;I4

25.409649
25.911881
t-y3

35.494147
36.005634
(-y

4
6.47797
6.38296
6.29522
6.21556
6.14494

5
9.00140
8.80891
8.62445
8.44916
8.28436

4.279522
4.279366
4.285495
4.297965
4.316672

6.08438
6.03498
5.99788
5.97420
5.96496

8.13163
7.99282
7.87010
7.76598
7.68328

4.341320
4.371397
4.406191
4.444844
4.486445

5.97090
5.99230
6.02874
6.07889
6.14051

7.62508
7.59446
7.59407
7.62539
7.68773

4.530151
4.575277
4.621329
4.667984
4.715031

6.21063
6.28624
6.36482
6.44473
6.52505

7.77728
7.88714
8.00897
8.13579
8.26355

4.762333
4.809790
4.857332
4.904906
4.952472
5.000000

6.60532
6.68528
6.76480
6.84378
6.92219
7.00000
(-;I2

8.39048
8.51592
8.63963
8.76153
8.88164
9.00000
(-?)4

IIc-p1

[1(-$)l1

c-l\n
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

1
0.599898
0.613295
0.627023
0.641073
0.655431

2
2.487179
2.491544
2.497852
2.506130
2.516383

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.670084
0.685014
0.700204
0.715632
0.731281

2.528591
2.542705
2.558644

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.747129
0.763159
0.779353
0.795696
0.812174

2.616135
2.637968

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

0.828776
0.845493

2.733891
2.759305
2.785099

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

0.913352
0.930535
0.947796
0.965129
0.982531
1.000000
c-p4

%%
0:896251

*See page x1.

--2

;*z:192
.

I'%69
2:708934

%%%E
.
2.864224
2.891056
2.918069
2.945243
2.972558
3.000000
c-y

[ 1

[L 1

c-'IX&)-21
3
4.366315
4.338520
4.315609
4.297923
4.285792

1(-;I8
1

[ 1

c 1

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE

AND OBLATE

Table

21.1

OBLATE
x,,(-ic)--77)2(772+1)

c2\n
10
f

xI,~-ic)-2
3

*
*

9.534818
9.073104
8.615640
8.163245

4
18.000000
17.520683
17.043817
16.569461
16.097655

5
28.000000
27.513713
27.029223
26.546548
26.065706

1.758534
1.286300
0.806045
+0.317782
-0.178458

7.716768
7.277072
6.845015
6.421425
6.007074

15.628426
15.161786
14.697727
14.236229
13.777252

25.586715
25.109592
24.634357
24.161031
23.689634

-2.593577
-2.934882
-3.293803
-3.670646
-4.065548

-0.682630
-1.194673
-1.714511
-2.242055
-2.777205

5.602649
5.208724
4.825732
4.453947
4.093464

13.320743
12.866634
12.414640
11.965266
11.517803

23.220190
22.752726
22.287271
21.823856
21.362516

-4.478470
-4.909200
C-$)2

-3.319848
-3.869861

3.744202
3.405903

11.072331
10.628718
c-t)3

20.903290
20.446222
C-2)3

1
0.000000
-0.204695
-0.419293
-0.644596
-0.881446

2
4.000000
mi1
2:678958
2.222747

-1.130712
-1.393280
-1.670028
-1.961809
-2.269420

10.000000

[Ic-y1

[ 1

[(--p1

c-l\n
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

1
-0.306825
-0.318148
-0.330984
-0.345469
-0.361702

2
-0.241866
-0.266693
-0.291340
-0.315894
-0.340450

3
0.21286
0.17062
0.13125
0.09476
0.06107

4
0.66429
0.57759
0.49460
0.41533
0.33974

5
1.2778
1.1420
1.0120
0.8879
0.7697

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.379735
-0.399564
-0.421125
-0.444308
-0.468974

-0.365113
-0.389998
-0.415222
-0.440907
-0.467166

0.03001
+0.00127
-0.02563
-0.05142
-0.07710

0.26779
0.19942
0.13449
0.07282
+0.01411

0.6575
0.5515
0.4520
0.3591
0.2735

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

-0.494976
-0.522180
-0.550474
-0.579775
-0.610027

-0.494104
-0.521805
-0.550335
-0.579732
-0.610016

-0.10406
-0.13412
-0.16924
-0.21076
-0.25868

-0.04205
-0.09625
-0.14929
-0.20210
-0.25572

0.1958
0.1271
0.0680
+0.0183
-0.0250

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

-0.641193
-0.673251
-0.706186
-0.739985
-0.774638

-0.641191
-0.673251
-0.706186
-0.739985
-0.774638

-0.31185
-0.36901
-0.42934
-0.49242
-0.55807

-0.31111
-0.36888
-0.42932
-0.49242
-0.55807

-0.0685
-0.1219
-0.1907
-0.2714
-0.3598

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

-0.810135
-0.846468
-0.883628
-0.921608
-0.960401
-1.000000
c-y

-0.810135
-0.846468
-0.883628
-0.921608
-0.960401
-1.000000

-0.62616
-0.69657
-0.76923
-0.84406
-0.92100

-0.62616
-0.69657
-0.76923
-0.84406
-0.92100
-1.00000
C-l)5

-0.4542
-0.5540
-0.6588
-0.7682
-0.8820
-1.0000
(-72

c 1

*see page II.

c 1

cc-y1

cc-y1

-1.00000

c 1

1 1

II 1

764

SPHEROIDAL

Table

21.1

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALCES-PROLATE

.4ND OBLATE

PROLATE

hi.(c)-m(m+1)
C-+8
10
3

2
0.000000
0.140948
0.278219
0.412006
0.542495

3
6.000000
6.331101
6.657791
6.980147
7.298250

b,(c) -6
4
14.000000
14.402353
14.804100
15.205077
15.605133

0.669857
0.794252
0.915832
1.034738
1.151100

7.612179
7.922016
8.227840
8.529734
8.827778

1.265042
1.376683
1.486122
1.593469
1.698816
1.802252
1.903860

[c-y1

*
*
5
24.000000
24.436145
24.872744
25.309731
25.747043

6
36.000000
36.454889
36.910449
37.366657
37.823486

16.004126
16.401931
16.798429
17.193516
17.587093

26.184612
26.622373
27.060261
27.498208
27.936151

38.280913
38.738910
39.197451
39.656510
40.116059

9.122052
9.412636
9.699610
9.983052
10.263039

17.979073
18.369377
18.757932
19.144675
19.529549

28.374023
28.811761
29.249302
29.686584
30.123544

40.576070
41.036514
41.497364
41.958589
42.420160

10.539650
10.812958
C-t)5

19.912501
20.293486
C-j2

30.560125
30.996267
C-2)6

42.882048
43.344222
C-j)8

c 1

c-Ix,(c) -61

ll 1

[ 1

0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

2
0.475965
0.489447
0.503526
0.518220
0.533551

3
2.703239
2.683149
2.665356
2.650003
2.637236

4
5.073371
4.994116
4.919290
4.849313
4.784640

5
7.74906
7.58138
7.41971
7.26479
7.11743

6
10.8360
10.5536
10.2781
10.0103
9.7512

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

0.549534
0.566185
0.583513
0.601526
0.620224

2.627196
2.620017
2.615819
2.614701
2.616735

4.725757
4.673177
4.627427
4.589031
4.558480

6.97858
6.84931
6.73081
6.62442
6.53155

9.5023
9.2649
9.0409
8.8323
8.6417

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

0.639604
0.659659
0.680376
0.701737
0.723722

2.621954
2.630349
2.641862
2.656384
2.673764

4.536196
4.522485
4.517479
4.521086
4.532956

6.45371
6.39236
6.34878
6.32389
6.31794

8.4718
8.3260
8.2078
8.1208
8.0678

0.10
0.09

0.746308
0.769471
0.793186
0.817429
0.842175

2.693817
2.716339
2.741120
2.767960
2.796673

4.552484
4.578871
4.611219
4.648642
4.690346

6.33030
6.35935
6.40263
6.45738
6.52096

8.0507
8.0688
8.1184
8.1932
8.2864

0.867402
0.893087
0.919209
0.945747
0.972684
1.000000
C-j'9

2.827089
2.859059
2.892449
2.927138
2.963019
3.000000
c-t)4

4.735658
4.784022
4.834980
4.888160
4.943252
5.000000

6.59127
6.66670
6.74607
6.82849
6.91330
7.00000
(332

8.3919
8.5057
8.6249
8.7477
8.8730
9.0000

c-l\n

F%
0:06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

1 1

*See

page

II.

[c-y1

[ 1

765

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

EIGENVALUES-PROLATE

AND

ORLATE

Table

21.1

OBLATE

2
0.000000
-0.144837
-0.293786
-0.447086
-0.604989

X,,(-ic)--m(m+l)
&,a(--id-6
3
4
6.000000
14.000000
5.664409
13;597220
5.324253
13.194206
4.979458
12.791168
4.629951
12.388328

-0.767764
-0.935698
-1.109090
-1.288259
-1.473539

4.275662
3.916525
3.552475
3.183450
2.809393

:i

-1.665278
-1.863838
-2.069595
-2.282933
-2.504245

15
16

-2.733927
-2.972375

G\n
10

2
3
4

10
::

[C-f)1
1

*
*
5
24.000000
23.564371
23.129322
22.694912
22.261201

6
36.000000
35.545806
35.092330
34.639597
34.187627

11.985928
11.584224
11.183489
10.784014
10.386106

21.828245
21.396098
20.964812
20.534436
20.105013

33.736444
33.286069
32.836522
32.387826
31.940000

2.430250
2.045970
1.656508
1.261822
0.861875

9.990084
9.596286
9.205059
8.816762
8.431761

19.676587
19.249195
18.822869
18.397640
17.973532

31.493066
31.047043
30.601952
30.157814
29.714648

0.456635
0.046076
(-p7

8.050424
7.673121
(-:)5

17.550565
17.128753

29.272476
28.831317

[ 1

[ 1 * II(-pl1
~-~[X~,(-ic)-6]

[Ic-y1

c-l\n
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

2
-C.185773
-0.190754
-0.196680
-0.203790
-0.212386

3
+0.002879
-0.030028
-0.062228
-0.093813
-0.124893

4
0.47957
0.41280
0.34933
0.28933
0.23297

5
1.07054
0.95365
0.84167
0.73461
0.63251

6
1.8019
1.6261
1.4577
1.2965
1.1428

0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.16

-0.222841
-0.235596
-0.251126
-0.269873
-0.292149

-0.155607
-0.186120
-0.216631
-0.247375
-0.278624

0.18049
0.13215
0.08816
0.04864
+0.01342

0.53537
0.44322
0.35607
0.27389
0.19662

0.9964
0.8574
0.7260
0.6022
0.4863

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11

-0.318047
-0.347414
-0.379928
-0.415213
-0.452947

-0.310677
-0.343847
-0.378432
-0.414688
-0.452800

-0.01813
-0.04727
-0.07609
-0.10778
-0.14643

0.12409
+0.05600
-0.00822
-0.06954
-0.12937

0.3785
0.2795
0.1901
0.1120
+0.0470

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

-0.492902
-0.534942
-0.578991
-0.625006
-0.672956

-0.492871
-0.534937
-0.578991
-0.625006
-0.672956

-0.19508
-0.25333
-0.31876
-0.38955
-0.46494

-0.18959
-0.25217
-0.31861
-0.38955
-0.46494

-0.0051
-0.0517
-0.1076
-0.1844
-0.2768

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00

-0.722813
-0.774556
-0.828164
-0.883618
-0.940902
-1.000000
C-i)5

-0.722813
-0.774556
-0.828164
-0.883618
-0.940902
,1.000000
C-l2

-0.54456
-0.62821
-0I71571
-0.80691
-0.90171
-1.00000

-0.54456
-0.62821
-0.71571
-0.80691
-0.90171
-1.00000
(536

-0.3791
-0.4895
-0.6073
-0.7319
-0.8629
-1l0000
(-i)3

II 1

*see page II.

IIc-p1

[ 1

[ 1

766

SPHEROIDAL

Table 21.2

ANGULAR

WAVE

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS-PROLATE
PROLATE

AND OBLATE

Smn(c, cos 0)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0.8525
015431
0.2815
0.1312
0.0585

0.8651
015772
0.3242
0.1689
0.0861

0.8847
016320
0.3967
0.2379
0.1419

0.9091
0.7032
0.4980
0.3442
0.2380

0.9354
0.7842
0.6226
0.4885
0.3839

0.9606
0.8654
0.7571
0.6589
0.5742

0.9815
0.9355
0.8805
0.8271
0.7776

0.9952
0.9831
0.9682
0.9530
0.9383

90
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

:
4
5

0.9046
0.6681
0.4034
0.2042
0.0916

0.8936
016665
0.4099
0.2138
0.1001

0.8602
0.6598
0.4273
0.2415
0.1262

0.8035
0.6429
0.4489
0.2833
0.1703

0.7225
0.6081
0.4630
0.3294
0.2279

0.6169
0.5472
0.4543
0.3618
0.2840

0.4878
0.4540
0.4068
0.3566
0.3104

0.3381
0.3270
0.3110
0.2929
0.2752

0.1731
0.1717
0.1695

i
0

OdE
.

:
4
5

1.022
1.064
1.041
0.8730
0.6018

0.9795
1.030
1.023
0.8768
0.6233

0.8553 0.6621
0.9271 0.7579
0.9640 0.8497
LT.8787 0.8513
0.6792 0.7407

0.4198
0.5296
0.6660
0.7549
0.7537

0.1556 -0.0988 -0.3105

0.2602 -0.0192 -0.2668
0.4104 +0.1061 -0.1938
0.5553 0.2512 -0.0998
0.6494 0.3844 +0.0008

0.9892
0.9590
0.9090
0.8197
0.6650

0.9042
0.8864
0.8546
0.7877
0.6560

0.6692
0.6816
0.6957
0.6868
0.6183

0.3400 -0.0045 -0.2816

0.3840 +0.0560 -0.2261
0.4485 0.1501 -0.1364
0.5087 0.2591 -0.0215
0.5245 0.3482 +0.0971

0.1578
0.1194
0.0776
0.0449
0.0239

0.3134
0.2437
0.1654
0.1018
0.0588

0.4643
0.3757
0.2724
0.1832
0.1179

0.6067
0.5149
0.4030
0.2994
0.2162

0.7355
0.6562
0.5546
0.4537
0.3650

0.8450
0.7892
0.7144
0.6353
0.5602

0.9290
0.9000
0.8597
0.8150
0.7698

0.9819
0.9740
0.9627
0.9497
0.9361

0.4788
0.3896
0.2780
0.1762
0.1011

0.9054
0.7509
0.5538
0.3683
0.2254

1.232
1.052
0.8148
0.5813
0.3896

1.417
1.253
1.030
0.7968
0.5906

1.435
1.316
1.149
0.9643
0.7879

1.276
1.212
1.118
1.008
0.8957

0.9562
0.9335
0.8992
0.8575
0.8127

0.5119
0.5088
0.5039
0.4979
0.4911

i
5

0.9928
0.9559
0.8745
0.7393
0.5662

1.745
1.710
1.611
1.418
1.146

2.075
2.092
2.063
1.934
1.691

1.903
1.998
2.097
2.128
2.047

1.280
1.432
1.640
1.841
1.975

0.3775
0.5298
0.7606
1.032
1.299

-0.5521
-0.4541
-0.2972
-0.0951
+0.1319

;
4
5

0.0844
0.0690
0.0500
0.0328
0.0198

0.3295
0.2744
0.2051
0.1405
0.0898

0.7111
0.6092
0.4773
0.3487
0.2414

1.189
1.054
0.8738
0.6876
0.5212

1.710
1.572
1.380
1.171
0.9701

2.211
2.101
1.944
1.764
1.580

0.4222
0.3597
0.2765
0.1934
0.1244

1.570
1.358
1.070
0.7758
0.5226

3.116
2.755
2.255
1.723
1.243

4.596
4.175
3.576
2.909
2.269

5.530
5.170
4.641
4.025
3.395

5.548
5.327
4.994
4.588
4.150

0"

c\e

01

0.8481
0.5315
32 0.2675
0.1194
54 0.0502

011

21

31

2
:
5

111

2
3
54

12

1
2
i
5

13

1
2

21

31
32
:

From C. Flammer,
permission).

Spheroidal

wave functions. Stanford

Univ.

-0.4259
-0.3907
-0.3319
-0.2514
-0.1575

-0.4509
-0.4385
-0.4171
-0.3879
-0.3542

-0.4085 -0.2467
-0.3949 -0.2447
-0.3714 -0.2412
-0.3376 -0.2361
-0.2952 -0.2293

-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
-0.5000
ii
0
00

1.000
1.000
1.000
llOO0
1.000
0
:
0
0

-1.244
-1.214
-1.174
-1.097
-1.017

-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500

2.627
2.566
2.475
2.367
2.251

%3e
2:859
2.827
2.791

3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000
3.000

4.501
4.417
4.286
4.122
3.936

2.522
2.510
2.491
2.466
2.437

Press, Stanford,

Calif., 1957 (with

SPHEROIDAL

ANGULAR

WAVE

FUN4 ZTIONS-PROLATE
OBLATE
&m(-k,

01

:
5

21

21.2

7)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.002
1.008
1.022
1.047
1.083

1.007
1.032
1.089
1.191
1.341

1.016

1.044
1.210
1.617
2.452
3.952

1.064

:*i;:
1:449
1.835

1.028
1.132
1.377
1.854
2.648

1.088
1.434
2.366
4.557
9.211

1.115
1.585
2.923
6.323
14.23

1.147
1.767
3.648
8.837
22.11

1.0
1.183
1.986
4.589
12.42
34.48

0.1001

0.2034
0.2009

i%:

0.4274
0.4065

0.5128

0.6952
0.6222

0.8530
1.035

0.9760
1.243

1.484
1.105

0:1016
K~

0.2079

0.3526
0:3273

0.4664

ii-:::;
0:7681

1.096
0.8398

2.195
1.425

3.105
1.842

4.396
2.378

0.1032

K::;
.

0.3884

FE:
.

0.9804

1.525

3.684

5.741

8.970

-0.4863
-0.4897
-0.4943

2
4'
5

1:;;;;
.

4
5

-0.1477
2f:g
-0:1495
-0.1504

:
4
5

0.9961
0.9994
1.006
1.020
1.041

O 3 3:
111

l 2 2
:

5
131
:
:

-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500

-1.421
-1.431
-1.447
-1.467
-1.486

-0.4450
-0.4585
-0.4766
-0.4966
-0.5234

-0.3757
-0.4052
-0.4448
-0.4891
-0.5495

-0.2779
-0.3277
-0.3952

-0.1507
-0.2231
-0.3223

r:;,'g
.

-0.5977
-0.4356

-0.2810
-0.2839
-0.2885

-0.3855
-0.3947
-0.4097
-0.4306
-0.4589

-0.4466
-0.4668
-0.4998

-0.4491
-0.4839
-0.5421

1;;:::
.

1;:;;;
.

+0.0070
-0.0872
-0.2183
-0.3681
-0.5869

0.1965
+0.0849
-0.0721
-0.2485
-0.5067

0.4197
0.2999
+0.1311
-0.0458
-0.2880

0.6784
0.5660
0.3845
0.2868
0.1892

0.9749
0.8930
0.7958
0.8201
1.132

-0.7489
-0.6270

-0.3768
-0.4275
-0.5140
-0.6432
-0.8356

-0.2130
-0.2757
-0.3841
-0.5540
-0.8080

+0.0600
-0.0015
-0.1091
-0.2765
-0.5447

0.4613
0.4274
0.3711
0.2912
0.1715

1.011
1.051
1.138
1.327
1.723

i%:
i135
1.498
2.242

0.8299
0.9340
1.172
1.708
2.878

0.7506
0.8802
1.188
1.920
3.642

0.6402
0.7864
1.149

0.4731
0.6118
0.9724

0
0
0

2.067
4.400

1.950
4.651

:'E

1.247
1.487

2:200

2.000

3.092
4.786

3.033
5.138

0.9838
0.9973
1;025

0.9628
0.9923
1;05sm

:%i
.

:*:i:
.

0.9316
0.9827
1.093
1.319
1.776

0.5897
0.5950
0.6043
0.6213
0.6400

i%::
.
0.9140
0.9640
1.040

1.113
1.153
1.228
1.349
1.537

1.322
1.398
1.541
I.780
2.165

:-2:
1:837
2.250
2.947

:%I
2:082
2.723
3.868

-0.3165
-0.4427
-0.6502
-0.9148
-1.198

0.2710
+0.1060
-0.1738
-0.5415
-0.9435

0.9015
0.7174
+0.3916
-0.0538
-0.5506

1.501
El
0:5403
0.0161

1.946
1.826
1.572
1.177
0.7471

1.951
1.988
1.834.
1.619
1.439

:
0
0
0

2.291
2.425
2.693

1.970

1.585

0.6041

%F
3:157
4.564

z1"
2:966
4.746

1.131
1.305
:z:

1:615
%E

4:460

3.188

5.877

5.503

t-9'::
8:132
10.07

5.982
6.904
8.515
11.28

4.477
4.990

2.683
3.077

6.008
7.857
11.21

5.408
3.879
8.354

:
0

-1.189

-0.8136
-0.8941

+%;
rg;.

-1.184
-1.024
-1.353

2 2 2
:5

2.972
2.979
2.992
3.013
3.052

2.889

2.748

2.965
2.915

ZE

%4
2:830

x.

3.469
3:111

x.

3.200
4.202

1.486
1.488
:-:2
iso9

4.115
4.180
4.295
4.475
4.738

5.086
5.226
5.482
5.891
6.515

5.704
5.954
6.413
7.166
8.347

3.

Table

011

AND OBLATE

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

C\l

767

FUNCTIONS

1
:
:

2.996
21943
3.073

768

SPHEROIDAL
PROLATE

Table 21.3

RADIAL

WAVE

FUNC!lIONS

FUNCTIONS-FIRST

AND SECOND

R(l)
mn (c t)
wl

C\E 1.005

1.020

1.044

JP)nm (c f E)

1.077

-1 3.249
-1 5.308

-1 3.328
-1 5.311

-1 5.162
5.786
-1 4.125

1: 54'::;
-1 3:137

-1 4.413
-2
4.444
1.833
4.954
3.421

-2 5.373
-1
3.976
4.293
3.509
1.947

-1 1.287
-1 12.323

11
3
4

s
;
:
5.
13

1.005

1.020

1.044

1.077

I II
II II

12

KINDS

II II II II
II1;:-:;:
II
-2
-3 2.378
6.503
-2 4.658

-2 1.322
4.802
-2 9.296

-2 2.012
7.227
-1 1.372
1.960

-2 2.754
9.738
-1 1.798

15 $$::

1: :-:g
.

-1 2.376

1; :-g
.

II II II
-10 -2.077
-4.885
-1.075
-7.294
-6.911

-10 -1.417
-2.874
-7.453
-4.734
-4.585

-10 -1.071
-1.248
-5.480
-3.432
-2.924

-1 3:553
-2
7.089
1.108

-2 6.612
1:
-4
-3
1:372
:3';2"
2,566

From C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957 (with permission).

SPHEROIDAL

OBLATE

RADIAL

WAVE

FUNCTIONS-FIRST

769

FUNCTIONS

AND SECOND

KINDS

Table 21.4

R@)
mn(- GC, a)
nk
0

n
0

0.75

7864
9707
:z:
2189
0356
3758

PROLATE

JOINING

FACTORS-FIRST

KIND

$&)

Table

21.5

From C. Flammer, Spheroidal wave functions. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif.,
1957 (with permission).

22. Orthogonal

Polynomials

URS W. HOCHSTRASSER

Contents

Page

Mathematical
Properties
....................
22.1. Definition
of Orthogonal Polynomials

22.2.
22.3.
22.4.
22.5.
22.6.
22.7.
22.8.
22.9.
22.10.
22.11.
22.12.
22.13.

22.14.
22.15.
22.16.

22.17.

773
773
774
775
777
777
781
782
783
783
784
785
785
785
786
787
787
788
788
788
790
791

..........

Orthogonality
Relations
................
Explicit Expressions ..................
Special Values. ....................
Interrelations
.....................
Differential Equations
.................
Recurrence Relations
.................
Differential Relations
.................
Generating Functions
.................
Integral Representations
...............
Rodrigues Formula.
.................
Sum Formulas ....................
Integrals Involving Orthogonal Polynomials
.......
Inequalities
.....................
Liiit
Relations
...................
Zeros ........................
Orthogonal Polynomials
of a Discrete Variable ......

Numerical

Methods

......................

Use and Extension of the Tables ............

22.19. Least Square Approximations
.............
22.20. Economization
of Series ................

22.18.

References

792
793

..........................

Table 22.1. Coefficients

for the Jacobi Polynomials

.....

Ppfl)(z)

n=0(1)6
22.2. Coefficients for the Ultraspherical
forzinTermsof
C:)(z).
...................
n=0(1)6

Table

Table 22.3. Coefficients

sinTermsof
n=0(1)12

T&r)

for the Chebyshev

.....................

Polynomials

Cj? (5) and

794

Polynomials

Z,(z) and for

795

Table 22.4. Values of the Chebyshev

Polynomials
T,(z) .......
~=..(..)l.
10D
Table 22.5. Coefficients for the Chebyshev Polynomials
U,(z) and for
zin Terms of U,,,(z) ....................
n=0(1)12
......
Table 22.6. Values of-the Chebyshev Polynomials
U,(z)
n=0(1)12, x=.2(.2)1,
10D

795

n=0(1)12,

* Guest Worker, Nationd Bureau of Standards,

ently, Atomic Energy Commission, Switzerland.)

from The American

University.
771

796
796
(Pres-

772

ORTHOGONAL

POLYNOhUALS

Page
Table 22.7. Coefficients
zinTermsof
Cm(z)
n=0(1)12

for the Chebyshev

Polynomials
C,(z) and for
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

797

Table 22.8. Coefficients for the Chebyshev

Polynomials
S,(z) and for
Z* in Terms of S,,,(z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=0(1)12

797

Table 22.9. Coefficients for the Legendre Polynomials

P,(z) and for 9
in Terms of P,(z)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=0(1)12

798

Table 22.10. Coefficients for the Laguerre Polynomials

L,(z) and for 2
in Terms of L,(z)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T&=0(1)12

799

Table 22.11. Values of the Laguerre Polynomials

n=0(1)12,
x=.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, Exact or 10D

L,(s)

. . . . . . .

800

Table 22.12. Coefficients for the Hex-mite Polynomials

H,,(z) and for 2
in Terms of H,(z)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T&=0(1)12

801

Table 22.13. Values of the Hermite Polynomials

H,,(z)
n=0(1)12,
x=.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, Exact or 11s

. . . . . . .

802

22. Orthogonal
Mathematical
22.1.

Definition

of Orthogonal

Polynomials
Properties
where g(x) is a polynomial

Polynomials

A system of polynomialsj,(x),
degree [jn(x)]=n,
is called orthogonal
on the interval
a<x_<b,
with respect to the weight function w(x), if

of SZ.

consists again of orthogonal

The system
polynomials.

in x independent

(1.5
P(

22.1.1
b

w(~>$(~)j&)dx=0

(n#m;n,

m=o, 1,2,. . .)

The weight function w(x)[w(x) >O] determines

the system j*(x) up to a constant factor in each
polynomial.
The specification of these factors is
referred to as standardization.
For suitably
standardized orthogonal polynomials
we set
22.1.2
b w(x)j~(x)dx=h,,
s@

jn(x)=k,x+k:x~-+

. . .

(T&=0,1,2,.

...)

These polynomials satisfy a number of relationThe most

ships of the same general form.
important ones are:
/

Differential

22.1.3

Equation

sz(x>f~+m(x>j~+~nfn=o

where gZ(x), m(x) are independent

constant depending only on n.
Recurrence

/=

of 72 and a,, a

Relation

22.1.4 .fn+=

b,+~b,)j,-d-~

where
22.1.5

I-

Rodrigues

22.1.6

$=Lenw(x)

Formula

dI~(~N9(~~1~

dx,

FIGURE

22.1.
a=1.5,

Jacobi Polynomials
/3=-.5,

Pfi 8)(x) ,

r&=1(1)5.
773

22.2.

Orthogonality

Relations
=

f.(z)

(ame of Polynomia

Standardization

w(z)

Remarks

h.
--

22.2.1

P$@

22.2.2

G.(P,

22.2.3

(2)

q, 4

C(I) = )

Jacobi

-1

Jacobi
Ultraspherical
(Gegenbauer)

0
-1

(l--2)*(1

(1 --2)D-a~a-1

(1--2*)a-t

+q

P$#(l)=

n+an

2n+a+o+1

T&l

Chebyshev of the
first kind

-1

w21-*r(n+2a)
n!(n+a)[r(41*

C(1)
n

(l---z)-1

n+2a-1
n
(

>
bf0)

U(4

Chebyshev of the
second kind

-1

(1 --zqt

22.2.6

cvd4

Chebyshev of the
first kind

-2

22.2.7

S.(z)

Chebyshev of the
second kind

-2

22.2.8

T:(4

Shifted Chebyshev
of the first kind

22.2.9

Shifted Chebyshev
of the second
kind

22.2.10

Legendre
(Spherical)

22.2.11

Shifted Legendre

*See page 11.

T.(l)

n#O

= 1

n=O

22.2.5

U,(l)

=n+

1-q 29 -4

C,(2)=2

l-2

S,(z)=n+

>

4>

(z--z)-+

1
n#O
n=O
1
n#O

Tf(1) = 1

n=O

-1
0

1
1
1

(x-x)b

1)

1)

II>-1,8>-1
P1-q>

(2n+~)r*Ch+~)

a=0

22.2.4

r(n+a+
l)r(n+B+
n!r(n+a+8+

n!r(fl+q)r(n+p)r(n+p-q+l)

k,=l

*+8+1
>

q(1)

=n+

P.(l)=1
1
2n+l

a#0

a>--+

- 1, q>o

*
*

22.2.

Orthogonality

Relations-Continued

Generalized
Laguerre

e-Q?

k =(-1)
n
n!

r(a+n+
n!

co

e-*

k n -C--l)
n!

e-zz

e,=(-1)

&i2nn!

e,=(-1)

&n!

22.2.13

L"(Z)

Laguerre

22.2.14

fin(Z)

Hermite

--m

co

22.2.15

He,(z)

Hermite

--a0

,-?t

1)

a>-1

22.3.

Explicit

Expressions

fw=dmgc.h(z)
--

=
N

f(Z)

d.

22.3.1

P.I @)(2)

22.3.2

P-6)
(J)

lYa+n+
n!lYa+@+n+

22.3.3

&(P, 4, d

r(q+n)
r(p+W

22.3.4

(72 (2)

22.3.5

cy (2)

[I;
[Iz

22.3.6

T.(z)

22.3.7

Un(4

22.3.8

E-.(4

22.3.9

Lb) (2)

22.3.10

H.(z)

[IT

n!

22.3.11

He.64

n
L-15

n!

Bn (4
("lfr")

5
L-1

n
3

[Iz
[I;z
n
n

1)
1)

n
0m

>

r(a+8+n+m+l)
. 2=r(a+m+l)

(x-l)@

1 2n+a+8
.jz (
n

>

r(p+2n-m)
r(q+n-m)

zm-m

P-q>-1,

2" r(a+n)
-arG)
2"
n#O
n

a>-f>

(-),

(3

(-l)n

rb+n-74
m!(n-2m)!

(22) -*-

(-,)m

(n-m-l)!
tn!(n-2m)!

(22) --*m

l)*

--

2n+a+B
n

(z- I)-++

&)

Remarks

k.
5

a>--I,@>-1
a>-1,

(22) n-h

2nd

(n-m)!
t---11* m!(n-2m)!

(2x) n--l*

2"

C---l)-

(;,)

~-*I

(2n) !
2n(n!)*

(--ljm

(n"-';)

(-l)n
n!

a>-1

(2.z)"-+m

2"

ser! 22.11

Z"-*m

(--1)m

,$-

'
m!(n-2m)!
:
(-- llm m!2m(n-2m)!

q>o
a#0

n#O, CA(l)=

(- l)m (n-mI)!
m!(n-2m)!

(,,,,,)

s>--1

776

ORTHOOONAL

POLYNOMIALS
Explicit

Espressione

Involving

f.(cose)=~

m-0

fs(ms@I
a4.0n

-X

Trigonometric

am COB

Function

(n--an@

0,

Remarka

a#0

22.3.12

C
I (CO8
e)

rbSm)r(a+n-m)
mun-m)![Iya)]

22.3.13

P,(cose)

$ (m) (2:r:)

22.3.14

CiO)(c4x3e>=i cosne

22.3.15

T,(cos8)=cos nB
(n+l)e
U,(cos f3)= sin sine

22.3.16

FIQURE 22.2. Jacobi Polyrwmiata P!..@)(x),

a=1(.2)2, 8=-J,
n=5.

-I

FIQURE

22.3.

Jacobi Polynomiala

a=1.5, fl=-.8(.2)0,

n=5.

P>@(x),

FIQURE

22.4.

mid

Gegenbaw (Ultrmpherical)
C$)(x), a=.5, n=2(1)5.

PO&W.+

ORTHOGONAL

POLYNOMIALS

22.4. Z :cial Values

f(Z)

f.(-4

22.4.1

P$m (2)

(-

l)Pp(z)

22.4.2

C
I (2)

(-

l)q(z)

22.4.3

P (2)

a#0

(-

l)C~O(Z)

fvm
n+a *
( n >
n+2a-

fled
;[a--B+(a+Bf2)2]

10, n=2m+

I
n

2az

(- I)d* r(a+n2),
n=2m
r(a) (n/2) !

(-1)1

2
it n#O

f.(O)

9 n=2m#O

2x

IO, n=2m+

22.4.4

T,(z)

(-

l)T.(z)

(-l)m,n=2m
I0, n=2m+ 1

22.4.5

U.(z)

t-

l)nU(z)

n+l

(-1) m,n=%m
10, n=2m+ 1

22.4.6

P (4

(-

l)np(z)

:(-lin

2x

n=2m*

2m
,
( m >

41

.O, n=2m+l
22.4.7

Lp (2)

22.4.8

~I&)

(-

n+a
n

-x+a+ 1

>

cm!
iII (-1) ~8

l)H.(Z)

n=2m

2x

(0, n=2m+l

22.5.

Interrelations

Between

Interrelations
Orthogonal
Same Family

Jacobi

Polynomials

Polynomiab

22.5.1
ppyz>=

r b+a+b+l)

G.

nW+a+B+l)

a+B+l,B+l,T)

22.5.2
Q*(p, *,+n!r(n+p)

~y*--1y22-1)

r(2n+P)

(see [22.21]).
22.5.3
F,(p, q,z)=(-l)n!

=
r(n+n>

P;~-~*Q-(2r-l)

(see [22.13]).
Ultraspherical

22.5.4

c:(z)=lim;
Chebyshev

cp(z)
Polynomiab

22.5.5

L-l.5
FIGURE 22.5. Gegenbauer (Uhasphmhzl)
mials cy(z),
a=.2(.2)1, n=5.

Polynomials

PO&LO22.5.6

T(z)=u(z)--zu-l(4

of the

ORTHOGONAL

778
22.5.7

T(z)=sU.-l(x)-Un-2(~)

22.5.8

T&)=3 [u,(z)-u-2(4l

22.5.9

u.(r)=s.(2it)=u:(~)

POLYNOMIALS

PA--*
-*)(x)=& (F) T,(x)

12.5.23
12.5.24

P!*O)(x)=P,(x)
Ultraspherical

Polynomials

i2.5.25
22.5.10 U.-I(X)=~-~J22.5.11

C,(z)=

22.5.12

7:,(x)=

[z~(z)--*+1(41

2T (;)=2

r(a+Qb!2**
r(a)(2n)!

Pp-,)

(22*-l)

(am

22.5.26

T*, (y)

c(x>=&(z~--s,-*~~~

WO)
12.5.27

22.5.13

s.(x)=u.(;)=u:(q

22.5.14

2*,(s)=2,(22-1)=3

C,,(4z-2)

(a#O)

22.5.28

(see [22.22]).
22.5.15

U~(cc)=5.(4~-2)=U,(2z--)
Cbebyshev

Polynomials

(see [22.22]).
Generalized

Lph)=(-l)m
Hermite

22.5.18

T,.+,(z)=&

zPk-t(2~2--1)

22.5.30

n!fi
U*n()=r(n++)

Polynomials

Ltp(x)=L,(x)

22.5.16
22.5.17

Laguerre

22.5.29

gm [L+mb$l
Polynomials

He,(x)=2-*H,

22.5.31

2!!@T(@=r(n+4j

22.5.32

(n+l)!fi
ua(2)=2r(n+*)

p$ -1, (2&- 1)
pc-t.
z 4) @)
Pi** 1)(x)

z
04

(see [22.201).
22.5.19

H,(~)=2~l*Ele.(xJZ)

(see [22.13], [22.20]).

Interrelations

Between
Difllerent
Jacobi

Orthogonal
Families

Polynomials

of

Polynomials

22.5.20

22.5.21

22.5.22

FUXJRE

22.6.

Chebyshev Polynomials
%=1(l)&

*See page xx.

T*(X),

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

779
Legendre

Polynomials

22.5.35

P.(x)=P$yz)

22.5.36

P, (5) = cy)

(z)

22.5.37
g

[P&)1=1.3

. . . (2m-l)C$!!_+,+)(z)

Generalized

Laguerre

Cm 234

Polynomials

22.5.38

I2
FIWRE

22.7.

Ciieby~hu Polynomials

22.5.39

U,(x),

W(x)

=?&&j

JJ2.+1(da

T&=1(1)5.
Hermite

T.(x)=; CkO)
(2)
U,(x>=C~)(x)

22.5.33
22.5.34

Orthogonal

22.540

as Hypergeometric

fn(x>=@(a,

For each of the listed polynomials

geometric functions.

(-l)2k+1m!zLg2)(z2)

H2,+,(5)=
Functions

(z2)

(see

chapter 15)

6; c; dx))

there are numerous

d

f. (2)

Ha,(z) = (- 1)m2m!L$1/2)

22.5.41

Polynomials

Polynomials

other representations

in terms of hyper-

VW

l.

22.5.42

Py(x)

-n

n+cr+Is+l

r+1

1-Z
-3-

22.5.43

P$8'(2)

-n

-n--o!

-2n--a--8

2
1--2

22.5.44

P$"(x)

--A

--n-B

a+1

x-l
z+i

22.5.45

P'.".@(z)

-n

-n-a

8+1

x+1
z-i

22.5.46

C"'$8(x)

-n

n+2a

a++

l-2
-T

22.5.47

T.(x)

-n

l-2
-3-

22.5.43

U.(x)

n+l

-n

n+2

l-2
2

22.5.49

P,(x)

-n

n+l

l-x
2

22.5.50

P"(X)

-n

--n

-2n

2
1--z

22.5.51

P,(z)

-- n

l-n

i-n

1
2

Un+2a)
n!l-(2a)

22.5.52

Pdx)

n CW!
(- 1) 22qny

22.5.53

%+I(4

(- 1)(2n+ 111
-2qGpZ

-n

n+&

29

-n

n+t

39

780

ORTHOGONAL

Orthogonal

Pojynomials
Functions

as Confluent
(see chapter

Hypergeometric
13)

OLYNOMIALS

22.5.58
H,(x)

22.5.54

L:a(x)=~;a)M(-n,

a+l,

=2*~2ez2/2D,,(JZx)=2n~2ez2/2U

r)
22.5.59

Orthogonal

Polynomials
Functions

as Parabolic
(see chapter
19)

He,(x)-ee2/4D,(x)=e2/4U

Cylinder
Orthogonal

22.5.55
22.5.56

H, (5) =2U

;-;

n, ;, x2
>

cp (2) =
r(a+i>r(2cY+n)
n!Iy242)

22.5.57
* Hzm+l(~)=(--l)~

Functions

22.5.60

H,,(z)=(-l)-@$M(-m,;rzz)

(2m+l)!
m!

Polynomials
as Legendre
(see chapter
8)

2xM(-m,

1
[z (22-q-~

P$q$,

iJ x2)

P(X)

FIGURE 22.9.

FIGURE

22.8.

Legendre Polynomials
n=2(1)5.

P,(x) ,

FIGURE 22.10.

Lagumre Polynomials
n=2(1)5.

Hermite
n=2(1)5.

Polynomials

L,,(x),

H&9
7)

(5)

ORTHOGONAL

22.6.

781

POLYNOMIALS

Differential

Equations

g2(2)y+g1(x)y+go(x)y=o
-__-.--sdz)

91(z)
_-

22.6.1

P$@ (2)

22.6.2

(1 --z)(l

22.6.3

-+I
(1 --z);;-(1

22.6.4

n(nta+P+

1)

l-22

8-a-((2+B+2).r

1-x*

a-P+(a+B-2)x

ID

(,ig+ycos,y++Py (cos
2)

ID

22.6.5

C(
I =)

1-Z

- (2,-l- I)2

22.6.6

(1 -zpc(q

l--22

(2a - 3)x

22.6.7

(,-~*)~+~

22.6.8

(sin r)%$(cos

22.6.9

Tdr)

1-9

-X

n*

22.6.10

T,(cost)

n*

22.6.11

l-22

-3x

n*-

22.6.12

lJ.(z)

l-22

-3x

n(n+2)

22.6.13

Pm(x)

1-Z

-2%

n(n+

1)

22.6.14

4i=3P.(z)

n(n+

1)

22.6.15

L;'(z)

a+1--2

22.6.16

e-rxa2L~Q)(5)

1;

&+I

n+;+1-g

22.6.17

e-z12z(atI)12q4
(r)

___
2n+a+i+1--(r2
2x

22.6.18

,-**/2,+4L,

4n+2a+3-x*+7

22.6.19

H.(z)

-2.z

2n

22.6.20

2
e-yH,(s)

2n+

22.6.21

He.(x)

-X

+z)~P(*~~)(.z)
n

Sz)

8&l
* fy(2)

n x)
Cc,)(x)

x)

T"(Z) ; v,-lb)

(x)

n(n+2a)

l-xl

+(Lxy*

1 -x1

__--

4x2

41
1--a*

782

ORTHOGONAL

POLYNOMIALS

22.7. Recurrence
Recurrence

Relations

al,fn+l(x)=
fn

With

Relations
Respect

Degree

-a4,fn-l(Z)

(aan+aanr)fn(x)

aIn

to the

ah

ah

--

ah

@n+a+Bh

22.7.1

2(n+a)b+i3)
Ghfa+B+2)

22.7.2

Gnh

-[2n(n+p)+q(p-11))

q, 2)

(2n+p-2)4

(2n+p72)3

n(n+r-l)b+p-1)
(n+P-dm+P+l)

@n-!-p-l)

22.7.3

Cl(x)

n+1

W+ff)

n+2n-1

22.7.4

T,(x)

22.7.5

U,(x)

22.7.6

S(X)

22.7.7

cm

22.7.8

T. (4

-2

22.7.9

Kc4

-2

22.7.10

p. (4

n+l

2n+l

22.7.11

p:(x)

n+l

-2n-1

4n+2

22.7.12

L!(x)

n+l

2n+(u+1

-1

n+a

22.7.13

He64

2n

22.7.14

He,(z)
-

Miscellaneous
Jacobi

Recurrence

Relations

Ultraspherical

Polynomials

Polynomials

22.7.21

22.7.15

2~(1--;c2)C~_:(2)=(2a+n--)C~,(2)--n2C~(z)

n+g+i+1)

(l-z)P~++~)(z)
= (n+a+

l)P,a*@

(2) - (n+ l>P&B,

(z)

22.7.22
=(n+2cY)zC~'(z)

22.7.16

-(n+lm%(~)

n+E+-+1 B
(

2 2

22.7.23

(l+z)PpJ+l)(,)

(n+(~)C~~~(2)=(ru-l)[c~:1(5)-C~l(~)]

>

=(n+B+I)P~s)(2>+(n+l)P~~Pi)(~)

22.7.17

Chehyshev

2 T,(z) T&l

(l--)P~+,s)(2)+(1+2)P%8+1(2)=2P~8)(s)

Polynomials

22.7.24

= T?l+m(z) + ~,-I&$

(n>m>

22.7.25

22.7.18

2(sc2-1)um-~(2)un-1(5)=T,+,(s)--T,_,(s)

(2n+cu+B)P~-',8'(2)=(n+(y+B)P~,8'(~)

(n2

22.7.26

-(n+Bv%P(~)

2T,(2)Un-1(2)=Un+,-1(2>+Un-m-*(2)

22.7.19

22.7.27

(2n+a+P)P~,8-"(2)=(n+a!+B)P~,8'(s)
+ (n+cY>PgyJ(az)

22.7.20

Plp,S-l)(,)-P~-l.S)(,)=P~~)(z)

(n>m)

2T,(z)U,-,(s)=U,+,-l(s)--u,-,-*(2)
22.7.28
*See page II.

2T,(z)U,-,(5)=Uz,-l(z)

(n>m)

m>

ORTHOGONAL

General&d

Laguerre

Polynomials

783

POLYNOMIAL&

22.7.31

22.7.29

Lp+yz)=~

Lp+yI)==;
22.7.30

[(z--n)L~(z)+(ar+n)Ljp_,(z)]

22.7.32
Q-')(z)=

L~-')(~)=L,='(z)--L~*(z)
22.8.

[(72+Ly+l)L~)(2)-((12+l)L~,(2)]

Ihfferential

&a

[(nt-l)~~1(2)-(nSl--z)L~'(z)l

Relations

Ql(z)~f.(z)=g*(z)f"(z)+no(z)f"-~(~)
f.

61

B1

go
v

(zn+a+B)(l-z*)

7&-B-

c!=) (2)

1-Z

--Rz

22.8.3

T&)

1-X

-nx

22.8.4

U.(z)

l-9

-7l.l

n+l

22.8.5

PA4

1-Z

-TIX

22.8.6

L!) (2)

- (n+a)

22.8.7

HI&)

2n

22.8.8

He,@)

22.8.1

Pp

22.8.2

(2)

(2n+a+BM
*

2(n+a)b+f9)
n+2a-1

22.9.

Generating

Functions
R= Jl-2zz+z2

f&)

Remarks

g(w)

-22.9.1

P$fl(x)

R-(l--e+R)-(l+e+R)-8

22.9.2

cp (2)

22.9.3

cp (2)

22.9.4

c#y (2)

22.9.5

CI (2)

rb+t)rcb+4

22.9.6

T,(z)

Id<1
bl<l,aZO

NW
2
42

2n

R-h

bl<l,afO

--In R

bl<l

eam*~(;sin*)L-al.-t(asinB)

x=cos 9

(9+1)

--1<2<1

R-(l--ZL+

R)*fi

-l<:<l

T&J

Gn (

J.W

1
n

1-4

22.9.9

l-22
R

-l<x<l

22.9.10

R-1

- l<z<l

22.9.11

42
2n+2
pi ( n+1 >

$ (1--zz+R)-2

22.9.7
22.9.8

>

l4<1
Id<1

In R*

ao= I
-l<z<l
IKl

l4<1
14<1

*see page n.

-l<z<l

Id<1

784

ORTHOGONAL

22.9. Generating

POLYNOMIALS

Functions-Continued

A(4
/I

P*(z)

22.9.13

P(4

1
J

22.9.14

u4

22.b.15

LI) (2)

22.9.16

LA= (4

22.9.17

H,(z)

1
IYnSa+l)
1
ii

22.9.18

Hd4

(-.I)
(2n) !

ez co9 (226)

22.9.19

Han+* (4

C-1)
(2n+ l)!

rl*e* sin (2~4)

22.9.12

Remarks

g@, 4

4
A

-l<z<l

R-1
/J
e* 0 J&e sin 0)

z=cos 6

(l-zz+z)-

-2<2<2

IKl

Id<1
(l--r)-*+
*

exp (5)

M<l

(x~)-t~e~~.(2(xz)*~~l
elZ,-

*
t

22.10. Integral
Representations
Contour Integral
Representationa
2(t, z)ds where C is a closed contour
f&J)

BOW

taken around
gdwz)

Bl (64

22.10.1

(1-x)$1 +2p

21-l
2(2-x)

(1 - E)(l+
2-X

22.10.2

l/z

(1--22~+z)-9-

22.10.3

Tdz)

112

22.10.4

U.(x)

22.10.5

Pm

22.10.6

Pm

1
5

22.10.7

Lyx)
I

e97

22.10.8

L,$qz)

22.10.9

H,(z)

z=a

l/t

z)@

sense
Remarks

f 1 outside C

1 - 2
e(l-2Zz+E)

Both zeros of
1 - 2zr+ aoutside C,
a>0
Both zeros of
I-2zz+z*outaideC

1
2(1-222+r*)

Both zeros of
1 - 22~ + z* outside C

i (l-Ls+e)-~

Both zeros of
1 - 2zc+ ESoutside C

21-l
I-2
e
E-2

-,,

1+;

e-*

?Z!

l/S

- 1
Z-2
Zero outside C

e-
(

1+:

>

Y/z

z= --z outside C

esz*-rl

Miacdaneoue

in the positive

Integral

Representations

(a>O)

ORTHOGONAL

22.10.12

P,(cos

* (cos O+i sin e co9 fp)U#~

e) =-;

s0

785

POLYNOMIALS

22.10~14 ~g)(x)=$

m e-It+;
.s

J,@&)dt

22.10.15

22.10. 13 P,(cos e,d

* sin (n+wJd4
n- s 0 (co9 e-cos +)*

H,(x)=e*

22.11.

The polynomials
this formula.

given in the following

f(Z)

22.11.1

PFp 8) (2)

22.11.2

cp

(-

T&J

22.11.4

Us&)

x*i . .
22.11.7
22.11.8

Pd4
L?(x)
H,(z)
He,(z)

;{;,+I

(-1)2

1/;;

y;;;,

(fi::,%

(1 --z)(l

n!
[I:{

22.12.

Sum

II

Formulas

Christoffel-Darboux

22.13.

d4

+iry

1-Z

(l-@a-t

1-Z

(1 -cl?)-

1-Z

(l-21)

1-Z

1
e-97
p
&2

l-24
2
;

Integrals

Formula

22.12.1

which satisfy

PC4

r(n+2a)
f

polynomials

rcwr(a+n+3)
1)2n!

dt

table are the only orthogonal

1)2%!

(-

srn e-l*t cos (2&-i,)

Formula

a,

(2)

22.11.3

Rodrigues

Involving
nomials

Orthogonal

Poly-

22.13.1

2n (l--y)(l+y)Bp:,8)(y)dy
s
Miscellaneous

Sum

Formulas
Is Given

22.12.2

Q2&~=t[l+u*n(41

22.12.3

g;

22.12.4

Tl
isou2"(4'

(Only
Here.)

Selection

~~lp_~,B+l(~)-(~~x~~+l(l+x~~+lp~~~l~~+l~~~~

22.13.2

~*m+1(4=3U*n-1(5)

=cyp(O)-

l-T*n+2(4

2(1-x*)

22.12.5

22.12.6

a Limited

22.13.3

Tn Mdy
r
JTl (y-x)~=Tu~-l(x)

22.13.4

_cl vT=i%&)dy
-

J-I

(l-2yqy(2!)

=-nTn,xl

(Y--X)

~oLl(x)~~~~(y)=L~+B.(z+y)
22.13.5

(1-x
s

* Pz.(cos @de=&

22.13.6

s0

22.12.8
- . ,
*See page Ii.

22.13.7

)-l/*P.(x)dx=&

-1

r P2,,+,(~0s e) cos

p>

786

ORTHOGONAL

POLYNOMIALS

22.14. Inequalities

22.13.8

22.14.1

( >
;t

Ic?~)(x)I

i
2 maximum

(n+i)fi

lP,(t)dt
S2 q=q-(n+a;Fx
s

-$t

if *<--l

8-a

point nearest

to a+P+l

22.14.2

[T&l

(a>01

la%M

1
+Tn+l(41

22.13.11

22.13.12

IP$e)(z)I

(y>

22.13.10
P,odt=
s -1 &3

(a, /3) 2 -l/2

b+--l,8>-1)

22.13.9

CA>-2)

wag, if q=max

x=O if n=2m;
if n=2m+l

[~n(x)--n+1(91

{ Ia@W>l

(-f<a<o)

x=maximum

point

nearest

zero

22.14.3
~W(cos

zm e-*Lr)(t)dt=e-[L~(X)-L$)P-1(2)]

22.13.13

@1<2-=

(O<(ll<l,

22.14.4

IT&)ll1

22.14.5

dTn
- (4 <n2
I dx I

(-11x11)

22.14.6

IUn(x)l In+1

(-l<z<l)

r(a+p+n+l)Joz (x-t)@-+LP)(t)dt
=r(cu+n+i)r(~))+BLP+B)(2)

(sinne;;(a)

o<e<4

(-15x11)

(A%%>--1, m>w
22.13.14
s0

= Lm(t)Ln(x-t)dt
=

(-l<x<l)

L,+,(t)dt=L,+(x)---L,++l(x)

22.13.15

IPn(4 II 1

22.14.1

S
S0)

22.14.8

e-f2~~(t)dt=~n-l(O>-e-Z2~,-~(x)

dp,(xl
----&-I

1
Ip(n+l)

(-l~s~l)

22.13.16

22.14.9

22.13.17

IPn(x)l 2

z H,(t)dt=

S-m e-f2H2,(tx)dt=fi

(---l<dl)

22.14.10
y

~.o-P~-l(,)P~+l(x)<3~n~l)(-15x11)

(9-l)

22.14.11

me-f2tH2,+l(tx)dt=~
Pm+l)!
mrx(x2~l)m
S-m
/rm

22.13.18

Pn2(x)-PAdPn+1(x~2

22.13.19

2 --iJ 7m4&?

22.14.12

e-tnH,(Xt)dt--~!P,(X)

1 -P,(x)

(2n-l)(n+1)

(-l<x<l)

ILd4 I I fP

(x2 0)

J-m

22.14.13
22.14.14

22.13.20
cos (xt)dt=Ji;2n-n!e+L,
Sme-r2[H,(t)]2
0

1Lp) (x) I 5 LfrTr:.:)

ezj2

620,

x20)

ORTHOGONAL

22.14.15

I&,(z)

15 ez2222nr~!

(x20>
H,,(x) 1<ez212k2f2&!

22.15. Limit

22.15.1

787

22.15.2 fi

22.14.16
22.14.17

POLYNOMIALS

[;

L:) (;)]=r-a/v,(2&

22.15.3 lim W,dEH

4n!
n+m

k= 1.086435

Relations

22.15.4 lim
n-t-

r
In zfi

HI

1
=-&cm

-(-ljnH
4%!

22.15.5

=LP (2)

22.16. Zeros
For tables of the zeros and associated weight factors necessary for the Gaussian-type quadrature
formulas see chapter 25. All the zeros of the orthogonal polynomials are real, simple and located
in the interior of the interval of orthogonality.
Explicit

and

Notations:
xg)mth zero of fn(x) (xj)<xP<
e:)=arccos

Asymptotic

. . . <x?))

~$~+~(o<ejn)<ep<

Formulas

and

Inequalities

j, %, mth positive zero of the Bessel function Jol(x)

. . . -0X4

O<j, l<ja,2<

=
f(Z)
22.16.1

Py)(cos

e)

22.16.2

C(
n x)

22.16.3

Cn (co9 I?)

22.16.4

T&)

22.16.5

U.(x)

22.16.6

P,(cos

Relation

-lim nf$?=j,,,
Ta+-

&>-I,

s>-1)

&pcos2m--1
*
2n

e)

xg)=cos 2% *
n+l
2m-1
2m
-2n+l r<ti<
--2n+lR
1
e(p=- 4m-1
-4m- 1 r+O(n-y
4n+2 +8n
Cot 4n+2

22.16.7

P.(x)

22.16.8

LII (2)

k,=T+q
+()(+)

For error estimates see [22.6].

. - .

788

ORTHOGONAL

22.17.

Orthogonal

Polynomials
Variable

of

POLYNOMIALS

Tw*(xi)

a Discrete

is finite.

The constant

factor which is

In this section some polynomialsf,(x)

are listed
which are orthogonal with respect to the scalar
product

still free in each polynomial when only the orthogonality condition is given is defined here by the
explicit representation
(which corresponds to the
Rodrigues formula)

22.17.1

22.17.2

KJm=~

w*(xtYn(x*)f,(xi>.

The xi are the integers in the interval a<x& b

and 20*(x<) is a positive function
such that
=

Name

--

w*(x)

--

--

--

_-

N-l

Krawtchouk

p-J-=

Charlier

OD

e-au=
x!

Meixner

03

c=r(b+x)
r(b)x!

Hahn

0)

r(b)r(c+z)r(d+z)
s!r(b+x)r(c)r(d)

n!

list of the properties

Use and

Remarks

_-

P, q>o;

(-l)ndann!

x!
(z-n)!

a>0

X!
(x-n)!

b>O, O<c<l

p+q=l

x!r(b+x)
(x-n)!r(b+z-n)

of these polynomials

see [22.5] and [22.17].

Numerical
22.18.

dx, 4

qv!
(x-n)!

For a more complete

l)nn!

(-

and

(3 (n>

l/n!

A[w*(xMx, n)l

where g(x, n)=g(x)g(x-1)

. . . g(x-n+l)
g(x) is a polynomial
in x independent of n.

Chebyshev

fn(x)=--&

Methods
Extension

of the Tables

Evaluation of an orthogonal polynomial for which the coe&ients are given numerically.
Example

Horner

Evaluate

1.

La(1.5) and its first and second derivative

using Table

22.10

and the

scheme.
-

=
I

-36

450

2=1.5

1. 5
1

-51.75

-34.5

1.5

- 2400
597.375

398. 25
1. 5

5400

- 1802.

-49.5

- 2703.

625

- 4320
9375

2696.0625

523. 125

- 1919.

25

720

4044.09375

- 413. 859375

- 275.90625

306. 140625

1165.

21875

L -306.
6=.

733.0

1.5

348. 75

1. 5

-47.

-31.5

- 1279.

25

776. 8125

452. 250

301. 50

500

-827.

- 1240.

250

875

- 464.0625

140625
720
42519 53

889. 3125
L,=889.
3125
6
720
= 1.23515
625
L,,=2
[ - 464.06251
(I
720
=-I.
28906
25

ORTHOGONAL

Evaluation of an orthogonal polynomial

given numerically.
If an isolated value of the orthogonal
expression rewritten
in the form

using

b,, c,,.f(z)

f*(x)

when the coe&ients

is to be computed,

use the proper

(m=n,

n-l,

are listed in the following

=
I

bm

table:

G&

cl,

n+a
(
>
(-n. $?

C
an+1

(-1) kp

T an

C-1)

Z(n--m+l)(n+m-1)

m(2m-

T 2?I+1

(-1)n(2n+1)2

2(n-m+l)(n-tm)

m(2m+ 1)

u In

(-1)

2(n-m+l)(n+m)

m(2m-

1)

u 2fl

(-1)2(n+l)z!

2(n-m+l)(n+m+l)

m(2m+

1)

Pl,

(-1)
-( 4

(n-m+1)(2n+2m-l)

m(2m-

1)

(n-m+1)(2n+-2m+l)

m(2mS

1)

Lbn

n-m+1

m(a+m)

Hzn

2(n-m+

1)

m(2m-

1)

2(n-m+

1)

m@m+

1)

Example
m

i:
%I

-I

(n+l)x

%+I
4

H ail+1

.,&

2n
n >

P a*+1

>

@n+l)&

(-1)

n!

2.

(n-m+l)(a+B+n+m)

2m(a+m)

Z(n-m+l)(a+n+m-1)

m(2m-

1)

P(n-m+l)(a+n+m)

m(2m+

1)
1)

=3.33847, f(2)=-1.

Compute Z~12*3i2)(2). Here de=

8

1
1;:

1. 132353
1::

1.366667 48
78

1.841026 60
55

3.008392 70
36

6.849651 78
21

26.44156 84
10

223. 1091
88

50.87648

207.0649

-___
*5)

Check: Compute @(2.5)

3. 65625

13.08594

by the method of Example 2.

~~*2~32(2)=d~,(2)=(3.33847)(6545.533)=21852.07
Evaluation of orthogonal polynomials by means of their recurrence relations
Example3.
Compute@)(2.5)for
n=2,3,4,5,6.
From Table 22.2 C$)= 1, C?= 1.25 and from 22.7 the recurrence relation is

cq2
n

explicit

. . ., 2, 1, a,(z)=l).

of this chapter

dn(4

pu,
8)

are not

=&(4dx~

-~jCW.Cx)

for the polynomials

fn(4

representation

where

a,-l(x)==l
The d,(x),

the explicit

polynomial
fkd

and generate a,,(r) recursively,

789

POLYNOMIALS

867.7516

6545.

533
90

790

ORTHOGONAL
Change

POLYNOMIALS

of Interval

of Orthogonality

In some applications
it is more convenient
to use polynomials
orthogonal
on the interval [0, 11.
One can obtain the new polynomials from the ones given in this chapter by the substitution
x=2:1.
The coefficients of the new polynomial can be computed from the old by the following recursive scheme,
provided the standardization
is not changed.
If
f:(z)=~~(2z-l)=~~u~zm

f(X) =gowm,
then the n: are given recursively
u~)-~u~-~-u~~,;
(-)=a,/2,
am
u$)=2&,j=O,

7n=n-1,

n-2,

. . ., j; j=O,

m=O, 1, 2, . . ., n
1, 2, . . ., n and u~~,=uZ; m=O,

Example

&

the relations
1, 2, . . ., n

1, 2, . . ., n.

Given Ts(z)=5z-20z3+16z5,

4.

m
j

by the a,,, through

find T:(z).
3

2.5=a;-*)

\
f+

-1
0
1

-16
-64
- 192
-512
- 1280=a;

it

1;:
256
512=a;

-lo=&-
-4
3;:
1120=a;

-1=a;
-4:
-4oo=a;

5L;

Hence, Z,*(z)=512xs-1280x4+1120z3-400x2+50x---1.
22.19. Least

Square

Approximations

D a Continuous

Problem: Given a function j(z) (analytically

or
in form of a table) in a domain D (which may be
a continuous interval or a set of discrete p~ints).~
Approximate
J(Z) by a polynomial F,,(z) of given
degree n such that a weighted sum of the squares
of the errors in lJ is least.
Solution: Let w(z) 20 be the weight function
chosen according to the relative importance
of
the errors in different parts of D. Let j,,,(x) be
orthogonal polynomials in D relative to w(z), i.e.
Cj,,,, j,,) =0 for m #n, where

Example

5.

Find a least square polynomial

J in the interval

degree 5 for j(z)=kx

using the weight

Interval

21x15,

function
1
W(Z)=,&x-2)(5-x)

which stresses the importance

ends of the interval.
Reduction

to interval

[-1,

of the errors

at the

11, t=2q

WMf(4!JW~
if D is a continuous

interval

w(x(t)>2 1

3 Jl-t2

if D is a set of N discrete points x ,,,.

From 22.2, jm(t) = Z,,,(t) and

Then

where

am= (j, jmMj~9 &de

*f(z)
*See

41
v
um=3?r -1 Jl.+Z

1
T,(t)&
t-/-3

2
l -- 1
u=3?, s -, Jiq

t+3

*
haa to be
page

II.

square integrable, see e.g.

(22.17).

of

di!

(m #O>

OR!lHOGONAL

Evaluating

the integrals

numerically

1
1+x

POLYNOMIAL&

we get

+ .013876Tz (F)-

--.235703-.080880Tl

791

.00238OT, rq)

D a Set of Discrete

Points

If x,,,=m(m=O,
1, 2, . . ., N) and w(x)=l,
use the Chebyshev polynomials
in the discrete
such that
range 22.17. It is convenient to introduce here a slightly different standardisation

Recurrence

relation:

jO(x) = 1 ,ji(2) = 1 -g

(n+l>(N-~)j+l(~)=(2~+1)(~--x)j(~)--n(~+~+l)j~-l(x)
in the least square sense the function
Example 6. Approximate
by a third degree polynomial.

2 I f(z) I

z=-

z-

10

fo@)

10
::

.3162
: 2673
2887

0
1

::

: 2357
2500

:1

hcf)
5
1.3579
(f t fn>

.271580

an=(fn,

fit23

j(x) given in the following

fi@)

1,;
-l/1

fz(z)

-1,;
-7);

-1

table

4
$

-1

fl (3

j*m

f2m

2. 5

3.5

10

.09985

.01525

.0031

.039940

.0043571

.000310

j(x)-.27158+.03994(3.5-.25x)+.0043571(23.5-3.5x+.125;Ga)+.00031(266-59.8333x
+4.375x2-.10417x33)
j(x) +.59447-

.043658x+

.00190092-

22.20. lkonomization
Problem:

Given j(x)=

9000322921

of Series

a,x

in the interval

m=O

-11x11

and R>O.

b,,,xmwith N
m=O
as small as possible, such that /y(x)-j(x) I<R.
Solution: Express j(x) in terms of Chebyshev
polynomials
using Table 22.3,

1 Then, since IT,(s)l11(-l<x<l)

-j(x) =m.fo b, T,,, (x)

Findy(x)=g

f(x) =m$obmT,(x)

within the desired accuracy if

I% lbml<R

w-N+1

j(x) is evaluated most conveniently

recurrence relation (see 22.7).

by using the

792

ORTHOGONAL

Example

7.

+jc[4+x4/5+$/6
From

Table

Economize

with

f(z)

= 1 +x/2

+xz/3

POLYNOMIALS

so

R=.05.

22.3

&I=&,

Wo(4+32Tz(41+&

F6~1(~)+11~d~~l

.I(~)=~~~149~e(z)+32~~(~)+3~,(~)1
since

+~[76~~(~)+llT,(z)+~~(~)l

References
Texts
[22.1] Bibliography
on orthogonal polynomials,
Bull. of
the National Research Council No. 103, Washington, D.C. (1940).
[22,2] P. L. Chebyshev, Sur linterpolation.
Oeuvres,
vol. 2, pp. 59-68.
[22.3] R. Courant and D. Hilbert, Methods of mathematical physics, vol. 1, ch. 7 (Interscience
Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1953).
[22.4] G. Doetsch, Die in der Statistik seltener Ereignisse
auftretenden
Charlierschen
Polynome
und
eine damit zusammenhiingende
Differentialdifferenzengleichung,
Math. Ann. 109, 257-266
(1934).
[22.5] A. ErdBlyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
vol. 2, ch. 10 (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1953).
[22.6] L. Gatteschi, Limitazione
degli errori nelle formule
asintotiche per le funzioni speciali, Rend. Sem.
Mat. Univ. Torina 16,83-94 (1956-57).
[22.7] T. L. Geronimus,
Teorla ortogonalnikh
mnogochlenov (Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1950).
[22.8] W. Hahn,
tuber Grthogonalpolynome,
die qDifferenzengleichungen
gentigen, Math. Nachr.
2, 4-34 (1949).
[22.9] St. Kaozmarz
and H. Steinhaus,
Theorie
der
Orthogonalreihen,
ch. 4 (Chelsea Publishing Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1951).
[22.10] M. Krawtchouk,
Sur une g6nt%lisation
des polynomes dHermite,
C.R. Aced. Sci. Paris 187,
620-622
(1929).
[22.11] C. Lanczos, Trigonometric
interpolation
of empirical and analytical functions, J. Math. Phys.
17, 123-199 (1938).
[22.12] C. Lanczos,
Applied
analysis
(Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1956).
[22.13] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger,
Formeln und
Siitze fiir die speziellen Funktionen
der mathemat&hen
Physik, ch. 5, 2d ed. (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Germany, 1948).

[22.14] J.
[22.15]
[22.16]
[22.17]
122.181

Meixner,
Orthogonale
Polynomeysteme
mit
einer besonderen Gestalt der erzeugenden Funktion, J. London Math. Sot. 9, 6-13 (1934).
G. Sansone, Orthogonal
functions,
Pure and
Applied
Mathematics,
vol. IX (Interscience
Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1959).
J. Shohat, ThQrie g&&ale des polynomes orthogonaux de Tchebichef,
MBm. Sot. Math. 66
(Gauthier-Villars,
Paris, France, 1934).
G. Szego, Orthogonal polynomials,
Amer. Math.
Sot. Colloquium Publications 23, rev. ed. (1959).
F. G. Tricomi, Vorlesungen tiber Orthogonalreihen,
chs. 4, 5, 6 (Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany,
1955).
Tables

[22.19] British Association for the Advancement of Science,

Legendre
Polynomials,
Mathematical
Tables,
Part vol. A (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1946). P,(z), 2=0(.01)6,
n=1(1)12,
7-8D.
[22.20] N. R. Jorgensen, Undersbgelser
over frekvensflader og korrelation
(Busck, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1916).
He,(z),
2=0(.01)4,
n=1(1)6,
exact.
[22.21] L. N. Karmazina,
Tablitsy
polinomov
Jacobi
(Izdat. Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, U.S.S.R.,
1954).
C.(p,
q, z), z=O(.Ol)l,
q=.l(.l)l,
p=1.1(.1)3,
n=1(1)5,
7D.
[22.22] National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Chebyshev polynomials
S.(Z) and C,,(r), Applied
Math. Series 9 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office, Washington,
D.C., 1952). 2=0(.001)2,
n=2(1)12,
12D; Coeflicients for T.(Z), U,,(z),
C.(z), S,(z) for n=0(1)12.
[22.23] J. B. Russel, A table of Hermite functions,
J. Math. Phys. 12, 291-297 (1933). eMsaH.(z),
x=0(.04)1(.1)4(.2)7(.5)8,
n=O(l)ll,
5D.
[22.24] N. Wiener,
Extrapolation,
interpolation
and
smoothing of stationary time series (John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1949). L,(Z),
n=0(1)5,
z=0(.01).1(.1)18(.2)20(.5)21(1)26(2)30,
3-5D.

Coeffieients
a.

(z-1)0

p$z* P,

p+ b,
p;a. pl
p+ P,
pia*8)
pia. P,
p& 8)

2
8

4((r+l),

(z-

1)1

Polynom,ials

(x-l)

P$@(z)
(z-

=a;

2 c,,,(zIn=0

1)s

1)

(z-l)'

Table
(x-

1)s

22.1

(z-l)1
E

384

16(a+

1)'

a+!9+2
4(a+@+W(a+%
12(a+8+4(a+%
Wa+8+5)(a+%

3840

32(a+

l)s

wa+k3+6)(a+2)4

46080

64(a+

l)a

48

for the Jacobi

2ta+ 1)

8(a+l),

lQ%a+8+7)b+2)r

4
z:
(a+8+3)r

6(a+8+4Ma+3)
Wa+8+5h(a+%
Wa+8+6Ma+3h
240(a+8+7h(a+3)4
(m).=m(m+l)(m+2)

$
(a+8+4),

lWa+8+7)s(a+4)a

(a+l9+5)4

Wa+8+6Ma+5)
Wa+8+7)da+5h

[(8)s(z-l)~+10(8),(6)(z-l)4+40(8),(5)~(z-l)s+8O(8),(4),(z-l)+80(8)(3)4(z-l1)+32(2)s]

Pf*(z)=&

[9504O(z-1)6+4752OO(z-

1)+6912OO(z-

zi
2

(a+B+Ws
Wa+8+7)s(a+6)

. . . (m+n-1)

F:*(z)=&

1)+864OOO(z-

8(a+8+5Ma+4
4O(a+8+6Ma+4)r

(a+@+716

2
$
z:

1)*+2304OO(z-

1) +23040]

Table

Coefficients

22.2

for the

Ultraspherical
C(z) (z) = a;

b.

-Cc!=)

a,
1

Cl

Ci=)

cp

C$

20

2a

Polynomials

5
c,,,zm and
?I=0

fl=

%a)3

4(&

3(a+

2(a),
-

15

1 15(&

Cp

90

) -15b)a

(a?-)

39

15(a+

(a)=a(a+l)(a+2)

2,

CP
wa+

4(&
-

55s

. * * (a+n-l)

[4(2)#-6(2)~]

-A*=4(2),

Ckyz)

=;

[969-36%)

99s

[3(3)G3(2)
[9G(Z)

+3cp(z)]

I Cp

+ 3cpyz)l

Cp
90

864s

=;

4)

30

W&

c?(z)

I$1

3)

-2%h

1) (a+4)

3fxa+
46x)4

I cc?

1 45(a+2)(a+5)

w34

a9

15&+4)(a+5)

G+ 3
4(a)s

I z I %

3Y

1)

- W4a

Cp

d,&!?(z)

of C~)(Z)

4(d4

6(43

3b)3

for 2 in terms

3a(a+3)

--Q

$,

and

a
2a

b;

39

23

C:(Z)

a9

I Cp

ORTHOGONAL

795

POLYNOMIALS

Table
Coefficients

for the

Chebyshev

Polynomials

T,(x) = 2 c&P
m=O

b.
1
__-------------To 1 1

---------~~~~~~Tl
1 1

Ta
-1
2 1
__-_______-___-~______~_______-3
4 1
Ta

------~~---___~~--1
T4
-8

--------~~~~~~5
-20
TS
--------____--__________-

T8

-1

T7

pp------p----pp
1
TS

18

-7

-------___-~
TO

TIO -1

50

-72

-112

:7
12

35

432
- 1232

22.3

36

495 T,

45

T5
220 Ta

55

---~______

10

256 1

T7
66

11
512 1

-2816
6912

T3

165

2816

792 Ta

120

- 1280

TI

330

- 3584

462

84

128 1

2048
462 T,,

210

28

1120

To

12
1024 1

-6144

Ts

TIO
Tll

2048 1

TIS

Table

22.4

1
z+=~ [10To+15T~1+6T,+ Tel

Polynomials

0.4
+ 1.0000000000
+ 0.4000000000
-0.68000 00000
-0.94400 00000
-0.07520 00000
+0.88384 00000
i-0.78227 20000
-0.25802 24000
-0.98868 99200
-0.53292 95360
+0.56234 62912
+0.98280 65690
+0.22389

126
126

-576

-400

512

56

-256

Chebyshev

I
9

1024

64 1

T&z) = 329 - 48++18z*- 1

4
5
6

256

35

32 1

840

128

16 1

0.2
+ 1.0000000000
+ 0.2000000000
-0.92000 00000
-0.56800 00000
+0.69280 00000
+0.84512 00000
-0.35475 20000
-0.98702 08000
-0.04005 63200
+0.97099 82720
+0.42845 56288
-0.79961 60205
-0.74830 20370

64

160

-------~-~____~-___-11
220
5-11
----___--~~~-~________1
Tl3
-----------~~___-

8 1

- 120

of T,(x)

21

-48

-32

-------______~-~~______

~~~~-~~15

56

for x in terms

m=O

10
10

and

~=b&d,T,(z)

32

3
3

------

------_______--~~___--

16

T,(Z)

89640

T,(X)

0.6
+ 1.0000000000
+ 0.6000000000
- 0.2800000000
-0.93600 00000
-0.84320 00000
-0.67584 00000
+0.75219 20000
$0.97847 04000
+0.42197 24800
-0.47210 34240
-0.98849 65888
-0.71409 24826
+0.13158 56097

0.8
+ 1.0000000000
+0.80000 00000
+0.28000 00000
-0.35200 00000
-0.84320 00000
- 0;9971200000
-0.75219 20000
-0.20638 72000
+0.42197 24800
+0.88154 31680
$0.98849 65888
+0.70005 13741
$0.13158 56097

1.0

1
1
:
1

796

ORTHOGONAL

POLYNOMIALS

Table 22.5
Coefficients

-------

20

xl

for.the

Chebyshev

39

b,

CJO 1

1
__~__-____----_______1
.2

Ul
---__-----------_
ua
-1
-P----P-ua

---~--

Polynomials

a?

27

zs

32

64

128

256

xl0

512

1024

29

2048

4096
132
---

42
28

---

of U,(z)

42

14
9

-----

x9

14

5
3

and for X* in terms

26
-----

16

-4

U,,(s)

132

14

297

48

165

--

U6
1
------~___US
---us
-1
--_____---___--___U7
----__---~___--~
ua
1
-----P-----P---

---ppppp-p
-12
6

-32

-8

-40

32

60

-84

1792

1120

~~-~~____4608

- 5376

275
110
154
44

54

- 2304

10
1024

-5120

11
2048

4096

-~20

23

21

u,(z)

Table 22.6

39

26

27

9=&

=64a+8Od+24&-

Chebyshev

n/x
0
1
:
4
5

0.2

20

[5~o+9ua+5u4+

Polynomials

0.4

X9

28

21

21

U,]

U,, (2)
0.6

0.8

UlO

U11

- 11264

11520

P-----P--

u,

--us

----

u,
U7

____~

9
512

U,
U5

-----

- 1024

- 1792

280

1
256

672

35

ua
Ua

---_

-------

-448

-560

-12

27

1
128

240

75

6
64

-160

-1

20

-192

80

10

Ull
--Y----P-1
Ul2

---_________-80

24

us
-------------

UlO
---__--~

16

Ul

90

-----

CL,

1.0

+ 1.00000
+0.40000
- 0.84600
-0.73600
+0.54560
+0.95424

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1 .ooooo
+0.80000
-0.36000
- 1.08800
-0.51040
$0.67968

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

+ 1.00000
+1.20000
+0.44000
-0.67200
- 1.24640
-0.82368

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

$;.ogo$

go0

+1:56000
+0.89600
-0.12640
- 1.09824

00000
00000
00000
00000

4
5
6

-0.16390
- 1.01980
-0.24401
+0.92219
$0.61289
-0.67703

40000
16000
66400
49440
46176
70970

+ 1.05414
+0.16363
-0.92323
-0.90222
+0.20145
+ 1.06338

40000
52000
58400
38720
67424
92659

+0.25798
+ 1.13326
+ 1.10192
$0.18905
-0.87506
- 1.23913

40000
08000
89600
39520
42176
10131

- 1.63078
- 1.51101
-0.78683
+0.25207
+ 1.19015
+ 1.65217

40000
44GOO
90400
19360
41376
46842

::
12

-0.88370

94564

$0.64925

46703

-0.61189

29981

+ 1.45332

53571

13

3
i
9

UN

ORTHOGONAL

797

POLYNOMIALS

Table
Coefficients

for the

Chebyshev

Polynomials

C,(z) = -&c&P
m=o

C,(z)

and

2= b;;l5

11 11

cz

-2

-------~C3
-----

31

10

22.7

of C,(Z)

d&,(x)

m-0

x8
_---------

Cl

for 2 in terms

20

XO

1
-~~.~~
35
-~~-~

22

126

462

Co

462

126

-~-~-~
56

15

Cl
792

210

c2

-~~~~~

-3

c4

c5*
-___----C6

-4

51

-2
------~-

C3
495

120

cc

-~~~~

11
-___- 11
1

14

330

84

-~~___~~
28

-6

-7

21

-51

c7

--------~CS
--------CO

-___-

-7

36

-~~~~-8
-~~~~~
1

C5

165
45

220

Co

55

c7

--~~~-

-16

20

-8

-----

-30

1 1
--------

27

-9

-______-~~
- 10

10
1

66

cs

11
1

CO

12

Cl0

-____--~___

-11

-~~~~54

Cl1

-12

Cl2

---~~----28

See

page

ii.70

ZO

II.

Table
Coefficients

Chebyshev

1 1
--------~~~~~

Sl

-----

for the

sz

-1

2
1

ss

Polynomials

-2

for 5 in terms

132

28

of L!&,(Z)

42

and

14

3
----_____---~~1

S,,(z)

Sr

90

14

22.8

297

48

Sl

165

53

------___--~~-~-

s4

------------------

-3

S5

S6

----

-1

---------P----P
St

-4

5
1

-5

-4

10

20
6

~-~~~~~1 1

-6

75
27

S5

35

S4

110

7
1

275

154

Sa

44

St

----P-i--------

88
--P------P-----

-10

15

SO

so

-20

-1

-P-P---------

28

35

-8

-35

-6

Sll

21

15

~---

-7

9
1

-9

-56

36

54

698

SO

10
1

~-

-10

11

SIO

Sll

----___--~~~~-

Sl2

--P----P-

x0

-21
2

29

70
23

S&r)
*see

Page

n.

x4

=ti-524+6z*--

-84
25

39

45

---z

28

39=5so+9s*+5s4+ss

____-

39

-11

xl0

1 al

----

2"

Xl2

SIZ

Table

22.9

Coefficients

for the

Legendre

P,(z)

20

x2

a9

39

=a;

Polynomials

P,(z)
x=b,

2
CmX~
m=o

a9

26

and

for

in terms

of P,(X)

5
d,P,(z)
m=o

29

29

20

2'0

2"

2'2

-----~---

---_I-_--PO

an

bm

----~~
Pa
P4

----~PS

---PO

16

P,,

~-

- 1260
315

-63

6930
- 4620

3465

231

15015
- 18018

960
6435

90090
- 90090

225225

218790

46189

2078505

-----

P&)
For

values

of

P,(z),

see chapter

8.

=$

[231ti-3lW+

105z2-51

2432

a+=&

[33Po+llOPa+72P4+16P~]

10752
88179

- 1939938

Ps
PO

256

- 230945

- 1021020

50048

128

- 109395

Ps
p7

2176
12155

133952
10080

128

- 25740

P4

PS

7904

16

- 12012

- 30030

-693

429

PI

220248
23408

832

PO

Pa

15504
2992

16

18018

31654

2160

b.

Pl
208012

4760

88

- 693

52003

16150

182

231

315

35

256
1024

-315

-35

128

256

105

676039

20349

2600

88179

3315

72
63

46189
4199

143

-70

12155

715

28
35

6435

110

-30

429

33

20

15

16

231

27

2
5

-5

63

-3

_______~~____
PO
128
---PlO
---PII
----

35
7

-1

---

---PZ

--P7

111

------PI

---~~~
PO

256

PI0
PI1

676039

1024

Pll

Coefficients

for the

Laguerre

Polynomials

L,(z) =a.-l

&I

-. --

ti

-. --

Lt
L4
4
Lc

24

24

120

120

7m

tm

5040

5040

403m

403m

362360

362880

3628800

36m6oo

39916690

39916mo

479991599

479991590

-. -~
-. -~
__--_-~
-_-~

_---

Ll
-

__~-

LIO
Lll
41
-

__-._-.- --

L7

-. -____
-

._

-. --

-1

-1

_-

-4

-_

-18

_-

-96

__

-600

__

-43m

__

-35230

.-

-32ZMl

.-

-32659m

...-

z(

-m233ooo
--

=&

-4

_1

.-

72

.-

600

._

5400

._

52920

._
._
...-

564460
6531340
31343990
199771#)0

15397om3Llo

-13
18

__
-1

-6

__

-16,

__

-mo

__

-2400

__
__
__...-

2)

_.
__

._

.-

-5743918200

and
cc= 2

5 Gl&m-0

for 5 in terms

of L,(Z)

Table

d,L,(z)

-29400
-378320
-5030320
-7257m

-199771w99
-17663382ooo

-.

__

-_

__

-_

l44I

.-

-96I

1
12001 10600
-1299

-14409

105849
-176400(

1123939
-2257920

13063880~

1 -39431920

183293Q99
I

-435453999

1
I

2m424o99
-5535212ooo

[1p-336ab+45021-24OW+54OW-43202+720]

479901509
-5743918200

__

-105360352ooo

._

__

._

-_

.-

450
I

-36

( 1

7mI

3-l

1123959

39431m~

76!xwm

13441561699

31614105699

__

23710579!Mm

-379359257mcl

__

.-

__

._

_.

._

_.

.-

_.

.-

-.

.-

_.

442597473409
-379359267200
2371057m
-105330352UOLl
31614105699
-5743919200

zl

-21~

-_

__

22.10

m-0

21

_.

__

II

_-

_-

.-

L&c)

21

L,(X)

47cam3cKJ

__LO

__4

__L,

__4

__LC

__-

LS

__-

Ls

__4

__4

-_-

L*

__-

Ll0

__-

41

_.-

Ll

_.-

21

ti=720L,,-4320L,+10800L~-

14400~+108OOL,-432OLs+72OL1

--

800

ORTHOGONAL

Table 22.11

Laguerre

POLYNOMIALS

Polynomials

L,(z)

n/x

0.5

1.0

3.0

0
::

+1.00000 00000
+0.50000 00000
to.12500

+1.00000.00000
-0.50000
0.00000 00000

+1.00000 00000
-2.00000 00000
-0.50000

3
4
5

-0.14583 33333
-0.33072 91667
-0.44557 29167

-0.66666 66667
-0.62500 00000
-0.46666 66667

-0.51833 49653
-0.50414
92237

i
10
11

-0.49836 29984
-0.45291
95204
-0.38937 44141
-0.31390 72988

-0.25694
-0.04047
to.15399
+0.30974
to.41894
$0.48013

12

-0.23164 96389

+0.49621 22235

44444
51905
30556
42681
59325
41791

5.0

10.0

+1.00000 00000
+1.37500 00000
+0.85000 00000

+1.00000
-4.00000
+3.50000
+2.66666
-1.29166
-3.16666

00000
00000
00000
66667
66667
66667

+1.00000
-9.00000
+31.00000
-45.66666
+11.00000
+34.33333

00000
00000
00000
66667
00000
33333

-0.01250
-0.74642
-1.10870
-1.06116
-0.70002
-0.18079

-2.09027
+0.32539
+2.23573
+2.69174
+1.75627
to.10754

77778
68254
90873
38272
61795
36909

-3.44444
-30.90476
-16.30158
+14.79188
f27.98412
+14.53695

44444
19048
73016
71252
69841
68703

00000
85714
53571
07143
23214
95130

+0.34035 46063

-1.44860 42948

-9.90374 64593

Coefficients

for the

Hermite

Polynomials

H,(z) = 5

20

22

39

b,
HQ

-.

-.

-48
120

-_
H6
H7

-_

30240

-_

HlI
Hl2

-13440

1680

-30240

302400

-_

-665280

-665280

-.
2217600

- 7983360

21

2048

4096

332640

22.12

277200
25200

55440

72
I

-9216
-23040

-1774080

3960

110
1024

-56320
1520640

5940

132

-135168

Ha

Ha
HO

1
2048

H,

Hr

90
512

Hs

HS
110880

--

HQ

H3
831600

2520

b,

HI
1995840

1512

256

161280

665280

75600

56

13305600

--

H,o
HlI

4096

HI2

-_
XQ

-403200

-.

30240

10080

-3584

1024
*

840

128

48384

512

3360

___

42
64

13440

-.

20

15120

420

-1344 .

-. --80640

840

-480

-.

XQ

256

30 I
32

-.
3360

180

-.

1680

2. I
16

39

128

-1

-I

-.

--

720
-1680

12

-160

-120

-_

H0 -_
HO
HI0

1% ?
----I

60

-.

120

-12

-.

64

12

41

32

-2

Table

of H,(x)

-___

16

for zn in terms

m~o&Jf&~

26

--

21

-.

H4

11

-.

HI -.
HZ
Ha

x=by

zs

--

and

m=O

c,,,z

H,(z)

2'

2'

a?

zb

26

27

39

29

2'0

2"

2"

H,(z)=642s-480z'+720zs-120

a?=&[120Haf

lSOHri-3OH~+&I

l wr

page

II.

802

ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Table 22.13
4%
1"
i
I!

Hermite
0.5
+ 1.ooooo
t :-g$gj
- 5:ooooo
+ 1.ooooo
(1) +4.10000

1.0
$EE

Polynomials

H,(Z)

3.0

5.0

10.0

++S.OOOOO
1.ooooo 00

(1) 1.00000 00000

'~:~~~~
(1) -2:OOOOo
(0) - 8.00000

(2)
(1) ++3.40000
1.80000 00
(2) +8.76000 00
(3) +3.81600 00

(1)9.80000 00000
(2)9.40000
(3)8.81200 00000
(4)8.06000 00000

(4) + 1.41360
(4) + 3.90240
(4) +3.62400
(5) - 4.06944
(6) -3.09398
(7) - 1.04250

(6) +5.51750 40

t
:

(1)+3.10000
(2) -4.61000
(2) -8.95000
(3) $6.48100

::

(5) +2.25910
(4)
- 1.07029

(2) + 1.84000
(2) +4.64000
(3) - 1.64800
(4) - 1.07200
(3) +8.22400
(5) + 2.30848

12

(5) -6.04031

(5) +2.80768

00
00
00
00
40
24

(5)7.17880
(6)6.21160
(7)5.20656
(8)4.21271
(9)3.27552
(10)2.43298

00000
00000
80000
20000
97600
73600

(11)1.71237 08128

1.00000
(1)2.00000
(2)3.98000
(3)7.88000
(5) 1.55212
(6)3.04120

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

(7)5.92718
(9)1.14894
(10)2.21490
(11)4.24598
(12)8.09327
(14) 1.53373

80000
32000
57680
06240
82098
60295

(15)2.88941 99383

23.

Bernoulli
and Euler PolynomialsRiemann
Zeta Function
EMILIE

V. HAYNSWORTH

l AND KARL

GOLDBERG

Contents
Mathematical
23.1.
23.2.

Properties

. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials and the Euler-Maclaurin

Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Riemann Zeta Function and Other Sums of Reciprocal
Powers. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

References

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page
804
804
807
808

Table

Coe5cients of the Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials

B,(z) and E,,(z), n=0(1)15

. . .

809

Table

Bernoulli and Euler Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B, and E,, n=O, 1, 2(2)60, Exact and B, to 10s

810

Sums of Reciprocal Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

811

Table

23.1.

23.2.

23.3.

n=1(1)42
Table

23.4.

Sums of Positive Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

k% k, n=l(l)lO,
Table

23.5.

9/n!,

m=1(1)100
s=2(1)9,

The authors acknowledge

checking of the tables.

National
ZNational

813

n=1(1)50,

10s . . . . . . . . . . . .

the assistance of Ruth E. Capuano

Bureau of Standards.
Bureau of Standards.

(Presently,

Auburn

in the preparation

818
and

University.)
803

23.

Bernoulli

and

Euler
Polynomials-Riemann
Function
Mathematical

23.1.

Bernoulli

and

Euler

Properties

Polynomials

and

Generating

Bernoulli
23.1.2

B,=&(O)

23.1.3

BO=l,

Bz=;,

the

Euler-Maclaurin

Formula

Functions

and

Euler

Numbers

E,,=2E,

n=o, 1,. . .

B,=-;,

Zeta

E,=l,

B,=-&

n=o, 1,. . .

a = integer

ES=-1,

E,=5

(For occurrence of B, and E, in series expansions of circular functions, see chapter 4.)
Sums

of Powers

k=l

k=l

m,n=l,

Derivatives

23.1.5

B;(z)=nB,-l(s)

23.1.6

B&+1)-B,(z)

m,n=1,2,.

2,. . .
and

Differences

n=l,

n.=l, 2, . . . 1 E:(r)=nEn-l(z)

=m?-

1 E&+1)

n=O,l,...

..

+E&)

2, . . .

n=O, 1,. . .

=2f

Expansions

23.1.7
B.(x+~)=$~

BdG-n

n=o, 1,. . .

E.(z+h)=&

n=O,l,...

Eh)h-

n=O, 1, . . .
Symmetry
23.1.8

B,(l-z)=(-l)B,(z)

23.1.9

(-l)B,(-z)=B,(x)+m-l

E,,(l-x2)=(-l)E,(s)

n=O,l,...

n=o, 1,. . .

(-1)+1E,(-x)=E~(z)-2P

n=o, 1,. . .

Multiplication

Theorem

n=O,l,...

23.1.10

B,(m)=

m-1
mn- go B,

n=O, 1,. . .
m=l,

E,(ms)=m

(-1)E,

(x+i)

n=O, 1,. . .
m=l,

2,. . .
E,(ms)=--

nil

mn m& (-l)kB,+~

3,. . .

(x+f)
n=O,l,.

..

m=2,4,.

..

BERNOULLI

AND

EULER

POLYNOMIALS,

RIEMANN

Integrals

23.1.11

= B,(t)&=
sa

23.1.12

&

805

FUNCTION

En+1b)--ErL+*(a)
SazEn(t)&=
n+l
SE,(wMt)dt

R+1(d--B,+lb)
n+l

1 B,(t)B,(t)dt=(-l)-

ZETA

Bm+,

m,n=l,

2,. . .

=(-1)4(2m+n+z-1)

(my;;2)!

I
(The polynomials

Bm+n+z
m,n=O,

are orthogonal

for m+n

1,. . .

odd.)

Inequalities

23.1.13

IBz,J>lBzn(z)I

n=l,

2,. . .,

l>z>O

4-IE*,I>(-l)~*,(2)>0

n=1,2,.

. .,

a>z>o

. .)

+>2>0

23.1.14
4(2y)!
n=l,

2, . . .)

(1+2~)>(-l)~E2:2.--1(x)>o
n=1,2,.

*>x>o

23.1.15
4+(2n)!
rzn+
1 >wn&&>4::!2,T-)!

(1+31-,-2.)
n=O, 1 , . . .

Fourier

Expansions

23.1.16
B*(x)=-2

m cos (2nkz-irn)
k
zl

&

- sin ((2k+l)nz-$rn)
(2k+l)+
n>l,l>z>O
n=l,

23.1.17
B2n-l(z),(-1)2(2n-1)!
(2*)2-

23.1.18
B2n(x)-(-1)n-2(2n)!
(2n)2

l>z>O

n>o,

l>z>O

n=O,

l>s>O

I
5 sin %rx
k=, ~ k2-

E2n-l(z)=(-1)4(2n-1)!
lrzn

n>l,

l>i>O

n=l,

l>z>O

- cos 2krx
g
k2
n=1,2,.

E2n(z)=(-1)4(2n)!
=2n+1

. .,

5 cos (2k+l)rz
,c=,, (2k+1)2
n=1,2,.
. .,

5 sin (2k+l)ra:
k=,, (2k+1)2n+1
n>o,

l>s>O
_ _

1>210

122>0

n=O, 1>2>0
Special

23.1.19

Bzn+,=O

23.1.20

B,(0)=(-l)nB,,(l)
=B,,

23.1.21

B,(i)=-(l-F)B,,
I.

Values

n=1,2,...

E 2n+1- -0

n=O, 1 ) . . .

n=o,

En(O) = ---E,(l)
=-2(n+l)-1(2+-l)B,+,

n=1,2

n=O,l,

1, . . .

. . . 1 E,(i)

=2-E,

n=O,l,.

,...
. .

806
23.1.22

BERNOULLI

AND

EULER

POLYNOMIALS,

B,(+)=(-l)&,($)

RIEMANN

=-(2n)-1(l-31-2n)(22-1)Bzn

n=1,2,.

23.1.24

FUNCTION

~2n-1W=--E2,-1G)

=-2-n(l-21-jB,-n4-~~~.-l

23.1.23

ZETA

Bz,(f)=&,($)
~-2-(1-3-~)B~,,

n=1,2,.

..

. .

n=O,l,...

&,,(~)=&&j)
=21(1--21-2)(1-31-2)B2,

n=O,l,...
Symbolic

23.1.25

Pvw)

+ 1) -P(%4)

23.1.26

B&?-t

h) = (B(x) + h) *

Herep

Between

P(Jw

=P(4

denotes a polynomial
Relations

Operations

the

n=o,

1, . . .

+ 1) +P(G))

=2p(4

n=o,

a&(x+h)=(E(x~+h)

in z and after expanding we set {B(z)}~=B,(z)

Equivalent

Polynomials

1, . . .

and {E(cc)}=E,,(z).

to this is

23.1.27

IL,(z)=;{ B, (q-Bn
=-z{ B,(z)--2B,

6))
(g)}

23.1.31

n=1,2,.

..

1 2+a
F(t)dt=;
fl z

{ F(x+h) + F(z) }

23.1.28
En-*(z)=2

G)-

(9

(2n-n-1)B,-kB&(s)
n=2,3,...

-&!

23.1.29

Euler-Maclaurin

Let F(z) have

on an interval
m equal parts
some 8, 1 >e>O,
we have

Formulae

its first 2n derivatives continuous

(a, b). Divide the interval into
and let h=(b-u)/m.
Then for
depending on Fc2)(z) on (a, b),

BznF2(x+Bh)

Let &r) =B,(z-[a$.

Formula is

b-hlxza

The Euler Summation

23.1.32

z1 F(a+kh+wh)=k
se

sb F(t)dt
B

23.1.30

-5

l1 fip(u-tt)

{ z1 F(a+kh+th)}dt
p_<2n, 120>0

BERNOULLI

23.2. Riemann

23.2.1
23.2.2

AND

EULER

POLYNOMIALS,

Zeta Function
and Other
of Reciprocal
Powers

r(s)=&

=:

Sums

ZETA

807

FUNCTION

S(O) = - $ In 257

23.2.13

f(-2n)

23.2.14
9s>l

k-

RIEMANN

23.2.15

{(l-2n)=-2

23.2.16

f(2n)=2s

=0

n=l,

2, . . .

n=1,2

,...

B%>l

o-p-)-

n=1,2,...

1Bznl
1

(product over all primes p).

23.2.17
23.2.3

1(2n+l)=-(-1)+1(2?r)2+1
2(2n+l)!

1 B2n+1(z) cot (m)ds

s0
n=1,2,.

* 23.2.4

z-w s$&?dZ

Sums

Powers

The sums referred to are

23.2.5

23.2.18

where

23.2.19

m (In k)

of Reciprocal

..

(In m)+

q(n)=2

b(n) =gl

n=2,3

k-

).. .

n=1,2,.

(-1)L-1k-n=(1-21-)r(n)

..

n+l

gs>0
23.2.6

=2%Y1

x(n)=&

sin (+rs)r(l-s){(l-s)

23.2.7
23.2.8

&?s>l
ODz-1
s o e+l

=(1-2&(s)

n=l,
=exp

(In 2r-1-$7)~
w--l)r(fS+1)

2,. . ., Sits>0
n
p (

1-~

e;

23.2.11
23.2.12

Values

23.2.21
n=l,

(-1)(2k+l)-

These sums can be calculated from the Bernoulli

and Euler polynomials
by means of the last two
formulas for special values of the zeta function
(note that q(l)=111 2), and
23.2.22

f!?(2n+l)=($Jj~~~

n=O, 1, . . .

IE2.1

23.2.23
fl(271)=(-~)+
4(2n-l)!

E2n-l(2)
sO

sec(7rx)dx

B(2) is known as Catalans

other special values are
23.2.24

1
s(z)=1+~+35+

n=l,

constant.
7r2
* * * =x

r(O)=-3
rw

==

2,. * .

P>

product over all zeros p of t(s) with 3?p>O.

The contour C in the fourth formula starts at
infinity on the positive real axis, circles the origin
once in the positive direction excluding the points
f2nir
for n=l,
2, . . ., and returns
to the
starting point.
Therefore l(s) is regular for all
values of s except for a simple pole at s=l with
residue 1.
Special

n=2,3,...

@k+l)=(l--2-){(n)

o(n)=&

dx

23.2.9

23.2.10

23.2.20

23.2.25

7r4
*=cz

2, . . .

Some

BERNOULLI

808
23.2.26
23.2.27
23.2.28

?@I=1 -$+$d4)l

-1+L
24

AND

..

34-

A(2)=1+$+$+

EULER

POLYNOMIALS,

7r2
*=12

71r4
* - * =m

RIEMANN

FUNCTION

23.2.29

x(4)=1+$+$+.

23.2.30

j3(1)=1-;+;-

. . =g
. . . =;

p(3)+&++-

23.2.31

..

ZETA

. . . =g

References
Tables

Texta

[23.1] G. Boole, The calculus of finite differences, 3d ed.

(Hafner Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., 1932).
[23.2] W. E. Briggs and S. Chowla, The power series coefficients of r(s), Amer. Math. hlonthly
62,
323-325
(1955).
[23.3] T. Fort, Finite differences
(Clarendon
Press,
Oxford, England, 1948).
[23.4] C. Jordan, Calculus of finite differences, 2d ed.
(Chelsea Publishing
Co., New York, N.Y.,
1960).
[23.5] K. Knopp, Theory and application
of infinite
series (Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England,
1951).
[23.6] L. M. Milne-Thomson,
Calculus of finite differences
(Macmillan
and Co., Ltd., London, England,
1951).
[23.7] N. E. Norlund,
Vorlesungen
iiber Differenzenrechnung (Edwards Bros., Ann Arbor, Mich.,
1945).
[23.8] C. H. Richardson, An introduction
to the calculus
of finite differences (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1954).
[23.9] J. F. Steffensen, Interpolation
(Chelsea Publishing
Co., New York, N.Y., 1950).
[23.10] E. C. Titchmarsh,
The zeta-function
of Riemann
(Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England,
1930).
[23.11] A. D. Wheelon, A short table of summable series,
Report No. SM-14642,
Douglas Aircraft Co.,
Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. (1953).

[23.12] G. Blanch and R. Siegel, Table of modified

Bernoulli
polynomials,
J. Research NBS 44,
103-107 (1950) RP2060.
[23.13] H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical
functions, vol. II (Principia Press, Bloomington,
Ind., 1935).
[23.14] R. Hensman, Tables of the generalized Riemann
Zeta function, Report No. T2111, Telecommunications Research Establishment,
Ministry
of
Supply, Great Malvern, Worcestershire,
England (1948).
f(s, a), s= - lO(.l)O, a=0(.1)2,
5D; (s-l){(s,
a), s=O(.l)l,
a=0(.1)2,
5D.
[23.15] D. H. Lehmer, On the maxima and minima of
Bernoulli
polynomials,
Amer. Math. Monthly
47,

533-538

(1940).

[23.16] E. 0. Powell, A table of the generalized Riemann

Zeta function in a particular
case, Quart. J.
Mech. Appl. Math. 5, 116-123 (1952). f(& a),
a=1(.01)2(.02)5(.05)10,
10D.

BERNOULLI

COEFFICIENTS

AND

EULER

bk OF THE

POLYNOMIALS,

BERNOULLI
4

RIEMANN

ZETA

POLYNOMIALS

809

FUNCTION

& (+&b&
a

Table

10

&5:

11

12

13

23.1

14

15

&A(Q)

3
1

-3
+

10
11

-.

11

22

n\k

ek OF THE

EULER
4

5-J+

-4

266
7

-y

11

-+2

-b

13-3

0-q
0

POLYNOMIALS
5

-5
0

0
0

COEFFICIENTS

- 11

1001

0
0

-4

-7

--%

9.

15

-4

14

A+

-25

-3

13

-Y

v-'

0 -3

l
"Jp$

En (x)=kcoe&
a

10

11

12

13

14

15

1
-L

1
2

-1

10

12

2073

0
0

0
9

255

21

30

-126

2y

-38227

573:05

0
0

0
O-

-3410

2 26949

62881
0

4943215

7
0

-31031

1.
-9

I
0

-5

&5
4

- 396

7293
0

0 -v

-4

- 231

1683

- +

14

-b3

-9

.5y

14

0
0

0
0

-3

-28

153
-T

-155

691
T

0
0

- a

-4

17

-5

1
0

0
0

-2

-3

11

-f

-+

1
0

15

13

-+
3

12

-3

0
0

8109395

-"

55

1287
2

7293

30032

-1001

-6

1
o-+

91
0

o-7
y

1
"-A+

BERNOULLI

810
Table

AND EULER

POLYNOMIALS,

BERNOULLI

23.2

AND

EULER

RIEMANN

ZETA

FUNCTION

NUMBERS

B,,= NID

Bf&

0) 1.0000 00000

-1

-:

2
6
2

- 1 -5.0000 00000 d
- 1 1.6666 bbb67 1
I - 2 I -3.3333
2.3809 33333
52381: 2.

-:

30

- 2 -3.3333 33333 '(

330
138
2730

b7
234I

-2.7298
-8.6580
-5.2912
1.4255 42424
6.1921
25311 7\
23107
17167
23188

87:
14322
510

I
II

19 1919:
6
t20

-2
15 20097
61082 64391
71849 80708
64491 22051
02691

146
48

-278
5964 51111
33269 57930
59391 21632
10242 35023
77961
-560 94033 68997 81768 62491 27547
-8011649 50572
57181 05241
35489 07964
95734 82124
79249 77525
91853

:x

;46
58

-247929 39292
14996 93132
36348 84862
26753 68541
42141 81238
57396 12691
63229
84483 61334 88800 41862 04677 59940 36021

60

-121 52331 40483 75557 20403 04994 07982 02460 41491

I 10
148I -1.5116
13
11
-1.3711
4.8833 08739
4.2961
6.0158
46431
31577
23190 :p'I
65521

13530
1806
690
282
46410

23 I -1?9296
19
17
16
21
-4.0338
-1.2086
2.1150 30476,~
8.4169
57934 c%
62652
74864;
07185
ii

1::;
870
354

32 -2.8498
26
30
28
24
-5.0387
2.3865 66746
3.6528
7.5008
77648
42750
76930
78101

567 86730

( 34)-2.1399

94926

-,:I:

1385'2

- 50521.!
27>02765 -1
-1993 60981 5
1 93915112145
-240 48796175441 ?

iii

;20
24
26
28

.M - --..----

-44fl5438
93249
79539 28943
02310 bb647
45536 82821:;
89665.
41222
-80 72329,92358
17751193915 87898
02122 34707
06216 82474
96712 53281
590453~C

320
2

38

-234
89580
06033195177 52017 82857
52704,31082
i-----------1 8511 50718 11498 00178 77156 78140
-1036
6227 33519 61211 93979 57304 74518
7 94757
4225
97592
70360
80405
10088 07061

40
42
44

44;

60 -6667
96278

_,-.
50
52
54
56
58

60

11882 37525 'h

-69

-60532

650 61624
-126

-7
9420
22019

54665
32189
25180

99390

64202

64556
53751
---,-- ._.___l_l!

6055
5421

58691
44977

68574
43502

28768
84747

73748
43153

19752
97653

61989 47741.1
50266 84425't
59763 10201 't
95192 738056-1
41076
90444

35.185.
046611

85248 18862 18963 14383 78511 16490 88103 49822 51468 15121~!

86684

b0884

77158

08739
41204

09806
20228

14325
62376

70634
65889

08082
73674

29834

83644

23676

53855

76565:

90583

22720

93888

52599

64600

93949

45581
05945

42122 40024 71169 90586

62187 19903 40923 72874 89255 48234 10611 91825 59406 99649 20041

181089 11496 57923 04965 45807 74165 21586 88733 48734 92363 14106 00809 54542 31325

From H. T. Davis,Tablesof the highermathematicalfunctions,vol. II. PrincipiaPress,Bloomington,

Ind., 1935(with permission).

BERNOULLI

AND

EULER

SUMS

POLYNOMIALS,

OF RECIPROCAL

13

;:

33
332
36
37
3398
4410
42

ZETA

811

FUNCTION

POWERS

Table

23.3

s(w)=&-l)Wc-n
1.64493 406:8 48226 43647

12

RIEMANN

0.82246
0.69314 71805
70334 24113
59945 21824
30942 5* ';;,%

1.20205
1.08232
1.03692
1.01734

69031
32337
77551
30619

59594
11138
43369
84449

28540--yL3) 0.90154
19152
0.94703
92633
0.97211
13971
0.98555

26773
28294
97704
10912

69695
97245
46909
97435

71405
91758 c
30594
10410

1.00834
1.00407
1.00200
1.00099
1.00049
1.00024

92773
73561
83928
45751
41886
60865

81922
97944
26082
27818
04119
53308

82684
33938
21442
08534
46456
04830

0.99259
0.99623
0.99809
0.99903
0.99951
0.99975

38199
30018
42975
95075
71434
76851

22830
52647
41605
98271
98060
43858

28267
89923
33077
56564
75414
19085

1.00012
1.00006
1.00003
1.00001
1.00000
1.00000

27133
12481
05882
52822
76371
38172

47578
35058
36307
59408
97637
93264

48915
70483
02049
65187
89976
99984

0.99987 85427
0.99993 91703
0.99996 95512
0.99998 47642
0.99999 23782
0.919999 61878

63265
45979
13099
14906
92041
69610

11549
71817
23808
10644
01198
11348

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

19082
09539
04769
02384
01192
00596

12716
62033
32986
50502
19925
08189

55394
87280
78781
72773
96531
05126

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

80935
90466
95232
97616
98808
99403

08171
11581
58215
13230
01318
98892

67511
52212
54282
82255
43950
39463

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00298
00149
00074
00037
00018
00009

03503
01554
50711
25334
62659
31327

51465
82837
78984
02479
72351
43242

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99701
99850
99925
99962
99981
99990

98856
99231
49550
74753
37369
68682

96283
99657
48496
40011
41811
28145

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00004
00002
00001
00000
00000
00000

65662
32831
16415
58207
29103
14551

90650
18337
50173
72088
85044
92189

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99995
99997
99998
99999
99999
99999

34340
67169
83584
41792
70896
85448

33145
89595
85805
39905
18953
09143

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

07275
03637
01818
00909
00454
00227

95984
97955
98965
49478
74738
37368

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

92724
96362
98181
99090
99545
99772

04461
02193
01084
50538
25268
62633

t(n+l)=~[ltr(n)]
~(n+l)=~[l+d~~]
From H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher mathematical functions, vol. II.
Principia Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1935 (with permission).
For C-42,

'

812

BERNOULLI

Table

AND

EULER

SUMS

23.3

POLYNOMIALS,

RIEMANN

OF RECIPROCAL

ZETA

FUNCTION

POWERS

81633
55941
61462
45517
78280
52222

97448
77219
59369
41105
77088
18438

310015-O
380
336
064
135

1.01467
1.00452
1.00144

80316 04192 05455

37627 95139 61613"~+&q
70766 40942 12191

.91596
0.96894
0.98894
0.99615
0.99868

1.00047
1.00015
1.00005
1.00001
1.00000
1.00000

15486
51790
13451
70413
56660
18858

52376
25296
83843
63044
51090
48583

55476.-&b?
11930 'Lo
77259
82549
10935
11958

0.99955
0.99984
0.99994
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999

45078
99902
96841
31640
43749
81223

90539
46829
87220
26196
73823
50587

909
657
090
877
699
882

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1~00000
1.00000

06280
02092
00697
00232
00077
00025

55421
40519
24703
37157
44839
81437

80232
21150
12929
37916
45587
55666

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

93735
97910
99303
99767
99922
99974

83771
87248
40842
75950
57782
19086

841
735
624
903
104
745

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00008
00002
00000
00000
00000
00000

60444
86807
95601
31866
10622
03540

11452
69746
16531
77514
20241
72294

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99991
99997
99999
99999
99999
99999

39660
13213
04403
68134
89377
96459

745
274
029
064
965
311

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

01180
00393
00131
00043
00014
00004

23874
41247
13740
71245
57081
85694

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

98819
99606
99868
99956
99985
99995

768
589
863
288
429
143

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00001
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

61898
53966
17989
05996
01999
00666

0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999
0.99999

99999
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

99998
99999
99999
99999
99999
99999

381
460
820
940
980
993

1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00222
00074
00025
00008
00003
00001

0.99999
0.99999

99999 99999 998

99999 99999 999

F-~

BERNOULLI

AhD

EULER

SUMS

m\n
:
3
4
5

!
8
9
10
11

1
1
2
10
15
21
28
36
5455

POLYNOMIALS,

OF

RIEMANN

POSITIVE

POWERS

I
14
30
55

;
1::
225

91
140
204
285
385

441
784
1296
2025
3025

2275
4676
8772
15333
25333

4356
6084
8281
11025
14400

39974
60710
89271
1 27687
1 78312

ZETA

813

FUNCTION

Table

skkn

23.4

k=l

4
1

5
1
33
276
1300
4425

i87
354
979

6:
794
4890
20515

12201
29008
61776
1 20825
2 20825

1
4
9
19

67171
84820
46964
78405
78405

:32
14
15

1::
120

506
650
819
1015
1240

::
18
19
20

136
153
171
190
210

1496
1785
2109
2470
2870

18496
23409
29241
36100
44100

2
3
4
5
7

43848
27369
32345
62666
22666

33
47
66
91
123

47776
67633
57201
33300
33300

472
713
1054
1524
2164

60136
97705
09929
55810
55810

231
253
276
300
325

3311
3795
4324
4900
5525

53361
64009
76176
90000
1 05625

9
11
14
17
21

17147
51403
31244
63020
53645

164
215
280
359
457

17401
71033
07376
70000
35625

3022
4156
5636
7547
9988

21931
01835
37724
40700
81325

351
378
406
435
465

6201
6930
7714
a555
9455

1
1
1
1
2

23201
42884
64836
89225
16225

26
31
37
44
52

10621
42062
56738
63999
73999

576
719
891
1096
1339

17001
65908
76276
87425
87425

13077
16952
21771
27719
35009

97101
17590
07894
31215
31215

496
528
561
595
630

10416
11440
12529
13685
14910

2
2
3
3
3

46016
78784
14721
54025
96900

61
72
84
97
112

97520
46096
32017
68353
68978

1626
1961
2353
2807
3332

16576
71008
06401
41825
63700

43884
54621
67536
82984
1 01367

34896
76720
44689
49105
14730

666
703
741
2 780
820

16206
17575
19019
20540
22140

4
4
5
6
6

43556
94209
49081
08400
72400

129
148
169
192
217

48594
22755
07891
21332
81332

3937
4630
5423
6325
7349

29876
73833
09001
33200
33200

1
1
1
2
2

23134
48792
78901
14089
55049

97066
23475
59859
03620
03620

861
903
946
990
1035

23821
25585
27434
29370
31395

7
8
8
9
10

41321
15409
94916
80100
71225

246
277
311
348
389

07093
18789
37590
85686
86311

8507
9814
11284
12934
14779

89401
80633
89076
05300
33425

3
5
4
4
5

02550
57440
20654
93217
76254

07861
39605
02654
16510
82135

63767
43448
51864
16665
66665
functions,

16838
19132
21680
24505
27630
vol. II.

96401
41408
45376
20625
20625
Principia

3:
E43
25
2276
28
3;
31
33;
;z
z;
38
2
::
43
44
45

!ii

1081
33511
11 68561
434
1128
35720
t;
12 72384
483
48
1176
38024
536
1225
40425
49
:: EE
594
50
1275
42925
16 25625
656
From H. T. Davis, Tables of the higher maihematical
Ind., 1935 (with permission).

3
6
10
15
22

81876
30708
02001
39825
99200

37
67
115
190
304

49966
35950
62759
92295
82920

6 70997 79031
7 78789 94360
9 01095 84824
10 39508 72025
11 95758 72025
Press, Bloomington,

BERNOULLI

814
Table

23.4

AND EULER POLYNOMIALS,

SUMS

OF

POSITIVE

RIEMANN

POWERS

ZETA FUNCTION

&kw

1
1326
1378
1431
1485
1540

2
45526
48230
51039
53955
56980

17
18
20
22
23

3
58276
98884
47761
05225
71600

724
797
876
961
1052

4
31866
43482
33963
37019
87644

31080
34882
39064
43656
48688

45876
49908
45401
10425
94800

13
15
17
20
23

6
71721
69427
91071
39020
15826

59826
69490
30619
41915
82540

1596
1653
1711
1770
1830

60116
63365
66729
70210
73810

25
27
29
31
33

47216
32409
27521
32900
48900

1151
1256
1369
1491
1620

22140
78141
94637
11998
71998

54196
60213
66776
73925
81701

26576
18633
75401
99700
99700

26
29
33
37
42

24236
67201
47888
69693
36253

61996
09245
01789
35430
35430

1891
1953
2016
2080
2145

77531
81375
85344
89440
93665

35
38
40
43
46

75881
14209
64256
26400
01025

1759
1906
2064
2232
2410

17839
94175
47136
24352
74977

90147
99309
1 09233
1 19971
1 31573

96001
28833
65376
07200
97825

47
53
59
66
73

51457
19459
44694
31889
86078

09791
45375
47584
24320
14945

2211
2278
2346
2415
2485

1
1
1
1

98021
02510
07134
11895
16795

48
51
55
58
61

88521
89284
03716
32225
75225

2600
2802
3015
3242
3482

49713
00834
82210
49331
59331

1
1
1
1
2

44097
57598
72137
87778
04585

30401
55508
89076
20425
20425

82
91
101
111
123

12617
17201
05876
85057
61547

64961
47130
29754
92835
92835

2556
2628
2701
2775
2850

1
1
1
1
1

21836
27020
32349
37825
43450

65
69
72
77
81

33136
06384
95401
00625
22500

3736
4005
4289
4589
4905

71012
44868
43109
29685
70310

2
2
2
2
3

22627
41976
62707
84897
08627

49776
67408
39001
45625
92500

136
150
165
181
199

42550
35691
49033
91098
70883

76756
46260
72549
62725
78350

2926
3003
3081
3160
3240

1
1
1
1
1

49226
55155
61239
67480
73880

85
90
94
99
104

61476
18009
92561
85600
97600

5239
5590
5961
6350
6760

32486
85527
00583
50664
10664

3
3
3
4
4

33983
61051
89922
20693
53461

17876
02033
76401
32800
32800

218
239
262
286
312

97883
82106
34102
64977
86417

06926
87015
87719
43240
43240

3321
3403
3486
3570
3655

1
1
1
2
2

80441
87165
94054
01110
08335

110
115
121
127
133

29041
80409
52196
44900
59025

7190
7642
8117
8615
9137

57385
69561
27882
15018
15643

4
5
5
6
6

88329
25403
64793
06614
50985

17201
15633
56276
75700
28825

341
371
404
439
477

10712
50779
20183
33163
04658

79721
51145
24514
56130
71755

3741
3828
3916
4005
4095

2
2
2
2
2

15731
23300
31044
38965
47065

139
146
153
160
167

95081
53584
35056
40025
69025

9684
10257
10856
11484
12140

16459
06220
75756
17997
27997

6
7
8
8
9

98027
47870
00643
56483
15532

99001
08208
27376
86825
86825

517
560
607
657
710

50331
86593
30633
00446
14856

06891
07900
94684
85645
85645

4186
4278
4371
4465
4560

2
2
2
2
2

55346
63810
72459
81295
90320

175
183
191
199
207

22596
01284
05641
36225
93600

12826
13542
14290
15071
15885

02958
42254
47455
22351
72976

9
10
11
11
12

77936
43844
13413
86803
64181

08276
23508
07201
47425
56800

766
827
892
961
1034

93549
57099
27001
25699
76617

37686
39030
22479
03535
94160

4656
4753
4851
4950
5050

2
3
3
3
3

99536
08945
18549
28350
38350

216
225
235
245
255

78336
91009
32201
02500
02500

16735
17620
18542
19503
20503

07632
36913
73729
33330
33330

13
14
15
16
17

45718
31592
21984
17083
17083

83776
24033
32001
32500
32500

1113
1196
1284
1379
1479

04195
33915
92339
07141
07141

83856
88785
69649
19050
19050

BERNOULLI

AND EULER POLYNOMIALS,

SUMS

OF POSITIVE

RIEMANN
POWERS

$,kn

Table

815

ZETA FUNCTION
23.4
9

1
129
2316
18700
96825

25:
6818
72354
4 62979

76761
00304
97456
80425
80425

21 42595
79 07396
246 84612
677 31333
1677 31333

123 13161
526 66768
1868 84496
5743 04985
15743 04985

375 67596
733 99404
1361 47921
2415 61425
4124 20800

3820 90214
8120 71910
16278 02631
31035 91687
56664 82312

39322 52676
90920 33028
1 96965 32401
4 03575 79185
7 88009 38560

3
12
32
80
180

5113
20196
2 82340
22 35465

6808 56256
10911 94929
17034 14961
25972 86700
38772 86700

1
2
4
7

99614 49608
69372 07049
79571 67625
49407 30666
05407 30666

14 75204 15296
26 61082 91793
46 44675 82161
78 71552 79940
129 91552 79940

56783 75241
81727 33129
1 15775 58576
1 61640 30000
2 22675 45625

10
16
24
35
50

83635 90027
32394 63563
15504 48844
16257 63020
42136 53645

209 34353 26521

330 07045 44313
510 18572 05776
774 36647 46000
1155 83620 11625

3
4
5
7
9

02993 55801
07597 09004
42526 37516
15025 13825
33725 13825

71 30407 18221
99 54702 54702
137 32722 53038
187 35186 65999
252 96186 65999

1698 78656 90601

2461 34631 75588
3519 19191 28996
4969 90651 04865
6938 20651 04865

12
15
19
25
31

08851 27936
52448 66304
78633 09281
03866 59425
47259 56300

338 25097 03440

448 20213 31216
588 84299 49457
767 42238 54353
992 60992 44978

9582 16872 65536

13100 60593 54368
17741 75437 56321
23813 45365 22785
31695 01751 94660

39
48
60
73
90

30901 20396
80219 97529
24375 80121
96685 86800
35085 86800

1274 72091 52434

1625 96886 06355
2060 74807 44851
2595 94900 05332
3251 30900 05332

41851 01318 63076

54847 18716 58153
71368 79729 21001
92241 63340 79760
1 18456 03340 79760

109 82628 60681

132 88021 93929
160 06208 05036
191 98986 14700
229 35680 67825

4049 80152 34453

5018 06672 30869
6186 88675 08470
7591 70911 33686
9273 22165 24311

1
1
2
3
3

51194 22684 73721

91861 36523 23193
42120 62642 60036
03932 81037 69540
79600 87463 47665

272 93857 25041

323 60088 45504
382 30771 87776
450 13002 60625
528 25502 60625

11277 98287 56247

13659 11154 18008
16477 03958 47064
19800 33264 16665
23706 58264 16665

4
5
7
8
10

71819 89090 16721

83732 93821 19488
18993 48427 14176
81834 84406 24625
77147 34406 24625

816

BERNOULLI

Table

POLYNOMIALS,

OF

POSITIVE

:23
2:

66
67
is
70
71
72
zi
75

81
E
88:

z:
93
94
95
1
1
1
1

RIEMANN

POWERS

ZETA

FUNCTION

&kn

617
720
838
972
1124

99609
80326
27437
16689
41042

38476
41004
80841
90825
25200

28283
33629
34855
47085
55458

8
37709
34995
31899
51512
90891

87066
18522
29883
69019
59644

13
15
19
23
27

10563
88554
18530
08961
69498

86137
44973
80891
40014
05854

15076
50788
52921
66265
50640

1297
1492
1713
1962
2242

11990
60965
40807
27322
20922

74736
67929
35481
20300
20300

65130
76273
89079
1 03762
1 20559

64007
55578
86395
90771
06771

33660
45661
63677
67998
67998

33
39
46
55
65

11115
46261
89027
55326
63096

00335
19889
07286
65472
25472

95536
79593
24521
79460
79460

2556
2908
3302
3742
4232

48350
64496
54303
34768
57047

56321
62529
01696
12800
03425

1
1
1
2
2

39729
61563
86379
14526
46391

79901
80957
38760
88527
36656

65279
50175
17696
28352
18977

77
63
106
124
145

32510
86219
49600
51040
22232

86401
51863
93432
78527
06906

13601
77151
30976
12960
03585

4778
5384
6056
6801
7624

08654
15770
45658
09190
63490

04481
09804
28236
80825
80825

2
3
3
4
4

82395
23002
68718
20098
77746

42718
19494
51890
35635
36635

88673
45314
98690
27331
27331

168
196
227
262
303

98500
19153
27863
73072
08433

07044
51006
53971
32327
02327

03521
98468
28036
04265
04265

8534
9537
10641
11857
13191

14692
20822
94807
07610
91497

39216
43504
62601
35625
07500

5
6
6
7
8

42321
14542
95188
85107
85220

71947
13310
14229
61631
53135

73092
81828
75909
79685
70310

348
400
459
526
601

93283
93152
80311
34352
42821

09511
87653
54736
62487
25280

53296
82288
50201
29625
26500

14656
16261
18017
19938
22035

43442
28675
84364
23453
38653

79276
46129
01041
87200
87200

9
11
12
14
15

96524
20097
57109
08819
76592

01010
63925
07632
95731
11731

25286
72967
56103
62664
62664

686
781
888
1007
1142

01885
17055
03947
89106
10879

63746
08237
17370
77196
57196

04676
76113
60721
79040
79040

24323
26815
29529
32480
35686

06578
92048
52558
42905
19993

42161
98929
88556
44300
72425

17
19
21
24
27

61894
66308
91537
39413
11903

13620
22206
44528
33638
86142

14505
69481
08522
91018
81643

1292
1459
1646
1854
2086

20343
82298
76323
97898
59593

10166
14263
66939
52248
15080

78161
86193
26596
56260
59385

39165
42938
47024
51447
56230

47815
02610
78207
91556
88456

94121
81904
18896
14425
14425

30
33
36
40
45

11121
39333
98967
92626
23094

78853
46007
98488
86545
07545

47499
84620
39916
41997
41997

2343
2629
2945
3296
3683

92334
46750
94588
30228
72277

88197
30627
48916
85991
75991

23001
52528
18576
03785
03785

61398
66976
72993
79478
86462

49475
96076
96947
74541
11837

50156
73804
34561
53825
63200

49
55
60
66
73

93346
06565
66147
75716
39136

60306
47620
28587
22441
65570

93518
69134
19535
30351
20976

4111
4583
5104
5677
6307

65257
81394
22502
21982
46923

77288
10154
40039
62325
59571

92196
48868
36161
52865
62240

93976
02056
10737
20058
30058

59315
42160
67693
33041
33041

74016
52129
76801
67500
67500

80
88
96
106
116

60526
44269
95032
17777
17777

23468
59412
61670
31113
31113

59312
36273
54129
33330
33330

7000
7760
8593
9507
10507

00323
23429
98205
49930
49930

17816
04362
25663
00499
00499

42496
07713
57601
98500
98500

51

z78
99
100

EULER

SUMS

23.4

m\n

96

AND

BERNOULLI

Ah-D

EULER

POLYNOMIALS,

SUMS

OF

POSITIVE

RIEMANN

POWERS

ZETA

817

FUNCTION

skkn

Table

23.4

k=l

613
757
932
1143
1396

10
38941 75112
94452 34603
83199 38258
66451 30907
95967 52098

62626
19650
32699
53275
93900

40451
15700
57524
41925
41925

:76
58

1700
2062
2493
3004
3608

26516
29849
10270
21945
88121

43060
57628
26623
59629
59629

08076
99325
05149
46550
46550

4322
5161
6146
7299
8645

22412
52349
45378
37528
64962

76258
34941
53759
99828
44456

29151
69375
60224
07200
97825

10213
12036
14150
16596
19421

98650
82430
74713
94119
69368

53564
99082
00654
07202
07202

93601
55050
65674
25475
25475

93723
84347
46930
45970
81117

17301
43545
40581
14140
23612

06676
94100
51749
29125
94750

1
1025
60074
11 08650
108 74275
713
3538
14275
49143
1 49143

m\n
51
52
53
54
55

10

59
60

4
10
24
52
110

08517
27691
06276
98822
65326

66526
30750
22599
77575
68200

61

220
422
779
1392
2416

60442
20381
25054
35716
35716

95976
96425
23049
80850
80850

66

4084
6740
10882
17223
26760

34526
33754
98866
32676
06992

59051
50475
64124
29500
70125

71
77:
7754

22676
26420
30718
35642
41273

40876
61465
91085
1 33156
1 92205

77949
89270
56937
29270
29270

23501
18150
13574
13775
13775

:76
78
79
80

47702
55029
63365
72833
83570

70010
38057
15640
43249
85073

47012
72874
85236
11504
11504

36126
36775
36199
83400
83400

1
1
1
1

95728
09473
24989
42479
62166

51619
31932
36051
48338
92382

02074
38034
10093
76074
16796

12201
70825
24274
16050
81675

1
2
2
2
3

84297
09139
36989
68171
03039

08171
42312
52073
24066
08467

04827
96263
05665
05327
05327

52651
21500
33724
17325
17325

3
3
4
4
5

41980
85419
33817
87679
47552

69648
54190
77262
28403
97795

23434
47066
26359
21259
59638

62726
76550
94799
64975
55600

6
6
7
8
9

14036
87778
69485
59924
59924

24155
65424
93493
14243
14243

51139
46067
33614
42419
42419

60176
86225
75249
24250
24250

2
3
5
7
10

74168
86758
39916
46353
22208

12139
11208
01061
78601
52136

94576
37200
01649
61425
77050

13
18
24
33
43

87824
68682
96503
10544
59120

36537
80261
98741
59593
59593

40026
57875
46099
37700
37700

57
74
95
122
156

01386
09406
70554
90290
95353

52694
33911
57044
66428
55588

90101
67925
52174
70350
85975

199
251
316
396
494

37428
97341
89847
69074
34699

30416
52774
73860
36836
36836

62551
92600
37624
49625
49625

64
65

2;
69
70

81
82
2
85

91
92

818 *

BERNOULLI

Table

AND

EULER

POLYNOMIALS,

23.5

RIEMANN

FUNCTION

x%/n!

n\x

ZETA

0)4.0000
o)a.oooo
1.0666
1.0666

:
:
5

5
00000
00000
66667
66667

0 5.0000 00000
11 1.2500 00000
2.0833 33333

;
a
9
10
11
12
13

- 5)5.1306

71797

0 1.2232
1 5.0968
1 1.9603
2 7.0011
2 I 2.3337

47480
64499
32500
87499
29166

-17)3.9118
-la 5.2863
-19 6.9556
-20 8.9175
-20 I 1.1146

75343
18031
81620
40538
92567

''2.0527 69883
4.8300 46785
(- 9j1.4331

79137

2.0473 98767

(-24)4.0479

-38)6.5735
-39 3.1302
-40 1.4559
-42 6.6179
I -43 I 2.9412

93393

20725

-15)6.3028
-16 7.0031
-17 7.5033
-18 7.7620
I -19 I 7.7620

01010
12233
34535
70209
70209

-11)1.1167

10881

-20 7.5116
-21 I 7.0422
-22 6.4020
-23 5.6488
(-24j4.8418

80847
00794
00722
24167
49286

-16)5.6083
-17 7.0104
-18 a.4975
-19 9.9971
I -19 I 1.1425

86851
83563
55835
24511
28516

-25 4.0348
-26 3.2715
-27 2.5827
I -28 / 1.9867
(-29 1.4900

74405
19788
78780
52907
64681

-20)1.2694

76128

(-24)1.4816

80567

64027
68584
38876
03984
90659
-31 8.9989 09998
-32 I 7.6586 46807
-33 6.3822 05673

44;
48
49
50

For

-11)7.2586

4.1679 71052
x = 1, see Table

6.3.

BERNOULLI

AND

EULER

POLYNOMIALS,

RIEMANN

ZETA

X/n!

6
0)6.0000
1)1.8000
1 3.6000
1 5.4000
1 6.4800

!I I

Table

23.5

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

819

FUNCTION

0)7.0000 00000
1)2.4500 00000
115.7166 66667

0)8.0000
1 3.2000
11 8.5333
2 1.7066
2 2.7306

00000
00000
33333
66667
66667

2)1.2150

00000

1 5.5542
6.4800 00000
85714
1 2.7771
4.1657 14286
42857

10 (

ljl.6662

85714
1)4.9536
1 I 2.8896
1 1.5559
0 7.7797
0 3.6305

20388
11893
44865
24327
38019

(
(
(

26
27
%i
30
31 (-10 I 1.6131 21179
:9 I -11
-12 5.4992
3.0246 02210
76746
34 -13 9.7046 06022
35
-13 1.6636 46746

I - 567I 9.4206
3.5589 65421
1.3049
4.6397
46701
10976
34025
(- 7)2.4224 52009

36 (-14 2.7727 445-78

37
-15 4.4963 42559
;:
-16 7.0994
1.0922 88251
28962
40

I -17 I 1.6383 43442

41
t:
154

46

(-17 I 6.3324 19956

t;
49
50

I -17
-20 4.6927
-19
-18
2.9329 58716
1.7964
1.0778
18219
48887
31193

24. Combinatorial
K. GOLDBERG,~

Analysis

M. NEWMAN,~

E. HAYNSWORTH

Contents
Page

Mathematical

Properties.

...................

Basic Numbers ....................

24.1.1
Binomial Coefficients
..............
24.1.2
Multinomial Coefficients .............
24.1.3
Stirling Numbers of the First Kind ........
24.1.4
Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind
.......
24.2. Partitions
......................
24.2.1 Unrestricted Partitions ..............
24.2.2 Partitions Into Distinct Parts ...........
24.3. Number Theoretic Functions ..............
24.3.1 The Mobius Function ..............
24.3.2 The Euler Function ...............
24.3.3 Divisor Functions ................
24.3.4 Primitive Roots .................
24.1.

References
Table

24.1.

n550,
Table

24.2.
nll0

..........................

Binomial Coefficients
m125
Multinomials

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Including a List of Partitions)

. . . . . .

822
822
822
823
824
824
825
825
825
826
826
826
827
827
827
828

831

Stirling Numbers of the First Kind S$). . . . . . . . .

833

Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind SaQ) . . . . . . .

835

Table

24.5. Number of Partitions and Partitions Into Distinct Parts . .

p(n), n(n), n1500

836

Table

24.6. Arithmetic Functions

o(n), us(n), n(n), n_<lOOO

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

840

Table

24.7. Factorizations
n<10000

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

844

Table

24.3.

n125
Table

24.4.

nS25

Table
n<
Table

24.8. Primitive
10000
24.9.

Roots, Factorization

of p- 1 . . . . . . . . .

864

Primes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

870

p_<105
2 * National
a National

Bureau
of Standards.
Bureau
of Standards.

(Presently,

Auburn

University.)
821

24. Combinatorial
Mathematical
In each sub-section
a fixed format
wliicli
rrlctl1otls

OF

T11c format

of this chapter
en~pliasizes ttlr

rrtcntling

ttlc

follows

this forIll:

we
use

Properties
use

nlltl

tnl)lPS.

:l~~~~lll~~i1ll~~ill~

1. Drfinitions

A. (onit~inatorial
B. Generating functions
C. Closed form
II.

Analysis
n special and easily recognizable symbol, and
We have
yet that s~riit~ol must bc c:ls.v to write.
ict tlctt on a script capital 3 without any certainty
that WC tiavc settled this question pernianently.
FVe feel that the subscript-superscript notation
cmphasizrs ttlc genernting functions (which are
p6wers of mutually inverse functions) from which
most of the important relations flow.

Relations

24.1.

A. Rrcurrenccs
B. Checks in computing
C. Basic use in numerical
III.

Asymptotic

and

Special

24.1.1

for

the

Stirling

This chapter
(24.21 Fort
124.71 Jordan
[24.10] hfoser and Wyman
[24.9] &filne-Thomson
[24.15] Riordan
[24.1] Carlitz
[24.3] Gould 1
Miksa
(Unpublished
tables)
(24.171 Gupta

Kind

SI
n
s&
s::
(,:,I;)

Second

(1-x)

---I=$m

(-l)~~~Sl(n-l,n-m)

(;)

. . .

x-m

C. Closed form
n
n.1
m =G!(n-m)!=

n
n-m
(
>

II.

n2 m

.. .

Relations

A. Recurrences

B:::

S(n, m)
&(m,

n)

(;)

n=O,l,

m!(n-m+g

n-m)

=(~)+(7~~:)+. . +(,lim)

n2m

ns

B. Checks
u(n, m)

We feel that a capital S is natural for Stirling

numbers of the first kind; it is infrequenLly used
for other notation in this contest. But once it
is used we have difficulty
finding a suitable
symbol for Stirling numbers of the second kind.
The numbers are sufficiently important to warrant
822

* (l+d=~o (;) Xrn

Kind

@::
g.I

s(n, m)
S(n-m+l,

is the number of \yays of choosing m

n
m
objects from a collection of n distinct objects
witllotlt
regard to order.
13. Generating functious
0

=n(n-1)

cgr

Bbl,

Coeflicients

A.

Numbers

Firs1

Numbers

1. Definitions

Values

Reference

Binomial

analysis

In general the notations

used are standard.
This includes the difference operator A defined on
functions of s by Aj(z)=f(cr+
1)-f(x),
A+!{(x)
=A(Aj(s)),
the Rroneckrr delta hiI, the Riemann
zet,a function l(s) and the greatest common
divisor symbol (m, n). The range of the summands
for a summation sign without limits is explained
to the right of the formula.
The notations which are not standard are those
for the multinomials which are arbitrary shorthand for use in this chapter, and those for the
Stirling numbers which have never been standardized. A short table of various notations for
these numbers follows :
Notations

Basic

SW pngr II.

so (A)

(n, m>=(t)

go c--l)+

(?rJ=(,,>

r+s>n
r> /I,+ 1

COMBINATORIAL

ANALYSIS

823

where
n=e

nnpk,

m=g

k=O

m,pk
k=O

C. Numerical

=&

(--l)s-k

analysis

III.

rif:lc>
Special

Af(z-s)
Values

(>

2n =2(2n-1)(2n-3)
I
n
12.

Multinomial
I.

s<n

. . . 3.1

Coefficients
Definitions

. . . +&,, different objects

A. (n; n,, .n2, . . ., n,) is the number of ways of putting n=nl+n,+
into m different boxes with nk in the k-th box, k=l, 2, . . ., m.
is the number of permutations of n=al+2a2+
. . . +nu, symbols composed
(75
al,
a2,
. . ., 4*
of a,, cycles of length k for k=l, 2, . . ., n.
a set of n=u,+2a,+.
. . +na, dif(n; al, a,, . . ., a,) is the number of ways of partitioning
fereut objects into a, subsets containing k objects for k= 1, 2, . . ., n.
B. Generating functions
. . . +x,)=Z;(n;

(r1faS

nl, n2, . . ., n,)ci$%$ .

. z:m

summed over n,+n,+

. . . +n,=n

summed over u1+2u2+ . . . +na,=n

(~~tk)l=m!~~~Z(n;u~,u2,...,u.)~:~2;~...2:~

andu1+u2++u=m

C. Closed forms
(n; nl, n2, . . ., n,) =n!/n,!n,!

. . . n,!

a2, . . ., u,)*=n!/1%,!2~~!

haI,

. .+n,=n

nl+n2+.

. . . n%z,!

u,+2u2+

(n;al,a2, . . ., a,) =n!/( l!)%,! (2!)%z2! . . . (n!)nun!

II.

. . .+na,=n

ul+2a2+

. . . +nu,=n

Relations

A. Recurrence

(n+m;nl+l,

n2+1, .

.,n,+l)=c

(ntm-1;

nl+l,

.,nk-1+1,

nk,nk+l+l,

k=l

,%i+1>

B. Checks
ml1
* Z(n;n,,%,

all TLi2 1

. . .,n,)=

summed over n, -:-n,+ . . . +n,=n

1m! sLrn
.

.,

&J*=(-l)n-mS;~)

~:(7L;a,,a?,

Z(n;u,,az,

. . ., a,)=

summed over aI+2%+

. . . +nu,=n

g;Lmm,

C. Numerical analysis (Faa di Brunos formula)

~l(s(z))=~~of(g(z))~(n;a,,
summed over al+2a2+
*see

page

II.

6, . . .) Un){g(z)}{g(2))=z.
. . . +na,=n

and al+%+.

. . {g(z)jn

. . +an=m.

and ~,+a~+.

. . +un=m

824

COMBINATORIAL

PIlO

ANALYSIS

. ..o

Pz

P,

...

Pa

P,

PI

...

...

...

...

n-l

...

P,

P,-1

P,

Pn--l

=Z(-l)-m:(n;

al, &, . . ., u)*P:P;z

. . . P>

summed over a1+2a2+ . . . $non=n; e.g. if Pn=Zj,rx~

for k=l, 2, . . ., n then the determinant
and
sum equal n!Zx1x2 . . . x,, the latter sum denoting the n-th elementary symmetric function of x,, x2, . . ., x,.
24.1.3

Stirling

Numbers
I.

of the

First

Kind

III.

Asymptotics

and

Special

Values

~S~~~~-(n-l)!(-y+lnn)~-l/(m-l)!

De&&ions

for m=o(ln

A. (-1)~Sag
is the number of permutations
of n symbols which have exactly m cycles.
B. Generating functions
x(x-1)

. . . (x-n+l)=m&

{ln (l+x)}=m!

$,

S$@ $

Sim)xm
SO76 = 60,

bl<l

S~l)=(-l)-l(n-l)!

C. Closed form (see closed form for 8;Am1)

fp-l),,
78

n
0

II.

fp n = ]

Relations

A. Recurrences

24.1.4

#?C?),=S$n-l)-nS(m)

n)

Stirling

Numbers
I.

of the

Second

Kind

De.finitioxle

A. ~~5s the number of ways of partitioning

set of n elements into m non-empty subsets.
B. Generating functions
B. Checks
x-g,

n>l

%ijlx(x-1)

. . . (x-m+l>

2 (-l)-mS~m)=n!
m=O

Y(l-x)-1(1-2x)-1

. . . (l-mx)-l=,Cn

gP)x-n J

v
C. Numerical

(x)<m-l

analysis
C. Closed form

if convergent.

g~)=-$&

. -

(--I)-

(;)

COMBINATORIAL
II.

825

ANALYSIS

B. Generating

Relations

function

A. Recurrences
g$y=
(y)

m s ncm)+ 5 h-1)
II

$3p=,~$-,

n>m>_l
n2 m>r

&&c:-, sp-

c.

Closed form

B. Checks

s(h, k)=;#
((x))=x-[x]
=o

((g))

-+ if 2 is not an integer
if x is an integer
II.

Relations

A. Recurrence
c= sgpn)(2)

Aj(x)=m!

ikI=&k!
k-0

III.

gig,, c;;)

g kmZ=j$
a

if convergent

B$x $

Asymptotics

and

lim
n+-

m-s

B. Check

{s}
Special

sp)=

Values

(-l)k3yp(n-v)=ul(n)

C
1<3klf<$&
2

m!-l
III.

gp)

*+m

rv-

mzn
2f7&!

24.2.2

BP=

Into

Distinct

Parts

A. q(n) is the number of decompositions

of n
into distinct integer summands without regard to
so that q(5)=3.
order. E.g., 5=1+4=2+3

goq(n)xn=nil

24.2. Partitions

.I.

4n@

Partitions

B. Generating

;p-lq)

Unrestricted

1rn&

I. Definitions

gf=f&l,
p,

Asymptotics

p(n)--le

for n= o(mt)

b 2&m
n-t-

24.2.1

p(n)+

Partitions

Definitions

A. p(n) is the number of decompositions

of n
into integer summands without regard to order.
E.g.,5=1+4=2+3=1+1+3=1+2+2=1+1+
l-t-2=1+1+1+1+1
so that p(5)=7.

function
(l+x)=nil

(1-x2-)-

Ixl<l

C. Closed form
k p(n)=;&

A,,-,(n)

&Jo

(&-&-&iii$

where Jo(x) is the Bessel function of order 0 and

AznM1(n) was defined in part I.C. of the previous
subsection.

826

COMBINATORIAL
II.

Relations

ANALYSIS

g(x) =gI

f(nz) for all x>O if and only if

A. Recurrences

j(x)=2

p(n)g(nx)

for all 2>0

n-1

o<&k<n(-l)fig
-2

(7w3F)=(-1)

if n=3Pfr

a@>=1

=0 otherwise

andif gl gl If(mnx) )=gl

The cyclotomic
.pFl)d

polynomial

B. Check

III.

a<3~~<,(-l)14(~-(3~~fk))=l
-

24.3.

24.3.1

Theoretic

The

Mtibius

Functions

24.3.2

=o
B. Generating

/4nJn-a= l/Z(S)

T&=1

Euler

Totient

Function

A. q(n) is the number of integers not exceeding

and relatively prime to n.
B. Generating functions

1)
2 (p(n)n-*= i+-n-1
T(s)

functions
5

Asymptotics

I. Definitions

if n=l
if n is the product of k distinct
primes
if n is divisible by a square >l.

=(-l)*

The

Function

I. Definitions

A. &)=l

n is

- r*(n) Inn=-1
c+I n

Asymptotics

Number

of order

if n=+
=0 otherwise.

III.

a&) If(nx)) converges.

m p(n)x=
2
cn=l 1--z=(l_s)2-

as>1

ss>2

- *
b
2.\ ny Jxl<l

C. Closed form
Ixl<l

q(n) =npyn
II.

Relations

A. Recurrence
p(mn)=p(m)p(n)

over distinct

II.

if (m,n)>l

n-1

(m, n)=l

dndd)=n
5:
for all n

g(z) =g f(x/n) for all x>O if and only if

n==1
M

Relations

B. Checks

g(n) =lI f(d) for all n if and only if

din
f(n) =& g(n/d)fi@ for all n

f(x)=C

n.

dmn> =dmMn)

cp(n) =

>

A. Recurrence

B. Check
dn P(d)=&1
7
C. Numerical analysis
g(n) = d A f(d) for all n if and only if
f=
f(n) =g
crkOsW>

1 -i

primes p dividing

if (m, n)=l

=o

p(n)g(x/n) for all x>O

F n

i+

a~() = 1 (mod n)
III.

Asymptotics

f kgr(k)=;+0(v)

(a, n)=l

COMBINATORIAL

24.3.3

Divisor
I.

$ gl(m)=S+O (F)

Functions

Definitions

A. U&J) is the sum of the k-th powers of the

divisors of n. Often uo(n) is denoted by d(n); and
a(n) by u(n).
B. Generating functions
n$l dW=r(4i-(s-k)

B>k+l

C. Closed form
uJn)=~

cF= ii p

pl(+-l

i=l

II.

n=prlptt

Pf--l

Jkhbkh>

Relations

uk(np)

uk(nbk(p>

(m,

p prime

-pk.ok(n/p)

III.

$ $I

n)=

Asymptotics

uo(m)=ln n+27-l+O(n+)
(y=Eulers

24.3.4

constant)

Primitive
I.

-. Roots

Definitions

The integers not exceeding and relatively prime

to a fixed integer n form a group; the group is
cyclic if and only if n=2,4 or n is of the form pk or
2pk where p is an odd prime. Then g is a primitive
root of n if it generates that group; i.e., if g, g*, . . .,
g@tn)are distinct modulo n. There are q((o(n))
primitive roots of n.

. . . pza

A. Recurrences
uk(mn>

827

AIVALYSIS

II.

Relations

A. Recurrences. If g is a primitive root of a

prime p and gp- f l(mod p) then g is a primitive
root of pk for all k. Jf gP-=l(mod p) then g+p
is a primitive root of pk for all k.
If g is a primitive root of pk then either g or
g+pk, whichever is odd, is a primitive root of 2~.
B. Checks. If g is a primitive root of n t.hen gk
is a primitive root of n if and only if (k, v(n)) = 1,
and each primitive root of n is of this form.

References
Texts

[24.1] L. Carlits, Note on Ntirlunds

polynomial
BF,
Proc. Amer. Math. Sot. 11, 452-455
(1960).
[24.2] T. Fort, Finite differences (Clarendon
Press,
Oxford, England, 1948).
[24.3] H. W. Gould, Stirling
number representation
problems, Proc. Amer. Math. Sot. 11, 447-451
(1960).
[24.4] G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan (Chelsea Publishing Co.,
New York, N.Y., 1959).
[24.5] G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An introduction
to the theory of numbers, 4th ed. (Clarendon
Press, Oxford, England, 1960).
[24.6] L. K. Hua, On the number of partitions of a number into unequal parts, Trans. Amer. Math. Sot.
51, 194-201 (1942).
124.71 C. Jordan, Calculus of finite differences, 2d ed.
(Chelsea Publishing
Co., New York, N.Y.,
1960).
[24.8] K. Knopp, Theory and application
of infinite
series (Blackie and Son, Ltd., London, England,
1951).
[24.9] L. M. Mime-Thomson,
The calculus of finite
differences (Macmillan
and Co., Ltd., London,
England, 1951).
[24.10] L. Moser and M. Wyman, Stirling numbers of the
second kind, Duke Math. J. 25, 29-43 (1958).
124.111 L. Moser and M. Wyman, Asymptotic development of the Stirling numbers of the first kind,
J. London Math. Sot. 33, 133-146 (1958).
I24.121H. H. Ostmann, Additive Zahlentheorie, vol. I
(Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, 1956).

[24.13] H. Rademacher, On the partition function, Proc.

London Math. Sot. 43, 241-254 (1937).
[24.14] H. Rademacher and A. Whiteman, Theorems on
Dedekind sums, Amer. J. Math. 63, 377-407
(1941).
[24.15] J. Riordan,
An introduction
to combinatorial
analysis (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1958).
[24.16] J. V. Uspensky and M. A. Heaslet, Elementary
number theory (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1939).
Tables

[24.17] British Association for the Advancement of Science,

Mathematical
Tables, vol. VIII, Number-divisor
tables (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
England, 1940). n 5 10.
[24.18] H. Gupta, Tables of distributions,
Res. Bull. East
Panjab Univ. 13-44 (1950); 750 (1951).
[24.19] H. Gupta, A table of partitions,
Proc. London
Math. Sot. 39, 142-149 (1935) and II. 42,
546-549 (1937). p(n), n=1(1)300;
p(n), n=301
(1)600.
124.201 G. Kavdn, Factor tables (Macmillan and Co., Ltd.,
London, England, 1937). n 1256,000.
[24.21] D. N. Lehmer, List of prime numbers from 1 to
10,006,721, Carnegie Institution
of Washington,
Publication
No. 165, Washington, D.C. (1914).
[24.22] Royal Society Mathematical
Tables, vol. 3, Table
of binomial coefficients (Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1954). (y).for r <in 5 100.
[24.23] G. N. Watson, Two tables of partitions,
Proc.
London Math. Sot. 42, 550-556 (1937).

828

COMBINATORIAL

Table

BINOMIAL

24.1

n/m

:
8

$11
51

4
5

98
10

11
1

i
10

11
12
13
14
15

1
1
1
1
1

16
17
18
19
20

1
1
1
1
1

2
i8
9
&B
36

ANALYSIS

COEFFICIENTS

(;)

11
12
13
14,
15

55
6
8
Q
105

165
220
286
364
455

16
17
18
19
20

120
136
153
171
190

560
680

210
231
253
276
300

1330
1540
1771
2024
2300

330
%!-?
1001
1365
1820
2380
3060
3876
4845

4368
6188
8568
11628
15504

;$-$i.i&

20349
26334
33649
42504
53130
65780
80730
98280
1 18755
1 42506

1
1
1
1
1

26
27
28
29
30

325
351
378
406
435

2600
2925
3276
3654
4060

31
32
33
34
35

1
1
1
1
1

31
32
33
34
35

465
496
528
561
595

4495
4960
5456
5984
6545

31465
35960
40920
46376
52360

1
2
2
2
3

36
37
38
39
40

1
1
1
1
1

36
37
38
39
40

630
666
703
741
780

7140
7770
8436
9139
9880

58905
66045
73815
82251
91390

41
42
43
44
45

1
1
1
1
1

41
42
43
44
45

820
861
903
946
990

10660
11480
12341
13244
14190

101270
111930
123410
135751
148995

i
45

13260
330
?92-

9
128;
2002
e

26
27
28
29
30

1
8

::
21Q-

if3

5985
7315
8855
10626
,p6%>
.A
14950
17550
20475
23751
27405

1035
15180
%67 :
fi;
1081
16215
48
1 48
1128
17296
49
1 49
1176
18424
50
1 50
1225
19600
From Royal Society Mathematical
Press, Cambridge, England, lY54

1
7

2:
56;-

5
1~
Q

1-t

10

;.

45

3
L

8008

165
495
1287

38760

11440
19448
31824
50388
77520

75582
~ 1 25970

54264
74613
1 00947
1 34596
1 77100

2 45157
3 46104
4 80700

4 90314
7 35471
10 81575

2
2
3
4
5

30230
96010
76740
75020
93775

6
8
11
15
20

57800
88030
84040
60780
35800

15
22
31
42
58

62275
20075
08105
92145
52925

69911
01376
37336
78256
24632

7
9
11
13
16

36281
06192
07568
44904
23160

26
33
42
53
67

29575
65856
72048
79616
24520

78
105
138
181
235

88725
18300
84156
56204
35820

3
4
5
5
6

76992
35897
01942
75757
58008

19
23
27
32
38

47792
24784
60681
62623
38380

83
102
126
153
186

47680
95472
20256
80937
43560

302
386
489
615
769

60340
08020
03492
23748
04685

;
9
10
12

z:
62598
86008
21759

44
52
60
70
81

96388
45786
96454
59052
45060

224
269
322
383
453

8i940
78328
24114
20568
79620

955
1180
1450
1772
2155

48245
30185
08513
32627
53195

163185
13 70754
93 66819
535 24680
2609
178365
15 33939
107 37573
628 91499
3144
194580
17 12304
122 71512
736 29072
3773
211876
19 06884
139 83816
859 00584
4509
230300
21 18760
158 90700
998 84400
5368
Tables, vol. 3, Table of binomial coefficients. Cambridge
(with permission).

32815
57495
48994
78066
78650
Univ.

COMBINATORIAL

BINOMIAL

n\m

COEFFICIENTS

(;)

10

11

1;

2
43
44
45
46
ts7
49
50

12

24.1

13

55
220
715
2002
5005

1198
20

Table

9
10

16
17

829

ANALYSIS

1144oc
, 24310
48620
92378
1 62960

;i
364
1365

*.-

4368
12376
31824
75582
1 61960 -

iEE

43758*
92378
1 84756

;2
455

1fl;

1820
6188
18564
50388
1 25970

560
2380
8568
27132
77520

2
4
8
13
\ 20

93930
97420
17190
07504
42975

3
6
11
19
32

52716
46646
44066
61256
68760

3
7
13
24
44

52716
05432
52078
96144
57400

2
6
13
27
52

93930
4664652078
041.56
00300

31
46
69
100
143

24550
86825
06900
15005
07150

53
84
131
200
300

11735
36285
23110
30010
45015

77
130
214
345
546

26160
37895
74180
97290
27300

96
173
304
518
864

57700
83860
21755
95935
93225

201
280
385
524
706

60075
48800
67100
51256
07460

443
645
925
1311
1835

52165
12240
61040
28140
79396

846
1290
1935
2860
4172

72315
24480
36720
97760
25900

1411
2257
3548
5483
8344

20525
92840
17320
54040
51800

2062
3473
5731
9279
14763

53075
73600
66440
83760
37800

941
1244
1630
2119
2734

43280
03620
11640
15132
38880

2541
3483
4727
6357
8476

86856
30136
33756
45396
60528

6008
8549
12033
16760
23118

05296
92152
22288
56044
01440

12516
18524
27074
39107
55868

77700
82996
75148
97436
53480

23107
35624
54149
81224
1 20332

89600
67300
50296
25444
22880

3503
4458
5639
7089
8861

43565
91810
21995
30508
63135

11210
14714
19173
24812
31901

99408
42973
34783
56778
87286

31594
42805
57520
76693
1 01505

61968
61376
04349
39132
95910

1
1
2
2

78986
10581
53386
10906
87600

54920
16888
78264
82613
21745

1
2
3
5
7

76200
55187
65768
19155
30062

76360
31280
48168
26432
09045

11017
13626
16771
20544
25054

16330
49145
06640
55634
33700

40763
51780
65407
82178
1 02722

50421
66751
15896
22536
78170

1
1
2
2
3

83196
33617
00368
16264
38800

3
5
6
9
12

89106
22514
96685
22637
13996

17655
00851
34468
34836
51100

10
14
19
26
35

17662
06768
29282
25967
48605

30790
48445
49296
83764
18600

33407
74171
25952
91359
73537

2
4
11
24
52

03490
97420
44066
9614400300

104 00600
200'58300
374 42160
678 63915
1197 59850

830
Table

COMBINATORIAL
BINOMIAL

24.1

14

ANALYSIS

COEFFICIENTS

(;)
17

18

1:;
969
4845

1;
171
1140

20349
74613
2 45157
7 35471
20 42975

5985
26334
1 00947
3 46104
10 81575

15

16

19

1:
120
680
3060
11628
38760
1
3
8
19
44

'1

1;:
816

3876
15504

16280
19770
17190
61256
57400

1
4
13
32

54264
70544
90314
07504
68760

96
200
401
775
1454

57700~
58300
16600
58760
22675

77
173
374
775
1551

26160
83860
42160..
58760
17520

53
130
304
678
1454

11735
37895
21755
63915
22675 -

31
84
214
518
1197

24550
36285
74180
95935
54850

2651
4714
8188
13919
23199

82525
35600
09200
75640
59400

3005
5657
10371
18559
32479

40195
22720
58320
67520
43160

3005
6010
11668
22039
40599

40195
80390
03110
61430
28950

2651
5657
11668
23336
45375

82525
22720~
03110
06220
67650

37962
61070
96695
1 50845
2 32069

97200
86800
54100
04396
29840

55679
93641
1 54712
2 51408
4 02253

02560
99760
86560
40660
45056

1
2
3
6

1
2
5
8

85974
59053
87811
10211
87323

96600
68710
43380
17810
78800

73078.72110
28757 74670
22399 74430
77112 60990
28521 01650

119:

2:

1330
7315
33649

1540
8855
42504
1 77100

f 3stl%
15
46
131
345
864

62275
86825
23110
97290
93225

6
22
69
200
546

57800
20075
06900
30010
27300

2062
4714
10371
22039
45375

53075
35600
58320
6143067650

1411
3473
8188
18559
40599

20525
73600
09200
67520
28950

1
3
6
11

90751
76726
35780
23591
33802

35300
31900
00610
43990
61800

1
3
6
13

85974
76726
53452
89232
12824

966OW
31900
63800
64410
08400

3
5
7
11
16

52401
28602
83789
49558
68713

52720
29080
60360
08528
34960

6
9
15
22
34

34322
86724
15326
99116
48674

74896
27616
56696
17056
25584

10
16
26
41
64

30774
65097
51821
67148
66264

46706
21602
49218
05914
22970

15
25
42
68
110

15844
46619
11716
63537
30686

80450
27156
48758
97976
03890

20
35
60
102
171

21126
36971
83590
95306
58844

40600
21050
48206
96964
94940

24
44
80
140
243

46626
67753
04724
88314
83621

70200
10800
31850
80056
77020

23
34
48
67
93

98775
16437
23206
52488
78456

44005
74795
23240
72536
56300

51
75
109
157
225

17387
16163
32600
55807
08295

60544
04549
79344
02584
75120

99
150
225
334
492

14938
32326
48489
81089
36896

48554
09098
13647
92991
95575

174
274
424
649
984

96950
11888
44214
92703
73793

26860
75414
84512
98159
91150

281
456
730
1155
1805

89530
86481
98370
42584
35288

98830
25690
01104
85616
83775

415
697
1154
1885
3040

42466
31997
18478
16848
59433

71960
70790
96480
97584
83200

20

23

.1

24

25

/I ?
/

232:
1771
10626
53130

2f3
2024
12650

2;
276
2300

2
11
42
143

65780
96010
84040
92145
07150

14950
80730
3 76740
15 60780
58 52925

443
1290
3548
9279
23199

52165
24480
17320
83760
59400

201
645
1935
5483
14763

60075
12240
36720
54040
37800

78
280
925
2860
8344

88725
48800
61040
97760
51800

26
105
385
1311
4172

29575
18300
67100
28140
25900

7
33
138
524
1835

36281
65856
84156
51256
79396

1
2
6
13

55679
28757
87811
23591
12824

02560
74670
43380
43990
08400-

37962
93641
2 22399
5 10211
11 33802

97200
99760
74430
17810
61800

23107
61070
1 54712
3 77112
8 87323

89600
86800
86560
60990
78800

12516
35624
96695
2 51408
6 28521

77700
67300
54100
40660
01650

6008
18524
54149
1 50845
4 02253

05296
82996
50296
04396
45056

26
53
105
201
377

91289
82578
20494
26164
36557

37220
74440
81860
00080
50150

fl 38%
31 08105

100 15005
300 45015

44
45

846
2257
5731
13919
32479

72315
92840
66440
75640
43160

1
3
6
13

73078
59053
35780
89232
78465

72110
68710
00610%
64410
28820

26
51
96
176
316

91289
37916
05669
10393
98708

37220
07420
18220
50070
30126

46
1;

560 82330 07146

1673
976 24796
56794 79106
49896

694 35265 80276

1255 42392
2231
17595 87422
66528

49
'50

2827 75273 46376

4712 92122 43960

3904 99187 16424

6732 74460 62800

24
51
105
210
411

46626
37916
20494
40989
67153

70200
0742081860
63720
63800

789 03711 13950

2738
1483 38976 94226
81648
56572
4969 98965 48176
8874 98152 64600

1
3::

2;

2600
17550
98280
4 75020
20 35800

20
44
96
201
411

21126
67753
05669
26164
67153

40600
10800
18220
0008fk
63800

823 34307 27600

3095
1612 38018
76995 35776
41550
5834 33568 17424
10804 32533 66600

325
2925
20475
1 18755
5 93775

15
35
80
176
377

15844
36971
04724
10393
36557

80450
21050
31850
50070
50150

789 03711 139503224 38018

1612
76036 83100
41550

3::
3276
23751
1 42506

10
25
60
140
316

30774
46619
83590
88314
98708

46706
27156
48206
80056
30126

694 35265 80276

1483 38976
3095
76995 94226
35776r

6320 53032 18876 6320 53032 18876

12154 86600 36300 12641 06064 37752

COMBINATORIAL

Multinomials

Table

and Partitions

7r=ll, 22, . . ., nun, n=a1+2a2+

Ml=

831

ANALYSIS

. . . +nq,,

(n; nl, n2, . . ., n,) =n!/(l!)al(2!)a2

m=al+az+

24.2

. . . ta,

. . . (n!)n

M2= (n; al, az, . . ., a,,) *=n!/lala1!2u2a2! . . . &a,!

Ma=@;

al, az, . . ., a,)=n!/(l!)0iaI!(2!)%~!

Ml

M3

442

::

2
12

1
2

1
1

1
1

;
6

3
1

4
193
22
12, 2
14

:
6
12
24

ii
3
6
1

1
5
10
;i
60
120

6
::
3

ii
2:
3;
12, 4

1, 293
23
la, 3
12, 22
14, 2
16
7
1, 6

i45
3

+, 5
1,2,4
1, 32
22, 3
la, 4
12, 2, 3
3

;1;

6
7

13 22
11: 2
1

m
1
2

3
1, 2
13

5
1,4
2, 3
12, 3
1, 22
13, 2
1

. . . (n!)na,!

88
30
ix
120
180
360
720

:
I;
42
105
140
210
210
420
630
840
1260
2520
5040

f;:
20
20
15
10
1
120
144
1:
90
120
::
45
15
1
720
840
504
420
504
630
280
210
210
420
105
70
105
21
1

;
1
4

1
4
:
1

i
10
10
15
10
1

i
15
10

6
l
9

1
2

1, 7
32,:
41
1: 6
1, 2, 5
1, 3,4
22, 4
2, 32
la, 5
12,2, 4
12,32
1, 22, 3
14, 4
la, 2, 3
12, 2a
16, 3
14, 22
16, 2
18
9
1, 8
2, 7
3, 6
4, 5
12, 7
1, 2, 6
1, 3, 5
1, 42
2

:
5;
21
105
70
105
35
210
105
35
105
21
1

24

ix
15
4;
15
1

7r

3,354
3;
13,6
12,2, 5
12,3, 4
1, 22, 4
1, 2,32
23, 3
14, 5
13, 2, 4
13, 32
12, 22, 3
1, 24
16,4
14, 2, 3
13, 23
16, 3
16, 22
17,2
19

Ml

M3

442

i!i

28

;i
56
168
280
420
560
336
840
1120
1680
2520
1680
3360
5040
6720
10080
20160
40320
1
3:
84
126
2;;
504
630
756
1260
1680
504
1512
2520
3780
5040
7560
3024
7560
10080
15120
22680
15120
30240
45360
60480
90720
181440
362880

5040
5760
3360
2688
1260
3360
4032
3360
1260
1120
1344
2520
1120
1680
105
420
1120
420
112
210
28
1
40320
45360
25920
20160
18144
25920
30240
24192
11340
9072
15120
2240
10080
18144
15120
11340
10080
2520
3024
7560
3360
7560
945
756
2520
1260
168
378
36
1

1
2:
E
28
168
280
210
280
56
420
280
840
105
5;:
420
56
210
28
1

;
is

126
36
252
504
315
378
1260
280
7::
1260
1890
2520
1260
126
1260
840
3780
945
126
1260
1260
84
378
36
1

832

COMBINATORIAL

Table

24.2

n
10

lr
10
1,9

::

32';
4; 6
52
12, 8
172, 7
1,3, 6
1,4,5
22, 6
2,3, a 5
$44
13: 7
12, 2, 6
12, 3, 5
12, 42
1, 22, 5
1, 2, 3,4
1, 33

*See

page

Multinomials

11.

MI
1
10
45
120
210
252
90
360
840
1260
1260
2520
3150
4200
720
2520
5040
6300
7560
12600
16800

A&
362880
403200
226800
172800
151200
72576
226800
259200
201600
181440
75600
*120960
56700
50400
86400
151200
120960
56700
90720
151200
22400

M3

1
10
45
120
210
126
45
360
840
1260
630
2520
1575
2100
120
1260
2520
1575
3780
12600
2800

ANALYSIS

and

Partitions

n
10

?r
3

;z ;2
14: 6
13, 2, 5
13, 3, 4
12, 22, 4
12, 2, 32
1, 23, 3
25
15, 5
14, 2, 4
14, 32
13, 22, 3
12. 24
1"; 4
16, 2, 3
;+4 3

8
9
10

16: g22
18, 2
1'0

MI

Mz

18900
25200
5040
15120
25200
*37800
50400
75600
113400
30240
75600
100800
151200
226800
151200
302400
453600
604800
907230
1814400
3628800

18900
25200
25200
60480
50400
*56700
50400
25200
945
6048
18900
8400
25200
4725
1260
5040
3150
240
630
45
1

A43

3150
6300
210
2520
4200
9450
12600
12600
945
252
3150
2100
12600
4725
210
2520
3150
120
630
45
1

COMBINATORIAL
STIRLING

NUMBERS
1

833

ANALYSIS
OF THE
( , ,?,

FIRST

KIND

Sirn)

Table 24.3

-;

I
/

%
24
-120
720
-5040
40320
-3 62880
36
-399
4%0
62270
8 71782

11
12

i3

14
15
16

-225
1624
- 13132
1 18124
-11 72700

28800
16800
01600
20800
91200

-106
1205
- 14864
1 98027
-28 34656

28640
43840
42880
59040
47260

127
-1509
19315
-2 65967
39 21567

53576
17976
59552
17056
97824

-130 76743 68000

433 91630 01600

-616 58176 14720

:;

- 35568
2092 27898
74280 88000
96000

1 -7073
22340 42823
55905 93600
79200

-1 10299
82160 22448
24446 37120
24640

:;

-1216 40237
64510 37057
04088 28000
32000

431 37698
-22
56514 80585
68176 21600
38400

-668
34 01224
60973 95938
03411 22720
53280

21

2432 90200 81766 40000

2":
24

11- 51090
24000 72777
94217 76076
17094 40000
80000
-258 52016 73888 49766 40000

-8752

94803 67616 00000

13803 75975 36407 04000

-411 86244
48476 77933
81078 01702
54547 40000
20000
965 38966 65249 30662 40000
-23427 87216_,39871 85664 00000

-2
67 56146
98631 90286
67377 32163
09306 84000
88000
-1595 39850 27606 68605 44000
39254 95373 27809 77192 96000

>$0,710726=&
*-Ye

n\m

4
5

-1;.

6
7

85'
-735,

9"
10

- 67284
6769
7 23680

:z
15

20
::

'

-15
175

,'

505
-8707
1 58331
-30 32125
610 11607

69957
77488
39757
40077
57404

03824
75904
27488
19424
91776

-270
4836
- 90929
17 95071
-371 38478

68133
60092
99058
22809
73452

45600
33424
44112
21504
28000

-1 81664
8037 81182
97952 26450
06970 76096
51776

-65 48684 85270 30686 97600

42 80722 86535 71471 42912

:; -39365
1573 61409
75898 13866
28594 15107
31181 32800
31200

-1050
26775 05310
03356 75591
42796 74529
03823 84576
62624

From unpublishedtables of Francis L. Miksa, with permission.

-9
133
-2060
33361
-5 66633

16930
95730
.-.__
06836
03756
05680

-2 84093
12870 31590
93124 51509
18114 88800
68800

23

-2:
322
-4536
63273

22449
-1960
-2 69325

i.

34
-459
.-.
6572
- 99577
15 97216

11
12

16

i i -j i

100
-1886
36901
-7 55152
161 42973
-3599
83637
-___.
-20 21687
507 79532
-13237 14091

96721
15670
26492
75920
65301

02055
39535
70150
18786
66760
07080
58880
34384
63024
18960

97951 79476 07200

38169 95448
__-_.
._. .- 02976
.-...

37691 06827 41568

53430 28501 98976
57918 58577 60000

834

COMBINATORIAL
Table

STIRLING

24.3

n\m

FIRST

KIND

Sim)

-2;
546
-9450

9
10
11

16
17

-27
537
- 11022
2 35312
-52 26090

:i
20

1206
- 28939
7 20308
-185 88776
4969 10165

64780
58339
21644
35505
05554

28032
45234
84661
50405
33625

10680
77960
84200
49984
12720

37803
73354
09246
19497
96448

73360
47760
53696
76576
36800

3
-69
1350
- 26814
5
-114
2487
- 55192
12 95363
-311
7744
-1 99321
53 04713
-1459 01905

33364
65431
97822
71552
52766

-55
1925
- 55770
14 14413
-373 12275

::
:;
15
16
:z:
:90
-10
276
-7707
2 20984
-65 08376

-2
57
-1471
38192

9280
30571
79248
07534
20555

95740
59840
94833
08923
02195

14229
01910
40110
45497
17966

98655
92750
12973
94331
81468

11450
35346
61068
17396
50000

1
-37
1103
- 33081
10 14945

13

n\m

-4:

18150
57423
26634
36473
53775

1320
- 32670
7 49463
-166 69653
3684 11615

46311 29553
69012 83528
18452 91936
16815 47048
69899 43896
31613
01695
10661
54458
26492

90640
76800
37360
12976
88000

I0
1

n\m
10

-316
870

1 57773
-26 37558
449 90231
-7909 43153
i 44093 22928

::
14
15

2243
25

OF THE

21
22

NUMBERS

ANALYSIS

la
-430
10241
-2 50385
63
-1634
43714
-12 04749
342 18695

03081
98069
22964
26016
95940

82076
59531
81053
77407
87554

28000
77553
01929
32658
67550

20992
72465
95944
17376
71489

94896
83456
12832
32496
92880

11

12

-6;
2717
- 91091
27 49147

3731
-1 43325

'
-6
166
-4628

-785
21850
02026
15733
06477

58480
31420
93980
86473
51910

30753
60053
23088
71136
52782

50105
50868
11859
85742
52146

40395
59745
49736
04996
37300

-7;

48
-1569
48532
-14 75607
446 52267
- 13558
4 15482
-129 00665
4070 38405
-1 30770 92873

51828
38514
98183
70075
67558

99622
524%
22764
03732
57381
99530
30525
31295
69521
73500

16

15

14

:z
15

-9;
5005
-2
83
-2996
1 02469
-34 22525

16
17
:i
20
21
;;
2254

12
-413
13990

18400
94022
50806
37272
11900

-3
138
-5497
2 06929

1131 02769 95381

37310 09998 02531
36304 58470 86207
35671 43013 14056
94520 02391 06865

-75
2718
- 97125
34 70180
-1246 20006

61111
a6118
04609
64487
90702

6580
23680
96582
89282
33630
84500
69881
39913
04206
15000

17

18

:87
19
20

-15:
13566
-9 20550

-17:
16815

-1910

21
22

533 27946
- 27921 67686

-12 56850
797 21796

20615
89765

n\m

05903
;;
-64013 67173
25 29088 66798

36096
57942
67135

-10:

24- 12764
45460
-1219 12249

43496
47198
80000

- 72346
1168 69596
96626
41 49085 13800

4
-159
6238
-2 40604
92 44691

20

19

-16

-120
8500
-4 68180
223 23822
-9739 41900
01717
97183
24164
60386
13761

-13:
10812
-6 62796
349 16946

71630
88730
21941
44556
73550

-5

21

- 16722
7 52896
-325 60911
13727 25118
70058 63218

80820
68850
03430
00831
64500

22

23

24

35926
-25:
95000

-27:
42550

-300

25

-1

-210
25025

-231

1684
-22 40315
23871
12768 42500

-29 32776
30107
2388 10495

-37

COMBINATORIAL

2
:
1:
z:

II\ ,,, 1
:
3
4

1
:

1
1
1
1
1

127

10

255
511

::
13

:
1

::

lb

23

7
9

1
3;;
966
3025
9330

32767
b5535

71
214
b44

1 31071
2 b2143
5 24287

77215

41686
57825
39010

1 12596

06446

72
291
llba
4677

2;
462
5880
b3987
b 27396
57 :5424
493
29280
4087
41333

70050
23825
74750
34501
38810

60276
a231
4 38264

23799
09572
19991

14948
67440
17305

29987
38518

04540
lb310

149

:5

227
31 67746
a3248

,I

95028
b5010

91620
47084
00400

22372
31828

21583
11183

68583
20505

190
12

02430

55
1705
39325
7 52752
126 62650

84250
22303

3bb28
2682
634 1OOlb
a6425

25008
b8516
56957
13089

89001
70286

44384

b2bbO

1937
27583

95755

54990

34150

3 71121

26805

63803
33785
b4655

33035
24764
a8117

65204
33920
96900

03514
7118
9 59340

37993
71322
12973

91275
77954

llb7
120 b2257
9214P 10929
43260

73005
72500

1203
108 25408
lb339

17849
21753

87500
31500

3200b

72970
75849

491 65620
10178

33391
51300

33560
30420
45907
27734

30178
51137
a3930
58260

2249
120
b 40128
88883

07848

74680

1 .i

83405
84530

70000

47
591

1 24196
12327

22324
57118

n,

45225

44725

12

28866

2b2b2

62804

98579
bO3bO

28490

10 b1753
114 4614b
1201 12a2b

b20
27

362

56794

53393

22275
59502

a207
95288

12563
412 1Olbb
34669

35590

01779
95364

1155

04908
29486
17791

802

30alb
60788

51 35130

90799
10153
50199

26558

49898
51039

b71

74195

10882b83
24 1 93020
b7216

2658

lb330
99896
b 09023
37 02641

10751

60978
36908

75560
51100

95250

45

5120
289

18
:;

25

b90a2

07834
49741

316
750

03480
b2b79

1 14239
13251
9

a4100

97510
0932b

1517

12055

baaal

83910
94132
08424

:",

::
::

170

45652

ba401

12625
78219

b4053

2 04159
la 90360

b9
430

379
1913
48500
1 43668

27349

1 75057
11 06872

95545
a4710
90500

9641

12320
27840

21417

90550
51651

56527
2 89580
14 75892
74 920bO

11880
1 59027
99612

209
2lbb

1114

2
19

::
23

la

08501
75035
bb920

10961

98901
37290
06985
bb950
15901

a2604
04786
a3400
34839

55950

77786
b3425
105bb
12897

1 79487
13 23652
93 21312
b34
36373
4206
93273

2 46730
75
400
2107

91745

18 15090

43625
79450
35501
00806
91025

2%
2646
22827

13 79400

32530

1717
6943
27988
4 52321

32818
57081
74624
29246
35540

1050
b951
42525

1 45750
11501

b
25
103
423

1934 48101

a8607

lb7

3%
1701
7770
34105

580b
17423
52280
56863
4 70632
14 11979

97151

41 94303
83

1'0

28501
ab526
2 blb25
7 88970
23 75101

10 48575

1
2;

1023
2047
4095
8191
16383

20

ANALYSIS

114

48507

16

1256
1Obab
28924

54638
39160
b0380

babla
49092
b0579
25603

68481
la331
22000
41390

33437

44260

13460

2 49900
6020
a4
63025
2435

1
25

329
14 93040
51652
102lb
91758

36209
b8b2

95811

03608

04500
al331
41000
07115

96000

18

Ii

08778
24580
77530

10

15

lb

120

:i
:;

3 67200
7820
4523
139
29200
16778

1
9996
136

15:

223.50954
5 27136

12597
41285

15675
17:

1901
i

::
::
25

341 56159
30874
19582847

4 29939

02422
94044
46553

,, rw,

b25.90
43200
47080
29331

47200

23611
71824
51616

14041
349

42047
52799

lb1 4 99169
09499

a8803
36915
93110

44464
74004
27264
b5555
95960

4806

33313

21

22

53310

327

9 24849
23648
56785

23435
74629
85369
25445
94925

2:j

13
38807797
62189

lb

24

a9850
19285
al779
39170
b9675

2-9

21

20b776
52665

20

20

::

2 60465
8099

210

Ia 59550
23485
b2201
1169

72779
94750

28336231
lb85 24

19505
54606

25:
32

00450
33902

40250276

From unpublished
tables of Francis L. Miksa, with permission.

30;

COMBINATORIAL

,I

I(0

V(fO

04226
39943
81589
29931
86155

3658
4097
4582
5120
5718

100
101
102
103
104

1905
2144
2412
2712
3048

69292
81126
65379
48950
01365

4
4
5
5
6

44793
a3330
25016
70078
18784

150
151
152
153
154

4
4
4
5
6

08532 35313
50606 24582
96862 88421
47703 36324
03566 73280

194
207
222
238
255

06016
92120
72512
53318
40982

4
5
6
7
8

51276
26823
14154
15220
31820

6378
7108
7917
8808
9192

105
106
107
108
109

3423
3842
4311
4835
5419

25709
16336
49389
02844
46240

6
7
7
8
9

71418
28260
89640
55906
27406

155
156
157
158
159

6
7
8
8
9

64931
32322
06309
87517
76621

28555

273
292
313
335
358

42421
64960
16314
04746
39008

:;
101
135

9
11
13
15
17

66467
21505
00156
05499
41630

10880
12076
13394
14848
16444

110
111
112
113
114

6071
6799
7610
8513
9520

63746
03203
02156
76628
50665

10
10
ii
12
13

04544
a7744
77438
74118
78304

160
161
162
163
164

10
11
12
14
15

74381
81590
99139
27989
69194

59466
68427
04637
95930
75295

383
409
438
468
500

28320
82540
12110
28032
42056

176
231
297
385
4YO

20
23
26
30
35

12558
23520
79689
87735
54345

18200
20132
22250
24576
27130

115
116
117
118
119

10641 44451
11889 08248
13277 10076
14820 74143
16536 68665

14
16
17
18
20

90528
11388
41521
al578
32290

165
166
167
168
169

17
18
20
22
25

23898
93348
78904
82047
04389

00255
22579
20102
32751
25115

534
571
610
651
695

66624
14844
00704
39008
45358

87968
97205
92783
85689
89500

29927
32992
36352
40026
44046

120
121
122
123
124

18443 49560
20561 48051
22913 20912
25523 38241
28419 405001

21
23
25
27
29

94432
68800
56284
57826
74400

170
171
172
173
174

27
30
33
36
39

47686
13848
04954
23268
71250

17130
02048
99613
59895
74750

742
792
045
901
962

36384
29676
43782
98446
14550

07086

::
22
30

15
:;
18
19

30
::
33
34
35
36
37
;t

/<,J)

I()
2
2
2
3
3

10
11
12
13
14

ANALYSIS

42

,I

V(JJ)

I(0

I,

82097
43159

64769
78802

V(Jl)

627
792
1002
1255
1575

1::
122

40
46
53
61
70

1958
2436
3010
3718
4565

142
165
192
222
256

81
92
106
121
138

18264
89091
19863
32164
48650

48446
53250
58499
64234
70488

125
126
127
128
129

31631
35192
39138
43510
48352

27352
22692
64295
78600
71870

32
34
37
40
43

25410
13544
22816

175
176
177
178
179

43
47
52
57
62

51576
67158
21158
17016
58467

97830
57290
31195
05655
53120

1026 14114
1094 20549
1166 58616
1243 54422
1325 35702

5604
6842
8349
10143
12310

296
340
390
448
512

157
180
205
233
265

96476
04327
06255
38469
43660

77312
84756
92864
101698
111322

130
131
132
133
134

53713
59645
66208
13466
81490

15400
39504
30889
29512
40695

46
50
53
58
62

54670
10688
92550
02008
40974

180
181
182
183
184

68
74
81
89
98

49573
94744
98769
66848
04628

90936
11781
08323
17527
80430

1412 31780
1504 73568
1602 93888
1707 27424
1818 10744

14883
21637
26015
31185

585
668
760
864
982

301
342
388
441
499

67357
62962
87673
08109
95925

121792
133184
145578
159046
173682

135
136
137
138
139

1
1
1
1

90358
00155
10976
22923
36109

36076
81680
45016
41831
49895

67
72
77
83
89

11480
15644
55776
34326
53856

185
186
187
188
189

107
117
128
139
152

18237
14326
00110
83417
72735

74337
92373
42268
45571
99625

1935
2060
2193
2334
2484

82642
84096
58315
51098
10816

37338
44583
53174
63261
75175

1113
1260
1426
1610
1816

566
641
725
820
926

34113
12359
33807
10177
69720

189586
206848
225585
245920
267968

140
141
142
143
144

1
1
1
2
2

50658
66706
84402
03909
25406

78135
89208
93320
82757
54445

96
103
110
118
127

17150
27156
86968
99934
69602

190
191
192
193
194

166
182
198
216
236

77274
07011

04093
00652

12768

56363

05469
41845

2642
2811
2990
3179
3381

88462
38048
16608
84256
04630

89134
105558
124754
147273
173525

2048
2304
2590
2910
3264

1046
1181
1332
1501
1692

51419
14304
30930
98136
29875

291874
317788
345856
316256
409174

145
146
147
148
149

2
2
3
3
3

49088
75170
03886
35494
70273

58009
52599
71978
19497
55200

136
146
157
168
181

99699
94244
57502
93952
08418

195
196
197
198
199

258
281
306
334
364

08402
45709
88298
53659
60724

12973
87591
78530
83698
32125

3594
3820
4060
4315
4584

44904
75868
72422
13602
82688

204226

3658

1905

69292

444793

150

4 08532

35313

194 06016

200

397 29990

29388

4870 67746

17971

$2

51021

86271
60227

Values of /JOO from H. Gupta, A table of partitions, Proc. London Math. Sot. 39, 142-149, 1935 and II. 42, 546-549, 1937
(with permission).

COMBINATORIAL

NUMBER

OF PARTITIONS

p(n)

AND PARTITIONS

s(n)

837

ANALYSIS

INTO

DISTINCT

Table 24.5

PARTS

P(rl)

200
201
202
203
204

397
432
471
513
559

29990
83636
45668
42052
00883

29388
58647
86083
87973
17495

4870
5173
5494
5834
6195

67746
61670
62336
73184
03296

250
251
252
253
254

23079
24929
26923
29072
31389

35543
14511
27012
69579
19913

64681
68559
52579
16112
06665

85192
89949
94961
1 00243
1 05807

80128
26602
58208
00890
47264

205
206
2.07
208
209

608
662
720
784
852

52538
29877
68417
06562
85813

59260
08040
06490
26137
02375

6576
6980
7408
7862
8341

67584
87424
90786
12446
94700

255
256
257
258
259

33885
36574
39472
42593
45954

42642
95668
36766
30844
57504

48680
70782
55357
09356
48675

1
1
1
1
1

11669
17844
24348
31199
38413

59338
71548
95064
20928
23582

210
211
212
213
214

927
1008
1096
1191
1295

51025
50658
37072
66812
00959

75355
85767
05259
36278
25895

8849
9387
9956
10558
11195

87529
48852
45336
52590
55488

260
261
262
263
264

49574
53471
57667
62183
67044

19347
50629
26749
74165
81230

60846
08609
47168
09615
60170

1
1
1
1
1

46009
54008
62428
71293
80624

65705
01856
82560
59744
90974

215
216
217
218
219

1407
1528
1660
1802
1957

05456
51512
15981
81825
38561

99287
48481
07914
16671
61145

11869
12582
13336
14133
14977

49056
38720
40710
83026
05768

265
266
267
268
269

72276
77905
33961
90476
97483

09536
06295
17303
01083
43699

90372
62167
66814
16360
44625

1
2
2
2
2

90446
00783
11660
23106
35150

44146
03620
75136
91192
17984

220
221
222
223
224

2124
2306
2502
2715
2945

82790
18711
58737
24089
45499

09367
73849
60111
25615
41750

15868
16811
17807
18860
19973

61606
16852
51883
61684
57056

270
271
272
273
274

1
1
1
1
1

05019
13123
21837
31205
41274

74899
85039
43498
18008
95651

31117
38606
44333
16215
73450

2
2
2
2
3

47820
61149
75170
89917
05427

61070
71540
53882
72486
58738

225
226
227
228
229

3194
3464
3756
4071
4413

63906
31263
11335
80636
29348

96157
22519
82570
27362
84255

21149
22392
23705
25091
26556

65120
29960
13986
98528
84608

275
276
277
278
279

1
1
1
1
2

52098
63729
76227
89656
04082

04928
39693
84330
410j5
58525

51175
37171
57269
41584
75075

3
3
3
3
3

21738
38889
56923
75883
95815

19904
46600
20960
26642
57440

230
231
Ef
234

4782
5182
5613
6080
6585

62397
00518
81486
61354
15859

45920
38712
70947
38329
70275

28103
29737
31462
33284
35207

94454
72212
84870
23936
06304

280
281
282
283
284

2
2
2
2
2

19578
36221
54095
73287
93892

63116
91453
25900
31835
97939

82516
37711
45698
47535
29555

4
4
4
4
5

16768
38791
61938
86265
11828

26624
78240
97032
19094
44672

235
236
237
238
239

7130
7719
8356
9043
9786

41855
58926
11039
68396
29337

14919
63512
25871
68817
03585

37236
39379
41639
44025
46543

75326
02688
89458
67324
00706

285
286
287
288
289

3
3
3
3
4

16013
39758
65243
92592
21938

78671
40119
08360
21614
85285

48997
86773
71053
89422
87095

5
5
5
6
6

38689
66911
96562
27710
60430

49522
97084
52987
98024
42088

240
241
242
243
244

10588
11454
12388
13397
14486

22467
08845
84430
82553
76924

22733
53038
77259
44888
96445

49198
52000
54955
58073
61360

87992
62976
97248
01632
27874

290
291
292
293
294

4
4
5
5
6

53425
87203
23437
62299
03976

31269
80564
10697
26919
38820

00886
72084
53672
50605
95515

6
7
7
8
8

94797
30892
68798
08604
50401

40554
09120
39744
19136
45750

245
246
247
248
249

15661
16929
18297
19772
21363

84125
67223
38898
65166
69198

27946
91554
54026
81672
20625

64826
68481
72335
76397
80679

71322
72604
19619
50522
55712

295
296
297
298
299

6
6
7
8
8

48667
96585
47956
03024
62049

41270
01441
50785
83849
62754

79088
95831
10584
43040
65025

8
9
9
10
10

94286
40360
88727
39499
92791

47940
04868
65938
71456
76298

250

23079 35543 64681

85192 80128

300

9 25308 29367 23602

11 48724 72064

COMBINATORIAL

838
Table 24.5

NUMBER

OF PARTITIONS

P(ll)

ANALYSIS

AND PARTITIONS

INTO DISTINCT

PARTS

(1(n)

9@>
11 4872472064
12 0742510607
12 6902530816
13 3366383848
14 0148559930

350
351
352
353
354

279 363328483702152
298 330063062758076
318 555973788329084
340 122810048577428
363 117512048110005

126 9182924648
132 9347719190
139 22769 71520
145 8093818816
152 6926715868

13 162217895057704
14 118662665280005
15 142952738857194
16 239786535829663
17 414180133147295

14 7264218618
15 4729217536
16 2560142890
17 0774343642
17 9389964242

355
356
357
358
359

387 632532919029223
413 76618 0933342362
441 622981929358437
471 314064268398780
502 957566506000020

159 8909656578
167 41824 09148
175 2890755072
183 5186738752
192 1228932216

::1
312
313
314

18 671488299600364
20 017426762576945
21 458096037352891
23 000006655487337
24 650106150830490

18 8425979304
19 7902232212
20 7839472390
21 8259394656
22 9184682870

360
361
362
363
364

536 679070310691121
572 612058898037559
610 898403751884101
651 688879997206959
695 143713458946040

201 1182704478
210 52205 02772
220 3522150410
230 6275150210
241 3675001278

315
316
317
318
319

26 41580 7633566326
28 305020340996003
30 326181989842964
32 488293351466654
34 800954869440830

24 0639052286
25 2647294208
26 5235325352
27 8430235904
29 2260340224

365
366
367
368
369

741 433159884081684
790 738119649411319
843 250788562528427
899 175348396088349
958 728697912338045

252 5925533946
264 3239251488
276 5837686784
289 39517 78822
302 7822257408

27440 5776748077
:2137
39 919565526999991
42 748078035954696
:2:
45 772358543578028
324 49 005643635237875

30 6755232574
32 1945841664
33 7864488192
35 4544947722
37 2022512608

370
371
372
373
374

1022 141228367345362
1089 657644424399782
1161 537834849962850
1238 057794119125085
1319 510599727473500

316 7700044480
331 3846677248
346 6534741118
362 6048321048
379 26834 76992

325
326
327
328
329

52 462044228828641
56 156602112874289
60 105349839666544
64 325374609114550
68 834885946073850

39 0334057172
40 9518108690
42 9614917632
45 0666531450
47 2716874732

375 1406 207446561484054

376 14984787435905 81081
1596 675274490756791
::i
1701 169427975813525
379 1812 356499739472950

396 6748730794
414 8565573659
433 8469000206
453 6808055808
474 3946406976

E
:::
334

73 653287861850339
78 801255302666615
84 300815636225119
90 175434980549623
96 45011 0192202760

49 5811828759
51 9999315040
54 5329385792
57 1854313990
59 9628687918

380
381
382
383
384

1930 656072350465812
2056 513475336633805
2190 401332423765131
2332 821198543892336
2484305294265418180

496 0262940968
518 6152380864
542 2025926436
566 8311927092
592 5456572864

335 103 151466321735325

110 307860425292772
::t
117 949491546113972
126 108517833796355
::i
134 819180623301520

62 8709513216
65 9156314788
69 1031243770
72 4399192576
75 9327910200

385
386
387
388
389

2645 418340688763701
2816 759503217942792
2998 964447736452194
3192 707518433532826
3398 704041358160275

619 3924614094
647 4200116480
676 6787237064
707 2211032064
739 1018303854

340 144 117936527873832

154 043597379576030
:::
164 637479165761044
343 175 943559810422753
344 188 008647052292980

79 5888123110
83 4153664940
87 4201606890
91 6112394270
95 9969992704

390
391
392
393
394

3617 712763867604423
3850 538434667429186
4098 034535626594791
4361 106170762284114
4640 713124699623515

772 3778471936
807 1084479444
843 3553742947
881 1829129614
920 6579974150

345 200 882556287683159

346 214 618299743286299
347 229 272286871217150
244 904537455382406
3:
261 578907351144125

100 5862035461
105 38799 77632
110 4119260918
115 6679479970
121 1664556454

395 4937 873096788191655

396 5253 665124416975163
5589 233202595404488
:;8' 5945 790114707874597
399 6324 621482504294325

961 8503143424
1004 8324132444
1049 6798204736
1096 4711585280
1145 2882689344

1,

300
301
:i:
304

9 253082936723602
9 930972392403501
10 657331232548839
11 435542077822104
12 269218019229465

:z
$8
309

350 279 363328483702152 126 9182924648

400 6727 090051741041926 1196 2163400706

COMBINATORIAL
NUMBER

OF PARTITIONS

I(,,)

,,

AND PARTITIONS

INTO DISTINCT

dl)

839

ANALYSIS
PARTS

Table

p(n)

24.5

c/01)

400
401
402
403
404

6727
7154
7608
8091
8603

09005
64022
80284
20027
55175

17410
26539
33398
64844
93486

41926
42321
79269
65581
55060

1196
1249
1304
1362
1422

21634
34404
76365
57124
86674

00706
08000
81998
07808
81438

450
451
452
453
454

1
1
1
1
1

34508
42573
51112
60152
69723

18800
13615
26207
90524
95104

15729
53474
19173
45537
64580

23840
04229
13678
15585
40965

9893
10307
10739
11188
11656

14440
93957
65687
96810
57102

61528
13070
10144
43072
54336

405
406
407
408
409

9147
9725
10339
10990
11682

67906
51251
09726
60006
31627

88591
37420
71239
37759
71923

17602
21729
47241
26994
17780

1485
1551
1619
1691
1765

75420
34186
74236
07292
45549

52794
29884
54282
29128
15430

455
456
457
458
459

1
1
2
2
2

79855
90581
01933
13948
26665

91645
04044
37928
90703
62143

39582
26519
51146
27330
58313

67598
31034
88629
69132
45565

12143
12649
13176
13724
14295

19032
57862
51755
81881
32530

12544
22432
08648
00782
93376

410
411
412
413
414

12416
13196
14023
14902
15834

67740
25896
78888
15629
42088

31511
69254
35188
03099
44881

90382
35702
47344
48968
87770

1843
1923
2008
2096
2187

01696
88934
20999
12178
77334

07104
65516
30208
16576
80960

460
461
462
463
464

2
2
2
2
3

40123
54365
69435
85381
02253

65561
39575
60521
55524
16287

39251
85741
29549
19619
25766

92081
99975
94471
86287
36605

14888
15506
16148
16817
17512

91233
48874
99826
42073
77348

20640
75476
46592
15550
45952

415
416
417
418
419

16823
17873
18987
20170
21424

82278
79296
96426
18301
52136

71392
96898
73316
88059
02556

35544 2283 31930 7Ok

76004 2382 92048,69148
64557 2486 74415 20078
33659 2594q6435
42056
36320 ,2707 76199 52640

465
466
467
468
469

3
3
3
3
4

20103
38987
58963
80095
02447

13615
12724
89376
46876
33986

29932
95254
81628
31205
17114

90544
32549
76613
98477
75160

18236
18988
19771
20585
21431

11274
53505
17881
22576
90268

38194
94524
29024
95744
83034

420
421
422
423
424

22755
24167
25664
27253
28938

29021
05302
64021
16454
03725

65800
14413
38377
62304
70847

25259
63961
14846
21739
98150

2825
2947
3075
3208
3347

32529
84998
53960
60580
26867

77152
62528
09352
00384
45954

470
471
472
473
474

4
4
4
5
5

26088
51092
77535
05499
35069

63801
33635
45970
30531
67535

56524
50960
81641
42046
16072

13417
99864
15593
29558
62125

22312
23228
24180
25171
26201

48299
28849
69117
11509
03821

10884
04960
98586
01902
12696

425
426
427
428
429

30724
32620
34629
36760
39020

98514
06861
70071
66724
14800

70950
74102
39035
18315
02372

51099
32189
75934
27309
59665

3491
3642
3799
3962
4132

75707
30895
17171
60256
86891

60097
45254
07136
14146
79000

475
476
477
478
479

5
5
6
6
7

66337
99397
34350
71304
10369

12186
20478
76365
20389
79823

58055
23018
37870
67318
66282

99675
52926
28583
07232
38005

27271
28385
29543
30747
31998

99448
57585
43443
28468
90573

23232
65430
69603
94368
73738

430
431

41415
43955
46647
49501
52527

73920
47717
86328
89040
07072

71023
05181
42292
94051
91082

58378
16534
67991
50715
40605

4310
4495
4687
4888
5096

24877
03113
51640
01685
85706

85006
72460
62334
40672
20480

480
481
482
483
484

7
7
8
8
9

51666
95317
41457
90222
41761

00419
79841
02874
78495
78911

49931
47582
28236
19280
49976

25591
32180
49455
88294
98055

33300
34652
36059
37521
39040

14373
91433
20520
07873
67468

57056
03468
80640
43946
62530

4;:
437
438
439

55733
59131
62733
66549
70593

46514
71430
07137
43656
39364

46362
91696
60430
69662
65621

86656
18645
79215
97367
35510

5314
5540
5776
6022
6278

37439
91949
85678
56498
43769

57460
44512
02880
45546
39520

485
486
487
488
489

9
10
11
11
12

96228
53787
14608
78875
46778

80660
07886
77893
49115
71600

85734
24553
64264
57358
12729

11012
46513
84248
02646
19665

40620
42261
43968
45741
47585

21308
99712
41621
94910
16717

45496
45764
12802
51264
64998

440
441
442
443
444

74878
79418
84227
89322
94720

24841
06934
73040
95632
37025

94708
64434
77294
13536
78934

86233
02240
99781
45667
71820

6544
6822
7111
7411
7725

88391
32867
21361
99762
15750

85792
92200
67457
56080
89318

490
491
492
493
494

13
13
14
15
16

18520
94313
74382
58964
48308

40161
50322
57204
37499
54706

22702
44478
03639
49778
61724

33223
16939
53132
06173
38760

49500
51491
53560
55709
57943

73777
42772
10694
75216
45082

62304
84172
36938
10170
47040

00437
06493
12906
19698
26891

54417
05190
52519
71278
54269

17528
52391
91961
27202
09814

47604
18581
03354
05954
18000

8051
8390
8743
9111
9494

18865
60575
94352
75744
62459

81728
94564
40798
62854
05984

495
496
497
498
499

17
18
19
20
21

42678
42351
47619
58791
76192

27774
03350
31798
47204
51543

77609
31598
76580
28849
92874

81187
91466
64007
01563
61625

60264
62675
65181
67784
70489

40509
93600
48774
63214
07325

50309
10788
31176
30326
21792

9893 14440 61528

500

23 00165 03257 43239 95027

:::
434

445
446
447
448
449

1
1
1
1
1

450

1 34508 18800 15729 23840

73298 65212 45024

840

COMBINATORIAL
Table

ARITHMETIC

21.6
n

o(n)

9,

51
52
53
54
55

32
24
52
18
40
24
36
28
58
16

8
4
4
2
12

v(n)

?I -1

(a(n)

100
32
102
48
48

2
8
2
a
8

102
216
104
210
192

151
152
153
154
155

156
72
96
60
120

2
8
6
8
4

152
300
234
288
192

201
202
203
204
205

132
100
168
64
160

4
4
4
12
4

272
306
240
504
252

120
80
90
60
168

106
107
108
109
110

52
106
36
108
40

4
2
12
2
8

162
108
280
110
216

156
157
158
159
160

48
156
78
104
64

12
2
4
4
12

392
158
240
216
378

208
209
210

96
180
48

4
6
10
4
16

312
312
434
240
576

104
2

152
248
114

161
162
163

132
54
162

104 192
363
2 164

211
212
213

210
104
140

62 212
378
4 288

48 240
144

165
164

80

68 294
288

215
214

168
106

4 324
264

12
8

1:

6
4

3
4

::
18

56
57
58
59
60

:'8
14

62
61
63

60
30
36

42
6

96
62
104

112
111
113

72
48
112

Zf

65
64

48
32

74

127
84

115
114

88
36

66 20
67 66
68 32
69 44
70 24

:i

8
16

5
2
6

:t
20

1:
8

42

21

12

32
36
24

FUNCTIONS

101
102
103
104
105

-1

4
72
6
98
2
54
8 120
4
72

8 144
2 68
6 126
4
96
8 144

?I

ml

119
120

96
32

6
6
4
4
16

72
195
74
114
124

121
122
123
124
125

110
60
80
60
100

3
4
4
6
4

133
186
168
224
156

171
172
173
174
175

108
84
172
56
120

126
127
128
129
130

36 12
126
2
64
8
84 4
48
8

312
128
255
176
252

176
177
178
179
180

80
116
88
178
48

10 372
4 240
4 270
2 180
18 546

228
88

181
182
183
184
185

180
72
lii
88
144

2 182
8 336
4 248
8 360
4 228

;'3:
233
234
235

::;
232
72
184

8
2
12
4

384
450
234
546
288

8 384
4 216
6 336
8 320
8 360

236
237
238
239
240

116
156
96
238
64

6
4
8
2
20

420
320
432
240
744

27 258
118

210
182
180
144
360

166
167
168
169
170

82
166
48
156
64

4
2
16
3
8

252
168
480
183
324

216
217
218
219
220

72
180
108
144
80

16
4
4
4
12

600
256
330
296
504

6
6
2
8
6

260
308
174
360
248

221
222
223
224
225

192
72
222
96
120

4 252
8 456
2 224
12 504
9 403

226

112

221

226

72

4 342
2 228
12 560
28 230
432

71
72
73
74
75

70
2
24 12
72 2
36
4
40
6

76
77
78
79
80

36
60
24
78
32

6 140
4
96
a 168
2
80
10 186

81
82
83
84
85

54
40
82
24
64

5
4
2
12
4

121
126
84
224
108

133
134
135

66
72

2
12
4
4
8

:3312
130
40
108

132
336
160
204
240

86
87
88
89
90

42
56
40
88
24

4
4
8
2
12

132
120
180
90
234

136
137
138
139
140

64
136
44
138
48

8
2
8
2
12

270
138
288
140
336

186
187
188
189
190

60
160
92
108
72

Ei
84
78

91
92
93
94
95

72
44
60
46
72

4 112
6 168
4 128
4 144
4 120

141
142
143
144
145

92
70
120
48
112

4
4
4
15
4

192
216
168
403
180

191
192
193
194
195

190
64
192
96
96

2
14
2
4
8

192
508
194
294
336

241
242
243
244
245

240
110
162
120
168

2
6
6
6
6

242
399
364
434
342

;;
42
do
40

1: 252
98
6 171
i 156
9 217

146
147
148
149
150

72
84
72
148
40

4
6
6
2
12

222
228
266
150
372

196
197
198
199
200

84
196
60
198
80

9
2
12
2
12

399
198
468
200
465

246

80

103 124
6 z

'9;
98
$9
100

::;
249
250

zi
164
100

8
4
8
4
8

504
280
480
336
468

i!
26
27
28
29
30

12
18
12
28
8

4
4
6
2
8

42
40

31
32
33
34
35

30
16
20
16
24

2
6
4
4
4

32
63

36 12
37 36
38 18
39 24
40 16

9
2
4
4
8

41
42
43
44
45

40
12
42
20
24

2
8
2
6
6

46
47

22
46

4
2

"4"$ ;$
50 20

ANALYSIS

:i

72

42

228

From British Association for the Advancement of $+3ence,Mathematical Tables, vol. VIII, Number-divisor
tables. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1940 (with permission).

59
1

(td

186

COMBINATQRIAL

ANALYSIS

ARITHMETIC

841

FUNCTIONS

24.6

Table

01

v(n)

-0

UI

252
728
288
384
432

301
302
303
304
305

252
150
200
144
240

4
4
4
10
4

352
456
408
620
372

351
352
353
354
355

q(n)

2
18
4
4
8

CI

250
72
220
126
128

216
160
352
116
280

8
12
2
8
4

560
756
354
720
432

401
402
403
404
405

400
132
360
200
216

2
8
4
6
10

402
816
448
714
726

451
452
453
454
455

400
224
300
226
288

256
257
258
259
260

128
256
84
216
96

9 511
2 258
8 528
4 304
12 588

306
307
308
309
310

96
306
120
204
120

12
2
12
4
8

702
308
672
416
576

356
357
358
359
360

176
192
178
358
96

6 630
8 576
4 540
2
360
24 1170

406
407
408
409
410

168
360
128
408
160

8
4
16
2
8

720
456
1080
410
756

456
457
458
459
460

144
456
228
288
176

16 1200
2 458
4
690
8 720
12 1008

261
262
263
264
265

168
130
262
80
208

6
4
2
16
4

390
396
264
720
324

311
312
313
314
315

310
96
312
156
144

2
16
2
4
12

312
840
314
474
624

361
362
363
364
365

342
180
220
144
288

3
4
6
12
4

381
546
532
784
444

411
412
413
414
415

272
204
348
132
328

4
6
4
12
4

552
728
480
936
504

461
462
463
464
465

460
120
462
224
240

2
16
2
10
8

462
1152
464
930
768

266
267
268
269
270

108
176
132
268
72

8
4
6
2
16

480
360
476
270
720

316
317
318
319
320

156
316
104
280
128

6
2
8
4
14

560
318
648
360
762

366
367
368
369
370

120
366
176
240
144

8
2
10
6
8

744
368
744
546
684

416
417
418
419
420

192
276
180
418
96

12
4
8
2
24

882
560
720
420
1344

466
467
468
469
470

232
466
144
396
184

4
2
18
4
8

702
468
1214
544
864

271
272
273
274
275

270
128
144
136
200

2 272
10 558
8 448
4 414
6 372

321
322
323
324
325

212
132
288
108
240

4
8
4
15
6

432
576
360
847
434

371
372
373
374
375

312
120
372
160
200

4
12
2
8
8

432
896
374
648
624

421
422
423
424
425

420
210
276
208
320

2
4
6
8
6

422
636
624
810
558

471
472
473
474
475

312
232
420
156
360

4
8
4
il
6

632
900
528
960
620

276
277
278
279
280

88 12 672
2 278
276
4 420
138
180
6 416
96 16 720

326
327
328
329
330

162
216
160
276
80

4
4
8
4
16

492
440
630
384
864

376
377
378
379
380

184
336
108
378
144

8
4
16
2
12

720
420
960
380
840

426
427
428
429
430

140
360
212
240
168

8
4
6
8
8

864
496
756
672
192

476
477
478
479
480

192
312
238
478
128

281
282
283
284
285

280
92
282
140
144

2 282
8 576
2 284
6 504
8 480

3:: :2:
333 216
z

2
6
6
4
:6646 4

332
588
494
504
408

381
382
383
384
385

252
190
382
128
240

4 512
4 576
2 384
16 1020
8 576

431
432
433
434
435

430
144
432
180
224

2
20
2
8
8

432
1240
434
768
720

481
482
483
484
485

432
240
264
220
384

286
287
288
289
290

120
240
96
272
112

8 504
4 336
18 819
3 307
a 540

336
337
338
339
340

96
336
156
224
128

20 992
2 338
6 549
4 456
12 756

386
387
388
389
390

192
252
192
388
96

4
582
6
572
6
686
2 390
16 *lo08

436
437
438
439
440

216
396
144
438
160

6
4
8
2
16

770
480
888
440
1080

486
487
488
489
490

162
486
240
324
168

12 1092
2 488
8 930
4
656
12 1026

291
292
293
294
295

192
4 392
144
6 578
292
2 294
84 12 684
232
4 360

341
342
343
344
345

300
108
294
168
176

4
12
4
a
8

384
780
400
660
576

391
392
393
394
395

352
168
260
196
312

4
12
4
4
4

432
855
528
594
480

441
442
443
444
445

252
192
442
144
352

9
8
2
12
4

741
756
444
1064
540

491
492
493
494
495

490
160
448
216
240

2
12
4
8
12

492
1176
540
840
936

296
297
298
299
300

144
180
148
264
80

8 570
8 480
4 450
4 336
18 868

346
347
348
349
350

172
346
112
348
120

4 522
2 348
12 840
2 350
12 744

396
397
398
399
400

120
396
198
216
160

18
2
4
8
15

1092
398
600
640
961

446
447
448
449
450

222
296
192
448
120

4
4
li
2
18

672
600
1016
450
1209

496
497
498
499
500

240
420
164
498
200

10
4
8
2
12

992
576
1008
500
1092

251
252
253
254
255

a(n)

an

=n UI

9(n)

91

4
6
4
4
a

504
798
608
684
672

12 1008
6 702
4
720
2 480
24 1512
4
4
8
9
4

532
726
768
931
588

COMBINATORIAL,

ANALYSIS

ARITHMETIC
501

332

672

502
503
504
505

250
502
144
400

4
2
24
4

504
1560
612

506

220

864

507
508
509

312
252

6
6

732
896

510

508
128

2
16

510
1296

511

432

512

256

4
592
10 1023
a 800

513

324

514
515

408

516
517
518
519

168
460
216
344

520

521
522
523
524
525
526
527

256

756

774
624

551

504

552
553
554
555

468
276
288

556
557

276
556

176

4 600
lb 1440
4
640
4
a34
a 912

864
846

611
612

552
192

4 672
la 1638

563
564
565

562

564

613

612

la4

12

448

1344
684

614
615

306
320

4
a

a52

616
617
618
619

240
616
204
618

lb 1440
2 618
a' 1248
2
620

620

240

12

396
310
528
192
500

4
4
20
5
4
8

4
4

792
576

568

6
2

280

1080

568
144

2
16

570
1440

570
240

2
12

572
1176

380
240
440

744

21
2
6

lb51
578

626
627

312
360

628

312

629
630

576
144

4
768
a looa

160

20

l&i8

529
530

506

208

553
972

780

581

492

582
583

192
520

8
4

548

549
550

192
576
272

384
224

968

621
622
623
624
625

528

546

616

10
a

576
577
578
579
580

547

606
288

262
480

4
12

921
776

1260
672
1176

12

1260
960

614
924

1008

f@(n)

360

Qn

656

320

10

1302

657
658

432
276

6
8

962
1152

659 658
6bO 160

2 660
24 2016

661

660

662

662
663
664
665

330
384
328
432

4
8
8
I3

996
1008
1260
960

666

4
8
2
la
4

686

294

687

456

baa

336

689
690

624
176

a 1200
4
920
10 1364
4
756
16 1728

690
344
360
346
552

12
4
4

4
882
2 588
la 1596
4 640
a loao

636
637
638
639
640

208
504
280
420
256

12 1512
6
798
a 1080
6 936
16 1530

591
592
593
594
595

392
288
592
la0
384

4 792
10 1178
2
594
16 1440
a
864

641
642
643
644
645

640
212

2 642
8 1296

264
336

12 1344
8 1056

691
692
693
694
695

596
597
598
599
600

296

288
646
216
580
240

a
2
20
4
12

224

16

4
a

646
647
648
649
650

696

396
264

697
698
699
700

640
348
464
240

4
4
4
la

1134
660

144
546
272
360

lb

1344

200

12

2
6
6

548
966

806
1116

598
160

2
24

1050
a00
1008

600
lab0

642

2418

452
300
682
216
544

292
586
168
540
232

30

681
682
683
684
685

586
587
588
589
590

816
728

358
718

6 1106
4
684
24 la72

a 1020
4 720
4 al0
6
684
24 1680
542

718

1281
678
a 1368
4
784
lb 1620

504

644

1080
648
la15
720
1302

2
6

1040

1260
960

1240

9
2

a
12

6
4
4

312
676
224
576
256

288
288

468

476

676
677
678
679
680

2 632
a 1200
4
a48
4
954
4
768

708
280

816
1680
2
710
8 1296

356

744
2016
674
1014

630

1062

716

4
24
2
4

312
420

4
4
12

717

600
192
672
336
360

632
633
634
635

352
600
232

1524

8 1152

1482

671
672
673
674
675

942
960

14

368

1008

6
4
8

12

320

332
444
264

781

711

Cl

2 702
lb lb80
4 760

480

720
1176
896
1224

960
936
720
1736

706
707
708
709
710

un

700
216
648

715

12
4

702
703
704
705

o(n)

713
714

216
616

1344

701

a
6bO 4
192 16

667
668
669
670

631

316

II

8 1024
6 1148
2 654
8 1320
4 792

584
585

2
4

648
1110
1092

8 1224
2
608

651

4
583
a 1080
4
648

12
4

432

200

607
608
609

280

524
924
992

360
256

606

320

2
6
12

540
270

300

440

562

522
260
240

541
542
543
544
545

604

561

571
572
573
574
575

356
268
420
144

652
216
520

a
a 1116

522

537
538
539
540

324

653
654
655

336
240

1170

264

652

a84
1064
798

610

2
12

536

1056

6
b
6

1488

520
168

480

396

4
20

192

176
424

252

603

504
192

569
570

1120

602

605

Ul

602

559
560

696
1260

12

12

282
324

216

UQ

600

180

566
567

348

cp(n)

558

1232
576
912

532
533
534
535

601

980
558
1248

12
4
a
4
lb

531

FUNCTIONS

912
1152
684
la20
a28

712

719
720

352

192

1350
768
1728

1080
720

721

612

722
723
724
725

342
480
360
560

6
4
6
6

1143

726
727

220
726

12
2

1596

16

728
lbao

729
730

486

1093

792
1736
734
1104

728

288
288

731

672

732
733
734
735

240
732
366
336

12
2
4
12

352

12

a32
968
1274
930

1332

1368

736
737
738
739
740

240
738
288

1512
816
12 1638
2 740
12 1596

692
1218
1248
1044
a40

741
742
743
744
745

432
312
742
240
592

a
a
2
16
4

1800
756

746
747
748
749
750

372
492
320
636
200

4 1122
6 1092
12 1512
4 864
lb la72

1050
936
1736

660

1120
1296

744
1920
900

COMBINATORIAL
'ARITHMETIC

ANALYSIS
FUNCTIONS

TaIblc: 24.6

Qll Cl
12 1272
2160
954
1:4 2106
1152

751
752
753
754
755

756
752
368 1; 1488
500 4 1008
336 8 1260
600 4 912

801
802
803
804
805

528 6 1170
400 4 1206
720 4 888
264 12 1904
528 8 1152

851
852
853
854
855

792 4 912
280 12 2016
852 2 854
360 8 1488
432 12 1560

901
902
903
904
905

832
400
504
448
720

4
8
8
8
4

972
1512
1408
1710
1092

n
951
952
953
954
955

756
757
758
759
760

216 24 2;;;
756 2
378 4 1140
440 8 1152
288 16 1800

806
807
808
809
810

360 8
536 4
400 8
808 2
216 20

1344
1080
1530
810
2178

856
857
858
859
860

424 8 1620
856 2 858
240 16 2016
858 2 860
336 12 1848

906
907
908
909
910

300 8
906 2
452 6
600 6
288 16

1824
908
1596
1326
2016

956
957
958
959
960

476 6
560
478 4"
816
256 2:

1680
1440
1440
1104
3048

761
762
763
764
765

760 2 762
252 8 1536
648 4 880
380 6 1344
384 12 1404

811
812
813
814
815

810 2 812
336 12 1680
540 4 1088
360 8 1368
648 4 984

861
862
863
864
865

480 8 1344
430 4 1296
862 2 864
288 24 2520
688 4 1044

911
912
913
914
915

910 2 912
288 20 2480
820 4 1008
456 4 1374
480 8 1488

961
962
963
964
965

930
432
636
480
768

993
1596
1404
1694
1164

766
767
768
769
770

382 4 1152
696 4 840
256 18 2;;;
768 2
240 16 1728

816
817
818
819
820

256 20 2232
756 4 880
408 4 1230
432 12 1456
320 12 1764

866
867
868
869
870

432 4 1302
544 6 1228
360 12 1792
780 4 960
224 16 2160

916
917
918
919
920

456 6 1610
780 4 1056
288 16 2160
918 2 920
352 16 2160

966
967
968
969
970

264 16 2304
966
440 1: 1;:;
576 8 1440
384 8 1764

771
772
773
774
775

512 4 1032
384 6 1358
772 2 774
252 12 1;'72"
600 6

821
822
823
824
825

820 2 822
272 8 lb56
822 2 824
408 8 1560
400 12 1488

871
872
873
874
875

792
432
576
396
600

952
1650
1274
1440
1248

921
922
923
924
925

612 4 1232
460 4 1386
840 4 1008
240 24 2688
720 6 1178

971 970
972
972
1'8 2548
973 i%
1120
974 486 i 1464
915
480 12 1736

776
777
778
779
780

384 8
432 8
388 4
720 4
192 24

826
827
828
829
830

348 8 1440
826 2 828
264 18 2184
828 2 830
328 8 1512

876
877
878
879
880

288 12 2072
876 2 878
438 4 1320
584 4 1176
320 20 2232

926
927
928
929
930

462 4 1392
612 6 1352
448 12 1890
928 2 930
240 16 2304

976
977
978
979
980

480 10 1922
976 2 978
1968
22
4" 1080
336 18 2394

781
782
783
784
785

700 4 864
352 8 1296
504 8 1200
336 15 1767
624 4 948

0;
36;; 146 1778
1026
834 276 8 1680
835 664 4 1008

881
882.
883
884
885

880 2 a82
252 18 2223
882 2 884
384 12 1764
464 8 1440

931
932
933
934
935

756
464
620
466
640

6
6
4
4
8

1140
1638
1248
1404
1296

981
982
983
984
985

648
1430
490
1476
982 2 984
320 16 2520
784 4 1188

786
787
788
789
790

260
786
392
524
312

1584
788
1386
1056
1440

836
8j7
838
839
840

360 12 1680
540 8 1280
418 4 1260
838 2 840
192 32 2880

886
887
888
889
890

442 4 1332
886 2 888
288 16 2280
756 4 1024
352 8 1620

936 288 24
937 936 2
F!i %i a
939 624 4
940 368 12

2730
938
1kZ
1256
2016

986
987
988
989
990

448 8 1620
552 8 1536
432 12 1960
924
1056
240
2808

791
792
793
794
795

672 4 912
240 24 2340
720 4 868
396 4 1194
416 8 1296

841
842
843
844
845

812
420
560
420
624

871
1266
1128
1484
1098

891
892
893
894
895

540 10 1452
444 6 1568
828 4 960
296 8 1800
712 4 1080

941
942
943
944
945

940 2 942
312 8 1896
880 4 1008
464 10 1860
432 16 1920

991
992
993
994
995

990

796
797
798
799
800

396 6 1400
796 2 798
216 16 1920
736 4 864
320 18 1953

846
847
848
849
850

276 12 1872
660 6 1064
416 10 1674
564 4 1136
320 12 1674

896
897
898
899
900

384 16 2040
528 8 1344
448 4 1350
840 4 960
240 27 2921

946
947
948
949
950

420 8 1584
946 2 948
312 12 2240
864 4 1036
360 12 1860

8
2
6
4
8

1470
1216
1170
840
2352

831 552

4 1112

3
4
4
6
6

4
8
6
8
8

a(n)
632
384
952
312
760

z6":
420
792

992
2016
1328
1728
1200

996 328
996
'9% 498
999 648
1000 400

2352
998
1500
1520
2340

d3

3.:

g.;;
2
2.3.7

ii
22.5
2-3.5
2a.5
2.51
22.3.5
2.5.7
2.5
2.32.5

::

&

3f5
52

2.;7
21.11
2.3

$.5

7z3

22.13
2.31
2x.31
2.41
3.23

zx
3.31

2:7
21.3.7
2.47

;ay;
2.5.13
21.5.7

101
3.37
11
131
3.47

2.3.17
2.7
2.61
21.3.11
2.71

103
113
3.41
7.19
11.13

28.13
2.3.19
22.31
2.67
24.3%

3.5.7
5.23
51

2if;
2.5117
2q.3q.5
2-5.19

151
7.23
32.19
181
191

32.17
163
173
3.61
193

2.7.11
22.41
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3.7.11
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22.53
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2.127
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2.137
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32.52
5.47
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32.23
7.31
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2.3.43
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22.79
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307
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22.7.11
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3.103
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2.193
21.31.11

3.7.17
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2.179
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22.97
2.199

2.7.29
25.13
2.3.71
22.109
2.223
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1009
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100
101
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105
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110
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2.3.167
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105
106
107
108
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1051
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22.263
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110
111
112
113
114

22.5a.11
2.3.5.37
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2.5.113
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115
116
117
118
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2.52.23
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2.19.29
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2.3.11.17
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2.571
27.32
2.7.83
22.293
2.3.197
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120
121
122
123
124

2.3.9
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2a.5.61
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3.367
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33.43
1171
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3.397
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7.173
3.11.37
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17.73

125
126
127
128
129

22.251
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2.11.47
22.32.29

3.5.67
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2.503
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22.7.37
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34.13
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2.17.31
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5.211
3.5.71
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2.3.23
2.557
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2.577
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13.89
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2.601
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3.401
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32.137
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22.7.43
2.607
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2.617
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5.241
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19.61
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5.251
5.11.23
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2a.157
2.3.211
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3.419
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32.11.13
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2.17.37
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33.47
1279
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3.433

128
127
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3.19.23
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32.149

2.3.7.31
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2.661
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2a.163
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22.3.109
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3.443
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130
131
132
133
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135
136
137
138
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7.193
1361
3.457
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2.3.227
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2.691
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2.677
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5.271
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2.32.7.11
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23.59
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2.7.97
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3a.151
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140
141
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3.467
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2.701
22.353
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2.89
2.3.239
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5.281
5.283
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3.7.67
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3.479
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2.709
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140
141
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232.29
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31.47
32.163
7.211
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2.36
22.367
2.739
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3.11.43
1429
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130
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152
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158
159

2.52.31
23.3.5.13
2.5.157
P-5.79
2.3.5.53

160
161
162
163
164

19.79
is11

25.47
2.757
21.3-127
2.13.59
23.193

5.7.43
3.5-101
52.61
5.307
3.5.103

2.3.251
22.379
2.7.109
20.3
2.773

21.13-29
2.3.11.23
23.191
2.769
22-32.43

3.503
72.31
11.139
34-19
1549

1553
3.521
111.13
1583
38.59

2.787
24.32.11
2.797

5.311
5.313
32.52.7
5.317
5.11.29

22.389
2.33.29
23.197
2.13.61
3.3.7.19

39.173
1567
19.83

2.19.41
25.72
2.3.263
22.397
2.17.47

1559
3.523
1579
7-227
3.13-41

155
156
157
158
159

2.32.89
22.13.31
2.811
26.3-17
2.821

7,229
1613
3.541
23.71
31.53

22.401
2.3.269
23.7.29
2.19.43
22.3.137

53.13
3.5.109
5.7.47

2.11.73
24.101
2.3.271
22.409
2.823

1607
3.72.11
1627
1637
33.61

23.3-67
2.809
22.11-37
2-$.;7-;3

1609
1619
31.181
11.149
17.97

160
161
162
163
164

13.127
11.151
3.557
412
19.89

22.7.59
2.3.277
28.11.19
2.292
3.32.47

3.19.29
1663
7.239
32.11.17
1693

2.827
27.13
2.38.31
22.421
2-7.11'

5.331
32.5.37
52.67
5.337
3.5.113

23.32.23
2.72.17
22.419
2.3.281
25.53

1657
1667
3.13.43
7.241
1697

2.829
22.3.139
2.839
23.211
2.3.283

3.7.79
1669
23.73
3.563
1699

165
166
167

35.7
29.59
1721
3.577
1741

2.23.37
24.107
2iziY
2.13.67

13.131
3.571
1723
1733
3.7-83

2.853
22.3.11.13
2.863
23.7.31
2.32.97

3.569
17.101
11.157
32.193
1747

P.7.61
2.859
26.33
2.11.79
22.19.23

1709
32.191
7.13.19
37.47
3.11.53

7.11.23
13.137
32.199

28.3.73
2.881
P.443
2.34.11
28.7

1753
41.43
32.197
1783
11.163

2.887
23.223
2.3.13.23

22.439
2.883
2'.3.37
2.19.47
22.449

7.251
3.19.31
1777
1787
3.599

2.3.293
2.13.17
2.7.127
22.3.149
2.29,31

1759
29.61
3.593
1789
7.257

%%i. .

1801
1811
3.607
1831
7.263

2.17.53
22.3.151
2.911
23.229
2.3.307

3.601
71.37
-.
1823
3.13.47
19.97

22.11.41
2.907
25.3.19
2.7.131
22.461

2.3.7.43
2a.227
2.11.83
22.33.17
2.13.71

13.139
23.79
32.7.29
11.167
1847

24.113
2.32.101
a.457
2.919
23.3.7.11

33.67
17.107
31.59

185
186
187
188
189

2.52.37
22.3.5.31
2.5.11.17
23.5.47
2.33.5.7

3.617
1861
1871
32.11.19
31.61

22.463
2.71.19
24-32.13
2.941
22.11.43

17.109
34.2%
1873
7.269
3.631

2.32.103
2a.233
2.937
22.3.157
2.947

25.21)

55%~g

z23:41
23.3-79

3.619
1867
1877
3.17.37
7.271

190
191
192
193
194

2vP.19
2.5-191
21.3.5
2.5.193
22.5.97

1901
3.72.13
17.113
1931
3.647

2.3.317
23.239
2.311
22.3.7.23
2.971

11.173
1913
3.641
1933
29.67

24.7-17
2.3.11.29
22.13.37
2.967
23.36

3.5.127
5.383
52.7.11
32.543
5.389

2.953
22.479
2.32.107
24. i I*
2.7.139

1907

1951
37,53
33.73
7.283
11.181

26.61
2.32.109
3.17-29
2.991
3.3.83

31.7.31
13.151
1973
3.661
1993

2.977
22.491

5.17-23
3.5.131
52.79
5.397
3.5.7.19

22.3.163
2.983
_-23.13.19
2.3.331
22.499

2.751
28.33.7
2.761
3.383
2-3.257

32.167
17.89
1523
3-7-73
1543

IS71
3.17-31
37.43

24.97
2.11.71
P-3-131
2-7.113
P-199

26.52
2.5.7.23
2=.3'.5
2.5.163
29.5.41

1601
32.179
1621
7,233
3.547

165
166
167
168
169

2.3.5a.11
2a.5.83
2.5.167
24.3.5.7
2.5.131

170
171
172
173
174

2vY.17
2.3a.5.19
28.5.43
2.5.173
22.3.5.29

175
176
177
178
179

2.Fia.7

180
18i
182
183
184

2a.3a.5
2.5.181
21-5.7-13

195
196
197
198
199

2ZFG3

2&97
22.32.5.11
2.5-199

%i?
23.67

i1E7

y&y

.-

----.--

5.11-31
5.73
3.52.23
5.347
5.349
2.877

22.3X72

3i%

5.367
32.5.41
5.7.53
5.373
3.54

E1
2.997

._.._ .- - .._ .-. .-..

z3i3fz

131;143:

3.509
29.53
7.13.17

x3-71

il.i7
13.149
3.11.59
19,103
7.281
%:
1997

150 +I
151 0"
152 o
153
154

175
176
177
178

2
e

2
I2

323:3

179
180
181
182
183
184

2.929
22.467
2.3.313
25.59
2.13.73

11.132
3.7.89
1879
1889
32.211

185
186
187
188
189

22.32.53
2.7.137
23.241
2-3.17.19
22.487

23.83
19.101
3.643
7.277
1949

190
191
192
193
194

2.11.89
24.3.41
2.23.43
22-7.71
2.33.37

3.653
11.179
1979
32.13.17
1999

c3

g4
SE

00
%
t3

2.7.11.13
22.503
2.3.337
2.127
2.1021
22.33.19
2.1031
28.7.37
2.3.347
22.523
2.1051
2e.3.11
2.1061
P.13.41
2.32.7.17

2003
3.11.61
7.172
19.107
32.227

22.3.167
2.19.53
23.11.23
2.33.113
22.7.73

5.401
5.13.31
34.52
5.11.37
5.409

2053
2063
3.691
2083
7.13.23
3-701
2113
11.193
33.79
2143

2.13.79
2.3.43
2.17.61
22.521
2.3.349
23.263
2.7.151
22.32.59
2.11.97
25.67

23.269
2.23.47
22.3.181
2.1091
2. 137

2153
3.7.103
41-53
37.59
3.17.43

2.3.359
2a.541
2.1087
23.3.7.13
2.1097

3.5.137
5.7.59
5a.83
3.5.139
5.419
5.421
32.5.47
53.17
5.7.61
3.5.11.13
5.431
5.433
33.29
5.19.23
5.439

2.17.59
25.32.7
2.1013
22.509
2.3.11.31
23.257
2.1033
2a.3.173
2.7.149
2.131
2.3.13
2a-232
2.1063
23.3.89
2.29.37
22.72.11
2.3.19
27.17
2.1093
22.32.61

%z
52.89
3.5.149
5.449

2.1103
23.277
2.3.7.53
22.13.43
2.1123

2a.52.23
2.3.5.7.11
24.5.29
2.5.233
2VP.5.13

3.13.59
2311
11.211
32.7-37
2341

2.1151
23.172
2.33.43
22.11.53
2.1171

2203
2213
32.13.19
7.11.29
2243
3.751
31.73
2273
3.761
2293
72.47
32.257
23.101
2333
3.11.71

22.19.29
2.33.41
2. 139
2.1117
22.3.11.17

2251
7.17-19
3-757
2281
29.79

2.3.367
22.7.79
2.11.101
23.32.31
2.19.59
22.563
2.3.13.29
25.71
2.7-163
22.3.191

2.72.23
23.283
2.3.379
22.571
2.31.37
28.32
2.13.89
22.7.83
2.3.389
23.293

5.11.41
3.5.151
52.7.13
5.457
33.5.17
5.461
5.463
3.52.31
5.467
5.7.67

235
236
237
238
239

2.9.47
23.5.59
2.3.5.79
2*.5.7.17
2.5-239

2351
3.787
2371
2381
3.797

24.3.7a
2.1181
22.593
2.3.397
23.13,23

13-181
17.139
3.7-113
2383
2393

2.11.107
22.3.197
2.1187
24.149
2.32.7.19

3.5.157
5.11.43
53.19
32.5.53
5.479

240
241
242
243
244

25.3.52
2.5.241
22.5.112
2.35.5
23.5.61

247;1
32.269
11.13.17
2441

2.1201
22.3*.67
2.7.173
27-19
2.3.11.37

22.601
2.17.71
23.3. 101
2.1217
22.13.47

5.13.37

245
246
247
248
249

2.52.72
2a.3.5.41
2.5.13.19
24.5.31
2.3.5-83

3.19.43
23.107
7-353
3.827
47.53

22.613
2.1231
23.3-103
2.17-73
2a.7.89

33.89
19.127
2423
3.811
7.349
11.223
3-821
2473
13.191
32.277

200
201
202
203
204

2.53
2.3.5.67
22.5.101
2-5-7.29
23.3-5.17

3.23.29
2011
43.47
3.677
13.157

205
206
207
208
209

2.52.41
22.5.103
2.32.5.23
25.5.13
2.5.11-19

7.293
32-229
19.109
2081
3.17-41

210
211
212
213
214

22.3.5a.7
2.5.211
23.5.53
2.3.5.71
2*-5.107

11.191
2111
3.7.101
2131
2141

215
216
217
218
219

2.52.43
2.33-5
2.5.7.31
22-5.109
2.3.5.73
23.52.11
2.5.13-17
2=.3.5.37
2.5.223
20.5.7

32.239
2161
13.167
3.727
7.313
31.71
3-11.67
2221
23.97
33-83

225
226
227
228

2cP-a
22.5.113
2.5.227
23.3.5.19
2.5.229

230
231
232
233
234

220
221
222
223
224

2.3.409
25.7.11
2.1237
22.33.23
2-29.43

32iY3
5.487
3.5.163
5.491
5.17.29
32.52.11
5.7.71
5.499

2.3.47
2.11.103
22.569
2.32.127
23.7.41
2.1153
22.3.193
2.1163
25.73
2.3.17.23
22.19.31
2.7.132
23.33.11
2.1193
22.599

32.223
2017
2027
3.7.97
23.89
112.17
3.13.53
31.67
2087
32.233
72.43
29.73
3.709
2137
19.113
3.719
11.197
7.311
I?3

2207
3.739
17.131
2237
3.7.107
37.61
2267
32.11.23
2287
2297
3.769
7.331
13.179
3.19.41
2347
2357
32.263
2377
7.11.31
3.17.47

23.251
2.1009
22.3.132
2.1019
2
2.3-73
22.11.47
2.1039
23.32.29
2.1049
22.17.31
2.3.353
24.7.19
2.1069
22.3.179
2.13.83
23.271
2.32.112
22.547
2.7.157
25.3.23
2.1109
22.557
2.3.373
23.281

72.41
3.673
2029
2039
3.683
29.71
2069
33.7.11
2089
2099
3.19.37
13.163
2129
3.23.31
7.307
17.127
32.241
2179
11.199
3.733
472
7.317
3.743
2239
13.173

2.1129
22.34.7
2.17.67
2.11.13
2.3.383
22.577
2.19.61
23.3.97
2.7.167
22. 587
2.32.131
28.37
2.29.41
22.3. 199
2.11.109

32.251
2269
43.53
3.7.109
112.19

3.11.73
41.59
7.347
32.271
31.79
2459

2.3.401
2.151
2.1213
22.3.7.29
2.1223

29.83
2417
3.809
2437
2447

23.7.43
2.3.13.31
22.607
2.23.53
2.32.17

23.307
2.32.137
22.619
2.11.113
28.3.13

33.7.13
2467
2477
3.829
11.227

2.1229
22.617
2.3.7.59
23.311
2.1249

2309
3.773
17.137
2339
34.29
7.337
23.103
3.13.61
2389
2399

g;;
19.131
3.72.17

200
201
202
203
204

IF@
h

205
206
207
208
210
211
212
213
214
215

230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249

E
g

250
251
252
253
254

22.54
2.5.251
25.32.5.7
2.5-11.23
22.5-127

41.61
34.31
2521
2531
3.7-114

2-32.139
24.157
2.13.97
2a.3.211
2.31.41

2503
7.359
3.292
17.149
2543

23.313
2.3.419
22.631
2.7-181
2.3.53

2.7.179
22-17.37
2.3.421
23.317
2.19.67

23.109
3.839
7.192
43.59
32.283

22.3.11-19
2.1259
25.79
2.35.47
22.72.13

13.193
11.229
32.281
2539
2549

250 g
;g; 8

255
256
257
258
259

2.3.52.17
20.5
2.5.257
2a.3.5.43
2.5.7.37

2551
13.197
3.857
29.89
2591

23.11.29
2.3.7.61
2a.643
2.1291
25,3

3.23.37
11.233
31.83
32.7.41
2593

2.1277
Z2.641
2.32.11.13
23.17.19
2.1297

5.7,73
38.5.19
52.103
5.11.47
3.5.173

22.32.71
2.1283
2.7.23
2.3.431
22,11.59

2557
17.151
3.859
13.199
72.53

2.1279
23.3.107
2.1289
22.647
2.3.433

3.853
7.367
2579
3.863
23.113

255
256
257
258
259

260
261
262
263
264

25.52.13
2.32.5.29
22.5.131
2.5-263
2.3.5.11

32.17*
7-373
2621
3.877
19.139

2.1301
2a.653
2.3.19.23
2a.7.47
2.1321

19.137
3iEit7
2633
3.881

Z2.3.7.31
2.1307
28.41
2.3.439
2%.661

5.521
5.523
3.55.7
5.17.31
5.23z

2.1303
23,3.109
2.13.101
22.659
2,3.7=

3.11.79
2617
37.71
32.293
2647

2.163
2.7.11.17
22.32.73
2.1319
23.331

2609
33.97
11.239
7.13.29
3.883

260
261
262
263
264

265
266
267
268
269

2.52-53
2*-5.7-19
2.3.5.89
2a.5.67
2.5.269

11.241
3.887
2671
7.383
32.13.23

2a.3.13.17
2.11
2.167
2.32.149
22.673

7.379
2663
35.11
2683
2693

2.1327
23.32.37
2.7.191
22.11.61
2.3.449

32.5.59
5;l.%Y
3.a5.179
5.72.11

25.83
2-31.43
22.3.223
2.17.79
Z3.337

2657
3-7-127
2677
2687
3.29.31

2.3.443
22-23-29
2.13.103
27.3.7
2.19.71

2659
17.157
3.19-47
2689
2699

265
266
267
268
269

270
271
272
273
274

22.3J.51
2.5.271
25.5.17
2-3.5.7.13
2*.5.137

37.73
2711
3.907
2731
2741

2.7.193
23.3.113
2.1361
22.683
2.3.457

3.17.53
2713
7.389
3.911
13.211

2.132
2.23-59
22.3.227
2.1367
2*.73

5.541
3.5.181
52.109
5.547
32.5.61

2.3.11.41
22.7.97
2.29.47
24.32.19
2.1373

2707
11.13.19
35.101
7.17.23
41.67

22.677
2.32.151
23.1 1.31
2.372
22-3.229

32.7.43
2719
2729
3.11.83
2749

275
276
277
278
279

2.5s.11
23.3.5.23
2.5.277
22.5.139
2.3a.5.31

3.7.131
11.251
17.163
33.103
2791

26.43
2.1381
22.32.7.11
2.13.107
23.349

2753
32.307
47.59
1 12.23
3.72.19

2.3.17
22.691
2.19.73
25.3.29
2.11.127

5.19.29
5.7.79
3.52.37
5.557
5.13.43

22.13.53
2.3.461
23.347
2.7.199
22.3.233

3.919
2767
2777
3.929
2797

2.7.197
2.173
2.3.463
22.17.41
2.1399

31.89
3.13.71
7.397
2789
32.311

280
281
282
283
284

24.52.7
2.5.281
2r.3.5.47
2.5.283
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3.5.11.31
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515
516
517
518
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23.3.5.43
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13.397
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3.11.157
29.179

26.7.23
2-29.89
22.3.431
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3.1721
7.739
71.73
32.577

2.3-859
22.1291
2.13.199
20.3
2-72.53

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5.1033
32.52.23
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2.32.7.41
23.647
2.2593
21.3.433

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33.191
5167
31.167
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33.193
23.227
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3.1747

2.32.171
22.1303
2.7.373
24.3.109
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13.401
3.1741
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22.1301
2.3.11.79
23.653
2.2617
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25.163
2.3.13.67
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3.7.251
5281
11.13.37

22.13.101
2.3.877
23.659
2.19.139
2a.33.72

3.17.103
19.277
5273
32.587
67.79

2.37.71
2.7.47
2.32.293
22.1321
2.2647

5.1051
34.5.13
52.211
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17.313
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2.2657
22.113
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3.1787
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2-7-383
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31.173
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535
536
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32.613
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3.432

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2.2791
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22.13.107
2.3.929
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3.5.7.53
52.223
5.1117
3.5.373

22.3.463
2.112.23
23.17.41
2.3.72.19
22.1399

5557
19.293
3.11.132
37.151
29.193

2.7.397
28.3.29
2.2789
22.11.127
2.32.311

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5569
7.797
35.23
11.509

555
556
557
558
559

560
561
562
563
564

25.52.7
2.3.5.11.17
22.5.281
2.5.563
23.3.5.47

3.1867
31.181
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3.1877
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2.2801
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2.3-937
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13.431
3.1871
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43.131
33.11.19

22.3.467
2.7.401
23.19.37
2.32.313
22.17.83

5.19.59
5.1123
32.5
5.72.23
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2.2803
24-33.13
2.29.97
22.1409
2.3.941

32.7.89
41.137
17.331
3.1879
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23.701
2.532
22,3-7.67
2.2819
24.353

71.79
3.1873
13.433
5639
3.7.269

560
561

565
566
567
568
569

2.52.113
22.5.283
2.3*.5.7
2.5.71
2.5.569

5651
32-17.37
53.107
13.19.23
3.7.2i 1

2a.32.157
2.19.149
23.709
2.3.947
22-1423

5653
7.809
3.31-61
5683
5693

2.11.257
25.3.59
2.2837
22.72-29
2.3.13.73

3.5.13.29
5.11.103
52.227
3.5.379
5.17-67

23.7.101
2.2833
22.3.11.43
2.2843
28.89

5657
3.1889
7.811
112.47
3a.21 1

2.3.23.41
22.13.109
2.17.167
23.32.79
2.7.11.37

5659
5669
32.631
5689
41.139

565
566
567
568
569

570
571
572
573
574

22.3.52.19
2.5.571
23.5.11.13
2.3.5.191
22.5.7.41

5701
5711
3.1907
11.521
5741

2.2851
2.3.7.17
2.2861
22.1433
2.32.11.29

3.1901
29.197
59.97
32.7a.13
5743

2--.23.31
2.2857
22.38.53
2.47.61
24.359

5.7.163
32.5.127
52.229
5.31.37
3.5.383

2.32.317
22.1429
2.7.409
23,3.239
2.132.17

13.439
5717
3.23.83
5737
7.821

2?.1427
2.3.953
25.179
2.19.151
22.3.479

3.11.173
7.19.43
17.337
3.1913
5749

575
576
577
578
579

2.53.23
27.32.5
2.5.577
22.5.172
2.3.5.193

34.71
7.823
29.199
3.41.47
5791

23.719
2.43.67
22.3.13.37
2.72.59
25.181

11.523
3.17.113
23,251
5783
3.1931

2.3.7.137
22.11.131
2.2887
23.3.241
2.2897

5.1151
5.1153
3.52.7.11
5.13.89
5.19.61

22.1439
2.3.312
24.192
2.11.263
2=.3=.7.23

3.19.101
73.79
53.109
32.643
11.17.31

2.2879
23.7.103
2.33.107
22.1447
2.13.223

13.443
32.641
5779
7.827
3.1933

580
581
582
583
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23.52.29
2.5.7.83
22,3.5.97
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5801
3.13.149
5821
73.17
32.11.59

2.3.967
22.1453
2.41.71
23.36
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7.829
5813
32.647
19.307
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2?.1451
2.32.17.19
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2.2917
2C3-487

33.5.43
5.1163
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3.5.389
5.7.167

2.2903
23.727
2.3.971
22.1459
2.37.79

5807
3.7.277
5827
13.449
3.1949

2.3.112
2.2909
22.31.47
2.3.7.139
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37.157
11.232
3.29.67
5839
5849

580
581
582
583
584

585
586
587
588
589

2.32.52.13
22.5.293
2.5.587
23.3.5.72
2-5.19.31

5851
5861
3.19.103
5881
43.137

22.7.11.19
2.3.977
2.367
2.17.173
22-3.491

3.1951
11.13.41
7.839
3.37.53
71.83

2.2927
23.733
2.3.11.89
22.1471
2.7.421

5.1171
3.5.17.23
53.47
5.11.107
32-5-131

25.3.61
2.7.419
2a.13.113
2.33.109
23.11-67

5857
5867
32.653
7.292
5897

2.29.101
22.32.163
2.2939
28.23
2.3.983

35.7.31
5869
5879
3.13-151
17.347

585
586
587
588
589

590
591
592
593
594

22.52.59
2.3.5.197
25.5.37
2.5.593
2.33.5.11

3.7.281
23.257
31.191
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13.457

2.13.227
28.739
2.32.7.47
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2.2971

5903
3,73
5923
17,349
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24.32.41
2.2957
22.1481
2.3.23.43
23. 743

5.1181
5.7.132
3.52.79
5.1187
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2.2953
22.3.17.29
2.2963
2.7.53
2.3.991

3.11.179
61.97
5927
3.1979
19.313

22.7.211
2.11.269
23.3.13.19
2.2969
22.1487

19.311
3.1973
72.112
5939
32.661

590
591
592
593
594

595
596
597
598
599

2.52.7.17
23.5.149
2.3.5.199
22.5.13.23
2.5.599

11.541
3.1987
7.853
5981
3.1997

26.3.31
2.11.271
22.1493
2.3.997
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5953
67.89
3.11.181
31.193
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2.13.229
2a.3.7.71
2.29.103
26.11.17
2.3.37

3.5.397
5.1193
52.239
32.5.7.19
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22.1489
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2a.32.83
2.41.73
22.1499

7.23.37

2.32.331
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33.223
37.163
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2.3001
22.32.167
2.3011
24.13.29
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32.23.29
7.859
19.317
3.2011
6043

22.19.79
2.31.97
23.3.251
2.7.431
22.1511

5.1201
3.5.401
52.241
5.17.71
3.5.13.31

2.3.7.11.13
27.47
2.23.131
22.3.503
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11.547
3.72.41
6037
6047

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2.3.17.59
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2.3019
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13.463
6029
32.11.61
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601
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605
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607
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2.FP.112
22.3.q5.101
2.5.607
26.5.19
2.3.5.7.29

3.2017
11.19.29
13.467
3.2027
6091

22.17.89
2.7.433
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2.3041
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6053
3.43.47
6073
7.11.79
32.677

2.3.1009
24.379
2.3037
22.32.132
2.11.277

5.7.173
5.1213
35.52
5.1217
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23.757
2.32.337
22-72.31
2.17.179
2.3.127

32.673
6067
59.103
3.2029
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2.13.233
22.37.41
2.3.1013
23.761
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73.83
3.7.172
6079
6089
3.19.107

605
606
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608
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610
611
612
613
614

22.52.61
2.5-13.47
23.32.5. 17
2.5.613
22.5.307
2.3.52.41
24.5.7.11
2.5.617
22.3.5.103
2.5.619
23.52.31
2.33.5.23
22.5.311
2.5.7.89
25.3.5.13
2.55
22.5.313
2.3.5.11.19
23.5.15i
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6101
32.7.97
6121
6131
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2.33.113
25.191
2.3061
22.3.7.73
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17.359
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3.13.157
6133
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2.3.1019
22.1531
2.3067
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31.197
3.2039
11.557
17.192
32.683

22.3.509
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24.383
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41.149
29.211
33.227
7.877
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61.101
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23.769
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22.1543
2.11.281
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33.229
11.563

2.17.181
22.23.67
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5.1231
32.5.137
52.13.19
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2.43.71
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2.3.1021
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2.3083
25.193
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2.3079
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2.3.1033

3.2053
31.199
37.167
3.2063
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615
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6211
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3.31.67
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2.7.443
22.1553
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6203
3.19.109
72.127
23.271
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22.3.11.47
2.13-239
24.389
2.3.1039
22.7.223

5.17.73
5.11.113
3.52.83
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2.29.107
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2.11.283
22.1559
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3.2069
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13.479
34.7.11
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26.97
2.3109
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11.571
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2.3137
22.1571
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32.5.139
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6257
3.2089
6277
6287
3.2099

2.3.7.149
22.1567
2.43.73
2.3.131
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32.691
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3.2083
11.569
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71.89
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3.2113
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630
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632
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3.13.163
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2.11.172
25.199
2.3.1063
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3.11.193
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6389
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635
636
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630
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632
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636
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59.107
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2.3167
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5.13.97
3.5.421
52.11.23
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3.29.73
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23.277
32.709
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24.397
2.3181
22.33.59
2.3191
23.17.47

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32.7.101
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2.3.1051
22.1579
2.3163
26.32.11
2.19.167
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23.797
2.31.103
22.3.13.41

640
641
642
643
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28.52
2.5.641
22.3.5.107
2.5.643
23.5.7.23

37.173
3.2137
6421
59.109
3.19.113

2.3.11.97
22.7.229
2.132.19
25.3.67
2.3221

19.337
112.53
3.2141
7.919
17.379

22.1601
2.3.1069
23.11.73
2.3217
22.32.179

3.5.7.61
5.1283
52.257
32.5.11.13
5.1289

2.3203
2.401
2.33.7.17
22.1609
2.11.293

645
646
647
648
649

2.3.52.43
22.5.17.19
2.5.647
24.34.5
2.5.11.59

6451
7.13.71
32.719
6481
6491

22.1613
2.32.359
23.809
2.7.463
2%.3.541

33.239
23.281
6473
3.2161
43.151

2.7.461
26.101
2.3.13.83
22.1621
2.17.191

5.1291
3.5.431
52.7.37
5.1297
3.5.433

2a.3.269
2.53.61
22.1619
2.3.23.47
25.7.29

627
826
629

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d
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2.11.37
2.3.1087
22.23.71
2.3271

7.929
3.13-167
11.593
47.139
32.727

23.3.271
2.3257
2=.7.233
2.33.11a
2. 409

5.1301
5.1303
32.52.29
5.1307
5.7.11.17

2.3253
2a.3z-181
2-13.251
23.19.43
2.3.1091

33.241
73.19
61.107
3.2179
6547

22.1627
2.3259
27-3.17
2.7.467
22.1637

23.283
3.41.53
6529
13.503
3.37.59

Ez

6551
38
6571
6581
3.138

23.32.7.13
2.17.193
22.31.53
2.3.1097
26.103

6553
6563
3.7.313
29.227
19.347

2.29-113
22.3.547
2.19.173
23.823
2.3.7.157

3.5.19.23
5.13.101
52.263
3.5.439
5.1319

22.11.149
2.72.67
2.3.137
2.37.89
22.17.97

79.83
3-11.199
6577
7.941
32.733

2.3.1093
23.821
2.11.13.23
2z.33-61
2.3299

7.937
6569
32.17.43
11.599
6599

655
656
657
658
659

23.3.52.11
2.5.661
2*.5.331
2.3.5.13.17
2.5.83

7.23.41
11.601
3.2207
19.349
29.229

2.3301
22.3.19.29
2.7.11.43
23.829
2.3.41

3.31.71
17.389
37.179
32.11.67
7.13.73

21.13.127
2.3307
25.32.23
2.31.107
22.11.151

5.1321
33.5.72
53.53
5.1327
3.5.443

2.32.367
23.827
2.3313
22.3.7-79
2.3323

6607
13.509
3.472
6637
172.23

24.7.59
2-3.1103
22.1657
2.3319
23.3.277

3.2203
6619
7.947
3.2213
61.109

660
661
662
663
664

2.52.7.19
22.32.5.37
2.5.23.29
23.5.167
2.3.5.223

32.739
6661
7.953
3.17.131
6691

22.1663
2.3331
203.139
2.13.257
22.7.239

6653
3.2221
6673
41.163
3.23.97

2.3.1109
23.72.17
2.47.71
22.3.557
2.3347

5.113
5.31.43
3.52.89
5.7.191
5.13.103

2g.13
2.3.11-101
22.1669
2.3343
23.33.31

3.7.317
59.113
11.607
32.743
37.181

2.3329
22. 1667
2.32.7.53
25.11.19
2.17.197

6659
33-13.19
6679
6689
3.7.11.29

665
666
667
668
669

651
652
653
654

22.5a.13
2.3.5.7.31
28.5.163
2.5.653
22.3.5.109

3.11.197
17.383
6521
3,7.311
31.211

655
656
657
658
659

2.52.131
25.5.41
2.32.5.73
22.5.7.47
2.5.659

660.
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669

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6703
72.137
3.83
6733
11.613

24.419
2.32.373
22.412
2.7.13.37
23.3.281

32.5.149
5.17.79
52.269
3.5.449
5.19.71

2.7.479
22.23.73
2.3.19.59
2,421
2.3373

19.353
3.2239
7.312
6737
3.13.173

22.3.13.43
2.3359
23.292
2.3.1123
22.7.241

6709
6719
3.2243
23.293
17.397

670
671
672
673
674

25.211
2.3.72.23
22.1693
2.3391
23.3.283

3.2251
6763
13.521
3.7.17.19
6793

2.11.307
22.19.89
2.3.1129
27.53
2.43.79

5.7.193
3.&lfl
5.23.59
32.5.151

2=.3-563
2.17.199
23.7.112
2X.13.29
22.1699

29.233
67.101
33.251
11.617
7.971

2.31.109
2.3=.47
2.3389
22.1697
2.3.11.103

32.751
7.967
6779
3.31.73
13.523

675
656
677
678

3.2267
72.139
19.359
3$.11.23
684 1

2.19.179
22.13.131
2.32.379
2.7.61
2.11.311

6803
32.757
6823
6833
3.2281

22.35.7
2.3407
23.853
2.3.17.67
22.29.59

5.1361
5.29.47
3.52.7.13
5.1367
5.372

2.41.83
25.3.71
2.3413
22.1709
2.3.7.163

3.2269
17.401
6827
3.43.53
41.167

23.23.37
2.7.487
22.3.569
2.13.263
26.107

11.619
3.2273
6829
7,977
32.761

679
680
681
682
683
684

2.52.137
22.5.53
2.3.5.229
25.5.43
2.5.13.53

13.17.31
3.2287
6871
7.983
3.2297

22.3.571
2.47.73
23.859
2.3.31.37
22.1723

2.23.149
2.3.11.13
2.7.491
22.1721
2.32.383

3.5.457
5.1373
54.11
34.5.17
5.7.197

23.857
2.3433
22.32.191
2.11.313
24.431

6857

7ik38g
3.29.79
6883
61.113

2.33.127
22.17.101
2.19.181
23.3.7.41
2.5449

6189659
3.2293
832
6899

685
686
687
688
689

691
692
693
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22.3.52.23
2.5.691
23.5.173
2.32.5.7.11
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67.103
6911
32.769
29.239
11.631

2.7.17.29
28.33
2.3461
22.1733
2.3.13.89

32.13.59
31.223
7.23.43
3.2311
53.131

23.863
2.3457
22.3.577
2.3467
25.7.31

5.1381
3.5.461
52.277
5.19.73
3.5.463

2.3.1151
22.7.13.19
2.3463
25.3.17a
2.23.151

6907
6917
3.2309
7.991
6947

22.11.157
2.3.1153
2.433
2.3469
22.32.193

3.72.47
11.17.37
132.41
33.257
6949

695
696
697
698
699

2.52.139
24.3.5.29
2.5.17.41
22.5.349
2.3.5.233

3.7.331
6961
6971
3.13.179
6991

23.11.79
2.592
22.3.7.83
2.3491
24.19.23

17.409
3.11.211

2.3.19.61
22.1741
2.11.317
23.32.97
2.13.269

5.13.107
5.7.199
32.52.31

22,37.47
2.3.43
26.109
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32.773

2.72-71
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670
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22.52.67
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6701
3.2237
11.13.47
53.127
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2.3.1117
23.839
2.3361
22.32.11.17
2.3371

675
676
677
678
679

2.33.53
23.5.133
2.5.677
22.3.5.113
2.5.7.97

43.157
6761
3.37.61
6781
6791

680
681
682
683
684

2.52.17
2.3.5.227
22-5.11.31
2.5.683
23.32.5.19

685
686
687
688
689

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700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
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23.53.7
2r5.701
22.33.5.13
2.5.19.37
27.5.11
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22.5.353
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23.3.5.59
2.5.709
22.52.71
2.32.5.79
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2.5.23.31
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2.52.11.13
23.5.179
2.3.5.239
22.5.359
2.5.719

25.32.52

7001
32.19.41
7.17.59
79.89
3.2347
11.641
23.307
3.2357
73.97
7.1013
33.263
13.547
7121
3.2377
37.193
7151
3.7.11.31
71.101
43.167
32.17.47

2.5.7.103
22.5.192
2.3.5.241
23.5.181

19.379
7211
3.29.83
7.1033
13.557

725
726
727
728
729

2.53.29
22.3.5.112
2.5.727
2'.5.7.13
2.36.5

3.2417
53.137
11.661
32.809
23.317

730
731
732
733
784
735
736
737

22.52.73
2.5.17.43
23.3.5.61
2.5.733
22.5.367
2.3.52.72
26.5.23
2.5.11.67
22.32.5.41
2.5.739
23.52.37
2.3.5.13.19
22-5.7.53
2.5.743
2'.3-5.31
2.52.149
2=.5.373
2.32.5.83
23.5.11.17
2.5.7.107

72.149
3.2437
7321
7331
3.2447
7351
17.433
34.7.13
1 12.61
19.389

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740
741
742
743
744
745
746
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3.2467
7411
41.181
3.2477
7.1063
7451
32.829
31.241
7481
3-11.227

2.32.389
22.1753
2.3511
23.3.293
2.7.503

47.149
7013
3.2341
13.541
7043

2a.17.103
2.3.7.167
2'.439
2.3517
22.3.587

3.5.467
5.23.61
52.281
3.5.7.67
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3.2351
7.1009
11.643
32.787
41.173

5.17.83
32.5.157
52.283
5.13.109
3.5.11.43

7103
3.2371
17.419
7.1019
3.2381
23.311
13.19.29
32.7Q7
11.653
7193

2.3527
23.883
2.33.131
22.7.11.23
2.3547
26.3.37
2.3557
22.13.137
2.3.29.41
23.19.47
2.72.73
22.32.199
2.17.211
24.449
2.3.11.109

3.7'
7213
31.233
3.2411
7243
7253
33.269
7.1039
7283
3.11.13.17

22.1801
2.3607
23.3.7.43
2.3617
22.1811
2.32+13.31
25.227
2.3637
22.3.607
2.7.521

33.5.53
5.1433
52.7.41
3.5.479
5.1439
5.11.131
3.5.13.37
52.172
5.1447
32.5.7.23
5.1451
5.1453
3.52.97

2.3541
22.32.197
2.53.67
23.7.127
2.3.1187
22.1783
2.3571
24.3.149
2.3581
22.11.163
2.33.7.19
23.29.31
2.13.277
22.3.601
2.23.157
26.113
2.3-17.71
22.72.37
2.3631
23.32.101
2.11.331
22.1823
2.3.1217
2'.457
2.7.523
22.3.13.47
2.3611

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2.31.113
23.877
2.3.1171
22.1759
2.13.271

7057
37.191
3-7.337
19.373
47.151

2.11.17.19
22.3.593
2.7-509
25.223
2.32.397
22.1789
2.3583
23.3.13.23
2.3593
22.7.257
2.3.1201
2.11.41
2.3613
22.33.67
2.3623
23.907
2.3.7.173
22.17.107
2.3643
27.3.19

3.23-103
11.647
7127
32.13.61
7.1021

22.1777
2.3559
23.34.11
2.43.83
22.1787

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7079
3-17-139
31.229
7109
32.7.113
7129
112.59
3.2383

17.421
3.2389
7177
7187
3.2399
7207
7.1031
32.11.73
7237
7247

2.3.1193
2'0.7
2-37.97
22.3.599
2.59.61

7159
67.107
3.2393
7.13.79
23.313

28.17.53
2.32.401
22.13.139
2.7.11.47
2.3.151

3'.89
7219
7229
3.19.127
11.659
7.17.61
3.2423
29.251
37.197
32.811

7307
33.271
17.431
11.23.29
3.31.79

2.19.191
22.23.79
2.3.1213
23.91 1
2.41.89
22.32.7.29
2.3659
25.229
2.3.1223
22.11.167

2.3533
22.29.61
2.3.1181
23.887

3.41.59
132.43
19.383
3.7.347
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700
701
702
703
704

710
711
712
7i3
714
715
716
717
718

730
731
732
733
734

2.13.283
2a.3.307
2.7.17.31
22.1847
2.33.137

3.11.223
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47.157
32.821
72.151

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32.823
7417
7.1061
3.37.67
11.677

2'.463
2.3709
22.3.619
2.3719
23.72.19

31.239
3.2473
17.19.23
43.173
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3.19.131
7477
7487
32.72.17

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22.1867
2.3739
26.32.13
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25.11.83
2.3.23.53
22.1831
2,19.193
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32.5.163
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2.13.281
22.31.59
2.32.11.37
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2.32.409
22.19.97
2.3691
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32.19.43
37.199
73.101
3.23.107
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2.3677
22.7.263
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2.3697

5.1471
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2.612

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37.827

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2.11.337
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43.163
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22.7.251
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23.881
2.3529
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24.32.72

72.11.13
3.2339
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2.33.139
2. 1879
2.53.71
24.3-157
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7507
7517
3.13.193
7537
7547

2=.1877
2.3,7.179
23.941
2.3769
2*.3.17.37

3.2503
73.103
7529
3.7.359
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758
759

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67.113
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2.19.199
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2.17.223
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3.2521
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7583
3.2531

2.3.1259
22.31.61
2.7.541
25.3.79
2.3797

5.1511
5.17.89
3-52.101
5.37.41
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22.1889
2.3.13.97
23.947
2.3793
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3.11.229
7.23.47
7577
33.281
71.107

2.3779
2.11.43
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29.7.271
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7559
32.292
11.13-53
7589
3.17.149

755
756
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760
761
762
763
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2.52.19
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2.5.7.109
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11.691
3.43-59
7621
13.587
33.283

2.3-7.181
2*.11.173
2.37.103
2.3=.53
2.3821

7603
23.331
3*.7.11*
17.449
7643

22.1901
2.3.47
23.953
2.11.347
2=.3.7*.13

31.5.132
5.1523
53.61
3.5.509
5.11.139

2.3803
26-7.17
2.3.31-41
2*.23.83
2.3823

7607
3.2539
29.263
7.1091
3.2549

23.3.317
2,13.293
22.1907
2.3.19.67
25.239

7.1087
19.401
3.2543
7639
7649

760
761
762
763
764

765
766
767
768
769

2.3*.5*.17
2*.5.383
2.5.13.59
29.3.5
2.5.769

7.1093
47.163
3.2557
7681
7691

2*-1913
2.3.1277
23.7.137
2.23.167
2*.3.641

3.2551
79.97
7673
3.13.197
79.157

2.43.89
24.479
2.3.1279
2*.17.113
2.3847

5.1531
3.5.7-73
52.307
5.29.53
34.5.19

23.3.11.29
2.3833
22.19-101
2.3*.7.61
2.13.37

13.19.31
11.17.41
32.853
7687
43.179

2.7.547
2*.3*.71
2.11.349
2*.31*
2.3.1283

3*.23.37
7669
7.1097
3.11.233
7699

765
766
767
768
769

2*.5.7.11
2.3.5.257
23-5.193
2.5.773
2*.3=.5.43

3.17.151
11.701
7.1103
32.859
7741

2.3851
25.241
2.33.11.13
22.1933
2.72.79

7703
3*.857
7723
11.19.37
3.29.89

23.32.107
2.7.19.29
22.1931
2.3.1289
26.11

5.23.67
5.1543
3.5e.103
5.7.13.17
5.1549

2.3853
22.3.643
2.3863
23.967
2.3.1291

3.7.367
7717
7727
3.2579
61.127

2*.41.47
2.17.227
24.3.7.23
2.53.73
22.13.149

13.593

TTY
772
773
774

;,:;1
71:109
33.7.41

775
776
777
778
779

2.5*-31
2.5.97
2.3.5.7.37
2*.5.389
2.5.19.41

23.337
3,13.199
19.409
31.251
3.71.53

23.3.17.19
2.3881
22.29.67
2.3.1257
2.487

7753
7.1109
3.2591
43.181
7793

2.3877
2*.3.647
2.13*.23
23.7.139
2.3*.433

3.5.11.47
5.1553
52.311
32.5.173
5.1559

22.7.277
2.11.353
25.35
2.17.229
22.1949

7757
3*.863
7.11.101
13.599
3.23.113

2.38.431
23.971
2.3889
2a.3.11.59
2.7.557

7759
17.457
3.2593
7789
11.709

780
781
782
783
784

23.3.5.13
2.5.11.71
2*.5.17.23
2.33.5,29
2*.5.7*

29.269
73.107
3e.11.79
41.191
7841

2.47-83
2*.3*.7.31
2.3911
23.11.89
2.3.1307

33.17
13.601
7823
3.7.373
11.23.31

22.1951
2.3907
2.3.163
2.3917
2*.37.53

1-g;;
b.313
5.1567
3.5.523

2.3.1301
23.977
2.7.13.43
2*.3.653
2.3923

37.211
7817
3.2609
17.461
7.19.59

27.61
2.3.1303
2*.19.103
2.3919
2*.3*.109

3.19.137
7.1117
7829
32.13.67
47.167

780
781
782
783
784

785
786
787
788
789

2.5.157
2*.3.5.131
2.5.787
23.5.197
2.3.5.263

3.2617

22.13.151
2.3931
26.3.41
2.7.563
29.1973

7853
3.2621
7873
7883
35.877

2.3.7.11.17
23.983
2.31.127
22.33.73
2.3947

5.19.83
5.1579

24.491
2.32.19.23
22.11.179
2.3943
23.3.7.47

34.97
7867
7877
3.11.239
53.149

2.3929
2*.7.281
2.3.13.101
24.17.29
2.11.359

29.271
3.43.61
7879
73.23
3.2633

785
786
787
788
789

790
791
792
793
794

-2*.5*.79
. ._
2.5-7.113
2.3*.5.11
2.5.13-61
22.5.397

3i29g3
7.11.103
3.2647

2-32.439
23.23.43
2.17.233
21.3.661
2.11.19

7.1129
41.193
3.19.139
7933
13p.47

25.13.19
2.3.1319
2*-7.283
2.3967
23.3.331

3.5.17.31
5.1583
52.317
3.5.23*
5.7.227

2.59.67
22.1979
2.3.1321
28.31
2.29.137

7907
3-7.13.29
7927
7937
3=.883

2a.3.659
2.37.107
23.991
2.3.7*
22.1987

11.719
7919
32.881
17.467
7949

790
791
792
793
794

7951
19.419
3.2657
23.347
61.131

24.7.71
2.3-1327
2. 1993
2.13.307
2*.3.37

3.11.241
7963
7.17.67
3*.887
7993

2.41.97
2*.11.1s1
2.3*.443
24.499
2.7.571

5.37.43
33.5.59
52.11.29
5.1597
3.5.13.41

28.32.13.17

73.109
31.257
3.2659
71.163
11.727

2.23.173
25.3.83
2.3989
22.1997
2.3.31.43

%tE
79:101
3.2663
19.421

795
796
797
798;fE
799 g

2P

795
796
797
798
799

2.3.5*.53
23.5.199
2.5.797
22.3.5.7.19
2.5-17.47

13.577
7.29.37

:;:;i:
3.37.71
13.607
7901

5.1571
5;t.y; :

gj.c$;
2.3.113
22.1999

752 o
753
754

2w
e
k

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a

2.4001
2*.2003
2.3.7.191
25.251
2.4021
22.3.11.61
2.29.139
23.1009
2.32.449
2*.7.17*

53.151
3.2671
71.113
29.277
3.7.383

22.3.23-29
2.4007
23.17.59
2.3.13.103
22.2011

5.1601
5.7.229
3.52.107
5.1607
5.1609

2.4003
2.3.167
2.4013
2*.7*.41
2.33.149

3.17.157
8017
23.349
32.19.47
13.619

23.7.11.13
2.19.211
2*.3*.223
2.4019
24.503

8009
36.11
7.31.37
8039
3.2683

800
801
802
803
804

8053
11.733
33.13.23
59.137
8093

2.4027
2.3*.7
2.11.367
2*.43.47
2.3.19.71

32.5.179
5.1613
52.17.19
3.5.72.11
5.1619

23.19.53
2.37.109
2*.3.673
2.13.311
25.11.23

7.1151
3.2689
41.197
8087
3.2699

2.3.17.79
2*.2017
2.7.577
23.3.337
2.4049

8059
8069
3.2693
7.13.89

805
806
807
808
809

2.4051
2.3.13*
2.31.131
2*.19.107
2.3.23.59

3.37.73
7.19.61
8123
3.2711
17.479

23.1013
2.4057
2*.3.677
2.7*.83
24.509

5.1621
3.5.541
54.13
5.1627
32.5.181

2.3.7.193
22.2029
2.17.239
2*.3*.113
2.4073

11*.67
8117
33.7.43
79.103
8147

2*.2027
2.32.11.41
26.127
2.13.313
22.3.7.97

32.17.53
23.353
11.739
3.2713
29.281

810
811
812
813
814

3.11.13.19
8161
8171
34.101
8191

23.1019
2.7.11.53
2*.3*.227
2.4091

31.263
32.907
11.743
7*.167
3.2731

2.33.151
22.13.157
2.61.67
23.3.11.31
2.17.241

5.7.233
5.23.71
3.52.109
5.1637
5.11.149

22.2039
2.3.1361
2.7.73
2.4093
2*.3.683

3.2719
8167
13.17.37
3.2729
7.1171

2.4079
23.1021
2.3.29.47
22.23.89
2.4099

41.199
3.7.389
8179
19.431
32.911

815
816
817

59.139
3.7.17.23
8221
8231
3.41.67

2.3.1367
2*.2053
2.4111
23.3.73
2.13.317

29.283
32.11.83
19.433
8237
3.2749

24.33.19
2.7.587
2*.11*.17
2.3.1373
23.1031

8209
8219
3.13.211
7.11.107
73.113

2*.2063
2.35.17
2.11.47
2.41.101
2*.3.691

2.4127
23.1033
2.3.7.197
22.19.109
2.11.13.29

3.5.547
5.31.53
52.7.47
33.5.61
5.17.97
5.13.127
3.5.19.29
52.331
5.1657
3.5.7.79

2.11.373
23.13.79
2.3*.457
22.29.71
2.7.19.31

37.223
11.751
3e.919
72.135
8291

13.631
43.191
3.2741
8233
8243
32.7.131
8263
8273
3.11.251
8293

22.7.293
2.3.37*
25.257
2.23.179
22.32.229

825
826
827
828
829

23.52.41
2.5.821
2*.3.5.137
2.5.823
2.5.103
2.3.53.11
22.5.7-59
2.5.827
23.3=.5.23
2.5.829

26.3.43
2.4133
2*.2069
2.3.1381
2*.17.61

23.359
7.1181
3.31.89
8287
8297

2.4129
2*.3.13.53
2.4139
25.7.37
2.3*.461

830
831
832
833
834

22.52.83
2.3.5.277
27.5.13
2.5.7*.17
22.3.5.139

3.2767
8311
53.157
3.2777
19.439

2.7.593
23.1039
2,3.19.73
2*.2083
2.43.97

192.23
3.17.163
7.29.41
13.641
34.103

2.3.173
2.4157
2*.2081
2.3*.463
23.7.149

5.11.151
5.1663
32.52.37
5.1667
5.1669

2.4153
22.33.7.11
2.23.181
24.521
2.3.13.107

32.13.71
8317
11.757
3.7.397
17.491

2*.31.67
2.4159
23.3.347
2.11.379
2*.2087

3.2753
8269
17.487
33.307
43.193
7.1187
3.47.59
8329
31.269
3.11*.23

835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844

2.5*.167
23.5.11.19
2.33.5.31
22.5.419
2.5.839
2.3-5*.7
2.5.29
2*.5.421
2.3.5.281
23-5.211

7.1193
32.929
11.761
172.29
3.2797

25.32.29
2.37.113
2*.7.13.23
2.3.11.127
23.1049

8353
8363
3.2791
83.101
7.11.109

2.4177
2;;;;91

2*.2089
2.47.89
23.3.349
2.7.599
22.2099

61.137
3.2789
8377
8387
33.311

2.3.7.199
24.523
2.59.71
2*.3*.233
2.13.17.19

13.643
8369
32.72.19
8389
37.227

31.271
13.647
3.7.401
8431
23.367

2.4201
2*-3.701
2.4211
24.17.31
2.3*.7.67

3.2801
47.179
8423
32.937
8443

22.11.191
2.7.601
23.34.13
2.4217
22.2111

3-5.557
5.7.239
53.67
3.5.13.43
5.23.73
5.41*
32.5.11.17
52.337
5.7.241
3.5.563

2.3*.467
25.263
2.11.383
22.3.19.37
2.41.103

7.1201
19.443
3.53
11.13.59
8447

23.1051
2.3.23.61
2*.7*.43
2.4219
28.3.11

3.2803
8419
8429
3.29.97
7.17.71

2
847
848
849

2.52.13
2*.3*.5.47
2.5.7.11
2*.5.53
2.3-5-283

33.313
8461
43.197
3.11.257
7.1213

2*.2113
2.4231
23.3.353
2.4241
2*.11.193

79.107
3.7.13.31
37.229
17.499
3.19.149

2.3.1409
2.23*
2.19.223
22.3.7.101
2.31.137

5.19.89
5.1693
3.52.113
5.1697
5.1699

23.7.151
2.3.17-83
22.13-163
2.4243
24.31.59

3.2819
8467
72.173

2.4229
22.29.73
2.33.157
23.1061
2.7.607

11.769
3*.941
61.139
13.653
3.2833

800
801
802
803
804

2e.53
2.3*.5.89
2*.5.401
2.5.11.73
23.3.5.67

3*.7.127
8011
13.617
3.2677
11.17.43

805
806
807
808
809

2.5=.7.23
2P.5.13.31
2.3.5.269
24.5.101
2.5.809
2.5.811
23.5.7.29
2.3.5.271
2*.5.11.37

83.97
3.2687
7.1153
8081
32.29.31
8101
8111
3.2707
47.173
7.1163

2.5*.163
25.3.5.17
2.5.19.43
22.5.409
2.32.5.7.13

810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824

2X34.52

213

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2.3.1399

3ziit

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ta
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4

8
I3

830
831
832
833
834
835
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838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
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2.53.17
2.5.23.37
23.3.5.71
2-5.853
29.5.7.61

8501
3.2837
8521
19.449
32.13.73

2.3.13-109
26.7.19
2.4261
2x.33.79
2.4271

11.773
8513
3.947
7.23.53
8543

2a. 1063
2.3011.43
2.2131
2.17.251
25-3.89

35.5.7
5.13.131
52.11.31
3.5-569
5.1709

2.4253
22.2129
2.3.72.29
23.11.97
2.4273

47.181
3.17.167
8527
8537
3.7.11.37

22.3.709
2.4259
2.13.41
2.3.1423
22.2137

67.127
7.1217
3.2843
8539
83.103

850

851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859

2.34.51.19
24-5.107
2.5.857
2.3.5.11.13
2.5.859

17.503
7.1223
3.2857
8581
i la.71

2a.1069
2.3.1427
P.2143
2.7.613
24.3.179

3.2851
8563
8573
3.2861
13.661

2.7.13.47
2z.2141
2.3.1429
28.29.37
2.4297

5.29.59
3.5.571
52.73
5.17.101
32.5.191

22.3.23.31
2.4283
27.67
2.3.53
2a.7.307

43.199
13.659
32.953
31.277
8597

2.11.389
23.32.7.17
2.4289
22.19.113
2.3.1433

3a.317
11.19.41
23.373
3.7.409
8599

855
856
857
858
859

E
862
863
864

23.52.43
2.3.5.7.41
21.5.431
2.5.863
26.365

3.47.61
79.109
37.233
32.7.137
8641

2.11.17.23
2.2153
2.3z.479
23.13.83
2.29.149

7.1229
33.11.29
8623
89-97
3.43.67

2%.32.239
2059.73
24.7z.1 1
2.3.1439
22.2161

5.1721
5.1723
3.53.23
5.11.157
5.7.13.19

2.13.331
23.3.359
2.19.227
22.17.127
2.3.11.131

3.19.151
7.1231
8627
3.2879
8647

25.269
2.31.139
22.3.719
2.7.617
23.23.47

3.131.17
8629
53.163
32.312

860
861
862
863
864

865
-.866
867
868
869

2.52-173
25.5.433
2.3.5.172
23.5.7.31
2.5.11.79

41.211
3.2887
13.23.29
8681
3.2897

22.3.7.103
2.61.71
25.271
2.3.1447
2.41,53

17.509
8663
3.72.59
19.457
8693

2.4327
2a.3.19*
2.4337
22.13.167
2.3a.7.23

3.5.577
5.1733
52.347
32.5.193
5.37.47

2.541
2.7.619
22.32.241
2.43.101
2a.1087

11.787
34.107
8677
7.17.73
3.13.223

2.32.13.37
22.11.197
2.4339
2.3.181
2.4349

7.1237
8669
3.11.263
8689
8699

865
866
867
868
869

870
871
872
873
874

22.3.5*.29
2.5.13.67
24.5.109
2.32.5.97
22.5.19.23

7.11.113
31.281
33.17.19
8731
8741

2.19.229
23.32.1 i*
2.+.8Ci
22.37.59
2.3.31.47

32.967
8713
11.13.61
3.41.71
7.1249

2O.17
2.4357
2=.3.727
2.11.397
23.1093

5.1741
3.5.7.83
52.349
5.1747
3.5.11.53

2.3.1451
22.2179
2.4363
25.3.7.13
2.4373

23.379
3.2909
8737
8747

875
876
877

2.54.7
23.3.5.73
2.5.877
22.5.439
2.3,5.293

3.2917
8761
72.179
3.2927
59.149

2.547
2.13.337
2*.3.17.43
2.4391
23.7.157

8753
3.23.127
31.283
8783
32.977

2.3.1459
2l.7.313
2.41.107
24.3a.61
2.4397

5.17.103
5.1753
33.52.13
5.7.251
5.1759

22.11.199
2.3l.487
23.1097
2.23.191
22.3.733

32.7.139
11.797
67.131
3.29.101
19.463

2.29.151
26.137
2.3.7.11.19
22.133
2.53.83

19.461
3.37.79
8779
11.17.47
3.7.419

26.52.11
2.5.881

13.677
32.11.89
8821
8831
3.7.421

2.33.163
22.2203
2.11.401
2l.3.23
2.4421

8803
7.1259
3.17.173
112.73
37.239

22.31.71
2.3.13.113
23.1103
2.7.631
2*.3.11.67

3.5.587
5.41.43
52.353
3.5.19.31
5.29.61

2.7.17.37
24.19.29
2.3.1471
22.47e
2.4423

8807
3.2939
7.13.97
8837
32.983

23.3.367
2.4409
2l.2207
2.32.4i+i
24.7.79

23.383
8819
34.109
8839
8849

880
881

53.167
8861
3.2957

2.2213
2.3.7.211
23.1109
2.4441
22.32.13.19

3.13.227
8863
19.467
33.7.47
8893

2.19.233
26.277
2.32.17.29
22.2221
2.4447

5.7.11.23
32.5-197
53.71
5.1777
3.5.593

23.33.41
2.11-13.31
22.7.317
2.3.1481
26,139

17.521
8867
3.11.269
8887
7.31.41

2.43.103
22.3.739
2.23.193
23.11.101
2.3.1483

3.2953
72.181
13.683
3.2963
11.809

885
886
887
888
889

:;K
3.13.229
8941

2.4451
2.557
2.3.1487
22.7.11.29
2.17.263

2aO7
3.2971
8923
8933
3.11.271

2a.3.7.53
2.4457
22.23.97
2.3.1489
2.13.43

5.13.137
5.1783
3.52.7.17
5.1787
5.1789

2.61.73
22.3-743
2.4463
23.1117
2.32.7.71

3.2969
37.241
79.113
33.331
23.389

2*.17.131
2.73.13
25.32.31
2.41.109
2l.2237

59,151
32.991
8929
7.1277
3.19.157

890
891
892
893
894

8951
3.29.103
8971
7.1283
35.37

23.3.373
2.4481
2e.2243
2.32.499
25.281

7.1279
8963
31.997
13,691
17.232

2.112-37
22.33.83
2.7.641
23.1123
2.3.1499
.

30.5.199
5.11.163
52.359
3.5.599
5.7.257

22.2239
2.4483
2.3.11.17
2.4493
2*.13.173

132.53
3.72.61
47.191
11.19.43
3.2999

2.3.1493
23.19.59
2.672
2*.3.7.107
2.11.409

:T:
880
881

%
884

22.3R5.72
2.5.883
23.5.13.17

885
886
887
888
$89

;;yi5;&9
2.51887
2.3.5.37
2.5.7.127

890
891
892
893
894

22.51.89
2.3.5.11
23.5.223
2.5.19.47
22.3.5-149

895
896
897
i%

2.55.179
28.5.7
2.3.5.13.23
2.5.29.31
22.5.449

EXI
30.23.43

22.7.31 1
2.3.1453
23.1091
2.17.257
22.3

853
854

3iE3
7.29.43
32.971
13.673
875
876

E:
e.

877
878
879

rj:
$

:ii
884

is
d
;;

862
Table
9000

COMBINATORIAL

24.7

Factorizations

ANALYSIS
9499

950
951
952
953
954

22.53.19
2.3.5.317
24.5.7.17
2.5.953
22-32.5-53

3.3167
9511
9521
33.353
7.29.47

2.4751
23.29.41
2.32.232
22.2383
2.13.367

13.17.43
32.7.151
89.107
9533
3.3181

25.38.11
2.67.71
22.2381
2.3.7.227
23.1193

5.1901
5.11.173
3.52.127
5.1907
5-23.83

2.72.97
28.3.13.61
2.11.433
26.149
2.3.37.43

xg;

7.1361
3.11.172
9547

21.2377
2.4759
23.3.397
2-19.251
22.7.11-31

37.257
3.19.167
13.733
9539
32.1061

ES
952 O

2.34.59
25.13.23
2.4789
22.3.17.47
2.4799

112.79
7.1367
3.31.103
43.223
29.331

955
956
957
958
959

23.1201

2.61.79
24.32.67

3.3203
9619
9629
34-7.17
9649

960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969

953
954

955
956
957
958
959

2.5a.191
23.5.239
2.3.5.11.29
22.5.479
2.5.7.137

9551
3.3187
17.563
11.13.67
3.23.139

24.3.199
2.7.683
22.2393
2-3.1597
23.11.109

41.233
73.131
3.3191
7.372
53.181

2.17.281
22.3.797
2.4787
24.599
2.32.13.41

3.5.72.13
5.1913
P.383
33.5.71
5.19-101

22.2389
2.4783
23.32.7.19
2.4793
22.2399

19.503
32.1063
61.157
9587
3.7.457

960
961
962
962
964

27-3.52
2.5.312
22.5.13.37
2.3a.5.107
23.5.241

9601
7.1373
32.1069
9631
31.311

2.4801
22.33.89
2.17.283
25.7.43
2.3.1607

32-11.97
9613
9623
3.13a.19
9643

22.7
2.11.19.23
23.3.401
2.4817
22.2411

5.17.113

2.3.1601
24.601
2.4813
22.3.11.73
2.7.13-53

13.739
59.163
3.3209
23.419
11.877

965
966
967
968
969

2-52.193
22.3.5.7.23
2.5.967
24.5.112
2.3.5.17.19

3.3217
9661
19.509
3.7.461
11.881

22.19.127
2.4831
23.3.13.31
2.47.103
22.2423

72.197
3.3221
17.569
23.421
33.359

2.3.1609
26.151
2.7.691
22.32.269
2.37-131

5.1931
5.1933
32.5a.43
5.13.149
5.7.277

23.17.71
2.33-179
22.41.59
2.29.167
25.3. 101

32.29.37
7.1381
9677
3.3229
9697

2.11.439
22.2417
2.3.1613
23.7.173
2.13.373

13.743
3.11.293
9679
9689
3.53.61

970
971
972
973
974

22.5a.97
yg7;
2.5.7.;39
2a.5.487

89.109
32.13.83
9721
37.263
3.17.191

2.3a.7a.ll
24.607
2.4861
22.3.811
2.4871

31.313
11.883
3.7.463
9733
9743

23.1213
2.3.1619
2a.11.13.17
2.31.157
24.3.7.29

3.5.647
5.29.67
3.389
3.5.11-59
5.1949

2.23.211
22.7.347
2.3.1621
23.1217
2.11.443

17.571
3.41.79
71.137
7.13.107
33.192

22.3.809
2.43.113
29.19
2.32.541
22.2437

7.19.73
9719
32.23.47
9739
9749

975
976
977
978
979

2.3.53.13
25.5.61
2.5.977
22.3.5.163
2-5.11.89

72.199
43.227
3.3257
9781
9791

23.23.53
2.3.1627
22.7.349
2.67.73
20.32.17

3.3251
13.751
29.337
32.1087
7.1399

2.4877
22.2441
2.35:181
P-1223
2.59.83

5.1951
32.5.7.31
52.17.23
5.19.103
3.5.653

22.32.271
2.19.257
2.13.47
2.3.7.233
22.31.79

11.887
9767
3.3259
9787
97.101

2.7.17.41
23-3.11.37
2.4889
22.2447
2-3.23.71

3.3253
9769
7.11.127
3.13.251
41.239

980
981
982
983
984

23.52.72
2.32.5.109
22.5.491
2.5.983
24.3.5-41

2.132.29
22.11.223
2.3.1637
23.1229
2.7.19.37

9803
3.3271
11.19.47
9833
3.17.193

22.3.19.43

!Jz
7.23.61
3.29.113
13.757

~~;,o:
2.3.il.149
22-23-107

5.37.53
5.13.151
3.9.131
5.7.281
5-11-179

2.4903
23.3.409
2.173
22.2459
2.32-547

3.7.467
9817
31.317
32.1093
43.229

2.613
2.4909
22.33.7.13
2.4919
23.1231

17.577
32.1091
9829
9839
3.72.67

980
981
982
983
984

985
986
987
988
989

2.52.197
22.5.17.29
2.3.5.7.47
23.5.13.19
2.5.23.43

9851
3.19.173
9871
41.241
32.7.157

22-3.821
2.4931
2.617
2.34.61
22.2473

59.167
7.1409
3a.1097
9883
13.761

2.131379
23.32.137
2.4937
22.7.353
2.3.17.97

33.5.73
.iJEi13
3.5.659
5,1979

27.7.11
2.4933
22.3.823
2.4943
23.1237

9857
3.11.13.23
7.17.83
9887
3.3299

2.3.31.53
22,2467
2.11.449
25.3.103
2.72.101

9859
71.139
3.37.89
11.29.31
19.521

985
986
987
988
989

990
991
992
993
994

22.32.52.11
2.5.991
26.5.31
2.3.5.331
22.5.7.71

9901
11.17.53
3.3307
9931
9941

2.4951
23.3.7.59
2.11a.41
22.13.191
2.3.1657

3.3301
23.431
9923
3.7.11.43
61.163

24.619
2.4957
22.3.827
2.4967
23.11.113

;:;:;:;
52.397
5.1987
32.5.13.17

2.3.13.127
22.37.67
2.7.709
24.33.23
2.4973

9907
47.211
32.1103
19.523
73.29

22.2477
24;3;;9+;9

33.367
7.13.109
9929
3.3313
9949

990
991

995
996
997

23.199
23.3.5.83
2.5.997
22-5.499
2.33.5.37

3+Tm;;7

25.311
2.17.293
2=.3=.277
2.7.23.31
23.1249

37.269
35.41
9973
67.149
3.3331

2.32.7.79
22.47.53
2.4987
28.3.13
2.19.263

5&~3
3.5a.7.19
5.1997
5.1999

22,19.131
2.3.11.151
23.29.43
2.4993
22.3.72.17

3.3319
9967
11.907
3.3329
13.769

2.13.383
2.7.89
2.3.1663
22.11.227
2.4999

132.59
3a.1109
97.103

$5eY
5.41.47
3.5.643

2a&r22??

2.4969
22.3.829

23.433
y58;
7.1427
3a.11.101

t::
994

2
G

864

COMBINATORIAL

Table

Primitive

24.8

Roots,

ANALYSIS

Factorization

of p-l

g, G denote the least positive

and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p. E denotes

whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive
roots.
-

P--l

P--l

--

::

2%

:;
ii
_
2:
31
::
:;
x1
6i
67
iA
79
ii1
97
101
103
107
109
113
127
131
137
139
149
151
157
163
167
173
:2
191
2;
199
211
223
227
229
233
239
241
251
257
263
269
271
277
281
283
293
307
311
313
317
331
337
347
349
353

2.5
22.3
2
2.32
2.11
22.7
2.3.5
g.5
2.317
2.23
22.13
2.29
22.3.5
2.3.11
2.5.7
23.32
2.3.13
2.41
23.11

25.3
22.52
2.3.17
2.53
22.33
24.7
2.32.7
2.5.13
23.17
2.3.23
22.37
2.3.52
22.3.13
2.3
2.83
22.43
2.89
22.32.5
2.5.19
2O.3
22.72
2.3$.11
2.3.5.7
2.3.37
2.113
22.3.19
23.29
2.7.17
2.3.5
2.53
2.G
22.67
2.33.5
22.3.23
23.5.7
%ir
2.3&7
2.5.31
23.3.13
22.79
2.3.5.11
2.3.7
2.173
22.3.29
25.11

359
367
373
379
383
389
397
401
409
419
421
431
433
439
443
449
457
461
463
467
479
487
491
499
503
509
521
523
541
547
557
563
569
571
577
587
593
599
i%
613
617
619
631
641
643
647
653
659
661
673
677
683
E
709
719
727
733
739
743
751
757
761
769
773
787
797
809
811

2.179
2.3.61
22.3.31
2.33.7
2.191
22.97
22.32.11
24.52
23.3.17
2.11.19
22.3.5.7
2.5.43
24.3a
2.3.73
2.13.17
26.7
g;; c
2.3.7.11
2.233
2.239
2.3&
2.5.72
%
2;. 127
23.5.13
2.32.29
22.33.5
2.3.7.13
22.139
2.281
23.71
2.3.5.19
26.32
2.293
2.37
2.13.23
23.3.52
2.3.101
22.32.17
23.7.11
2.3.103
2.32.5.7
27.5
2.3.107
2.17.19
22.163
2.7.47
22.3.5.11
26.3.7
22.132
2.11.31
2.3.5.23

22.52.7

22.3.59
2.359
2.3.112
22.3.61
2.32.41
2.7.53
2.3.53
22.33.7
23.5.19
28.3
22.193
2.3.131
22.199
23.101
2.34.5

--

P-1

821
823
827
829
839
853
857
859
863
877
881
883
887
907
911
919
929
937
941
947
953
967
971
977
983
991
997
1009

22.5.41
2.3.137
2.7.59
22.3a.23
2.419
22.3.71
23.107
2.3.11.13
2.431
2=.3.73
2.5.11
2.32.72
2.443
2.3.151
2.5.7.13
2.33.17
25.29
23.32.13
22.5.47
2.11.43
23.7.17

ix::
1021
1031
1033
$21
::x:
1063
1069
1087
1091
::i;
1.103
1109
1117
1123
1129
1151
1153
1163
1171
1181
1187
1193
1201
1213
1217
1223
1229
1231
1237
1249
1259
1277
1279
1283
1289
1291
1297

2i;7i273
24.61

2.491
2ip.31

&2.7
22.11.23
2.509
22.3.5.17
2.5.103
23.3.43
2.3.173
23.131
2.3.52.7
22.5.53
2.32.59
22.3.89
2.3.181
2.5.109
2a.3.7.13
23.137
2.19.29
22.277
22.32.31
2.3.11.17
23.3.47
2.52.23
27.32
2.7.83
2.32.5.13
22.5.59
2.593
23.149
24.3.5a
22.3.101
28.19
2.13.47
22.307
2.3.5.41
22.3.103
25.3.13
2.17.37
22.11.29
232.71
2.641
23.7.23
2.3.5.43
24.34

-.
_

COMBINATORIAL

Primitive

Roots,

865

ANALYSIS

Factorization

of p-l

Table 24.8

g, G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p. E denotes
whether 10, - 10 both or neither are primitive roots.
-

/P

P-1

1301
1303
1307

22.52.13
2.3.7.31
2.653
2.659
2a,3.5.**

E
1327
1361
1367
:z
1399
1409
1423
1427
1429
1433
1439
1447
1451
1453
1459
1471
1481
1483
1487
1489
1493
1499
1511
1523
1531
1543
::ti
1559
::t:
:iz
1597
1601
1607
1609
1613
1619
1621
1627
1637
1657
%
1669
1693
1697
E
1721
:E
1741
:;:3
E
::i;
:~~~
1811
1823

i!%:
;:683
22.78
22.3.5.23
2.3.233
27.11
2.32.79
2.23.31
22.3.7.17
22.::99
2.3.241
2.52.29
2a.3.112
2.:::7s
2x.5.37

2.32.5.17
2.3.257
2a.3a.43
2,97
2.19.41
2.3a.29
2~5.157
XK3
22:3:7.*9
28.52
2.11.73
2a.3.67
22.13.31
2.809
22.34.5
2~3.271
2a.40Q
23.32.23
2.3.277
2.7a.17
2a.3.139
22.32.47
25.53
2.3.283
22.7.61
23.5.43
2.3.7.41
2a.433
22.3.5.29
2.32.97
23.3.73
2.3,293
2.3.37
2.3.11
2.19.47
22.3.149
23.32.52
2i%181'

__ --

.-

P-1

2377
2381
2383
2389
2393
2399
2411
2417
2423
2437
2441
2447
2459
2467
2473
2477
2503
2521
2531
2539
2543
2549
2551

2a.33.11
22.5.7.17
2.3.397
22.3.199
23.13.23
2.11.109
2.5.241
24.151
2.7.173
22.3.7.29
23.5.61
2.1223
2.1229
2.32.137
23.3.103
2%.619
2.32.139
23.32.5.7
2.5.11.23
2.33.47
2.31.41
22.72.13
2%&y

25.&~ 7
2.1013
22.3.132
2.1019
22.33.19
2.1031
22.11.47
25.5.13
2.3.347
2.7.149
23.32.29
2.1049
2.5.211
26.3.11
24.7.19
m7&

z%
2591
2593
2609

2:1289
2.5.7.37
26.3
2.163
23.3.109

24.107
2.32.7,17
23.269
24.33.5
2.32.112

%i
2707
2711
2713
2719
2729
2731
2741
2749

P-1

1831
1847
1861

_.
_.
_.
_.
_.

::;:
1873
1877
1879
1889
1901
1907
1913
1931
1933
E
1973
:z
1993
1997
1999
2003
2011
2017
2027
2029
2039
2053
2063
2069
2081
2083
2087
2089
2099
2111
2113
2129
2131
2137
2141
2143
2153
2161
2179
2203
2207
2213
2221
2237
2239
2243
2251
2267
2269
2273
2281
2287
2293
2297
2309
2311
2333
2339
2341
2347
2351
2357
2371

~%
2g.k 19
2.953
23.239
2.5.193
22.3.7.23
22.487
2.3.52.13
22.17.29
;2;::
2S.i.83
22.499
2.33.37
2;&15l ;l

22.3.5.37
22.13.43
z%. .
2.32.53
2.11.103
;;I
2G5.19
2.32.127
22.3.191
23.7.41
22.577
2i3,Gi5il
2:7-167
22.32.5.13
2.3.17.23
2.52.47
22.19.31
2.3.5.79

2
2633
2647
2657
2659
2663
2671
Ez;
2687
2689

%
2777
2789
2791
2797
2801
2803
2819
2833
z
2851
2857
2861
2879
2887
2897
2903
2909

El7 . .
2i%
2.31443
2.113
2.3.5.89
22.3.223
2.32.149
2g.;;9
22.673
2.19.71
2.3.11.41
2.5.271
23.3.113
2.32.151
2a.ii.31
2.3.5.7.13
22.5.137
22.3.229
26.43
YifE
22.i7.41
2.32.5.31
22.3.233
24.52.7
2.3.467
2.1409
2.3.59
22.709
2.7a.29
2.3.5a.19
23.3.7.17
22.5.11.13
2.1439
2.3.13.37
24.181
2.1451
2a.727

.-

_-

COMBINATORIAL

866
Table

Primitive

24.8

Roots,

ANALYSIS

Factorization

of p-1

g, G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p. c denotes
whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive roots.
-

P
2917
2927
2939
2953
2957
2963
%Y
2999

3001
3011
3019
3023
3037
3041
3049
3061
3067
3079
3083
3089
3109

P-1
22.38
2.7.11.19
2.13.113
23.32.41
22.739
2.1481
23.7.53
2.33.5.11
2.1499
23.3.53
2.5.7.43
;.gy
22.3.11.23
25.5.19
23.3.127
22.32.5.17
2.3.7.73
2.34.19
2.23.67
24.193
2; :;;$7

fE

2h&l3

E3
3167
3169
3181
3187
3191

2;jig

fEi
3217
3221

3301
330;

E
332:
E
3342
334i

E
3371
337:
338!
;g!
341;
343:
344:
345;
3461
346:
346;
E:I
E1
351:

25.32.11
22.3.5.53
2.33.59
2.5.11.29
2.1601
23.401
24.3.67
22.5.7.23
22.3.269
2.53.13
22.3.271
23.11.37
2.32.181
2.3.5.109
2.17.97
22.3.52.11
2$l&T;9
2.3.7.79
2.11.151
28.13
s$.&37
2.71239
2.23.73
25.3.5.7
2.5.337
22.3.281
22.7.112
2.3.5.113
2.13.131
22.853
23.3.11.13
23.431
27.33
22.5.173
2.3.577
2.1733
22.3. 172
2.5.349
2.3.11.53
2.33.5.13
22.3.293

._.
_.

3527
3529
3533
3539
3541
3547
3557
3559
3571
3581
3583
3593
3607
3613
3617
3623
3631
3637
3643
3659
3671
3673
3677
3691
%:
3709
3719
E
3739
3761
3767
3769
3779
3793
3797
3803
3821
3823
3833
3847
3851
3853
3863
3877
3881
3889
3907
3911
3917
3919
3923
3929
3931
3943
3947
3989
4001
4003
4007
4013
4019
4021
4027
4049
4051
4057
4073

P-1
2.41.43
23.33.73

22.883
2.29.61
22.3.5.59
2.32.197
22.7.127
2.3.593
2.3.5.7.17
22.5.179
2.32.199
23.449
2.3.601
22.3.7.43
25.113
2.1811
2.3.5.112
22.32.101
;:;;g
2.5.367
23.33.17
22.919
2.32.5.41
2.432
22.52.37
22.32.103
Ei1
22:3:311
2.3.7.89
2.5.47
2.7.269
23.3.157
2.1889
24.3.79
22.13.73
2.1901
22.5.191
;$.I;;
2.3.641
2.52.7.11
22.32.107
2.1931
21.3.17.19
23.5.97
24.36
2.32.7.31
2.5.17.23
2;;%
2:3i53
23,491
2.3.5.131
2.33.73
2.1973
2.3.661
22.997
25.53
2&-$L;9
22:17.59
2.72.41
22.3.5.67
2$p6;
4
2.3.5*
23.3.132
23.509

._

--

P-1

10
---_
.---10
.--__
-10
.--__
-10

4079

4091
4093
4099
4111
4127
4129
4133
4139

l :: 9%
.--__
4159
f10

10
.--__
f10

4x
----_
-10
10
---__
f10
---__
---__
----f10
*lo
-10
10
---__
-------__
10
----_
10
-------__
-10
f10
----_
f10
10
--------_
10
-------__
----_
-10
-10
--_---_--10
-____
--_--:i
*:i
--___
--_-10
--_-_
10
----_
-10
--___
*::
f 10

4177
4201
4211
4217
4219
4229
4231
4241
4243
4253
4259
4261
4271
4273
tX8
4297
4327
t3;;
tid;
4363
z
4397
4409
4421
2::

2.2039
2.5.409
22.3.11.31
2.3.683
2.3.5.137
2.2063
26.3.43
22.1033
2.2069
23.3.173
22.1039
2.33.7.11
24.32.29
;;.5;;
2k.7.31
2.3.19.37
22.7.151

22.3.5.71

2f;;;3
2i.241
22.1087
22.3*.112
2.3.727
22.1093
2.5.439
22.7.157
23.19.29
22.5.13.17
;3;1;.;;
2.;2.;3.19

2
t352?

22
4481
a:::
%
ii:;
4523
4547
4549
4561
4567
4583
4591
4597
4603
4621
4637
4639
4648
4649
4651
4657
4663

2.23.97
27.5.7
2.3a.83
21.1123
2.3.751
2.3,47
21.1129
2.32.251
2.7.17.19
2.2273
22.3.379
24.3.5.19
2.3.761
2.29.79
2.38.5.17
22.3.383
2.3.13.59
25&5;7.;1
2.3:773

.-10
10
_..___
28

10

_..___
-._--*::

-._---._-__
&lo

-.____

l :o
10

ZtlO
-10
_.----10
_.-_--

*::
-10
-,----10
-_-____
*::
*::
----10
-_--10
-_--_-_
*ix
-___
:x
f 10
10
-___
-___
-___
-------_-----10
-10
-_--_-:oo
-10
----10
----_-1:;
-_-10
-_e----

COMBINATORIAL

Primitive

Roots,

867

ANALYSIS

Factorization

of p-1

Table

g, G denote the least positive and least negative (respectively) primitive

roots of p. e denotes
whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive roots.
-

P-1

4673
4679
4691
4703
4721
4723
4729
4733
4751
4759
4783
4787
4789
4793
4799
4801
4813
4817
4831
4861
4871
4877
4889
4903
4909
4919
4931
4933
4937
4943
4951
4957
4967
4969
4973
4987
4993

26.73
2.2339
2.5.7.67
2.2351
24.5.59
2.3.787
23.3.197
22.7.132
2.8.19
2.3.13.61

:i:z
5009
5011
5021
5023
5039
5051
5059
5077
5081
E;
5101
5107
5113
5119
5%
5167
5171
5179
5189
5197
5209
5227
5231
523:
5237
5261
;;g
528i

ZE
2G.7.19
23.599
2.2399
26.3.5a
22.3.401
2.7.43
2.3.5.7.23
22.35.5
2.5.487
2a.23.53
23.13.47
2i3f34;
i.2459
2.5.17.29
22.32.137
23.617
2.7.353
2.32.52.11
22.3.7.59
2.13.191
23.33.23
22.11.113
2.3=.277
2.3.13
2.3.72.17
2.41.61
24.313
2.3.5.167
22.5.251
2.3.31
2.11.229
2.5a.101
2.32.281
2a.33.47
23.5.127
2.2543
2.2549
22.3.52.17
2.3.23.37
23.32.71
2.3.853
2.31.83
25.7.23
2.3a.7.41
2.5.11.47
2.3.863
22.1297
22.3.433
23.3.7.31
2.3.13.67
2.5.523
24.3.109
2a.7.11.17
28.5.263
23.659
yi1;.;;
. .

.-

_-

_.

P-1

P-1

5297
5303
5309
5323
5333
5347
5351
5381
5387
5393
5399
5407
5413
5417
5419
5431
5437
5441
5443
5449
5471
5477
5479
5483
5501
5503
5507
5519
5521
5527
5531
5557
5563
5569
5573
5581
5591
5623
5639
5641
5647
5651
5653
5657
5659
5669
5683
5689
5693
5701
5711
5717
5737
5741
5743
5749
5779
5783
5791
5801
5807
5813
5821
5827
5839
5843
5849
5851
5857
5861

2.331
2.11.241
22. 1327
2.3.887
2a.31.43
2.35.11
2.52.107
22.5.269
2.2693
2.337
2.2699
2.3.17.53
22.3.11.41
23.677
2.3=.,.43
2.3.5.181
2.32.151
26.5.17
2.3.907
23.3.227
2.5.547
22.372
2.3.11.83
2.2741
22.53.11
2.3.7.131
2.2753
2.31.89
2.3.5.23
2.32.307
2.5.7.79
22.3.463
2.38.103
26.3.29
22.7.199
22.32.5.31
2.5.13.43
2.3.937
2.2819
23.3.5.47
2.3.941
2.5a.113
2a.32.157
23.7.101
2.3.23.41
22.13.109
2.3.947
28.31.79
22.1423
2a.3.52.19
2.5.571
21.1429
23.3.239
22.5.7.41
2.32.11.29
22.3.479
2.33.107
2.72.59
2.3.5.193
23.52.29
2.2903
22.1453
22.3.5.97
2.3.971
2.3.7.139
2.23.127
23.17.43
2.3W.13
26.3.61
P.5.293

5867

2.7.419
22.32.163
2.2939
23.3.5.72
23.11.67
2.3.227
2.3a.7.47
2.2963
2.2969
20.3.31
22.5.13.23
2.41.73
2.3.7.11.13
2.5.601
22.11.137
22.3.503
2.3.19.53
2.3023
21.17.89
2.32.337
y&3

5879
5881
5897
5903
5923
5927
5939
5953
5981
5987
6007
6011
6029
6037
6043
6047
6053
6067
6073
6079
6089
6091
6101
6113
6121
6131
6133
6143
6151
6163
6173
6197
6199
6203
6211
6217
6221
6229
6247
6257
6263
6269
6271
6277
6287
6299
6301
6311
6317
6323
6329
6337
6343
6353
E!
6367
6373
6379
6389
6397
6421
6427
6449
6451
EZ
6481

&761
2.3.5.7.29
22.52.61
25.191
23.32.5.17
2.5.613
2;.;%7;
2.3.5a.41
2;p;9
2a:1549
Y14Y~

2.;:&

2;3;;60:
2.315.11.19
22.3.523
z%

22:&.7
2.5.631
22.1579
2.29.109
23.7.113
26.32.11
2.3.7.151
24.397
2.11.17a
23.3.5.53

22.3.5.107
2.38.7.17
2.13.31
2.3,52.43
22.3.7a.11
2a.809
24.34.5

24.8

COMBINATORIAL

868
Table

Primitive

24.8

Roots,

ANALYSIS

Factorization

of p-l

g, G denote the least r>ositive and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p. e denotes
ihether 10, - 10 botkor neither are primitive roots.
- - - P

P--l

6491
6521
6529
6547
6551
6553
6563

2.5.11.59
23.5.163
27.3.17

ZE
6577
6581
6599
6607
6619
6637
6653
6659
6661
6673
6679
6689
6691
6701
6703
6709
6719
6733
6737
6761
FY
67;i
6791
6793
6803
6823
6827
%
68;;
6855

6911
691:
694:
66E!
SQS
6%:
697
697:
698:
E;
700
701:
7011
g;
7041
705
706
707
710
710

-__
__
_.

;;ltg
2*:3*.7:13
2.17.193
2a.821
2i;1;73
**.5.7.47
2.3299
2.3*.367
2.3.1103
22.3.?.79
22.1663
2.3329
2*.3*.5.37
2.3.139
2.3*.7.53
25.11.19
2.3.5.223
22.52.67
2.3.1117
2*.3.13.43
2.3359
2*.3*.11.17
2.421
23.5.13
2i3iJ$;3

22.3.5.113
2.5.7.97
23.3.283
2.19.179
2.3l.379
2.3413
21.3.569
2.7.61
23.32.5. 19
2*.857
2.47.73
21.17.101
2.3.5.229
2.3.31.37
2.3449
2.3.1151
2.5.691
2*.7.13.19
2.23.151
2*.3*.193
2.7*.71
24.3.5.21)
2.3.43
2.5.17.41
20.109
2.3491
2.3.5.233
2.3.11.53
23.58.7
22.1753
2.112.29
2.3.1171
2.32.17.23
2.7.503

2.3*.7*

2*.3.19.31
2.3539
2.53.67
21.1777

_.
_.
_.

P--l

-7121
7127
7129
7151
7159
7177
7187
7193
7207
7211
7213
7219
7229
7237
7243
7247
7253
7283
7297
7307
7309
7321

z
7369
E
7417
7433
7451
7457
E8 r
7481
7485
748%
749%
750i
751i
752:
E(
75ki
754;
754!
;;g
757:
757:
758:
E
760:
760:
762
763!
764:
764!
766!
767:
768
768
769
769
E
GE

2.5.89
2.7.509
23.3. 11
2;5;.;;;;

2a:3:13.i3
2.3593
2*.29.31
2.3.1201
y$l~:

z
2

2.3*:401
22.13.139
2*.3*.67
2.3.17.71
2.3623
2*.7*.37
2.11.331
27.3.19
2.13.281
2*.3*.7.29
2a.3.5.61
2.5733
2P.3.13.47
2*.11.167
2.3.5*.7*
2a.3.307
25.3.7.11
2;3.$lg

-- -

23.929
2.52.149
25.233
2.3.11.113
2*.3.7.89
28.5.11.17
2.19.197
2R.3*. 13
2.23.163
2.3*.139
2*.1879
2.3761
28.941
2.3.157
22.5.13.29
2.73.11
22.3.17.37
2.3779
28.38.5.7
2*.3.631
23.947
2.17.223
2*.7.271
2.3.5.11.23
2.3.7.181
2.3803
22.3.5.127
2.3.19.67
2.3821
2*.239
2*.3*.71
2.7.137
29.3.5
2.31.7.61
2.5.769
2.3.1283
2.3851
2P.3.643
2.33.11.13
2.3863

:
7

3
;
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
;
f
2
6
:
7
5
2
5
i:
3
2
it
::
;
2
;
i
2
1;
13

-- __--__---_____
-10
3cl0
-10
i t 10
10
__--_____
t:o

__--_
-10
10

-_
-10
__---

-10
k 10
-----

-__
__
&lo
__.--_
--,.-_

&lo
10
.___

-_

*:o
*lo
10
____
____
10
.--_
10
-10
_---10
_--_--f 10
-1a
_--_
-1a
---_-__

-.
1 _.
_.

i
il
6
2
5
:
2
3
2
3
15
f
2
2
E

*::
----1c
---1c
-----I(
-l(
__-_
-_-fl(
-_-1E
:I
l(
-_-_
---_
l(

P--l

7741
7753
7757
7759
7789
7793
7817
7823
7829
7841
7853
7867
7873
7877
7879

2*.3*.5.43
23.3.17.19
2*.7,277
2.32.431
22.3.11.59
24.487
28.977
2.3911
22.19.103

2.5.5.72

22.13.151
2.34.19.23
28.3.41
21.11.179
2.3.13.101
2.7.563
2*.5*.79
2v59.67
2.37.107
asp;;

5:::
7;507
7919
7927
7933
7937
7949
7951
7963
7993
8009
8011
8017
8039
8053
8059
8069
8081
8087
8089
8093
8101
8111
8117
8123
81.47
8161
8167
8171

$.&
2. 1987
2.3.5*..53

2..;],3$7

2*.;.1i.13
2.3*.5.89
24.3.167
2.4019
22.3.11.61
2.3.17.79
21.2017
2.5.101
gyl;
.I .. *
22.7.172

2K34.54

2.5.811
22.2029
;31i;;l
25-3.5.17
2.3.1361
2.5.19.43
2.3.29.47
2.3.5.7.13
2.3a. IQ
2.7.587
2l.3.5.137
2~5.823
23.3.73
21.29.71
2.13.317
2.36.17
2*.3.13.53
2.11.47

E
,3;;
8223
8231
823:
8235
824:
826:
826E
82;:
8285
8291
829:

8295
8311
831;
Ed
836i
E
838:
838!

2;Y&Y
2Go49
22.2099
2.3.5,277
21.33.7. I 1
28.3.347
25.32.29
2.37.113
2..523
2*.3.349
2.7.599
2*.3*.233

G
- --

---f 10
__-_

;
2
2
2
3
3

-10
f10
f 10

:
f
E
2
2
3
2
3
2
7
2
3
;
LOc
3
7
5
2
2
4
I
17
2
6
x
3
3
7
1

*:o
---__--10
f10
-. --10
-10
f 10
-10
-10
10
---f10
f 10
-10
-10
-_----____
f 10
-10
---10
*to
.---10
.---.-_-.-_-.-__,__--10
-10
.-__: .-__-

:
:i
1:

-.-__-

.-_--

;
I

IaI
I
i1
2
2,

:
31
2!
3,
21
fi
7
ci
5
2t
I
3[
fi

10
.----10
f 10
.-__-10
*:o
f10
10
10
----rt: 10
-10
----_-___
f 10
-10
_---f 10
----f10

COMBINATORIAL

Primitive

Roots,

869

ANALYSIS

Factorization

of p-1

Table

g, G denote the least positive

and least negative (respectively) primitive roots of p. E denotes

whether 10, -10 both or neither are primitive roots.

T--

P
8419
8423
8429
8431
8443
8447
8461
8467
8501
8513
8521
8527
8537
8539
8543
8563
8573
8581
8597
8599
8609
8623
8627
8629
8641
8647
8663
8669
8677
8681
8689
2::
8707
8713
8719
8731
8737
8741
8747
8753
8761
8779
8783
8803
8807
8819
8821
8831
8837
8839
8849
8861
ii::
8887
8893
8923
8929
8933

P-1
2.3.23.61
2.4211
2.7=.43
2.3.5.281
2.32.7.67
2.41.103
2=.3.5.47
2.3.17.83
2*.5.17
26.7.19
2*.3.5.71
2.3.7*.29
28.11.97
2.3.1423
2.4271
2.3.1427
22.2143
2*.3.5.11.13
2.7.307
2.3.1433
25.269
2.32.479
m
; lEi
88.j3.5
2.3.11.131
2.61.71
2*.ii.i97
2*.3*.241
2.5.7.31
2.3.181
22.41.53
2.4349
2.3.1451
2.3*.11*
2.3.1453
2.3s.5.97
25.3.7.13
22.5.19.23
2.4373
24.547
2a.3.5.73
2.3.7.11.19
2.4391
2.3. 163
2.7.17.37
2.4409
-2.5.883
2*.47*
. .
%;,
2*.5.443
2.3.7.211
2.11.13.31
2.3.1481
2*.3*.13.19
2.3.1487
25.3S.31
21.7.11.29

.-

__-.io
-10
-10

10
_-_-10
f 10
f10
__-_--*10
__-_
-:o
____
_______--____
2:
__-_
-_-10
10
f10
__----------10
-10
ItlO
-10
10
__-_
f10
- 10
f10
_-----10
__-.
:8
f10
-10
__-_
-10
__-f10
-::
10
____
------____

--

P-1

8941
8951
8963
8969
8971
8999
9001
9007
9011
9013
9029
9041
9043
9049
9059
9067
9091
9103
9109
9127
9133
9137
9151
9157
9161
9173
9181
9187
9199
9203
9209
9221
9227
9239
9241
9257
9277
9281
9283
9293
9311
9319
9323
9337
9341
9343
9349

22.3.5.149
2.5s.179
2.4481
25.19.59
2.3.5.13.23
2.11.409
28.32.5
;.p:;3

37:
9391
9397
9403
9413
9419
9421
9431
9433
9437
9439
9461

25.293
2;&&3;3

25.i.751
22.37.61
24.5.113
2.3.11.137
28.3.13.29
2.7.647
2.3.1511
2.31.5.101
2.3.37.41
2*.3*.11.23
2.33.132
2*.3.761
2.571
2.3.5%.61
2*.3.7.109
23.5.229
22.2293
22.33.5.17
2.3.1531
2.3S.7.73
2.43.107
2a.1151
2%.5.461
2.7.659
2.31.149
2a.3.5.7.11
2a.13.89
2a.3.775
26.5.29
2.3.7.13.17
2*.23.101
2.5.72.19
2.3.1553
2.59.79
25.3.389
22.5.467
2.3.173
2;3&3$1

2i1.567
22.13.181
2.17.277
2*.3.5.157
2.5.23.41
2.3*.131
2a.7.337
2.3.11.13
22.5.11.43

.-,

P-1
_-

9463
9467
9473
9479
9491
9497
9511
9521
9533
9539
9547
9551
9587
9601
9613
9619
9623
9629
9631
9643
9649
9661
9677
9679
9689
9697
9719
9721
9733
9739
9743
Ki::
9769
9781
9787,
9791
9803
9811
9817

2.3.19.83
2.4733
28.37
2.7.677
2.5.13.73
2*. 1187
2.3.5.317
2.5.7.17
22.2383
2.19.251
2.3.37.43
2.52.191
2.4793
21.3.52
22.33.89
2.3.7.229
2.17.283
2*.29.83
2.3*.5.107
2.3.1607
24.32.67
22.3.5.7.23
22.41.59
2.3.1613
28.7.173
2.3.101
2.43.113
23.3.5
2*.3.811
2.3l.541
2.4871
28.2437
2.19.257
23.3.11.37
;;3;5g
L

2:5:1;.89
2.13*.29
2.32.5.169
28.3.409
2*.3a.7,13
2. 1229
2.4919
2.52.197
27.7.11
2r3.31.53
2.3.5.7.47
2.3.61
2.4943
21.31.5s. 11
2.3.13.127
2.11*.41
2a.17.73
2.3.5.331
2*.5.7.71
22.3.829
2.3.11.151
2%,3=.277

t%
9839
9851
9837
9859
9871
9883
9887
9901
9907
9923
9929
9931
9941
9949
9967
9973

24.8

870

COMBINATORIAL

Talk

24.9
0
1

547

1229

1991

2749

,581

11

4421

528,

6143

,001

7927

883,

ANALYSIS
PRI#ES
12
13
9739

10663

14

15

10
16411
16417
16421
1642,
16433

2"
1,393
1,401
1741,
1,419
1,431

21
18329
18341
18353
1836,
18371

22
19427
19429
19433
19441
19447

23
20359
20369
20389
20393
20399

24
21391
2139,
21401
2140,
21419

15461 16447
15473 16453
1546,
16451

1,443
1,449
1,467

18379
18397
18401

19457
19463
19469

20407
20411
20431

21433
21481
2146,

1177, 12637
11743
12641 13613
13619 14591
14593 15493
15497 ,647,
16481

1,477
1,471

1842,
18413

1947,
19471

20443
2044,

2148,
21491

11677 12569

563
557

1231
123,

1999
1997

2753
2767

359,
,583

4441
4423

530,
529,

616,
6151

,019
,013

,9,,
79,)

8849
8839

9749
9,~)

10687 11681
10667
11689 12577
12583

1:

569
571

1249
1259

2011
2003

2789
277,

3613
360,

4451
444,

5323
5309

619,
61,)

,039
,027

,951
,949

006,
886,

9769
976,

10709 11699
10691
11701

6
;

::

57,
593
587

1277
1283
1279

201,
2027
2029

2791
2801
2797

361,
3631
3623

445,
4481
4463

5333
5351
534,

6199
6211
620,

,043
,069
,057

,963
8009
,993

8867
8887
8893

9781
9791
978,

10711 1171, 12611

10729 11731
10723
11719 12613
12619

1;:

:;29

601
599

1291
1284

2039
2053

2819
2803

,637
,643

4493
4483

538,
5381

621,
6221

710,
,079

8011
801,

8929
8923

9811
9803

1"7,9
10733

12601
12589

16
13513
13523
13537
13553
13567

17
14533
14537
14543
14549
14551

13577 1455,
1359, 14561
13591
14563

1.3
15413
15427
15439
15443
15451

::
13

::
::

607
613
617

1297
1,Ol
1303

206,
2069
2"81

2037
2833
2843

3671
3659
3673

4513
4507
451,

5399
5393
5407

624,
6229
625,

,109
,121
712,

8053
8039
8059

8941
8939
8951

981,
9829
9833

10771 1178,
10753
11779 12647
12653
10781 11789 12659

13633 14621
1,627
1462, 15511
1552, 1648,
16493
13649 14629 15541 16519

1,483
17489
17491

18439
,843,
18443

19489
19483
19501

20479
20477
20483

21499
21493
21503

:z

4,

631
619

130,
1319

2087
2083

2851
2857

,691
,677

4519
4523

5413
541,

6263
bZ69

,129
7151

808,
8069

8969
8963

9851
9839

10799
10789

11807 12689
11801
12671 13669
13679 14639
14633 15551
15559 1654,
16529

17509
1,497

18457
18451

19531
19507

20509
2050,

21521
2151,

11813 12697

16

53

641

1321

2089

2861

369,

454,

5419

6271

,159

8087

8971

9857

10831

:;

59

647
643

,361
1327

2111
2099

2807
2879

,709
3701

m4549

543,
5431

628,
627,

,187
,177

8093
8089

9001
8999

9859
9871

10837
1084,

:;:

t:71

659
653

1373
13b7

2129
2113

2903
289,

3727
3719

4583
456,

5443
5441

6301
6299

,207
,193

8101
8111

900,
9011

988,
9883

11821 12703
1182,
12713
11833 12721
12739
10853 11831
10859

15569 16553

1,519

18461

19541

20521

21523

13691 1465,
1,687
14669 15583
15581 16561
1656,
13693 14683
13697
14699 15601
1560, lb603
16573

13681 14653

1,539
17551
1,573
17569

18493
18481
18517
18503

,954,
19553
19559
1957,

20533
20543
20551
20549

21529
2155,
21563
21559

::
::

:;
,"z

673
661
683
67,

1399
1381
1409
1423

213,
2131
2141
2143

2909
291,
292,
2939

,739
373,
3761
3767

459,
4591
4603
4621

5471
5449
5479
547,

631,
6311
6323
6329

,213
,211
7219
,229

8123
8117
814,
8161

9013
9029
9041
9043

9901
9907
992,
9929

10867 11839
10861
11863 12743
1275,
10889 11887
10883
11867 12763
12781

13709 14713
13711
14717
13721 14731
13723
14723

15619 16619
15629
16607
15641 16631
15643
16633

1,581
1,579
1,599
1,597

1852>
18521
18541
18539

1958,
1957,
1959,
19603

20593
20563
20599
20611

2157,
21569
21589
2158,

25

9,

691

142,

2153

295,

,769

463,

548,

633,

,237

816,

9049

99.31

10891

13729

1564,

16649

17609

18553

19609

2062,

21599

:;
28

103
101
10,

709
701
719'

1433
1429
1439

2179
2,bl
2203

295,
2963
2969

3793
,779
,797

4643
4639
4649

550,
5501
550,

635,
634,
6359

,243
,247
,253

8179
8171
8191

9059
906,
9091

9949
9941
996,

10909 11903
10903
11909
10937 11923

:,'

113
109

733
72,

1451
144,

2213
220,

2999
2971

3821
,803

4651
465,

5521
5519

636,
6361

729,
,283

8219
8209

9109 10007
9103
9973

10949
10939

::,

131
12'

743
739

1459
1453

2221
223,

3011
3001

3823
3833

4673
4663

55,l
552,

6379
637,

,309
,307

8221
8231

9133 10009
912,
1003,

::

35

139
13,
149

751
757
761

1471
,481
1483

2243
2239
225,

,019
3023
303,

3851
384,
3853

4691
4679
4703

555,
556,
5569

639,
6389
6421

,331
,321
,333

8213
8237
8243

913, lo",9
9151
1006,
915, ,006,

:;

151
15,

773
769

1489
148,

2269
226,

,049
,041

387,
3863

4723
4721

5581
5573

6449
642,

,,5,
,349

8269
8263

9173 10079
9161
10069

11027
11003

15

173
lb,
163

809
79,
78,

1511
1499
1493

228,
2273

,079
,067
3061

3889
3881
3907

4751
473,
4729

5639
5623
559,

6473
6451
6469

7411
,393
7369

828,
827,
8291

9199 10091
918,
9181
10099
10093

11059
1105,
11047

11897 12791

1473,

12809
12799
12821

1375, 14741
13751
1474,
13759 14753

15661 16651
15649
16657
15667 16661

1,627
1,623
1,657

18587
18583
18591

19681
10661
19687

20641
20639
20663

21611
21601
2161,

11933 12823
1192,
12829

13781 14759
1,763
1476,

15671 16691
15679
16673

1,669
1,659

18637
18617

19699
1969,

20693
2068,

2164,
21617

10973 11939
10957
11941 12841
12853

13799 14771
13789
14779 15683
,572, 16693
lb699

10979 11959
10987
1,953
1099, 11969

1,807 1478,
13829
1479,
13831 14813

1,681
1,683

18671
18661

,971,
19709

2071,
20707

21661
21649

15731
15733
1573,

16703
16729
16741

1,713
1,707
1,729

18679
18691
18701

19727
19,,9
19751

20731
20719
2074,

21613
21683
21701

11981 ,290,
11971
12911

13859 1482,
13841
14821 15749
15739

16747
16759

1,747
1,737

18719
18713

19759
19753

20749
20747

2172,
21713

12011 1291,
1200,
1198,
12923
12919

1,879
1,877
1,873

,484,
14831
14851 15761
15773 16787
1576,
16811
16763

1,783
1,761
1,749

18749
18731
18743

1979,
19763
19777

20771
20759
20753

21751
21739
2173,

12893
12889
12849

::

181
179

821
811'

1523
1531

229,
2293

3083
3089

391,
3911

4783
4759

5641
564,

6491
6481

741,
,433

829,
8293

9209 10111
9203
10103

11071 12041
11069
1203,

15787
15791

16829
16823

1,791
1,789

18773
18757

19813
19801

20789
20773

21767
21757

::
45

191
193
19,

823
82,
829

1543
1549
1553

2309
2311
2333

3109
3119
3121

3919
,923
,929

4787
4789
4793

5651
5653
565,

6521
6529
654,

7451
,457
,459

8311
831,
8329

9221 10133
922,
10139
9239 10141

11083 12043
11187
12049 12959
1296,
11093 12071 12973

12941
12953

13903 14879
13907
14887 15797
15803
13913 14891 15809

13883 14869
13901
1486,

16831
16843
16871

1,807
1782,
1,837

1878,
18793
18797

19819
19841
19843

20807
20809
20849

21773
21787
21799

46
2

199
21,
223

839
853
85,

1559
156,
1571

2,39
2341
2347

,l',,
3163
3167

3931
3943
394,

4199
4801
4813

5659
5669
5683

6551
6563
6553

747,
,481
,487

8353
8363
8369

924, 10151
9277 10159
925,
10163

11113
1111,
11119

12073 12979
12097 12983
12101
13001

13921
13931
13933

1489, 1581,
14923 15823
14929
15859

16879
16883
16889

1,839
1,863
17851

18803
18859
18839

19853
1986,
19861

2085,
20873
20879

21803
21821
21817

:z

229
22,

863
859

1583
1579

2357
2351

3181
3169

396,
3989

4831
481,

5693
5689

6571
6569

7489
,499

8387
O,,,

9283 1017,
9281
10169

11149 1210,
11131
12109 13003
13007

1396,
13963

1494, 1587,
14939
15881

16901
16903

1,891
1,881

18899
18869

19891
19889

2089,
2088,

21839
21841

51

233

87,

1597

2371

3187

4001

4861

5701

6577

7507

8389

9293 lo181

11159

12113 13009

13997

14951 1588,

16921

17903

18911

19913

20899

21851

2:

239
241

883
881

1607
16Oi

2381
2377

3203
3191

400,
4003

4871
4877

571,
5711

6599
6581

,523
,517

8423
8419

9319 10193
9311
10211

11171
11161

12119 13037
12143
13033

14009
13999

14969 15901
14957
15889

1692,
16931

1,909
17911

1891,
18913

1992,
19919

20921
20903

21863
21859

2,"

257
251

887
90,

1613
1609

2389
2383

321,
3209

4019
4013

4903
4884

5741
573,

6619
6607

,537
,529

8431
8429

933, 10223
9323
10243

11177 12149
11173
1215,

269
263

911
919

,621
1619

2399
2393

3221
3229

402,
4021

4919
4909

5749
5743

665,
663,

,547
,541

844,
8443

934, 10247
9341
10253

11213
lU9,

13049
13043

14011
14029

15013 15907
14983
15913

16943
16937

17923
17921

18947
18919

1993,
19949

20939
20929

21881
21871

12163 13063
12161
13093

14051
14033

150,l
1501,

16963
16979

1,939
1,929

18973
18959

19961
19963

20947
20959

21893
21911

15923
15919

ii

27,
271
281

94,
929
93,

1657
162,
lb,,

242,
2411
241,

325,
3253
3251

4057
4051
4049

493,
4931
4933

5791
5779
5783

667,
6661
6659

,561
,559
,549

846,
8461
8501

937, 10259
9349
10271
1026,

11251
11243
11239

12211 13099
12203
1219,
1,109
13103

14081 1505,
14071
14057
15061
15073 1593,
15971
15959

16993
16987
16981

1,971
1,957
1,959

19001
18979
19009

19991
19979
19973

20983
20981
20963

21943
21929
21937

2:

293
283

953
947

1667
,663

2441
243,

927,
9259

4079
4073

4951
4943

580,
5801

6689
6679

,577
,573

8521
8513

939, 10289
9391
10273

,126l
1125,

12239
1222,

14083
14087
,410,
14143
14149

1507,
15083
15091
15101
15107

15973
15991
lb"01
16007
lb033

1,011
1,021
1,027
17029
1,033

17977
17981
1798,
17989
18013

19013
19031
19037
19051
19069

19993
1999,
20011
20021
20023

21001
21011
21013
21017
21019

21961
2197,
21991
21997
22003

13121
13127

,":

311
30,

971
967

1693
1669

244,
2459

3299
3301

4093
4091

496,
495,

5821
5813

6701
6691

,589
7583

8537
8527

9413
9403 10301
10303

11279
11273

12251 13151
12241
13147

65

313

977

1697

2467

3307

4099

4969

582,

6703

,591

8539

9419 10313

11287

12253 13159

2:
tt

331
31,
337
34,

991
983
1009
997

1709
1699
1721
1723

2473
247,
2521
2503

1319
3313
3323
3329

412,
4111
4129
4133

498,
4973
4999
4993

5839
5843
5851
5849

6719
6709
6737
6733

7607
7603
,639
,621

8563
8543
8581
857)

9431 10321
9421
10331
9433
943, 10333
10337

7"

349

1013

1733

2531

3331

4139

5003

5857

6761

,643

859,

9439 10343

14153
11311
11299 12269
12263 13163
13171 14159
1131, 12281
11321
12277 1318>
1,177 14173
1417,
11329 12289 13187 1419,

15121
15131
1513,
15139
15149

lb"57
lb"61
16063
1606,
16069

17041
1,047
1,053
,707,
1,093

18041
18043
18047
18049
18059

19073
19079
19081
1908,
19121

20029
20047
20051
20063
20071

21023
2103,
21059
Zl"61
21067

22013
2202,
22031
2203,
22039

::
73

359
353
96,

1021
1019
1031

174,
1747
,753

2543
2539
2549

1343
,347
3359

4157
4153
4159

5009
5011
5021

586,
5861
5869

6779
6763
6781

,669
,649
,673

8609
8599
8623

9463 10357
9461
10369
9467 10391

1,351
,135, 12,23
12101 1321,
13219
11369 12329 13229

:z

379
973

1039
1033

1777
1759

255,

,371
1361

4177
4201

5039
5023

5879
5881

6791
6793

,687
,681

8629
8627

9479
9473 10399
10427

11393
1,383

1234,
12343

14207
14221
14243
14249
1,249 14251
13241

15161
15173
1518,
15193
15199

16073
16087
lb091
1609,
16103

1,099
1,107
1,117
1,123
1,137

18061
18077
18089
18097
18119

19139
19141
19157
19163
19181

20089
20101
20107
20113
20117

21089
21101
21107
21121
21139

22051
22063
22067
22073
22079

76

383

1049

1783

2579

,373

4211

5051

589,

6803

,691

8641

9491 10429

11399

12373 13259

1521,

16111

1,159

:i
8':

189
39,
409
4"l

1051
1061
1063
1069

178,
1789
1811
1801

2591
259,
261,
2609

,389
,391
3407
3413

421,
4219
4229
4231

5059
5077
5087
5081

5903
592,
5939
592,

6823
682,
6833
6829

,699
,703
7723
,717

864,
8663
867,
8669

949,
9511 10433
10453
9533 10457
9521
10459

11411
11423 12377
12379 1326,
13291 14293
14303
1143,
11443 12401
12391 13297
13309 14321
14323

14281

18121

19183

20123

21143

22091

1522, 1612,
15233
16139 1716,
1,183 bW7
18131
15259 16183
15241
16141 17191
17189 18143
18133

1920,
19211
19219
19213

20129
20143
20149
20147

21149
21157
21169
21163

22093
22109
22123
22111

Lz

421
419

1091
,087

1831
1823

262,
2633

,449
3433

4243
4241

5101
5099

5953
5981

6857
6841

,741
,727

8689
868,

954, 10463
9539
1047,

1146,
1144,

12409
12413

,":
85

431
433
439

1093
109,
1103

1861
184,
186,

265,
264,
2659

3457
3461
3463

4253
4259
4261

510,
5113
5119

6007
5987
6011

6863
6869
6871

,753
775,
7759

8693
8699
8707

9551 10487
958,
10499
9601 10501

11471
11483
11489

12421 13331
12433
13337
12437 13339

1432,
14.341
1434,
14369
14387

15263 lb187
15269 16189
15271 16193
1527, 16217
1528, 16223

17203
1,207
1,209
1,231
1,239

18149
18169
18181
18191
18194

19231
19237
19249
19259
19267

20161
20173
20177
20183
20201

21179
2118,
21191
21193
21211

22129
22133
22147
22153
22157

86
2

443
449
457

1109
111,
112,

1871
,873
187,

266,
2671
2677

,467
,469
3491

4271
4273
4283

514,
516,
5153

6029
6043
6037

6883
6899
690,

,789
,793
,817

8713
8719
8731

9613 10513
9619 10529
9623
10531

1,491
1149,
11503

12451 13367
1245, 13381
12473
1339,

14389
14401
14407

15289 16229 1,257

15299 16249
1530,
16231 17291
17293

18211
18217
18223

19273
19301
19289

20219
20231
20233

21221
21227
21247

22159
22189
22171

,";

463
461

1129
1151

1889
1879

2683
268,

3511
,499

4289
429,

5179
5171

6053
604,

6917
6911

,829
,823

8741
8737

963, 10559
9629
10567

1152,
11519

12479
1248,

15319 16253
15313
1626,

1,317
1,299

182.33
18229

19319
19309

20261
20249

2127,
21269

22229
22193

15,29

1,321

18251

19333

20269

21283

2224,

1332,
1,313

13411 14411
13399
14419
14423

2
,':

46,
479
491
48,

1151
1163
1181
1171

1901
190,
1931
1913

2693
2689
270,
2699

352,
351,
,533
,529

432,
433,
4349
4339

5189
5197
5209
5227

6073
606,
6079
6089

694,
6949
6961
6959

7841
,853
7873
,867

8753
8747
876,
8779

9649 10589
9643
10597
9677 10601
9661
10607

95

499

1187

1933

2711

,539

435,

523,

609,

696,

7877

8783

I,"
9'9"
100

509
503
523
521
541

120,
1193
1217
,213
1223

1949
1951
1979
1973
198,

2719
2713
2729
2731
2141

,541
3547
3559
355,
,571

4373
4363
439,
4391
4409

5237
5233
5273
5261
5279

6113
6101
6131
6121
6133

697,
6971
6991
6983
6997

7883
,879
7907
7901
,919

8807
8803
8819
8821
883,

11551
11549
1158,
1,579

16273

9679 10613

12491 13417
1249,
13421 14431
12511 1,451
12503
13441 1443,
1444,
11593 1251, 13457 14449

15331 lb301
15349 16319
15359 16333
15361 16339

1X327
1,333
1,341
17351

18253
18257
18269
18287

19373
19379
19301
19387

2028,
2029,
20323
2032,

21313
21317
21319
21323

22259
22271
22273
2227,

9689
9697
10631
10627
9721 10639
9719
10651
9733 10657

11617
1159,
11633
11621
,165,

,537, 16349
15373
16361 1,359
,,,,,
15391 16363
153.83
lb369 1,383
1,387
15401 16381 17389

18301
18289
18311
18307
18313

19403
1939,
19421
19417
19423

20341
20333
20353
20347
20357

21347
21341
21177
21379
21383

22283
22279
22303
22291
22307

12539 13463
,252,
13469 14461
14479
12541 1,487
1254,
13477 14489
14503
12553 13499 14519

COMBINATORIAL

871

ANALYSIS
PRIME:S

25

26

27

28

19

:a

6
1
8
9
10

22391
22397
22409
22433
22441

23371
23399
23417
23431
23447

24373
24379
24391
24407
24413

25453
2545,
25463
25469
25471

26449
26459
26479
26489
26497

27527
2,529
2,539
2,541
21551

28549
28559
2857,
28573
28579

11
12
13
14
15

22447
22453
22469
22481
22483

23459
23473
23497
23509
23531

24419
24421
24439
24443
24469

25523
2553,
25541
25561
25577

26501
26513
26539
26557
26561

2,581
2,583
2,611
2,617
2,631

I6
17
18
19
20

22501
22511
22531
22541
22543

2~35~37
23539
23549
2355,
23561

24473
24481
24499
24509
2451,

25579
25583
25589
25601
25603

26573
26591
2659,
2662,
26633

21
22
23
24
25

22549
22567
22571
22573
22613

23563
2356,
23581
23593
23599

2452,
24533
2454,
24551
2457,

25609
25621
25633
25639
25643

26
2,
28
29
30

22619
22621
22637
22639
22643

23603
23609
23623
23627
23629

24593
24611
24623
24631
24659

31
32
33
34
35

22651
22669
22679
22691
2269,

23633
23663
23669
23671
2367,

36
3,
38
39
40

22699
22709
22717
22721
22727

41
42
43
44
45

:12

55

36

57

Tddc-

:a

34

s8

39

41

12

43

29531
2953,
2956,
29569
29573

30649
30661
30611
3061,
30689

3,663
31667
31687
31699
31721

3268,
32693
,270,
32713
32717

33641
3364,
33679
3,703
33713

34693
3470,
34721
34729
34739

35831
35837
35839
35851
35863

36833
36847
36857
36871
3687,

37879
37889
3,897
37907
37951

38911
38993
39019
39023
39041

40031
4003,
40039
40063
40087

41149
41161
41117
41179
41183

42157
42169
42179
42181
4218,

2859,
2859,
28603
28607
28619

29581
2958,
29599
2961,
29629

30697
30703
30707
30713
,072,

31723
3,727
31729
,174,
31751

32719
32749
,2,,1
32779
,278,

,3,21
3,739
3,749
3,751
3,757

,474,
3475,
34759
34763
34781

35869
35879
35897
35899
35911

36887
36899
36901
36913
36919

3795,
3,963
3796,
3,987
37991

39043
3904,
39079
39089
39097

40093
40099
40111
40123
40121

41189
41201
41203
41213
41221

2,647
2,653
2,673
2,689
27691

28621
2862,
2863,
2864,
28649

29633
29641
2966,
29669
29671

30751
30763
30713
30781
30803

31769
,I,,1
31793
31799
,181,

32789
3279,
32801
32803
32831

33767
33769
3,,,,
3379,
3,797

3480,
34819
,4841
34843
3484,

35923
35933
35951
35963
35969

36923
36929
36931
36943
3694,

37993
37991
38011
38039
38047

39103
39101
39113
39119
39133

40129
40151
40153
40163
40169

26641
2664,
26669
26681
26683

2,697
2,701
2,733
2,737
27739

2865,
28661
28663
28669
2868,

2968,
29717
29723
29741
29753

30809
30811
30829
30839
30841

3,847
31849
31859
31873
31883

,28,3
32839
32843
32869
32881

3,809
33811
3382,
3,829
33851

,4849
34871
,487,
34883
34897

35977
35983
35993
35999
36001

36973
36979
36997
31003
3,013

38053
38069
38083
38113
38119

39139
39157
39161
39163
39181

2565,
2566,
25673
25679
25693

26681
26693
26699
26701
26711

21743
2,749
2,751
2,763
2,767

2869,
28703
28711
28723
28729

29759
29761
29789
29803
29819

,085,
3085,
30859
30869
30811

31891
,190,
31957
31963
31973

32909
3291,
32917
329,3
32939

3385,
33863
33871
33889
33893

34913
34919
34939
34949
34961

36011
36013
36017
36131
36061

3,019
3,021
31039
37049
3,057

38149
38153
3816,
3817,
38183

24671
2467,
24683
24691
2469,

25703
25717
25733
25741
25747

26713
2671,
26723
26729
26731

2,773
2,779
2,791
27793
27799

28751
28753
28759
28771
28789

29833
2983,
29851
29863
2986,

30881
30893
30911
30931
3093,

3198,
31991
32003
32009
32027

32941
,295,
32969
32971
32983

33911
3392,
33931
33937
33941

34963
34981
35023
35027
35051

3606,
36073
36083
36097
36107

3,061
3,087
31097
31117
37123

23687
23689
23719
23741
23743

24709
24733
24749
24763
2476,

25759
25763
25771
25793
25799

26737
26759
26777
26783
2680,

2,803
2,809
2,817
2,823
2,827

28793
2880,
28813
2881,
2883,

29873
29879
29881
29917
29921

30941
30949
30971
3097,
30983

32029
32051
3205,
,2059
32063

32981
,299,
32999
3,013
3,023

33961
,396,
33997
34019
340,l

35053
35059
,5069
35081
,508)

36109
36131
36137
36151
36161

22739
22741
22751
22769
2277,

2374,
23753
23761
23767
2,773

24781
24793
24799
24809
24821

25801
25819
25841
25847
25849

26813
26821
26833
26839
26849

2,847
2,851
27883
2,893
2,901

28843
28859
2886,
28871
28879

2992,
2994,
29959
29983
29989

31013
31019
31033
31039
31051

32069
3207,
32083
32089
32099

33029
3303,
33049
33053
33071

34033
34039
3405,
34061
34123

35089
35099
35107
35111
3511,

46
4,
48
49
5"

22783
22787
22807
22811
22817

23789
23801
23813
23819
23827

24841
2484,
24851
24859
24877

2586,
25873
25889
25903
25913

26861
26863
26879
26881
26891

2,917
2,919
27941
27943
27947

28901
28909
28921
2892,
28933

30011
30013
30029
3004,
30059

31063
31069
31079
31081
31091

3211,
32119
32141
32143
32159

33073
33083
33091
33107
33113

3412,
34129
34141
3414,
3415,

51
52
53
54
55

22853
22859
22861
22871
22877

23831
23833
23857
23869
23873

24889
24907
24917
24919
24923

25919
25931
25933
25939
25943

26893
26903
26921
2692,
26947

2,953
27961
2,967
2,983
21997

28949
28961
28979
29009
29017

30011
30089
30091
3009,
30103

,I121
31123
31139
3,147
31151

,211,
32183
32189
32191
32203

33119
33149
33151
33161
33179

56
57
58
59
60

22901
22907
22921
22937
22943

23879
23887
23893
23899
23909

24943
24953
24967
24971
24977

25951
25969
25981
2599,
25999

26951
26953
26959
26981
2698,

28001
28019
28027
28031
28051

29021
29023
2902,
29033
29059

30109
30113
30119
30133
30137

31153
3,159
3117,
31181
31183

32213
32233
32237
32251
3225,

61
62
63
64
65

22961
22963
22973
22993
23003

23911
2391,
23929
2395,
23971

24979
24989
25013
25031
25033

26003
26017
26021
26029
26041

26993
2,011
2,011
2,031
2,041

28057
28069
28081
28087
2809,

29063
2907,
29101
29123
29129

30139
3016l
,OlbP
30181
30187

31189
31193
31219
31223
31231

66
67
68
69
70

23011
2301,
23021
23027
23029

2397,
23981
23993
24001
24007

25037
2505,
25073
25087
2509,

26053
26083
26099
2610,
26lll

27059
2,061
2,067
2,073
21077

28099
28109
28111
28123
28151

29131
2913,
29141
29153
2916,

30197
30203
30211
30223
30241

71
12
73
74
75

23039
23041
23053
2305,
23059

24019
24023
24029
24043
24049

25111
2511,
25121
2512,
2514,

26113
26119
26141
26153
26161

2,091
2,103
27107
2,109
2,127

28163
28181
28183
28201
28211

29173
29179
29191
29201
29207

76
77
18
79
80

23063
23071
23081
2308,
23099

24061
24071
2407,
24083
24091

25153
25163
25169
25171
25183

26171
2617,
26183
26189
26203

2,143
2,179
27191
2,197
2,211

28219
28229
28277
28279
28283

81
82
83
84
85

2311,
23131
23143
23159
2316,

2409,
24103
2410,
24109
24113

25189
25219
25229
25237
25243

26209
26227
2623,
26249
26251

2,239
2,241
2,253
27259
2,271

86
8,
88
89
90

23173
23189
23197
23201
23203

24121
24133
24137
24151
24169

2524,
25253
25261
25301
25303

26261
26263
26267
26293
26297

91
92
93
94
95

23209
23227
2325,
23269
23279

24179
24181
2419,
24203
24223

2530,
25309
25321
25339
25343

96
9,
98
99
100

23291
23293
23291
23311
23321

24229
24239
2424,
24251
24281

25349
25357
2536,
25373
25391

44

45

P-I.9

40

li

.t

4Y

43133
43151
43159
4317,
43189

44263
4426,
44269
44273
44279

45343
4536,
4537,
45389
45403

46499
4650,
46511
46523
46549

41591
47599
4,609
4,623
47629

42193
4219,
42209
42221
42223

43201
43207
43223
4323,
43261

44281
44293
44351
4435,
44371

45413
4542,
45433
45439
45481

46559
4656,
46573
46589
46591

4,6,9
4,653
4,657
4,659
41681

41227
41231
41233
41243
41257

42227
42239
42257
42281
42283

43271
43283
43291
43313
43319

44381
44383
44389
4441,
44449

45491
4549,
45503
45523
45533

46601
46619
46633
46639
46643

4,699
47701
4,111
4,713
4,717

40177
40189
40193
40213
40231

41263
41269
41281
41299
41333

42293
42299
4230,
42323
42331

43321
43331
43391
4339,
43399

44453
44483
44491
4449,
44501

45541
45553
45557
45569
4558,

46649
46663
46679
46681
4668,

4,737
4,741
47743
4,777
4,779

39191
39199
39209
39211
3922,

40237
40241
40253
4027,
40283

41341
41351
4135,
41381
41387

4233,
42349
42359
42373
42379

43403
43411
43427
43441
43451

44507
44519
44531
44533
4453,

45589
45599
45613
45631
45641

46691
46703
46723
46727
4674,

41791
4,797
4780,
4,809
4,819

38189
3819,
38201
38219
38231

39229
39233
39239
39241
39251

40289
40343
40351
4035,
40361

41389
41399
41411
41413
41443

42391
4239,
42403
42407
42409

4345,
43481
43487
43499
43517

44543
44549
44563
44579
44587

45659
4566,
45673
4567,
45691

46751
46757
46769
46771
46807

4,831
4,843
4,857
4,869
4,881

3,139
37159
37171
3,181
3,189

38237
38239
38261
38273
38281

39293
39301
39313
39317
39323

4038,
40423
4042,
40429
40433

41453
4146,
41479
41491
4150,

42433
42437
42443
42451
4245,

43541
4354,
43573
43577
43579

4461,
44621
44623
44633
44641

4569,
4510,
45737
45751
4575,

46811
4681,
46819
46829
46831

4,903
4,911
4,917
479,)
4,939

3618,
36191
36209
36217
36229

3,199
37201
31217
3,223
3,243

3828,
38299
38303
38317
38321

39341
39343
39359
39367
39311

40459
40471
40483
4048,
40493

41513
41519
41521
41539
41543

42461
42463
42467
42473
4248,

43591
4359,
43607
43609
43613

4464,
44651
4465,
44683
44687

45763
45767
45779
4581,
45821

46853
46861
46867
46877
46889

4,947
4,951
4,963
4,969
4,977

35129
,5141
35149
35153
35159

36241
36251
36263
36269
36277

3,253
3,273
3121,
3,307
31309

3832,
38329
38333
38351
38371

39373
39383
3939,
39409
39419

40499
4050,
40519
40529
40531

41549
4,579
41593
4159,
41603

4249,
42499
42509
42533
4255,

4362,
43633
43649
43651
43661

44699
44701
44711
44729
44741

45823
4582,
45833
45841
45853

46901
46919
46933
4695,
46993

4,981
48017
48023
48029
48049

34159
34171
34183
34211
34213

,517,
35201
35221
,522,
35251

,6293
36299
36307
36,13
36319

,731,
3,321
3,337
3,339
3,357

38,,,
38393
38431
38441
38449

39439
39443
39451
39461
39499

4054,
40559
40577
40583
40591

41609
41611
4161,
41621
4,627

42569
42571
4257,
42589
42611

4,669
43691
43711
43717
43721

44753
44771
44773
44777
44789

45863
45869
45887
45893
45943

4699,
47017
47041
4,051
4,057

4807,
48079
48091
48109
48119

3,181
33191
33199
33203
33211

3421,
3423,
34253
34259
34261

3525,
3526,
35279
35281
35291

36341
36343
36353
36373
,6383

3736,
,,363
31369
,13,9
3,397

38453
38459
38461
38501
38543

39503
39509
39511
39521
39541

40597
40609
40627
40631
40639

4,641
4164,
4,651
41659
41669

42641
42643
42649
4266,
4267,

43753
43759
4371,
43781
43783

44797
44809
44819
44839
44843

45949
45953
45959
45971
45979

4,059
4,087
4,093
4,111
47119

48121
48131
4815,
48163
48179

32261
3229,
32299
32303
32309

33223
3324,
3328,
33289
33301

3426,
34273
34283
34291
34301

35311
35317
35323
35327
35339

36389
36433
3645,
3645,
36461

,,409
3,423
3,441
3144,
3,463

3855,
38561
38567
38569
38593

3955-l
39563
39569
19581
3960,

4069,
4069,
40699
40709
40739

41681
4168,
41119
41129
4173,

42683
42689
4269,
4270,
42703

43787
43789
43793
43801
43853

44851
44867
44879
4488,
44893

45989
46021
4602,
46049
46051

4,123
47129
4,137
4,143
41147

48187
48193
4819,
48221
48239

31237
3124,
31249
31253
31259

32321
32323
32327
32341
32353

33311
3331,
33329
33331
33343

34303
34313
34319
34321
34331

35353
35363
35381
35393
35401

36469
36473
36479
36493
3649,

3,483
3,489
3,493
3,501
3,507

38603
38609
38611
38629
38639

39619
,9623
39631
39659
3966,

40751
40159
40763
40771
40787

41759
4,761
41771
41777
41801

42709
42719
4272,
4273,
42743

43867
43889
43891
43913
43933

44909
4491,
4492,
44939
44953

46061
46073
46091
46093
46099

41149
4,161
47189
4,207
4,221

48247
48259
48271
48281
48299

30253
30259
30269
30211
30293

3126,
31271
31277
31307
31319

32359
32363
32369
32371
3237,

3334,
33349
33353
33359
3337,

34351
34361
3436,
34369
34381

35407
35419
35423
35431
3544,

3652,
3652,
36529
,6541
36551

3,511
3,517
37529
3,537
3,547

38651
38653
,8669
38671
38677

39671
39679
39703
39709
39719

40801
40813
40819
40823
40829

41809
41813
41843
41849
41851

42751
42767
42773
4278,
42793

43943
43951
43961
43963
43969

44959
44963
44971
44983
4498,

46103
46133
46141
46141
46153

4,237
4,251
47269
47279
4,287

48311
48313
48337
48341
48353

29209
29221
29231
29243
29251

3030,
30313
30319
30323
30341

31321
31327
31333
31337
31351

32381
32401
32411
32413
32423

33391
33403
33409
33413
33427

34403
34421
34429
34439
3445,

35449
35461
35491
3550,
35509

36559
36563
,6511
36583
3658,

3,549
3,561
3156,
3157,
3,573

38693
38699
38707
3871,
38713

3972,
39733
39149
39761
39769

4084,
4084,
40849
40853
4086,

4186,
41879
4,887
41893
41891

4279,
42821
42829
42839
42841

4,973
4398,
43991
4399,
44017

4500,
45013
45053
45061
4501,

4617,
46181
46183
4618,
46199

4729,
4,297
4,303
4,309
4,317

48371
48383
4839,
4840,
48409

28289
2829,
2830,
28309
28319

29269
2928,
2929,
29303
29311

3134,
3036,
30389
30391
30403

31379
31387
31391
31393
31397

32429
32441
32443
32467
32479

33457
33461
33469
33479
3348,

34469
34411
34483
34487
34499

35521
35527
35531
35533
35537

,6599
3660,
,6629
3663,
,664,

31519
3,589
,759,
3,607
37619

38723
38729
3873,
,874,
38149

39779
39791
39199
3982,
39821

40879
40883
4089,
40903
4092,

41903
41911
4192,
41941
41941

42853
42859
42863
42899
42901

44021
4402,
44029
44041
4405,

45083
45119
45121
4512,
451,1

46219
46229
4623,
46261
46271

4,339
4,351
4,353
4,363
47381

48413
4843,
48449
48463
4847,

2127,
2,281
27283
2,299
2,329

28349
28351
2838,
28393
28403

2932,
29333
29339
29347
29363

3042,
30431
30449
3046,
30469

31469
31471
31481
31489
31511

32491
32497
32503
3250,
32531

33493
33503
33521
33529
33533

34501
34511
34513
34519
34537

35543
35569
35573
35591
35593

3665,
3667,
3667,
36683
36691

3,633
3,643
,1649
,765,
3,663

3876,
38783
38791
3880,
38821

39829
39839
39841
,984,
3985,

40933
40939
40949
40961
40973

41953
4,957
41959
4,969
41981

42923
42929
42937
42943
42953

44059
44071
4408,
44089
44101

4513,
45139
45161
45179
45181

46273
46279
46301
46307
46,09

4,387
41389
4,407
4,417
4,419

48479
48481
4848,
4849,
4849,

26309
26317
26321
26339
2634,

2,337
27361
2,367
2,397
2740,

28409
28411
28429
28433
28439

29383
29387
29389
29399
29401

30491
30493
3049,
30509
30517

31513
3151,
31531
31541
31543

32533
3253,
32561
32563
32569

33547
33563
33569
3357,
33581

34543
34549
34583
34589
34591

35597
35603
35617
35671
35677

36691
16709
36713
36721
36739

3,691
3,693
31699
3,717
,714,

38833
38839
3885,
38861
38861

39863
39869
3987,
39883
3988,

40993
41011
4,017
4,023
41039

4,983
41999
42013
42017
42019

42961
42961
42979
42989
43003

44111
44119
44123
44129
44131

4519,
4519,
45233
45247
45259

4632,
4633,
46349
46351
46381

4743,
4,441
4,459
4,491
4,497

48523
4852,
48533
485,9
48541

2635,
26371
2638,
26393
26399

2,409
27427
2,431
27437
21449

2844,
28463
28477
28493
28499

29411
29423
29429
2943,
29443

30529
30539
30553
3055,
30559

3154,
3156,
31513
31583
31601

32573
32579
3258,
32603
32609

33587
33589
33599
33601
33613

34603
34607
34613
34631
34649

35729
35731
35747
35753
35759

36749
36161
36767
36779
3678,

3,781
3,783
3,799
3,811
3,813

38873
38891
38903
38911
38921

39901
39929
39937
3995,
39971

4,047
41051
41057
4107,
41081

42023
42043
42061
42071
42073

43013
43019
43037
43049
43051

44159
44171
44179
44189
4420,

45263
45281
45289
45293
4530,

46399
46411
46439
4644,
4644,

4,501
4,507
4,513
L7521
4,527

48563
48571
48589
48593
48611

872

COMBINATORIAL

Iulh

m.9

ANALYSIS
PRIhlES
02
83

63

54

56

66

67

58

58

84

61

a5

86

67

68

88

70

71

72

7%

48619 49667
4862, 49669
48647 49681
48649 49697
4866, 49711

50767 51817
50773 51827
50777 51829
50789 51839
50821 5,853

52937
52951
52957
5296,
5296,

54001
54011
54013
54037
54049

55109
55117
55127
55147
55163

56197
56207
56209
562,7
56239

5719,
57203
57221
5722,
57241

58243
58271
58309
58313
58321

59369
59377
59187
59J93
59399

60509
60521
60527
60539
60589

61637
6164,
61651
61657
61667

62791
62801
62819
62827
62851

6,823
6,839
63841
6,853
6,857

65071
65089
65099
65101
65111

66107
66109
66137
66161
66169

67247
67261
67271
67213
67289

68389
68399
60437
6844,
68447

69497
69499
695,9
695,7
6959,

7066,
70667
70687
70709
70717

71719
71741
71761
71777
71789

72859
72869
72871
7288,
72889

7,999
74017
74021
74027
74047

75083
75109
7513,
75149
75161

6
7
8
9
10

4867,
48677
48679
48731
48733

49727
49739
49741
49747
49757

5083,
50839
50849
50857
50867

52973
52981
52999
53003
5,017

54059
54083
54091
54101
54121

55171
55201
55207
55213
55217

56249 57251
5626, 57259
56267 57269
56269 57271
56299 5728,

58337
SD63
58367
58369
58379

59407 60601
59417 60607
59419 60611
59441 606l7
5944, 60623

6167,
bl68l
61687
61703
61717

62861
62869
6287,
62897
6290,

b,a63
6,901
6,907
6,913
6,929

65119
6512,
65129
65141
65147

6617,
66179
66191
66221
66239

67JO7
67339
6734,
67349
67369

ba449
6847,
68477
68483
ba489

6962,
69653
69661
69677
69691

70729
7075,
70769
7078,
7079,

71807
71809
71821
71837
7184,

7289,
72901
72907
72911
7292,

74051
74071
74077
7409,
74099

75167
75169
75181
75193
75209

11
12
1,
14
15

48751
48757
48761
48767
48779

4978, 50873
49787 50891
49789 5089,
49801 50909
49807 50923

51907 53047
51913 5,051
51929 5,069
5,941 5,077
51949 5,087

54133
54139
54151
5416,
54167

55219 56311
55229 56,,3
55243 56359
55249 56369
55259 56377

57287
57301
57329
573,1
57,47

60631
60637
60647
60649
60659

61723
61729
61751
61757
6178,

62921 6,949
62927 6,977
62929 6,997
62939 64007
62969 64013

65167 66271
65171 6629,
6517, 66301
65179 66337
65183 6634,

67391 68491
67399 68501
67409 68507
67411 68521
67421 68531

69697
69709
697,7
69739
69761

7082,
70841
7084,
70849
7085,

71849
71861
71867
7,879
71881

72931
72937
72949
7295,
72959

74101
74131
7414,
74149
74159

75211
75217
7522,
75227
75239

lb
17
10
19
20

4878,
48787
48799
48809
48817

49811
4982,
49831
4984,
4985,

50929
50951
50957
50969
5097,

5,971
5197,
51977
5,991
52009

5,089
53093
5,101
5,113
5,117

54181
54193
54217
54251
54269

5529,
55313
55331
5533,
55337

56383
5639,
56401
56417
56431

57349 58427
57367 58439
57373 58441
57383 58451
57389 58453

59497
59509
5951,
59539
59557

6066,
60679
60689
60703
60719

blal,
61819
61837
61843
61861

62971 64019
62981 6403,
62983 64037
62987 6406,
62989 64067

6520, 66347
6521, 66359
65239 66361
65257 66373
65267 66377

67427 68539
67429 6854,
6743, 68567
67447 685a1
6745, 68597

6976,
69767
69779
69809
69821

70867
70877
70879
70891
70901

71887
71899
71909
71917
719,3

7297,
72977
72997
7,009
7,013

74161
74167
74177
74189
74197

7525,
75269
75277
75289
75307

21
22
2,
24
25

48821
4882,
48847
4885,
48859

4987,
4987,
49891
49919
49921

50989
50993
5,001
51031
5104,

52021
52027
52051
52057
52067

5,129
5,147
5,149
5,161
5,171

54277
5428,
5429,
54311
54319

55339
5534,
55351
5537,
55381

5643,
5644,
56453
56467
5647,

57397 5847,
5741, 58481
5742, 58511
57457 58537
57467 5854,

59561
59567
59581
59611
59617

60727
6073,
60737
60757
60761

61871
61879
61909
61927
61933

63029
63031
6,059
6,067
63073

65269
65287
6529,
65,09
6532,

66383
66403
66413
66431
66449

67477
67481
67489
6749,
67499

68611
68633
68639
68659
68669

69827
69829
69833
69847
69857

7091,
70919
70921
70937
70949

71941
71947
,196,
71971
71983

73019
73037
73039
7,043
7,061

74201
7420,
74209
74219
74231

7923
75329
75337
75347
75353

26
2,
28
29
30

48869
48871
4888,
48889
4890,

49927
49937
49939
4994,
49957

51047
51059
5,061
51071
51109

52069
52081
52103
52121
5212,

53173
53109
5,197
5,201
5,231

5432,
54331
5434,
54361
54967

55399
55411
55439
55441
55457

5647,
56479
56489
5650,
56503

57487
5749,
57503
5752,
57529

58549
58567
5857,
58579
58601

59621
59627
59629
59651
59659

60763
6077,
60779
60793
60811

61949 63079
61961 6,097
6196, 6,103
61979 6,113
61981 6,127

6415, 65327
64157 65,5,
64171 65X7
64187 65371
64189 65381

66457
6646,
66467
66491
66499

67511
6752,
67531
67537
67547

6868,
6868,
68699
68711
6871,

69859
69877
69899
69911
69929

70951
70957
70969
70979
70981

7198,
71993
71999
72019
720,1

7,063
7,079
73091
7,121
73127

74257
74279
74287
74293
,429,

75367
75377
75389
75391
75401

,,
32
3,
34
35

48947
4895,
4897,
48989
4899,

49991 51~1
4999, 5,113
49999 51137
50021 5115,
5002, 51157

52147
52153
5216,
52177
52181

5,233 54371
532,9 54377
5326, 54401
5,269 54403
53279 54409

55469 56509 5,557

55487 56519 5,559
55501 56527 5,571
55511 56531 57587
55529 56533 57593

58603
5861,
58631
58657
5866l

59663 60821
59669 60859
59671 60869
5969, 608a7
59699 60889

61987 63131
61991 63149
62003 63179
62011 63197
62017 63199

64217 6539,
64223 65407
64231 6541,
64237 65419
64271 6542,

66509
6652,
66529
66533
66541

67559
67567
67577
67579
67589

60729 69931
60737 69941
68743 69959
68749 69991
68767 69997

70991
,099,
70999
71011
7102,

72043
72047
72053
72073
72077

,313,
73141
73181
73189
7,237

74311
74317
74323
74353
74357

75403
75407
75431
75437
75479

36
37
38
39
40

49003 50033
49009 5004,
49019 50051
49031 5005,
4903, 50069

51169
5119,
51197
51199
51203

52183
52189
52201
5222,
52237

5,281
5,299
5,,09
5,,23
5,827

5441,
54419
54421
54437
5444,

55541
55547
55579
55589
55603

56543
56569
56591
5659,
56599

57601
57637
57641
5,649
5765,

58679 5970,
58687 59723
5869, 59729
58699 5974,
58711 5974,

62039
62047
62053
62057
62071

64219
64283
64301
64303
64319

65437
65447
65449
65479
65497

66553 67601
66569 67607
66571 67619
66587 67631
66593 67651

68771
68771
68791
68813
68819

70001
70003
70009
70019
70039

71039
71059
71069
71081
71089

72089
72091
72101
,210,
72109

7,243
7,259
7,277
73291
,330,

7436,
74377
74381
,4,8,
74411

75503
75511
75521
75527
7553,

41
42
4,
44
45

4903,
4904,
49057
49069
49081

5007,
5008,
5009,
50101
50111

5,217
51229
5,299
51241
5,257

52249
5225,
52259
5226,
52289

5,353
53359
53,,,
5,381
53401

54449
54469
5449,
5449,
54499

55609
55619
55621
55631
5563,

56611
56629
5663,
56659
5666,

5766, 58727
57679 5873,
57689 58741
5,697 58757
57709 5876,

46
4,
48
49
50

4910,
49109
49117
49121
4912,

50119
5012,
50129
50131
50147

5,263 52291
5,283 52301
5,287 5231,
5,307 52,2l
51329 52361

5,407
5,411
53419
53437
5,441

54503
54517
54521
54539
54541

55639
55661
5566,
55667
5567,

56671 57713
56681 57719
56687 57727
56701 57731
56711 5773,

51
52
5,
54
55

49139
49157
49169
49171
49177

5015,
50159
5017,
50207
50221

51341 52,6,
5,343 52369
51347 52379
51349 5238,
51361 52391

5,453
5,479
5,503
53507
5352,

5454,
54559
5456,
5457,
54581

55681
55691
55697
55711
55717

56713 5,751
56731 5777,
56737 57781
56747 57787
56767 57791

56
5,
58
59
60

49193
49199
4920,
4920,
49211

50227
50231
50261
5026,
50273

5138,
51407
51413
51419
51421

52433
5245,
5245,
52489
52501

5,549 54583
53551 54601
5,569 54617
53591 5462,
5,593 54629

61
62
6,
64
65

4922,
4925,
49261
49277
49279

5028,
50291
50311
50321
50329

51427
51431
51437
514,9
5,449

5251, 5,597
5251, 5,609
52529 5,611
52541 5,617
5254, 5,623

66
67
68
69
70

49297
49,07
4933,
49333
49339

5033,
50341
50359
50363
50377

51461 5255,
5147, 5256,
51479 52567
51481 52571
5,487 52579

71
72
7,
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

49363
49367
49369
4939,
49393
49409
49411
49417
49429
4943,

50,8,
50,8,
50411
50417
50423
50441
50459
50461
5049,
5050,

5,503
5151,
51517
5,521
51539
5,551
5,563
5,577
51581
51593

5258,
52609
5262,
52631
52639
52667
5267,
5269,
5269,
52709

8,
82
8,
a4
85

4945,
49459
4946,
49477
49481

5051,
50527
50539
50543
50549

51599
5,607
5161,
5,631
5,6,,

5
1
2
3
4
5

61

86 49499 5055,
88
87 49529
4952, 5058,

62

51859
51869
51871
5189,
51899

5975,
59771
59179
59791
59797

60923 62081
60937 62099
60943 62119
6095, 62129
60961 62131

6,299 64327
63311 64333
63313 64373
63317 64381
63,,l
64399

65519
65521
65537
65539
6554,

66601
66617
66629
66643
66653

67679
67699
67709
67723
67733

68821
68863
68879
68881
68891

70051
70061
70067
70079
70099

71119
71129
7114,
,114,
71153

72139
72161
72167
72169
72173

73,09
7,327
73331
73351
7,361

74413
74419
74441
14449
7445,

75539
75541
75553
75557
75571

58771
58787
58789
58831
58889

59809
59833
5986,
59879
59887

6lOOl
6100,
61027
61031
6104,

62137
62141
62143
62171
62189

63337 64403
63347 64433
6335, 64439
6,361 64451
6,367 6445,

65551
65557
6556,
65579
65581

6668,
6669,
66701
66713
66721

67741
67751
67757
67759
6776,

68897
68899
68903
68909
68917

70111
70117
70121
70123
70139

71161
7116,
71171
71191
71209

72211
72221
7222,
72227
72229

73363
7,369
73379
7,387
7,417

74471
74489
74507
74509
74521

75577
7558,
75611
75617
75619

5889,
58901
58907
58909
58913

59921 61051
59929 bl057
59951 61091
59957 61099
59971 61121

62191
62201
62207
62213
62219

6,377
63389
6,391
6,397
6,409

6448,
64489
64499
64513
64553

65587 6671,
65599 66739
65609 66749
65617 66751
65629 6676,

67777 68927
6778, 68947
67709 68963
67801 68993
67007 69001

70141
70157
70163
70177
70181

71233
71237
71249
71257
71261

72251
7225,
72269
72271
72277

7,421
7,433
7345,
7,459
7,471

74527
74531
74551
74561
74567

75629
75641
7565,
75659
75679

62233 63419
62273 6,421
62297 6,439
62299 6344,
62303 6,463

64567
64577
64579
64591
64601

65633
65647
65651
65657
65677

66791
66797
66809
66821
66841

67819 69011
67829 69019
6784, 69029
67053 69031
67867 69061

7018,
70199
70201
70207
,022,

7126,
71287
7129,
71317
71327

72287
72107
72313
7233,
72341

7,477
7,483
73517
,352,
73529

7457,
7458,
74597
74609
74611

7568,
75689
75703
75707
75709

55799
55807
55813
55817
55819

5681,
56821
56827
5684,
56857

57847 58979 60037

57853 58991 60041
57859 58997 60077
57881 59009 60083
57899 59011 60089

61211
61223
61231
6125,
61261

62311
62323
62327
62347
62351

6,467
63473
6348,
6,493
6,499

64609 65687
64613 65699
64621 65701
64627 65707
6461, 6571,

66851
6685,
66863
6687,
66883

6788,
67891
67901
67927
6,931

69067
69073
69109
69119
69127

70229
70237
70241
70249
70271

i1329
71333
71339
,I,41
71347

7235,
7236,
72,79
72383
72421

7,547
7,553
7,561
7,571
73583

7462,
7465,
74687
74699
7470,

75721
75731
75743
75767
7577,

5,629
5,633
53639
5,653
5,657

54709 55823
54713 55829
5472, 55837
54727 55843
54751 55849

56873
56891
5689,
56897
56909

57901 59021
57917 59023
57923 59029
57943 59051
57947 59053

60091
60101
6010,
60107
60127

61283 62383
61291 62401
61297 62417
61331 62423
61333 62459

63521
6,527
6353,
6,541
6,559

64661 65717
64663 65719
64667 65729
64679 657,1
6469, 6576,

66889 67933
66919 6,9,9
6692, 6,943
66931 67957
6694, 67961

6914,
69149
69151
6916,
69191

70289
70297
70309
70313
70321

,135,
71359
7136,
71387
71,89

72431
72461
7246,
72469
72481

73589
7,597
7,607
7,609
73613

7471,
74717
74719
74729
74731

75781
75787
7579,
,579,
75821

5,681
5369,
5,699
5,717
53719
5,731
5,759
5,773
5,777
5,783

54767
5477,
54779
54787
54799
54829
548,)
54851
54869
5487,

55871
55889
55897
55901
55903
55921
55927
55931
55933
55949

56911 5797,
56921 57977
56923 57991
56929 58013
56941 58027
56951 58031
5695, 58043
5696, 58049
56983 58057
56989 58061

59063
59069
59077
59083
59093
59107
59113
59119
59123
59141

60133
60139
60149
60161
60167
60169
60209
60217
60223
60251

61,,9
61343
61357
61363
61379
61381
61403
61409
61417
61441

62467
6247,
62477
6248,
62497
62501
62507
62533
62539
62549

6357,
6,587
6,589
6,599
6,601
6,607
6,611
6,617
6,629
6,647

64709
64717
6474,
6476,
64781
64783
6479,
64811
6481,
64049

6694,
66949
66959
6697,
66977
6,003
6702,
670,)
6,043
67049

6796,
67979
6,987
6799,
68023
68041
68053
68059
68071
6&,0,

69193
69197
69203
69221
6923,
69239
69247
69257
69259
6926,

70327
70351
,037,
70,79
70381
,039,
,042,
70429
704)9
70451

71399
71411
,141,
71419
71429
7,437
7,144,
,145,
71471
7147,

7249,
72497
,250,
7253,
72547
72551
72559
7257,
72613
72617

7,697
,364,
73651
7,673
7,679
7,681
7369)
7,699
7,709
7,721

,474,
74759
74761
74771
74779
,479,
74821
7482,
74031
74043

,583,
7585,
75869
7588,
,591,
759,1
75937
75941
75967
75979

52711 5,791
52721 5,813
52727 53819
52733 538,,
52747 5,849

5488,
54907
5491,
54919
54941

55967
55987
55997
56003
56009

5699,
56999
5,037
57041
57047

59149
59159
59167
59183
59197

60257
60259
60271
60289
6029,

6146,
61469
61471
61483
61487

65881 6705,
65899 6,061
65921 6707,
6592, 67079
65929 6710,
62617 6,691 6490, 65951 67121
62633
62627 63697 64919 65957 6,129
6370, 64921 65963 6,139
62639 63709 64927 65981 6714,
62653 6,719 6493, 6598, 67153
62603
62659 6,727 64951 6599, 67157
63737 64969 66029 6,169
62701
62687 6,743 64997 66037 67101
62723 6,761 65003 66041 67107
6,773 65011 66047 67189

60099
68111
6811,
68141
68147

69313
69317
69337
6934,
69371

70457
70459
70401
70487
70489

71479
,148,
71503
71527
,l5,,

7262,
,264,
72647
72649
72661

7,727
7,751
7,757
7,771
7)70,

74857
74861
74869
7487,
7408,

75903
75909
7599,
,599,
76001

68,6l 69379
@I,1 69383
6820, 69389
68209 69401
68213 6940,

70501
70507
,,,529
70537
70549

71549
71551
71563
71569
,159,

72671
7267,
72679
72609
72701

7,819
,382,
,384,
7,049
7,059

74891
7489,
,490,
7492,
74929

,600,
760,1
76039
76079
76,381

60219 6942,
6022, 69.,,1
68239 69439
68261 69457
68279 6946,

70571
705,)
70583
70509
,"6,,7

,159~
,163,
71647
71663
71671

,270~
72719
72727
7273,
,27,9

,386,
7,877
,388;
7,897
,,9,,,

749,)
74941
74959
75011
7501,

,609,
76099
7610;
7612,
76129

69467 70619
6947) 70621
69481 70627
69491 70639
6949, ,065,

7169,
71699
,I,",
71711
71713

7276,
72767
,279,
72017
7282,

7,939
7,943
7,951
7,961
7397,

,501,
75029
,503~
75041
75079

7614,
76157
76159
7t 16;
7 207

51647 52757
52769
5167,
51659 52783

546X
54647
5466,
5467,
54679

55721 5677,
55733 56779
55763

92
91 49549
49547 5062,
50599 5171,
51691

5283,
52817 5,899
5389,

52889
52883
52901
5290,
52919

58067
58073
58099
58109
58111

53857 54949 56039 57059 58129 59207 60317 61493

5,881
5,861 5497,
54959 5605,
56041 5707,
57073 58151
58147 59219
59209 60337
60331 61511
61507
5,087 54979 56081 57089
53891 54983 56087 57097
55009
5500, 56099
5609,

93
94 49597
49559 50651
50647 51721
51719 52861
52859 53923
53917 55049
55021 56113
56101
95 4960, 50671 5,749 52879 5,927 55051 5612,
50707
50683 51769
51767
50723 51787
50741 51797
5075, 5180,

6,211
63241
63247
63277
63281

61129
61141
61151
61153
61169

5280,
5281,

49627
4961,
49633
49639
4966,

60899
60901
6091,
60917
60919

64081
64091
64109
6412,
64151

74

57793 58921 59981

57803 58937 59999
56783
57809
58943
60013
55787 56807 57829 58963 60017
55793 56809 57839 58967 60029

89 49531 5059, 51679

90 49537 50593 5168,

97
96
98
99
100

58391 59447
5839, 5945,
5840, 59467
58411 59471
58417 5947,

53951
5,939
5,959
5,987
5,993

55061
5505, 56149
56131
5507, 56167
55079 56171
5510, 56179

58153 59221
58169 59233

57119
5710, 58189
58171

60343 61519
60353 61543

59243
59239 60383
60373 61553
6154,

57139
57131 58199
58193 5927,
59263 60413
60397 61561
61559
5,143 58207 59281 60427 6158,
5716,
57149
57173
57179
57191

58217
58211
58229
58231
58237

59341
59333
59351
59357
59359

60449
60443 61609
6160,
60457 61613
60493 61627
60497 61631

6256,
62581
62591
62597
62603

62731
6274,
62753
62761
62773

65777
65789
65809
65827
65831
65837
65839
65843
65051
65867

6,649 64853
6,659 64871
6,667 64877
6,671 64879
6,689 64091

6,781
6,793
6,799
6,803
6,809

6502, 66067
65029 66~71
65";; 6608,
65053 66009
65063 6610,

6,211
67213
6,217
67219
67231

68201
68311
68329
68351
68371

COMBINATORIAL

873

ANALYSIS

rdh
94

I Hlhl
BO

80779
80783
80789
80803
80809

8188,
81899
81901
81919
81929

81971
81973
8200,
8200,
82009

81

x2

83

x4

82903
8291,
82939
8296,
82981

84131
84137
84143
84163
84179

85243
8524,
85259
8529,
85303

86?m
86389
86399
86413
8642,

8880,
88811
88813
88.91,
88819

82997
83003
83009
83023
8,047

84181
84191
84199
84211
8422,

85313
85331
85333
8536,
85363

8644,
86453
8646,
8646,
8647,

8884,
8885,
88861
88867
88873

83093
83101
8,117
8,137
8,177

84299
84307
84X3
8017
84319

85439
8544,
85451
85453
85469

86539
8656,
86573
86579
8658,

86

Hi
8986,
89891
8989,
89899
89909
95483
95507
9552,
95531
95539

88951
88969
88993
8899,
89003

21.9
95

9,829
9,841
9784,
97847
9,849

9895,
98963
98981
98993
98999

9,859
97861
9787,
9,879
9,883

99013
99017
99023
9904,
99053
99079
9908,
E;
99109

95549
9556,
95569
95581
9559,

96737
96739
EG
96763

9,919
9,927
979,1
9,943
97961

95603
95617
95621
95629
956,,

96769
96779
96787
9679,
96799

9,961
9,973
9,987
98009
98011

99119
99,,,
99133
9913,
99139

95651
95701
95707
95713
95717

96821
96823
9682,
9684,
96851

98017
9804,
9804,
98057
98081

99149
9917,
99181
99191
99223

26
27
28
29
30

,650,
76511
76519
76537
76541

77591
77611
,761,
7,621
7,641

7878,
78787
78791
,879,
78803

79889
79901
7990,
799P7
799s

81001
8,013
81017
8,019
51023

82051
82067
8207,
82129
82139

83231
8,233
8324,
83257
8,267

84401
84407
84421
84431
84437

85549
85571
85577
8559,
85601

86693
8671,
86719
86729
86743

89057
89069
89071
89083
89087

90089
90107
90121
90127
90149

9572,
95731
9573,
9574,
95773

9685,
9689,
96907
9691,
96931

98101
9812,
98129
98143
98179

99233
99241
99251
9925,
99259

31
32
33
34
35

7654,
76561
76579
76597
76603

,764,
77659
77681
77687
77689

78809
,882,
78839
78853
78857

,994,
79967
7997,
79979
7998,

810,1
81041
8,043
81047
81049

82141
8215,
8216,
82171
82183

83269
8327,
83299
83311
833,9

8444,
84449
8445,
8446,
8446,

8560,
85619
8562,
85627
85639

8675,
8676,
8677,
86783
8681,

89101
8910,
8911,
89119
89123

90163
90173
9018,
9019,
9019,

95783
95789
95791
95801
95803

96953
96959
96973
96979
96989

98207
E:
98227
98251

99277
99289
9931,
9934,
99349

K:
89189
89203
89209

90199
9020,
90217
90227
90239

95813
95819
95857
95869
95873

96997
9,001
9700,
9,007
9,021

9825,
98269
98297
98299
98317

9936,
99371
99377
99391
9939,

89213
8922,
89231
89237
89261

90247
90263
90271
90281
90289

95881
95891
95911
9591,
9592,

9,0,9
97073
9,081
9,103
9,117

9832,
9023
9832,
98347
98369

9940,
99409
994,1
99439
99469

89269
89273
892%
89303
89317

WI,,,
90,53
90359
90,,1
90,7,

95929
9594,
9595,
95959
95971

9,127
9,151
9715,
97159
9,169

9x377
98x7
98x9
98407
98411

9948,
99497
9952,
99527
99529

89329
8936,
8937,
89381
89387

90,,9
90397
9040,
90403
90407

95987
95989
96001
96013
96017

9717,
9,177
9,187
9,213
9723,

98419
98429
9844,
9845,
98459

99551
99559
9956,
9957,
9957,

89393 90437
90439
EE 90469

96043
96053
96059
96079
96097

97241
97259
9,283
97301
9,301

98467
98473
98479
98491
98507

9958,
99607
9961,
9962,
9964,
99661
9966,
99679
99689
99707

83563
8,579
83591
8,597
8,609

84719
84131
84737
84751
84761

85889
85903
85909
85931
85933

8,071
8,083
8710,
8,107
8,119

8941,
8943,

9047,
90481

61
6Z
63
64
65

7691,
76919
,694,
76949
,696,

77983
7,999
,800,
,801,
78031

79187
7919,
79201
79229
,923,

96137
96149
9615,
96167
96179

97327
9,367
9,369
::::z

98519
98533
9854,
98561
9856,

66
6,
68
69
70

7696,
76991
77003
,701,
7,023

,804,
78049
78059
78079
78101

7924,
79259
,927,
79279
,928,

96181
96199
96211
96221
96223

97,81
9,387
9739,
9742,
97429

98573
9859,
9862,
9862,
98639

99709
99713
99719
99721
99,,,

71
72
73
74
75

7,029
7,041
77047
77069
,708,

,812,
78137
78119
,815,
,816,

96233
96259
96263
96269
96281

9,441
9745,
97459
9,463
9,499

98641
98663
98669
98689
98711

99761
99767
99787
99793
99809

96289
9629,
96,2,
96329
96331

9,501
9,511
9752,
9,547
9,549

9871,
9871,
98729
987,l
987,7

9981,
9982,
99829
9983,
99839

96337
96353
9637,
96401
96419

97553
9,561
97571
9,577
97579

98773
98779
98SOl
98807
98809

99859
9987,
99877
99881
99901

96431
9644,
96451
96457
96461

9,583
97607
9,609
9761,
97649

9&a,
98849
98867
98869
9887,

99907
9992,
99929
99961
9997,

96469
96479
9648,
9649,
96497

9765,
9767,
9,687
97711
9,729

9888,
9889,
98897
98899
98909

99989
9999,

9651,
9652,
9655,
9655,
96581

9,771
9,777
9,787
9,789
97813

98911
9892,
98929
98939
9894,

89533
E:
8956,
89591
8,813
83833
8,843
83857
83869

81
cl*
8,
84
85

,716,
7,171
77191
77201
,721,

,820,
78229
,82,,
78241
78259

,9,9,
79399
,941,
,942,
,942,

86
8,
88
89
90

7723,
,,2,9
77243
7,249
77261

,827,
7828,
,830,
,830,
78311

794,)
,945,
79481
79493
,953,

96
9,
98
99
100

7,317
77323
7,339
7,347
7,351

,842,
7843,
78439
,846,
78479

79589
,960,
79609
,961,
79621

84979
84991
85009
85021
8502,

8616,
86171
86179
8618,
86197

87293
87299
8731,
8,317
8732,

EG
89689
89753
89759

25. Numerical
PHILIP

Interpolation,
and Integration
J. DAVIS l AND IVAN

Differentiation,
POLONSKY

Contents
Formulas

Page

25.1.

25.2.
25.3.
25.4.
25.5.

Differences ......................
.....................
Interpolation
....................
Differentiation
......................
Integration
Ordinary Differential Equations

.............

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

898

Coefficients (3 In 58) . .

900

References

. .

Table

n-Point

25.1.

877
878
882
885
896

Lagrangian

Interpolation

n=3, 4, p= -pq]

(.01) E],

Exact

n=5,

6, p=-pq]

(.Ol) E],

10D

n=7,

8, p= -p$]

(.l)

10D

E-j,

*Point
Coefficients
for k-th
Order
Differentiation
(15k55)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
k=l,
n=3(1)6,
Exact
k=2(1)5,
n=k+l(l)6,
Exact

Table

Table

25.2.

25.3. n-Point Lagrangian

Exact

Integration

Coefficients

(3 in 5 10) . .

914

915

n=3(1)10,
Table

25.4. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Gaussian Integration

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=2(1)10,
12,
15D
n=16(4)24(8)48(16)96,
2lD

(2In196).

Table

25.5. Abscissas

(2In59)

n=2(1)7,

for

Equal

Weight

Chebyshev

Integration

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9,

916

920

10D

25.6. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Lobatto

Integration
(3lnslO).
. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=3(1)10,
8-1OD

920

25.7. Abscissas and Weight

for Integrands with a Logarithmic
n=2(1)4,
6D

920

Table

Table

1 National
2 National

Bureau of Standards.
Bureau of Standards.

Factors for Gaussian

Singularity
(2in14)

(Presently,

Integration
. . . . .

Bell Tel. Labs., Whippany,

N.J.)
875

NUMERICAL

876

ANALYSIS

Table 25.8. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Gaussian Integration

of
Moments (l<n<8).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
k=0(1)5,
n=1(1)8,
10D

Page
921

25.9. Abscissas and Weight Factors for Laguerre Integration

(25~~115).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n=2(l)lO,
12, 15, l2D or S

923

Abscissas and Weight Factors for Hermite Integration

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12, 16, 20, l3-15D or S

924

Table

Table

25.10.

(2<n<20).
n=2(l)lO,
Table

25.11. Coefficients for Filons Quadrature Formula (0 _<0_<1) . ,

0=0(.01).1(.1)1,
8D

924

25. Numerical

Interpolation,

Numerical
analysts
have a tendency
to accumulate a multiplicity of tools each designed for
highly specialized operations and each requiring
special knowledge to use properly.
From the
vast stock of formulas available we have culled
the present selection. We hope that it will be
useful. As with all such compendia, the reader
may miss his favorites and find others whose
utility he thinks is marginal.
We would have liked to give examples to
illuminate the formulas, but this has not been
feasible. Numerical analysis is partially a science
and partially an art, and short of writing a textbook on the subject it has been impossible to
indicate where and under what circumstances the
various formulas are useful or accurate, or to
elucidate the numerical difficulties to which one
might be led by uncritical use. The formulas are
therefore issued together with a caveat against
their blind application.

Differentiation,

and Integration
Central

Differences

25.1.2

&=At+-k)
Forward

if n and

Diflerences

Central

fl

Xl

A0

x2

f2

53

f3

6-t

Ai
AI

Notation: Abscissas: xO<xI<

. . .; functions:
valy
f(xi>
=J;iJ~;;4=~fl.
J, f@~cissis
Q;,,;,
*$t
. . .
are equally )spac)ed,x t+l--zf=h
and f,=f(~+pW
d,i,d,.ecessarily integral).
R, R, indicate re-

Forward

Xl

fl

x2

fz

6::

6 312

A2

25.1.3

6:

fo
4

A;

Mean

25.1. Differences

Differences

x-1 f-l

x0 f0
Formulas

are of same parity.

Differences

dfn)=wn+l+fn-t)

Differences

25.1.1
Divided

Differences

A(fn>=An=At=fn+l-fn
25.1.4

A:=A:+,-A;=fn+r-2fn+l+fn

[xo,xl]=fo-fl=[xl,xol
x0--21

A:=A,+,-Ai=fn+r3fn+zf3fn+l-fn

[x0,x1,. . .,x&,1=[x0, *
Divided

A:=&:-A:-=$

(-W(;)

fn+k-,

25.1.5

Differences

* *,xk-I]-[%,

in Terms

[X00,%. * .,x,1&

* * .,xk:l

x0-Xk

of Functional

Values

&k-0 Tn(Xk)
877

878

NUMERICAL

where n,(z)=(r-ZO)
and n:(z) is its derivative:

(r-21)

25.1.6

ANALYSIS

. . . (z-2,)

Remainder

in

Lagrange

Interpolation

Formula

25.2.3

25.1.7

?r:,(GJ=(a--x0:0>* * . (zk--k-1)(~f-~k+1)
. * . cw-&)
Let D be a simply connected domain with a
piecewise smooth boundary C and contain the
points zo, . . ., z, in its interior.
Let j(z) be
analytic in D and continuous in D+ C. Then,

=?r,(x) .f3
@+I)!

(%<5<Xnn)

25.2.4

IR,(x) 15 Tn$));+

max (jcn+l)(x) 1
* iz,IzIz,

25.2.5
25.1.8

[zo,zl, . . .,zJ=&

25.1.9

A:=hf

(t)

The conditions

(xo<E<xJ

Lagrange

25.1.10

of 25.1.8 are assumed here.

Interpolation,

Equally

n Point

[x0,x1,. . *,xn]-LLf(E)
n!h n!

(xo<.i<&z)

25.2.6

f(s+ph)=T

Spaced

Abscissas

Formula

&x~)f,+Rn-~

2S.l.11
* * *,&lo, * * .++Bao

Ix-,,x-,+I,

For n even,

-f

(W-2)

For n odd,

-f

(n-l)<k<

Sk<

f n).

h2"(2n)!

Reciprocal

Differences

i (n-1)).

25.1.12

P(Xo,21)=yy

o-

25.2.7
1

AixP)=(,;2
x0--22
P2(xo,%52)=

);-(~~;)!,, fl (p++t)

+.f1
P(Xoco, X11-P

(a,
x0-

P3(~0:0,%~2,x3)=

22)

n even.

x3
-tPh

s)

P2~~0,~1,~2)-~2~~1,~2,~3~

Pnbo,&~ * .,x,)=

X0--%
Pn-1(x0,* *

.,&&-d-&*(x1,
+Pn-zh

25.2.1
25.2.2

Interpolation

* * .,&a)

p+y-t

>

n odd.

>

25.2.8

* * .,x7&-1>

R,_I=$

25.2. Interpolation
Lagrange

n-l
fIo
A

y (p-k)Pj()(t)

Formulas

---$ y (p-k)Af

(xo<t<xn>

k has the same range as in 25.2.6.

Lagrange

rn (4
z(x)=(x-x*)R;(xl)

Two
Point
Interpolation
(Linear
Interpolation)

(xZJ
*(x~-X*-,)(xi-xt+l)*..-.
(x--t-*)(x--i+*)
=~x~z?~:.
(x,-x,)
25.2.9

25.2.10

j(xo+ph)

= (1 -p)jo+pfi+R,

R,(p) =.125h2f2(5)

=.125A2

Formula

NUMERICAL
Lagrange

Three

Point

Interpolation

879

ANALYSIS

25.2.18

Formula

MP) =

25.2.11

.0049h6jE(t) = .0049A6

KKP<l)

f(xo+phl =A-,f-~+Aofo+Afi+Rz

.0071h6j(6)(~) = .0071As

(--l<P<O,

.024hBf6'(.f) =.024As

P(P-1)
~j-I+(l--pZ)jo+p~jl

l<P<2)

(-2<~<--1,2<~<3)
(2-2<t<z3)

25.2.12
Lagrange

R2(p) = .065h3fc3(i) = .065A3

(IPILl)

Lagrange

Formula

Four

Point

Interpolation

25.2.19

25.2.13

25.2.14
.024/-&j'"(() =.024A4
.042hy'"(l) =.042A4
Lagrange

Five

R,(P)

(P) =

25.2.21

l<P<2)
lx-l<.E<d

j-2-(~-1)~(~2-4)f-

+(P-l)(P2-4)
4

jo-(P+l)P(p2-4~
6

+(P2-l)P(p+2)

24

25.2.16

R4(p)

.031hyfs(f) =.031As

(l<lPl<2)

Interpolation

Formula

,-P(P~-I)(P-~)cP-3)
120

Formula

AJi+R7
(O<P<l)

.0014h*j8 (c$)n. .0014A8

(--l<P<O)
(l<P<2)

.0033hsj@(E)= .0033A8

(-2<P<--1)
(2< P<3)

.016h8j@([) = .016A8

c--3cp.e2)
(3<P<4)
N-3<f<s)

24
j(P2-4) (P-3)
1

(P2-4) (P-3) jl-P(P2-l)

12

Interpolation

.OO1lhsjs(~)=.0011A8

fbhJa,x1>=

j-

f(4xo,x2)=

_ (P- 1) (P2-4) (P-3) f

0
12
+P(p+l)

Point

Iteration

Method

25.2.23

Atf,+Rs

+PlP-1)

(2<lPl<3)

Let f(4~o,21,. . .,x,J denote the unique polynomial of kth degree which coincides in value with
j(x) at x0, . . ., xk.

k2<5<a)

25.2.17
=ik2

Eight

Aitkens

Ma

Six Point

.Olahy(s)([) = .012As

Lagrange

R7 (P) =

(l<lPl<2)

N .019A

25.2.22
c

24

.019hj([)

(IPl<l)

.0046A'

fbo+ph) =i$,

Formula

z(~2-l)P(~-2)

Formula

(2-3<t<~3)

25.2.15

fh+ph)

.0046hj (0 =

Lagrange

Interpolation

Interpolation

.0025hj ([) A .0025A

(O<P<l)
(--l<P<O,

Point

Rs

Point

f (xoofph) =i&3 Adi+&

25.2.20

j(~+ph)=A-,f-,+Aojo+A,f,+A,f,+R3
,-P(P-WP--2)
f-I+(P2-1)(P--2)f
0
2
6
-P(P+NP--2)
j1+P2!j2
2

Seven

f(4xo,%%)=-

(p+2) (P-3)
24
f

+P(PW

(P2-4)

120

f3

fc+o, Xl,x2,

x&l?

::A

AoI-gI

:::I

1
x2-21
1

x3> =-

X3-Q

f(~l~O,~l)

x1-x

f(xlxo,

x2)

22-z

f(xlxo,

Xl,

x2>

x2-x

f(xlxo,

Xl,

23)

x3-x

880

NUMERICAL
Taylor

ANALYSIS

Everette

Expansion

25.2.24

Formula

25.2.31

f(xo+ph)=(1-p)jo+p~l-p(p-13)l(p-2)
+ (x-XOP
n!

+(P+lMP--l)

P++Rn

s2+

3!

R,=

25.2.25

+(

$$)

6;

F-t-

. . .-(p22;1)

R2n

=(l-~)fo+pj,+E26~+F26~+E,6~

@3<5<4

-l-F&Newtons

Divided

Difference

Interpolation

Formula
x0

fo

Xl

2,

25.2.26

s:
61

0l=zf0+$~

n+--l(4 [a,xl,

s,

. . .,4+R,

. . . +Rz,

q
8;

s:

e:

25.2.32
%I fo

RZn=h2+2
( &y2>f(2+2)

[x0,XII

Xl f*

[X0,%X21
h%zl

x2

[~0,~1,~2,&1

j2

6)

-(;+2) [;A]

[%X2,X31

(x-,<t<x,+,)

[x2:2,231
x3

f3

Relation

25.2.27

Between

Everett

and

Lagrange

25.2.33

R,(x)=*,(x)

[xo, . . .,x.,x]=r&)~

(xo<~<x?J

(For T, see 25.1.6.)

Newtons

Forward

Difference

Ez=A_,

E4=AB-*

EB=Af8

F2=A:

F,=A:

F,,=&

Everetts
Formula
With
Throwback
(Modified
Central
Difference)

Formula

25.2.34

25.2.28
g

f(Xo+Ph)=fo+pA~+

&+

f(xo+ph)=(l--p)fo+pf,+E2~a,,o+F2C.,+R

. . . +@A;+&

25.2.35

x0 fo
Ao
Xl fl
x2

j2

x3

f3

25.2.36

&
Al

6f,,=62--.18464
R=.00045~p6;(+.00061~6;(

25.2.37

A:
A2

f(s+ph)=(l--p)fo+pf,+E26~+Fzs:

25.2.29

+E&,,o+F&,+R
25.2.38

Relation

Between

Newton

and

Lagrange

(xo<t<xn)

25.2.39

Coefficients

25.2.4Q

25.2.30

Coefficients

; =&(P)

fbo+ph)

@=-At,(p)

; =A;(l--p)

; =A;(2--p)

6:=64-.20769-

. . .

R= .000032~p1s~~+.000052~s,~

= (1 -p).fo+pfi
+E&+
F&
+E4~+F,s:+E,sa,,o+FgbB,.l+R

25.2.41

68,=6-.21868+.049610+

25.2.42

R =.0000037[rs;~+

...
. . .

NUMERICAL
Simultaneous

881

ANALYSIS

25.2.54

Throwback

m=2n+l

25.2.43
ak=Gl

f(xo:o+ph)=(1-p)fo+pjl+~2~~,0+~*~~.1

g j, cos kx,;

b,=2&

$ jr sin kx,

+J%G~~-F,$,I+R

(k=O,l,

25.2.44

6;=62-

.0131266+.004368-.001610

25.2.45

6;=a4-

.27827P+ .06856*- .01661

25.2.55

R = .00000083 I/d;1 +

25.246

Formula

With

1 2n-1
jr

COS

kx,;

bk=;

jr

sin

kx7

.00000946
(k=O,l,

Bessels

m=2n

1 2n-1
at=;

. . .,n)

. . .,n)

(k=O,l,

. . .,%-I)

Throwback

25.2.47

b, is arbitrary.
Subtabulation

f(zo+ph)=(l--p)fo+pfl+B2(6~,o+6K.1)

+B38;+R, B2-p(p;l),
25.2.48

B3,p(p-l;

k-3)

6;=62-.18464

25.2.49

Interpolation

initially in intervals of
to subtabulate f(z) in
Let A and x designate
to the original and the

final intervals respectively.

R-.00045(&[+.00087/6~[
Thieles

Let j(x) be tabulated

width h. It is desired
intervals of width h/m.
differences with respect

-.f(z,).
Assuming that
differences are zero,

Formula

25.2.50

Thus xo=j
the original

x0+:
(
)
5th order

25.2.56

f(x) =.mJ +
x-x,

x0=$

(l-m)(l-2m)
6m3

Ao+ &:A;+

ti

P(z1,~2)++~2

+(l-m)(l-2m)(l-3m)
24m4

Pz(z,,22,23)-f(21)+2--23

P3(%~2,5,&)
-P(c92)+.

**>

ti

(For reciprocal differences, p, see 25.1.12.)

Trigonometric
Gauss

25.2.51

Interpolation
Formula

f(x) -@klk(s)=tn(z)

25.2.52
sin #(z-G) . . . sin $(2--x~-,)
ln(x>= sin ~(x~-zo) . . . sin +(z~-x+~)
sin $(2-~~+~) . . . sin i(z-x2J
sin $(xk--4+1) . . . sin 3(~~-2~~)

From this information we may construct the final

tabulation by addition. For m=lO,
25.2.57
L\o=.1Ao-.045A~+.0285~-.02066A~

t,(x) is a trigonometric polynomial of degree n

such that tn(zn) =fn
(k=O,l, . . .,2n)
Harmonic

~=.OlA$.OO9A:+.OO7725&
Z=.OOlG-.00135&

Analysis

z4=
0 *OO01A4
0

Equally spaced abscissas

51, * * .,&-l,X~cm=27r

x0=0,

Linear
Find

25.2.53
f(X) dj

Inverse

P, givenj,(=j(~+ph)).
Linear

a0+2

(ak cos kx+bk sin kz)

25.2.58

Interpolation

882

NUMERICAL
Quadratic

Inverse

ANALYSIS

Bivariate

Interpolation

25.2.59

Three

Interpolation

Point

Formula

(Linear)

25.2.65
Inverse

25.2.60

Interpolation

by

Reversion

Given f(xo+ph) =jp=&

of Series

spk

25.2.61

. . ., A=(jl,-ao)/al

p=X+c2X2+cJ3+

f(s+ph,yofq~)=(l-p---)jo,o

25.2.62
c2= -a2/al

+pfi,o+efo,l+O(h2)
Four

Point

Formula

25.2.66
0

Inversion

of Newtons

Forward

Difference

Formula

f(xo++h,yo+qk)=(l-p)(l--)jo,o+p(l--q)fl,o

25.2.63
ao=fo

+a(l-p)jo,1+pefi,1+O(h2)
Six Point

Formula

25.2.67
&

A;

a2=T-;i-+24+

A: A:
a=x-z+
G
a=%+

Inversion

...

...
+

...

(Used in conjunction
25.2.64

llg

f(xo+ph,yo+qk)=q~

with 25.2.62.)
of Everetts

Formula

joy,+p

+u+P!J-P2-!12)fo,o

ao=jo

+P(P--2P+l)

a,=a,-$-$+!t+!i+

+!zk2Pfl)

25.3. Differentiation

25.3.1
...

with 25.2.62.)

.f(x)=$o

Formula

z;(djk+R:@)

(See 25.2.1.)
25.3.2

(Used in conjunction

fo,l+Pafl,l+ow)

Lagranges

-S:+S:
120

f LO

...

g s;
a2=2-zi + . . .

a5=-+

j-l.0

?mw

1; (x) =&
j;rk

(x-xk)

(x-+ddxk)

NUMERICAL

25.3.3

883

ANALYSIS

25.3.10

h$t=&+&+++;+

...

25.3.11

h3j,++;~;+&+!?~+.
Equally

Spaced

..

Abscissas
25.3.12

Three

Points

h~j++2$,+!..&++

25.3.4

...

25.3.13

h~j~=&d~+~&+~+
Four

Points

Everetts

25.3.5

Formula

25.3.14

j;=jys+*h)+{

-3p2-p+2j-l
j

+3p* -4p-1

Five

3p2-2p-2
2

f1

Pointa

A:+?

j6=j(~+ph),;(2P3-3~~-P+l

5p4-20p3+15p2+10p-6
120

,,+5$-15p2+4
0
120

hj; c: -jo+j1-,

j-*

A,,=hj;+;
+2p3+3pe-p-1

For; numerical values of differentiation

cients see Table 25.2.

of Derivatives

n)+;

jia)+$

je)+;

coeffi25.3.18

Formulae
Formula

in Terms

s:+231 %+a1 8

25.3.17

fi)+R;

12

Difference

25.3.16

_4pa+3p*--8p-4
6 -f1

Forward

1 6-g

Differences

f4 r-l+Qfpjo

Markoffe

Differentiated)

25.3.7

25.3.19

25.3.20

+3~-6~+2~+
6

25.3.21

. . . +$

&]+R:

25.3.8

(a0<t<ad
25.3.9

hj;=A,,-a@+;

6:

25.3.15

25.3.6

4p3-3p*----8p
6

~-jo+jl-3p2-~+2

hj(G+ph)

0-

(Newtons

...

A;-$+

...

ajo 0
z=%

(ho-j-l.o>+O(h*)

j:

r.
1

NUMERICAL

884

ANALYSIS

25.3.26

25.3.22

wo0 1 (j1,1-j-l.l+fl.-l-f-l.-l)+O(h2)
*=a

a2jo 0
--L=~
bxby 4h2 Cr,,l-ji,-I-f-l.l+j-l.-1)+0(h2)

25.3.27

25.3.23

woo
1
Lbx2 h* (fl,o-2f,,o+f-,,,)+O(~2)

a2jo
)=-

bxby

-1

2h2

Ci1,o+j-l,o+fo,l+jo,

-1

-?fo,o--f,,,-j-1,

-J+0(h2)

25.3.24
25.3.28

+
wo

d=L
32

12h2(-fi,o+l6j~o--3Ojc,,o
+Xj-l,o-j-z,o)+O(h4)

a4.fo 0
d
==+,
bX4

.f-~~>+

25.3.29

25.3.25
0

bfo 0
g=gp

-?f-LO+

V2.0-4j~.0+6j0,0

avo o i

----=- h4 cfl,l+f-l,l+fl.-l+j-l,-1
bx2by2

~~l.~-2~o.~+j-~.~+j~,o-2jo,o+j~~,o
+.fi. -I--?fo,

-&-I,

-JfO(h2)

--2f,,o-

2f-~,o--jo,~--2jo,-,+4jo,o)+O(h2)

O(h2)

NUMERICAL

885

ANALYSIS

25.3.33

Laplacian

25.3.30

v4uo,o=& I---(uo,3+uo.-2+u2,o+u-2,0)

25.3.31

25.4. Integration
Trapezoidal

Rule

25.4.1

J)m=; uo+x,-;
SC
(t--5)
(21--t)j(t)dt
v2uo.o=1&2
[--GOuo.o+l6(a,,+u,,,+u-l,,+u,,-1)
(u2,o+uo.2+u-2.o+uo,

-2)l+w4)

Extended

Trapezoidal

Biharmonic

Rule

f.

25.4.2
Operator

25.3.32
Error
l

Term

in Trapezoidal
Functions

Formula

for

Periodic

If f(z) is periodic and has a continuous ktb

derivative,
and if the integral is taken over a
period, then
constant
25.4.3
IError I
mk
Mod&d

25.4.4

Trapezoidal

Rule

NUMERICAL

886
Simpsons

ANALYSIS

Rule

zyj(x)dx=;

[fo+4h+.f*l
+y-

z~~b9dx=h

Newton-Cotes

(x~-t)*(xl-t)p(t)dt

Formulas

(For Trapezoidal
25.4.6.)
25.4.13

(x,-t)*(xl-t)p(t)dt
=1
=;

Extended

f -&
=-

A,(m>f<+Rn

(See Table 25.3 for A,(m) .)

20
+;J-

[!I

15.4.12

25.4.5

(Closed

Type)

and Simpsons Rules see 25.4.1(Simpeone

i rule)

[fo+4h+j2l-~j(E)

Simpsons

Rule

25.4.6

+32j3+7fi)-8;$h
25.4.15
Euler-Maclaurin

Summation

Formula

sj(z)dx=$8

25.4.7

wh+75j1+50j2+50

20

+w4+19fa)

275j (O)(5) h
120g6

25.4.16
(41f,+216f1+27f2+272fa

Rlr=~R2w2h2k+3
zo!$~*~f(2k+2

(2/t+2)!

(For B,,,
If jw+a
q,<z<x,
term.
If
xO<x<x,,
term.

Cx) 1)

(-1gEl)

Bernoulli numbers, see chapter 23.)

(2) andf2R+4)(x) do not change sign for
then IRzkl is less than the first neglected
f(2k+2)(5) does not change sign for
lRzkl is less than twice the first neglected

+27j~+216j~+41j,kg';;~~hs
25.4.17

dJ(x)dx=&

+2989f,+2989j4+1323js+3577jLJ
Lagrange

Formula

+751j7) -

25.4.8
s

abj(4dx=&

(L:(b)--LI(a))fi+R,

=s
z. ef(ddx=&

518400

(989j,,+5888jr928js

+10496f,-4540j4+10496j,-928js+5888j7

25.4.9

2368fW
+9@! 8)_ 467775

?,
dt=
Z,(t)dt
s 20 t--2,
s 20
25.4.19

25.4.10 R,=- &!

:r.(rlf+(~(x))dx

Equally

Spaced

z)4dx=&o

Abscissae

25.4.11

z;f(x)dx=$,

8183jq~)hQ

25.4.18

(See 25.2.1.)

(751j,,+3577fI+1323fi

{2857(fo+fB)

+15741(fl+fa)+1080U2+~7)+19344(fa+fe)

go
I j, &.

s T,(2> dx+R,
* IO x-x<

*See
page
Ix.

+5778(f4+fs)}

-&gl(Uh

([)h"

NUMERICAL

25.4.20

Io-h

210
=.

zo+h
s

ANALYSIS

I16067 Cfo+fm)

f(z)d~=&~

mz=;

887

I24f(zo)

+4wo+w

+f(zo--h)]

-[f(2o+ih)+f(zo--h)ll

+R

/RI 2 ls90
lh Max ~f~~(z) I, S designates the square
rrs
with vertices z,+Ph(k=O,
1,2,3); hcan be complex.
Chebyshevs
Newton-Castes

Formulae

(Open

Equal

Weight

Integration

Formula

Type)

25.4.21

Abscissas: xr is the jth zero of the polynomial

of

part

25.4.22
(See Table 25.5 for z+)

For n=8
complex.
Remainder:

25.4.23

R,=
25.4.24

S:f(x)dx=$

and n> 10 some of the zeros are

_: &!

f(+l) (Odx

-2

n(n+l)!

(1lj~-l4j2+26j3-l4f,+l~.f3)

+4lj'"(~)h'
140

where E=E(x) satisfies OI.$<x

(i=l,

25.4.25
Integration

of Gaussian

Type

see chapter 22)

Formula

-Ij(z)dz=$

25.4.29
s

and O<&<X~

Polynomials
Gauss

25.4.26

j-1

. . . ) n)

Formulas

(For Orthogonal

A x:+If+(&)

z;j(rc)dz=s5

(46Oj~-954f,+2196jr2459j,

+2196f,-954f,+46Of,)+Five

Point

Rule

for

Analytic

l~l;;r(3)

we

Related ortbogonal polynomials:

nomials P,(z), P,(l)=1

Weights:

w,=2/(1-ti)

20

zo+

Gauss

h
25.4.30

+
to-

Legendre

poly-

[P:(cc~)]~

(See Table 25.4 for xt and w,.)

ih

R,= (2n2;;J1;;;;l
2,-

+Rn

Abscissas: x1 is the it zero of P,,(Z)

Functions

25.4.27
z,+

w.f(4

ih
*See page II.

Formula,

!13fzn)

(4)

Arbitrary

(-l<t<l)

Interval

NTJME RICAL

888

AN-ALY SIS

25.4.33

Related orthoLcona1 polynomkk:

P,(Z), P,(l)=1
Abscissas: xi is the it zero of P,(x)
Weights: wl=2/(l-x:)
[Pb(x31

s0
Related

orthogonal

(2)

R = (b-u,2n+yn!)4

n (27&+1)[(2n)!]3f

Y(z)dx=&

mf (4 +R.

polynomials:

qn(x)=4k+27L+1P;0)(1-2x)

(o

(For the Jacobi polynomials

Radaue

Integration

Formula

Abscissas:

25.4.31

xi is the i* zero of q,,(x)

l f!xMr=~f-l+n~

WJ(XJSR

s -1
Related

Pir,o see chapter 22.)

Weights:

polynomials:

wr= { z [*,(zr)l} -I

Pn-l(x~)+Pn(d
x+1

(See Table 25.8 for x1 and w,.)

Remainder:

Abscissas: CC*is tho z? zero of

p,-,(x)+P&>
x+1

25.4.34

Weights:
1
wi=2

1-x<

[P,-l(xJ2=iq

[P:-,(,,)I2

Remainder:

Related

R,_[(;;-I;;L!13

[ (7&-1)!]4f(2*-1)(,$)

Lobattos

Integration

(---1<,E<l)

Formula

25.4.32
s

,f (ddx=

%q&) vu)+f(--l)l
n-l
+g

wf(xJ

+Rn

vl--zdx=&
wJ(xt)+Rn
s.f(d
orthogonal
--A&i

polynomials:

PZn+l

(a=),

P2,+1(l)=l

Abscissas: xr= 1 -f$ where .$* is the jth positive

zero of Psn+,(x).
Weights:
~~=25!~1~~+l where w12+l) are the
Gaussian weights of order 2n+ 1.
Remainder:
24+3[
(2n+ l)!]
(O<l<l)
R=(2n)!(4n+3)[(4n+2)!]2f(2)(5)
25.4.35

Related

polynomials:

Ph-,(x)

Abscissas: xt is the (i-l)llt

abf(y) db-ydy=(b-a)32

zero of P:-,(x)

w&/r)

yi=a+ (b--ah

Weights:
2
W=n(n-l)[P,-,(z~)]Z

Related

(XiZfl)

(See Table 25.6 for xI and wl:)

(2~+-1)[(2~-2)!13

41-x

f""-"(G
(---1<E<l)

*see p*ge II.

orthogonal
1P2,+1

Remainder:
R =-n(n-1)322n-l[(n-2)!14
n

fi

polynomials:

w--2),

P2,+,(1)=l

Abscissas: x1= 1-5: where lr is the ith positive

zero of P2n+1(x).
w*&?gWy+l
where wi2n+1) are the
Weights:
Gaussian weights of order 2n + 1.

NUMERICAL

25.4.36
Related

o1ex

as=8

orthogonal

ANALYSIS

889

Abscissas:

wJ(xJ +R,

(2&l)*
xr=CoS 2n

polynomials:

Weights:
w,2

PZn(-+Qz), Pzn(l)=l
Abscissas: xl=1 -Et where tr: is the ? positive
zero of Ptn(x).
Weights: w1=2wj2), w/*) are the Gaussian weights
of order 2n.
Remainder:
z4+

[cw

Rn=4rL+1

(6)

!I j(2m)

(O<W)

[(47&l!]*

25.4.40

+1
--1 f(x) +x*~~=&d(x3+Rn

Related orthogonal polynomials:

Chebyshev
nomials of Second Kind
sin [(n+l) arccos x]
U,(x)=

sin (arccos

Poly-

2)

Abscissas:
25.4.31

&

dy=&a

s a db-y

5 w&y,)
i-1

+ R,

x*=cos .-I.-

yt=a+(b--ah
Related

orthogonal

7r

71+1

Weights:

polynomials:

wi

P2nG--LPzn(l)=l

=- lr

sin* - i

n+l

]r

n+l

Remainder:

Abscissas:
where tr is the it positive

q=l--[:

Weights: ~,=2wj*~),
of order 2n.

zero of P,,(x).

WI* are the Gaussian weights

s.&/-4

25.4.38

+ f(z)

-1

dx=g

(b--7J)f WY=(~)*

Chebyshev

y.=b+a
8 2+2

PolyRelated

orthogonal

mx~,w1)=&

xf=cos n+l

Weights:

Remainder:

25.4.42
(--l<f<l)

(b- y)
y_b+a
f T+T

Related orthogonal

=& wJ(yi)+R,
i-1
b-a

polynomials:

2)

i
- lr sin* WL=n+ 1
n+l

S f(y)dy

sin (arccos

Weights:

R.=~2n~~2n-,f(2nY~)

sin [ (75+ 1) arccos x]

Abscissas:

xI=cos w-1)s
2n
w,=L

b-a x*

polynomials:

U&> =

Abscissas:

= &,+a)

wtf (yr) +Rn

w, j(x,) +R,

414

Related orthogonal polynomials:

nomials of First Kind

25.4.39

s
Related

1
of(x)

orthogonal

ex

dx=&

*
w.f@i> +Rn

polynomials:
$

T*n+I(m

Abscissas:
x*=cos*

2i-1
y-&j

A
-2

Weights:
2r
w=2n+l

T,(z),T.(1)=&
*See

pageII.

xi

NUMERICAL

890

ANALYSIS

Remainder:

Remainder:

25.4.43

Filons

Integration

Formula

25.4.41
x--a dx= (b-u)

i=l

wJ(yJ SR,

Zhf(x) co9 tx dx=h

y,=a+(b--ah
Related

orthogonal

20

a(th) ( f2n sin tq,

-fosin t3 +Nth) -C,,+r(th) *C2+1

polynomials:

+;

th4S:,_,]-

R,

25.4.48

Abscissas:
x

t-

--cos2

Weights:
w=2n+l

2i-l
-.-

2n+l

2s

25.4.49

xi

R
c2n-1=~f26-1

cos

txn-1

i=l

25.4.44

S
0

l In xf(x)dz=&

wJ(x,>

25.4.50

+R,

S4,-l=C

Related orthogonal polynomials:

polynomials
orthogonal with respect to the weight function --In x
Abscissas: See Table 25.7
Weights: See Table 25.7
25.4.45

f#,

sin tx2t-1

i=l

25.451
R.=~~hy(~)+O(th)
25.4.52
1 sin 20 2 sin2 8
a(e)=s+~-fP

w,f(xi>
+&
So-a-Y(x)dx=Z$

Related orthogonal polynomials:

Laguerre
nomials L,(x).
Abscissas: x1 is the it zero of L,(x)
Weights:

polyFor small e we have

25.4.53

283 2e5 2e7

cu=jg-~5+4725-

** -

(See Table 25.9 for xr and wt.)

Remainder :

y=~-g+~o-&~+
25.4.54

25.4.46

=rnf(x) sin

Related orthogonal polynomials:

Hermite
nomials H,(x).
Abscissas: xt is the ith zero of H,(x)
Weights:
2-n! &
n2EL-1(~012
(See Table 25.10 for xr and wt.)

...

tx dx=h[a(th)

(f.

cos

IS-fin

+B&+Y&,,--~+~

poly-

CO9

th4CL,

--Rn

25.4.55
S2n=I&

f 2i sin (tx2d -f

[fzn

sin

(tx2.)+f0

t&J

sin

(tx0)l

a For certain difficulties associated with this formula,

see the article by J. W. Tukey, p. 400, On Numerical
Approximation,
Ed. R. E. Langer, Madison, 1959.

NUMERICAL

25.4.56

fJ2.-l=~j2c-1

ANALYSIS

891

(Xr,Yr)

sin (taf-J

(0,

25.4.57

Wi

112

0)

(*ho),

(0,khh)

R=0(h4)

l/8

(See Table 25.11 for a, /3, y.)

Iterated

Integrals

25.4.58
s 0 z at,

s 0

In d&e, . . . s 0 13dt, s 0 f(t,)dtl

(x- t)-tf(t)dt

25.4.59

s s
=dtn
0

dtn-, . . . l3 dt,
12f(tl)dtl
a
sa
sa
l
=- (x-a)n
t-f(z(n-l)!
o

Multidimensional

Circumference

(x-a) t)dt

Integration

of Circle

h,Yf)

wr

(+;)

l/4

(Xf,YJ

Wf

(0, 0)

Ai2

(&O)

l/12

R=0(h4)

r: d+y2=h2.

25.4.60

sr.f(z,y)ds=&
2*h

$f(h

cos Et h sin z)
+O(h*m-a)

Circle C: z2+y2<h2.
25.4.61

1
*h2 ss cjCw)duly=$

l/12

w.f(x,,yJ

+R

R= O(h)

892

NUMERICAL

hY3
(0,0)

WC

CM, 0)

l/24

(0,fh)

l/24

Square4

*i

(0, 0)

l/4

(zt$h,O)

l/s

S:

lzl<hlly!<h

25.4.62

116

(Xr,Yt)

ANALYSIS

R = O(he)

(%Yc)

*f

(O,O)

419

( fh, fh)

l/36

(fh,o)

l/9

(0, f h)

l/9
0

w--B

R=O(he)

r-l

i
0 1 0
I
..a--

(Xi,Yr)

*i

(&A&,

;th,@

l/4

(XOYJ

16/M

4 For regions, such as the square, cube, cylinder, etc.,

which are the Cartesian products of lower dimensional
regions, one may always develop integration
rules by
multiplying
together the lower dimensional rules. Thus
if

(0, 0)

6-d6h
(J

10

cos g,

I- of(z)dz

(k=l,
6+*h
10

2?rk 6+&
cos loy
J 1.

R=O(h4)

*i

NO)
kG,YJ

R=0(h4)

sin

2d
10

. . .,lO>

is a one dimensional

=&

Wifh)

rule, then

-IS--&

360

R=O(hlO)

becomes a two dimensional

rule.
necessarily the most economical.

Such rules are not

NUMERICAL

(l

h,f $

h)

ANALYSIS

893

251324
R=O(h6)

(,,h$

lO/Sl

h)

lo/81

(+,o)
Equilateral

Radius

Triangle

of Circumscribed

Circle=h

25.4.63
1
a&h2

Tf(x,~)d2dy=I&

ss

270/1200

wif(x,,~r)+R
((9)

h,,O
>

155-yml
1200

h,

((-T+)
--w-

+-

--

h(v)

D
I

R=O(he)

314

((-i+l)

,Bh)

40 >

155+fl

h,*(F)

((T)

@h)

1200

R=0(h3)
Regular

l/12
Radius

Hexagon

of Circumscribed

Circle=h

25.4.64
1
ssH

;fihz

Rx, y)drdy=&

wJ(xr,

YJ +R

I
1
--u--me
t---lI --I
I

I
I

(Xi,YJ

Wi

o-40)

27160

(h,o)

3160
3160

R=0(h4)

(X*,Y*)

Wi

(0,O)

21/36

8160
(f;,&;
8160

(fho)

$3)

5172
5172

R=O(h4)

NUMERICAL

894

ANALYSIS

I
I

---

:4 --

(&&h,+,O)

l
--*

--

(*&h,o,+)

l/15

R=O(he)
258/1008
125/1008

>

R=Oth9

125/1008
Surface of Sphere Z:

l/30

(0, *ho)

1+y2+z2=h2

(o,o, fh)
WI

(Xi,Yl,%)

(*&h,$h,&&h)

27/840

25.4.65

(&$h,O,&&h)

32/840

R=O(h)

(fh,O,O)
(0, f&O)

40/840

to,% f h)
Sphere S: za+y2+z2Sh2
25.4.66

(k&O,@

WJ

(o,khh,O)

l/6

R=O(h4)

1
4
-rh3
3

-SSS

.f(w,

,g

dd=Wz=&

wJ(xi,yi,

4 +R

NUMERICAL

(Xf,Yf,Zf)

Wf

((40,

215

0)

(fh,o,o)

l/10

(0, *hh,o)

l/l0

(o,o, fh)

l/l0

ANALYSIS

895

~ji=sum

of values of j at the 6 points midway

from the center of C to the 6 faces.
~ji=sum
of values of j at the 6 centers of the
faces of C.
cjO=sum
of values of j at the 8 vertices of C.
~j~=sum
of values of j at the 12 midpoints
of
edges of C.
~jd=sum
of values of j at the 4 points on the
diagonals of each face at a distance of

R=O(h)

Cube 6 C: Izj_<h

i&h from the center of the face.

Ivl Sh

bllh
25.4.67

1
8ha sss f(z,y,z)dzdydz=&

wJ(xi,yr,4+R

Tetrahedron:
bf,Yf, zr>

Wf

(hhh,o,o)

l/6

(0, f h, 0)

116

(0, 0, *h)

l/6

25.4.70

R=O(h)
+terms

of 4th order

+terms

of 4th order

25.4.68

where

=ko [-496j~+128~j,+8r,j,+5CfD1+O(he)

C jD : Sum of values of the function

of ..F. I

25.4.69
=ko

V: Volume of F

[91~f,--40~j~+16Cj~l+O(h6)

where f,,,=f(O, 0,O).

6 See footnote

to 25.4.62.

Cf.:

at the vertices

Sum of values of the function at midpoints

of the edges of 37
cj,:
Sum of values of the function at the center
of gravity of the faces of 9Y
jm: Value of function at center of gravity of .F.

NUMERICAL

896
25.5. Ordinary

Differential

Equations

First Order: y=f(z,

Point

25.5.1

Slope

y)

ANALYSIS

25.5.9
Y.+I=Y.+;

Formula

k,+;

ka+O(h)

k,=hf(~n,yJ,kz=hf

(xv,+;

h,y%+; kl)

Yn+l=Yn+~Y:,+W)
ka=hf

25.5.2

h, y,+i

(x%+%

k2)

Ytl+l=y,-*+2hY:,+wa)
Trapezoidal

Fourth

Formula

Order

25.5.10
25.5.3

Y.+*=Y.+;
Adams

(Y:+l+y:)+o(ha)

Y.+I=Y~+;

Extrapolation

Formula

k,+;

kz+; k,+;

kl=hf@n,yn).,kz=hf

k,+O(h*)

(~,a+; h,y.+;

kl)

25.5.4
ka=hf (~-l-a

h,y.+!j

kt), k4=hf(z,+h,y,+k,)

(55yh-59y:,4+37y:,4-9yL>+O(h*)

Yn+l=Y.+&

25.5.11
Adams

Interpolation

Formula

Y.+I=Y.+;

k,+;

k,+;

k,+;

k,+O(h*)

25.5.5
kl=h~(r.,y.),4=hf(a+5),k~=h~(~~+~
h,y,+;
Y.+l=Yn+$

kl)

(~:+1+19Yl-5y:-1+Yh_z)+O(h6>

ka=hj (xn+;
Runge-Kutta

h, y,r;

k,+k,),

L=hf(z,+h,y,+kl-k~+k,)

Methods

Gills
Second

Order

25.5.12

25.5.6

Yn+l=yn+;

h=hf(s,

25.5.7

h,y,+;

(1-d)

kz

kl)

ka+kd)+O(hb)

YJ

kz=hf (z.+;

Yn+l=yn+kz+O(ha)

Third

(k,+2

i-2 (I+&)

kl=hf(~n,Yn),ka=hj(x,+h,y,+kl>

kl=hf(r.,y,),ka=hj(x,+~

Method

ht y,+;

kl)

ka=hf(~n+~h,y.+(-~+&)kl

Order

+(1-&h)

25.5.8
h=hj
Y~+I=YII+~

k,+$ k,+k ka+O(h*)

x,+h, yn -&,f(l+&)
Predictor-Corrector

kl=hf(Zn,yn),kz=hf

(z,s+;

h,y.+;

kl)

ka=hfb+h,y,-kl+2k2)
The reader is cautioned against possible instabilities
especially in formulas 25.5.2 and 25.5.13.
See, e.g.
[25.11], [25.12].

Milnes

ka)
Methods

Methods

25.5.13
P:

Yn+,=Yn-a+4i

c:

Y.+l=Y.-I+;

(2y~-yy:-1+2y:-,)+O(h*)
(y:-l+4y:+y:+1)+O(h*)

NUMERICAL

897

ANALYSIS

,25.5.14

p: Y.+l=Y.-5+;~ (1ly:-14Y:-I
+26y:-,--14y:-,+lly:-,)+O(h)
c:

ka=hf(x,th,y,+k,,z,tz3)

2h

Yn+l=Yyn-3+rs (7YJ+,t32y:

Z4=hg(z,+h,y,t~~,z,+zr)
Second

+12y:-~+32y:-*+7y:-3)+O(h7)
Formulas

Using

Higher

p:

c:

R+l-Yn+;

Method

Yk+~=y:-3+$

(2y~k--y~.q+2y,)+O(h5)

(2: Yk+l=Y:-,t!j
(Yh+l+yh) -&

y, y)

25.5.19

25.5.15

yn+,=yn-2+3(yn-yn-J+h2(y::-yL)+O(hs)

y=f(z,

Milnes

Derivatives

P:

Order:

(y::-l-t-4y;+y;+&t-O(h6)

(d+:+1---y3+W5)
Runge-Kutta

25.5.16

Method

25.5.20

p:

y.+l=y~-3+3(y~-y,-~)+~(y~~+y~~~)

c:

Yyn+l=Ys+g (Yb+l+Yb)-pj

tO(h')
h2

yln+l=yn+h 1ybt; (k,tkz+kJ]+O(h9

Yk+l=Y:t;

(!/ii+1 -Y3

(h+%+%+k,)

kl=Mxn,y,,y,>

+go

@kL+yk)

+O(h)

y:+,,y,+$)

kz=hf(z,+;h,y,+;
Systems of Differential
First

Order:

Equations

y=f(x,y,z),

Second

Order

ka=h.f (xn+;

z=g(x,y,z).

Runge-Kutta
k4=hf

25.5.17
~n+l=~n+;

(h+kJ

2 .+1=2.+;
kl=VCwwn),

vl+z2) +O(h3)

Order:
Milnes

Fourth

Order

c:

~y::+10yi,-:-l-ty;-:-,)+O(h6)

Runge-Kutta
Runge-Kutta

Method

(k,+21ez+21c,+k,)+O(h6),
2.+I=%+;

h=hf(~n,Yn,Gb)

k=hf

(5y::t2y~-:_,t5y~-:-,)+O(h6)

Y.=2yn-ryn-St;

25.5.18
Y.+l=Yn+;

y=f(x,y)
Method

t;
z,+Z,)

k3,y;tk3)

Yn+l=Yn+Yn-2-yn-3

kz=hf(x,+h,y,+kl,z,+zl),
4=Mxn+hy,+k,,

k,,y;,t+)

25.5.21
p:

h=hg(x,,yy,,zn)

y;+;

(zn+h,y.+hy:+;
Second

+O(h3),

h,y.t;

(-.+a

(Z1+2Z,+2Z3+ZJ+O(h5)

Y:+l=yht;

k,-t;

k,+;

k3

4=Mxn,yn,Zn)
by,+;

k,,z,+f

k2=h.f(x.t;~y.t;

zl)
z.+;,

y,+;,

y:t;

k,=hf (z.+h,y.+hy:t~kz).

z,,+$)
*see

pnge

II.

kl)

NUMERICAL

898

ANALYSIS

References
Texts
(For

textbooks

on numerical analysis, see texts in

chapter 3)

[25.1] J. Balbrecht
and L. Collats, Zur numerischen
Auswertung
mehrdimensionaler
Integrale,
Z.
Angew. Math. Mech. 38, 1-15 (1958).
125.21 Berthod-Zaborowski,
Le calcul des integrales de
1

la forme:

[25.3]
[25.4]
[25.5]
[25.6]
[25.7]

[25.8]

[25.9]
[25.10]
[25.11]
125.121
[25.13]
[25.14]
[25.15]
[25.16]
[25.17]

[25.18]

f(x) log x dx.

H. Mineur, Techniques de calcul numerique, pp.

555-556 (Librairie Polytechnique
Ch. B&anger,
Paris, France, 1952).
W. G. Bickley,
Formulae for numerical integration, Math. Gas. 23, 352 (1939).
W. G. Bickley, Formulae for numerical differentiation, Math. Gaz. 25, 19-27 (1941).
W. G. Bickley, Finite difference formulae for the
square lattice, Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 1,
35-42
(1948).
G. Birkhoff and D. Young, Numerical quadrature
of analytic and harmonic functions, J. Math.
Phys. 29, 217-221 (1950).
L. Fox, The use and construction of mathematical
tables, Mathematical
Tables vol. I, National
Physical Laboratory
(Her Majestys Stationery
Office, London, England, 1956).
S. Gill, Process for the step-by-step integration of
differential
equations in an automatic digital
computing
machine, Proc. Cambridge
Philos.
Sot. 47, 96-108 (1951).
P. C. Hammer and A. H. Stroud, Numerical
evaluation
of multiple
integrals
II, Math.
Tables Aids Comp. 12, 272-280 (1958).
P. C. Hammer and A. W. Wymore, Numerical
evaluation of multiple integrals I, Math. Tables
Aids Comp. 11,59-67
(1957).
P. Henrici, Discrete variable methods in ordinary
differential equations (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, N. Y., 1961).
F. B. Hildebrand,
Introduction
to numerical
analysis (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., 1956).
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Inc., New York, N.Y., 1955).
A. A. Markoff,
Differenzenrechnung
(B. G.
Teubner, Leipzig, Germany, 1896).
S. E. Mikeladze, Quadrature formulas for a regular
function, SoobBE. Akad. Nauk Gruzin. SSR. 17,
289-296 (1956).
W. E. Milne, A note on the numerical integration
of differential equations, J. Research NBS 43,
537-542
(1949) RP2046.
D. J. Panov, Formelsammlung
zur numerischen
Behandlung
partieller
Differentialgleichungen
nach dem Differenzenverfahren
(Akad. Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, 1955).
R. Radau, Etudes sur les formules dapproximation
qui servent il calculer la valeur dune integrale
definie, J. Math. Pures Appl. (3) 6, 283-336
(1880).

[25.19] R. D. Richtmeyer, Difference methods for initialvalue problems (Interscience

Publishers, New
York, N.Y., 1957).
[25.20] M. Sadowsky, A formula for approximate
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Amer. Math.
Monthly 47, 539-543 (1940).
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Sot. 50, 513-516
(1944).
[25.22] H. E. Salzer, Formulas for complex Cartesian
interpolation
of higher degree, J. Math. Phys.
28,~fZOO-203
(1949).
[25.23] H. E. Salzer, Formulas for numerical integration of
first and second order differential equations in the
complex plane, J. Math. Phys. 29, 207-216
(1950).
[25.24] H. E. Salzer, Formulas for numerical differentiation in the complex plane, J. Math. Phys. 31,
155-169 (1952).
[25.25] A. Sard, Integral representations
of remainders,
Duke Math. J. 15,333-345 (1948).
[25.26] A. Sard, Remainders: functions of several variables,
Acta Math. 84, 319-346 (1951).
[25.27] G. &hula,
Formelsammlung
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Mathematik
(DeGruyter
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integration,
Math. Comp. 15, 52-80 (1961).
[25.29] G. J. Tranter, Integral transforms in mathematical
physics (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1951).
[25.30] G. W. Tyler, Numerical integration
with several
variables, Canad. J. Math. 5, 393-412 (1953).

Tables

[25.31] L. J. Comrie, Chambers six-figure mathematical

tables, vol. 2 (W. R. Chambers, Ltd., London,
England, 1949).
[25.32] P. Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Abscissas and weights
for Gaussian quadratures
of high order, J.
Research NBS 56, 35-37 (1956) RP2645.
[25.33] P. Davis and P. Rabinowitz,
Additional
abscissas
and weights for Gaussian quadratures
of high
order: Values for n=64, 80, and 96, J. Research
NBS 60,613-614
(1958) RP2875.
[25.34] E. W. Dijkstra and A. van Wijngaarden,
Table
of Everetts interpolation
coefficients (Elcelsiors
Photo-offset, The Hague, Holland, 1955).
[25.35] H. Fishman,
Numerical
integration
constants,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 11, l-9 (1957).
[25.36] H. J. Gawlik, Zeros of Legendre polynomials of
orders 2-64 and weight coefficients of Gauss
quadrature formulae, A.R.D.E. Memo (B) 77/58,
Fort Halstead, Kent, England (1958).
[25.37] Gt. Britain H.M. Nautical Almanac Office, Interpolation
and allied tables (Her Majestys
Stationery Office, London, England, 1956).

NUMERICAL

[25.38] I. M. Longman, Tables for the rapid and accurate

numerical evaluation of certain infinite integrals
involving Bessel functions, Math. Tables Aids
Comp. 11, 166-180 (1957).
[25.39] A. N. Lowan, N. Davids, and A. Levenson, Table
of the zeros of the Legendre polynomials
of
order l-16 and the weight coefficients for Gauss
mechanical
quadrature
formula,
Bull. Amer.
Math. Soc.48, 739-743 (1942).
[25.40] National
Bureau of Standards,
Tables of Lagrangian
interpolation
coefficients (Columbia
Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1944).
[25.41] National
Bureau of Standards, Collected Short
Tables of the Computation
Laboratory,
Tables
of functions and of zeros of functions, Applied
Math. Series 37 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1954).
[25.42] P. Rabinowitz,
Abscissas and weights for Lobatto
quadrature
of high order, Math. Tables Aids
Comp. 69, 47-52 (1966).
[25.43] P. Rabinowitz
and G. Weiss, Tables of abscissas
and weights for numerical evaluation of integrals
of the form
0,
Math. Tables Aids Comp. 68, 285-294 (1959).

ANALYSIS

899

[25.44] H. E. Salzer, Tables for facilitating

the use of
Chebyshevs
quadrature
formula,
J. Math.
Phys. 26, 191-194 (1947).
[25.45] H. E. Salzer and R. Zucker, Table of the zeros and
weight factors of the first fifteen Laguerre
polynomials, Bull. Amer. Math. Sot. 55, 10041012 (1949).
[25.46] H. E. Salzer, R. Zucker, and R. Capuano, Table of
the zeros and weight factors of the first twenty
Hermite
polynomials,
J. Research NBS 48,
111-116 (1952) RP2294.
[25.47] H. E. Salzer, Table of coefficients for obtaining the
first derivative without differences, NBS Applied
Math. Series 2 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1948).
[25.48] H. E. Salzer, Coefficients for facilitating
trigonometric interpolation,
J. Math. Phys. 27,274-278
(1949).
[25.49] H. E. Salzer and P. T. Roberson, Table of coefficients for obtaining the second derivative without
differences, Convair-Astronautics,
San Diego,
Calif. (1957).
[25.50] H. E. Salzer, Tables of osculatory interpolation
coefficients, NBS Applied
Math.
Series 56
(U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1958).

NUMERICAL

900
Table

25.1

THREE-POINT

LAGRANGJAN

A&)=(-ly+
Ao

ANALYSIS

INTERPOLATION
P(P2-1)

(l+k) ! (l-k) ! (p-k)

A-1

o.spo

P
0.00

A-1
-0.00000

OIOl
0.02
0.03
0.04

-0I00495
-0.00980
-0101455
-0.01920

1.00000
0.99990
0.99960
0.99910
0.99840

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

-0.02375
-0.02820
-0.03255
-0.03680
-0.04095

0.99750
0.99640
0.99510
0.99360
0.99190

0.02625
0.03180
0.03745
0.04320
0.04905

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

-0.04500
-0.04895
-0.05280
-0.05655
-0.06020

0.99000
0.98790
0.98560
0.98310
0.98040

0.05500
0.06105
0.06720
0.07345
0.07980

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

-0.06375
-0.06720
-0.07055
-0.07380
-0.07695

0.97750
0.97440
0.97110
0.96760
0.96390

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

-0.08000
-0.08295
-0.08580
-0.08855
-0.09120

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

AI
0.00000

COEFFICIENTS

Ao

AI

0.75000
0.73990
0.72960
0.71910
0.70840

0.37500
0.38505
0.39520
0.40545
0.41580

-0.12375
-0.12320
-0.12255
-0.12180
-0.12095

0.69750
0.68640
0.67510
0.66360
0.65190

0.42625
0.43680
0.44745
0.45820
0.46905

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

-0.12000
-0.11895
-0.11780
-0.11655
-Oil1520

0.64000
0.62790
0.61560
0.60310
0.'59040

0.48000
0.49105
0.50220
0.51345
0.52480

0.08625
0.09280
0.09945
0.10620
0.11305

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

-0.11375
-0.11220
-0.11055
-0.10880
-Oil0695

0.57750
0.56440
0.55110
0.53760
0.52390

0.53625
0.54780
0.55945
0.57120
0.58305

0.96000
0.95590
0.95160
0.94710
0.94240

0.12000
0.12705
0.13420
0.14145
0.14880

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

-0.10500
-0.10295
-0.10080
-0.09855
-0.09620

0.51000
0.49590
0.48160
0.46710
0.45240

0.59500
0.60705
0.61920
0.63145
0.64380

-0.09375
-0.09620
-0.09855
-0.10080
-0.10295

0.93750
0.93240
0.92710
0.92160
0.91590

0.15625
0.16380
0.17145
0.17920
0.18705

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

-0.09375
-0.09120
-0.08855
-0.08580
-0.08295

0.43750
0.42240
0.40710
0.39160
0.37590

0.65625
0.66880
0.68145
0.69420
0170705

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

-0.10500
-0.10695
-0.10880
-0.11055
-0.11220

0.91000
0.90390
0.89760
0.89110
0.88440

0.19500
0.20305
0.21120
0.21945
0.22780

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

-0.08000
-0.07695
-0.07380
-0.07055
-0.06720

0.36000
0.34390
0.32760

i%:i
.

0.72000
0.73305
0;74620
0.75945
0.77280

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

-0.11375
-0.11520
-0.11655
-0.11780
-0.11895

0.87750
0.87040
0.86310
0.85560
0.84790

0.23625
0.24480
0.25345
0.26220
0.27105

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

-0.06375
-0.06020
-0.05655
-0.05280
-0.04895

0.27750
0.26040
0.24310
0.22560
0.20790

0.78625
0.79980
0.81345
0.82720
0.84105

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

-0.12000
-0.12095
-0.12180
-0.12255
-0.12320

0.84000
0.83190
0.82360
0.81510
0.80640

0.28000
0.28905
0.29820
0.30745
0.31680

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

-0.04500
-0.04095
-0.03680
-0.03255
-0.02820

0.19000
0.17190
0.15360
0.13510
0.11640

0.85500
0.86905
0.88320
0.89745
0.91180

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

-0.12375
-0.12420
-0.12455
-0.12480
-0.12495

0.79750
0.78840
0.77910
0.76960
0.75990

0.32625
0.33580
0.34545
0.35520
0.36505

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

-0.02375
-0.01920
-0.01455
-0.00980
-0.00495

0.09750
0.07840
0.05910
OiO3960
0.01990

0.92625
0.94080
0.95545
0.97020
0.98505

0.50

-0.12500

0.75000

0.37500

1.00

-0.00000
A1

0.00000
Ao

1.00000
A-1

-P

AI

Ao

0.00505
0.01020
0.01545
0.02080

A-1

0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

-P

-0.12500
-0.12495
-0.12480
-0.12455
-0.12420

See 25.2.6.
Compiled from National Bureau of Standards, Tables of Lagrangian interpolation
coefficients. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N.Y., 1944 (with permission).

NUMERICAL
FOUR-POINT

o.:o

LAGRANGIAN

A-1
0.00000

00

INTERPOLATION

Ao
1.00000

901

ANALYSIS
COEFFICIENTS

00

Al
0.00000

0.01004
0.02019
0.03043
0.04076

Table

25.1

A2

0.00000

00

95
60
65
80

-0.00166
-0.00333
-0.00499
-0.00665

65
20
55
60

1.00
0. 99
0.98
0.97
0.96

00

0. 01
0. 02
0. 03
0. 04

-0.00328
-0.00646
-0.00955
-0.01254

35
80
45
40

0.99490
0.98960
0.98411
0.97843

05
40
35
20

0.05
0. 06
0.07
0. 08
0. 09

-0.01543
-0.01823
-0.02094
-0.02355
-0.02607

75
60
05
20
15

0.97256
0.96650
0.96027
0.95385
0.94726

25
80
15
60
45

0.05118
0.06169
0.07227
0.08294
0.09368

75
20
85
40
55

-0.00831
-0.00996
-0.01160
-0.01324
-0.01487

25
40
95
80
85

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

-0.02850
-0.03083
-0.03308
-0.03524
-0.03732

00
85
80
95
40

0.94050
0.93356
0.92646
0.91919
0.91177

00
55
40
85
20

0.10450
0.11538
0.12633
0.13735
0.14842

00
45
60
15
80

-0.01650
-0.01811
-0.01971
-0.02130
-0.02287

00
15
20
05
60

0.90
0. 89
0.88
0.87
0.86

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

-0.03931
-0.04121
-0.04303
-0.04477
-0.04642

25
60
55
20
65

0.90418
0.89644
0.88855
0.88051
0.87232

75
80
65
60
95

0.15956
0.17075
0.18199
0.19328
0.20462

25
20
35
40
05

-0.02443
-0.02598
-0.02751
-0.02902
-0.03052

75
40
45
80
35

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

0.20
0. 21
0.22
0.23
0.24

-0.04800
-0.04949
-0.05090
-0.05224
-0.05350

00
35
80
45
40

0.86400
0.85553
0.84692
0.83818
0.82931

00
05
40
35
20

0.21600
0.22741
0.23887
0.25036
0.26188

00
95
60
65
80

-0.03200
-0.03345
-0.03489
-0.03630
-0.03769

00
65
20
55
60

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

-0.05468
-0.05579
-0.05683
-0.05779
-0.05868

75
60
05
20
15

0.82031
0.81118
0.80194
0.79257
0.78309

25
80
15
60
45

0.27343
0.28501
0.29660
0.30822
0.31985

75
20
85
40
55

-0.03906
-0.04040
-0.04171
-0.04300
-0.04426

25
40
95
80
85

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.30
0.31
0. 32
0. 33
0.34

-0.05950
-0.06024
-0.06092
-0.06153
-0.06208

00
85
80
95
40

0.77350
0.76379
0.75398
0.74406
0.73405

00
55
40
85
20

0.33150
0.34315
0.35481
0.36648
0.37814

00
45
60
15
80

-0.04550
-0.04670
-0.04787
-0.04901
-0.05011

00
15
20
05
60

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

-0.06256
-0.06297
-0.06332
-0.06361
-0.06383

25
60
55
20
65

0.72393
0.71372
0.70342
0.69303
0.68255

75
80
65
60
95

0.38981
0.40147
0.41312
0.42476
0.43639

25
20
35
40
05

-0.05118
-0.05222
-0.05322
-0.05418
-0.05511

75
40
45
80
35

0. 65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0. 44

-0.06400
-0.06410
-0.06414
-0.06413
-0.06406

00
35
80
45
40

0.67200
0.66136
0.65064
0.63985
0.62899

00
05
40
35
20

0.44800
0.45958
0.47115
0.48269
0.49420

00
95
60
65
80

-0.05600
-0.05684
-0.05765
-0.05841
-0.05913

00
65
20
55
60

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0. 45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

-0.06393
-0.06375
-0.06352
-0.06323
-0.06289

75
60
05
20
15

0.61806
0.60706
0.59601
0.58489
0.57372

25
80
15
60
45

0.50568
0.51713
0.52853
0.53990
0.55122

.75
20
85
40
55

-0.05981
-0.06044
-0.06102
-0.06156
-0.06205

25
40
95
80
85

0.55
0. 54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

-0.06250

00

0.56250 00

0.56250 00

-0.06250

00

AI

Ao

0.50
P

A2

A-1

902

NUMERICAL
Table 25.1

FOUR-POINT

LAGRANGIAN

ANALYSIS
INTERPOLATION

65
20
55
60

Ao
0.00000 00
-0.00994 95
-0.01979 60
-0. 02953 65
-0.03916 80

Al
1.00000
1.00489
1.00959
1.01408
1.01836

0.00831
0.00996
0.01160
0.01324
0.01487

25
40
95
80
85

-0.04868 75
-0.05809 20
-0.06737 85
-0.07654
40
-0.08558 55

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

0.01650
0.01811
0.01971
0.02130
0.02287

00
15
20
05
60

-0.09450
-0.10328
-0.11193
-0.12045
-0.12882

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

0.02443
0.02598
0.02751
0.02902
0.03052

75
40
45
80
35

-0.13706
-0.14515
-0.15309
-0.16088
-0.16852

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

0.03200
0.03345
0.03489
0.03630
0.03769

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

P
1. 00

A-1
0.00000

00

1.01
1.02
1. 03
1. 04

0.00166
0.00333
0.00499
0.00665

1. 05
1.06
1. 07
1.08
1.09

COEFFICIENTS

A2

00
95
60
65
80

0.00000
0.00338
0.00686
0.01045
0.01414

00
35
80
45
40

1.02243
1.02629
1.02992
1.03334
1.03653

75
85
40
55

0.01793
0.02183
0.02584
0.02995
0.03417

75
60
05
20
15

00
45
60
15
80

1.03950
1.04223
1.04473
1.04700
1.04902

00
45
60
15
80

0.03850
0.04293
0.04748
0.05214
0.05692

00
85
80
95
40

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

25
2,o
35
40
05

1.05081 25
1.05235 20
1.05364 35

25

1.05547 05

0.06181
0.06681
0.07193
0.07717
0.08252

55
20
65

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

00
65
20
55
60

-0.17600 00
-0; 18331 95
-0.19047 60
-0.19746 65
-0.20428 80

1.05600 00
1.05626 95
1.05627 60
lt 05601 65
1.05548 80

0.08800 .oo
0.09359 35
0.09930 80
0.10514 45
0.11110 40

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.03906
0.04040
0.04171
0.04300
0.04426

25
40
95
80
85

-0.21093
-0.21741
-0.22370
-0.22982
-0.23575

75
20
85
40
55

1.05468
1.05361
1.05225
1.05062
1.04870

75
20
85
40
55

0.11718
0.12339
0.12973
0.13619
0.14278

75
60
05
20
15

0.25
0.26
0. 27
0.28
0.29

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

0.04550
0.04670
0.04787
0.04901
0.05011

00
15
20
05
60

-0.24150
-0.24705
-0.25241
-0.25758

1.04650
1.04400
1.04121
1.03813
1.03474

00
45

-0.26254

00
45
60
15
80

15
80

0.14950
0.15634
0.16332
0.17043
0.17768

00
85
80
95
40

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

0.05118
0.05222
0.05322
0.05418
0.05511

75
40
45
80
35

-0.26731
-0.27187
-0.27622
-0.28036
-0.28429

25
20
35
40
05

1.03106
1.02707
1.02277
1.01816
1.01324

25
20
35
40
05

0.18506
0.19257
0.20022
0.20801
0.21593

25
60
55
20

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

1.40
1.41
1. 42
1.43
1. 44

0.05600
0.05684
0.05765
0.05841
0.05913

00
65
20
55
60

-0.28800
-0.29148
-0.29475
-0.29779

1.00800
1.00243
0.99655
0.99034
0.98380

00
95
60
65
80

0.22400

00

0.23220 35
0.24054 80
0.24903 45

-0.30060

00
95
60
65
80

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

0.05981
0.06044
0.06102
0.06156
0.06205

25
40
95
80
85

-0.30318
-0.30553
-0.30763
-0.30950
-0.31112

75
20
85
40
55

0.97693 75

1.50

0.06250 00

-0.31250 00
Al

A2

1.05468

20

40

60

60

65

0.25766

40

0.26643

75

0.00

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0. 05
0.06

0. 07
0.08
0.09

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.95430 40
0.94607 55

0.27535
0.28442
0.29363
0.30299

60
05
20
15

0.45
Oi46
0. 47
0.48
0.49

0.93750 00

0.31250 00

0.50

Ao

A-1

0.96973
0.96218

20
85

-P

NUMERICAL
FOUR-POINT

1.;0
1. 51
1.52
1.53
1.54

LAGRANGIAN

INTERPOLATION

A-I

Ao

0.06250 00
0.06289 15

-0.31250 00
-0.31362 45
-0.31449
60
-0.31511 15
-0.31546 a0

0.06323
0.06352
0.06375

20
05
60

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

0.06393
0.06406

75
40

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1. 64

0.06400 00

1. 65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

0.06256

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

0.05950 00
0.05868 15

-0.28350 00
-0.27899 45

0.05683 05

-0.26904 15
-0.26358 80

1.75
1.76
1. 77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

0.06413 45
0.06414 a0
0.06410 35

-0.31556
-0.31539
-0.31495
-0.31424
-0.31326

25
20
35
40
05

0.06383

65

-0.31200 00
-0.31045 95

0.06332
0.06297

55
60

-0.30412 a0

0.06361 20

0.06208
0.06153
0.06092
0.06024

0.05779
0.05579

25

40
95
80
85

20

60

0.05468 75

0.05350
0.05224
0.05090
0.04949

40
45

a0
35

0.04aoo 00
0.04642
0.04477
0.04303

65
20
55

0.04121 60
0.03931 25
0.03732
0:03524

40
95

0.03308 80
0.03083 a5

-0.30863
-0: 30652

60
65

-0.30143
-0.29845
-0.29516
-0.29158
-0.28769

75

-0.27417

20
a5
40
55

60

-0.25781

25

-0i25171
-0.24528
-0l23852
-0.23143

20
35
40
05

-0.22400
-0.21622
-0.20811
-0.19965
-0.19084

00
95
60
65
80

0. 51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55

0.37273

60

0.38331 55
0.39405
0.40494

20
65

0. 56
0. 57

0.83200 00
0.81940 95

0.41600
0.42721
0.43858
0.45012
0.46182

00
35
a0
45
40

0.60
0. 61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.76518 75

75

a5
0.72038 40

0.47368
0.48571
0.49791
0.51027
0.52280

0. 65
0. 66
0. 67

0.68850 00
0.67194 45

0.53550 00
0.54836 a5
0.56140 a0

0.75065
0.73571

60
65
80

20

0. JO464 55

0.65497
0.63759

60

15
0.61978 a0
0.60156 25
0.58291 20
0.56383 35
0.54432

40

0.52438 05
0.50400 00
0.48317 95
0.46191 60

0.57461

60
05
20
15

95

0.58800 40
0.60156 25
0.61529 60

0.58
0.59

0.68
0.69
0.70

0. 71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77

0.62920
0.64329
0.65755

55
20
65

0.67200
0.68662

00
35

0.80
0. al
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.78
0. 79

-0.16229 a5
-0.15206 40
-0.14146 55

75
20

0.34884 a5
0.32486 40
0.30041 55

0.74693
0.76247

75
60

0.77820 05
0.79411 20
0.81021 15

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

-0.13050 00
-0.11916 45
-0.10745 60
-0.09537
15
-0.08290 a0

0.27550

00

0.82650
0.84297
0.85964
0.87650
0.89356

00
a5
80
95
40

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

-0.07006

25

0.14381 25
0.11603 20

0.91081 25
0.92825 60
0.94589 55

0.95
0.96

-0.02920

40

20

-0.01480 05

2.00

0.00000 00

0.00000 00

A2

40

0.50

0.39543
0.37237

-0.18168 75
-0.17217

0.00328 35

45
80

0.35204

00
a5
a0
95

0.36231 25

0.80643
0.79307
0.77932

25
20
35
40
05

0.31250
0.32215
0.33196
0.34192

0.41804 80

0.01543 75
0.01254 40
0.00955
0.00646

A2
00
45

0.91929 60
0.90966 15
0.89966 80
0.88931
0.87859
0.86750
0.85604
0.84421

25.1

0.70142 a0
0.71641 45
0.73158 40

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.01823 60

AI
0.93750
0.92857

Table

65

0.02850 00
0.02607 15
20
05

COEFFICIENTS

0.44020

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

0.02355
0.02094

903

ANALYSIS

-0.05683 20
-0.04321 35

AI

0.25011 45
0.22425
0.19792
0.17110

0.08776
0.05900
0.02975

60

15
a0

35
40
05

o*oooAooo O0

0.96373

20

0.98176 65
I.. """P

1O0

0.97

0.98
0.99
1.00
-P

904
Table

NUMERICAL
25.1

FIVE-POINT

LAGRANt

A;(P)=(

o.io

;IAN

ANALYSIS

INTERPOLATION

COEFFICIENTS

P(P2-l)(P2--4)

-1)k+2 (2+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)
AI
Ao
1.00000 00000 0.00000 00000
0.99987 50025 0.00673 31650
0.99950 00400 0.01359 86400
0.99887 52025 OiO2059 53650
0.99800 06400 0.02772 22400

A2

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.00082
0.00164
0.00246
0.00326

A-I
0.00000 00000
00000
90838 -0.00659 98350
93400 -0.01306 53600
02838 -0.01939 56350
14400 -0.02558 97600

0. 05
0.06
0.07
0. 08
0.09

0.00405
0.00483
0.00560
0.00635
0.00710

23438
25400
15838
90400
44838

-0.03164
-0.03756
-0.04334
-0.04898
-0.05448

68750
61600
68350
81600
94350

0.99687
0.99550
0.99388
0.99201
0.98989

65625 0.03497 81250 -0.00426 01563

32400 OiO4236 18400 -0.00513 14600
10025 0.04987 21650 -0.00600 79163
02400 0.05750 78400 -0.00688 89600
14025 0.06526 75650 -0.00777 40163

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.10
0. 11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.00783
0.00855
0.00926
0.00995
0.01063

75000
76838
46400
79838
73400

-0.05985
-0.06506
-0.07014
-0.07508
-0.07987

00000
92350
65600
14350
33600

0.98752
0.98491
0.98205
0.97894
0.97559

50000
16025
18400
64025
60400

0.07315
0.08115
0.08927
0.09751
0.10587

00000
37650
74400
95650
86400

-0.00866
-0.00955
-0.01044
-0.01134
-0.01223

25000
38163
73600
25163
86600

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0. 19

0.01130
0.01195
0.01258
0.01320
0.01381

23438
26400
78838
77400
18838

-0.08452
-0.08902
-0.09338
-0.09760
-0.10167

18750
65600
70350
29600
40350

0.97200
0.96816
0.96408
0.95976
0.95520

15625
38400
38025
24400
08025

0.11435
0.12294
0.13164
0.14045
0.14937

31250
14400
19650
30400
29650

-0.01313
-0.01403
-0.01492
-0.01582
-0.01671

51563
13600
66163
02600
16163

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.01440
0.01497
0.01552
0.01606
0.01658

00000
17838
69400
51838
62400

-0.10560
-0.10938
-0.11301
-0.11650
-0.11984

00000
06350
57600
52350
89600

0.95040
0.94536
0.94008
0.93457
0.92882

00000
12025
56400
46025
94400

0.15840
0.16753
0.17676
0.18610
0.19554

00000
23650
82400
57650
30400

-0.01760
-0.01848
-0.01936
-0.02024
-0.02110

00000
47163
50600
03163
97600

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0. 29

0.01708
0.01757
0.01804
0.01849
0.01892

98438
57400
36838
34400
47838

-0.12304
-0.12609
-0.12900
-0.13176
-0.13438

68750
89600
52350
57600
06350

0.92285
0.91664
0.91020
0.90353
0.89664

15625
24400
36025
66400
32025

0.20507
0.21470
0.22443
0.23425
0.24415

81250
90400
37650
02400
63650

-0.02197
-0.02282
-0.02367
-0.02451
-0.02534

26563
82600
58163
45600
37163

0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0. 34

0.01933
0.01973
0.02010
0.02046
0.02079

75000
13838
62400
18838
81400

-0.13685
-0.13917
-0.14135
-0.14338
-0.14527

00000
40350
29600
70350
65600

0.88952
0.88218
0.87462
0.86683
0.85884

50000
38025
14400
98025
08400

0.25415
0.26422
0.27439
0.28463
0.29495

00000
89650
10400
39650
54400

-0.02616
-0.02697
-0.02776
-0.02854
-0.02931

25000
01163
57600
86163
78600

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.02111
0.02141
0.02168
0.02194
0.02218

48438
18400
89838
61400
31838

-0.14702
-0.14862
-0.15008
-0.15139
-0.15256

18750
33600
14350
65600
92350

0.85062
0.84219
0.83356
0.82471
0.81565

65625
90400
04025
28400
86025

0.30535
0.31582
0.32636
0.33697
0.34765

31250
46400
75650
94400
77650

-0.03007
-0.03081
-0.03153
-0.03224
-0.03293

26563
21600
55163
18600
03163

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.40
0. 41
0.42
0. 43
0.44

0.02240
0.02259
0.02277
0.02292
0.02306

00000
64838
25400
80838
30400

-0.15360
-0.15448
-0.15523
-0.15584
-0.15631

00000
94350
81600
68350
61600

0.80640
0.79693
0.78727
0.77742
0.76737

00000
94025
92400
20025
02400

0.35840
0.36920
0.38006
0.39098
0.40195

00000
35650
58400
41650
58400

-0.03360
-0.03425
-0.03487
-0.03548
-0.03607

00000
00163
94600
74163
29600

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.02317
0.02327
0.02334
0.02339
0.02342

73438
09400
37838
58400
70838

-0.15664
-0.15683
-0.15689
-0.15681
-0.15659

68750
97600
56350
53600
98350

0.75712
0.74669
0.73607
0.72527
0.71428

65625
36400
42025
10400
70025

0.41297
0.42404
0.43516
0.44632
0.45751

81250
82400
33650
06400
71650

-0.03663
-0.03717
-0.03768
-0.03817
-0.03863

51563
30600
57163
21600
14163

0.45
0. 46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.50

0.02343 75000

-0.03906 25000

0.50
-P

A-2

A2

-0.15625 00000
Al

0.70312 50000
Ao

0.46875 00000
A-I

0.00000
-0.00083
-0.00168
-0.00253
-0.00339

A-2

00000
74163
26600
52163
45600

0. 00

0.01
0.02
0.03
0. 04

NUMERICAL

FIVE-POINT

LAGRANGIAN

INTERPOLATION

Ah)=(-1)k+2
A-Z

A-I

905

ANALYSIS

P(P2--1)

COEFFICIEM

TS

Table

25.1

(P2-4)

(2+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)
Ao

Al

A2

0.50
0. 51
0. 52
0.53
0.54

0.02343
0.02342
0.02339
0.02334
0.02327

75000 -0.15625 00000

70838 -0.15576 68350
58400 -0.15515 13600
37838 -0.15440 46350
09400 -0.15352 77600

0.70312
0.69178
0.68027
0.66860
0.65675

50000
80025
90400
12025
76400

0.46875
0.48001
0.49131
0.50263
0.51398

00000
61650
26400
63650
42400

-0.03906
-0.03946
-0.03983
-0.04017
-0.04048

25000
44163
61600
67163
50600

0.50
0. 51
0.52
0.53
0. 54

0.55
0. 56
0.57
0. 58
0.59

0.02317
0.02306
0.02292
0.02277
0.02259

73438
30400
80838
25400
64838

la750
al600
78350
21600
24350

0.64475
0.63258
0.62026
0.60779
0.59516

15625
62400
50025
12400
84025

0.52535
0.53673
0.54814
0.55955
0.57097

31250
98400
11650
38400
45650

-0.04076
-0.04100
-0.04120
-0.04137
-0.04150

01563
09600
64163
54600
70163

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

0.60
0.61
0. 62
0.63
0.64

0.02240
0.02218
0.02194
0.02168
0.02141

00000 -0.14560 00000

31838 -0.14384 62350
61400 -0.14197 25600
89838 -0.13998 04350
la400 -0.13787 13600

0.58240
0.56948
0.55644
0.54325
0.52994

00000
96025
08400
74025
30400

0.58240
0.59382
0.60525
0.61667
0.62808

00000 -0.04160
67650 -0.04165
14400 -0.04166
05650 -0.04163
06400 -0.04156

00000
33163
58600
65163
41600

0.60
0. 61
0.62
0.63
0.64

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.02111
0.02079
0.02046
0.02010
0.01973

48438
al400
la838
62400
13838

-0.13564
-0.13330
-0.13085
-0.12829
-0.12562

68750
85600
a0350
69600
70350

0.51650
0.50293
0.48925
0.47545
0.46154

15625
68400
28025
34400
28025

0.63947
0.65085
0.66222
0.67355
0.68486

81250
94400
09650
90400
99650

76563
58600
76163
17600
71163

0. 65
0.66
0.67
0. 68
0. 69

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74

0.01933
0.01892
0.01849
0.01804
0.01757

75000
47838
34400
36838
57400

-0.12285
-0.11996
-0.11698
-0.11389
-0.11070

00000
76350
17600
42350
69600

0.44752
0.43340
0.41918
0.40487
0.39046

50000
42025
46400
06025
64400

0.69615
0.70739
0.71860
0.72976
0.74088

00000 -0.04016 25000

53650 -0.03975 67163
22400 -0.03929 85600
67650 -0.03878 68163
50400 -0.03822 02600

0.70
0.71
0. 72
0.73
0.74

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.01708
0.01658
0.01606
0.01552
0.01497

98438
62400
51838
69400
17838

-0.10742
-0.10404
-0.10056
-0.09699
-0.09334

la750
09600
62350
97600
36350

0.37597
0.36140
0.34675
0.33203
0.31725

65625
54400
76025
76400
02025

0.75195
0.76296
0.77392
0.78481
0.79564

31250
70400
27650
62400
33650

-0.03759
-0.03691
-0.03617
-0.03538
-0.03452

76563
77600
93163
10600
17163

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

0.80
0.81
0. a2
0.83
0.84

0.01440
0.01381
0.01320
0.01258
0.01195

00000
18838
77400
78838
26400

-0.08960
-0.08577
-0.08185
-0.07786
-0.07379

00000
10350
a9600
60350
45600

0.30240
0.28749
0.27253
0.25752
0.24246

00000
la025
04400
08025
78400

0.80640
0.81708
0.82768
0.83820
0.84863

00000
19650
50400
49650
74400

-0.03360
-0.03261
-0.03156
-0.03044
-0.02926

00000
46163
42600
76163
33600

0.80
0. al
0.82
0.83
0.84

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0. a9

0.01130
0.01063
0.00995
0.00926
0.00855

23438
73400
79838
46400
76838

-0.06964
-0.06542
-0.06113
-0.05677
-0.05234

68750
53600
24350
05600
22350

0.22737
0.21225
0.19709
0.18192
0.16673

65625
20400
94025
38400
06025

0.85897
0.86922
0.87936
0.88940
0.89933

a1250
26400
65650
54400
47650

-0.02801
-0.02668
-0.02529
-0.02382
-0.02228

01563
66600
15163
33600
08163

0. a5
0. 86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.90
0.91
0. 92
0.93
0.94

0.00783
0.00710
0.00635
0.00560
0.00483

75000
44838
90400
15838
25400

-0.04785
-0.04329
-0.03868
-0.03401
-0.02929

00000
64350
41600
58350
41600

0.15152
0.13631
0.12109
0.10588
0.09068

50000
24025
82400
a0025
72400

0.90915
0.91884
0.92841
0.93786
0.94717

00000
65650
98400
51650
78400

-0.02066
-0.01896
-0.01719
-0.01533
-0.01340

25000
70163
29600
89163
34600

0.90
0. 91
0.92
0.93
0.94

0.95
0. 96
0.97
0.98
0.99

0.00405 23438
OiOO32614460
0.00246 02838
0.00164 93400
0.00082 90838

-0.02452
-0.01970
-0.01483
-0.00992
-0.00498

la750 0.07550 15625

17600 0.06033 66400
66350 0.04519 a2025
93600 0.03009 20400
28350 0.01502 40025

0.95635
0.96538
0.97427
0.98300
0.99158

31250
62400
23650
66400
41650

-0.01138.51563
-0.00928 25600
-0.00709 42163
-0.00481 a6600
-0.00245 44163

0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

1.00

0.00000

1.00000 00000
A-I

0.00000 00000

1.00

00000
A2

-0.15252
-0.15138
-0.15012
-0.14874
-0.14723

0.00000 00000
A1

0.00000 00000
Ao

-0.04144
-0.04128
-0.04107
-0.04082
-0.04051

A-2

-P

306

NUMERICAL

Table

25.1

FIVE-POINT

LAGRANGIAN

ANALYSIS
INTERPOLATION

0.00000

A-Z
00000

0.00000

A-1
00000

:IENTS

P(P2-1)
(P2-4)
(2+k)!(2-k)!(p-k)

4(P)=-k+2
P
1.00

COEFFIC

Ao
00000

Al

A2
00000

00000
91650
66400
73650
62400

60838
53400
92838
94400

1. 00
1. 01
1.02
1.03
1.04

0.00000

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

-0.00083
-0.00168
-0.00253
-0.00339

74163
26600
52163
45600

61650 -0.01497 39975

26400 -0.02989 19600
63650 -0.04474 77975
42400 -0.05953 53600

1.oocoo
1.00824
1.01632
1.02422
1.03194

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

-0.00426
-0.00513
-0.00600
-0.00688
-0.00777

01563 0.02535 31250 -0.07424 84375

14600 0.03048 98400 -0.08888 07600
79163 0.03564 11650 -0.10342 59975
89600 0.04080 38400 -0.11787 77600
40163 0.04597 45650 -0.13222 95975

1.03947
1.04681
1.05396
1.06089
1.06763

81250 0.01367 73438

78400 0.01670 45400
01650 0.01983 25838
98400 0.02306 30400
15650 0.02639 74838

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

-0.00866
-0.00955
-0.01044
-0.01134
-0.01223

25000
38163
73600
25163
86600

0.05115 00000 -0.14647 50000

0.05632 67650 -0.16060 73975
0.06150 14400 -0.17462 01600
0.06667 05650 -0.18850 65975
0.07183 06400 -0.20225 99600

1.07415
1.08044
1.08652
1.09237
1.09798

00000
97650
54400
15650
26400

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

-0.01313
-0.01403
-0.01492
-0.01582
-0.01671

51563
13600
66163
02600
16163

0.07697
0.08210
0.08722
0.09230
0.09736

81250
94400
09650
90400
99650

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

-0.01760
-0.01848
-0.01936
-0.02024
-0.02110

00000
47163
50600
03163
97600

0.10240
0.10739
0.11235
0.11726
0.12213

00000 -0.28160 00000

53650 -0.29422 77975
22400 -0.30666 63600
67650 -0.31890 83975
50400 -0.33094 65600

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-0.02197
-0.02282
-0.02367
-0.02451
-0.02534

26563
82600
58163
45600
37163

0.12695
0.13171
0.13642
0.14106
0.14564

31250
70400
27650
62400
33650

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

-0.02616
-0.02697
-0.02776
-0.02854
-0.02931

25000 0.15015 00000 -0.39847 50000

01163 0.15458 19650 -0.40887 51975
57600 0.15893 50400 -0.41901 05600
86163 0.16320 49650 -0.42887 31975
78600 0.16738 74400 -0.43845 51600

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

-0.03007
-0.03081
-0.03153
-0.03224
-0.03293

26563
21600
55163
18600
03163

0.17147
0.17547
0.17936
0.18315
0.18683

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

-0.03360
-0.03425
-0.03487
-0.03548
-0.03607

00000
00163
94600
74163
29600

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0.03663
-0.03717
-0.03768
-0.03817
-0.03863

51563 0.20635 31250

30600 0.20913 62400
57163 0.21177 23650
21600 0.21425 66400
14163 0.21658 41650

1.50

-0.03906 25000
A2

0.00501
0.01006
0.01513
0.02023

0.00000

-0.21587
-0.22934
-0,24265
-0.25580
-0.26879

0.02983
0.03338
0.03704
0.04080
0.04468

75000
46838
06400
69838
53400

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

34375 1.10335 31250 0.04867

01600 1.10847 74400 0.05278
31975 1.11334 99650 0.05700
55600 1.11796 50400 0.06135
01975 1.12231 69650 0.06581

73438
46400
88838
17400
48838

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

00000 0.07040 00000

83650 0.07510 87838
62400 0.07994 29400
77650 0.08490 41838
70400 0.08999 42400

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

1.12640
1.13020
1.13373
1.13697
1.13992

48438
77400
46838
74400
77838

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

1.15115
1.15188
1.15227
1.15232
1.15201

00000 0.12333 75000

49650 0.12937 83838
90400 0.13556 22400
59650 0.14189 08838
94400 0.14836 61400

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

84375
49600
65975
51600
23975

1.15135
1.15032
1.14891
1.14713
1.14496

31250
06400
55650
14400
17650

0.15498 98438
0.16176 38400
0.1686.8 99838
0.17577 01400
0.18300 61838

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
k.39

0.19040 00000 -0.48960 00000

0.19384 65650 -0.49698 95975
0.19716 98400 -0.50403 27600
0.20036 51650 -0.51072 09975
0.20342 78400 -0.51704 57600

1.14240
1.13943
1.13607
1.13229
1.12809

00000 0.19040 00000

95650 0.19795 34838
38400 0.20566 85400
61650 0.21354 70838
98400 0.22159 10400

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

1.12347
1.11842
1.11293
1.10699
1.10060

81250
42400
13650
26400
11650

81250
26400
65650
54400
47650

-0.34277
-0.35438
-0.36576
-0.37691
-0.38781

0.00254
0.00518
0.00791
0.01074

34375 1.14257 81250

15600 1.14492 50400
33975 1.14696 17650
13600 1.14868 22400
77975 1.15008 03650

-0.44774
-0.45674
-0.46543
-0.47381
-0.48187

-0.52299
-0.52857
-0.53375
-0.53853
-0.54291

84375
03600
27975
69600
39975

0.21875 00000 -0.54687 50000 1.09375 00000

Al

Ao

A-I

0.09521
0.10056
0.10605
0.11167
0.11743

0.22980
0.23818
0.24673
0.25545
0.26436

23438 1.45
29400 1.46
47838 1.47
98400 1.48
00838 1.49

0.27343 75000
A-2

1.50
-P

NUMERICAL
FIVE-POINT

LAGRANGIAN

907

ANALYSIS
INTERPOLATION

A;(P)

=(--l)k+Q &g

COEFFICIENTS

Table

25.1

) (p2-4)

-k)!(p-k)

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

-0.03906
-0.03946
-0.03983
-0.04017
-0.04048

25000
44163
61600
67163
50600

0.21875
0.22074
0.22257
0.22422
0.22569

00000
91650
66400
73650
62400

-0.54687
-0.55041
-0.55351
-0.55617
-0.55837

50000
09975
29600
17975
83600

Al
1.09375 00000
1.08643 21650
1.07864 06400
1.07036 83650
1.06160 82400

0.27343
0.28269
0.29213
0.30175
0.31155

75000
40838
18400
27838
89400

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

-0.04076
-0.04100
-0.04120
-0.04137
-0.04150

01563
09600
64163
54600
70163

0.22697
0.22806
0.22896
0.22964
0.23013

81250
78400
01650
98400
15650

-0.56012
-0.56139
-0.56219
-0.56249
-0.56230

34375
77600
19975
67600
25975

1.05235
1.04259
1.03232
1.02154
1.01023

31250
58400
91650
58400
85650

0.32155
0.33173
0.34210
0.35267
0.36343

23438
50400
90838
65400
94838

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

-0.04160
-0.04165
-0.04166
-0.04163
-0.04156

00000
33163
58600
65163
41600

0.23040
0.23044
0.23027
0.22987
0.22923

00000
97650
54400
15650
26400

-0.56160
-0.56037
-0.55863
-0.55634
-0.55351

00000 0.99840 00000

93975 0.98602 27650
11600 0.97309 94400
55975 0.95962 25650
29600 0.94558 46400

0.37440
0.38556
0.39692
0.40848
0.42025

00000
01838
21400
79838
98400

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

1.65
1.66
1.67
1. 68
1. 69

-0.04144
-0.04128
-0.04107
-0.04082
-0.04051

76563
58600
76163
17600
71163

0.22835
0.22722
0.22584
0.22421
0.22231

31250
74400
99650
50400
69650

-0.55012
-0.54616
-0.54163
-0.53651
-0.53079

34375
71600
41975
45600
81975

0.43223
0.44443
0.45683
0.46945
0.48228

98438
01400
28838
02400
43838

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

-0.04016
-0.03975
-0.03929
-0.03878
-0.03822

25000 0.22015 00000

67163 0.21770 83650
85600 0.21498 62400
68163 0.21197 77650
02600 0.20867 70400

-0.52447
-0.51753
-0.50996
-0.50176
-0.49290

50000 0.84915 00000 . 0.49533 75000

47975 0.83097 13650 0.50861 17838
73600 0.81217 02400 0.52210 94400
23975 0.79273 87650 0.53583 26838
95600 0.77266 90400 0.54978 37400

1.70
1. 71
1.72
1.73
1.74

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

-0.03759
-0.03691
-0.03617
-0.03538
-0.03452

76563
77600
93163
10600
17163

0.20507
0.20117
0.19696
0.19243
0.18758

81250
50400
17650
22400
03650

-0.48339
-0.47321
-0.46235
-0.45081
-0.43856

84375 0.75195 31250 0.56396 48438

85600 Oi73058 30400 0.57837 82400
93975 0.70855 07650 0.59302 61838
03600 0.68584 82400 0.60791 09400
07975 0.66246 73650 0.62303 47838

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

-0.03360
-0.03261
-0.03156
-0.03044
-0iOi926

00000
46163
42600
76163
33606

0.18240
0.17688
0.17102
0.16482
0.15826

00000
49650
90400
59650
94400

-0.42560
-0.41191
-0.39750
-0.38234
-0.36642

00000 0.63840 00000 0.63840 00000

71975 0.61363 79650 0.65400 88838
15600 0.58817 30400 0.66986 37400
21975 0.56199 69650 0.68596 68838
81600 0.53510 14400 0.70232 06400

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

-0.02801
-0.02668
-0.02529
-0.02382
-0.02228

01563 0.15135 31250

66600 0.14407 06400
15163 0.13641 55650
33600 0.12838 14400
08163 0.11996 17650

-0.34974
-0.33229
-0.31404
-0.29500
-0.27515

84375
19600
75975
41600
03975

0.50747
0.47911
0.45001
0.42015
0.38953

81250 0.71892 73438

86400 0.73578 93400
45650 0.75290 89838
74400 0.77028 86400
87650 0.78793 06838

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0.02066
-0.01896
-0.01719
-0.01533
-0.01340

25000 0.11115 00000

70163 0.10193 95650
29600 0.09232 38400
89163 0.08229 61650
34600 0..07184 98400

-0.25447
-0.23296
-0.21061
-0.18740
-0.16332

50000
65975
37600
49975
87600

0.35815
0.32598
0.29302
0.25927
0.22472

00000 0.80583 75000

25650 0.82401 14838
78400 0.84245 50400
71650 0.86117 05838
18400 0.88016 05400

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

-0.01138
-0.00928
-0.00709
-0.00481
-0.00245

51563
25600
42163
86600
44163

-0.13837
-0.11252
-0.08577
-0.05811
-0.02952

34375 0.18935 31250

73600 0.15316 22400
87975 0.11614 03650
59600 Or07827 86400
69975 0.03956 81650

2.00

A-1

A-2

0.00000 00000
AZ

0.06097
0.04967
0.03793
0.02574
0.01310

-40

81250
42400
13650
26400
11650

0.00000 00000
A1

0.00000

00000

Ao

0.93097
0.91579
0.90002
0.88367
0.86671

81250
54400
89650
10400
39650

A2

0.89942
0.91897
0.93880
0.95891
0.97931

73438
34400
12838
33400
20838

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.00000 00000 1.00000 00000

A-1
A-2

2.00
-P

908

NUMERICAL
SIX-POINT

Table 25.1

LAGRANGIAN

INTERPOLATION

&p)+l)k+
A-1

Ao

COEFFICIENTS

P(P2-l)(P2-4) (P-3)
(2+k) ! (3-k) ! (p-k)
AI
0.00000
0.01006
0.02026
0.03058
0.04102

00000
60817
19736
41170
89152

0.00000
-0.00250
-0.00501
-0.00752
-0.01004

00000
38746
43268
95922
78976

0.00000
0.00033
0.00066
0.00099
0.00133

A3
00000
32917
63334
88752
06675

1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96

19531
31752
04458
66336
46604

0.05159
0.06227
0.07306
0.08396
0.09496

27344
19048
27217
14464
43071

-0.01256
-0.01508
-0.01760
-0.02011
-0.02262

74609
64924
31946
57632
23873

0.00166
0.00199
0.00231
0.00264
0.00296

14609
10065
90557
53606
96742

0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91

0.95460
0.94879
0.94276
0.93652
0.93006

75000
81771
97664
53917
82248

0.10606
0.11726
0.12855
0.13994
0.15140

75000
71904
95136
05758
64552

-0.02512
-0.02761
-0.03008
-0.03255
-0.03500

12500
05290
83968
30217
25676

0.00329
0:OOjbl
0.00392
0.00424
0.00455

17500
13426
82074
21011
27815

0.90
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86

18359
88576
13273
00868
60096

0.92340
0691652
0.90945
0.90217
0.89470

14844
84352
23870
66936
47517

0.16295
0.17457
0.18627
0.19803
0.20986

32031
68448
33805
87864
90158

-0.03743
-0.03984
-0.04224
-0.04461
-0.04695

51953
90624
23240
31332
96417

0.00486
0.00516
0.00546
0.00575
0.00604

00078
35405
31416
85746
96051

0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81

-0.07392
-0.07629
-0.07854
-0.08067
-0.08269

00000
29929
59532
98752
57824

0.88704
0.87918
0.87114
0.86292
0.85452

00000
59183
60264
38830
30848

0.22176
0.23370
0.24570
0.25775
0.26984

00000
16492
78536
64845
93952

-0.04928
-0.05157
-0.05383
-0.05606
-0.05826

00000
23583
48668
56760
29376

0.00633
0.00661
0.00689
0.00716
0.00743

60000
75284
39614
50719
06355

0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76

94141
15055
18513
04314
72328

-0.08459
-0.08637
-0.08804
-0.08960
-0.09104

47266
77876
60729
07168
28802

0.84594
0.83720
0.82828
0.81920
0.80996

72656
00952
52783
65536
76929

0.28198
0.29415
0.30635
0.31858
0.33083

24219
13848
20892
03264
18746

-0.06042
-0.06254
-0.06463
-0.06667
-0.06868

48047
94324
49783
96032
14711

0.00769
0.00794
0.00819
0.00843
0.00866

04297
42345
18324
30086
75510

0.75
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.01044
0.01061
0.01077
0.01092
0.01106

22500
54844
69446
66459
46105

-0.09237
-0.09359
-0.09470
-0.09571
-0.09660

37500
45385
64832
08458
89124

0.80057
0.79102
0.78132
0.77148
0.76150

25000
48096
84864
74242
55448

0.34310
0.35538
0.36768
0.37998
0.39229

25000
79579
39936
63433
07352

-0.07063
-0.07254
-0.07441
-0.07622
-0.07798

87500
96127
22368
48054
55076

0.00889
0.00911
0.00932
0.00953
0.00973

52500
58993
92954
52378
35295

0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66

t::.

0.01119
0.01130
0.01140
0.01149
0.01157

08672
54515
84054
97774
96219

-0.09740
-0.09809
-0.09867
-0.09916
-0.09955

19922
14176
85435
47468
14258

0.75138
0.74113
0.73075
0.72024
0.70962

67969
51552
46195
92136
29842

0.40459
0.41688
0.42917
0.44144
0.45369

28906
85248
33480
30664
33833

-0.07969
-0.08134
-0.08293
-0.08447
-0.08594

25391
41024
84077
36732
81254

0.00992
0.01010
0.01028
0.01044
0.01060

39766
63885
05783
63626
35618

0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.01164
0.01170
0.01175
0.01178
0.01180

80000
49786
06306
50351
82765

-0.09984
-0.10003
-0.10012
-0.10013
-0.10004

00000
19092
86132
15915
23424

0.69888
0.68802
0.67706
0.66599
0.65482

00000
43508
01464
15155
26048

0.46592
0.47811
0.49028
0.50241
0.51450

00000
86167
49336
46520
34752

-0.08736
-0.08870
-0.08998
-0.09120
-0.09234

00000
75421
90068
26598
67776

0.01075
0.01089
0.01102
0.01114
0.01125

20000
15052
19094
30487
47635

0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56

0.45
0.46
0.47
kE
.

0.01182
0.01182
0.01181
0.01179
0.01176

04453
16375
19546
15034
03961

-0.09986
-0.09959
-0.09923
-0.09879
-0.09826

23828
32476
64892
36768
63965

0.64355
0.63220
0.62075
0.60922
0.59762

75781
06152
59108
76736
01254

0.52654
0.53854
0.55048
0.56236
0.57418

71094
12648
16567
40064
40421

-0.09341
-0.09441
-0.09534
-0.09619
-0.09696

96484
95724
48621
38432
48548

0.01135
0.01144
0.01153
0.01160
0.01166

68984
93025
18292
43366
66877

0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51

0.50

0.01171 87500

-0.09765

62500

0.58593 75000
Al

0.58593 75000
Ao

-0.09765

62500

0.01171 87500

0.50

A-2

o.do
0.01 0.00049

00000

0.02
0.03
0.04

57921
0.00098 30066
0.00146 14085
0.00193 07725

0.00000
-0.00493
-0.00973
-0.01440
-0.01893

00000
33767
36932
12590
64224

1.00000
0.99654
0.99283
0.98888
0.98469

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.00239
0.00284
0.00328
0.00371
0.00413

08828
15335
25281
36794
48096

-0.02333
-0.02761
-0.03175
-0.03576
-0.03964

95703
11276
15567
13568
10640

0.98026
0.97559
0.97069
0.96555
0.96019

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.00454
0.00494
0.00533
0.00571
0.00608

57500
63412
64326
58827
45585

-0.04339
-0.04701
-0.05050
-0.05387
-0.05710

12500
25223
55232
09296
94524

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.00644
0.00678
0.00712
0.00744
0.00776

23359
90995
47422
91654
22787

-0.06022
-0.06320
-0.06607
-0.06881
-0.07142

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.00806
0.00835
0.00863
0.00890
0.00915

40000
42553
29786
01118
56045

0.25
0.26
0;27
0.28
0.29

0.00939
0.00963
0.00985
0.01006
0.01025

0.30

0.00000

E
0:33
0.34
0.35
0.36
037

'

ANALYSIS

A3

A2

00000
20858
67064
64505
39648

A2

A-1

A-2

NUMERICAL
SIX-POINT

LA( ;RANGIAN

INTERPOLATION

P
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

-0.00033 32917
-0.00066 63334
-0.00099 88752
-0.00133 06675

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

A-2

Ao

A-1

COEFFICIENTS

P@-l)(P*-4)
(2+k) ! (3-k)

&)+l)k+3

909

ANALYSIS
Table

25.1

(Y-3)
! (p-k)

AI

-42

A3

0.0024955421
0.0049810068
0.0074546597
0.0099147776

0.0000000000
-0.00993 27517
-0;01972 86936
-0.02938 43870
-0.03889 64352

1.0000000000
1.0032079192
1.0061633736
1.0088639545
1.0113073152

0.0000000000
0.0050667067
0.0102669732
0.0156009890
0.0210689024

0.0000000000
-0.00050 41246
-0.00101 63266
-0.00153 63410
-0.00206 38925

0.00

-0.00166 14609
-0.00199 10065
-0.00231 90556
-0.00264 53606
-0.00296 96742

0.0123596484
0.0147875724
0.0171968621
0.0195858432
0.0219528547

-0.04826 14844
-0.05747 62248
-0.06653 73917
-0.07544 17664
-0.08418 61771

1.0134911719
1.0154133048
1.0170715592
1.0184638464
1.0195881446

0.0266708203
0.0324068076
0.0382768866
0.0442810368
0.0504191940

-0.00259 86953
-0.00314 04535
-0.00368 88606
-0.00424 35994
-0.00480 43420

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

-0.00329 17500
-0.00361 13426
-0.00392 82074
-0.00424 21011
-0.00455 27815

0.0242962500
0.0266143965
0.0289056768
0.0311684892
0.0334012476

-0.09276 75000
-0.10118 26604
-0.10942 86336
-0.11750 24458
-0.12540 11752

1.0204425000
1.0210250279
1.0213339136
1.0213674133
1.0211238552

0.0566912500
0.0630970523
0.0696364032
0.0763090596
0.0831147324

-0.00537 07500
-0.00594 24737
-0.00651 91526
-0.00710 04152
-0.00768 58785

0.10
0.11
0.12

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

-0.0048600078
-0.00516 35405
-0.00546 31415
-0.00575 85746
-0.00604 96051

0.0356023828 -0.13312 19531

0.0377703424, -0.14066 19648
0.0399035915 -0.14801 84505
0.0420006132 -0.15518 87064
0.0440599092 -0.16217 00858

1.0206016406
1.0197992448
1.0187152180
1.0173481864
1.0156968533

0.0900530859
0.0971237376
0.1043262572
0.1116601668
0.1191249396

-0.00827 51484
-0.00886 78195
-0.00946 34747
-0.01006 16854
-0.01066 20112

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

-0.00633 60000
-0.00661 75284
-0.00689 39614
-0.00716 50719
-0.00743 06355

0.0460800000
0.0480594258
0.0499967468
0.0518905435
0.0537394176

-0.16896 00000
-0.17555 59192
-0.18195 53736
-0.18815 59545
-0.19415 53152

1.0137600000
1.0115364867
1.0090252536
1.0062253220
1.0031357952

0.1267200000
0.1344447229
0.1422984332
0.1502804052
0.1583898624

-0.01126 40000
-0.01186 71878
-0.01247 10986
-0.01307 52443
-0.01367 91245

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

-0.00769 04297
-0.00794 42345
-0.00819 18324
-0.00843 30086
-0.00866 75509

0.0555419922
0.0572969124
0.0590028458
0.0606584832
0.0622625385

-0.19995 11719
-0.20554 13048
-0.21092 35592
-0.21609 58464
-0.22105 61446

0.9997558594
0.9960847848
0.9921219267
0.9878667264
0.9833187121

0.1666259766
0.1749878676
0.1834746029
0.1920851968
0.2008186102

-0.01428 22266
-0.01488 40255
-0.01548 39838
-0.01608 15514
-0.01667 61653

0.25
0.26
_~0.27
0.28
0.29

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

-0.00889 52500
-0.00911 58993
-0.00932 92954
-0.00953 52378
-0.00973 35295

0.0638137500
0.0653108802
0.0667527168
0.0681380729
0.0694657876

-0.22580 25000
-0.23033 30279
-0.23464 59136
-0.23873 94133
-0.24261 18552

0.9784775000
0.9733427954
0.9679143936
0.9621921808
0.9561761352

0.2096737500
0.2186494685
0.2277445632
0.2369577758
0.2462877924

-0.01726 72500
-0.01785 42169
-0.01843 64646
-0.01901 33784
-0.01958 43305

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

-0.00992 39766
-0.01010 63885
-0.01028 05783
-0.01044 63626
-0.01060 35618

0.0707347266
0.0719437824
0.0730918752
0.0741779532
0.0752009929

-0.24626 16406
-0.24968 72448
-0.25288 72180
-0.25586 01864
-0.25860 48533

0.9498663281
0.9432629248
0.9363661855
0.9291764664
0.9216942208

0.2557332422
0.2652926976
0.2749646735
0.2847476268
0.2946399558

-0.02014 86797
-0.02070 57715
-0.02125 49379
-0.02179 54974
-0.02232 67544

0.35
t:;
0138
0.39

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

-0.01075 20000
-0.01089 15052
-0.01102 19094
-0.01114 30487
-0.01125 47635

0.0761600000
0.0770540096
0.0778820868
0.0786433273
0.0793368576

-0.26112 00000
-0.26340 44867
-0.26545 72536
-0.26727 73220
-0.26886 37952

0.9139200000
0.9058544542
0.8974983336
0.8888524895
0.8799178752

0.3046400000
0.3147460392
0.3249562932
0.3352689215
0.3456820224

-0.02284 80000
-0.02335 85111
-0.02385 75506
-0.02434 43676
-0.02481 81965

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

-0.01135 68984
-0.01144 93025
-0.01153 18292
-0.01160 43366
-0.01166 66877

0.0799618359
0.0805174524
0.0810029296
0.0814175232
0.0817605223

-0.27021 58594
-0.27133 27848
-0.27221 39267
-0.27285 87264
-0.27326 67121

0.8706955469
0.8611866648
0.8513924942
0.8413144064
0.8309538796

0.3561936328
0.3668017276
0.3775042192
0.3882989568
0.3991837265

-0.02527 82578
-0.02572 37575
-0.02615 38871
-0.02656 78234
-0.02696 47286

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

0.00000

00000

0.00000

00000

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

FiE
.

1.50 -0.01171 87500 0.0820312500 -0.27343 75000 0.8203125000 0.4101562500 -0.02734 37500 0.50
A2
A-1
-43
Al
Ao
A-2
-P

910

NUMERICAL

Table 25.1

SIX-POINT

LAGRANGIAN

ANALYSIS

INTERPOLATION

COEFFICIENTS

P
1.50
1.51
1;52
1.53
1.54

A-2
-0.01171 87500
-0.01176 03961
-0.01179 15034
-0.01181 19546
-0.01182 16375

A-1
0.08203 12500
0.08222 90640
0.08235 33568
0.08240 35567
0.08237 91276

P(P2-VW4)
(P-3)
(2+k) ! (3-k) ! (p-k)
Ao
AI
-0.27343 75000 0.82031 25000
-0.27337 07954 0.80939 19629
-0.27306 63936 0.79819 40736
-0.27252 41808 0.78672 07483
-0.27174 41352 0.77497 40152

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

-0.01182
-0.01180
-0.01178
-0.01175
-0.01170

04453
82765
50350
06306
49786

0.08227
0.08210
0.08185
0.08152
0.08112

95703
44224
32590
56932
13767

-0.27072
-0.26947
-0.26797
-0.26624
-0.26428

63281
09248
81855
84664
22208

0.76295
0.75066
0.73811
0.72529
0.71221

60156
90048
53530
75464
81883

0.46625
0.47769
0.48921
0.50080
0.51244

08984
84576
59897
06868
96721

-0.02893
-0.02919
-0.02942
-0.02962
-0.02980

97109
26835
13812
48294
20377

0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

-0.01164
-0.01157
-0.01149
-0.01140
-0.01130

80000
96219
97774
84054
54515

0.08064
0.08008
0.07944
0.07873
0.07793

00000
12933
50268
10110
90976

-0.26208
-0.25964
-0.25697
-0.25406
-0.25092

00000
24542
03336
44895
58752

0.69888
0.68528
0.67143
0.65734
0.64299

00000
58217
86136
14570
75552

0.52416
0.53592
0.54775
0.55962
0.57155

00000
86554
25532
85377
33824

-0.02995
-0.03007
-0.03016
-0.03022
-0.03025

20000
36943
60826
81108
87085

0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

-0.01119
-0.01106
-0.01092
-0.01077
-0.01061

08672
46105
66459
69446
54845

0.07706
0.07612
0.07509
0.07399
0.07280

91797
11924
51133
09632
88061

-0.24755
-0.24395
-0.24012
-0.23606
-0.23178

55469
46648
44942
64064
18796

0.62841
0.61358
0.59851
0.58322
0.56769

02344
29448
92617
28864
76471

0.58352
0.59553
0.60758
0.61967
0.63179

37891
63876
77354
43168
25427

-0.03025
-0.03022
-0.03015
-0.03004
-0.02990

67891
12495
09703
48154
16318

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

-0.01044
-0.01025
-0.01006
-0.00985
-0.00963

22500
72328
04314
18513
15055

0.07154
0.07021
0.06879
0.06730
0.06573

87500
09477
55968
29404
32676

-0.22727
-0.22253
-0.21758
-0.21241
-0.20702

25000
99629
60736
27483
20152

0.55194
0.53597
0.51978
0.50338
0.48678

75000
65304
89536
91158
14952

0.64393
0.65610
0.66830
0.68050
0.69272

87500
92010
00832
75083
75124

-0.02972
-0.02949
-0.02923
-0.02893
-0.02858

02500
94834
81286
49649
87545

0.70

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

-0.00939
-0.00915
-0.00890
-0.00863
-0.00835

94141
56045
01118
29786
42553

0.06408
0.06236
0.06056
0.05869
0.05674

69141
42624
57427
18332
30604

-0.20141
-0.19559
-0.18956
-0.18332
-0.17688

60156
70048
73530
95464
61883

0.46997
0.45296
0.43575
0.41836
0.40079

07031
14848
87205
74264
27558

0.70495
0.71718
0.72942
0.74165
0.75387

60547
90176
22061
13468
20883

-0.02819
-0.02776
-0.02727
-0.02674
-0.02616

82422
21555
92045
80814
74609

0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

-0.00806
-0.00776
-0.00744
-0.00712
-0.00678

40000
22787
91654
47422
90995

0.05472
0.05262
0.05045
0.04821
0.04589

00000
32771
35668
15948
81376

-0.17024
-0.16339
-0.15635
-0.14911
-0.14168

00000
38217
06136
34570
55552

0.38304
0.36511
0.34702
0.32876
0.31035

00000
45892
20936
82245
88352

0.76608
0.77827
0.79043
0.80258
0.81469

00000
05717
92132
12540
19424

-0.02553
-0.02485
-0.02411
-0.02332
-0.02247

60000
23376
50946
28741
42605

0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

-0.00644
-0.00608
-0.00571
-0.00533
-0.00494

23359
45585
58826
64326
63412

0.04351
0.04106
0.03853
0.03594
0.03328

40234
01324
73971
68032
93898

-0.13407
-0.12627
-0.11829
-0.11013
-0.10180

02344
09448
12617
48864
56471

0.29179
0.27309
0.25425
0.23528
0.21619

99219
76248
82292
81664
40145

0.82676
0.83879
0.85078
0.86272
0.87460

64453
98476
71516
32768
30590

-0.02156
-0.02060
-0.01957
-0.01848
-0.01733

78203
21015
56336
69274
44750

0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

-0.00454
-0.00413
-0.00371
-0.00328
-0.00284

57500
48096
36794
25281
15335

0.03056
0.02777
0.02492
0.02201
0.01904

62500
85315
74368
42242
02076

-0.09330
-0.08464
-0.07582
-0.06684
-0.05770

75000
45304
09536
11158
94952

0.19698
0.17766
0.15823
0.13871
0.11910

25000
04979
50336
32833
25752

0.88642
0.89817
0.90985
0.92145
0.93297

12500
25173
14432
25246
01724

-0.01611
-0.01483
-0.01347
-0.01205
-0.01056

67500
22067
92806
63882
19265

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

-0.00239
-0.00193
-0.00146
-0.00098
-0.00049

08828
07725
14086
30066
57921

0.01600
0.01291
0.00976
0.00656
0.00330

67578
53024
73265
43732
80442

-0.04843
-0.03900
-0.02945
-0.01975
-0.00994

07031
94848
07205
94264
07558

0.09941
0.07964
0.05981
0.03992
0.01998

03906
43648
22880
21064
19233

0.94439
0.95573
0.96696
0.97809
0.98910

87109
23776
53223
16068
52046

-0.00899
-0.00735
-0.00563
-0.00383
-0.00195

42734
17875
28077
56534
86242

0.95

0.00000 00000
A-2

1.00
-P

&)+l)k+3

2.00

0.00000 00000
-43

0.00000 00000
A2

0.00000 00000
Al

0.00000 00000
Ao

A2
0.41015 62500
0.42121 41848
0.43235 51232
0.44357 65921
0.45487 60524

-0.02734
-0.02770
-0.02804
-0.02836
-0.02866

37500
40202
46566
47617
34225

0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54

1.00000 00000
A-1

-43

2::
0:73
0.74

%
0:98
0.99

NUMERICAL

SIX-POINT

LAGRANGIAN

INTERPOLATION

&+(4)k+3

A-1

A-2

911

ANALYSIS

Ao

COEFFICIENTS

Pk-l)(P2-4) (P-3)
(2+k) ! (3-k) ! (p-/c)
Al

Table 25.1

A2

A3

2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04

0.00000
0.00050
0.00101
0.00153
0.00206

00000
41246
63266
63410
38925

0.00000
-0.00335
-0.00676
-0.01021
-0.01371

00000
80392
42932
69214
40224

0.00000
0.01005
0.02022
0.03049
0.04087

00000
74108
59064
97755
31648

0.00000
-0.02001
-0.04005
-0.06011
-0.08017

00000
52433
52264
12080
42848

1.00000
1.01076
1.02140
1.03190
1.04226

00000
97879
82732
90702
57024

0.00000
0.00204
0.00416
0.00638
0.00868

00000
19592
90134
29427
55475

1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04

2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

0.00259
0.00314
0.00368
0.00424
0.00480

86953
04535
88605
35994
43420

-0.01725
-0.02083
-0.02445
-0.02810
-0.03179

36328
37276
22191
69568
57264

0.05134
0.06189
0.07252
0.08323
0.09401

00781
43752
97708
98336
79854

-0.10023
-0.12028
-0.14031
-0.16031
-0.18027

53906
52952
46033
37536
30179

1.05247
1.06252
1.07240
1.08211
1.09165

16016
01076
44679
78368
32752

0.01107
0.01356
0.01614
0.01881
0.02159

86484
40865
37232
94406
31417

1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14

0.00537
0.00594
0.00651
0.00710
0.00768

07500
24737
91526
04151
58785

-0.03551
-0.03926
-0.04304
-0.04684
-0.05066

62500
61847
31232
45921
80524

0.10485
0.11575
0.12669
0.13767
0.14868

75000
15021
29664
47167
94248

-0.20018
-0.22003
-q.23981
-0.25951
-0.27911

25000
21346
16864
07492
87448

1.10100
1.11016
1.11912
1.12787
1.13641

37500
21335
12032
36409
20324

0.02446
0.02744
0.03052
0.03370
0.03699

67500
22100
14874
65686
94615

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19

0.00827
0.00886
0.00946
0.01006
0.01066

51484
78195
34747
16854
20112

-0.05451
-0.05837
-0.06224
-0.06612
-0.07002

08984
04576
39898
86868
16721

0.15972
0.17078
0.18185
0.19292
0.20399

96094
76352
57120
58936
00767

-0.29862
-0.31801
-0.33728
-0.35642
-0.37541

49219
83552
79445
24136
03092

1.14472
1.15281
1.16066
1.16827
1.17562

88672
65376
73385
34668
70208

0.04040
0.04391
0.04754
0.05129
0.05515

21953
68205
54091
00546
28726

1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24

0.01126
0.01186
0.01247
0.01307
0.01367

40000
71878
10986
52443
91245

-0.07392
-0.07782
-0.08172
-0.08561
-0.08950

00000
06554
05532
65377
53824

0.21504
0.22606
0.23706
0.24801
0.25892

00000
72433
32264
92080
62848

-0.39424
-0.41289
-0.43137
-0.44966
-0.46773

00000
96758
73464
08405
78048

1.18272
1.18954
1.19609
1.20235
1.20832

00000
43042
17332
39865
26624

0.05913
0.06324
0.06747
0.07182
0.07631

60000
15959
18414
89394
51155

1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24

2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29

0.01428
0.01488
0.01548
0.01608
0.01667

22266
40255
39838
15514
61653

-0.09338
-0.09724
-0.10109
-0.10492
-0.10872

37891
83876
57353
23168
45427

0.26977
0.28055
0.29126
0.30188
0.31240

53906
72952
26033
17536
50179

-0.48559
-0.50322
-0.52060
-0.53772
-Ok55457

57031
18152
32358
68736
94504

1.21398
1.21934
1.22438
1.22908
1.23346

92578
51676
16841
99968
11915

0.08093
0.08568
0.09057
0.09559
0.10076

26172
37145
06999
58886
16184

1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29

2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34

0.01726
0.01785
0.01843
0.01901
0.01958

72500
42169
64646
33784
43305

-0.11249
-0.11624
-0.11994
-0.12361
-0.12723

87500
12010
80832
55083
95124

0.32282
0.33312
0.34329
0.35333
0.36323

25000
41346
96864
87492
07448

-0.57114
-0.58741
-0.60337
-0.61900
-0.63429

75000
73671
52064
69817
84648

1.23748
1.24115
1.24446
1.24739
1.24994

62500
60498
13632
28571
10924

0.10607
0.11152
0.11712
0.12287
0.12878

02500
41668
57754
75053
18095

1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34

2.35
z76
2138
2.39

0.02014
0.02070
0.02125
0.02179
0.02232

86797
57715
49379
54974
67544

-0.13081
-0.13434
-0.13781
-0.14121
-0.14456

60547
10176
02060
93468
40883

0.37296
0.38253
0.39191
0.40111
0.41010

49219
03552
59445
04136
23092

-0.64923
-0.66380
-0.67798
-0.69177
-0.70513

52344
26752
59770
01336
99417

1.25209
1.25384
1.25519
1.25610
1.25659

65234
94976
02548
89268
55371

0.13484
0.14105
0.14743
0.15397
0.16067

11641
80685
50458
46426
94293

1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39

2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44

0.02284
0.02335
0.02385
0.02434
0.02481

80000
85111
75506
43676
81965

-0.14784
-0.15104
-0.15416
-0.15720
-0.16016

00000
25717
72132
92540
39424

0.41888
0.42743
0.43574
0.44380
0.45160

00000
16758
53464
88405
98048

-0.71808
-0.73057
-0.74260
-0.75416
-0.76522

00000
47083
82664
46730
77248

1.25664
1.25623
1.25536
1.25401
1.25219

00000
21204
15932
80027
08224

0.16755
0.17459
0.18181
0.18920
0.19677

20000
49727
09894
27162
28435

1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44

2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49

0.02527
0.02572
0.02615
0.02656
0.02696

82578
37575
38870
78234
47286

-0.16302
-0.16579
-0.16845
-0.17101
-0.17345

64453
18476
51516
12768
50590

0.45913
0.46637
0.47331
0.47993
0.48623

57031
38152
12358
48736
14504

-0.77578
-0.78580
-0.79529
-0.80421
-0.81256

10156
79352
16683
51936
12829

1.24986
1.24704
1.24370
1.23983
1.23542

94141
30276
08004
17568
48077

0.20452
0.21245
0.22058
0.22889
0.23739

40859
91825
08967
20166
53552

1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49

2.50

0.02734 37500

-0.17578

12500

0.49218 75000

-0.82031

25000

1.23046t~7500

0.24609 37500

1.50

-43

A2

AI

Ao

-1-2

-P

912

NUMERICAL
fjIX.POINT

Table 25.1

ANALYSIS

LAGRANGIAN

INTERPOLATION

&+(-l)k+3

P(P2-l)(P2-4)(P-3)

COEFFICIENTS

(2+k) ! (3-k) !(p-k)

-40
Al
0.4921875000 -0.82031 25000
0.4977893671 -0.82745 11996
0.5030232064 -0.83395 95264
0.5078749817 -0.83981 94142
0.5123304648 -0.84501 25848

A2
1.2304687500
1.2249522660
1.2188639232
1.2121921734
1.2049253524

A3
0.2460937500
0.2549900635
0.2640871834
0.2733880221
0.2828955175

1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54

2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54

0.0273437500
0.0277040203
0.0280446566
0.0283647616
0.0286634225

A-1
-0.17578 12500
-0.17798 45173
-0.18005 94432
-0.18200 05246
-0.18380 21724

2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59

0.0289397109
0.0291926835
0.0294213812
0.0296248294
0.0298020377

-0.18545 87109
-0.18696 43776
-0.18831 33223
-0.18949 96068
-0.19051 72046

0.5163752344
0.5199946752
0.5231739770
0.5258981336
0.5281519417

-0.84952 05469
-0.85332 45952
-0.85640 58095
-0.85874 50536
-0.86032 29742

1.1970516797
1.1885592576
1.1794360710
1.1696699868
1.1592487533

0.2926126328
0.3025423565
0.3126877026
0.3230517106
0.3336374461

1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59

2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64

0.0299520000
0.0300736943
0.0301660826
0.0302281107
0.0302587085

-0.19136 00000
-0.19202 17879
-0.19249 62732
-0.19277 70702
-0.19285 77024

0.5299200000
0.5311867083
0.5319362664
0.5321526730
0.5318197248

-0.86112 00000
-0.86111 63408
-0.86029 19864
-0.85862 67055
-0.85610 00448

1.1481600000
1.1363912367
1.1239298532
1.1107631190
1.0968781824

0.3444480000
0.3554864894
0.3667560574
0.3782598730
0.3900011315

1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69

0.0302567891
0.0302212495
0.0301509704
0.0300448154
0.0299016317

-0.19273 16016
-0.19239 21076
-0.19183 24679
-0.19104 58368
-0.19002 52752

0.5309210156
0.5294399352
0.5273596683
0.5246631936
0.5213332829

-0.85269 13281
-0.84837 96552
-0.84314 39008
-0.83696 27136
-0.82981 45154

1.0822620703
1.0669016876
1.0507838166
1.0338951168
1.0162221240

0.4019830547
0.4142088905
0.4266819134
0.4394054246
0.4523827520

1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69

2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74

0.0297202500
0.0294994834
0.0292381286
0.0289349650
0.0285887545

-0.18876 37500
-0.18725 41335
-0.18548 92032
-0.18346 16409
-0.18116 40324

0.5173525000
0.5127031996
0.5073675264
0.5013274142
0.4945645848

-0.82167 75000
-0.81252 96321
-0.80234 86464
-0.79111 20467
-0.77879 71048

0.9977512500
0.9784687823
0.9583608832
0.9374135896
0.9156128124

0.4656172500
0.4791123003
0.4928713114
0.5068977188
0.5211949855

1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79

0.0281982422
0.0277621555
0.0272792044
0.0267480814
0.0261674609

-0.17858 88672
-0.17572 85376
-0.17257 53385
-0.16912 14668
-0.16535 90208

0.4870605469
0.4787965952
0.4697538095
0.4599130536
0.4492549742

-0.76538 08594
-0.75084 01152
-0.73515 14420
-0.71829 11736
-0.70023 54067

0.8929443359
0.8693938176
0.8449467873
0.8195886468
0.7933046696

0.5357666016
0.5506160845
0.5657469793
0.5811628586
0.5968673228

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84

0.0255360000
0.0248523376
0.0241150946
0.0233228741
0.0224742605

-0.16128 00000
-0.15687 63042
-0.15213 97332
-0.14706 19865
-0.14163 46624

0.4377600000
0.4254083408
0.4121799864
0.3980547055
0.3830120448

-0.68096 00000
-0.66044 05733
-0.63865 25064
-0.61557 09380
-0.59117 07648

0.7660800000
0.7378996529
0.7087485132
0.6786113352
0.6474727424

0.6128640000
0.6291565462
0.6457486454
0.6626440097
0.6798463795

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84

2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89

0.0215678203
0.0206021015
0.0195756335
0.0184869274
0.0173344751

-0.13584 92578
-0.12969 71676
-0.12316 96841
-0.11625 79968
-0.10895 31915

0.3670313281
0.3500916552
0.3321719008
0.3132507136
0.2933065154

-0.56542 66406
-0.53831 29752
-0.50980 39333
-0.47987 34336
-0.44849 51479

0.6153172266
0.5821291476
0.5478927329
0.5125920768
0.4762111402

0.6973595234
0.7151872385
0.7333333502
0.7518017126
0.7705962087

1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94

0.0161167500
0.0148322068
0.0134792806
0.0120563881
0.0105619265

-0.10124 62500
-0.09312 80498
-0.08458 93632
-0.07562 08571
-0.06621 30924

0.2723175000
0.2502616321
0.2271166464
0.2028600467
0.1774691048

-0.41564 25000
-0.38128 86646
-0.34540 65664
-0.30796 88792
-0.26894 80248

0.4387337500
0.4001435985
0.3604242432
0.3195591059
0.2775314724

0.7897207500
0.8091792770
0.8289757594
0.8491141956
0.8695986135

1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94

2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99

0.0089942734
0.0073517875
0.0056328077
0.0038356534
0.0019586242

-0.05635 65234
-0.04604 14976
-0.03525 82547
-0.02399 69268
-0.01224 75371

0.1509208594
0.1231921152
0.0942594420
0.0640991i'36
0.0326874067

-0.22831 61719
-0.18604 52352
-0.14210 68745
-0.09647 24936
-0.04911 32392

0.2343244922
0.1899211776
0.1443044035
0.0974569068
0.0493612858

0.8904330703
0.9116216525
0.9331684760
0.9550776866
0.9773534596

1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

0.00000 00000

1.0000000000 2.00

A-2

3.00 0.0000000000 0.00000 00000

-43
A2

0.00000 00000

Al

0.00000 00000

Ao

A-1

A-2

-P

NUMERICAL

SEVEN-POINT

LAGRANGIAN

INTERPOLATION

A-3

A-2

COEFFICIENTS

Table

25.1

(p2-4)(p2-9)
(3+k) !(3-k) ! (p-k)

&+~l)k'3Ppl)

913

ANALYSIS

A-1

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00000
-0.00159
-0.00295
-0.00400
-0.00465

00000
10125
68000
28625
92000

0.00000
0.01409
0.02580
0.03445
0.03960

00000
18250
48000
94250
32000

0.00000
-0.06725
-0.11827
-0.15241
-0.16972

00000
64375
20000
66875
80000

1.00000
0.98642
0.94617
0.88062
0.79206

Ao
00000
77500
60000
97500
40000

0.00000
0.08220
0.17740
0.28305
0.39603

Al
00000
23125
80000
95625
20000

0.00000
-0.01557
-0.03153
-0.04662
-0.05940

A2
00000
51750
92000
15750
48000

0.00000
0.00170
0.00337
0.00489
0.00609

00000
07375
92000
23875
28000

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

-0.00488
-0.00465
-0.00400
-0.00295
-0.00159

28125
92000
28625
68000
10125

0.04101
0.03870
0.03291
0.02407
0.01283

56250
72000
24250
68000
78250

-0.17089
-0.15724
-0.13068
-0.09363
-0.04898

84375
80000
16875
20000
64375

0.68359
0.55910
0.42315
0.28089
0.13788

37500
40000
97500
60000
77500

0.51269
0.62899
0.74052
0.84268
0.93074

53125
20000
95625
80000
23125

-0.06835
-0.07188
-0.06835
-0.05617
-0.03384

93750
48000
65750
92000
51750

0.00683
0.00698
0.00643
0.00510
0.00295

59375
88000
93875
72000
47375

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

A3

1.0
1.1
:*:
1:4

0.00000
0.00170
0.00337
0.00489
0.00609

00000
07375
92000
23875
28000

0.00000
-0.01349
-0.02661
-0.03824
-0.04730

00000
61750
12000
95750
88000

0.00000
0.04980
0.13719
0.09676
0.16755

00000
73125
95625
80000
20000

0.00000
-0.12678
-0.32365
-0.23654
-0.38297

00000
22500
02500
40000
60000

1.00000
1.04595
1.05186
1.06444
1.00531

00000
35625
80000
33125
20000

0.00000
0.04648
0.10644
0.18031
0.26808

00000
68250
94250
48000
32000

0.00000
-0.00367
-0.00788
-0.01237
-0.01675

00000
00125
48000
48625
52000

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.5
1.6
1.7

0.00683
0.00698
0.00643
0.00510
0.00295

59375
88000
93875
72000
47375

-0.05273
-0.05358
-0.04907
-0.03870
-0.02227

43750
08000
85750
72000
41750

0.18457
0.18547
0.16813
0.13132
0.07488

03125
20000
95625
80000
73125

-0.41015
-0.40185
-0.35606
-0.2723'3
-0.15240

62500
60000
02500
40000
22500

0.92285
0.80371
0.64853
0.45964
0.24130

15625
20000
83125
80000
35625

0.36914
0.48222
0.60530
0.73543
0.86869

06250
72000
24250
68000
28250

-0.02050
-0.02296
-0.02328
-0.02042
-0.01316

78125
32000
08625
88000
20125

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.00000
-0.00367
-0.00788
-0.01237
-0.01675

00000
00125
48000
48625
52000

0.00000
0.02739
0.05857
0.09151
0.12337

00000
0'3250
28000
64250
92000

0.00000
-0.09056
-0.19219
-0.29812
-0.39916

00000
64375
20000
16875
80000

0.00000
0.17825
0.37273
0.57031
0.75398

00000
77500
60000
97500
40000

0.00000
-0.25523
-0.51251
-0.75677
-0.96940

00000
26875
20000
04375
80000

1.00000
1.12302
1.23002
1.31173
1.35717

00000
38250
66000
54250
12000

0.00000
0.02079
0.05125
0.09369
0.15079

00000
67375
12000
53875
68000

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.02050
-0.02296
-0.02328
-0.02042
-0.01316

78125
32000
08625
88000
20125

0.15039
0.16773
0.16940
0.14810
0.09508

06250
12000
54250
'38000
88250

-0.48339
-0.53580
-0.53797
-0.46771
-0.29867

84375
80000
66875
20000
b4375

0.90234
0.98918
0.98296
0.84633
0.53555

37500
40000
97500
60000
77500

-1.12792
-1.20556
-1.17089
-0.98739
-0.61307

96875
80000
04375
20000
26875

1.35351
1.28593
1.13743
0.88865
0.51770

56250
92000
64250
28000
58250

0.22558
0.32148
0.44233
0.59243
0.77655

59375
48000
63675
52000
87375

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

3.0

0.00000

00000
A3

0.00000

00000
A2

00000

0.00000

00000

0.00000

00000

1.00000

00000

3.0
-p

0.00000
Al

EIGHT-POIKT

LAGRANGIAN

A;(p)=(pl)kt
A-3

0 00000

A-2
00000

if
-0'00086
0:2. -0:00160
0.3 -0.00211
0.4 -0.00239
0.5 -0.00244

64213
51200
57988
61600
14063

0.00000

A-1
00000

0.00915
0.01634
0.02124
0.02376
0.02392

0.00000

96863
30400
99787
19200
57812

-0.05246
-0.08988
-0.11278
-0.12220
-0.11962

00000

0.00000

Ao

A-1

A-3

A-2

INTERPOLATION

COEFFICIENTS

P(P2-1)(P2-4)(P2-g)(p4)
(3+k)!(4-k)!(p-k)
Ao

A2

A4

A3

00213
67200
83487
41600
89062

1.00000
0.96176
0.89886
0.81458
0.71285
0.59814

00000
70563
72000
25188
76000
45312

0.00000
0.10686
0.22471
0.34910
0.47523
0.59814

00000
30063
68000
67938
84000
45313

0.00000
-0.03037
-0.05992
-0.08624
-0.10692
-0.11962

00000
15913
44800
99137
86400
89062

0.00000
0.00663
0.01284
0.01810
0.02193
0.02392

00000
28763
09600
18337
40800
57812

0.00000
-0.00070
-0.00135
-0.00188
-0.00226
-0.00244

00000
45913
16800
70638
30400
14062

00000

E
0:6
0.5

1.0
1.1

0.00000
0.00070

00000
45912

0.00000
-0.00652

00000
31512

0.00000
0.02888

00000
82412

0.00000
-0.09191

00000
71312

1.00000
1.01108

00000
84438

0.00000
0.06740

00000
98962

0.00000
-0.01064

00000
30362

0.00000
0.00099

00000
61462

:*:
1:4

0.00135
0.00188
0.00226

16800
70638
30400

-0.01241
-0.01721
-0.02050

23088
85600
04800

0.05419
0.07408
0.08712

77638
00600.
70400

-0.21846
-0.16558
-0.24893

08000
39188
44000

0.99348
0.94667
0.87127

48000
69812
04000

0.14902
0.24343
0.34850

27200
12238
81600

-0.03341
-0.02207
-0.04356

74400
21288
35200

0.00300
0.00202
0.00382

75200
53238
97600

J-1"
-0:2
-0.3
-0.4

;:;
1:8
1.9

0.00239
0.00244
0.00211
0.00160
0.00068

61600
14062
57988
51200
64213

-0.02197
-0.01881
-0.02143
-0.01419
-0.00779

26562
34538
23200
26400
59613

0.09228
0.07734
0.08902
0.05778
0.03145

51562
41988
65600
43200
26712

-0.24111
-0.20473
-0.25634
-0.14981
-0.08001

76562
46438
36000
12000
11812

0.76904
0.49721
0.64296
0.33707
O.lb891

29688
27062
96000
52000
24938

0.57867
0.46142
0.69609
0.80898
0.91212

26400
57812
77888
04800
74662

-0.05126
-0.05354
-0.05511
-0.04494
-0.02764

95312
59838
16800
33600
02263

0.00439
0.00432
0.00459
0.00350
0.00206

45312
35888
26400
20800
83163

-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.6
-0.9

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.00000
-0.00099
-0.00202
-0.00300
-0.00382

00000
61462
75200
53238
97600

0.00000
0.00867
0.01757
0.02592
0.03290

00000
37612
18400
96538
11200

0.00000
-0.03441
-0.06918
-0.10136
-0.12773

00000
52462
91200
13738
37600

0.00000
0.08467
0.16773
0.24238
0.30159

00000
24312
12000
58938
36000

0.00000
-0.16164
-0.30750
-0.42883
-0.51701

00000
73600
72000
65812
76000

1.00000
1.06687
1.10702
1.11497
1.08573

00000
26338
59200
51112
69600

0.00000
0.03951
0.09225
0.15928
0.24127

00000
38012
21600
21588
48800

0.00000
-0.00267
-0.00585
-0.00936
-0.01292

00000
38662
72800
95388
54400

-1.0
-1.1
-1.2
-1.3
-1.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

-0.00439
-0.00459
-0.00432
-0.00350
-0.00206

45312
26400
35888
20800
83162

0.03759
0.03913
0.03670
0.02962
0.01743

76562
72800
45088
17600
29512

-0.14501
-0.15002
-0.13987
-0.11225
-0.06570

95312
62400
39388
08600
88162

0.33837
0.34621
0.31946
0.25390
0.14727

89062
44000
51688
08000
83812

-0.56396
-0.56259
-0.50738
-0.39495
-0.22479

48438
84000
58562
68000
33188

1.01513
0.90015
0.73933
0.53319
0.28473

67188
74400
36762
16800
82038

0.33837
0.45007
0.57503
0.71092
0.85421

89062
87200
73038
22400
46112

-0.01611
-0.01837
-0.01895
-0.01692
-0.01109

32812
05600
72738
67200
36962

-1.5
-1.6
-1.7

-2.0
-2.1
-2.2
-2.3
-2.4

1:::

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.00000
0.00267
0.00585
0.00936
0.01292

00000
38662
72800
95388
54400

0.00000
-0.02238
-0.04888
-0.07796
-0.10723

00000
70762
57600
16338
32800

0.00000
0.08354
0.18157
0.28827
0.39481

00000
20162
56800
67388
34400

0.00000
-0.18415
-0.39719
-0.62605
-0.85155

00000
17562
68000
55438
84000

0.00000
0.27184
0.57774
0.89825
1.20637

00000
30688
06000
36062
44000

0.00000
-0.31138
-0.63551
-0.95353
-1.24084

00000
38788
48800
07512
22400

1.00000
1.14174
1.27102
1.37732
1.44764

00000
08888
97600
21962
92800

0.00000
0.01812
0.04539
0.08432
0.13787

00000
28712
39200
56400
13600

;,;.

0.01837
0.01611

05600
32812

-0.15155
-0.13330

07812
71200

0.55351
0.48876

29600
95312

-1.17877
-1.04736

32812
76000

1.63215
1.46630

36000
85938

-1.59134
-1.46630

97600
85938

1.41453
1.46630

31200
65930

0.30311
0.20947

42400
26562

:-'8
3:9

0'001692
01895
0:OllOS

72738
67200
36962

-015598
-0'
13891
-0:09081

17788
58400
78862

0.56750
0.50356
0.32805

81738
99200
64462

-1.20148
-1.06014
-0.68695

12688
72000
58062

1.64647
1.43877
0.92383

43312
12000
71188

-1.34285
-1.56899
-0.84604

31200
31862
03088

1.00713
1.27013
0.59536

73412
98400
16988

0.57550
0.42337
0.76546

91138
84800
50412

1:;
-2:e
-2.9

4.0

0.00000

00000

0.00000

00000

0.00000

00000

0.00000
00000
A-2

1.00000

00000

-3.0

00000
A4

0.00000
A3

00000
A2

0.00000
4

00000
Ao

0.00000
A-1

A-3

-2.5

914
Table

NUMERICAL

25.2

COEFFICIENTS

Differentiation
FlRST

DERIVATIVE

4
0

DIFFERENTlATlON

dkf (,l) I
xx
$ Aif
-,,,&Y ,z=zj
/
It~!hki,o

Formula:

THIRD
A- r)

Three Point (m=2)

-3
-1
l-4

FOR

(k=l)

* j

ANALYSIS

-1
1
3

!!!Error
k!
l/3
-l/b
l/3

h3f

10
2

(3)

A0

A;
-6 9

-:

-9
-18

-:

-10

4 (4)

-:::2h

z;

2
6

Five Point (~11=4)

-50

-;t
-1612

-72
36
-36 0

-32

72

-6

-:
b

32
-12
16

-6

l/5
-l/20
1/30
-l/20
l/5

-:

560

600

-46
-2:

-130
-60
30
-40
150

-600

240
-40
-120
120
-400

SECOIVD
*

.-I()

400
-120
120
-2::
600

DERIVATIVE
112

AI

-150
40
-30
b0
130
-bOO

24
-b

-85

Three Point (m=2)

0

-2

-2

-2

-i

-15-b
1:

123

-3

-2

11/24
-1124
-1/24h
11/24

i
b

-40

1
h3f(3)
h4f

:
1
1

-36

-590
-170
50
-1::
-490

490
110
-70
-50
170
590

DERIVATIVE
A-

-1 I

(4)

-4
-4
-4

-4:s

b
6

-4
-4

r;

-4
-4

h3ft3)

160

-205
-35
35

35

-5/lb
-l/48
l/48
-l/46
l/48
5/16

EError

2
5

-12:
-355

h6f~6)

(L4)
-44

-l/12
-l/24
-l/144
l/24
l/12

-4
:

h5f(5)
hf()
,5*(S)

Six Point (t/1=5)

Four Point (m=3)

0
1
2
3

48

7/24
l/24
-l/24
h5fc5)
l/24
7/24

-2
-6

Five Point (7)~=4)

k!

1/2

-28

FOURTH

h Error

-l/24

:;
-2

2;:

l/6

-l/2

h4f(4)

6 (6)
*

A;

-4*
-24
240

-3:
-2
-35

(k=2)

A:{

2
-1;

355
125

-1:

-l/b
lj30
-l/60
l/60h
-1130

227:

-l/4
-l/12
l/12
l/4

h Error
iz

Six Point (1~5)

h5fc5)

Six Point (!)1=5)

-274
-24

A;

-44

-3
-3

3
3

1:

(k=3)

Five Point (m=4)

l/12

1:

1:

-l/4
-11
-2

Al
&
-4i
Four Point (m=3)

r:

Four Point @=3)

DERIVATIVE

15
10
5

4 c4)
*

-;
-10

-70
-45
-20

130
80
-2

5
30
55

-70
-120

-120
-70
-20
30
80
130

55
30

-10
-5

-2:
-45
-70

;
10
15

17/144
5/144
-l/144
-l/144
5/144
17/144

-I,

$ Error

h6 *(b)

Five Point (ttf-4)

0
1
2
3
4

11

-104
-20

114

-1
11
-1

lb
-5:

-3:
11:

-it
-104

225
50
-5

-770
-75
80
-5
-30
305

1070
-20
-150
80
70
-780

-780
70
80
-150
-20
1070

::

-56 4

-5/12
,5,(s)
l/24
1/180h6fb)
5/12 h5f (5)
-l/24

1:
11
35

.I0

FIFTH

DERIVATIVE

-41

A-

:I:{

(k
-44

5)

Six Point (N -=5)

10
2
3
4
5

-50

305
-30
-5

-50
2

l/180
-5

-87;
-770

137/360
-13/360

2%

-1
h6f

(6)

l/180
-13/360
137/360

Compiled from W. G. Bickley, Formulae for numerical differentiation,

*See page II.

1:
-1
-1
-1

:
5

-10
-10

10
too

1:
-5

5
:

-10
-10

10
10

1:
-5

:
1
1
1
1

-i/48
-l/80
-l/240
l/24(!
l/60
l/48

Math. Gaz. 25, 19-27, 1941 (with permission).

h6f(6)

NUMERICAL

LAGRANGIAN

915

ANALYSIS

INTEGRATION

COEFFICIENTS

Jzy+f(,r)dr = /b 2 Ak(rn)f@k)

Table 25.3

DAD4
n

m\k

n = odd
0

-1

251
-19

646
346

-264
456

106
-74

-19
11

19087
-863
271

65112
25128
-2760

-46461
46989
30819

37504
-16256
37504

-20211
7299
-6771

6312
-2088
1608

-863
271
-191

4467094
1:;;;;;
36394

-4604594
3244786
1638286
-216014

5595358
-1752542
2631838
1909858

-5033120
-833120
1317280
2224480

3146338
-755042
397858
425762

-1291214
-142094
294286
126286

312874
-68906
31594
-25706

-33953
-3233
7297
2497

-3

-4

-2

-3

-1

3 -1

5 1:

7 -3
1,'

9 -4
1;
-1

1070017
-3;;;;
-3233

-1

-2

12
720

60480

2'
1
0

3628800

k\m

n = even
n m\k

-4

-3

-2

-1

-':

19
13

-5
13

-:

475
-27
11

1427
637
-93

-798
1022
802

482
-258
802

-173

4 -1
0
6 -2
-1
0

41

8 -3

36799

139849

-121797

123133

-88547

41499

1;
0

-1375
351
-191

-4183
47799
1879

101349
57627
-9531

-44797
81693
68323

-20227
26883
68323

-11547
7227
-9531

1.O -4
-3
1;
0

-2
11
-11351
-1719
2999
1879

-342136
3133688
162680

3609968
5597072
-641776

-2166334
4763582 -1166146
1295810
4134338 4134338

-617584
462320 -141304
206072
-641776
162680

24

1440

i
1375

-351
191
-191

ii

57281
2082753 9449717 -11271304 16002320 -17283646 13510082 -7394032 2687864 -583435
-57281 2655563
6872072 -4397584
3973310 -2848834
1481072 -520312
110219 -1;;;;
-3969 -163531
10625
50315
2497 -28939

D
ii

-42187
27467
-28939

-2497
2497

4
;
1
0

5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4 k\m
Compiledfrom National Bureau of Standards,Tablesof Lagrangianinterpolation coefficients. Columbia Univ. Press,New York, N.Y., 1944(with permission).

*SeepageII.

120960

7257600

916

NUMERICAL
Table 25.4

Abscissas=iri
*xi

ABSCISSAS

AND

WEIGHT

ANALYSIS

FACTORS

02691 a9626

0.00000 00000 00000

0.77459

Weight Factors=w;

10435 84856
63115 94053

0.00000 00000 00000

0.53846
0.90617

93101
98459

05683
38664

0.23861
0.66120
0.93246

91860
93864
95142

83197
66265
03152

1.00000

00000

00000

0.88'388
0.55555

88888
55555

88889
55556

0.65214
0.34785

51548
48451

0.56888
0.47862
0.23692

88888 88889
86704 99366
68850 56189

0.46791
0.36076
0.17132

39345
15730
44923

n= 5

n=6

0.00000

0.40584
0.74153
0.94910

00000

00000

m-7
~'

51513 77397
11855 99394
79123 42759

0.41795
0.38183
0.27970
0.12948

0.18343
0.52553
0.79666
0.96028

46424 95650
24099 16329
64774 13627
98564 97536

0.00000

00000

00000

0.32425
0.61337
0.83603
0.96816

34234
14327
11073
b2395

03809
00590
26636
07626

014887
0:43339
0.67940
0.86506
0.97390

43389 81631
53941 29247
95682 99024
33666 88985
65285 17172

0.12523
0.36783
0.58731
0.76990
0.90411
0.98156

34085
14989
79542
26741
72563
06342

72691
48139
79170

--i%:
o:a3911
0.91223
0.96397
0.99312

65211
58511
60887
70019
36807
19064
69718
44282
19272
a5991

33497
41645
15419
50827
26515
60150
22218
51325
77913
85094

333755
078080
560673
098004
025453
792614
823395
905868
791268
924786

0.06405
0.19111
031504
0.43379
0.54542
0.64809
0.74012
0.82000
0.88641
0.93827
0.97472
0.99518

68928
80674
26796
35076
14713
36519
41915
19859
55270
45520
a5559
72199

62605
73616
96163
26045
88839
36975
70554
73902
04401
02732
71309
97021

626085
309159
374387
138487
535658
569252
364244
921954
034213
758524
498198
360180

n=10

11469
98180
86617
94305
70475
46719

A= 16
440185
913230
386342
748447
033895
743880
576078
932596

0.36268
0.31370
0.22238
0.10122

37833 78362
66458 77887
10344 53374
85362 90376

0.33023
0.31234
0.26061
0.18064
0.08127

93550
70770
06964
81606
43883

0 29552
0:26926
0.21908
0.14945
0.06667

42247 14753
67193 09996
63625 15982
13491 50581
13443 08688

0.24914
0.23349
0.20316
0.16007
0.10693
0.04717

70458
25365
74267
a3285
93259
53363

01260
40003
02935
94857
61574

a=12

91836 73469
00505 05119
53914 89277
49661 68870

37637
79258
57227
02643
55003
87831
73232
91649

n=g

62546
37454

*xi
25098
35507
67776
62444
44083
12023
50230
09349

,Q+O9501
A28160
Q45801
CA1787
o&75540
La6563
0.94457
0.98940

u)i
IL =

n=3

66692 41483

INTEGRATION

*xi

IL=4

0.33998
0.86113

GAUSSIAN

(Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

Wi
n==Z

0.57735

FOR

13403
38355
23066
43346
95318
86512

wi
0.18945
0.18260
0.16915
0.14959
0.12462
0.09515
0.06225
0.02715

06104 ;5068
34150 44923
65193 95002
59888 16576
89712 55533
85116 a2492
35239 38647
24594 11754

496285
588867
538189
732081
872052
784810
892863
094852

IL=20
0.07652
0.22778
0.37370
0.51086

0.15275 33871
0.14917 29864
0.14209 61093
0.13168 86384
0.11819 45319
0.10193 01198
0.08327 67415
0.06267
20483-_
_~._~ ~.
0.04060 14298
0.01761 40071

30725
72603
18382
49176
61518
17240
76704
34109
_
.~..
00386
39152

850698
746788
051329
626898
417312
435037
748725
063570
______
941331
118312

0.12793
0.12583
0.12167
0.11550
xl0744
0.09761
0.08619
0.07334
0.05929
0.04427
0.02853
0.01234

46752
46828
27803
53725
15965
04113
31953
11080
15436
17419
28933
99987

156974
296121
91204
6 1353
63
"s, 783
888270
275917
305734
780746
806169
663181
199547

n=24
81953
74563
04729
56680
42701
86521
01615
64814
85849
74388
13886
12297

Compiled from P. Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Abscissas and weights for Gaussian quadratures of high
order, J. Research NBS 56, 35-37, 1956, RP2645; P. Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Additional abscissas
and weights for Gaussian quadratures of high order. Values for ~~=64, 80, and 96, J. Research NBS 60,
613-614,1958, RP2875; and A. N. Iowan, N. Davids, and A. Levenson, Table of the zeros of the Legendre
polynomials of order 1-16 and the weight coefficients for Gauss mechanical quadrature formula, Bull.
Amer. Math. Sot. 48,739-743, 1942 (with permission).

NUMERICAL
ABSCISSAS

AND

WEIGHT

FACTORS

FOR

GAUSSIAN

Abscissas=
fzi (Zerosof LegendrePolynomials)
n=32
0.048307665687738316235
0.144471961582796493485
0.239287362252137074545
0.331868602282127649780
0.421351276130635 345364
0.506899908932229390024
0.587715757240762329041
0.663044266930215200975
0.732182118740289680387
0.794483795967942406963
0.849367613732569970134
0.896321155766052123965
0.934906075937739689171
0.964762255587506430774
0.985611511545268335400
0.997263861849481563545

917

ANALYSIS
Table 25.4
INTEGRATION

Weight Factors=wi
Wi

0.096540088514727800567
0.095638720079274859419
0.093844399080804565639
0.091173878695763884713
0.087652093004403811143
0.083311924226946755222
0.078193895787070306472
0.072345794108848506225
0.065822222776361846838
0.058684093478535547145
0.050998059262376176196
0.042835898022226680657
0.034273862913021433103
0.025392065309262059456
0.016274394730905670605
0.007018610009470096600

n=40
0.038772417506050821933
0.116084070675255208483
0.192697580701371099716
0.268152185007253681141
0.341994090825758473007
0.413779204371605001525
0.483075801686178712909
0.549467125095128202076
0.612553889667980237953
0.671956684614179548379
0.727318255189927103281
0.778305651426519387695
0.824612230833311663196
0.865959503212259503821
0.902098806968874296728
0.932812808278676533361
0.957916819213791655805
0.977259949983774262663
0.990726238699457 006453
0.998237709710559 200350
0.032380170962869362033
0.0970046992 09462698930
0.161222356068891718056
0.224763790394689 061225
0.287362487355455576736
0.348755886292160 738160
0.408686481990716729916
0.4669029047 50958404545
01523160974722233033678
0.577224726083972 703818
0.628867396776513623995
0.677872379632663905212
0.724034130923814654674
0.767159032515740 339254
0.807066204029442 627083
0.843588261624393530711
0.876572020274247885906
0.905879136715569672822
0.931386690706554333114
0.952987703160430860723
0.970591592546247250461
0.984124583722826857745
0.993530172266350757548
0.998771007252426118601

0.077505947978424811264
0.077039818164247965588
0.076110361900626242372
0.074723169057968264200
0.072886582395804059061
0.070611647391286779695
0.067912045815233903826
0.064804013456601038075
0.061306242492928939167
0.057439769099391551367
0.053227846983936824355
0.048695807635072232061
0.043870908185673271992
0.038782167974472017640
0.033460195282547847393
0.027937006980023401098
0.022245849194166957262
0;016421058381907888713
0.010498284531152813615
0.004521277098533191258
nF48

0.064737696812683922503
0.064466164435950082207
0.063924238584648186624
0.0631141922 86254025657
0.062039423159892663904
0.060704439165893880053
0.059114839698395635746
0.057277292100403215705
0.055199503699984162868
0.052890189485193667096
0.0503590355 53854474958
0.047616658492490474826
0.044674560856694280419
0.041545082943464749214
0.038241351065830706317
0.0347772225 64770438893
0.0311672278 32798088902
0.027426509708356948200
0.023570760839324379141
0.019616160457355527814
0.015579315722943848728
0.011477234579234539490
0.0073275539 01276262102
0.003153346052305838633

918

NUMERICAL
Tttble 25.4
ABSCISSAS

AND

Abscissas=*q

WEIGHT

FACTORS

ANALYSIS
FOR

GAUSSIAN

(Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

*xi

Weight Factors=wi
21 )i

n=64

0.02435
0.07299
0.12146
0.16964
0.21742
0.26468
0.31132
0.35722
0.40227
0.44636
0.48940
0.53127
0.57189
0.61115
0.64896
0.68523
0;719ai
0.75281
0.78397
0.81326
0.84062
0.86599
0.88931
0.91052
0.92956
0.94641
0.96100
0.97332
0.98333
0.99101
0.99634
0.99930

02926
31217
28192
44204
36437
71622
28719
01583
01579
60172
31457
94640
56462
53551
54712
63130
18501
99072
23589
53151
92962
93981
54459
21370
91721
13748
87996
68277
62538
33714
01167
50417

63424
a7799
96120
23992
40007
08767
90210
37668
63991
53464
07052
19894
02634
72393
54657
54233
71610
60531
43341
22797
52580
54092
95114
78502
31939
58402
52053
89910
a4625
76744
71955

432509
039450
554470
818037
084150
416374
956158
115950
603696
087985
957479
545658
034284
250249
339858
242564
826849
896612
407610
559742
362752
819761
105853
805756
575821
816062
718919
963742
95693I
320739
279347

0.01951
0.05850
0.09740
0.13616
0.17471
0.21299
0.25095
0.28852
0.32566
0.36230
0.39839
0.43387
0.46869
0.50280
0.53614
0.56867
0.60033
0.63107
0.66085
0.68963
0.71736
0.74400
0.76950
0.79383
0.81695
0.83883
0.85943
0.87872
0.89667
0.91326
0.92845
0.94224
0.95459
0.96548
0.97490
0.98284
0.98929
0.99422
0.99764
0.99955

13832
44371
83984
40228
22918

56793
52420
41584
09143
32646
57666
92272
84511
47701
99487
81969
31756
70544
88784
97131
22709
29751
46871
86119
42027
62099
a3597
35041
04605
81463
80255
63111
78213
38770
71757
72445
09872
43634
43799
85727
38629
99755
65688
98237
51630

997654
668629
599063
886559
812559
132572
120493
853109
914614
315619
227024
093062
477036
987594
932020
784725
743155
966248
801736
600771
880254
272317
373866
449949
470371
275617
096977
828704
683194
654165
795953
674752
905493
251452
793386
070418
531027
277892
688900
629880

INTEGRATION

0.04869
0.04857
0.04834
0.04799
0.04754
0.04696
0.04628
0.04549
0.04459
0.04358
0.04247
0.04126
0.03995
0.03855
0.03705
0.03547
0.03380
0.03205
0.03023
0.02833
0.02637
0.02435
0.02227
0.02013
0.01795
0.01572
0.01346
0.01116
0.00884
0.00650
0.00414
0.00178

09570
54674
47622
93885
01657
81828
47965
16279
05581
37245
35151
25632
37411
01531
51285
22132
51618
79283
46570
96726
74697
27025
01738
48231
17157
60304
30478
a1394
67598
44579
70332
32807

09139
41503
34802
96458
14830
16210
81314
27418
63756
29323
23653
42623
32720
78615
40240
56882
37141
54851
72402
14259
15054
68710
08383
53530
75697
76024
96718
60131
26363
68978
60562
21696

720383
426935
957170
307728
308662
017325
417296
144480
563060
453377
589007
528610
341387
629129
046040
383811
609392
553585
478868
483228
658672
873338
254159
209372
343085
719322
642598
128819
947723
362856
467635
432947

0.03901
0.03895
0.03883
0.03866
0.03842
0.03812
0.03777
0.03736
0.03689
0.03637
0.03579
0.03516
0.03447
0.03373
0.03294
0.03210
0.03121
0.03027
0.02928
0.02825
0.02718
0;02607
0.02492
0.02373
0.02250
0.02124
0.01995
0.01862
0.01727
0.01589
0;01449
0.01306
0.01162
0.01016
0.00868
0.00719
0.00569

78136
83959
96510
17597
49930
97113
63643
54902
77146
37499
43939
05290
31204
32149
19393
04986
01741
23217
83695
98160
82275
52357
25357
18828
50902
40261
06108
68142
46520
61835
35080
87615
41141
17660
39452
29047
09224

EE
0:00114

%
49500

56306
62769
59051
74076
06959
14477
62001
38730
38276
05835
53416
44747
51753
84611
97645
73487
88114
59557
83267
57276
00486
67565
64115
65930
46332
15782
78141
08299
56269
83725
40509
92401
20797
41103
69260
68117
51403
24694
89512
03186

654811
531199
968932
463327
423185
638344
397490
490027
008839
978044
054603
593496
928794
522817
401383
773148
701642
980661
847693
862397
380674
117903.
491105
101293
461926
006389
998929
031429
306359
688045
076117
339294
826916
064521
858426
312753
198649
895237
681669
941534

n=80

2%;
80548
43707
47534
34058
53708
66151
41118
59208
12681
06228
57730
98989
76443
51853
02975
24201
27175
41386
14735
14066
25676
55794
31025
98771
27613
07663
50890
91405
85727
13024
75409
98643
38226

NUMERICAL
ABSCISSAS

AND WEIGHT

919

ANALYSIS

FACTORS

FOR GAUSSIAN

Table 25.4
INTEGRATION

S_:lf(x)dx=
2 wif(xi)
i=l

Abscissas= &xi (Zeros of Legendre Polynomials)

*Xi

Weight Factors=wi
Wi

n=96

0.01627
0.04881
0.08129
0.11369
0.14597
0.17809

67448
29851
74954
58501
37146
68823

49602
36049
64425
10665
54896
67618

969579
731112
558994
920911
941989
602759

0.03255
0.03251
0.03244
0.03234
0.03220
0.03203

06144
61187
71637
38225
62047
44562

92363
13868
14064
68575
94030
31992

166242
835987
269364
928429
250669
663218

0.21003
0.24174
0.27319
0.30436
0.33520
0.36569

13104
31561
88125
49443
85228
68614

60567
63840
91049
54496
92625
72313

203603
012328
141487
353024
422616
635031

0.03182
0.03158
0.03131
0.03101
0.03067
0.03029

87588
93307
64255
03325
13761
99154

94411
70727
96861
86313
23669
20827

006535
168558
355813
837423
149014
593794

0.39579
Oii2547
0.45470
0.48345
0.51169
0.53938

76498
89884
94221
79739
41771
81083

28908
07300
67743
20596
54667
24357

603285
545365
008636
359768
673586
436227

0.02989
0.02946
0.02899
0.02849
0.02797
0.02741

63441
10899
46141
74110
00076
29627

36328
58167
50555
65085
16848
26029

385984
905970
236543
385646
334440
242823

0.56651
-0.59303
I).61892
0.64416
0.66871
0.69256

04185
23647
58401
34037
83100
45366

61397
77572
25468
84967
43916
42171

168404
080684
570386
106798
153953
561344

0.02682
0.02621
0.02557
0.02490
0.02420
0.02348

68667
23407
00360
06332
48417
33990

25591
35672
05349
22483
92364
85926

762198
413913
361499
610288
691282
219842

0.71567
0773803
0.75960
0178036
0.80030
0.81940

48967
44400
76647
67433
39140
37931

626225
132851
498703
217604
817229
675539

0.02273
0.02196
0.02117
0.02035
0.01951
0.01866

70696
66444
29398
67971
90811
06796

58329
38744
92191
54333
40145
27411

374001
349195
298988
324595
022410
467385

0.83762
0.85495
0.87138
0.88689
0.90146
0.91507

68123
06437
23411
90438
87441
03107
A-.
35112
90334
85059
45174
06353
14231

28187 121494
34601 455463
09296 502874
02420 416057
15852 341319
2089e74206

0.01778
0.01688
0.01597
0.01503
0.01409
0.01312

16045
64245
02562
26994
72314
66961

260838
172450
291381
938006
860916
572637

0.92771
0.93937
0.95003
0.95968
0196832
0.97593

24567
03397
27177
82914
68284
91745

22308
52755
84437
48742
63264
85136

690965
216932
635756
539300
212174
466453

0.01215
0.01116
0.01016
0.00914
0.00812
0.00709

25023
54798
05629
87210
09417
82295
-..
16046
21020
07705
86712
68769
64707

71088
99838
35008
30783
25698
91153

319635
498591
415758
386633
759217
865269

0.98251
0.98805
0.99254
0.99598
0.99836
0.99968

72635
41263
39003
18429
43758
95038

63014
29623
23762
87209
63181
83230

677447
799481
624572
290650
677724
766828

0.00605
0.00501
0.00396
0.00291
0.00185
0.00079

85455
42027
45543
07318
39607
67920

04235
42927
38444
17934
88946
65552

961683
517693
686674
946408
921732
012429

920

NUMERICAL

Table 25.5

ABSCISSAS

FOR

EQUAL

ANALYSIS

WEIGHT

CHEBYSHEV

INTEGRATION

Abscissas= *.~i
f.Ci

,I

0.57735 02692

0.70710 67812
0.00000 00000

0.79465
0.18759
Compiled from H.
Phys. 26,191-194,
Table

fRi

0.83249 74870
0.37454 14096
0.00000 00000

J_:l.fw

*xi

0.88386 17008
0.52965 61153
0.32391 18105
0.00000 00000

0.91158 93077
0.60101 86554
0.86624 68181
0.52876 17831
6
44723
0.42251 86538
0.16790 61842
24141
0.26663 54015
0.00000 00000
E. Salzer, Tables for facilitating the use of Chebyshevs quadrature formula, J. Math.
1947 (with permission).
WEIGHT

FACTORS

FOR
n--l

I < I E w,f( -l)+;ga

Abscissas= * .~i
* .ri
Uli

1,

ABSCISSAS AND

25.6

,I

LOBATTO

w;f(.ri) + G!(l)
I,
7

1.00000 000
0.00000 000

0.33333 333
1.33333 333

1.00000 000
0.44721 360

0.16666 667
0.83333 333

1.00000 000
0.65465 361
0.00000 000

0.10000 000
0.54444 444
0.71111 111

INTEGRATION

Weight Factors=wi
* .ri
I1.i
1.00000 000
0.04761 904
0.83022 390
0.27682 604
0.46884 a79
0.43174 538
0.00000 000
0.48761 904

1.00000
0.87174
0.59170
0.20929

000
015
018
922

0.03571
0.21070
0.34112
0.41245

428
422
270
880

1.00000
0.89975
0.67718
0.36311
0.00000

00000
79954
62195

0.02177
0.16549
0.27453
0.34642
0.37151

77778
53616
a7126
a5110
92744

74638
00000

10

1.00000
0.76505
0.28523
Compiled from
permission).

Table

25.7

1.00000 00000
0.02222 22222
0.91953 39082
0.13330 59908
000
0.06666 667
0.73877 38651
0.22488 93420
0.47792
49498
0.29204 26836
532
0.37847 496
152
0.55485 a38
0.16521 89577
0.32753 97612
Z. Kopal, Numerical analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1955 (with

ABSCISSAS
FOR

AND WEIGHT
FACTORS
FOR GAUSSIAN
INTEGRATION
INTEGRANDS
WITH
A LOGARITHMIC
SINGULARITY

Jo f(,v) 1n.r (/.r =ig, wif(.ri) +gy

Abs&sas=.ri
*

K~I

Weight Factors- ,,I;

?,
.)'I
-W
K,,
4 0.041448 0.383464 0.00001
0.245275 0.386875
0.556165 0.190435
0.848982 0.039225
Compiled from Berthod-Zaborowski, Le calcul des integrales de la forme $ j(r) log , rl.l,. H. Mineur,
Techniques de calcul numerique, pp. 555-556. Librairie Polytechnique Ch. B&anger, Paris, France,
1952 (with permission).

71
.ri
O;rlws;39
Kn
2 0.112009
0.00285
0.602277 0.281461

*See page 11.

11
.r;
-W
ICI,
3 0.063891 0.513405 0.00017
0.368997 0.391980
0.766880 0.094615

NUMERICAL

ABSCISSAS

AND WEIGHT

FACTORS

FOR GAUSSIAN

INTEGRATION

OF MOMENTS

Table

25.8

Weight Factors=wi

Abscissas=z;
k=O

921

ANALYSIS

k=l

k=2

o.5000criooooo

l.ooooowiooooo

o.66666zi66667

0.21132 48654
0.78867 51346

0.50000 00000
0.50000 00000

0.11270 16654
0.50000 00000
0.88729 83346

0.06943
0.33000
0.66999
0.93056

o.750002iooooo

0.33333%33

0.35505 10257 0.18195 86183

0.84494 89743 0.31804 13817

0.45584 81560
0.87748 51773

0.10078 58821
0.23254 74513

0.27777 77778
0.44444 44444
0.27777 77778

0.21234 05382
0.59053 31356
0.91141 20405

0.29499 77901
0.65299 62340
0.92700 59759

0.02995 07030
0.14624 62693
0.15713 63611

18442
94782
05218
81558

0.17392
0.32607
0.32607
0.17392

74226
25774
25774
74226

0.13975
0.41640
0.72315
0.94289

98643 0.03118 09710

95676 0.12984 75476
69864 0.20346 45680
58039 0.13550 69134

0.20414
0.48295
0.76139
0.95149

85821
27049
92624
94506

0.01035
0.06863
0.14345
0.11088

22408
38872
87898
84156

0.04691
0.23076
0.50000
0.76923
0.95308

00770
53449
00000
46551
99230

0.11846
0.23931
0.28444
0.23931
0.11846

34425
43352
44444
43352
34425

0.09853
0.30453
0.56202
0.80198
0.96019

50858
57266
51898
65821
01429

79145
88701
69871
46381
15902

0.14894
0.36566
0.61011
0.82651
0.96542

57871
65274
36129
96792
10601

0.00411
0.03205
0.08920
0.12619
0.08176

38252
56007
01612
89619
47843

0.03376
0.16939
0.38069
0.61930
0.83060
0.96623

52429
53068
04070
95930
46932
47571

0.08566
0.18038
0.23395
0.23395
0.18038
0.08566

22462
07865
69673
69673
07865
22462

0.07305
0.23076
0.44132
0.66301
0.85192
0.97068

43287 0.00873 83018

61380 0.04395 51656
84812 0.09866 11509
53097 0.14079 25538
14003 0.13554 24972
35128 0.07231 03307

0.11319
0.28431
0.49096
0.69756
0.86843
0.97409

43838
88727
35868
30820
60583
54449

0.00183
0.01572
0.05128
0.09457
0.10737
0.06253

10758
02972
95711
71867
64997
87027

0.02544
0.12923
OI29707
0.50000
0.70292
0.87076
0.97455

60438 0.06474 24831

44072 0.13985 26957
74243 0.19091 50253
00000 0.20897 95918
25757 0.19091 50253
55928 0.13985 26957
39562 0.06474 24831

0.05626
0.18024
0135262
0.54715
0.73421
0.88532
0.97752

25605 0.00521 43622

06917 0.02740 83567
47171 OIO6638 46965
36263 0.10712 50657
01772 0.12739 08973
09468 0.11050 92582
06136 0.05596 73634

0.08881
0.22648
0.39997
0.58599
0.75944
0.89691
0.97986

68334
27534
84867
78554
58740
09709
72262

0.00089
0.00816
0.02942
0.06314
0.09173
0.09069
0.04927

26880
29256
22113
63787
38033
88246
65018

0.5000~00000

0.06982 69799
0.22924 11064
0.20093 19137

0.01574
0.07390
0.14638
0.16717
0.09678

0.01985 50718 0.05061 42681 0.04463 39553 0.00329 51914 0.07149 10350 0.00046 85178
0.10166 67613 0.11119 05172
0.14436 62570 0.01784 29027 0.18422 82964 0.00447 45217
0.28682 47571 0.04543 93195 0.33044 77282 0.01724 68638
0.23723 37950 0.15685 33229
0.40828 26788 0.18134 18917
0.45481 33152 0.07919 95995 0.49440 29218 0.04081 44264
0.59171 73212 0.18134 18917 0.62806 78354 0.10604 73594 0.65834 80085 0.06844 71834
0.76276 62050 0.15685 33229
0.78569 15206 0.11250 57995 0.80452 48315 0.08528 47692
0.89833 32387 0.11119 05172 0.90867 63921 0.09111 90236
0.91709 93825 0.07681 80933
0.98014 49282 0.05061 42681
0.98222 00849 0.04455 08044 0.98390 22404 0.03977 89578
Compiled from H. Fishman, Numerical integration constants, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 11, l-9,1957 (with permission).

922
Table

NUMERICAL
25.8

ABSCISSAS

AND

WEIGHT

ANALYSIS

FACTORS

FOR

Abscissas=s

GAUSSIAN

INTEGRATION

OF

MOMENTS

Weight Factors=wi
k=4

o.*3333zi33333

k=5
o.20000wiooooo

0.857142i8571~

0.1666766667

0.52985 79359 0.06690 52498

0.89871 34927 0.18309 47502

0.58633 65823 0.04908 24923

0.91366 34177 0.15091 75077

0.63079 15938 0.03833 75627

0.92476 39617 0.12832 91039

0.36326 46302 0.01647 90593

0.69881 12692 0.10459 98976
0.93792 41006 0.12892 10432

0.42011 30593 0.01046 90422

0.73388 93552 0.08027 66735
0.94599 75855 0.10925 42844

0.46798 32355 0.00729 70036

0.76162 39697 0.06459 66123
0.95221 09767 0.09477 30507

0.26147 77888
0.53584 64461
0.79028 32300
0.95784 70806

0.00465 83671
0.04254 17241
0.10900 43689
0.09379 55399

0.31213 54928
0.57891 56596
0.81289 15166
0.96272 39976

0.00251 63516
0.02916 93822
0.08706 77121
0.08124 65541

0.35689 37290
0.61466 93899
0.83107 90039
0.96658 86465

0.00153 44797
0.02142 84046
0.07205 63642
0.07164 74181

0.19621 20074
0.41710 02118
0.64857 00042
0.84560 51500
0.96943 57035

0.00152 06894
0.01695 73249
0.06044 49532
0.10031 65045
0107076 05281

0.23979 20448
0.46093 36745
0.68005 92327
0.86088 63437
0.97261 44185

0.00069 69771
0.01021 05417
0.04402 44695
0.08271 27131
0.06235 52986

0.27969 31248
0.49870 98270
0.70633 38189
0.87340 27279
0.97519 38347

0.00036 97155
0.00672 96904
0.03376 77450
0.07007 13397
0.05572 81761

0.15227 31618
0:33130 04570
0.53241 15667
0.72560 27783
0.88161 66844
0.97679 53517

0.00056 17109
0:00708 53159
0.03052 61922
0.06844 32818
0.08830 09912
0.05508 25080

0.18946 95839
0.37275 11560
0.56757 23729
0.74883 64975
0.89238 51584
0.97898 52313

0.00021 94140
0.00372 67844
0.01995 62647
0.05223 99543
0.07464 91503
0.04920 84323

0.22446 89954
0.40953 33505
0.59778 90484
0.76841 36046
0.90135 07338
0.98079 72084

0.00010 13258
0.00218 79257
0.01396 96531
0.04148 63470
0.06445 88592
0.04446 25560

0.12142 71288
0.26836 34403
0.44086 64606
0.61860 40284
0.78025 35520
0.90636 25341
0.98176 99145

0.00022 99041
0.00314 75964
0.01531 21671
0.04099 51686
0.06975 00981
0.07655 65614
0.04400 85043

0.15324 14389
0.30632 65225
0.47654 00930
0.64638 93025
0.79771 66898
0.91421 99006
0.98334 38305

0.00007 70737
0.00144 70088
0.00892 69676
0.02854 78428
0.05522 48742
0.06602 18459
0.03975 43870

0.18382 87683
0.34080 75951
0.50794 05240
0.67036 34101
0.81258 84660
0.92085 64173
0.98466 74508

0.00003 11046
0:00075 53838
0.00566 04137
0.02095 92982
0.04510 49816
0.05790 76135
0.03624 78712

0.09900 17577
0.22124 35074
0.36912 39000
0.52854 54312
0.68399 32484
0.82028 39497
0.92409 37129
0.98529 34401

0.00010 24601
0.00148 56841
0.00785 50738
0.02363 15807
0.04745 43798
0.06736 18394
0.06618 20353
0.03592 69468

0.12637 29744
0.25552 90521
0.40364 12989
0.55831 66758
0.70600 95429
0.83367 15420
0.92999 57161
0.98646 31979

0.00002 97092
0.00059 89500
0.00407 79241
0.01490 99334
0.03471 99507
0.05491 00973
0.05800 05653
0.03275 28699

0.15315 06616
0.28726 44039
0.43462 74067
0.58451 85666
0.72512 64097
0.84518 94879
0.93504 35075
0.98746 05085

0.00001 05316
0.00027 83586
0.00233 53415
0.01004 46144
0.02648 53011
0.04588 56532
0.05153 42238
0.03009 26424

NUMERICAL

ABSCISSAS

AND WEIGHT

FACTORS

923

ANALYSIS

FOR LAGUERRE

s,$-zf(~)~-i~, wf(xJ

INTEGRATION

Jomg(x)d-i;,w+g(xi)

Abscissas=xi (Zeros of Laguerre Polynomials)

xi

Weight Factors =wi

wiei

wi

Xi

1.53332 603312
4.45095 733505

0.15232
0.80722
2.00513
3;78347
6.20495
9.37298
13.46623
18.83359
26.37407

22277
00227
51556
39733
67778
52516
69110
77889
18909

32
42
19
31
77
88
92
92
27

0.13779
0.72945
1.80834
3.40143
5.55249
8.33015
11.84378
16.27925
40422 08 21.99658
29.92069
787360
324237
690092
635435

34705
45495
29017
36978
61400
27467
58379
78313
58119
70122

40
03
40
55
64
64
00
78
81
74

0.11572
0.61175
0.57353 55074 23 1.51261
1.36925 259071
2.83375
2.26068 459338
4.59922
3.35052 458236
6.84452
4.88682 680021
9.62131
7.84901 594560
13.00605
17.11685
22.15109
28.48796
37.09912

21173
74845
02697
13377
76394
54531
68424
49933
51874
03793
72509
10444

58
15
76
44
18
15
57
06
62
97
84
67

78120
17403
54120
95262
27217
66274

17
02
71
04
51
14

62266

13

n=3
0.41577 45567 83
2.29428 03602 79
6.28994 50829 37

-2)1.03892

565016

n=4
0.32254
1.74576
4.53662
9.39507

76896
11011
02969
09123

0.83273
2.04810
3.63114
6.48714

19
58
21
01

n=5
0.26356
1.41340
3.59642
7.08581
12.64080

03197
30591
57710
00058
08442

18
07
41
59
76

3.98666 811083
3.61175 867992
2.33699 723858

n=6
0.22284
1.18893
2.99273
5.77514
9.83746
15.98287

66041
21016
63260
35691
74183
39806

79
73
59
05
83
02

0.19304
1.02666
2.56787
4.90035
8.18215
12.73418
19.39572

36765
48953
67449
30845
34445
02917
78622

60
39
51
26
63
98
63

0.17027
0.90370
2.25108
4.26670
7.04590
10.75851
15.74067
22.86313

96323
17767
66298
01702
54023
60101
86412
17368

05
99
66
88
93
81
78
89

1.07769 285927
2.76214 296190
5.60109 462543

n=7

0.67909
1.63848
2.76944
4.31565
7.21918

0.49647
1.17764
1.91824
2.77184
3.84124
5.38067
8.40543

n=8
-1 3.69188
-1 4.18786
-1 1.75794
-2 3.33434
-3 2;79453
-5 9.07650
-7 8.48574
-9 I 1.04800

589342
780814
986637
922612
623523
877336
671627
117487

91238 38
243845
630582
508441

75975 40
306086
978166
863623
912249
820792
248683

0.09330
0.49269
1.21559
2.26994
3.66762
5.42533
7.56591
0.43772 34104 93 10.12022
1.03386 934767
13.13028
1.66970 976566
16.65440
2.37692 470176
20.77647
3.20854 091335
25.62389
4.26857 551083
31.40751
5.81808 336867
38.53068
8.90622 621529
48.02608

wiezi

Wi

n=2
0.58578 64376 27
3.41421 35623 73

Table 2.59

n=9

- 1 3.36126 421798
- 1 4.11213 980424
- 1 1.99287 525371
- 4I 3.05249
- 6 6.59212
- 8 4.11076
-11 3.29087

767093
302608
933035
403035

n=lO

85680
24821
77083
88994
42267
91697
33064
55726

19
76
30
49
29
54
86
86

1 3.08441115765
1 14.01119 929155
1 2.18068 287612
2 6.20874 560987

7.53008
- 5 2.82592
- 7 4.24931
- 9 I 1.83956
-13 9.91182

388588
334960
398496
482398
721961

n=12

n=15

11 2.18234
1 3.42210
1 12.63027
1 1.26425
2 4.02068
3 8.56387
3 1.21243

885940
177923
577942
818106
649210
780361
614721

0.39143
0.92180
1.48012
2.08677
2.77292
3.59162
4.64876
6.21227
9.36321

11243 16
50285 29
790994
080755
138971
606809
600214
541975
823771

0.35400
0.83190
1.33028
1.86306
2.45025
3.12276
3.93415
4.99241
6.57220
9.78469

97386 07
23010 44
856175
390311
555808
415514
269556
487219
248513
584037

0.29720
0.69646
1.10778
1.53846
1.99832
2.50074
3.06532
3.72328
4.52981
5.59725
7.21299

96360 44
29804 31
139462
423904
760627
576910
151828
911078
402998
846184
546093

0.23957
0.56010
0.88700
1.22366
1.57444
1.94475
2.34150
2.77404
3.25564
3.80631
4.45847
5.27001
6.35956
8.03178
11.52777

81703 11
08427 93
82629 19
440215
872163
197653
205664
192683
334640
171423
775384
778443
346973

Compiled from H. E. Salzer and R. Zucker, Table of the zeros and tieight factors
of the first fifteen Laguerre polynomials, Bull. Amer. Math. Sot. 55, 1004-1012,
1949 (with permission).

E8i2

NUMERICAL

924

Table

25.10

ABSCISSAS

AND

WEIGHT

Abscissas =l xi (Zeros of Hermite

*Xi
Wi

FACTORS

ANALYSIS

FOR

HERMITE

Polynomials)
2
WieZi

INTEGRATION

Weight

Factors=w;

*-xi

0.70710

E%

67811

Ko3

86548

(-1)8.86226

Kii

92545

[- 01 12.95408
1.18163

28

1.46114

11826

611

n=3
59006
97515

04
09

1.32393
1.18163

11752
59006
136
037

0.34290

13272

1.03661
1.75668

n=lO

6.10862
2.40138

23705

08297 89514
36492 99882

2.53273

16742

3.38743
1.34364
b)7.64043

32790

3.43615

91188 37738

0.31424
0.94778

03762
83912

n=4
1:Et:

22:: E%

I- 12 18.04914
8.13128

0.00000 00000 00000

0.95857
2.02018

24646
28704

35447
09000
25
55

1.24022
1.05996

58176
44828
958
950

n=5
-1)9.45308
1.99532

0.94530

87204

32315 22

29

0.98658

09967 514

829

42059

05

1.18148

86255

360

44
29
09

0.87640
0.93558

13344
05576

362
312

1.13690

83326 745

63373 53
61108 23

0.68708
0.70329

18539 513
63231 049

94455
57467
28552

48
81
33

0.74144
0.82066
1.02545

19319
16913

657

25

0.62930

78743

695

29
88

0.66266
0.70522
0.78664
0.98969

27732
03661
39394
90470

669
122
633
923

378
675

436

61264 048

n=12

1.59768

72048

3.93619

13819
56086

W&

Wi

n=2

54359
40164

- 1 I 5.70135
- 1 2.60492
-

26351 52605

2 5.16079
3 1 3.90539
5 8.57368
7)2.65855

23626

31026 42
85615 88
05846
70435

0.63962

12320 203

2.27950
3.02063
3.88972

70805
70251
48978

OlObO
20890
69782

0.27348
0.82295
1.38025
1.95178

10461
14491
85391
79909

3815
4466
9888
1625

0.54737
0.55244

52050
19573

0.56321
0.58124

78290 882
72754 009

2.54620
3.17699
3.86944
4.68873

21578
91619
79048
89393

4748
7996

0.60973
0.65575
0.73824
0.93687

69582
56728

560

44928

841

0.24534
0.73747

07083
37285

009
454

1.23407
1.73853

62153 953
77121 lbb

0.49092
0.49384
0.49992
0.50967

15006
33852
08713
90271

667
721
363
175

2.25497
2.78880
3.34785
3.94476

40020

893

45673

832

03509
17423
24428

486
644
525

4.60368

40401 156
24495 507

0.52408
0.54485
0.57526

5.38748

08900

0.89859

19614

532

16843 56

n-6
0.43607
1.33584
2.35060

74119
90740
49736

-1 I 7.24629

27617
13697
74492

-1
-3

59522
32032
99055

1.57067
4.53000

n=7
0.00000
0.81628

00000
78828

00000
58965

1.67355
2.65196

16287 67471
13568 35233

-1 I 8.10264
-1 4.25607
-2 5.45155
-4)9.71781

b1755 68
25261 01
82819 13

0.81026
0.82868
0.89718

24509

95

1.10133

82
49
41
14

0.76454
0.79289

46175 568
73032 836
46002
07296

252
103

fZ=lfi

6012
0582

n=8
0.38118

1.15719
1.98165
2.93063

69902

07322

37124 46780
67566 95843

74202

57244

0.00000 00000 00000

-1) 6.61147
I -1 1 2.07802
-2 1.70779
(-4)1.99604

01255
32581
83007
07221

10187

52838

1.46855

32892 lb668

7.20235
-1 4.32651

2.26658
3.19099

05845
32017

31843
81528

-2 8.84745
-3)4.94362
-5)3.96069

0.72355

00483
26065
01442

1.07193

864
634
480

n=9
1 -1 I

21560 61
55900 26
27394
42755
77263

38
37
26

n=20

41286 517

0.86675

0.72023

52156 061
24527
451

0.73030
0.76460
0.84175
1.04700

81250
27014
35809

946
787
767

- 1 4.62243
- 1 2.86675
- 1 I 1.09017

66960 06
50536 28
20602 00

- 2 I 2.48105
- 3 3.24377
- 4 2.28338
- 6 7.80255
- 7 1.08606

20887
33422

60584 281

-10 4.39934

112

(-13

I 2.22939

64785

46
38
b3
32

36455

34

63601

93707 69
09922 73

0.62227
0.70433

Compiled from H. E. Salzer, R. Zucker, and R. Capuano, Table of the zeros

and weight factors of the first twenty Hermite polynomials, J. Research NBS
48,111-116,1952, RP2294 (with permission).
Table

25.11

COEFFICIENTS
e
0. 00
0. 01

FOR

FILONS

0.0000~

000

0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000

004
036
120
284

0.00000

555

0.00000
0.00001

961
524

0.00002
0.00003

274
237

0.00004
0.00035

438
354

0.00118

467

0.00278
0.00536

012
042

Xl

0.00911
0.02076
0.01421

797
156
151

1":;

0.03850
0.02884

683
188

0.02
0.03
0.04
0. 05
0.06
0.07

2 i;
::
0: 3

0.6

See 25.4.47.

761
56222 777

QUADRATURE
0.66666
0.66668
0.66671

667
000
999

0.66678

664

0.66687

990

0.66699
0.66714

976
617

0.66731

909

0.66751
0.66774

844
417

0.66799

619

0.67193

927

0.67836

065

FORMULA
7
1.33333
1.33332
1.33328
1.33321
1.33312

333
000
000
334
001

1.33300
1.33285
1.33268
1.33248
1.33225

003
340
012
020
365

1.33200
1.32800
1.32137

048
761
184

0.68703

909

1.31212

154

0.69767

347

1.30029

624

0.70989

111

0.72325
0.73729
0.76525
0.75147

813
136
168

1.28594
1.26913
1.24992

638
302
752

1.22841

118

831

1.20467

472

86961 914
29611 769

26. Probability
MARVIN

Functions

ZELEN l AND NORMAN

C. SEVERO 2

Contents
Page
927
927
931
936
940
944
946
948

Mathematical
Properties ....................
26.1. Probability Functions: Definitions and Properties .....
26.2. Normal or Gaussian Probability Function ........
26.3. Bivariate Normal Probability Function .........
26.4. Chi-Square Probability Function ............
26.5. Incomplete Beta Function ...............
26.6. F-(Variance-Ratio)
Distribution Function
........
26.7. Students t-Distribution
................
Numerical Methods
.......................
26.8. Methods of Generating Random Numbers and Their Applications ........................
26.9. Use and Extension of the Tables .............

949

References

961

..........................

Table 26.1. Normal Probability Function and Derivatives (0 1255).

P(x),
Z(x),
Z(x),
15D
zqx))
10D; Z(*)(x), n=3(1)6,
8D
x=0(.02)3
P(x),
1OD; Z(x),
10s; Z@)(x),
n=1(1)6,
8s
2=3(.05)5

949
953

966

Table 26.2. Normal Probability

Function for Large Arguments
(552<500)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . .
-log Q(x), x=5(1)50(10)100(50)500,
5D

972

Table 26.3. Higher Derivatives of the Normal Probability Function

(O<s<5)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Z()(x),
n=7(1)12,
x=0(.1)5,
8S

974

Table 26.4. Normal Probability Function-Values

of Z(x) in Terms of
P(x) and Q(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q(z>=0(.001).5,
5D

975

Table 26.5. Normal Probability Function-Values

of x in Terms of
P(x) and Q(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Xx)=0(.001).5,
5D

976

l National Bureau of Standards.

z National

Bureau

of Standards.

(Presently,
(Presently,

National Institutes of Health.)

University of Buffalo.)

925

PROBABILITY

FUNCTIONB

Table 26.6. Normal Probability

Function-Values
of 2 for Extreme
Values of P(z) and Q(z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~(~)=0(.0001).025,
5D
m=4(1)23,
5D
Q(z) = lo-,
Table 26.7. Probability
Function, Cumulative

Integral of x2-Distribution,
Incomplete Gamma
Sums of the Poisson Distribution
. . . . . .

Page

977

978

x=.001(.001).01(.01).1(.1)2(.2)10(.5)20(1)40(2)76
Y= 1(1)30,
5D
Table

26.8. Percentage

TermsofQandu

Points of the x2-Distribution-Values

of x2 in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

984

Q(x2(u)=.995,
.99, .975, .95, 2, .75, .5, .25, .l, .05, .025, .Ol, .005,
.OOl, .0005, .OOOl
v==1(1)30(10)100,
5-6s
Table

26.9. Percentage

TermsofQ,

yl, La.

Points of the F-Distribution-Values

of F in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Q(Fjv1, Y&=.5, .25, .l, .05, .025, .Ol, .005, .OOl

986

v1=1(1)6, 8, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60, a

V2=1(1)30, 40, 60, 120, Q), 3-5s
26.10. Percentage Points of the t-Distribution-Values
of t in
TermsofAandv
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table

990

A(tlv)=.2,.5,.8,.9,.95,.98,.99,.995,.998,.999,.9999,.99999,.999999
v=1(1)30,

40, 60, 120, OJ, ZD

Table 26.11. 2500 Five Digit

Random

Numbers

. . . . . . . . . .

991

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of David S. Liepman in the prep
aration and checking of the tables and graphs and the many helpful comments received
from members of the Committee on Mathematical
Tables of the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics.

26. Probability
Mathematical
26.1.

Functions
Properties

Probability

Univariate

Cumulative

: Definitions

Distribution

and

Functions

A real-valued function F(Z) is termed

variate) cumulative
distribution
function
or simply distribution
function if

a (uni(c.d.f.)

i) F(z) is non-decreasing, i.e., F(z1)5F(a)

XII%
ii) F(s) is everywhere continuous from
right, i.e., F(s) =2+ F(z+t)
iii) F(-

=)=O,

for
the

F(a)=l.

The function F(s) signifies the probability

of
the event X<z
where X is a random variable,
i.e., Pr{X_<s} =F(s), and thus describes the
c.d.f. of X. The two principal types of distribution functions are termed discrete and continuous.
Discrete Distributions: Discrete distributions
are
characterized by the random variable X taking
on an enumerable number of values . . ., x-1,
x0, 21, * * - with point probabilities
p,=Pr{

which

need only

X=s,}

be subject

20

26.1.1

FCd=WXSx?

Properties

distribution

function

can

=zqz~.

* Commenton notationand conventions.

a. We follow the customary convention of denoting a
random variable by a capital letter, i.e., X, and using the
corresponding
lower case letter, i.e., z, for a particular
value that the random variable assumes.
b. For statistical applications it is often convenient to
have tabulated
the upper tail area, 1 -F(z),
or the
c.d.f. for 1x1, F(z)-F(-z),
instead of simply the c.d.f.
F(z). We use the notation P to indicate the c.d.f. of
X, Q = 1 -P to indicate the upper tail area and A =
P-Q to denote the c.d.f. of 1x1. In particular we use
P(z), Q(z), and A(z) to denote the corresponding functions
for the normal or Gaussian probability
function,
see
26.2.2-26.2.4.
When these distributions
depend on other
pnrametcrs, say ~91 and 82, we indiwtr
this by writing
P(rJh, 021, Q(zl01, et), or .4(rl&, 0,). For csamplc the chisquare distribution
26.4 depends on the parameter Y and
the tabulated function is n ritten Q(x~~v).

where the summation

is over all values of z for
which ~5s.
The set { 2,) of values for which
p,>O is termed the domain of the random variable
X. A discrete distribution
of a random variable
is called a lattice distribution if therL exist numbers
a and b #O such that every possible value of X
can be represented in the form a+ bn where n
takes on only integral values. A summary of
some properties of certain discrete distributions
is presented in 26.1.19-26.1.24.
Continuous Distributions.
Continuous
distributions are characterized by F(x) being absolutely
continuous.
Hence F(z) possesses a derivative
F(s)=j(z)
and th e c.d.f. can be written
26.1.2

The

f(t)dt.
-0D

F(z)=Pr{X<z}=

derivative

j(z) is termed the probability

(p.d.f.) or frequency junction, and
the values of 5 for which J(r)>0
make up the
domain of the random variable X. A summary
of some properties of certain selected continuous
distributions
is presented in 26.1.25-26.1.34.

density junction

Multivariate

to the restriction

l$Pa=l.

The corresponding
then be written

Functions

The real-valued
defines an n-variate
tion if

Probability

Functions

function
cumulative

F(z,,

q, . . . z,)

distribution

func-

i) F(s, x2, . . . 2,) is a non-decreasing function for each 5;

ii) F(s, q, . . . 2,) is continuous from the
right in each sl; i.e., F(s, ~2, . . . z,)
=lim F(s, . . ., zf+t, . . ., s,)
4+
when
x2, . . . x.)=0
F(~D, co, . . ., a~)=l.

iii) F(xl,
iv)

any q=--o3;

F(s,, z2, . . ., x,) assigns nonnegative

ability

to

the

x2<X21x2+h2,

event

t,<X,<

probqfh,,

. . .,x,<-KA~,+h,
for
x:,+M---F(s+h,,

all x1, q, . . ., zn and all nonnegative

h,, hz, . . ., h,, e.g., for n=2, F(x,+hl,
x2>+

sz+M--F(G

F(z,, z2> 20 and in general for s,<X&

sr+hr (i=l,
2, . . ., n), the kth order

difference
k=l,

AIF(q,

G, . . ., s,)>O

2, . . ., n.

927

for

PROBABILITY

928
The

probability
of the event XI<z,,
X,,<tn is F(q, x2, . . . s,). Ana,logous to the one-dimensional
case, discrete distributions assign all probability
to an enumerable set of

x25x2,

joint
*

* ,

Characteristics

of diutribution

functione:

ntb moment about 0rWn

26.1.4

meau

vectors (21, 22, . . ., s,) and continuous distributions are characterized by absolute continuity
of
F(G, x2, . . ., CC,).

Moments,

Contlauous

26.1.2

FUNCTIONS

funclions,

characteristic

distdbutions

cumulants

Discrete distributlona

--

26.13
moment

73th central

26.1.6
26.1.7
26.1.8
26.1.9

chartitoristic
U(x)

function

26.1.11

InversIon fowluls

01
PI--

Relation

of

26.1.11

the

Characterirtic
Ahout
the

4(O)=

[$9(t)]

Cumulant

26.1.12

Function
Origin

to

rP8-+4(f)df

(lsttice dlstrlbutions

CoeiBcientr

Momenta

only)

of Skewneee

26.1.15

and

Exceu

(skewness)

,_o=ip:
26.1.16

Function

In +(t) -2

2r J -r/b

n-0

K$$

Occasionally
(or kurtosis)

(excess)
coefficients of skewness and excess
are given by

K,, is called the 72 cumulant.

26.1.17

26.1.13
Relation

26.1.14

K1=?n,

of

Central

Im--8

K~=c?,

K8=p2,

Momenta
Origin

K4=p4-3pi

to Moments

(Y) (-l)n-p~mn-5

About

the

26.1.18

A=d=($)

(skewness)

82=%+3=$

(excess or kurtosis)

PROBABILITY

FUNCTIONS

:
3

929

Some one-dimensional
Probabilfty
Function

Nl3UM

Density
f(z)

wntinuous

distribution

co
8

functions

Skewmaw
71

MWJI

CUIIIUlSnt.3

1
5i3

NOrUN

(II

i&e
I
c

~*=m. x:=6,

26.1.27

Cauchy

not de5cd

not defined

not defined

not defined

,i.H-#I II

not de5ed

26.1.28

Exponential

rt=a+8,

26.1.29

Lapbce,
ordouble

L[*=a, r2=2p

26.1.2s

Error

26.1.26

function

exponential

26.1.30

26.131

s+*-ilJ

; expt-r-e-q

Extreme-Value,
(Fisher-Tim&t
Type I or doubly
exponential)

Pearson

Type

with

-(4)
6

1.3

2.4

Iy1-i&p*

VP

(1-fl)-p

seefcotnote
6.

M(a,

-1.2

$h (T) sin

..=o

for

K.=pr(n)

?a>2

for n>l

) ~olgr.
n
for n=1.2.

i!

. . .

y-=T

III
%-

26.1.32

Oamma

distribution
5

26.133

Beta

distribution

B(a,
1
L

26.136

1
b)

z*(l-z)*I

2(a-b)

(a+b+2)
0

xlop,K.=pr(n)

o+b.

fore4

it)
x,=nl, n.+1=0
hz=Bt.
=-iii-

B,. (Bernoulli
B,=%.

* -t (Eulers

catstad)~67721

56649

. . . .

nUmbers).
B,=-

3fr. . . .

g
m
P
3
cc

PROBABILJTY

Inequalities
(F@) denotes

the C.&f. of the random

variable

Xand

1denotes

R positive

931

FUNCTIONS

for distribution
cmstmt;

further

functions
m is always

assumed

to be fmite and all expectations

are assumed

to exist.)

Conditions

Inequality

_-

26.1.35

Prig(X) It1 S%?(X)I/t

26.1.36

Pr(

(9 8(x) 20
(i) PrlX<O)=O
(ii) E(X) =m

X>t) <m/t

F(1)21-y
Pr( IX-rnl>tu)

26.1.37

(i) E(X)= m
(ii) E(X- rn)?=G

<l/O

F(m+to)-F(m-tc)

21-i

26.1.38

(i) E(XJ =mi

E(Xi-Tlnli)=U?
(iii) E([Xi-mmil[Xi-mil)
(ii)

=O(i#$

26.1.39

(i) E(X-m)=2
(ii) F(z) is a continuous c.d.f.
(iii) F(z) is unimodal at ~0

26.1.40

Pr( IX--ml

(i) E(X-m)a=a*
F(z) is a continuous c.d.f.
(iii) F(z) is unimodal at xoe
(iv) m=zo

>tu) <4/9tS

(ii)

PY( IX--ml

26.1.41

>to)

Fb+td-F(m--tul

(i) JC(X-m)a=2
(ii) E(X-rn)=p4

< pr+;;f2pd

11-p,+;;;f2p,

620is mlcll that EV(ZO)>F(I)forZZIO.

26.2. Normal or Gaussian Probability

Function

Pr{X<x}=-L

26.2.1
26.2.2 P(z) =&

26.2.4

&(x)=+~

n.m

S
nm

=- e-t12dt=

g/2*

--(t-m)
e 24 dt
--

_=(DZ(t)dt

The corresponding

2- Z(t)dt

probability

density

function

is

A(x) -1
-JZ;SI.L-t12dt=SI;Z(t)dt

26.2.5
26.2.6
26.2.7
Probability

;. e -12dt =

26.2.3

26.2.8

26.2.9

P(x) + Q(x) = 1
PC-x)=&(4
A(x)=2P(z)-1
Integral

with

Mean

and is symmetric
m and

Variance

around m, i.e.

A random varirtble X is said to be normally

distributed
with mean m and variance 2 if the
probability
that X is less than or equal to z is
given by

The infiexion points of the probability

function are at m f u.
*see page n.

density

PROBABILITY

932
Power

Series

FUNCTIONS
Polynomial

(z 20)

and

Rational
and

Approximations
Z(x)

05x<

7 for

P(x)

26.2.16
26.2.11

- 1

P(z)=l--Z(x)(aIt+a2t"+a~t~)+B(x),

t=l+px

le(s)1<1X10-6
Asymptotic

Expansions

p= .33267

(x>O)

26.2.12

al=.43618 36
us=-. 12016 76
a3= .93729 80

26.2.17

Q(x)=?{

I-$+y+.

..
P~x)=l-z(x)(b,t+b2t2+b2t2+blt4+b~t~)+t(Z),

+(-1)l.

3.. . (2?2--1) +R
n
x2n
1

1
t=l+pz

where

[e(z) [<7.5x

R,=(-l)+1.3

. . . (2n+l$-

0%

10-s

p=.23164 19
.31938 1530
b4=-1.82125
5978
b,=-.35656
3782
bb= 1.33027 4429
ba= 1.78147 7937
6,=

which is less in absolute value than the first

neglected term.

26.2.18

26.2.13

p(x)=&;

-(x2+2)

je(x)(<2.5X 1O-4
cl=.196854
c3=
.000344
c2=.115194
cd=.019527

(sa;4) (x2+6) + . * . )

where al=l, a2=l, a3=5, a4=9, aS=129 and the

general term is

(1+c~x+c2~+c3~++c4x4)-4+,(~)

26.2.19

u,=col -3 . . . (2~1) +2cIl -3 . . . (2~33)

+22c21-3 . . . (2n-5) + . . . +2-c,-,
+d4x4+d3x3+d3x3)-13+t(x)

and cli is t,he coefficient of t- in the expansion of

trt-1)
. . . (t-n+l).
Continued

Fraction

Expansions

26.2.14

Q(d)=%)

Je(x))<1.5XlO-7

dl=.04986
&=.02114

10061

ds=.00327

76263

26.2.20

&&$$&.

. .}

(XX)

26.2.15

Q(x~=;--z(x)
1

2 x2 23? 3x2 4;c2

-_-_-l-3$5-77+9-.

(x20)

73470

d,=.00003 80036
d,=.OOOO4 88906
da=.00000 53830

Z(X)=(U~+U~X~+~Z~X~+CZ~X')-'+~(~)

Je(z)1<2.7X 1O-3
a,=2.490895
a4= - .024393
a, = 1.466003
a6=
.178257
1 Basedon approximationsin C. Hastings,Jr., Approximations for digital computers. Princeton Univ. Press,
Princeton, N.J., 1955 (with permission).

PROBABILITY

FUNCTIONS

933

26.2.25

26.2.21
z(x)=(bo+b2x2+b4x4+bax6+bsx8+b,020)-1+e(x)
(e(~)[<2.3XlO-~
3,=2.50523

67

bs=

bz=1.28312

04

b,=-.02024

b4= .22647 18
Rational

b,O=

Approximations

7 for

90

.00391 32
Q(x,)=p

xp where

Cx>O)

P(x)
2
I P4(x) = 1-i

.13064 69

(2n)+e-xz2/2

b>2.2)

See Figure 26.1 for error curves.

o<p1.5
26.2.22
ao+alt
xP=t-l+bIt+b&2

+6(p),

k(P) 1<3X lO-3

ao=2.30753

bl = .99229

al=

b2=.04481

.27061

P>l-PM

FIGURE

26.2.23
co+C1t+c2tZ

2p=t-

l +d,t

+e(p),

- ,006

t=

+d3t+d3t3

Error

26.1.

curves
for
distribution.

bounds

on

normal

In-l-

P2

J-

Derivatives

of the

Normal

Probability

Density

Function

Jc(p))<4.5x10-4

Bounds

q=2.515517

d, = 1.432788

cl = .802853

d,=

c2= .010328

da= .001308

Useful

26.2.26

Z(m)(2) =d$m Z(x)

.189269

as Approximations
Distribution
Function

to

Differential

the

Normal

26.2.27

Equation

Zcm+2~(x)+xZ(m+~(x)+(m+1)Z(x)=.0
Value

26.2.24

at x=0

26.2.28
P,(x)=++;

(l--e-tiz/r)+

(x>O)

(- lym!

P(x) 2
p2(x) = I-

(4+22Y--s
2

(27r)-+e-22/2
(x>l.4)

for m=2r, r=O, 1, . . .

&i2m2 (g)!

Z(m)(0) =
i

for odd m>O

PROBABILITY

934
Relation

of P(r)

and

FUNCTIONS
Z(m)(z)

to Other

Functions

Relation

Function

26.2.29

26.2.30

Error function

erf 2=2P(zJz)-1

Incomplete

y~ ;,x =[2P

gamma

function

(special case)

rf

(x20)

>

0
n

26.2.31

Hermite

polynomial

26.2.32

26.2.33

Hh function

26.2.34

26.2.35

Tetrachoric

26.2.36

Confluent
case)

(x20)

(&GC) - l]

Z(x)

He&$=(-1)

z(x)

2(*)(x&?)
&-Jz)

H,(z)=(-1)22

VC4
H&(x)

=y

72.

Hh-l(x)

-& (@)

(00)

function
hypergeometric

function

(XX)

(special

26.2.37

(x>O)

26.2.38

(x2 0)

26.2.39

II

(x20)

function

(G-0)

26.240

Parabolic

cylinder

Repeated

Integrals

26.2.41

I,(x)=

of the

Normal

mIn-l(t)dt
sz

Probability

Integral

(n2 0)

where I-l(z>=Z(x)
26.2.42

(n2 -1)
26.2.43

(-g+x

~-+(x)=0

26.2.44
~n+l>~,+l(x)+x~~(x)--I,-l(x)=O

(n>-1)

PROBABILITY

26.2.45
I,(x)

935

FUNCTIONS
Asymptotic

Let

26.2.46

I,(O)=I-n(O)=
0

Asymptotic
Density

Expansion
Arbitrary

Expansions
Function

l s+2
; !2 2

of an Arbitrary
and Distribution

Let Y, (i=1,2,

for the
Distribution

the cumulative

Inverse
Function
Function

distribution

of an

function

of

(n>--1)

Y=$,

(n even)

l&he;) asymptotic expansion with respect to n for

the value of yp such that Q&=1--p
is

Probability
Function

. . ., n) be n

Y, be denoted by F(y).

26.2.49

Then the (Cornish-

ypmfm

where
wx+

LYlh (x> I

independent
random variables with mean m,,
variance I& and higher cumulants
K~, c
Then
asymptotic expansions with respect to n for the
probability
density and cumulative
distribution
function of
Zi!i (Yi---mJ
+ are

+r:hI(dl+

and
&(x>=p,

26.2.47

Y,-2=$2,

t-=3,4,.

***
..

26.2.50

j(x)-Z(x)-k P(x)]+~g
24(x)+~Ze)
(x)] h,(x)=:
- [z. P(x)+Tz;
27
(x)+g6Z@(x)]
+[goz(x)+&
.z@(x)+~~;
P)(x)
+& 210
(x)+aM
P(x)]+... Md=&
h2Cd

He2(xj

=A

Hea

[2Hfh(d+Hh(dl

h,(X)=-&

We4(41

26.2.48

F(x)
-P(x)
-pi P(x)]+~;
P(x)+g2(XjJ
- LgoP(x)+yg;26
(2,+& 2~
(x)]
+[go26
(x)+A 27(x)
+?S2(7(x)
+g z(yx)+&4
zyx)]+...
where

h2(a)=-&
$ll(x~=~4

We4W

%-2=nf,-1

K7
-p

He&4

[3He6(4 -I-6He3(d -I-JHel(dl

h22@l=-&4

IL,~~(z)=~&

[12He4(x)+l9~e2(x~l

h,(~)=$~

h13(z)=--

Terms in brackets are terms of the same order

with respect to n. When the Y, have the same
distribution,
then mt=m, d=u2, K,,t=K,
and

+He2(41

1
180

[2Heds) +3He&)l

D4He6(d +37He3(4 +@Jel(dl

hill@) = -17776[252He6(x)+832He3(x)

+227Hel(x) 1
Terms in brackets in 26.2.49 are terms of the
same order with respect to n. The He,(x) are the
Hermite polynomials.
(See chapter 22.)

936

PROBABILJTY

Z(n)(x) El t- 1)
z(z)=n! mgo
2mm!(n-2m)!
P-2m

*&)=(-l)

26.2.51
In the following

auxiliary

table, the polynomial

functions h,(z), h,(z) . . . /Lag,,

are tabulated

for

.l, .05, ,025, .Ol, .005, .0025, .OOl, .0005.

p=.25,
Auxiliary

FUNCTIONS

coe$cientaB for use with Corn&h-Fisher

26.2.49

asymptotic expansion.

.2&i

--

* 81449

:I%!!

-:i%i

.00372
-. 14607
-. 04410

:EE
.00282

GE
.14704
-.06333

3%

26.3. Bivariate

Normal

to mathematical
4, l-14 (lQ37) (with

Probability

statlstlcs.
Paper
permission).

22;

30 (with

3%
:34331

: 67070

-:E
-%z
-3%
-. 174Q3
l.wH45
-1.3QlQQ

-:%2

-:Z

-%%
:04sQ1
-.5@00

-t

x2
-3: 32108

E. A. Comlsh)

Extralt

23:
: 1OQsO

r:g;
7123307
-5.40702

de la Revue

de

Pr{XSh,

The probability
26.3.4

Q--h,

-k, p)=

dx g(x, y, p)dy
s -aD s -(D

26.3.5

L(-h,

k, -p)=

dx ?J(x, y, p)dy
f -0
sk

L(h, -k, -p)=

26.3.6

26.3.7

W,

26.3.8

U--h,

26.3.9

L(-h,

=dr
h

k, d-Uk,

k, P)+U&

-k, p)-L(h,

&$j=%g

g(x, y, p)dy
-0D

Probability

Function
uZ, &

uy p >

where

k, -p)=Q(lc)

k, p)=P(k)-Q(h)

-p>+W)-Q(k)l---l
A
= dx k
s -h s -k
With
Means
and Correlation

m,,

my,

Normal

Probability

Density

Function

26.3.13
dx, Y, PMY

1 x-mm,
;29 ( - u

Variances

The random variables X, Y are said to be distributed as a bivariate Normal distribution

with
page

( a,

h, P)

Circular

is

x-mm, y-m,

26.3.10
k, p)+Uh,

density function

26.3.12
2rc**v1&7exp

*Bee

.alOs

.-

26.3.11

g(x,y, p)=(l-p*)-iz(x)z

26.3.3

+ WW,

.oOl

means and variances (m,, my) and (4, ~y) and

correlation
p if the joint probability
that X is
less than or equal to A and Y less than or equal to
k is given by

Function

26.3.1

26.3.2

:&%

-:IIE
.3wd6
-.4tx34

-: .ZE

8 From R. A. Fisher. Contributions

1Institute
Intematlonal
de Statlstique

.0025

.38012
-. 58171
. OeJxo
-.53531
. bQ767
-. 02821

$!+I$

-:i%

.Qo.5

y-mm,
-10
u

>

&* exp- (x-m2+(y-mv~2

2V2

XI.
hJA

PROBABILITY

Special

26.3.14

Values

of L(h,

k, P)

L(h,

L(h, k, -l)=O

(h+k<O)

Uh, k, l)=&(h)

(klh)

26.3.18

Uhk, l)=&(k)

(k>N

p)=;+arc2y

+L

.h

13

where sgn h=l

P
0

k o W--h)kn

0, p)

>

if hk>O or hk=O
and h+k>O
otherwise

if h>O and sgn h=-1

.I"

.LC

k)

dh2-2phk+k2

26.3.17

L(O,O,

of L(h,

L(h, k, p)=L

(h+kZ 0)

26.3.16 L(h, k, - 1) =P(h) -Q(k)

26.3.19

k, p) as a Function

26.3.20

Uh,kQ)=Q(h)Q(k)

26.3.15

937

FUNCTIONS

.I"

if h<O.
.V'

-.I

-*2

-.3

-.4

l/l

IX

l/IA

l/l

I/I

/VI
.03

-.6

-v I/

FIWJB~ 26.2.
Vabs

L(h,

0,

p) for 0 <h<l

for h<O can be obtained

using

and -1

L(h, 0, --p)+-L(-h,

<plO.
0, p).

PROBABILITY

l/l

.OS

.I0

.I5

.20

.25

I/I

.30
FIQIJRE

.35

.40

26.3.

Valuesforh<Ocan

.45

L(h,

FUNCTIONS

I n

30
0,

l/l

.ss

.60

p) for O<h<l

beobtainedusing

L(h.0,

I/I

.65

30

.75

and O<p<l.
-p)=f-L(-h,O,

p).

.60

.65

.90

.95

1.00

PROBABILITY

939

FUNCTIONS

P
.I4

.I2

.I0

.09

.06

.07

.06

.05

.04

.03

.02

.Ol

-.I
/
/

-.2

A
1

/.
/

/
/

/
-.3

/
0

/
/

-.4 /
/

4.0

-rh
1.00 LO5 I.10

I.15 120

L25

1.30 1.35

I.40 1.45 1.50 I.55

FIQURE 20.4.

I.60

1.65 1.70 I.75

1.60 I.65 1.90 t95 200

205

2JO 2.15 2.20 225

L(h, 0, p) fo7 h21 and -1 1~51.

Values for h<O CBD be obtained using Z(h, 0, --p)=f-U-h,

0, P.)

2.30

2.35 2.40

245

2.50

940

PROBABILITY

Integral

Over

an Ellipse

With

Center

at (m,,

FUNCTIONS
Approximation

m,)

to P(pI

2,s)

26.3.25

26.3.21

Approximation

where A is the area enclosed by the ellipse

(Y- mu>

%4x-d

WG
+(y),
Integral

Over

Condition

26.3.26

P(xl)

R>l

26.3.27

P(x2)

RX

=d(l-$)

an Arbitrary

Region

26.3.22

=ss
A(& I)

where A*(s, t) is the transformed

from the transformation
se-

--

t-JzA-p

g(s, t, o)dsdt

region obtained

x-m+
---

Q(h)-Fk

&---k>O,

k, d<&(h)

Series

O<P<l.
Expansion

26.3.29

Q >
Probability
v=l
Over

Z(k) [Q (j+2)-@h

where

y-mm,

a,

Integral
of the Circular
Normal
With
Parameters
m.=n,=O,
Rounded
by y=O,
y=ox,
x=h

Inequality

Qv >

gz

26.3.28

-x- mZ+y-- m,

4
42+2p

R, r both large

x2=R-,fi

L(h, k, p) =Q(h) Q(k) +$

Function
the Triangle

26.4. Chi-Square

Zn~~l;;(k)

Probability

p+

Function

26.4.1
26.3.23
P(x~J,)+~I
V(h, ah)=&

=;

(;)]-12

(t)+e-+dt

sh s: e-f(z2+v2)dxdy
0 0
+Uh,

0, P)--L(O,

0, p)-

(Olx2< a)
26.4.2

; Q(h)

Q(x"lv>=1-P(x"lv)

where

+I

r (!L)]-lsx;
Relation

Integral
of Circular
Normal
Distribution
Over
Circle With Radius
Ru and Center
a Distance
h9
m,)

an O&et
ru From

26.3.24
0) dxdy=P(R2(2, r)

where P(R212, r) is the c.d.f. of the non-central

x2 distribution
(see 26.4.25) with v=2 degrees of
freedom and noncentrality
parameter 9.

(t)+-e-t

to Normal

dt

Distribution

Let XI, X2, . . ., X, be independent and identically distributed random variables each following
a normal distribution
with mean zero and unit
variance.

t T,

@9"< ->

Then X2=$X:

is said to follow the

chi-square distribution
with v degrees of freedom
and the probability that x25x2 is given by P(x~v).
Cumulants

26.4.3

K,,+l=2%!Y

(n=O, 1, . . .)

PROBABILITY
Series

941

FUNCTIONS
Approximations

Expansions

,to

the

Cl&Square
Large
Y

26.4.4
26.4.13

QW>

Distribution

Approzimation
x&E+i%z
= &(a,,

for

Condition
(v>lOO)

26.4.14
(x*/v,l~3-( l-2)

(V odd) and x=fi

Q(x'l4 =&(x4,

26.4.5

(v>30)

x2=
4s

26.4.15

Q(x*lv) =Qb2+hA,

hv=T

(v even)

hao

(u>30)

Values of hm

26.4.6

Approximations

26.4.7

for

the

Inverse

Function

If Q(x,~v) =p and Q(z,> = 1--P(g)

p(X*lv)

=p,

for

then
Condition

Approximation
Recurrence

26.4.9

and

Differential

b"Q(x*ld =F 1 $ (7)
b(X2)"
Continued

26.4.16

xl, =;

{ x.+Ji;=r)s

(v>lOO)

26.4.17

x;~:Y{ ~-$+x~G}~

(v>30)

26.4.18

x, = v.

(v>30)

Relations

lG+

(5 -h)g}

(-1~+Q(xl~--2~~
where h, is given by 26.4.15.

Fraction

Relation

26.4.19

Incomplete

to Other

Functions

gamma

function

y=?#a,x2=2x

~$g=P(xIv,,
1

l-v/2

2-v/2

- *)
{ x2/2+1+x2/2+1+@%
Asymptotic

26.4.11

Distribution

P(x*lv) -P(x)
Asymptotic

for

Large

where z=Expanxionx

for

~=Q(x*lv,
26.4.20

Pearsons incomplete

x2-u
Jz;

Large

26.4.21

x2

2,+1

x2=2u 4g

&@*I~> =&lj

cm

5)

c=i,

n=$

(-1)
r

1-i
(

(x2)
>

function

Poisson distribution
C-l

r (++j)
*seepageIL

gamma

v=2(p+l),

26.4.12

Q(x2,.)~~~~,~;~~;;s&

Large

Q(~~~v>-Q(~~(v-2)=e-

&!

(v even)

942

PROBABILITY

26.4.22

FUNCTIONS
Non-Central

Pearson Typo III

X*

Distribution

Function

26.4.25
v=2abf2,
26.4.23

Incomplete

moments

P (X21v, A)=g

x2=2b(s+a)

of Normal

distribu-

where Xl0
eter.

tion
(n- 1) !! 9

(n even)

@$?P(xzlv)
T

(n odd)

Generalized

ng (-lP+
n!L(,) (2)s PO

Laguerre
(;>

SS

Polynomials

g(x, y, O~dx&/=P(x2=R2~v=2,

Q(x21v+2--237

Approximations

=1-g

to the

Non-Central

a=v+h

b=-

x2 distribution

P(X2lv, M-P

26.4.28

Normal

distribution

P(x2lv, A) =P(x),

26.4.29

Normal

distribution

P(x2(v, A) =P(x),

Approximations

l+b

to the
X*

If Q(x~lv, X)=p, Q(xilv*)=p,

x2

26.4.31

Normal

26.4.32

Normal

x
v+x

( x2I>*

26.4.27

26.4.30

Distribution

X*

Approximation

Function

Variable

param-

26.4.26

x=x2/2, cz=v/2

Approximating

the non-centrality

vsn+l

2[Q(x21v+2>
- &(x2141

Approximating

P(Xt21v+2j)

Relation
of Non-Central
xz Distribution
With
v=2 to the
Integral
of Circular
Normal
Distribution
(u*=l)
Over
an O&et
Circle
Having
Radius
R and Center
a Distance r=h
From
the Origin.
(See 26.3.2446.3.27.)

x2=$,

26.4.24

is termed

emhiy

and Q(x~)=~
Approximation

v )

v*=&

x+cJ-[~-l]

Inverse
Function
Distribution

of Non-Central

then
to the

x;=(l+b)x;

Inverse Function

A)
$7

Q(R2(2+2$

PROBABILITY

FTJNCTIONS

943

944

PROBABILITY

26.5. Incomplete

FUNCTIONS
Continued

Beta Function

26.5.1

Iz(u,b)=B(;,b)

O=tyl--t)L-ldl

(Olxil)

b+m)(a+b+m)

dh+l=-

Zz(u,b)=l-Z,-,(b,u)
Chi-Square

Distribution

If X: and Xi are independent random variables

following chi-square distributions
26.4.1 with Y,
and v2 degrees of freedom respectively,
then
X
is said to follow a beta distribution
with
x:+x:
vI and v2 degrees of freedom and has the distribution function

Best results

are obtained

zQ(l-x)b-
uB(u
b)
f

b)=

e2m=-

Expansions

&f!, b-5

.2

l+.g
b)

mJSl,n+l)
n-o @+b,
n+l)

x+l

e,=l

(u+m-l)(b-m)
(u+2m--2)(u+2m-1)

(u+2m-l)(u+2m)
Recurrence

Z,(u, +(-x)b
aNa,

* * *

.122

m(u+b-l+m)
e2d=

(O<x<l)

26.5.4
*

el ez e3
C 1+ 1+ 1+
-

xc1

Series

when x<s2.

26.5.9

26.5.3

Also the 4m and 4 m+ 1 convergents are less than

Zz(u, b) and the 4m+2, 4m+3 convergents are
greater than Z,(u, b).

z&,

=L(a,b)

(a+2m)(a+2m+l)
m(b-m)
(u+2in- l)(u+2m)

d2m=
to the

---.
1 4 4 ..
Zz(u, +f(l-x)b
aB(a, b) 1+ 1+ 1+

26.5.2

Relation

Fractions

26.5.8

II,

Relations

26.5.10

Z,(a,b)=xZ,(u-l,b)+(l-x)Z,(u,b-1)
26.5.11

26.5.5

Zz(a,b)=

xyl -Zy-

Zz(u,b)=;{Zz(u+l,b)-(l-x)Zz(u+l,b-1))

uB(u, b)

26.5.12
*

[ 1

Lb, b)= ucl-;,+bi

=2(1--r)b-
Wa, b)

bzz(d+l)

+u(l-x)Z,(u+l,b-1)

26.5.13

+Zz(a+s, b-s)
26.5.6

l-Z&,

I,(a,b)=;;-

{uZ,(u+l,b)+bZ~(~,b+l)}

26.5.14
b)=Z,-,(b,u)

Jl-x)b
Bm

z&,u)=; I,-,t (u, f)!

O--l (-l)i
C
i-0

(;i)

5:)

(integer a>

x)=4 (x-;y[x

26.5.15

26.5.7
1-Z,(u,
=

b) =I,-r(b,

(1s-@+b-

a.)

(+t-)

26.5.16

(+r)i

(integer a)

Z&b)=

-- r(+b)
r(a+l)r(b)

P(l-r)b+Z,(u+l,b)

s ;I

PROBABILITY
Asymptotic

Expansions

and y is taken negative when x< ~ u-l

26.5.17
r@

l-lz(a,b)=I~-*(b,a)---

945

FUNCTIONS

u+b-2

Y)

r(b)
Approximations

26.5.20

If (u+b-1)(1-x)5.8

I&

Q(x'lv)+ e,

b) =

]c]<~X~O-~

if u+b>6

x=(u+b-l)(l-x)(3-x)-(l-x)(b-1),
v=2b

26.5.18

If (a+b-1)(1-x)2.8

26.5.21

Lb,

b)=W+e,

(ej<5X10W3

if u+b>6

26.5.19
Lb, b) -Q/)--z(y)

[u,ff$--$
+%(l+?m+

. . .

1 +a2

ul=;

wz=[u(l-x)]

~~=(bx)~,

(b--a)[(u+b-2)(u-l)(b-

Approximation

to the

Inverse

Function

,1)1--M

26.5.22 If &(a,

and Q(y,)=p

b)=p

then

U
5,+be2

,=Yv@+v

+(b-1)

In

b-l

(u+b-1)(1-x)

Relations

to Other

h=2

Functions

and

h,Yz-3
6
Distributions

Function

26.5.23

Hypergeometric

26.5.24

Binomial

Relation

function

&;

F(u, 1-b;

u+l;

n n
p(l--p)-=l,(u,
,-II s
c(>

distribution
I

26.5.25

b)

x)=1&

n-u+l)

r pa(l--p)-=I,(u,n-u+l)--l&2+1,

n-a)

26.5.26

Negative

binomial

26.5.27

Students

distribution

265.28

F-(variance-ratio)

distribution

(:-)

pq=I,(u,

;[l-&j+;

distribution

1, (;$,

Q(F/vl, vJ=Iz

(II, ;;?)P

n)
x=--f-

x=2
vz+vr

*See

page

II.

v+t2

946
26.6.

F-(Vdance-Ratio)

PROBABILITY

FUNCTIONS

Function

26.6.5

Distribution

26.6.1

Q(F~v,,v,)=1-(l-2)"'2[l+~

Ftf(1-2)(Y2+Ylt)-f(I+l)dt

PWIVI,d=

* . * (V2+Vl--4)

+vlh+2)
V'2

2.4.

. . (~~-2)

Q(Flv,, vJ=1-(l-2)

0)

26.6.2

x+w

x2+...

xT

(v2 even)

26.6.6
Q(Fjv,, vJ=l-P(FIvI,

vJ=Iz

z,;

>

where
x=-----

v2

v2+v1

Relation

to the

Chi-Square

Distribution

If X, and Xi are independent random variables

following chi-square distributions
26.4.1 with v1
and v2 degrees of freedom respectively, then the
distribution
of F=m2WV1 is said to follow the
variance ratio or F-distribution
with
degrees of freedom.
The corresponding
tion function is P(FJv,, v2).
Statistical

26.6.3

26.6.7

and v2
distribu-

v1

Properties

QU%,
VZ

mean :

m=-

variance:

g2=vl(v2-q2(v24)

v2)=1-4tlv2)+/3(~1,

bJP>2)

vz-2

2&vl+v2-2)

23.54
-**(=I;;

4t\v2y=

h>4)

cos --2e]

. . .

( >
Vz--l

\sinecosv~e

l+

>

v2+1
-sin*f3++..+

P(v1, Vz)=

(V2+1)(V2+3).

. . (~~+V2-4)

Oforv,=l

where

Expansions

f3= arctan

v2
vz+vP

26.6.4

+v2b2+2)

See

Reflexive
~2)=s~~[lf;(l--r)++9(1

. . . (vz+v~--4)
2.4.. * h-2)

page II.

q-3

for v2>l

l$(t)=E(P)=M ( 2, 2, -z it>

* Q(Flv,,

Sin

3*5...(v1-2)

functioni

xc-----

v2>1

{
(

Series

for
1

F for v2=l

about the origin:

characteristic

(VI, v2 odd)

~2)

O+sin B[cosO+~ cos3 O+ . . . +

third central moment:

moments

(v2 even)

26.6.8

-x)2+.

Y,-2

(l-x)2

. .

(IQ even)

Relation

If Fp(vl, v2) and F,-,(v2, v,) satisfy

QV'vh,
&VI-ph,

V2) lV1, V2) =P

VAIV2, Vd=l---p

PROBABILITY

26.6.9

947

FUNCTIONS

26.6.15

then

x/113 (l-ia-(l-&)

Q(Flv,, ~2) =Q&(d,

Relation

to Students

26.6.10

t-Distribution

Q(FIvI=l,

Function

(See 26.7)

t=@

v,)=l-A(ljvz)

Approximation
Limiting

Inverse

Function

Forma

26.6.16

26.6.11

~2)=Q(x21~~),

lim QU%,
*a+-

to the

$+F2j3 &

If Q(FvIv,, v2)=p, then

F, = e2wwhere w is given by 26.5.22, with

x2=vIF

vI=2b, v2=2a

26.6.12
x2=-

lim Q(FIv,, v~)=P(~~ld,

n-f-

Non-Central

P
P(FIvI,

vz,N=

s0

26.6.13

(vl

- v2
v,--2

~(tlv,,vz,~)dt=l-Q&(FIv~,v2,X)

where

F-Y&
v*-z

x=

and v2 large)

Function

26.6.17

Approximations

QV'Iv,, v2> =&Cd,

F-Distribution

2(v,+w--2)
5 h-4)

26.6.14

v*+u--2

(2v2-1) ; F-d-

&U%,

~2)

x=

=Q(d,

xt

I-

l+:F

Relation

of

Non-Central

- b,+2j+v,)/2

[v2+~v1+2j)tl

and A>0 is termed the non-centrality

F-Distribution

Function

to Other

Functions

P(FIv,,

F-distribution

v2,A)= F. evN2 y

P(FI ~1,~2,x=O)=P(F(VI,

26.6.19

Non-central

tdistribution

26.6.20

Incomplete

Beta function

P(FJvI=l,
P(FIv,,

v2,X)=P(tlv,

S), t=dF,

eMAl yIz

v,)=%

P(Flvl+2j,v2)

v2)

v=vg, S=J);

(;+j,

2)

j-0

2-7

vlF
*
v,F -4-a

pa

--1

26.6.21

parameter.

Relation

Function

26.6,18

Confluent hypergeometric

function

P(FIvI,

~2,

A)=

2ebN2

2x

i-o (vl+v2)B

v2

(?,i,l,

even and x=-

;-i)

v2

v$+vz >

23

PROBABILITY
Series

FUNCTIONS

is called Students

Expansion

26.6.22

freedom.

-x 0-a

P(FIvl,vz,N=e

z~b,+y2-2)

Ti

(v2 even)

t-distribution

The probability

with

that

&
in absolute value than a fixed constant

degrees of

will be less
is

26.7.1

where
To=1
T,=;

(v,+vq-2+Xz)

T t =q
x=-

[(vl+vz--2i+Xs)T,-,+X(1-z)T,-,]

where

VP
v,F+v,
Limiting

v-l-i*

Forms
Statistical

26.6.23
x*=v,F,

lim P(FIv~,v~,X)=P(X*IV,X),
vr+m
26.6.24

x2=v2(1

lim P(F~v,,v~,X)=&(~*~V),

I-+

~-

v=v,

+c*1
F

Approximations

to the

P(Flv,,v,,M

Proper&s

26.7.2

mean :

m=O

variance:

g&Y

(v>2)

v-2

skewness: r,=O

where X/v,-+* as vl+ Q).

26.6.25

xc-

Non-Central

F-Distribution

cxccss:

(v, and v2 largr)

=P(q),

where

r*=&

(v>4)

moments:
~*..-(vl;)~v~~~)

(2n-l)v
. . . (v-2n)

(v>W

VI (v2 -a

x1=

CL*n+1=O

g+v,+2h

characteristic

function:

26.6.26
PiFlv~,vn,V

-W7b:,v2),

F-

1
v,+x

F,

v~-(v1+X2

Series

v1+2x

@=arctan -!4 >

26.6.27
PWh,v2,M

4x2:,),

26.7.3

,=[&l"" [I-&I-[l-29(;1,:31
(& q3]
[

~{0+sin0[cos8+~ros30+.
+ 2.4 . . . (v-3)
1.3..
. (v-2)

; 55i+&

A(+)=.

26.7.

Students

then the distribution

of the ratio x
Jx*Iv

..

2
-8
n-

cosy-2 0.

(v>l

t-Distribution

If X is a random variable following a normal

distribution
with mean zero and variance unity,
and X* is a random variable following an independent chi-square distribution
with v degrees of
freedom,

Expansions

II

and odd)

(Vl)

26.7.4

A(tlv)=sin
+

1
1.3
1+z cos* e+m
c-OS4
e+ ,

1.3.5 . . . (v-3)
2.4~6..
. (v-2)

cosy-* g
1

(V

even) *

PROBABILITY
Asymptotic

Expansion

If A(t,(v)=l-2p

for

the

Inverse

and Q(z,)=p,

949

FUNCTIONS
Approximation

Function

26.7.8
+!Jl(X,)

sP(xP)+gdxP)

7+7

--$-+

&Iv)

=2P(x)-1,

x=

I-

+2

- * *

!a)=; (xa+x)
gz(z)=&

Large

then

26.7.5

t -x
P

for

Non-Central

t-Distribution

e-s2f2 9

1z ($i+j),

26.7.9

(5scb+l62+3s)

P (t/Iv, S) =
g&)=&

(32+191+1721-152)
(79x9+776x7+ 1482x5- 192023-945x)
Limiting

Distribution

=1-s

26.7.6

x-

where 6 is termed the non-centrality

Approximation

a,
b,

Large

Values

of

and

v<S

Approximation

A(tlv) E31-2 { ;+$}

26.7.7
Y

for

.3183
.oooo

.4991
.0518

1.1094
- .0460

to the

v , +
v+t

parameter.

Non-Central

t-Distribution

26.7.10
4
3.0941
-2.756

i!

.5

P(tJv, 6) =zqx)

9.948

where x=

- 14.05

Numerical
26.8. Methods of Generating

Methods

Random Numbers and Their Applications

Random digits are digits generated by repeated

independent drawings from the population
0, 1,
2
9
where
the
probability
of
selecting
any
* *,
digit is one-tenth.
This is equivalent to putting
10 balls, numbered from 0 to 9, into an urn and
drawing one ball at a time, replacing the ball
after each drawing. The recorded set of numbers
forms a collection of random digits. Any group of
n successive random digits is known as a random
number.
Several lengthy tables of random digits are
available (see references).
However, the use of
random numbers in electronic computers has resulted in a need for random numbers to be generated in a completely deterministic
way. The
numbers so generated are termed pseudo-random
numbers.
The quality of pseudo-random
numbers is determined by subjecting the numbers to
several statistical tests, see [26.55], [26.56].
The
purpose of these statistical tests is to detect any
properties of the pseudo-random
numbers which
are different from the (conceptual) properties of
random numbers.
0 The authors wish to express their appreciation
Professor J. W. Tukey who mnde many penetrating
helpful suggestions in this section.

Experience
has shown that the congruence
method is the most preferable device for generating
Let the sequence
random numbers on a computer.
of pseudo-random
numbers be denoted by {X,} ,
n=o, 1, 2, . . . . Then the congruence method
of generating pseudo-random numbers is
X,,+,=aX,,+b(mod
T)
where b and T are relatively prime.
The choice
of T is determined by the capacity and base of the
computer; a and b are chosen so that: (1) the resulting sequence {X,,} possesses the desired statistical properties of random numbers, (2) the
period of the sequence is as long as possible, and
(3) the speed of generation is fast. A guide for
choosing a and b is to make the correlation

between

the numbers

be near zero, e.g., the correla-

tion between X,, and X,,+* is

+e

where
al=aa (mod T)

to
and

b,=(l+a+a2+

lel<a,lT
*see

pa&-e II.

. . . +a-)b

(mod 7)

950

PROSABILITY

which

FUNCTIONS

a= 1 (mod 4). When T= 10q, b need only be not

divisible by 2 or 5, and a=1
(mod 20).
The
most convenient choices for a are of the form
a=2+1
(for binary computers) and a=lO+l
(for decimal computers).
This results in the
fastest generation of random numbers as the
operations only require a shift operation plus
two additions. Also any number can serve as
the starting point to generate a. sequence of
random digits. A good summary of generating
pseudo-random numbers is [26.51].
Below are listed various congruence schemes
and their properties.

occur in
Xn+s=asXn+h

(mod T>

When a is chosen so that a= PIP, the correlation

p1z T-l.
The sequence defined by the multiplicative
congruence method will have a full period of T
numbers if
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

b is relatively prime to T
a= 1 (mod p) if p is a prime factor of
a= 1 (mod 4) if 4 is a factor of T.

Consequently if ?=2q, b need only be odd, and

Congruence

= =
a

methods

for

X.+,=aX.+b(mod
T

Period

generating

X0

Special

_1+t*

odd

T=tp

O<Xo<T

26.8.2

r2fl
(r odd,
812)

T=to

relatively

26.8.3

r2*fl
(r odd,
822)
-pa

T=tcfl

Fme
relatively

T= 100

pTrime tc
relatively

T=lO*

Fme
relatively

26.8.5

10x0 given

point

for random

numbers

when

Generation

of Random

Deviates

Let {X} be a generated sequence of independent

random numbers having the domain (0, T).
Then { U} = { T-lx}
is a sequence of random
deviates (numbers) from a uniform distribution
on the interval (0, 1).
This is usually a necessary
preliminary step in the generation of random
deviates having a given cumulative distribution
function F(y) or probability density function f(y).
Below are summarized some general techniques

See

page U.

cases for which

random
numbers
tests for randomness

have
10

passed

statistical

T=218, Xa unknown;
a=27+1.
b=l;
T=247, a=Z@+l.
b=2974109625
8473. X0=76293
94531 25.
T=W, 211, X0=1; a=5(8=2)
T=2as, X0=1; T=219, X0=1-2-19,
5478126193;
a=5#(8=2)
T=286, X0=1; a=515(8=2)
T=aas+l,
X0=10,987,654,321;
0=23; period = 106
T=los+l,
X0=47,594,118;
a=23; period=5.8XlOs
T=lOlo,
T=lOl$

to

Prime to

is the starting

to

X0=1;
X0=1;

a=7
a=71:

statistical

When the numbers are generated using a congruence scheme, the least significant digits have
short periods. Hence the entire word length cannot be used. If one desired random numbers with
as many digits as possible, one would have to
modify the congruence schemes. One way is to
generate the numbers mod T* 1. This unfor1
iunatelv reduces the neriod.
.

numbers
prime

_-

26.8.1

26.8.4

random

T), T and b relatively

tests were made.

for producing arbitrary

random deviates. (In
what follows { U} will always denote a sequence of
random deviates from a uniform distribution on
the interval (0,
., l).)
1. Inverse

Method

The solutions {y) of the equations {u=F(y))

form a sequence of independent random deviates
with cumulative distribution function F(y).
(If
F(y)
has a discontinuity at y= yo, then whenever u
is such that F(y,-O)<u<F(y,),
select y. as the
corresponding deviate.)
Generally the inverse
method is not practical unless the inverse function
y= F-(U)
can be obtained explicitly or can be
conveniently approximated.
2. Generating

a Discrete

Random

Variable

Let Y be :I discrete random variable with point

probabilities p,=Pr{ Y=y,]
for i=l,
2, . . . .

PROBABILITY

The direct way to generate Y is to generate

and put Y=y, if

FUNCTIONS

{ lJ]

. * - +Pi.
* * * +p*-l<u<pl+p2+
However, this method requires complicated
machine programs that, take t,oo long.
An alternative
way due to Marsaglia
[26.53]
is simple, fast, and seems to be well suited to highspeed computa.tions.
Let p, for i=l, 2, . . . , n
be expressed by k decimal digits as pf=.61t82t . . .
& where the 6s are the decimal digits.
(If the
domain of the random variable is infinite, it is
necessary to truncate the probability
dist,ribution at p,.)
Define
2

P,=lO-

6,* for r=l,

i=l

II.=&

r=O

2, . . . , k, and

lOP,, s=l,

2, . . . , k.

Number

the computer memory locations by 0,

1, 2, . , . ) Q-1.
The memory locations are
divided into k mutually
exclusive sets such that
the 8th set consists of memory locations II,.-,,
q-,+1,
. . . ) Q-1.
The information
stored
in the memory locations of the sth set consists of
y1 in 6,, locations, y2 in a#2 locations, . . . , yn
in 6,, locations.
Denote the decimal expansion of the uniform
deviates generated
by the computer
by u
= .d,d,d, . . . and finally let a {m} be the contents of memory location m. Then if
.-I
nut
.-I

y=a

d,d2 . . . ds+us-l--os

Pi

This method is perhaps the best all-around

method for generating random deviat#es from a
discrete distribution.
In order to illustrate
this
method
consider the problem
of generating
deviates from the oinomial distribution
with point
probabilities

PI=0y
for n=5

and p=.20.

py1-py

The point probabilities

thus

P,,=O,

K=43,
divided

Set
1
2
3
4

:
5

p,=
p,=
p,=

p,=

.2048
.0512
.0064
.0003

Ps=.027,

Memory Locations
0,1,...,8
9, 10, . . . , 15
16, . . . , 42
43, . . . , 72

Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency

(set
(set
(set
(set

1)

2)
3)
4)

3
2

4
0

2
0

7
7

9
6

4
8

0
5
1
2

0
0
6
4

0
0
0
3

Then to generate the random

0 <u<.9
.9 Iu<.97

y=a{dld2-81}
y=a{ddld2d3-954)
y=a{d,d,d,d,-9927}

.97 <TA<.997
.997 ~u<l.OOO
3. Generating

variables if

y=aIdlj

Put

a Continuous

Random

Variable

The method for generating deviates from a

discrete distribution
can be adapted to random
variables having a continuous distribution.
Let
F(y) be the cumulative distribution
function and
assume that the domain of the random variable
(If the
is (a,b) where the interval
is finite.
domain is infinite, it must be truncated at (say)
the points a and b.) Divide the interval (b-a)
into n sub-intervals of length A (nA=b-a)
such
that the boundary of the ith interval is (yl+ yr)
where yr=a+iA
for i=O,
1, . . . , n. Now
define a discrete distribution
having domain

to

zt-Yf+Yf-l
2

{
Point Probabilities
p0=0.3277
p,= .4096

P2=.07,

Among the nine memory locations of set 1, zero

is stored &=3 times, 1 is stored 6,,=4 times, 2 is
stored a12=2 times; the seven locations of set 2
store 0 a2,=2 times and 3 823=5 times; etc.
A summary of the memory locations is set out
below:
Value of Random Variable

4 D are
Value of
Random Variable
0

P,=.9,

from which II,=O,

I&=9,
112=16,
114=73.
The 73 memory locations are
into 4 mutually exclusive sets such that

P,=.OO30

PI+P2-k

PO-O,

and

951

with
point
probabilities
pi=F(yr)
Finally, let W be a random variable
uniform

distribution

done by setting

on

-F(y+J.

having

This can be
Then

random

952

PROBABILITY

deviates from the distribution

function F(y), can
be generated (approximately)
by setting y=z+w
1
=z+A
u-. This is simply an approximate
2
(
>
decomposition
of the continuous
random variable
into the sum of a discrete and continuous random
variable.
The discrete variable can be generated
quickly
by the method
described
previously.
The smaller the value of A the better will be the
approximation.
Each number can be generated
by using the leading digits of U to generate the
discrete random variable Z and the remaining
digits forming
a uniformly
distributed
deviate
having (0,l) domain.
4. Acceptance-Rejection

Methods

In what follows the random variable Y will be

assumed
to have finite domain (a, b). If the
domain is infinite, it must be truncated
for computational
purposes at (say) the points a and b.
Then the resulting random deviates will only have
this truncated domain.
a) Let j be the maximum
of j(y).
Then the
procedure
for generating
random
deviates
is:
(1) generate a pair of uniform deviates VI, U, ;
(2) compute
a point y=a+(b--a)uz
in (a, b);
accept y as the random deviate,
(3) if u~<f(;Y)lf
otherwise
reject the pair (u,, u,) and start again.
The acceptance ratio of deviates actually produced
is [ (b--~)j]-~.
Hence the acceptance ratio decreases as the domain increases.
One way to
increase the acceptance
ratio is to divide the
interval
(a, b) into mutually
exclusive
subintervals
and then carry out the acceptancerejection process.
For this purpose let the interval
(a, b) be divided into k sub-intervals
such th at the
end points of the jth interval are ([,-,, if) with
[I
&,=a, &=b and
E,-,j(y)dy=pj;
further let the
s
Then to
maximum of j(y) in the jth interval bejr.
generate random
deviates from j(y),
generate
n pairs of deviates
(ulS, u&=1,
2, . . ., n.
Assign [np,] such pairs to the jth interval and
compute
Yj=~j-~+(fj-~j--1)~2s.
If %<f(Y3/fi
accept yj as a deviate.
The acceptance ratio of
this method is

b) Let F(y)
be such that f(y)=f,(~)j&)
where the domain of y is (a, b). Let ji and ji be
the maximum
of ji(y)
and ji(y)
respectively.
Then the procedure for generating random de-

FUNCTIONS

viates having the probability

density function
j(y) is: (1) generate U,, U,, US; (2) define z=u
+ (b-ah;

(3)

if both ul<

take z as the random

another sample of three
acceptance ratio of this
and can be increased by
intervals as in the previous
c) Let the probability
f(y) =saBs(~, W,

and uz< j?,

deviate: otherwise
uniform deviates.
method is [(b-u)jlji]-
dividing (a, b) into
case.
density function of

(6 t 93,

(sly<

take
The
subY be

b).

Let g be the maximum of g(y, t). Then the procedure for generating random deviates having the
probability density function j(y) is: (1) generate
Ul, U2, U2; (2) define a=~+@--(Y)u~;
~=a+
(b-u)u,;

(3) if u,< $-%

take z as the random

deviate; otherwise take another sample of three.

The acceptance ratio for this method is [ (b-u)g]-
and can be increased by dividing t)he domain of
t and y into sub-domains.
5. Composition

Method

Let g,(y) be a probability

density function
which depends on the parameter z; further let
H(z) be the cumulative distribution function for z.
In order to generate random deviates Y having
the frequency function
f(Y)

=Jrn

g,(yMH(z)
-m

one draws a deviate having the cumulative distribution function H(z); then draws a second sample
having the probability density function gp(y).
6. Generation

a. Normal

of Random
Deviates
Distributions

From

Well

Known

distribution

(1) Inverse method: The inverse method depends

on having a convenient approximation to the
inverse function x=P-l(u)
where
UC

&)

-l/2

S
=

-m

e-1212dt.

Two ways of performing this operation are to (i)

112
use 26.2.23 with t=
In r
or (ii) approximate
U2 >
(
x=P-l(u)
piecewise using Chebyshev polynomials, see [26.54].
(2) Sum of unijorwz deviates: Let U,, U2, . . .,
U, be a sequence of n uniform deviates. Then

PROBABILITY

xn=(& CL-;) (;)-I

will be distributed
asymptotically
as a normal
random deviate.
When n=12, the maximum
errors made in the normal deviate are 9X 10e3
for jXl<2, 9X10-l for 2</X1<3.
An improvement can be made by taking a polynomial function
of X, (say)

as the normal deviate where az, are suitable

coefficients.
These coefficients may be calculated
using (say) Chebyshev polynomials
or simply by
making
the asymptotic
random deviate agree
with the correc normal deviate at certain specified
points.
When n=12, the maximum
error in the
normal deviate is 8X 10e4 using the coefficients
* a6= (-7) -5.102
* a0 = 9.8746
*
*

a:! = (- 3)3.9439
a,= (-5)7.474

ax=

(-7)1.141

(3) Direct method: Generate a pair of uniform

deviates (U,, U,). Then
Xi= (-2 In IU,)~ cos 2*UZ,
X*=(--2
In U1)12 sin 27rUz will be a pair of
independent normal random deviates with mean
zero and unit variance.
This procedure can be
modified by calculating
cos 21rl.J and sin 2rU
using an acceptance rejection
method;
e.g.,
(l)generate(UI,
U,);(2)if (2U,-1)*+(2U~-l)*<l
generate a third uniform deviate U3, otherwise
reject the pair and start over; (3) calculate

Yl=(--ln

u3J1*$$$yZ=*2(-ln

random).
deviates.
*

213)*12a
(h
I
Both y, and yz are the desired random

(4) Acceptunce-rejection method: 1) Generate a

pair of uniform deviates (U,, Uz); 2) compute
z = -In u1 ; 3) if e-H(z-na >u2 (or equivalently
(z-1)*5 -2 (In N) accept 2, otherwise reject the

953

FUNCTIONS

pair and start over. The quantity

will be the
required normal deviate with mean zero and unit
variance.
b. Bivariate

normal

distribution

Let {XI, X2] be a pair of independent normal

deviates with mean zero and unit variance. Then
{X,, pX,+ (1 -p2)*XZ} represent a pair of deviates from a bivariate normal distribution
with
zero means, unit variances,
and correlation
coefficient p.
c. Exponential

distribution

(1) Inverse method: Since F(z) =e-I*,

X=
-0 In U will be a deviate from the exponential
distribution
with parameter 0.
(2) Acceptance-rejection method: 1) Generate a
pair of independent
uniform deviates (U,, U,);
2) if Ul<UO generate a third value U2; 3) if
U,+ U2< U,, generate a fourth value U3, etc. ;
4) continue generating uniform deviates until an
n is obtained such that U,+U2+
. . . + U,-l
<uo<u,+
. . . + U,,; 5) if n is even reject the
procedure and start a fresh trial with a new value
of U,, otherwise if n is odd take X=elJO as the
desired deviate; 6) in general if t is the number of
trials until an acceptable sequence is obtained
X= O(t+ U,). The random deviates produced in
this way follow an exponential distribution
with
parameter e. One can expect to generate approximately six uniform deviates for every exponential
deviate.
(3) Discrete Distribution Method: Let Y and n
be discrete random variables with point probabilities
* Pr{ Y=r} =(e-l)e-(+
r=O, 1, 2, . . .
s=l, 2, 3, . . . .
Pr{n=s}=[s!(e-l)J-
Then X=Y+min(U,,
U,, . . . , U,) will follow
distribution.
The average value
of n is 1.58 so that one needs, on the average, only
1.58 us from which the minimum
is selected.

an exponential

26.9. Use and Extension of the Tables

Use of Probability

Example 1. Let X be a random

finite mean and variance equal
respectively.
Use the inequalities
functions 26.1.37, 40, 41 to place
on
A(t)=F(f)-F(-t)=P

for t=1(1)4.
*See page 11.

variable with
to m and 2,
for probability
lower bounds

IX-ml<t
u

Function

Inequalities

Lower bounds on A(t) = F(t) - F( - t)

Remarks

0 .7500 .8889 .9375 no knowledge

F(t);

.5556 .8889 .9506 .9722

>

0 .8182 .9697 .9912

of

26.1.37

is unimodal and
continuous; 26.1.40
F(t) is such that
F(t)

/~,=3; 26.1.41

954

PROBABILITY

It is of interest to note that the standard normal

distribution
is unimodal,
has mean zero, unit
variance pL4=3, is continuous, and such that

A(t)=P(t)-P(-t)
=.6827,
for t=l,

for

values we can write x=x0+.01

and a two-term
Taylor series is P(x) = P(z,) +Z(Z,) 10p2. Thus one
need only multiply
2(x,) by 1O-2 and add the
result to P&J.
Calculation

.9545, .9973, and .9999

2, 3 and 4 respectively.
Interpolation

FUNCTIONS

P(z)

in Table

26.1

Example 2.
Compute
P(Z) for x=2.576
to
fifteen decimal places using a Taylor expansion.
Writing x=x0+8 we have
P(x)=P(x,)+Z(x,)e+Z(l~(x~)

of P(z)

for

z Approximate

Example 4. Using Table 26.1, find P(x) for

Z= 1.96, when there is a possible error in z of
& 5 x 10-3.
This is an example where the argument is only
The question arises as to
known approximately.
how many decimal places one should retain in
P(x).
If As and AP(z) denote the error in 2 and
the resulting error in P(x), respectively,
then
AP(x) = Z(x) Ax

+.r2(x())~+23(xo)
e+ ..*
41
3!
Taking x0=2.58 and 13=-4X10-~
the successive terms to l6D

we calculate

Hence AP(l.960) =3 X low4 which indicates tha6

P(1.960) need only be calculated to 4D.
Therefore P(1.960) = .9750.
Inverse

-j-.99505
5
-

99842 42230
72204 35976
2952 57449
8 63097

4
9

84265

.99500
The result correct

24676

Example

for

3.

P(s)

to l7D is

P(2.576)=.99500
Calculation

for

5. Find the value of z for which

P(x)=.97500
00000 00000 using Table 26.1 and
determining as many decimal places as is consistent
with the tabulated function.
For inverse interpolation the tibulated function
P(x) may be regarded as having a possible error
of .5X 1C1-l~. Hence
L.

6
6
8

1439

Interpolation

Example

24676

Arbitrary

84264

Mean

and

98

Variance

Find the value to 5D of

Let P(x,J correspond to the closest tabulated

value of P(x).
Then a convenient formula for
inverse interpolation is
x=xo+t+ig+%p

using 26.2.8 and Table

This represents
the
variable being less than
distribution
with mean
Using 26.2.8 we have

26.1.
probability
of the random
or equal to .5 for a normal
m=l and variance a2=4.

where
,=w

-ml)
a&J

If only the first two terms (i.e., r=x,,+t)

are used,

the error in x will be bounded by g X lop4 and the

F{X<.5j=P
Since P(--2)=1--P(z),

>

=P(-.25)

we have

P(-.25)=1-P(.25)=1-.59871=.40129
where a two-term Taylor series was used for interpolation.
Note that when interpolating
for P(x)
for a value of x midway
between the tabulated

true value will always be greater than the value

thus calculated.
With respect to this example, Ax= 10-l and
thus the interpolated value of x may be in error
by one unit in the fourteenth place. The closest
value to P(x)=.97500
0000000000 is P(x,)=.97500
21048 51780 with x0=1.96.
Hence using the
preceding inverse interpolation formulas with

PROBABILITY

t=-.00003

and carrying
sive terms

I ,

60167 31129

fifteen decimals
00000
60167
12

00000
31129
71261
68
0

+ 1.95996

39845

40064

Asymptotic

Q(Xjv)=l--F(t)=l--F

where (2v-1)f

and 1-d

are the mean and vari-

ance to terms of order v- of 4s

The values of y1 and yz for 42x2 are

(see 26.4.34).

Thus we obtain

Expansion

Example
6. Find the Edgeworth asymptotic
expansion 26.2.49 for the c.d.f. of chi-square.
Method 1. Expansion for x2

Let
/

(y;--ijl))

we have the succes-

+ 1.96000
- .00003
+
-

Edgeworth

955

FUNCTIONS

F(t)--P(t)--f
[g (1+;)P(t)]
+$[~z(t)+~(1+~)22(5)(t)]

For numerical

&(X2lv)=l--F(t)

examples using these expansions

see Example 12.

where

Calculation

x2-v
te-.----

@VP

Example 7.

Since the values of y1 and y2 26.4.33 are

Using

26.3.20

J.O9=.3

L(.5, .4, ,8)=L(.5,O,O)+L(.4,0,

-.S)

Reference to Figure 26.2 yields

WV,

we obtain, by using the first two bracketed

of 26.2.49

k, p)

Find L(.5, .4, .8).

-

,/h2-2phk+k2=

y1=2&p
Y2=

of L(h,

terms

L(.5,O,O)+L(.4,0,

-.6)=.16+.08=.24

The answer to 3D is L(.5, .4, .8)=.250.

Calculation

+; [; P(t)+; m(t)]
The Edgeworth
expansion is an asymptotic
expansion in terms of derivatives of the normal
distribution
function.
It is often possible to
transform a random variable so that the distribution of the transformed random variable more
closely approximates
the normal
distribution
function than does the distribution
of the original
random variable.
Hence for the same number of
terms, greater accuracy may be achieved by using
the transformed variable in the expansion. Since
the distribution
of 42x2 is more closely approximated by a normal distribution
than x2 itself
(as judged by a comparison of the values of y1
and y2), we would expect that the Edgeworth
asymptotic expansion of 42x2 would be superior
to that of x2.
Method b. Expansion for @.
Let

of the

Bivariate
Function

Normal

Probability

Example 8. Let X and Y follow a bivariate

normal
distribution
with parameters
m,=3,
mv=2, a,=4 , uv=2, and p= -.125.
Find the
value of P,{X>2,
Y>4}
using 26.3.20 and
Figures 26.2, 26.3.
SinceP,{X>h,Y>k}=L

have P{X>2,

Y24j

(
=L(-.25,

*,F,p)

we

1, -.125).

Using

26.3.20
L(-.25,1,

-.125)=L(-.25,0,

.969)
+L(l,

0, .125)-i

Figure 26.2 only gives values for h>O, however,

using the relationship 26.3.8 with k=O, L( - h, 0, p)
=$-L(h,
0, -p) and thus L(-.25,0, .969)
=&L(.25,0,
--.969). Therefore L(-.25,1, -.125)
=-L(.25,0,-.969)+L(l,

0, .125)=-.01+.09=.08.
l., -.125)=.080.

The answer to 3D is L(-.25,

956
Integral

PROBABILITY
of

a Bivariate

Normal
Polygon

Distribution

Over

FUNCTIONS
a

For the following

two configurations

we define

Example 9. Let the random variables X and Y

have a bivariate normal distribution
with parameters m,=5,
uZ=2, mv=9,
uy=4, and p=.5.
Find the probability
that the point (X, Y) be
inside the triangle whose vertices are A= (7, S),
B=(9, l3), and C=(2,9).
When obtaining
the integral of a bivariate
normal distribution
over a polygon, it is first
necessary to use 26.3.22 in order to transform the
variates so that one deals with a circular normal
distribution.
The polygon in the region of the
transformed variables is then divided into configurations such that the integral over any selected
configuration can be easily obtained.
Below are
listed some of the most useful configurations.
Y

(0 I ,b2)

(02

,b2

(al,

(a2

SKI

bt)

FIGURE

ss

FIGURE

26.5

FIGURE

26.6

az

SS

0 dx, Y, OM+=

$7(x,
AAOB

26.8

Y, w~Y=v@,

k2)-W,

k,)

kz)+V(h,

k,)

arctan a
2*
FIGURE

ssdx,
AAOB

26.9

Y/, o>d~Y=v(h,

Using the circularizing

transformation
for our example results in

ss0
*I See 26.3.23

$7(x,
0

for

Y, w~Y=v(h,

definition

of V(h,

k).

26.3.22

PROBABILITY

The vertices of the triangle in the (s, t) coordinates

become A=(&/4,
-5/4),
B=(&,
-1)
and
(q-g).

These points

are plotted

957

FUNCTIONS

ss

AAOB

below.

From the figure it is seen that the desired probability is the sum of the probabilities
that the
point having the transformed
variables as coordinates is inside the triangles AOB, AOC, and

BOC.

= i+L(1.31,

O,-.76)--L(O,

O,-.76)-;Q(l.31)]

0,~.14)--L(O,

O,-.14)-i&(1.31)]

afL(1.31,

=L(1.31,

O,-.76)--L(O,

--L(1.31,0,-.14)+L(0,

O,-.76)
o,-.14)
=.OO-.ll-.04+.23=.08

t,O)*dt=V(g,g)+V
ssg(s,

AAOC

= ;+L(.14,
L-

o,-.99)--L(O,

+[;+L(.14,0,--1)

o,--.99)-i

&(.14)]

Q(.14)]

--L(O, 0,-l)-;

=.01+.02=.03

t,O)dsdt=v
ssg(s,

FIQURE 26.10

ABOC

For these three triangles we have

h

AAOB

= [;+L(.48,

o,-.97)--L(O,

o,-.97)-k

&(.48)]

m4
+[;+L(.48,0,-.96)--L(O,O,--.96)-k

Q(.48)]
=.05+.04=.09

Thus adding all parts, the probability that X

and Yare in triangle ABCis =.08+.03+.09=.20.
The answer to 3D is .21l.

ABOC
From the graph it is seen that the probability
over AOB may be found in the same manner as
that over Figure
26.8, and over AOC and BOC
the probabilities may be found as that over
Figure

26.9.

Hence

!J@, ?A*5)de/=

ss

ss

AAOB

ss
AABC

g(8, t, 0)dsdt

gb, t, oMdt+

g(s;t,
0)ddt
SS

AAOC

Calculation

of a Circular
Normal
Offset
Circle

26.2

Over

an

Example
10. Let X and Y have a circular
normal distribution
with u=lOOO. Find the
probability that the point (X, Y) falls within a
circle having a radius equal to 540 whose center
is displaced 1210 from the mean of the circular
normal distribution.
In units of u, the radius and displacement from

the center are, respectively,

1210
=1000=1.21.

and consequently using 26.3.23 and Figure

Distribution

R=go=.54

and T

The problem is thus reduced to

finding the probability of X and Y falling in a

circle of radius R=.54 displaced r= 1.21 from the
center of the distribution where u=l.

958

PROBABILITY

Since R<l,
the approximation
This results in
ftR*l2,

2(.54)2

r2)=4+(.54)2

26.3.25 is used.

FUNCTIONS

For this example Ax*= &5X10m4 and %=25.

results in

This

-2(1.21)2
exP 4+ (.54)2
as the possible error in Q(x21v).

The answer to 5D is .06870.

Interpolation

for

Calculation
Q(Xa 1Y)

Example
11. Find
Q(25.298120) using the
interpolation
formula given with Table 26.7.
Taking x2=25, 8=.298 and applying the interpolation formula results in

Q(25)16)82+Q(25)18)

(48-282)

+Q(25120)(8--4e+e2) 1
(.06982)(.088804)
+ (.12492) (1.014392)
+ (.20143) (6.896804) }

of Q($lv)

A&(x/ Y)x %$)

the

Range

of Table

26.7

Example
12. Find the value of Q(84172).
Since this value is outside the range of Table
26.7 we can approximate &(84/72) by (1) using the
Edgeworth expansion for Q(x21u) given in Example
6, (2) the cube root approximation
26.4.14, (3)
the improved cube root approximation
26.4.15 or
(4) the square root approximation
26.4.13. The
results of using all four methods are presented
below:
1. Edgeworth

expansion

The successive terms of the Edgeworth expansion for the distribution

of chi-square result in
l-&(84172)=.841345
.oooooo
.001120

= .19027
A less accurate interpolate may be obtained by
setting e2 equal to zero in the above formula.
This results in the value .19003. The correct
value to 6D is &(25.298120)=.190259.
On the other hand if x2=25.298 is assumed to
have an error of +5X 10d4, then how large an
error arises in &(x2(y) ? Denoting the error in
x2 by Ax* and the resulting error in Q(x21v) by
A&(x~v), we then have the approximate relationship

Outside

.842465
Hence &(84)72)=.15754.
The successive terms of the Edgeworth
sion for the distribution
of v@ result in
l-&(84172)=.842544
- .000034
- .000138

expan-

.842372

Ax2
Hence Q(84172) =.15764.

Using 26.4.8 we can write

aQ(x21v)
1 [Q(x"lu-a>-Q(x'lu)]
-=ija9
and

AQ(x'lu)-f [Q(x2(~-2)-Q(x21~)]~2
For practical purposes it is sufficient to evaluate
the derivative to one or two significant figures.
Consequently we can write

2. Cube

root

26.4.14

Using the cube root approximation

&@4172)=

where

QC@
0046
*

23
gw

This
results
R(1.0046)=.15754.
The
volves
Linearly
below
-.0006

we have

,=(g~3
I1-6314
L-1

3. Improved

where xi is the closest value to x2 for which Q is

tabulated.
Hence

approximation

cube

in
root

&(84172)=&(1.0046)=Japproximation

26.4.15

improved
cube root approximation
incalculating
a correction factor h, to 2.
interpolating
for h,, (which appears
26.4.15) with x=1.0046
results in hao=
and hence

PROBABILITY

959

FUNCTIONS

60

2. Cube

approximation

26.4.17

Taking

x.,,, =2.32635

we have

Thus
&(84/72)=&(1.0046-.0005)=&(1.0041)
=l-I(1.0041)=.15766
4. Square

root

approximation

26.4.13

Using the square root approximation

&(84/72)=Q(s)
where

we have

cube

he,=.0012

&(84~72)=&(1.0032)=1--P(1.0032)=.15788
The value correct to 6D is &(84)72)=.157653.
Generally the improved cube root approximation
will be correct with a maximum
error of a few
units in the fifth decimal and is recommended for
calculations
which are outside the range of
~2

for

Q(xZlv)
Outside
Table
26.8

26.4.18

the

Range

x2=144

(.0012)=.00049

2
1-- g(144)

J 1

approximation

x2=;

2
g(144)

+(2.32635-.00049)

of

Example
13. Find the value of X* for which
Q(xl144)=.01.
Since v=l44 is outside the range of Table 26.8,
we can compute it by using (1) the Cornish-Fisher
asymptotic expansion 26.2.50, for x2, (2) the cube
approximation
26.4.17, (3) the improved
cube
approximation
26.4.18, or (4) the square approximation 26.4.16.
We shall compute the value by
all four methods.

and thus h,,,=g

Hence

4. Square

Table 26.7.
of

approximation

From the table for h,, we obtain using linear

interpolation
with x=2.33 (approximately)

This results in

Calculation

3. Improved

-186.394

26.4.16

[2.32635+42(144)-1]*=185.616

The correct answer to 3D is x2=186.394.

Generally the improved cube approximation
will
give results correct in the second or third decimal
for v>30.
Calculation

Example

of the

Incomplete

Gamma

Function

Find the value of

14.

t.5e-dt

-y(2.5,.9)=
s 0

1. Cornish-Fisher

x2

asymptotic

expansion

26.2.50

The Cornish-Fisher
asymptotic
expansion
with v=144 can be written as

for

making use of 26.4.19 and Table 26.7.

Using 26.4.19 we have
y(2.5,.9)=I(2.5)f(1.8/5j=I(2.5)[1-Q(1.815)]
y(2.5,.9)=$1-.87607]=.16475

+s

[6h,(z)+3h,2(z)+2h,,,(2)1+

@123 [30h,(z)
Example

+9~,,(z)+12h,3(r)+6h1,*(2)+4h1~1,(2)1

Hence using the auxiliary table following

with p=.Ol we have
144.0000
39.4794
2.9413
-. 0242
-. 0019
+. 0002
x2= 186.395
*see page II.

Poisson

15.

26.2.51

Distribution

Find the value of m for which

y$ e-n z&99
using 26.4.21 and Table 26.8.
From Table 26.8 with v=2c=8
and Q=.99
we have x2=1.646482.
Hence m=x2/2=.823241.
Inverse

Incomplete

Beta

Function

16. Find the value of z for which

S)=.lO
using Table 26.9 and 26.5.28. *
26.5.28 we have

Example

I,(lO,
Using

of the

960

PROBABILITY

FUNCTIONS

where z=2&F

Iz(10,6)=&(F~12,20)=.10

From Table 26.9 the upper 10 percent point of F

with 12 and 20 degrees of freedom is F=1.89.
Hence
20

Y=

3[(1.8469)(.98942)-(1.8566)(.99306)]=-.0668
(1.8469)2+(1.8566)2
4
10.5
16
[

and interpolating

=20+12(1.89)=46g

P(-.0668)=1-P(.O668)=.47336

The correct value to 4D is x=.4683.

Calculation

of IJo,

b) for

The answer correct to 5D is I.so(16, 10.5)=.47332.

a or b Small

Integers

Calculate 1.,,(3, 20).

Values of I,(a, b) for small integral a or b can
conveniently be calculated using 26.5.6 or 26.5.7.
Using 26.5.6 we have
Example

(.11O39OX1O-2)=.62OO4O

Binomial

Example

18.

Distribution

Find the value of p which satisfies

cc>

p=l-p

using 26.5.24 and Table 26.9.

Combining
26.5.24 and 26.5.28 we have

n n
a=0
co s P??-~=Q(F(~,, ~2)
where
vl=2(n---a+l),

Example

20.

for

v2=2(u), andp=

Fin

Table

26.9

Find the value of F for which

Q(Fj7, 20) =.05 using Table 26.9.

Interpolation
in Table 26.9 is approximately
linear when the reciprocals of the degrees of
freedom (vl, v2) are used as the interpolating
variable.
For this example it is only necessary to
interpolate
with respect to l/vi. Thus linear
interpolation
on l/v1 results in F=2.51 which is
the correct interpolate.
Calculation

2o 50
pqW--=.95,
s=o s
*

Interpolation

17.

.121576
=.21645OX1O-3

in Table 26.1 gives

of

F for

Q(F[v1,vJ>.50

Find the value of F for which

using 26.6.9 and Table 26.9.
Table 26.9 only tabulates values of F for which
Q(FIv,, v2)=p where p=.500,
.250, .lOO, ,050,
.025, .OlO, .005, .OOl. However making, use of
Table 26.9 we can find the values of Fp for which
p=.75, .9, .95, .975, .99, .995, .999. For this example we have
Example

21.

Q(F14,8) =.90

a
a+@--a+l)F

F.80(4'8)=F,10(8,4)

Hence

m
50
cc >pp~-%+~
0
50

r-0

a=21

and referring to the table for which Q(F(vl, v2)=.lO

Pa!Zso-

=l-

gives

Q(F(60,42)=.95

Harmonic
interpolation
on v2 in the table for
which Q(FI vl, v2)= .05 results in F= 1.624 for
42
vl=60, v2=42, and thus p=
42+60(1.624)=*301

The correct answer to 4D is p= .3003:

Approximating

the

Incomplete

Beta

Function

Example 19. Find I,so(16, 10.5) using 26.5.21.

Values of Z(a, b) can conveniently be calculated
with good accuracy using the approximation
given by 26.5.20 or 26.5.21. For this example
(atb-l)(l-x)=10.20
which is greater than .8
and hence 26.5.21 will be used. Thus

F.,,(8,4)=3.95

and

thus

P,(4,8)=&

=.253.
Calculation

of Q(Fjv~,vz)

for

Small

Integral

VI or vz

Example
22.
Compute
Q(2.514, 15) using
26.6.4.
Values of Q(FIv,, v2) can be readily computed for
small v1 or v2 using the expansions 26.6.4 to 26.6.8
inclusive.
We have using 26.6.4

15
2=15+4(2.5O)='6o
and
Q(2.50j4,15)=(.6)7~5[1+$

(.4)]=.086

735

PROBABILITY
Approximating

Example
26.6.15.

23.

Q(F(v1,

Calculate

~2)

using

&(1.714/10,40)

961

FUNCTIONS

h=2

The approximation
given by 26.6.15 will result
in a maximum
error of .0005. For this example
we have
(1.714)3 (l-g@

>-ha=,

2=
&+(1.714)z/3
C

Interpolating

2222

&-)I

-(f-ii) [

On the other hand the approximation

given by
26.6.14 which is usually less accurate results in

and interpolating

U.714,-~=l

1+g

2210

(1.714)

in Table 26.1 gives

of F Outside

the

Range

and thus F=e2=7.23.

The correct

the Non-Central

Approximating

answer is

F-Distribution

Example 25. Compute

P(3.7113, 10,4) using
the approximation
26.6.27 to the non-central Fdistribution.
Using 26.6.27 with v1=3, vz=lO, x=4, F=3.71
we have
x=

of Table

[(&)

we have a=;=lO,

(3.7q3[1-&]-[1-;$$$]

26.9

Example 24. Find the value of F for which

Q(FjlO,20) G .OOOl using 26.6.16 and 26.5.22.

For this problem

2
1.8052+.8333-3~,2~2143~

F=7.180.

&(1.714110,40) =Q(1.2210)=1--P(1.2210)=.1112
Calculation

8052

w=.9889

The correct value to 5D is &(1.714)10,40)=.11108.

+=12.2143
B+g

w=3 71go (12.2143+1.8052)*

12.2143

&(1.714~10,40)=&(1.2222)=1-P(1.2222)=.1108

(;)

sub-

[ 1

X=3*71go2-3=1
6

in Table 26.1 results in

x~+@Wl
-

Hence

y=3.7190
(i.e., &(3.7190)=.0001).
stituting in 26.5.22 gives

b=:=5,

p=.OOOl.
Th e value of the normal deviate which
cuts off .OOOl in the tail of the distribution
is

5 g&+&J

[(&)

(3.7lJl]t
= .675

and interpolating

in Table 26.1 gives

P(3.71(3,10,4)

@(.675)=.750

The exact answer is P(3.7113,10,4)

=.745.

References
Texts

(26.11 H. Cramer, Mathematical

methods of statistics
(Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1951).
[26.2] A. Erdelyi et al., Higher transcendental
functions,
~01s. I, II, III.
(McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1955).
[26.3] W. Feller, Probability
theory and its applications,
2d ed. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,

N.Y., 1957).
(26.41 R.

A. Fisher, Contributions
to mathematical
statistics,
Paper 30 (with E. A. Cornish),
Moments and cumulants in the specification of
distributions (John Wiley&Sons, Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1950).
[26.5] C. Hastings, Jr., Approximations
for digital computers (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.,
1955).
[26.6] M. G. Kendall
and A. Stuart, The advanced
theory of statistics, vol. I, Distribution
theory
(Charles Griffin and Co. Ltd., London, England,
1958).

Tables

[26.7] R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical tables for

biological,
agricultural
and medical research
(Oliver and Boyd, London, England, 1949).
[26.8] J. Arthur Greenwood and H. 0. Hartley, Guide to
tables in mathematical
statistics
(Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1962). (Catalogues
a large selection of tables used in mathematical
statistics).
[26.9] A. Hald, Statistical
tables and formulas (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1952).
[26.10] D. B. Owen, Handbook of statistical tables (Addison-Wesley
Publishing
Co., Inc., Reading,
Mass., 1962).
[26.11] E. S. Pearson and H. 0. Hartley (Editors).
Biometrika tables for statisticians, vol. I (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954).

962
[26.12]

PROBABILITY
K.

Pearson
(Editor),
Tables
biometricians,
parts I and
Press, Cambridge,
England,
Normal

[26.13]

[26.14]

[26.15]

[26.16]

[26.17]

[26.18]

Probability

[26.20]

126.211

[26.22]

end

and
Univ.

Normal

Probability

(1956).
a=.25(.25)1,

h=0(.25)3;
3(.05)3.5(.1)4.7,

u)=$

arctan

h=0(.01)2(.02)3;
a=.l,

.2(.05).5(.1).8,
6D.

B. Owen,
The
bivariate
normal
probability
function,
Office
of Technical
Services,
U.S.
Department
of Commerce
(1957).
T(h, a) =

[26.24]

Non-Central
Gamma

Chi-Square,
Incomplete

[26.25]

a-V@,

ah) for

a=O(.ol)l,
1, o),

UJ,
h=

a-V(h,

arctan

G.

Function,

m;

a=0(.025)1,

6D.
Part II of [26.12].
L(h,
p=-1(.05)1,
6D for

Chi-Square,
Poisson

Probability
Distribution

h=

k, p)
p>O

Integral,

A. Campbell,
Probability
curves
showing
Poissons
exponential
summation,
Bell System
Technical
Journal,
95-l 13 (1923).
Tabulates
values
2D;

of

wz=:

.OOOl,

.Ol,

3D;

3D;

.999999,

.99, .9999,
[26.26]

ah) for

0(.01)3.5(.05)4.75,
Tables
VIII
and IX,
for h, k=0(.1)2.6,
and 7D for p<O.

for

which
.I,

Q(x2]~)=.000001,

.25,

.5,

.75,

2D for c=i=

Table
IV of [26.7].
Tabulates
Q(xalu) = .OOl, .Ol, .02, .05,
.9, .95, .98, .99 and ~=1(1)30,

.I,

.9,

4D;

l(l)lOl.

values
of xz for
.2, .3, .5, .7, .8,
3D or 35.

[26.27]

E. Fix, Tables of noncentral

xa, Univ.
of California
Publications
in
Statistics
1, 15-19
(1949).
Tabulates
X for P(xz]~,
X) =.1(.1).9,
Q(x~]v)=
.Ol, .05; ~=1(1)20(2)40(5)60(10)100,
3D or 35.

[26.28]

H. 0. Hartley
and E. S. Pearson,
Tables
of the x2
integral
and of the cumulative
Poisson
distribution,
Biometrika
37, 313-325
(1950).
Also reproduced
as Table
7 in [26.11].
P(x2]u)
for
v=1(1)20(2)70,
x2=0(.001).01(.01).1(.1)2(.2)10
(.5)20(1)40(2)134,
5D.

[26.29]

T.

[26.30]

E. C. Molina,

Integral

Tables for computing

bivariate
normal
Ann. Math.
Statist.
27, 1075-1090

T(h,

D.

Bell Aircraft
Corporation,
Table of circular
normal
probabilities,
Report
No.
02-949-106
(1956).
Tabulates
the integral
of the circular
normal
distribution
over
an off-set
circle
having
its
center
a distance
T from the origin
with radius
R; R=0(.01)4.59,
r=0(.01)3,
5D.
National
Bureau
of Standards,
Tables
of the bivariate
normal
distribution
function
and related
functions,
Applied
Math.
Series 50 (U.S.
Government
Printing
Office,
Washington,
D.C.,
1959).
L(h, k, p) for h, k=0(.1)4,
p=O(.O5).95
(.Ol)l,
61);
L(h,
k, -p)
for
h, k=O(.l)A,
p=0(.05).95(.01)1whereAissuchthatL<.5.10-7,
7D; V(h, ah) for h=O(.Ol)4(.02)4.6(.1)5.6,
a,
7D; V(ah, h) for a=.l(.l)l,
h=0(.01)4(.02)5.6,
a,
7D.
C. Nicholson,
The
probability
integral
for two
variables,
Biometrika
33, 59-72 (1943).
V(h, ah)
for h=.1(.1)3,
ah=.1(.1)3,
03, 6D.
D. B. Owen,
probabilities,

[26.23]

Derivatives

J. R. Airey,
Table of Hh functions,
British
Association for the Advancement
of Science,
Mathematical
Tables
I (Cambridge
Univ.
Press,
Cambridge,
England,
1931).
Harvard
University,
Tables
of the error
function
and of its first
twenty
derivatives
(Harvard
1952).
Univ.
Press,
Cambridge,
Mass.,
P(z)-+,
Z(r),
Z()(z),
n=1(1)4
for 2=0(.004)
6.468,
6D;
Z(n)(z),
n=5(1)10
for 2=0(.004)
8.236,
6D;
Zen)(r),
72=11(1)15
for 2=0(.002)
9.61,
7s; Z(n)(z),
n=16(1)20
for 2=0(.002)
10.902, 75 or 6D.
T. L. Kelley,
The Kelley
Statistical
Tables
(Harvard
Univ.
Press,
Cambridge,
Mass.,
1948).
z for P(x) = .5(.0001)
.9999
and
corresponding
values of Z(z),
8D.
National
Bureau
of Standards,
A guide to tables of
the normal
probability
integral,
Applied
Math.
Series
21 (U.S.
Government
Printing
Office,
Washington,
D.C.,
1951).
National
Bureau
of Standards,
Tables
of normal
probability
functions,
Applied
Math.
Series 23
(U.S. Government
Printing
Office,
Washington,
D.C.,
1953).
Z(z)
and
A(z) for s=O(.OOOl)
1(.001)7.8,
15D;
Z(z)
and
2[1-P(s)]
for
z=6(.01)10,
7s.
W. F. Sheppard,
The probability
integral,
British
Association
for the Advancement
of Science,
Mathematical
Tables
VII
(Cambridge
Univ.
Press, Cambridge,
England,
1939).
A (x)/Z(z)
for 2=0(.01)10,
12D; z=O(.l)lO,
24D.
Bivsriate

[26.19]

Integral

for statisticians
II (Cambridge
1914, 1931).

FUNCTIONS

Kitagawa,
Tables
of Poisson
distribution
(Baifukan,
Tokyo,
Japan,
1951).
e+m*/a!
for
m=.001(.001)1(.01)5,
80; m=5(.01)10,
7D.
(D.
1940).

Van

Poissons
Nostrand

e-mm*/s!

m=x2/2=0(.1)16(1)100,
(.01)3,
7D.
[26.31]

[26.32]

exponential
Co.,

and

Inc.,
P(xz]v)=e
6D;

New
j=e

binomial

limit

York,

N.Y.,

e-mmi/j!

for

m=O(.OOl).Ol

K.

Pearson
(Editor),
Tables
of the incomplete
p-function,
Biometrika
Office, University
College
(Cambridge
Univ.
Press,
Cambridge,
England,
for
p=-1(.05)0(.1)5(.2)50,
1934).
Z(%P)
u=O(.l)
Z(u,p)=l
to 7D;
p=-l(.Ol)-,.75,
u=O(.1)6,
5D;
ln[Z(u,p)]up+*],
p= - 1(.05)0
(.l)lO,
u=O(.1)1.5,
8D; [2? r(p+l)l-r(p,z),
p=-l(.Ol)-.9,z=O(.O1)3,
7D.
E. E. Sluckii,
Tablitsy
dlya. vy%oleniya
nepolnoI
p-funktsii
i funktsii
veroyatnosti
x2.
(Izdat.
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow-Leningrad,
U.S.S.R.,
1950).

l?(x2,v)=

; x2 -I2 P @Iv),
9 (&Y) =
(
>
Q(x+),
II@, 2) =Q(x~]v)
where
1=(2x2)*(2r)*,
~=(~/2)-+.
r(x*,v),
x~=o(.05)2(.1)10,
y=o(.05)
2(.1)6;
Q(xz]v),
x2=0(.1)3.2,
v=O(.O5)2(.1)6;
xz=3.2(..2)7(.5)10(1)35,
v=O(.1).4(.2)6;
g(t,~),
t=-4(.1)4.8,
~=6(.5)11(1)32;
Il(t,z):
t=-4.5
(.1)4.8,
r=O(.02).22(.01).25,
5D.

PROBABILITY
Incomplete

Beta

Function,

Binomial

Distribution

[26.33] Harvard
University,
Tables of the cumulative
binomial probability distribution
(Harvard Univ.
Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1955).
gc (:)p*(l-pp)n-*

for p=.O1(.01).5,

l/16, l/12,

l/8, l/6, 3116, 5/16, l/3, 3/S, 5112, 7116,

n=1(1)50(2)100(10)200(20)500(50)1000,
5D.
[26.34] National
Bureau of Standards,
Tables of the
binomial probability distribution,
Applied Math.
Series 6 (U.S. Government
Printing
Office,
Washington, D.C., 1950). (:)pa(l-pp)-e
and
n
a for p-.01(.01).5,
n=2(1)49,
c C)pa(l-P)n8=C
7D.
[26.35] K. Pearson (Editor),
Tables of the incomplete
beta function,
Biometrika
Office, University
College (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge,
Z,(a,b) for z=.Ol(.Ol)l;
England,
1948).
a,b=.5(.5)11(1)50,
&b,
7D.
126.361 W. H. Robertson, Tables of the binomial distribution function for small values of p, Office of
Technical Services, U.S. Department
of Commerce (1960).
go (Jn)~*(l-pp)~-*

for p=.OO1(.001).02,

n=2(1)

p=.O21(.001).05,
100(2)200(10)500(20)1000;
n=2(1)50(2)100(5)200(10)300(20)600(50)
1000,
5D.
[26.37] H. G. Romig, 50-100 Binomial
tables (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953).

0
r

P*(~-P)-*

and

p*(l-p)n-

for

p=.O1(.01).5
and n=50(5)100,
6D.
[26.38] C. M. Thompson, Tables of percentage points of
the incomplete beta function, Biometrika
32,
151-181 (1941).
Also reproduced as Table 16
in [26.11].
Tabulates
values of z for which
* I&,
b) =.005,
.Ol,
.025,
.05,
.l, .25, .5;
2a=1(1)30,
40, 60, 120, 0~; 2b=l(l)lO,
12, 15,
20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120, 5D.
[26.39] U.S. Ordnance Corps, Tables of the cumulative
binomial *probabilities,
ORDP 20-1, Office of
Technical
Services, Washington,
D.C. (1952).
n n
p(l-p)-
for p=.O1(.01).5
and n=l
8-c
co s
(1)150, 7D.
F (Variance-Ratio)

126.401 Table
Z=i

end

V of [26.7].

Non-Central

Tabulates

In F for Q(Flv,, &=.2,

F Distribution

values

of F and

.l, .05, .Ol, .OOl;

~i=1(1)6,
8, 12, 24, m; vz=1(1)30, 40, 60, 120,
a,
2D for F, 4D for 2.
[26.41] E. Lehmer, Inverse tables of probabilities
of errors
of the second kind, Ann. Math. Statist. 15,
388-398 (1944). 4=&(vi+l)
for ~i=l(l)lO,
12, 15, 20, 24, 30,.40, 60, 120, 0~; vz=2(2)20,
24, 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 240, m and P(Fjui, sat 4)
= .2, .3 where Q(F]ri, ~1) = .Ol, .05, 3D or 3s.

963

FUNCTIONS

[26.42] M. Merrington
and C. M. Thompson, Tables of
percentage points of the inverted beta (F) distribution, Biometrika
33, 73-88 (1943). Tabulates values of F for which Q(Flv,, ~~)=.5, .25,
.l, .05, ,025, .Ol, .005; v,=l(l)lO,
12, 15, 20,
24, 30, 40, 60, 120, 0~ ; vz= 1(1)30, 40, 60, 120, a~.
[ 26.431 P. C. Tang, The power function of the analysis of
variance tests with tables and illustrations
of
their use, Stat,istical Research Memoirs II, 126149 and tables (1938). P(Fjq, YZ, +) for Y,=
1(1)8, ,,=2(2)6(1)30,
60, ~0 and +=dG=
1(.5)3(1)8 where Q(F]v,, ~2)= .Ol, .05, 3D.
Students

t and

Non-Central

t-Distributions

[ 26.441 E. T. Federighi, Extended tables of the percentage

points of Students
t-distribution,
J. Amer.
Statist. Assoc. 54, 683-688 (1959.)
Values of
t for which

Q(tlv)=

i [I-A((Ijv)]=.25XlO-,

.1X lo-, n=0(1)6,

.05X lo-,
n=0(1)5,
Y=
1(1)30(5)60(10)100,
200, 500, 1000, 2000, 10000,
a;
3D.
[26.45] Table III of [26.7]. Values of t for which A(t]v) =
.1(.1).9, .95, .98, .99, .999 and r=1(1)30,
40,
60, 120, ~0; 3D.
(26.461 N. L. Johnson and B. L. Welch, Applications
of
the noncentral
t-distribution,
Biometrika
31,
362-389 (1939). Tabulates an auxiliary funotion which enables calculation
of 8 for given
tandp,ort
for given 6 and p where P(tjv,b) =p=
.005, .Ol, .025, .05, .1(.1).9, .95, .975, .99, .995.
[26.4?,] J. Neyman and B. Tokarska, Errors of the second
kind in testing Students hypothesis, J. Amer.
Statist. Assoc. 31, 318-326 (1936).
Tabulates 6
for P(tlv,@=.Ol,
.05, .1(.1).9; v=1(1)30,
a;
Q(tIv) = .Ol, .05.
[26.48] Table

9 of [26.ll].P(tjv)=a

[l+A(l]v)]

for t=

0(.1)4(.2)8;
v=1(1)20,
5D; t=0(.05)2(.1)4,
5;
v=20(1)24, 30, 40, 60, 120, 00, 5D.
[26.49] G. S. Resnikoff and G. J. Lieberman, Tables of the
noncentral t-distribution
(Stanford Univ. Press,
Stanford, Calif., 1957). dP(tIv, s)/atand P(tI v,6)
for v=2(1)24(5)49,
6= m
z, where Q(z,)=
p=.25, .15, .l, .065, .04, .025, .Ol, .004, .0025,
.OOl and f/J Y covers the range of values such
that throughout most of the table the entries lie
between 0 and 1, 4D.
Random

Numbem

and

Normal

Deviates

[26.50] E. C. Fieller, T. Lewis and E. S. Pearson, Correlated random

normal deviates, Tracts for
Computers 26 (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1955).
[26.51] T. E. Hull and A. R. Dobell, Random number
generators, Sot. Ind. App. Math. 4. 230-254
(1962).
[26.52] M. G. Kendall and B. Babington Smith, Random
sampling
numbers
(Cambridge
Univ. Press,
Cambridge, England, 1939).

964

PROBABILITY

[26.53] G. Marsaglia, Random variables and computers,

Proc. Third Prague Conference in Probability
Theory 1962. (Also as Math. Note No. 260,
Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories,
1962).
[26.54] M. E. Muller, An inverse method for the generation of random normal deviates on large scale
computers, Math. Tables Aids Comp. 63. 167174 (1958).

FUNCTIONS

[26.55] Rand Corporation,

A million
100,000 normal
deviates
Glencoe, Ill. 1955).

random digits with

(The Free Press,

[26.56] H. Wold, Random normal deviates, Tracts for

Computers 25 (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1948).
I

966

PROBABILITY

NORMAL

Table 26.1

FUNCTIONS

PROBABILITY

FUNCTION

P(r)

.,

AND DERIVATIVES

Z(x)

Z(l) (.1.)
0.00000 00000 00000

0.50000
0.50797
0.51595
0.52392
0.53188

00000
83137
34368
21826
13720

00000
16902
52831
54107
13988

0.39894
0.39886
0.39862
0.39822
0.39766

22804
24999
32542
48301
77055

01433
23666
04605
95607
11609

-0.00797
-0.01594
-0.02389
-0.03181

72499
49301
34898
34164

98473
68184
11736
40929

0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.53982
0.54775
0.55567
0.56355
0.57142

78372
84260
00048
94628
37159

77029
20584
05907
91433
00901

0.39695
0.39608
0.39505
0.39386
0.39253

25474
02117
17408
83615
14831

77012
93656
34611
68541
20429

-0.03969
-0.04752
-0.05530
-0.06301
-0.07065

52547
96254
72437
89378
56669

47701
15239
16846
50967
61677

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.57925
Oi58706
0.59483
0.60256
0.61026

97094
44226
48716
81132
12475

39103
48215
97796
01761
55797

0.39104
0.38940
0.38761
0.38568
0.38360

26939
37588
66151
33691
62921

75456
33790
25014
91816
53479

-0.07820
-0.08566
-0.09302
-0.10027
-0.10740

85387
88269
79876
76759
97618

95091
43434
30003
89872
02974

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.61791
0.62551
0.63307
0.64057
0.64802

14221
58347
17360
64332
72924

88953
23320
36028
17991
24163

0.38138
0.37903
0.37653
0.37391
0.37115

78154
05261
71618
06053
38793

60524
52702
33254
73128
59466

-0.11441
-0.12128
-0.12802
-0.13460
-0.14103

63446
97683
26350
78179
84741

38157
68865
23306
34326
56597

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.65542
0.66275
0.67003
0.67724
0.68438

17416
72731
14463
18897
63034

10324
51751
39407
49653
83778

0.36827
0.36526
0.36213
0.35889
0.35553

01403
26726
48824
02910
25285

03323
22154
13092
33545
05997

-0.14730
-0.15341
-0.15933
-0.16508
-0.17065

80561
03225
93482
95338
56136

21329
01305
61761
75431
82879

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.69146
0.69846
0.70540
0.71226
0.71904

24612
82124
14837
02811
26911

74013
53034
84302
50973
01436

0.35206
0.34849
0.34481
0.34104
0.33717

53267
25127
80014
57886
99438

64299
58974
39333
30353
22381

-0.17603
-0.18121
-0.18620
-0.19098
-0.19556

26633
61066
17207
56416
43674

82150
34667
77240
32997
16981

0.60
0.62
0.64
0166
0.68

0.72574
0.73237
0.73891
0.74537
0.75174

68822
11065
37003
30853
77695

49927
31017
07139
28664
46430

0.33322
0.32918
0.32506
0.32086
0.31659

46028
39607
22640
38037
29077

91800
70765
84082
71172
10893

-0.19993
-0.20409
-0.20803
-0.21177
-0.21528

47617
40556
98490
01104
31772

35080
77874
13813
88974
43407

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78

0.75803
0.76423
0.77035
0.77637
0.78230

63477
75022
00028
27075
45624

76927
20749
35210
62401
14267

0.31225
0.30785
0.30338
0.29887
0.29430

39333
12604
92837
24057
50297

66761
69853
56300
75953
88325

-0.21857
-0.22165
-0.22450
-0.22714
-0.22955

77533
29075
80699
30283
79232

56733
38294
79662
89724
34894

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

0.78814
0.79389
0.79954
0.80510
0.81057

46014
19464
58067
54787
03452

16604
14187
39551
48192
23288

0.28969
0.28503
0.28034
0.27561
0.27086

15527
63584
38108
82471
39717

61483
89007
39621
53457
98338

-0.23175
-0.23372
-0.23548
-0.23703
-0.23836

32422
98139
88011
16925
02951

09186
60986
05281
51973
82537

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

0.81593
0.82121
0.82639
0.83147
0.83645

98746
36203
12196
23925
69406

53241
85629
61376
33162
72308

0.26608
0.26128
0.25647
0.25164
0.24680

52498
63012
12944
43410
94905

98755
49553
25620
98117
67043

-0.23947
-0.24038
-0.24108
-0.24157
-0.24187

67249
33971
30167
85674
33007

08879
49589
60083
54192
55702

1.00

0.84134

47460

68543

0.24197

07245

19143

-0.24197

07245

19143

0.00

0.02
0.04
OiO6
0.08

0.10

[ 1
(q3

Z(,r) =$

e-v

P(x) =Jy m z(t)dt

Z()(x)

=g

2(X!)

Hen(x) = (- 1)wqx)

/Z(Lt$

PROBABILITY

NORMAL

PROBABILITY

ZW(x)

x
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

-0.39894
-0.39870
-0.39798
-0.39679
-0.39512

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

967

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

AND

DERIVATIVES

z(*)(x)

22804
29549
54570
12208
26322

Z(3)(x)
0.00000
0.02392
0.04780
0.07159
0.09523

000
856
928
445
664

1.19682
1.19563
1.19204
1.18607
1.17774

-0.39298
-0.39037
-0.38730
-0.38378
-0.37981

30220
66567
87267
53315
34631

0.11868
0.14190
0.16483
0.18744
0.20967

881
445
771
353
776

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

-0.37540
-0.37055
-0.36528
-0.35961
-0.35353

09862
66169
98981
11734
15588

0.23149
0.25286
0.27372
0.29405
0.31380

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

-0.34706
-0.34021
-0.33300
-0.32545
-0.31755

29121
78003
94659
17909
92592

0.40
0.42
E
0:48

-0.30934
-0.30083
-0.29202
-0.28294
-0.27361

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

Tal,lc* 20.1

Z()(x)

Z(X)

684
029
400
800
897

0.00000
-0.11962
-0.23891
-0.35754
-0.47516

000
684
887
249
649

-5.98413
-5.97575
-5.95066
-5.90893
-5.85073

421
893
325
742
151

1.16708
1.15410
1.13884
1.12136
1.10169

019
144
890
503
839

-0.59146
-0.70610
-0.81878
-0.92919
-1.03701

327
997
968
252
674

-5.77625
-5.68577
-5.57961
-5.45815
-5.32182

460
399
395
435
895

727
011
555
426
836

1.07990
1.05604
1.03017
ii06237
0.97272

350
063
556
941
834

-1.14196
-1.24376
-1.34214
-1.43683
-1.52759

980
938
434
568
737

-5.17112
-5.00657
-4.82876
-4.63831
-4.43591

356
387
317
979
441

0.33295
0.35144
0.36926
0.38637
0.40274

156
923
849
828
947

0.94130
0.90818
0.87347
0.83725
0.79963

327
965
711
919
298

-1.61419
-1.69641
-1.77405
-1.84692
-1.91485

723
762
617
643
840

-4.22225
-3.99809
-3.76420
-3.52140
-3.27051

716
459
646
244
871

69179
03372
55692
91055
78339

0.41835
0.43316
0.44716
0.46033
0.47264

488
939
995
566
779

0.76069
0.72055
0.67932
0.63709
0.59398

880
987
193
291
256

-1.97769
-2.03531
-2.08758
-2.13440
-2.17570

904
269
144
537
278

-3.01241
-2.74796
-2147807
-2.20363
-1.92557

439
802
382
810
548

-0.26404
-0.25426
-0.24426
-0.23409
-0.22375

89951
01373
90722
38293
26107

0.48408
0.49464
0.50430
0.51306
0.52090

982
748
874
383
525

0.55010
0.50556
0.46048
0.41496
0.36913

207
372
050
574
279

-2.21141
-2.24148
-2.26589
-2.28463
-2.29771

033
307
443
613
801

-1.64480
-1.36224
-1iO7881
-0.79543
-0.51298

520
740
949
249
749

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

-0.21326
-0.20264
-0.19191
-0.18109
-0.17020

37459
56463
67607
55308
03472

0.52782
0.53382
0.53890
0.54306
0.54630

777
841
643
327
259

0.32309
0.27696
0.23085
0.18486
0.13911

457
332
017
483
528

-2.30516
-2.30703
-2.30336
-2.29426
-2.27980

783
091
981
388
875

-0.23237
+0.04554
Oi31990
0.58988
0.85469

218
255
581
999
355

8.:;
0:74
0.76
0.78

-0.15924
-0.14826
-0.13725
-0.12624
-0.11524

95060
11670
33120
37042
98497

0.54863
0.55005
0.55058
0.55023
0.54901

016
386
359
127
073

0.09370
0.04874
+o.o043TI
-0.03944
-0.08247

741
473
808
465
882

-2.26011
-2.23531
-2.20553
-2.17094
-2.13170

583
162
714
715
944

1.11354
1.36570
1.61045
1.84714
2.07512

405
074
709
311
746

0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88

-0.10428
-0.09337
-0.08253
-0.07177
-0.06110

89590
79110
32179
09916
69120

0.54693
0.54402
0.54030
0.53578
0.53049

765
952
551
644
467

-0.12468
-0.16597
-0.20625
-0.24546
-0.28351

324
047
697
336
458

-2.08800
-2.04002
-1.98796
-1.93204
-1.87248

401
228
617
726
587

2.29381
2.50267
2.70117
2.88887
3.06536

943
061
643
745
044

0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98

-0.05055
-0.04013
-0.02985
-0.01972
-0.00977

61975
35759
32587
89163
36558

0.52445
0.51768
0.51022
0.50209
0.49332

403
968
310
689
478

-0.32034
-0.35587
-0.39005
-0.42282
-0.45413

003
378
463
627
732

-1.80951
-1.74335
-1.67426
-1.60247
-l.52824

008
486
103
436
456

3.23025
3.38325
3.52407
3.65250
3.76836

923
538
854
673
628

0.48394 145

-0.48394

145

-1.45182

435

3.87153 159

1.00

PROBABILITY

968
Table

26.1

l.oO
1.02

NORMAL

PROBABILITY

P(x)
0.84134 47460 68543

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIOX

.\ND

DERIVATIVES

Z(I) (2)

Z(x)
0.24197
0.23713
0.23229
0.22746
0.22265

07245
19520
70047
96324
34987

19143
19380
43366
57386
51761

-0.24197
-0.24187
-0.24158
-0.24111
-0.24046

07245
45910
88849
78104
57786

19143
59767
33101
04829
51902

73947
74443
08806
28104
84808

35806
88804
53704
17281
76986

1.04
1.06
1.08

0.84613
0.85083
0.85542
0.85992

57696
00496
77003
89099

27265
69019
36091
11231

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.86433
0.86864
0.87285
0.87697
0.88099

39390
31189
68494
55969
98925

53618
57270
37202
48657
44800

0.21785 21770 32551

0.21306 91467 75718
0.20830
Oi20357
0.19886

77900
13882
31193

47108
90759
87276

-0.23963
-0.23863
-0.23747
-0.23614
-0.23465

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.88493
0.88876
0.89251
0.89616
0.89972

03297
75625
23029
53188
74320

78292
52166
25413
78700
45558

0.19418
0.18954
0.18493
0.18037
0.17584

60549
31580
72809
11632
74302

83213
91640
63305
27080
97662

-0.23302
-0.23124
-0.22932
-0.22726
-0.22508

32659
26528
22283
76656
47107

79856
71801
94499
66121
81008

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.90319
0:906?8
0.90987
0.91308
0.91620

95154
24910
73275
50380
66775

14390
06528
35548
52915
84986

0.17136
0.16693
0.16255
0.15822
0.15394

85920
70417
50552
47903
82867

47807
41714
25534
70383
62634

-0.22277
-0.22035
-0.21782
-0.21518
-0.21244

91696
68950
37740
57149
86357

62150
99062
02216
03721
32434

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.91924
0.92219
0.92506
0.92785
0.93056

33407
61594
63004
49630
33766

66229
73454
65673
34106
66669

0.14972
0.14556
0.14145
0.13741
0.13343

74656
41300
99652
65392
53039

35745
37348
24839
82282
51002

-0.20961
-0.20670
-0.20370
-0.20062
-0.19748

84518
10646
23499
81473
42498

90043
53034
23768
52131
47483

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.93319
0.93574
0.93821
0.94062
0.94294

27987
45121
98232
00594
65667

31142
81064
88188
05207
62246

0.12951
0.12566
0.12187
0.11815
0.11450

75956
46367
75370
72950
48002

65892
89088
32402
59582
59292

-0.19427
-0.19101
-0.18769
-0.18432
-0.18091

63934
02479
14070
53802
75844

98838
19414
29899
92948
09682

1.60
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68

0.94520
0.94738
0.94949
0.95154
0.95352

07083
38615
74165
27737
13421

00442
45748
25897
33277
36280

0.11092
0.10740
0.10396
0.10058
0.09728

08346
60751
10953
63684
22693

79456
13484
28764
27691
31467

-0.17747
-0.17399
-0.17049
-0.16697
-0.16343

33354
78416
61963
33715
42124

87129
83844
39173
89966
76865

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78

0.95543
0.95728
0.95907
0.96079
0.96246

45372
37792
04910
60967
20196

41457
08671
21193
12518
51483

0.09404
0.09088
0.08779
0.08477
0.08182

90773
69790
60706
63613
77759

76887
16283
10906
08022
92143

-0.15988
-0.15632
-0.15276
-0.14920
-0.14565

34315
56039
51628
63959
34412

40708
08007
62976
02119
66014

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.96406
0196562
0.96711
0.96855
0.96994

96808
04975
58813
72370
59610

87074
54110
40836
19248
38800

0.07895
0.07614
0.07340
0.07074
0.06814

01583
32736
68125
03934
35661

00894
96207
81657
56983
01045

-0.14211
-0.13858
-0.13506
-0.13157
-0.12810

02849
07581
85351
71318
99042

41609
27097
50249
29989
69964

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.97128
0.97257
0.97381
0.97500
0.97614

34401
10502
01550
21048
82356

83998
96163
59548
51780
58492

0.06561
0.06315
0.06076
0.05844
0.05618

58147
65614
51689
09443
31419

74677
35199
54565
33451
03868

-0.12467
-0.12126
-0.11788
-0.11454
-0.11124

00480
05979
44277
42508
26209

71886
55581
71856
93565
69659

0.05399

09665
rc--6)91

13188

-0.10798

19330

26376

0.97724

Z(x) =&e-f+

[y 1
98680

51821

P(x) =$I

II 1
3

L 10' J
m Z(f)&

Z(n)(x) =g

Z(x)

He,(x)=(-l)"Z(")(s)/Z(z)

PROBABILITY

NORMAL

PROBABILITY

969

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

Table

AND DERIVATIVES

26.1

1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

2 (2)(x)
0.00000 00000
0.00958 01309
0.01895 54356
0.02811 52466
0.03704 95422

0.48394 145
0.47397 745
0.46346 412
0.45243 346
0.44091 805

-0.48394
-0.51219
-0.53886
-0.56392
-0.58734

145
739
899
521
012

-1.45182
-1.37346
-1.29343
-1.21197
-1.12934

435
846
272
312
487

3.87153 159
3.96192 478
4.03951 497
4.10431 754
4.15639 308

1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18

0.04574 89572
0.05420 47909
0.06240 90139
0.07035 42718
0.07803 38880

0.42895 094
0.41656 552
0.40379 549
0.39067 467
0.37723 697

-0.60909
-0.62916
-0.64755
-0.66424
-0.67924

290
776
390
543
129

-1.04580
-0.96159
-0.87697
-0.79217
-0.70744

155
420
050
397
317

4.19584 622
4.22282 430
4.23751 585
4.24014 894
4.23098 941

1.20
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.28

0.08544 18642
0.09257 28784
0.09942 22822
0.10598 60955
0.11226 09995

0.36351 629
0.34954 639
0.33536 083
0.32099 285
0.30647 534

-0.69254
-0.70416
-0.71411
-0.72240
-0.72907

515
524
427
928
143

-0.62301
-0.53910
-0.45594
-0.37373
-0.29268

100
399
161
571
993

4.21033 894
4.17853 305
4.13593 896
4.08295 339
4.02000 029

1.30
1.32
1.34
1.36
1.38

0.11824 43285
0.12393 40598
0.12932 88019
0.13442 77819
0.13923 08305

0.29184 071
0.27712 083
0.26234 695
0.24754 965
0.23275 873

-0.73412 591
-0.73760.168
-0.73953 132
-0.73995 087
-0.73889 953

-0.21299 916
-0.13484 911
-0.05841 584
+0.01613 459
0.08864 645

3.94752 847
3.86600 921
3.77593 384
3.67781 128
3.57216 556

1.40
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48

0.14373 83670
0.14795 13818
0.15187 14187
0.15550 05559
0.15884 13858

0.21800 319
0.20331 117
0.18870 986
0.17422 548
0.15988 325

-0.73641
-0.73255
-0.72735
-0.72087
-0.71315

957
600
645
087
137

0.15897 463
0.22698 486
0.29255 386
0.35556 954
0.41593 103

3.45953 335
3.34046 152
3.21550 469
3.08522 283
2.95017 891

1.50
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58

0.16189 69946
0.16467 09400
0.16716 72298
0.16939 02982
0.17134 49831

0.14570 730
0.13172 067
0.11794 528
0.10440 190
0.09111 010

-0.70425
-0.69422
-0.68313
-0.67103
-0.65798

193
823
742
785
890

0.47354 871
0.52834 425
0.58025 051
0.62921 147
0.67518 208

2.81093 657
2.66805 791
2.52210 132
2.37361 937
2.22315 681

11%
1:64
1.66
1.68

0.17303 65021
0.17447 04284
0.17565 26667
0.17658 94284
0.17728 72076

0.07808 827
0.06535 359
0.05292 202
0.04080 829
0.02902 592

-0.64405
-0.62928
-0.61375
-0.59751
-0.58062

073
410
011
005
516

0.71812 810
0.75802 588
0.79486 211
0.82863 352
0.85934 661

2.07124 871
1.91841 857
1.76517 671
1.61201 862
1.45942 351

1.70
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78

0.17775 27562
0.17799 30597
0.17801 53128
0.17782 68955
0.17743 53495

0.01758 718
+0.00650 315
-0.00421 632
-0.01456 254
-0.02452 804

-0.56315
-0.54516
-0.52670
-0.50785
-0.48864

647
459
954
061
614

0.88701 729
0.91167 051
0.93333 988
0.95206 725
0.96790 228

1.30785 296
1.15774 966
1.00953 633
0.86361 469
0.72036 463

1.80
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88

0.17684 83546
0.17607 37061
0.17511 92921
0.17399 30717
0.17270 30539

-0.03410
-0.04329
-0.05208
-0.06047
-0.06846

647
263
243
285
193

-0.46915
-0.44942
-0.42952
-0.40949
-0.38940

342
853
621
971
073

0.98090 203
0.99113 045
0.99865 794
1.00356 087
1.00592 110

0.58014 345
0.44328 526
0.31010 045
0.18087 536
+0.05587 197

1.90
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98

0.17125 72766
0.16966 37866
0.16793 06209
0.16606 57874
0.16407 72476

-0.07604
-0.08323
-0.09001
-0.09640
-0.10238

873
327
655
044
771

-0.36927
-0.34918
-0.32915
-0.30925
-0.28950

924
347
976
250
408

1.00582 548
1.00336 537
0.99863 613
0.99173 666
0.98276 891

-0.06467
-0.18054
-0.29155
-0.39754
-0.49836

2.00

0.16197 28995
C-i)4

-0.10798 193
C-i)7

-0.26995 483
-32

0.97183 740
C-i)4

-0.59390 063

[ 1

2(3)(x)

.x(4) (2)

[ 1

[ 1

2 (5)

(x)

1 1

Z@)(x)

219
414
530
137
204

[c-y1

970

PROBABILITY

Table 26.1

NORMAL

FUNCTIONS

PROBABILITY

FUNCTION

AND DERIVATIVES

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

P(x)
0.97724 98680 51821
0.97830 83062 32353
0.97932 48371 33930
0.98030 07295 90623
019812372335 65062

Z(x)
0.05399 09665 13188
0.05186 35766 82821
0.04980 00877 35071
0.04779 95748 82077
0.04586 10762 71055

-0.10798
-0.10476
-0.10159
-0.09846
-0.09539

Z(1)(2)
19330 26376
44248 99298
21789 79544
71242 57079
10386 43794

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.98213 55794 37184

0.98299 69773 52367
0.98382 26166 27834
0.98461 36652 16075
0.98537 12692 24011

0.04398 35959 80427

0.04216 61069 61770
0.04040 75539 22860
0.03870 68561 47456
0.03706 29102 47806

-0.09236
-0.08939
-0.08647
-0.08360
-0.08079

55515 58897
21467 58953
21653 94921
68092 78504
71443 40218

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.98609 65524 86502

0.98679 06161 92744
0.98745 45385 64054
0.98808 93745 81453
0.98869 61557 61447

0.03547 45928 46231

0.03394 07631 82449
0.03246 02656 43697
0.03103 19322 15008
0.02965 45848 47341

-0.07804
-0.07534
-0.07271
-0.07013
-0.06761

41042 61709
84942 65037
09950 41882
21668 05919
24534 51938

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.98927 58899 78324

0.98982 95613 31281
0.99035 81300 54642
0.99086 25324 69428
0.99134 36809 74484

0.02832 70377 41601

0.02704 80995 46882
0.02581 65754 71588
0.02463 12693 06382
0.02349 09853 58201

-0.06515
-0.06275
-0.06041
-0.05812
-0.05590

21868 05683
15909 48766
07866 03515
97955 63063
85451 52519

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.99180 24640 75404

0.99223 97464 49447
0.99265 63690 44652
0.99305 31492 11376
0.99343 08808 64453

0.02239 45302 94843

0.02134 07148 99923
0.02032 83557 38226
0.01935 62767 31737
0.01842 33106 46862

-0.05374
-0.05164
-0.04960
-0.04761
-0.04568

68727 07623
45300 57813
11880 01271
64407 60073
98104 04218

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.99379 03346 74224

0.99413 22582 84668
0.99445 73765 56918
0.99476 63918 36444
Oi99505 99842 42230

0.01752 83004 93569

0.01667 01008 37381
0.01584 75790 25361
0.01505 96163 27377
0.01430 51089 94150

-0.04382
-0.04200
-0.04025
-0.03855
-0.03690

07512 33921
86541 10200
28507 24416
26177 98086
71812 04906

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.99533 88119 76281

0.99560 35116 51879
0.99585 46986 38964
0.99609 29674 25147
0.99631 88919 90825

0.01358 29692 33686

0.01289 21261 07895
0.01223 15263 51278
0.01160 01351 13703
0.01099 69366 29406

-0.03531
-0.03377
-0.03229
-0.03085
-0.02947

57200 07583
73704 02686
12295 67374
63594 02449
17901 66807

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78

0.99653 30261 96960

0.99673 59041 84109
0.99692 80407 81350
0.99710 99319 23774
0.99728 20550 77299

0.01042 09348 14423

0.00987 11537 94751
0.00934 66383 67612
0.00884 64543 98237
0.00836 96891 54653

-0.02813
-0.02684
-0.02560
-0.02441
-0.02326

65239 98941
95383 21723
97891 27258
62141 39135
77358 49935

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.99744 48696 69572

0.99759 88175 25811
0.99774 43233 08458
0.99788 17949 59596
0.99801 16241 45106

0.00791 54515 82980

0.00748 28725 25781
0.00707 11048 86019
0.00667 93237 39203
0.00630 67263 96266

-0.02216
-0.02110
-0.02008
-0.01910
-0.01816

32644 32344
17005 22701
19378 76295
28658 94119
33720 21246

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.99813 41866 99616

0.99824 98430 71324
0.99835 89387 65843
0.99846 18047 88262
0.99855 87580 82660

0.00595 25324 19776

0.00561 59835 95991
0.00529 63438 65311
0.00499 28992 13612
0.00470 49575 26934

-0.01726
-0.01639
-0.01557
-0.01477
-0.01402

23440 17350
86721 00294
12509 64014
89816 72293
07734 30263

3.00

0.99865 01019 68370

(;i)5

0.00443 18484 11938

-0.01329 55452 35814

(y'7

[ 1

Z(x) =&e-w

P(x) =JI mZ(W

[ 1

Z(d(2) =g Z(x)

Hen(z)=(-l)"Z@'(r)/Z(z)

PROBABILITY

SORMAL
X

PROBABILITY

Z(Z) (2)

971

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION
Z(3)(x)

AND

Table

DERIVATIVES

Z(4)(x)

26.1

Z@)(x)

Z(5)(x)

2.00
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.08

0.16197
0.15976
0.15744
0.15504
0.15255

28995
05616
79574
27011
22841

-0.10798
-0.11318
-0.11800
-0.12245
-0.12652

193
748
948
372
667

-0.26995 483
-0.25064 297
-0.23160 454
-0.21287 345
-0.19448 137

0.97183
0.95904
0.94451
0.92833
0.91062

740
873
117
417
795

-0.59390 063
-0.68406 360
-0.76878 007
-0.84800 114
-0.92169 927

2.10
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.18

0.14998
0.14734
0.14464
0.14188
0.13907

40623
52442
28800
38519
48644

-0.13023
-0.13358
-0.13659
-0.13925
-0.14158

543
762
143
550
892

-0.17645 779
-0.15882 997
-0.14162 297
-0.12485 967
-0.10856 076

0.89150
0.87107
0.84943
0.82671
0.80301

307
003
890
890
811

-0.98986 750
-1.05251 862
-1.10968 436
-1.16141 446
-1.20777 570

2.20
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28

0.13622
0.13333
0.13041
0.12746
0.12450

24365
28941
23633
67648
18090

-0.14360 115
-0.14530 204
-0.14670 170
-0.14781 055
-0.14863 922

-0.09274
-0.07742
-0.06262
-0.04834
-0.03460

478
816
527
844
801

0.77844
0.75309
0.72708
0.70050
0.67346

311
866
743
969
314

-1.24885 097
-1.28473 823
-1.31554 947
-1.34140 971
-1.36245 589

2.30
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38

0.12152
0.11853
0.11554
0.11255
0.10957

29919
55915
46652
50482
13521

-0.14919 851
-0.14949 939
-0.14955 294
-0.14937 032
-0.14896 273

-0.02141
-0.00876
+0.00331
0.01484
0.02581

241
819
989
882
724

0.64604
0.61833
0.59044
0.56243
0.53440

257
976
323
808
589

-1.37883
-1.39070
-1.39823
-1.40159
-1.40097

587
730
661
796
220

2.40
2.42
2.44
2.46
2.48

0.10659
0.10363
0.10069
0.09778
0.09488

79642
90478
85430
01675
74192

-0.14834 137
-0.14751 744
-0.14650 207
-0.14530 633
-0.14394 118

0.03622
0.04607
0.05536
0.06411
0.07231

539
505
942
307
187

0.50642
0.47856
0.45090
0.42350
0.39643

453
812
689
717
129

-1.39654
-1.38851
-1.37705
-1.36239
-1.34470

584
010
991
299
892

2.50
2.52
2.54
2.56
2.58

0.09202
0.08919
0.08639
0.08363
0.08091

35776
17075
46618
50852
54185

-0.14241
-0.14074
-0.13893
-0.13700
-0.13494

744
579
674
058
742

0.07997
0.08710
0.09371
0.09981
0.10541

287
428
533
624
808

0.36973
0.34348
0.31771
0.29247
0.26781

759
039
001
277
102

-1.32420
-1.30109
-1.27556
-1.24781
-1.21804

833
199
010
146
284

2.60
2.62
2.64
2.66
2.68

0.07823
0.07560
0.07301
0.07047
0.06798

79028
45843
73197
77809
74610

-0.13278 711
-0.13052 927
-0.12818 326
-0.12575 818
-0.12326 282

0.11053
0.11517
0.11935
0.12308
0.12638

277
293
186
341
196

0.24376
0.22036
0.19764
0.17563
0.15434

323
399
415
084
760

-1.18644
-1.15321
-1.11853
-1.08259
-1.04556

824
833
985
509
139

2.70
2.72
2.74
2.76
2.78

0.06554
0.06315
0.06082
0.05854
0.05631

76800
95904
41838
22966
46165

-0.12070 569
-0.11809 501
-0.11543 869
-0.11274 431
-0.11001 916

0.12926
0.13173
0.13382
0.13554
0.13690

232
965
945
741
942

0.13381
0.11404
0.09506
0.07686
0.05946

449
817
206
640
846

-1.00761
-0.96890
-0.92961
-0.88988
-0.84986

072
932
727
829
942

2.80
2.82
2.84
2.86
2.88

0.05414
0.05202
0.04996
0.04795
0.04600

16888
39229
15987
48727
37850

-0.10727 020
-0.10450 406
-0.10172 706
-0.09894 520
-0.09616 416

0.13793
0.13862
0.13902
0.13911
0.13894

149
969
007
867
142

0.04287
0.02708
+0.01209
-0.00209
-0.01549

262
053
127
857
465

-0.80970
-0.76951
-0.72943
-0.68959
-0.65008

080
553
954
143
248

2.90
2.92
2.94
2.96
2.98

0.04410
0.04226
0.04048
0.03875
0.03707

82652
81389
31340
28865
69473

-0.09338 928
-0.09062 562
-0.08787 791
-0.08515 058
-0.08244 776

0.13850
0.13782
0.13691
0.13578
0.13446

412
240
166
706
347

-0.02810
-0.03993
-0.05100
-0.06132
-0.07091

482
892
863
737
012

-0.61101
-0.57249
-0.53459
-0.49740
-0.46100

661
036
292
627
520

3.00

0.03545 47873

-0.07977 327
(-65)5

0.13295 545
(-;)7

[(-[)l1

P(-x)=1-P(z)

[ 1

-0.07977 327
(-4)~
6
z(d(-2)=(-l)nZ@)(x)

[ 1

2-q-2) =2(x)

[ 1

-0.42545 745
(-;)7

[ 1

972

PROBABILITY
Table 26.1

NORMAL

PROBABILITY

FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION

AND DERIVATIVES

p (4

.J

3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20

0.9986501020
0.9988557932
0.9990323968
0.9991836477
0.9993128621

3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45

0.9994229750
0.9995165759
0.9995959422
0.9996630707
0.9997197067

3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70

0.9997673709
0.9998073844
0.9998408914
0.9998688798
0.9998922003

3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95

0.9999115827
0.9999276520
0.9999409411
0.9999519037
0.9999609244

4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20

0.9999683288
0.9999743912
0.9999793425
0.9999833762
0.9999866543

4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45

0.9999893115
0.9999914601
0.9999931931
0.9999945875
0.9999957065

4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70

0.9999966023
0.9999973177
0.9999978875
0.9999983403
0.9999986992

4.75
4.80
4.85
4.90
4.95

0.9999989829
0.9999992067
0.9999993827
0.9999995208
0.9999996289

5.00

0.9999997133
(73

II

-3 -5.68447
-3.58207 75
-4.88674
-6.59440
-4.18954
82
05
52
62

(-6)1.48671 9515

(-6)-7.43359 76

[ 1

Table 26.2 NORMAL

PROBABlLITY

FUNCTION

FOR LARGE

ARGUMENTS

6.54265

15

-log Q (.I,)
50.43522

I56

-log Q(x)
137.51475

7"

11.89285
9.00586

16
17

64.38658
57.19458

27

160.13139
148.60624

9"

18.94746
15.20614

:9"

80.06919
72.01140

:i

184.48283
172.09024

10

23.11805

11
12
::

:72%E
38:21345
44.10827

20
88.56010
I21 106.84167
97.48422

.,

-log Q (4

.I

.7

126.85686
116.63253

From E. S. Pearsonand H. 0. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tablesfor statisticians,

~01. I. CambridgeUniv. Press,Cambridge,England, 1954(with permission).Known
error has beencorrected.

PROBABILITY

NORMAL

5.00

(-5)3.56812
NORMAL
3

40
::
43
44

68

PROBABILITY

(-4)-1.63539

PROBABILITY

-log Q(.c)

349.43701
367.03664
385.07032
403.53804
422.43983

973

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION

15

(-4)7.10651

FUNCTION

20"
70
a0
90

AND

93

FOR LARGE

Table

DERIVATIVES

-3)-4.19931
-3)-3.49521

11
92

(-3)-2.89910

31

ARGUMENTS

-log Q(T)

544.96634
783.90743
1066.26576
1392.04459
1761.24604

.r

(-2)

26.1

1.09422
Table

-log Q(x)

100
150
200
250
300

2173.87154
4aaa.3aalz
8688.58977
13574.49960
19546.12790

350
400
450
500

26603.48018
34746.55970
43975.36860
54289.90830

r(+wi

L 9 J

Hc!.(z)=(-l)nZ(n)(1)/Z(.e)

P(-2)=1-P(s)

Z(-,)=2(c)

Z(~,(-~)=(-l)Z(~)(r)

56

26.2

974
Table

PROBABILITY

26.3

.I

HIGHER
Z(T) (,I,)

DERIVATIVES

FUNCTIONS

OF THE

Z(W (x)

NORMAL

Z(S) (I)

PROBABILITY
ZU~)(J~)

2w

ml)(a)

( 2)-3.77000 46
( 2)-3.56488 94 (2
( 2)-2.97583 41 (2
2)-2.07783 39 (3
l)-9.83608 69 (3

1.30711 60 ( 1) 1.58584 37

FUNCTION
(.I)

0.00000 00
4.05782 44
7.59641 48
1.01729 46
1.14847 09 (2)+6.22581 20

0.5 ( 1i 1.40908 65 ( 0)+4.46820 41 ( 2)-1.14961 02

0.6 ( 1 1.39704 30 ( 0I -6.75565 29
0.7 ( 1 1.27812 14 ( 1 -1.67416 58
E
1.0
I.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0)
1) 7.94982
1.06929 69
72

1 -2.46111
-2.97666 11
59

2) 3.01027 69 (

( 0) 4.83941 45
l)-3.19401 36
( 0)+1.65937 85
( O)-1.31434 07 (
(
(

1.5 ( 01-7.05769 71 ( O)-9.09001 03

1.6 ( 0 -7.62276 66 ( O)-2.30231 44
1.7 ( O)-7.54545 38 ( 0)+3.67230 07
0) 8.41240 26
1) 1.16856 49
2.0 ( O)-4.64322 31
2.1 ( O)-3.27029 67
2.4 (-1)+3.13162 82

1)
1)
1
1
0)

2.94236 40 (2)-2.26484 60
2.57621 24 (2)-4.93791 72
2 1.98269 77
2 1.25293 01
i 1I +4.84200 76
(
(
(
(
(

1
1
1)
1
1

7.00965 92
6.46658 36
5.41207 19
4.02950 39
2.50938 72

I 21-6.65963 73
2 -5.14267 14
(2 I -3.28612 11
2 -1.36113 54
1)+3.94747 58

1.34437 51
1.37966 95
1.29729 67
1.12731 97
9.02423 01 ( l)-2.41634 55

(2) 2.97376 42

I 31
3
(3)
(3)
(3)

1.25562 83
1.73301 70
1.93425 58
1.87567 40
1.60633 92

( 0) 6.53922 01 (
( 0) 4.08745 39
( 0) 1.87558 77
4.58182 18 (l)-1.67928
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

( 0
( 0
( 0
(-1
(-1

1.75501 20 ( 0)-2.28683 38 (
1.49720 05 ( O)-2.80440 64
1.20591 21
O)-2.96904 52
9.12450 33
O)-2.86200 69
6.39748 51
O)-2.56761 03

1I
1
1
1
( 1)

25 (2)-4.55301 20

4.21202 87
3.54198 84
2.71897 33
1.86794 96
1.08280 77

79
Oj-1.71642 80
O)-2.16386
( O)-1.27559 98 ( 0) 4.24743 76

1)+1.13637 65

(-1) 1.88517 13
(-1 1.63368 76
(-1 1.36227 87

-l)-2.70626

5.0 (-2)-3.73166 60 (-1) 1.09987 51 (-l)-2.51404

Z(.,) &-$2

Z(n) (.I.)=g

Z(.t*)

44

-l)-1.86696 14
-1)+1.00018 72 (0) 2.21617 27

27 (-1) 2.67133 76 (0) 1.17837 39 (O)-8.83034 08

~~~~,,(.,~)=(-l)Z(~~)(.,~)/Z(.,~)

Z(d (-.I-) = (-1) LZ(n) (J)

PROBABILITY

NORMAL

(,,(.r)

0.000

pR()RARILITY

0.001

FUNCTION-VALI:ES

0.002

0.003

OF Z(z)

0.004

975

FUNCTIONS

0.005

IN TERMS

0.006

OF

0.007

P(x)

AND

0.008

o(x)

0.009

Table

26.1

0.010

0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

0.00000
0.02665
0.04842
0.06804
0.08617

0.00337
0.02896
0.05046
0.06992
0.08792

0.00634
0.03123
0.05249
0.07177
0.08965

0.00915
0.03348
0.05449
0.07362
0.09137

0.01185
0.03569
0.05648
0.07545
0.09309

0.01446
0.03787
0.05845
0.07727
0.09479

0.01700
0.04003
0.06040
0.07908
0.09648

0.01949
0.04216
0.06233
0.08087
0.09816

0.02192
0.04427
0.06425
0.08265
0.09983

0.02431
0.04635
0.06615
0.08442
0.10149

0.02665
0.04842
0.06804
0.08617
0.10314

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

0.10314
0.11912
0.13427
0.14867
0.16239

0.10478
0.12067
0.13574
0.15007
0.16373

0.10641
0.12222
0.13720
0.15146
0.16506

0.10803
0.12375
0.13866
0.15285
0.16639

0.10964
0.12528
0.14011
0.15423
0.16770

0.11124
0.12679
0.14156
0.15561
0.16902

0.11284
0.12830
0.14299
0.15699
0.17033

0.11442
0.12981
0.14442
0.15834
0.17163

0.11603
0.13133
0.14584
0.15970
0.17292

0.11756
0.13279
0.14726
0.16105
0.17421

0.11912
0.13427
0.14867
0.16239
0.17550

0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.17550
0.18804
0.20004
0.21155
0.22258

0.17678
0.18926
0.20121
0.21267
0.22365

0.17805
0.19048
0.20238
0.21379
0.22473

0.17932
0.19169
0.20354
0.21490
0.22580

0.18057
0.19293
0.20470
0.21601
0.22686

0.18184
0.19410
0.20585
0.21712
0.22792

0.18309
0.19530
0.20700
0.21822
0.22898

0.18433
0.19649
0.20814
0.21932
0.23003

0.18557
0.19765
0.20928
0.22041
0.23108

0.18681
0.19886
0.21042
0.22149
0.23212

0.18804
0.20004
0.21155
0.22258
0.23316

0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19

0.23316
0.24331
0.25305
0.26240
0.27137

0.23419
0.24430
0.25401
0.26331
0.27224

0.23522
0.24529
0.25495
0.26422
0.27311

0.23625
0.24628
0.25590
0.26513
0.27398

0.23727
0.24726
0.25684
0.26603
0.27485

0.23829
0.24823
0.25778
0.26693
0.27571

0.23930
0.24921
0.25871
0.26782
0.27657

0.24031
0.25017
0.25964
0.26871
0.27742

0.24131
0.25114
0.26056
0.26960
0.27827

0.24232
0.25210
0.26148
0.27049
0.27912

0.24331
0.25305
0.26240
0.27137
0.27996

0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.27996
0.28820
0.29609
0.30365
0.31087

0.28080
0.28901
0.29686
0.30439
0.31158

0.28164
0.28981
0.29763
0.30512
0.31228

0.28247
0.29060
0.29840
0.30585
0.31298

0.28330
0.29140
0.29916
0.30658
0.31367

0.28413
0.29219
0.29991
0.30730
0.31436

0.28495
0.29299
0.30067
0.30802
0.31505

0.28577
0.29376
0.30142
0.30874
0.31574

0.28658
0.29454
0.30216
0.30945
0.31642

0.28739
0.29532
0.30291
0.31016
0.31710

0.28820
0.29609
0.30365
0.31087
0.31778

0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75

i*f:
0:27
0.28
0.29

0 31778
0'32437
0:33065
0.33662
0.34230

0 31845
0'32501
0:33126
0.33720
0.34286

0 31912
0'32565
0:33187
0.33778
0.34341

0 31979
0'32628
0:33247
0.33836
0.34395

0 32045
0'32691
0:33307
0.33893
0.34449

0 32111
0'32754
0:33367
0.33950
0.34503

0 32177
0'32817
0:33427
0.34007
0.34557

0 32242
0'32879
0:33486
0.34063
0.34611

0 32307
0'32941
0:33545
0.34119
0.34664

0 32372
0'33003
0:33604
0.34175
0.34717

0 32437
0'33065
0:33662
0.34230
0.34769

0 74
0'73
0:72
0.71
0.70

0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34

0.34769
0.35279
0.35761
0.36215
0.36641

0.34822
0.35329
0.35808
0.36259
0.36682

0.34874
0.35378
0.35854
0.36302
0.36723

0.34925
0.35427
0.35900
0.36346
0.36764

0.34977
0.35475
0.35946
0.36389
0.36804

0.35028
0.35524
0.35991
0.36431
0.36844

0.35079
0.35572
0.36037
0.36474
0.36884

0.35129
0.35620
0.36082
0.36516
0.36923

0.35180
0.35667
0.36126
0.36558
0.36962

0.35230
0.35714
0.36171
0.36600
0.37001

0.35279
0.35761
0.36215
0.36641
0.37040

0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39

0.37040
0.37412
0.37757
0.38076
0.38368

0.37078
0.37447
0.37790
0.38106
0.38396

'0.37116
0.37483
0.37823
0.38136
0.38423

0.37154
0.37518
0.37855
0.38166
0.38451

0.37192
0.37553
0.37883
0.38196
0.38478

0.37229
0.37583
0.37920
0.38225
0.38504

0.37266
0.37622
0.37951
0.38254
0.38531

0.37303
0.37656
0.37983
0.38283
0.38557

0.37340
0.37693
0.38014
0.38312
0.38583

0.37376
0.37724
0.38045
0.38340
0.38609

0.37412
0.37757
0.38076
0.38365
0.38634

0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.38634
0.38875
0.39089
0.39279
0.39442

0.38659
0.38897
0.39109
0.39296
0.39457

0.38684
0.38920
0.39129
0.39313
0.39472

0.38709
0.38942
0.39149
0.39330
0.39486

0.38734
0.38964
0.39168
0.39347
0.39501

0.38758
0.38985
0.39187
0.39364
0.39514

0.38782
0.39007
0.39206
0.39380
0.39528

0.38305
0.39028
0.39224
0.39396
0.39542

0.38829
0.39049
0.39243
0.39411
0.39555

0.38852
0.39069
0.39261
0.39427
0.39568

0.38875
0.39089
0.39279
0.39442
0.39580

0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55

0.45
0.46
0.47
0.4P
0.49

0.39580
0.39694
0.39781
0.39844
0.39882

0.39593
0.39703
0.39789
0.39849
0.39884

0.39605
0.39713
0.39796
0.39854
0.39886

0.39617
0.39723
0.39803
0.3985'3
0.39883

0.39629
0.39732
0.39809
0.39862
0.39890

0.39640
0.39741
0.39816
0.39866
0.39891

0.39651
0.39749
0.39822
0.39870
0.39892

0.39662
0.39758
0.39828
0.39873
0.39893

0.39673
0.39766
0.39834
0.39876
0.39894

0.39683
0.39774
0.39839
0.39879
0.39894

0.39694
0.39781
0.39844
0.39882
0.39894

0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50

0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
Linear interpolation yields an error no greater than 5 units in the fifth decimal place.

0.000

Compiled from T. L. Kelley, The Kelley Statistical Tables. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,
1948 (with permission).

I(.,~)

976

PROBABILITY

Table 26.5
Q(r)

0.00
0.01

0.000

NORMAL

0.001

3.09023
2.32m635 2.29037

PRORARILITY

0.002

0.003

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION-VALUES

0.004

0.005

0.006

2.65207
2.19729

2.57583
2.17009
1.95996
1.81191
1.69540

2.51214
2.14441

1.91104

1.89570

1.77438

1.76241

1.68494

1.67466

1.66456

1.65463

1.58927
1.50626

1.58047
1.49851

1.43953

1.43250

1.42554

1.36581
1.30469

1.35946
1.29884

1.57179
1.49085
1.41865
1.35317
1.29303

1.56322
1.48328
1.41183
1.34694
1.28727

1.55477
1.47579
1.40507
1.34076
1.28155

0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90

1.24808
1.19522
1.14551
1.09847
1.05374

1.24264
1.19012
1.14069
1.09390
1.04939

1.23723
1.18504
1.13590
1.08935
1.04505

1.23186
1.18000
1.13113
1.08482
1.04073

1.22653

0.89

1.06252

1.25357
1.20036
1.15035
1.10306
1.05812

1.01943
0.97815
0.93848
0.90023
0.86325

1.01522
0.97411
0.93458
0.89647
0.85962

1.01103
0.97009
0.93072
0.89273
0.85600

1.00686
0.96609
0.92686

0.99446
0.95416
0.91537

0.84
0.83
0.82

0.87055

1.02365
0.98220
0.94238
0.90399
0.86689

0.83450
0.79950
0.76546
0.73228
0.69988

0.83095
0.79606
0.76210
0.72900
0.69668

0.82742
0.79262
0.75875
0.72574
0.69349

0.82390
0.78919
0.75542
0.72248
0.69031

0.66821

0.66508

0.66196

2.01409

1.99539

1.97737

1.85218

1.83842

1.82501

0.04

1.73920

1.72793

1.71689

1.70604

0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

1.64485

1.63523

1.55477
1.47579
1.40507
1.34076

1.54643
1.39838

1.62576
1.53820
1.46106
1.39174
1.32854

1.61644
1.53007
1.45381
1.38517
1.32251

1.37866
1.31652

1.37220
1.31058

0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13

1.28155
1.22653
1.17499
1.12639

1.27587
1.22123
1.17000
1.12168

1.27024
1.21596
1.16505

1.26464
1.21072
1.16012

1.25908
1.20553
1.15522

1.08032

1.07584

1.11699
1.07138

1.11232
1.06694

1.10768

0.14

0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18

1.03643
0.99446
0.95416
0.91537

1.03215
0.99036
0.95022
0.91156

1.02789
0.98627
0.94629
0.90777

0.19

0.87790

0.87422

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.84162
0.80642
0.77219
0.73885
0.70630

0.83805
0.80296
0.76882
0.73556
0.70309

0.26
0.27

0.25

0.67449
0.64335
0.61281

0.64027
0.60979

0.63719
0.60678

0.60376

0.6310b
0.60076

0.28

0.58284

0.57987

0.57691

0.57395

0.57100

0.29

0.55338

0.55047

0.54755

0.54464

0.30
0.31

0.52440
0.49585

0.52153
0.49302

0.51866
0.49019

0.32
0.33
0.34

0.46770
0.43991
0.41246

0.46490
0.43715
0.40974

0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38

0.38532
0.35846
0.33185
0.30548

0.38262

0.39

0.27932

0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.25335
0.22754
0.20189
0.17637
0.15097

0.45

0.12566
0.10043
0.07527
0.05015
0.02507
0.010

0.46

0.47
0.48
0.49

0.25076

0.22497
0.19934
0.17383
0.14843
0.12314
0.09791
0.07276
0.04764

0.02256
0.009

1.60725

1.52204
1.44663

1.59819
1.51410

1.94313

2.45726
2.12007

2.40892
2.09693

2.36562
2.07485

0.010

1.92684

2.03352

1.86630

0.35579
0.32921
0.30286
0.27671

0.009

1.78661

2.05375

1.88079
1.75069

0.67135

0.008

1.79912

2.74778
2.22621

0.02

1.33462

0.007

OF P(x) AND Q(x)

2.32635
2.05375
1.88079
1.75069,
1.64485

2.87816
2.25713

0.03

1.46838

OF z IN TERMS

1.17499
1.12639
1.08032
1.03643

0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95

0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85

1.00271

0.99858
0.95812

0.88901

0.96210
0.92301
0.88529

0.88159

0.84520

0.87790
0.84162

0.81
0.80

0.82038
0.78577
0.75208
0.71923
0.68713

0.81687
0.78237
0.74876
0.71599
0.68396

0.81338
0.77897
0.74545
0.71275
0.68080

0.80990
0.77557
0.74214
0.70952
0.67764

0.80642
0.77219
0.73885
0.70630
0.67449

0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75

0.65884

0.65573

0.62801

0.62496

0.59477

0.54174

0.59776
0.56805
0.53884

0.65262
0.62191
0.59178
0.56217
0.53305

0.64952
0.61887
0.58879
0.55924

0.64643
0.61584
0.58581
0.55631

0.64335
0.61281
0.58284
0.55338

0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71

0.53016

0.52728

0.52440

0.70

0.51579
0.48736

0.51293
0.48454

0.51007
0.48173

0.50722
0.47891

0.50437

0.50153

0.46211
0.43440
0.40701

0.45933
0.43164
0.40429

0.45654
0.42889
0.40157

0.45376
0.42615
0.39886

0.45099
0.42340
0.39614

0.47610
0.44821
0.42066
0.39343

0.47330
0.44544
0.41793
0.39073

0.49869
0.47050
0.44268
0.41519
0.38802

0.49585
0.46770
0.43991
0.41246
0.38532

0.69
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65

0.37993
0.35312
0.32656
0.30023

0.37723
0.35045
0.32392

0.37454
0.34779
0.32128

0.37186
0.34513
0.31864

0.29761
0.27151

0.29499
0.26891

0.29237
0.26631

0.36649
0.33981
0.31337
0.28715

0.36381
0.33716
0.31074
0.28454

0.36113
0.33450
0.30811
0.28193

0.35846
0.33185
0.30548
0.27932

0.27411

0.36917
0.34247
0.31600
0.28976
0.26371

0.26112

0.25853

0.25594

0.25335

0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60

0.24817
0.22240
0.19678
0.17128
0.14590

0.24559
0.21983
0.19422
0.16874
0.14337

0.24301
0.21727
0.19167
0.16620
0.14084

0.24043
0.21470
0.18912
0.16366
0.13830

0.23785
0.21214
0.18657
O.lb112
0.13577

0.23527
0.20957
0.18402
0.15858
0.13324

0.20701
0.18147

0.23269

0.23012
0.20445
0.17892

0.22754
0.20189
0.17637

0.59
0.58
0.57

0.15604

0.15351

0.15097

0.56

0.12061
0.09540
0.07024
0.04513
0.02005

0.11809
0.09288
0.06773

0.11556

0.11304

0.09036

0.08784

0.06522
0.04012
0.01504

0.06271
0.03761
0.01253

0.11052
0.08533
0.06020

0.10799
0.08281
0.05768

0.03510
0.01003

0.03259
0.00752

0.63412

0.04263

0.01755

0.56511

0.53594

0.85239

0.84879

0.13072

0.91918

0.12819

0.12566

0.10547

0.08030
0.05517
0.03008
0.00501

0.008 0.007
0.006 0.005
0.004 0.003 0.002
For Q(~)>O.007,linear interpolation yields an error of one unit in the thil.d decimal
interpolation is necessaryto obtain full accuracy.
P(z)=l-Q(7.)=J:_

Z(W

Compiledfrom T. L. Kelley, The Kelley Statistical Tables. Harvard Univ. Press,Cambridge, Mass.,
1948(with permission).

0.55

0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
w

PROBABILITY
NORMAL

PROBABILITY

r,Jh) 0.0000
o.o;o
3.0;23

FUNCTION-VALUES

OF z FOR

EXTREME

VALUES

OF P(x)

AND

Q(z)

Table

26.0

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0.0009

0.0010

2.87816
2.74778
2.65207

3 71902
3:06181
2.86274
2.73701
2.64372

3.54008
3.03567
2.84796
2.72655
2.63555

3.43161
3.01145
2.83379
2.71638
2.62756

3.35279
2.98888
2.82016
2.70648
2.61973

3.29053
2.96774
2.80703
2.69684
2.61205

3.23888
2.94784
2.79433
2.68745
2.60453

3.19465
2.92905
2.78215
2.67829
2.59715

3.15591
2.91124
2.77033
2.66934
2.58991

3.12139
2.89430
2.75888
2.66061
2.58281

3.09023
2.87816
2.74778
2.65207
2.57583

0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995

0.005
0.006
0.007
3.008
0.009

2.57533
2.51214
2.45726
2.40891
2.36562

2.56897
2.50631
2.45216
2.40437
2.36152

2.56224
2.50055
2.44713
2.39989
2.35747

2.55562
2.49485
2.44215
2.39545
2.35345

2.54910
2.48929
2.43724
2.39106
2.34947

2.54270
2.48377
2.43238
2.38671
2.34553

2.53640
2.47333
2.42758
2.38240
2.34162

2.53019
2.47296
2.42283
2.37814
2.33775

2.52408
2.46765
2.41814
2.37392
2.33392

2.51807
2.46243
2.41350
2.36975
2.33012

2.51214
2.45726
2.40891
2.36562
2.32635

0.994
0.993
0.992
0.991
0.990

0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014

2.32635
2.29037
2.25713
2.22621
2.19729

2.32261
2.28693
2.25394
2.22323
2.19449

2.31891
2.28352
2.25077
2.22028
2.19172

2.31524
2.28013
2.24763
2.21734
2.18896

2.31160
2.27677
2.24450
2.21442
2.18621

2.30798
2.27343
2.24140
2.21152
2.18349

2.30440
2.27013
2.23832
2.20864
2.18078

2.30085
2.26684
2.23526
2.20577
2.17808

2.29733
2.26358
2.23223
2.20293
2.17540

2.29383
2.26034
2.22921
2.20010
2.17274

2.29037
2.25713
2.22621
2.19729
2.17009

0.989
0.988
0.987
0.986
0.935

0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019

2.17009
2.14441
2.12007
2.09693
2.07485

2.16746
2.14192
2.11771
2.09467
2.07270

2.16484
2.13944
2.11535
2.09243
2.07056

2.16224
2.13698
2.11301
2.09020
2.06843

2.15965
2.13452
2.11068
2.08798
2.06630

2.15707
2.13208
2.10836
2.08576
2.06419

2.15451
2.12966
2.10605
2.08356
2.06208

2.15197
2.12724
2.10375
2.08137
2.05998

2.14943
2.12484
2.10147
2.07919
2.05790

2.14692
2.12245
2.09919
2.07702
2.05582

2.14441
2.12007
2.09693
2.07485
2.05375

0.984
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.980

0.020
!I;021
0.022
0.023
0.024

2.05375
2;1j3352
2.01409
1.99539
ii97737

2.05169
2;03154
2.01219
1.99356
1;97560

2.04964
2.02957
2.01029
1.99174
1.97384

2.04759
2;02761
2.00841
1.98992
i97208

2.04556
2.02566
2.00653
1.98811
1.97033

2.04353
2.02371
2.00465
1.98630
1.96859

2.04151
2.02177
2.00279
1.98450
1.96685

2.03950
2.01984
2.00093
1.98271
1.96512

2.03750
2.01792
1.99908
1.98092
1.96340

2.03551
2.01600
1.99723
1.97914
1.96168

2.03352
2.01409
1.99539
1.97737
1.95996

0.979
0.978
0.977
0.976
0.975

0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004

0.0001

977

FUNCTIONS

0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000

0.0010 0.0009 0.0008 0.0007
For Q(1.)\0.0007, linear interpolation yields an error of one unit in the third decimal place; five-point
interpolation is necessary to obtain full accuracy.

f)(r)

q (.I.)

.I

(-4)l.O

3.71902

(-

(-5)l.O

4.26489

(-1O)l.

(-6)l.O

4.75342

(-11)l.

(-7)l.O

5.19934

(-12)l.

(-8)l.O

5.61200

(-13)l.O

.!

9)l.O

1) (.I.)

5.99781

(-14)l.O

6.36134

(-15)l.

6.70602

( -1b)l.

7.03448
7.34880

P(,r)=l-f)(+JJ

(,) (,I.)

.!

7.65063

(-19)l.

9.01327

7.94135

(-2O)l.O

9.26234

8.22208

(-21)l.O

9.50502

(-17)l.

8.49379

(-22)l.O

9.74179

( -18)l.

3.75729

(-23)l.O

9.97305

m2(/)111

Compiled from T. L. Kelley, The Kelley Statistical Tables.

1948 (with permission) for Q(X) >(-9)l.

Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,

I(V)

978

PROBABILITY

Table

26.7

PROBABILITY

INTEGRAL
CUMULATIVE

FUNCTIONS

OF x3-DISTRIBUTION,
INCOMPLETE
GAMMA
SUMS OF THE POISSON
DISTRIBUTION

w*=O.OOl

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

m=O.O005
0.97477
0.99950
0.99999

0.0010

0.0015

0.0020

0.0025

0.0030

0.0035

x2=0.01
m=0.005
0.92034
0.99501
0.99973
0.99999

0.96433 0.95632 0.94957 0.94363 0.93826 0.93332

0.99900 0.99850 0.99800 0.99750 0.99700 0.99651
0.99998 0.99996 0.99993 0.99991 0.99988 0.99984
0.99999
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.88754 0.86249 0.84148 0.82306 0.80650 0.79134
0.99005 0.98511 0.98020 0.97531 0.97045 0.96561
0.99925 0.99863 0.99790 0.99707 0.99616 0.99518
0.99995 0.99989 0.99980 0.99969 0.99956 0.99940
0.99999 0.99998 0.99997 0.99995 0.99993

0.75183
0.95123
0.99184
0.99879
0.99984

98
10

;
9
10
11
::
14
15

0.010
0.0050
0.92034
0.99501
0.99973
0.99999

0.10
0.050
0.75183
0.95123
0.99184
0.99879
0.99984

0.9

KO
0.6;472
0.90484
0.97759
0.99532
0.99911

ii-;5
0.58388
0.86071
0.96003
0.98981
0.99764

EO
0.5;709
0.81873
0.94024
0.98248
0.99533

0.99998 0.99985 0.99950 0.99885

0.99997 0.99990 0.99974
0.99998 0.99994
0.99999

E5
0.4;950
0.77880
0.91889
0.97350
0.99212

Eo
0.43858
0.74082
0.89643
0.96306
0.98800

K5
0.40278
0.70469
0.87320
0.95133
0.98297

0.37109
0.67032
0.84947
0.93845
0.97703

0.45
0.34278
0.63763
0.82543
0.92456
0.97022

0.60653
0.80125
0.90980
0.96257

0.99784
0.99945
0.99987
0.99997
0.99999

0.99640
0.99899
0.99973
0.99993
0.99998

0.99449
0.99834
0.99953
0.99987
0.99997

0.99207
0.99744
0.99922
0.99978
0.99994

0.98912
0.99628
0.99880
0.99964
0.99989

0.98561
0.99483
0.99825
0.99944
0.99983

GO
0.31731

x2= 1.1
m=0.55
0.29427
0.57695
0.77707
0.89427
0.95410

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

0.60
0.27332
0.54881
0.75300
0.87810
0.94488

0.65
0.25421
0.52205
0.72913
0.86138
0.93493

0.70
0.23672
0.49659
0.70553
0.84420
0.92431

0.75
0.22067
0.47237
0.68227
0.82664
0.91307

0.80
0.20590
0.44933
0.65939
O-80879
0.90125

0.99999 0.99998 0.99997 0.99995

0.99999 0.99999
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
0.19229 0.17971 0.16808 0.15730
0.42741 0.40657 0.38674 0.36788
0.63693 0.61493 0.59342 0.57241
0.79072 0.77248 0.75414 0.73576
0.88890 0.87607 0.86280 0.84915

0.98154
0.99305
0.99753
0.99917
0.99973

0.97689
0.99093
0.99664
0.99882
0.99961

0.97166
0.98844
0.99555
0.99838
0.99944

0.96586
0.98557
0.99425
0.99782
0.99921

0.95949
0.98231
0.99271
0.99715
0.99894

0.95258
0.97864
0.99092
0.99633
0.99859

0.94512
0.97457
0.98887
0.99537
0.99817

0.93714
0.97008
0.98654
0.99425
0.99766

0.92866
0.96517
0.98393
0.99295
0.99705

0.91970
0.95984
0.98101
0.99147
0.99634

0.99992 0.99987 0.99981 0.99973

0.99998 0.99996 0.99994 0.99991
0.99999 0.99999 0.99998 0.99997
0.99999 0.99999

0.99962
0.99987
0.99996
0.99999

0.99948
0.99982
0.99994
0.99998
0.99999

0.99930
0.99975
0.99991
0.99997
0.99999

0.99908
0.99966
0.99988
0.99996
0.99999

0.99882
0.99954
0.99983
0.99994
0.99998

0.99850
0.99941
0.99977
0.99992
0.99997

::

0.009
0.0045
0.92442
0.99551
0.99977
0.99999
0.09
0.045
0.76418
0.95600
0.99301
0.99902
0.99987

0.99999 0.99999 0.99999 0.99998

x2=0.1
m=0.05

6
7

0.008
0.0040
0.92873
0.99601
0.99981
0.99999
0.08
0.040
0.77730
0.96079
0.99412
0.99922
0.99991

FUNCTION

16

Compiled from E. S. Pearson and H. 0. Hartley (editors), Biometrika

Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 (with permission).

0.99999 0.99999

tables for statisticians,

vol. I.

PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY

INTEGRAL
CUMULATIVE

x2=2.2
m=l.l

2.4
1.2

979

FUNCTIONS

OF x~-L)ISTRIBUTION,
INCOMPLETE
GAMMA
SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

FINCTION

2.6
1.3

3.6
1.8

2.8
1.4

3.0
1.5

3.2
1.6

3.4
1.7

Table 26.7

3.8
1.9

4.0
2.0

0.13801
0.33287
0.53195
0.69903
0.82084

0.12134
0.30119
0.49363
0.66263
0.79147

0.10686
0.27253
0.45749
0.62682
0.76137

0.09426
0.24660
0.42350
0.59183
0.73079

0.08327
0.22313
0.39163
0.55783
0.69999

0.07364
0.20190
0.36181
0.52493
0.66918

0.06520
0.18268
0.33397
0.49325
0.63857

0.05778
0.16530
0.30802
0.46284
0.60831

0.05125
0.14957
0.28389
0.43375
0.57856

0.04550
0.13534
0.26146
0.40601
0.54942

0.90042
0.94795
0.97426
0.98790
0.99457

0.87949
0.93444
0.96623
0.98345
0.99225

0.85711
0.91938
0.95691
0.97807
0.98934

0.83350
0.90287
0.94628
0.97170
0.98575

0.80885
0.88500
0.93436
0.96430
0.98142

0.78336
0.86590
0.92119
0.95583
0.97632

0.75722
0.84570
0.90681
0.94631
0.97039

0.73062
0.82452
0.89129
0.93572
0.96359

0.70372
0.80250
0.87470
0.92408
0.95592

0.67668
0.77978
0.85712
0.91141
0.94735

0.99766
0.99903
0.99961
0.99985
0.99994

0.99652
0.99850
0.99938
0.99975
0.99990

0.99503
0.99777
0.99903
0.99960
O-99984

0.99311
0.99680
0.99856
0.99938
0.99974

0.99073
0.99554
0.99793
0.99907
0.99960

0.98781
0.99396
0.99711
0.99866
0.99940

0.98431
0.99200
0.99606
0.99813
0.99913

0.98019
0.98962
0.99475
0.99743
0.99878

0.97541
0.98678
0.99314
0.99655
0.99832

0.96992
0.98344
0.99119
0.99547
0.99774

0.99998
0.99999

0.99996
0.99999

0.99994
0.99998
0.99999

0.99989
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99983
0.99993
0.99997
il.99999

0.99974
0.99989
0.99995
0.99998
0.99999

0.99961
0.99983
0.99993
0.99997
0.99999

0.99944
0.99975
0.99989
0.99995
0.99998

0.99921
0.99964
0.99984
0.99993
0.99997

0.99890
0.99948
0.99976
0.99989
0.99995

0.99999

0.99999

0.99998
0.99999

x2= 4.2
ne==2.1

4.4
2.2

4.6
2.3

4.8
2.4

5.0
2.5

5.2
2.6

5.4
2.7

5.6
2.8

5.8
2.9

6.0
3.0

0.04042
0.12246
0.24066
0.37962
0.52099

0.03594
0.11080
0.22139
0.35457
0.49337

0.03197
0.10026
0.20354
0.33085
0.46662

0.02846
0.09072
0.18704
0.30844
0.44077

0.02535
0.08209
0.17180
0.28730
0.41588

0.02259
0.07427
0.15772
0.26739
0.39196

0.02014
0.06721
0.14474
0.24866
0.36904

0.01796
0.06081
0.13278
0.23108
0.34711

0.01603
0.05502
0.12176
0.21459
0.32617

0.01431
0.04979
0.11161
0.19915
0.30622

0.64963
0.75647
0.83864
0.89776
0.93787

0.62271
0.73272
0.81935
0.88317
0.92750

0.59604
0.70864
0.79935
0.86769
0.91625

0.56971
0.68435
0.77872
0.85138
0.90413

0.54381
0.65996
0.75758
0.83431
0.89118

0.51843
0.63557
0.73600
0.81654
0.87742

0.49363
0.61127
0.71409
0.79814
0.86291

0.46945
0.58715
0.69194
0.77919
0.84768

0.44596
0.56329
0.66962
0.75976
0.83178

0.42319
0.53975
0.64723
0.73992
0.81526

0.96370
0.97955
0.98887
0.99414
0.99701

0.95672
0.97509
0.98614
0.99254
0.99610

0.94898
0.97002
0.98298
0.99064
0.99501

0.94046
0.96433
0.97934
0.98841
0.99369

0.93117
0.95798
0.97519
0.98581
0.99213

0.92109
0.95096
0.97052
0.98283
0.99029

0.91026
0.94327
0.96530
0.97943
0.98816

0.89868
0.93489
0.95951
0.97559
0.98571

0.88637
0.92583
0.95313
0.97128
0.98291

0.87337
0.91608
0.94615
0.96649
0.97975

0.99851
0.99928
0.99966
0.99985
0.99993

0.99802
0.99902
0.99953
0.99978
0.99990

0.99741
0.99869
0.99936
0.99969
0.99986

0.99666
0.99828
0.99914
0.99958
0.99980

0.99575
0.99777
0.99886
0.99943
0.99972

0.99467
0.99715
0.99851
0.99924
0.99962

0.99338
0.99639
0.99809
0.99901
0.99950

0.99187
0.99550
0.99757
0.99872
0.99934

0.99012
0.99443
0.99694
0.99836
0.99914

0.98810
0.99319
0.99620
0.99793
0.99890

0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99995
0.99998
0.99999

0.99993
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99987
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99982
0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99975
0.99988
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999

0.99967
0.99984
0.99992
0.99996
0.99998

0.99956
0.99978
0.99989
0.99995
0.99998

0.99943
0.99971
0.99986
0.99993
0.99997

0.99999

0.99999
0.99999

0.99998
0.99999

+;

Interpolation on x2

px;)

/u="--vo>o

Double Entry Interpolation

Q (x2iv)=Q (x;iv0-4)[;

+Q

(x&-2)~-m2-W]+Q

+Q (x;~~~)[l-w~-~+;~~+w#j+Q

(x&+l)[;

(x:,1+)[;
w2++-w4]

W-;,u+W+]

980

PROBABILITY

Table 26.7 PROBABILITY

6
ii
9
10
11
12
:i
15
16
:ii
19
20

26
27
28

.2 = 6.2

6.4

m=3.1

3.2

FUNCTIONS

INTEGRAL OF X2-DISTRIBUTION,
INCOMPLETE GAMMA FUNCTION
CUMULATIVE SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBITTION
6.6
3.3

6.8
3.4

7.0
3.5

7.2
3.6

7.4
3.7

7.6
3.8

7.8
3.9

8.0
4.0

0.01278
0.04505
0.10228
0.18470
0.28724

0.01141
0.04076
0;09369
0.17120
0.26922

0.01020
0.03688
0.08580
0.15860
0.25213

0.00912
0.03337
0.07855
0.14684
0.23595

0.00815
0.03020
0.07190
0.13589
0.22064

0.00729
0.02732
0.06579
0.12569
0.20619

0.00652
0.02472
0.06018
0.11620
0.19255

0.00584
0.02237
0.05504
0.10738
0.17970

0.00522
0.02024
0.05033
0.09919
0.16761

0.00468
0.01832
0.04601
0.09158
0.15624

0.40116
0.51660
0.62484
0.71975
0.79819

0.37990
0.49390
0.60252
0.69931
0.78061

0.35943
0.47168
0.58034
0.67869
0.76259

0.33974
0.45000
0.55836
0.65793
0.74418

0.32085
0.42888
0.53663
0.63712
0.72544

0.30275
0.40836
0.51522
0.61631
0.70644

0.28543
0.38845
0.49415
0.59555
0.68722

0.26890
0.36918
0.47349
0.57490
,0.66784

0.25313
0.35056
0.45325
0.55442
0.64837

0.23810
0.33259
0.43347
0.53415
0.62884

0.85969
0.90567
0.93857
0.96120
0.97619

0.84539
0.89459
0.93038
0.95538
0.97222

0.83049
0.88288
0.92157
0.94903
0.96782

0.81504
0.87054
0.91216
0.94215
0.96296

0.79908
0.85761
0.90215
0.93471
0.95765

0.78266
0.84412
0.89155
0.92673
0.95186

0.76583
0.83009
0.88038
0.91819
0.94559

0.74862
0.81556
0.86865
0.90911
0.93882

0.73110
0.80056
0.85638
0.89948
0.93155

0.71330
0.78513
0.84360
0.88933
0.92378

0.98579
0.99174
0.99532
0.99741
0.99860

0.98317
0.99007
0.99429
0.99679
0.99824

0.98022
0.98816
0.99309
0.99606
0.99781

0.97693
0.98599
0.99171
0.99521
0.99729

0.97326
0.98355
0.99013
0.99421
0.99669

0.96921
0.98081
0.98833
0.99307
0.99598

0.96476
0.97775
0.98630
0.99176
0.99515

0.95989
0.97437
0.98402
0.99026
0.99420

0.95460
0.97064
0.98147
0.98857
0.99311

0.94887
0.96655
0.97864
0.98667
0.99187

0.99926
0.99962
0.99981
0.99990
0.99995

0.99905
0.99950
0.99974
0.99987
0.99994

0.99880
0.99936
0.99967
0.99983
0.99991

0.99850
0.99919
0.99957
0.99978
0.99989

0.99814
0.99898
0.99945
0.99971
0.99985

0.99771
0.99873
0.99931
0.99963
0.99981

0.99721
0.99843
0.99913
0.99953
0.99975

0.99662
0.99807
0.99892
0.99941
0.99968

0.99594
0.99765
0.99867
0.99926
0.99960

0.99514
0.99716
0.99837
0.99908
0.99949

0.99998
0.99999

0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99994
0.99997
0.99999
0.99999

0.99992
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99990
0.99995
0.99998
0.99999
0.99999

0.99987
0.99993
0.99997
0.99998
0.99999

0.99983
0.99991
0.99996
0.99998
0.99999

0.99978
0.99989
0.99994
0.99997
0.99999

0.99973
0.99985
0.99992
0.99996
0.99998

:;

x2= 8.2
m -4.1

8.4
4.2

8.6
4.3

8.8
4.4

9.0
4.5

9.2
4.6

9.4
4.7

9.6
4.8

9.8
4.9

10.0
5.0

0.00419
0.01657
0.04205
0.08452
0.14555

0.00375
0.01500
0.03843
0.07798
0.13553

0.00336
0.01357
0.03511
0.07191
0.12612

0.00301
0.01228
0.03207
0.06630
0.11731

0.00270
0.01111
0.02929
0.06110
0.10906

0.00242
0.01005
0.02675
0.05629
0.10135

0.00217
0.00910
0.02442
0.05184
0.09413

0.00195
0.00823
0.02229
0.04773
0.08740

0.00175
0.00745
0.02034
0.04394
0.08110

0.00157
0.00674
0.01857
0.04043
0.07524

0.22381
0.31529
0.41418
0.51412
0.60931

0.21024
0.29865
0.39540
0.49439
0.58983

0.19736
0.28266
0.37715
0.47499
0.57044

0.18514
0.26734
0.35945
0.45594
0.55118

0.17358
0.25266
0.34230
0.43727
0.53210

0.16264
0.23861
0.32571
0.41902
0.51323

0.15230
0.22520
0.30968
0.40120
0.49461

0.14254
0.21240
0.29423
0.38383
0.47626

0.13333
0.20019
0.27935
0.36692
0.45821

O.lJ465
0.18857
0.26503
0.35049
0.44049

1'2

0.69528
0.76931
0.83033
0.87865
0.91551

0.67709
0.75314
0.81660
0.86746
0.90675

0.65876
0.73666
0.80244
0.85579
0.89749

0.64035
0.71991
oi78788
0.84365
0.88774

0.62189
0.70293
0;7729i
0.83105
0.87752

0.60344
0.68576
0.75768
0.81803
0.86683

0.58502
0.66844
0.74211
0.80461
0.85569

0.56669
0.65101
0.72627
0.79081
0.84412

0.54846
0.63350
0.71020
0.77666
0.83213

0.53039
0.61596
0.69393
0.76218
0.81974

:"7
18
19
20

0.94269
0.96208
0.97551
0.98454
0.99046

0.93606
0.95723
0.97207
0.98217
0.98887

0.92897
0.95198
0.96830
0.97955
0.98709

0.92142
0.94633
0.96420
0.97666
0.98511

0.91341
0.94026
0.95974
0.97348
0.98291

0.90495
0.93378
0.95493
0.97001
0.98047

0.89603

0.94974
0:96623
0.97779

0.88667
0.91954
0.94418
0.96213
0.97486

0.87686
0.91179
0.93824
0.95771
0.97166

0.86663
0.90361
0.93191
0.95295
0.96817

0.99424
0.99659
0.99802
0.99888
0.99937

0.99320
0.99593
0.99761
0.99863
0.99922

0.99203
0.99518
0.99714
0.99833
0.99905

0.99070
0.99431
0.99659
0.99799
0.99884

0.98921
0.99333
0.99596
0.99760
0.99860

0.98755
0.99222
0.99524
0.99714
0.99831

0.98570
0.99098
0.99442
0.99661
0.99798

0.98365
0.98958
0.99349
0.99601
0.99760

0.98139
0.98803
0.99245
0.99532
0.99716

0.97891
0.98630
0.99128
0.99455
0.99665

0.99966
0.99981
0.99990
0.99995
0.99997

0.99957
0.99977
0.99987
0.99993
0.99997

0.99947
0.99971
0.99984
0.99991
0.99996

0.99934
0.99963
0.99980
0.99989
0.99994

0.99919
0.99955
0.99975
0.99986
0.99993

0.99902
0.99944
0.99969
0.99983
0.99991

0.99882
0.99932
0.99962
0.99979
0.99988

0.99858
0.99917
0.99953
0.99973
0.99985

0.99830
0.99900
0.99942
0.99967
0.99982

0.99798
0.99880
0.99930
0.99960
0.99977

::
13

21
22
$43
25

0; 92687

PROBABILITY

FUNCTIONS

Table
PROBABILITY

Vm

INTEGRAL
CUMULATIVE

x2=10.5
,= 5.25

11.0
5.5

OF x2-DISTRIBUTION,
INCOMPLETE
GAMMA
SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

11.5
5.75

12.0
6.0

12.5
6.25

13.0
6.5

13.5
6.75

0.00119
0.00525
0.01476
0.03280
0.06225

0.00091
0.00409
0.01173
0.02656
0.05138

0.00070
0.00318
0.00931
0.02148
0.04232

0.00053
0.00248
0.00738
0.01735
0.03479

0.00041
0.00193
0.00585
0.01400
0.02854

0.00031
0.00150
0.00464
0. 01128
0.02338

0.00024
0.00117
0.00367
0.00907
0.01912

0.10511
0.16196
0.23167
0.31154
0.39777

0.08838
0.13862
0.20170
0.27571
0.35752

0.07410
0.11825
0.17495
0.24299
0.31991

0.06197
0.10056
0.15120
0.21331
0.28506

0.05170
0.08527
0.13025
0.18657
0.25299

0.04304
0.07211
0.11185
0.16261
0.22367

0.48605
0.57218
0.65263
0.72479
0.78717

0.44326
0.52892
0.61082
0.68604
0.75259

0.40237
0.48662
0.56901
0.64639
0.71641

0.36364
0.44568
0.52764
0.60630
0.67903

0.32726
0.40640
0.48713
0.56622
0.64086

0.83925
0.88135
0.91436
0.93952
0.95817

0.80949
0.85656
0.89436
0.92384
0.94622

0.77762
0.82942
0.87195
0.90587
0.93221

0.74398
0.80014
0.84724
0.88562
0.91608

0.97166
0.98118
0.98773
0.99216
0.99507

0.96279
0.97475
0.98319
0.98901
0.99295

0.95214
0.96686
0.97748
0.98498
0.99015

0.99696
0.99815
0.99890
0.99935
0.99963

0.99555
0.99724
0.99831
0.99899
0.99940

x2=15.5

16.0

:
3
4
5
6
8'
1'0
::
::
15
16
17
:;
20
::
2
25
26
:;
29
30

=o.
GE

FUNCTION

14.0 14.5
7.0
7.25
0.000180.00014

15.0
7.5

0.00091
0.00291
0.00730
0.01561

0.00071
0.00230
0.00586
0.01273

0.00011
0.00055
0.00182
0.00470
0.01036

0.03575
0.06082
0.09577
0.14126
0.19704

0.02964
0.05118
0.08177
0.12233
0.17299

0.02452
0.04297
0.06963
0.10562
0.15138

0.02026
0.03600
0.05915
0.09094
0.13206

0.29333
0.36904
0.44781
0.52652
0.60230

0.26190
0.33377
0.40997
0.48759
0.56374

0.23299
0.30071
0.37384
0.44971
0.52553

0.20655
0.26992
0.33960
0.41316
0.48800

0.18250
0.24144
0.30735
0.37815
0.45142

0.70890
0.76896
0.82038
0.86316
0.89779

0.67276
0.73619
0.79157
0.83857
0.87738

0.63591
0.70212
0.76106
0.81202
0.85492

0.59871
0.66710
0.72909
0.78369
0.83050

0.56152
0.63145
0.69596
0.75380
0.80427

0.52464
0.59548
0.66197
0.72260
0.77641

0.93962
0.95738
0.97047
0.97991
0.98657

0.92513
0.94618
0.96201
0.97367
0.98206

0.90862
0.93316
0.95199
0.96612
0.97650

0.89010
0.91827
0.94030
0.95715
0.96976

0.86960
0.90148
0.92687
0.94665
0.96173

0.84718
0.88279
0.91165
0.93454
0.95230

0.82295
0.86224
0.89463
0.92076
0.94138

0.99366
0.99598
0.997 9
0.998 ! 6
0.99907

0.99117
0.99429
0.99637
0.99773
0.99860

0.98798
0.99208
0.99487
0.99672
0.99794

0.98397
0.98925
0.99290
0.99538
0.99704

0.97902
0.98567
0.99037
0.99363
0.99585

0.97300
0.98125
0.98719
0.99138
0.99428

0.96581
0.97588
0.98324
0.98854
0.99227

0.95733
0.96943
0.97844
0.98502
0.98974

16.5

17.0

17.5

18.0

18.5

19.0

19.5

20.0
10.0

9.25

0 i%%?

0.00043
0.00144
0.00377
0.00843

i0:

0.00002
0.00010
0.00035
0.00099
0.00238

0.
0.

0:00026
0.00090
0.00242
0.00555

0 kE

0:00006
0.00022
0.00063
0.00155

0.00001
0.00005
0.00017
0.00050
0.00125

0.00557
0.01034
0.01791
0.02925

0.03010
0.01670

9"
10

0.07809
0.05012
0.11487

0.01375
0.02512
0.04238
0.06688
0.09963

0.01131
0.02092
0.03576
0.05715
0.08619

0.00928
0.01740
0.03011
0.04872
0.07436

0.00761
0.01444
0.02530
0.04144
0.06401

0.00623
0.01197
0.02123
0.03517
0.05496

0.00510
0.00991
0.01777
0.02980
0.04709

0.00416
0.00819
0.01486
0.02519
0.04026

0.00340
0.00676
0.01240
0.02126
0.03435

12
11
13

0.21522
0.16073
0.27719

0.19124
0.14113
0.24913

0.16939
0.12356
0.22318

0.10788
0.14960
0.19930

:z

0.41604
0.34485

0.31337
0.38205

0.28380
0.34962

0.25618
0.31886

0.09393
0.13174
0.17744
0.23051
0.28986

0.08158
0.11569
0.15752
0.20678
0.26267

0.07068
0.10133
0.13944
0.18495
0.23729

0.06109
0.08853
0.12310
0.16495
0.21373

0.05269
0.07716
0.10840
0.14671
0.19196

16
:i

0.48837
0.55951
0.62740
0.69033
0.74712

0.45296
0.52383
0.59255
0.65728
0.71662

0.41864
0.48871
0.55770
0.62370
0.68516

0.38560
0.45437
0.52311
0.58987
0.65297

0.35398
0.42102
0.48902
0.55603
0.62031

0.32390
0.38884
0.45565
0.52244
0.58741

0.29544
0.35797
0.42320
0.48931
0.55451

0.26866
0.32853

0.30060
0.24359

0.27423
0.22022

0.39182
0.45684
0.52183

0.42521
0.36166
0.48957

0.33282
0.39458
0.45793

0.79705
0.83990
0.87582
0.92891
0.90527

0.76965
0.81589
0.85527
0.91483
0.88808

0.74093
0.79032
0.83304
0.89912
0.86919

0.71111
0.76336
0.80925
0.84866
0.88179

0.68039
0.73519
0.78402
0.82657
0.86287

0.64900
0.70599
0.75749
0.80301
0.84239

0.61718
0.67597
0.72983
0.77810
0.82044

0.58514

0.55310

0.52126

:4'
25

0.64533
0.70122
0.75199
0.79712

0.61428
0.67185
0.72483
0.77254

0.64191
0.58304
0.69678
0.74683

26
2287
29
30

0.94749
0.97266
0.96182
0.98071
0.98659

0.93620
0.95295
0.97554
0.96582
0.98274

0.92341
0.94274
0.95782
0.96939
0.97810

0.90908
0.93112
0.94859
0.96218
0.97258
+f (X-g>

0.89320
0.91806
0.93805
0.95383
0.96608

0.87577
0.90352
0.92615
0.94427
0.95853
w=v-vo>o

0.85683
0.88750
0.91285
0.93344
0.94986

0.87000
0.83643
0.89814
0.92129
0.94001

0.85107
0.81464
0.88200
0.90779
0.92891

0.83076
0.79156
0.86446
0.89293
0.91654

:i
::

26.7

0.00277

0.04534
0.06709
0.13014
0.09521
0.17193

Interpolation on x2
Q(x~~Y)=Q(~~~~O-4)[~~2]+Q(~~~~-2)[~-$]+Q~~~~~~)[1-~t~~2]
Double Entry Interpolation
Q(xz~~)=Q~~~~~-4)[~$l+Q(x~~~,1~2)[~-~z-w~]+Q(~~Yn-1)[~~2-~~+~~
+Q(x#o)[l-w2-~+;d+w~+Q(+,+1)[;w2+;w~~~

PROBABILITY

982
Table 26.7

PROBABILITY

yE21

22
11.0

FUNCTIONS

INTEGRAL
OF x2-DISTRIBUTION,
INCOMPLETE
GAMMA FUNCTION
CUMULATIVE
SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION
27
30
24
26
28
29
23
25
13.5
15.0
12.5
13.0
14.0
14.5
11.5
12.0

n, = 10.5
0.00001
0.00003
0.00011
0.00032
0.00081

0.00002
0.00007
0.00020
0.00052

0.00001
0.00004
0.00013
0.00034

0.00001
0.00003
0.00008
0.00022

0.00002
0.00005
0.00014

0.00001
0.00003
0.00009

0.00001
0.00002
0.00006

0.00001
0.00004

0.00001
0.00002

0.00001
0..00002

0.00184
0.00377
0.00715
0.01265
0.02109

0.00121
0.00254
0.00492
0.00888
0.01511

0.00080
0.00171
0.00336
0.00620
0.01075

0.00052
0.00114
0.00229
0.00430
0.00760

0.00034
0.00076
0.00155
0.00297
0.00535

0.00022
0.00050
0.00105
0.00204
0.00374

0.00015
0.00033
0.00071
0.00140
0.00260

0.00009
0.00022
0.00047
0.00095
0.00181

0.00006
0.00015
0.00032
0.00065
0.00125

0.00004
0.00010
0.00021
0.00044
0.00086

0.03337
0.05038
0.07293
0.10163
0.13683

0.02437
0.03752
0.05536
0.07861
0.10780

0.01768
0.02773
0.04168
0.06027
0.08414

0.01273
0.02034
0.03113
0.04582
0.06509

0.00912
0.01482
0.02308
0.03457
0.04994

0.00649
0.01073
0.01700
0.02589
0.03802

0.00159
0.00279
0.00471
0.00763
0.01192

0.17851
0.22629
0.27941
0.33680
0.39713

0.14319
0.18472
0.23199
0.28426
0.34051

0.11374
0.14925
0.19059
0.23734
0.28880

0.08950
0.11944
0.15503
0.19615
0.24239

0.06982
0.09471
0.12492
0.16054
0.20143

0.45894
0.52074
0.58109
0.63873
0.69261

0.39951
0.45989
0.52025
0.57927
0.63574

0.34398
0.40173
0.46077
0.51980
0.57756

0.29306
0.34723
0.40381
0.46160
0.51937

0.74196
0.78629
0.82535
0.85915
0.88789

0.68870
0.73738
0.78129
0.82019
0.85404

0.63295
0.68501
0.73304
0.77654
0.81526

,2=31
m = 15.5
0.00001
0.00003
0.00006
0.00014
0.00030

32
16.0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00009
0.00020

33
16.5

0.00059
0.00110
0.00197
0.00337
0.00554

0.00460

0.00324

0.00773

0.00553

0.01244
0.01925
0.02874

0.00905
0.01423
0.02157

0.00227
0.00394
0.00655
0.01045
0.01609

0.05403
0.07446
0.09976
0.13019
0.16581

0.04148
0.05807
0.07900
0.10465
0.13526

0.03162
0.04494
0.06206
0.08343
0.10940

0.02394
0.03453
0.04838
0.06599
0.08776

0.01800
0.02635
0.03745
0.05180
0.06985

0.24716
0.29707
0.35029
0.40576
0.46237

0.20645
0.25168
0.30087
0.35317
0.40760

0.17085
0.21123
0.25597
0.30445
0.35588

0.14015
0.17568
0.21578
0.26004
0.30785

0.11400
0.14486
0.18031
0.22013
0.26392

0.09199
0.11846
0.14940
0.18475
0.22429

0.57597
0.63032
0.68154
0.72893
0.77203

0.51898
0.57446
0.62784
0.67825
0.72503

0.46311
0.51860
0.57305
0.62549
0.67513

0.40933
0.46379
0.51825
0.57171
0.62327

0.35846
0.41097
0;46445
0.51791
0.57044

0.31108
0.36090
0.41253
0.46507
0.51760

0.26761
0.31415
0.36322
0.41400
0.46565

34
17.0

35
17.5

36
18.0

37
18.5

38
19.0

39
19.5

40
20.0

0.00001
0.00003
0.00006
0.00013

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00009

0.00001
0.00003
0.00006

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004

0.00001
0.00003

0.00001
0.00002

0.00001

0.00001

0.00040
0.00076
0.00138
0.00240
0.00401

0.00027
0.00053
0.00097
0.00170
0.00288

0.00019
0.00036
0.00068
0.00120
0.00206

0.00012
0.00025
0.00047
0.00085
0.00147

0.00008
0.00017
0.00032
0.00059
0.00104

0.00006
0.00012
0.00022
0.00041
0.00074

0.00004
0.00008
0.00015
0.00029
0.00052

0.00003
0.00005
0.00011
0.00020
0.00036

0.00002
0.00004
0.00007
0.00014
0.00026

0.00878
0.01346
0.01997
0.02879
0.04037

0.00644
0.01000
0.01505
0.02199
0.03125

0.00469
0.00739
0.01127
0.01669
0.02404

0.00341
0.00543
0.00840
0.01260
0.01838

0.00246
0.00397
0.00622
0.00945
0.01397

0.00177
0.00289
0.00459
0.00706
0.01056

0.00127
0.00210
0.00337
0.00524
0.00793

0.00090
0.00151
0.00246
0.00387
0.00593

0.00064
0.00109
0.00179
0.00285
0.00442

0.00045
0.00078
0.00129
0.00209
0.00327

0.05519
0.07366
0.09612
0.12279
0.15378

0.04330
0.05855
0;07740
0.10014
0.12699

0.03374
iiO462i
0.06187
0.08107
0.10407

0.02613
0.03624
0.04912
0.06516
0.08467

0.02010
0.02824
0.03875
0.05202
0.06840

0.01538
0.02187
0.03037
0.04125
0.05489

0.01170
0.01683
0.02366
0.03251
0.04376

0.00886
0.01289
0.01832
0.02547
0.03467

0.00667
ii00981
0.01411
0.01984
0.02731

0.00500
0.00744
0.01081
0.01537
0.02139

0.18902
0.22827
0.27114
0.31708
0.36542

0.15801
0.19312
0.23208
0.27451
0.31987

0.13107
0.16210
0.19707
0.23574
0.27774

0.10791
0.13502
0.16605
0.20087
0.23926

0.08820
0.11165
0.13887
0.16987
0.20454

0.07160
0.09167
0.11530
0.14260
0.17356

0.05774
0.07475
0.09507
0.11886
0.14622

0.04626
0.06056
0.07786
0.09840
0.12234

0.03684
0.04875
0.06336
0.08092
0.10166

0.02916
0.03901
0.05124
0.06613
0.08394

0.41541

0.36753

0.32254

0.28083

0.24264

0.20808

0.17714

0.14975

0.12573

0.10486

PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY

10

INTEGRAL
CUMULATIVE

x2=42
m=21

44
22

983

FUNCTIONS

QF xZ-DISTRIBUTION,
INCOMPLETE
GAMMA
SUMS OF THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION

46
23

48
24

FUNCTION

54
27

56
28

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006
0.00012

0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006

0.00001
0.00001
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001

0.00001

0.00023
0.00040
0.00067
0.00111
0.00177

0.00011
0.00020
0.00034
0.00058
0.00094

0.00005
0.00010
0.00017
0.00030
0.00050

0.00003
0.00005
0.00009
0.00015
0.00026

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00008
0.00013

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00007

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002

0.00001

0.00277
0.00421
0.00625
0.00908
0.01291

0.00151
0.00234
0.00355
0.00526
0.00763

0.00081
0.00128
0.00198
0.00299
0.00443

0.00043
0.00069
0.00109
0.00167
0.00252

0.00022
0.00036
0.00059
0.00092
0.00142

0.00011
0.00019
0.00031
0.00050
0.00078

0.00006
0.00010
0.00016
0.00027
0.00043

0.00003
0.00005
0.00009
0.00014
0.00023

0.00001
0.00003
0.00004
0.00007
0.00012

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006

s"7
28
29

0.01797
0.02455
0.03292
0.04336
0.05616

0.01085
0.01512
0.02068
0.02779
0.03670

0.00642
0.00912
0.01272
0.01743
0.02346

0.00373
0.00540
0.00768
0.01072
0.01470

0.00213
0.00314
0.00455
0.00647
0.00903

0.00120
0.00180
0.00265
0.00384
0.00545

0.00066
0.00102
0.00152
0.00224
0.00324

0.00036
0.00056
0.00086
0.00129
0.00189

0.00020
0.00031
0.00048
0.00073
0.00109

0.00011
0.00017
0.00026
0.00041
0.00062

30

0.07157

0.04769

0.03107

0.01983

0.01240

0.00762

0.00460

0.00273

0.00160

0.00092

68
34

70
35

::
13
14

15
16
17
::
20
21
22
s:
25

21
22

x2=62
m=31

64
32

66
33

22;
25

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00006

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002

0.00001

26
27
28
29
30

0.00009
0.00014
0.00023
0.00035
0.00052

0.00005
0.00008
0.00012
0.00019
0.00029

0.00003
0.00004
0.00007
0.00011
0.00016

0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00009

Interpolation

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00005

74
37

72
36

0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003

0.00001
0.00001
0.00001

76
38

0.00001

on x3
Q(x2~~)=Q(x~~~0-4)[~~2]+Q(X~/YO-2)[~-~2]+Q(x~~(1)[1-~+~~2]

Double Entry

Interpolation

Q (+)=Q

(~;~v~-4)[;+~]+Q

(~;~~,-2)[+~~-w~]+4?

(xi1 ~&w~-;~L+w~]

tQ (x~~~o)[l-w2-@J+~ &u@J]+Q (X;iYO+1)[+2+;

Table 26.7

w-w9-j

984

PROBABILITY

Table

.\Q

PERCENTAGE

26.8

0.995

0.99

POINTS

OF THE
x2 IN TERMS

0.975

FUNCTIONS
x2-DISTRIBUTION-VALUES
OF Q AND Y
0.95

0.9

OF

0.5
0.75
0.101531 0.454937
0.575364 1.38629
1.212534 2.36597
1.92255
3.35670
2.67460
4.35146

0.25
1.32330
2.77259
4.10835
5.38527
6.62568

0.411740

0.554300

0.831211

0.351846 0.584375
0.710721 1.06362?
1.145476 1.61031

0.675727
0.989265
1.344419
1.734926
2.15585

0.872085
1.239043
1.646482
2.087912
2.55821

1.237347
1.68987
2.17973
2.70039
3.24697

1.63539
2.16735
2.73264
3.32511
3.94030

2.20413
2.83311
3.48954
4.16816
4.86518

3.45460
4.25485
5.07064
5.89883
6.73720

:;

2.60321
3.07382
3.56503
4.07468
4.60094

3.05347
3.57056
4.10691
4.66043
5.22935

3.81575
4.40379
5.00874
5.62872
6.26214

4.57481
5.22603
5.89186
6.57063
7.26094

5.57779
6.30380
7.04150
7.78953
8.54675

7.58412
8.43842
9.29906
10.1653
11.0365

10.3410
11.3403
12.3398
13.3393
14.3389

13.7007
14.8454
15.9839
17.1170
18.2451

16
17
18
19
20

5.14224
5.69724
6.26481
6.84398
7.43386

5.81221
6.40776
7.01491
7.63273
8.26040

6.90766
7.56418
8.23075
8.90655
9.59083

7.96164 9.31223
8.67176 10.0852
9.39046 10.8649
10.1170 11.6509
10.8508
12.4426

11.9122
12.7919
13.6753
14.5620
15.4518

15.3385
16.3381
17.3379
18.3376
19.3374

19.3688
20.4887
21.6049
22.7178
23.8277

21

8.03366
8.64272
9.26042
9.88623
10.5197

8.89720
9.54249
10.19567
10.8564
11.5240

10.28293
10.9823
11.6885
12.4011
13.1197

11.5913
12.3380
13.0905
13.8484
14.6114

13.2396
14.0415
14.8479
15.6587
16.4734

16.3444
17.2396
18.1373
19.0372
19.9393

20.3372
21.3370
22.3369
23.3367
24.3366

24.9348
26.0393
27.1413
28.2412
29.3389

11.1603
11.8076
12.4613
13.1211
13.7867

12.1981
12.8786
13.5648
14.2565
14.9535

13.8439
14.5733
15.3079
16.0471
16.7908

15.3791
16.1513
16.9279
17.7083
18.4926

17.2919
18.1138
18.9392
19.7677
20.5992

20.8434
21.7494
22.6572
23.5666
24.4776

25.3364
26.3363
27.3363
28.3362
29.3360

30.4345
31.5284
32.6205
33.7109
34.7998

40
50
60
70
80

20.7065
27.9907
35.5346
43.2752
51.1720

22.1643
29.7067
37.4848
45.4418
53.5400

24.4331
32.3574
40.4817
48.7576
57.1532

26.5093
34.7642
43.1879
51.7393
60.3915

29.0505
37.6886
46.4589
55.3290
64.2778

33.6603
42.9421
52.2938
61.6983
71.1445

39.3354
49.3349
59.3347
69.3344
79.3343

45.6160
56.3336
66.9814
77.5766
88.1303

190:

59.1963
67.3276

61.7541
70.0648

65.6466
74.2219

69.1260
77.9295

73.2912
82.3581

80.6247
90.1332

89.3342
99.3341

98.6499
109.141

-2.5758

-2.3263

-1.9600

-1.6449

-1.2816

-0.6745

0.0000

0.6745

11
113

z3
24
25

From E. S. Pearson and H. 0. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for statisticians,

Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 (with permission) for & > 0.0005.

5.34812
7.84080
6.34581 9.03715
7.34412 10.2188
8.34283 11.3887
9.34182 12.5489

vol. I.

Cambridge

PROBABILITY

PERCENTAGE

"\Q

POINTS
OF THE
x2 IN TERMS

+DISTRIBUTION-VALUES
OF Q AND Y

OF

Table

26.8

0.05
3.84146
5.99147
7.81473
9.48773
11.0705

0.025
5.02389
7.37776
9.34840
11.1433
12.8325

0.01
6.63490
9.21034
11.3449
13.2767
15.0863

0.005
7.87944
10.5966
12.8381
14.8602
16.7496

O.001
10.828
13.816
16.266
18.467
20.515

0.0005
12.116
15.202
17.730
19.997
22.105

0.0001
15.137
18.421
21.108
23.513
25.745

8'
9
10

10.6446
12.0170
13.3616
14.6837
15.9871

12.5916
14.0671
15.5073
16.9190
18.3070

14.4494
16.0128
17.5346
19.0228
20.4831

16.8119
18.4753
20.0902
21.6660
23.2093

18.5476
20.2777
21.9550
23.5893
25.1882

22.458
24.322
26.125
27.877
29.588

24.103
26.018
27.868
29.666
31.420

27.856
29.877
31.828
33.720
35.564

;:
13
14
15

17.2750
18.5494
19.8119
21.0642
22.3072

19.6751
21.0261
22.3621
23.6848
24.9958

21.9200
23.3367
24.7356
26.1190
27.4884

24.7250
26.2170
27.6883
29.1413
30.5779

26.7569
28.2995
29.8194
31.3193
32.8013

31.264
32.909
34.528
36.123
37.697

33.137
34.821
36.478
38.109
39.719

37.367
39.134
40.871
42.579
44.263

23.5418
24.7690
25.9894
27.2036
28.4120

26.2962
27.5871
28.8693
30.1435
31.4104

28.8454
30.1910
31.5264
32.8523
34.1696

31.9999
33.4087
34.8053
36.1908
37.5662

34.2672
35.7185
37.1564
38.5822
39.9968

39.252
40.790
42.312
43.820
45.315

41.308
42.879
44.434
45.973
47.498

45.925
47.566
49.189
50.796
52.386

29.6151
30.8133
32.0069
33.1963
34.3816

32.6705
33.9244
35.1725
36.4151
37.6525

35.4789
36.7807
38.0757
39.3641
40.6465

38.9321
40.2894
41.6384
42.9798
44.3141

41.4010
42.7956
44.1813
45.5585
46.9278

46.797
48.268
49.728
51.179
52.620

49.011
50.511
52.000
53.479
54.947

53.962
55.525
57.075
58.613
60.140

35.5631
36.7412
37.9159
39.0875
40.2560

38.8852
40.1133
41.3372
42.5569
43.7729

41.9232
43.1944
44.4607
45.7222
46.9792

45.6417
46.9630
48.2782
49.5879
50.8922

48.2899
49.6449
50.9933
52.3356
53.6720

54.052
55.476
56.892
58.302
59.703

56.407
57.858
59.300
60.735
62.162

61.657
63.164
64.662
66.152
67.633

51.8050
63.1671
74.3970
85.5271
96.5782

55.7585
67.5048
79.0819
90.5312
101.879

59.3417
71.4202
83.2976
95.0231
106.629

63.6907
76.1539
88.3794
100.425
112.329

66.7659
79.4900
91.9517
104.215
116.321

73.402
86.661
99.607
112.317
124.839

76.095
89.560
102.695
115.578
128.261

82.062
95.969
109.503
122.755
135.783

118.136
129.561

124.116
135.807

128.299
140.169

137.208
149.449

140.782
153.167

148.627
161.319

:
43
5
6

40
50
60
;o"
90
100
X

0.1
2.70554
4.60517
6.25139
7.77944
9.23635

985

FUNCTIONS

107.565
118.498
1.2816

113.145
124.342
1.6449

1.9600

2.3263

2.5758

3.0902

3.2905

3.7190

986

PROBABILITY

Table

26.9

PERCENTAGE

FUNCTIONS

POINTS

OF THE

OF F IN TERMS

F-DISTRIBUTION

-VALUES

OF Q, 5, u,

Q(Fjq,vz)=0.5
myl

6
i
9
10
::
::
15

::
::
25

20

30

1.00
0.667
0.585
0.549
0.528

1.50
1.00
0.881
0.828
0.799

1.71
1.13
1.00
0.941
0.907

1.82
1.21
1.06
1.00
0.965

1.89
1.25
1.10
1.04
1.00

1.94
1.28
1.13
1.06
1.02

2.00
1.32
1.16
1.09
1.05

2.07
1.36
1.20
1.13
1.09

2.09
1.38
1.21
1.14
1.10

2.12
1.39
1.23
1.15
1.11

2.15
1.41
1.24
1.16
1.12

2.17
1.43
1.25
1.18
1.14

2.20
1.44
1.27
1.19
1.15

0.515
0.506
0.499
0.494
0.490

0.780
0.767
0.757
0.749
0.743

0.886
0.871
0.860
0.852
0.845

0.942
0.926
0.915
0.906
0.899

0.977
0.960
0.948
0.939
0.932

1.00
0.983
0.971
0.962
0.954

1.03
1.01
1.00
0.990
0.983

1.06
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01

1.07
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02

1.08
1.07
1.05
1.04
1.03

1.10
1.08
1.07
1.05
1.05

1.11
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06

1.12
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.07

0.486
0.484
0.481
0.479
0.478

0.739
0.735
0.731
0.729
0.726

0.840
0.835
0.832
0.828
0.826

0.893
0.888
0.885
0.881
0.878

0.926
0.921
0.917
0.914
0.911

0.948
0.943
0.939
0.936
0.933

0.977
0.972
0.967
0.964
0.960

1.01
1.00
0.996
0.992
0.989

1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00

1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01

1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02

1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.03

1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05

0.476
0.475
0.474
0.473
0.472

0.724
0.722
0.721
0.719
0.718

0.823
0.821
0.819
0.818
0.816

0.876
0.874
0.872
0.870
0.868

0.908
0.906
0.904
0.902
0.900

0.930
0.928
0.926
0.924
0.922

0.958
0.955
0.953
0.951
0.950

0.986
0.983
0.981
0.979
0.977

0.997
0.995
0.992
0.990
0.989

1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01

1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02

1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03

0.471
0.470
0.470
0.469
0.468

0.716
0.715
0.714
0.714
0.713

0.815
0.814
0.813
0.812
0.811

0.867
0.866
0.864
0.863
0.862

0.899
0.898
0.896
0.895
0.894

0.921
0.919
0.918
0.917
0.916

0.948
0.947
0.945
0.944
0.943

0.976
0.974
0.973
0.972
0.971

0.987
0.986
0.984
0.983
0.982

0.998
0.997
0.996
0.994
0.993

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00

1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02

1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03

0.468
0.467
0.467
0.466
0.466

0.712
0.711
0.711
0.710
0.709

0.810
0.809
0.808
0.808
0.807

0.861
0.861
0.860
0.859
0.858

0.893
0.892
0.892
0.891
0.890

0.915
0.914
0.913
0.912
0.912

0.942
0.941
0.940
0.940
0.939

0.970
0.969
0.968
0.967
0.966

0.981
0.980
0.979
0.978
0.978

0.992
0.991
0.990
0.990
0.989

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.02

0.463
0.461
0.458
0.455

0.705
0.701
0.697
0.693

0.802
0.798
0.793
0.789

0.854
0.849
0.844
0.839

0.885
0.880
0.875
0.870

0.907
0.901
0.896
0.891

0.934
0.928
0.923
0.918

0.961
0.956
0.950
0.945

0.972
0.967
0.961
0.956

0.983
0.978
0.972
0.967

0.994
0.989
0.983
0.978

1.01
1.00
0.994
0.989

1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00

Q(Fly,&)=0.25
5
6
8
12

15

5.83
2.57
2.02
1.81
1.69

7.50
3.00
2.28
2.00
1.85

8.20
3.15
Et

8.82
3.28
2.41
2.07
1.89

8.98
3.31
2.42
2.08
1.89

9.19
3.35
2.44
2.08
1.89

9.41
3.39
2.45
2.08
1.89

9.49
3.41
2.46
2.08
1.89

9.58
S-E

1:se

8.58
3.23
2.39
2.06
1.89

:
10

1.62
1.57
1.54
1.51
1.49

1.76
1.70
1.66
1.62
1.60

1.78
1.72
1.67
1.63
1.60

1.79
1.72
1.66
1.63
1.59

1.79
1.71
1.66
1.62
1.59

1.78
1.71
1.65
1.61
1.58

1.78
1.70
1.64
1.60
1.56

1.77
1.68
1.62
1.58
1.54

1.76
1.68
1.62
1.57
1.53

1.76
1.67
1.61

::
13
14
15

1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43

1.58
1.56
1.55
1.53
1.52

1.58
1.56
:-::

1.56
1.54
1.52
1.51
1.49

1.55
1.53
1.51
1.50
1.48

1.53
1.51
1.49
1.48
1.46

1.51
1.49
1.47
1.45
1.44

1.50
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.43

i-:;

1:52

1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.51

1.42
1.42
1.41

1.51
1.51
1.50

1.51
1.50
1.49

1.50
1.49
1.48

1.48
1.47
1.46

1.47
1.46
1.45

1.45
1.44
1.43

1.43
1.41
1.40

1.41
1.40

1.49

1.49
1.48

1.47

1.46
1.45

1.44

1.42

1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39

1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47

1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46

1.46
1.45
:-El
1:44

1.44
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.42

1.43
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41

:'o

1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.38

1.46
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.45

1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.44

1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42

1.42
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.41

40
60
120
m

1.36
1.35
1.34
1.32

1.44
1.42
1.40
1.39

1.42
1.41
1.39
1.37

1.40
1.38
1.37
1.35

1.39
1.37
1.35
1.33

v2"l

6
7

16
17
:9"
20
::
::
25
26
:ll

12

15

20

60

30

60

9.67
3-44
2.47
2.08
1.88

9.76
3.46
2.47
2.08
1.87

9.85
3.48
2.47
2.08
1.87

1.75
1.66
1.60
1.55
1.51

z
1:59
1.54
1.50

1.74
1.65
1.58
1.53
1.48

1:45
1.43
1.41

i.48
1.45
1.43
1.41
1.40

1.47
1.44
1.42
1.40
1.38

1.45
1.42
1.40
1.38
1.36

1.41
1.40
1.39

1.40
1.39
1.38

1.38
1.37
1.36

1.36
1.35
:*:;

1.34
1.33
1.32

1.40
1.39

1.38
1.37

1.37
1.36

1.34
1.35

1:32

:-:9"
.

1.41
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39

1.38
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36

1.37
:-:;
1:35
1.34

1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33

1.33
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31

1.31
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28

1.28
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25

1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.39

1.38
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.37

1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.34

1.34
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.32

1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.30

:-::
1:29
1.29
1.28

1.28
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.26

1.25
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.23

1.37
1.35
1.33
1.31

1.35
1.32
1.30
1.28

1.31
1.29
1.26
1.24

1.30
1.27
1.24
1.22

1.28
1.25
1.22
1.19

1.25
1.22
1.19
1.16

1.22
1.19
1.16
1.12

1.19
1.15
1.10
1.00

iO8
1.88

i-2.

Compiled from E. S. Pearsonand H. 0. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for

statisticians, vol. I. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954(with
permission).

PROBABILITY

PERCENTAGE

POINTS

OF THE

OF F IN TERMS

987

FUNCTIONS

F-DISTRIBUTION

-VALUES

Table

26.9

OF Q, u,, v,

vz\vl
1
1
39.86
8.53
:
5.54
4
4.54
5
4.06

12

15

20

53.59
9.16
5.39
4.19
3.62

30

60

co

49.50
9.00
5.46
4.32
3.78

55.83
9.24
5.34
4.11
3.52

57.24
9.29
5.31
4.05
3.45

58.20
9.33
5.28
4.01
3.40

59.44
9.37
5.25
3.95
3.34

60.71
9.41
5.22
3.90
3.27

61.22
9.42
5.20
3.87
3.24

61.74
9.44
5.18
3.84
3.21

62.26
9.46
5.17
3.82
3.17

62.79
9.47
5.15
3.79
3.14

63.33
9.49
5.13.
3.76
3.10

9"
10

3.78
3.59
3.46
3.36
3.29

3.46
3.26
3.11
3.01
2.92

3.29
3.07
2.92
2.81
2.73

3.18
2.96
2.81
2.69
2.61

3.11
2.88
2.73
2.61
2.52

3.05
2.83
2.67
2.55
2.46

2.98
2.75
2.59
2.47
2.38

2.90
2.67
2.50
2.38
2.28

2.87
2.63
2.46
2.34
2.24

2.84
2.59
2.42
2.30
2.20

2.80
2.56
2.38
2.25
2.16

2.76
2.51
2.34
2.21
2.11

2.72
2.47
2.29
2.16
2.06

::
13
14
15

3.23
3.18
3.14
3.10
3.07

2.86
2.81
2.76
2.73
2.70

2.66
2.61
2.56
2.52
2.49

2.54
2.48
2.43
2.39
2.36

2.45
2.39
2.35
2.31
2.27

2.39
2.33
2.28
2.24
2.21

2.30
2.24
2.20
2.15
2.12

2.21
2.15
2.10
2.05
2.02

2.17
2.10
2.05
2.01
1.97

2.12
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92

2.08
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.87

2.03
1.96
1.90
1.86
1.82

1.97
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.76

3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.97

2.67
2.64
2.62
2.61
2.59

2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.38

2.33
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25

2.24
2.22
2.20
2.18
2.16

2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09

2.09
2.06
2.04
2.02
2.00

1.99
1.96
1.93
1.91
1.89

1.94
1.91
1.89
1.86
1.84

1.89
1.86
1.84
1.81
1.79

1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.74

1.78
1.75
1.72
1.70
1.68

1.72
1.69
1.66
1.63
1.61

::

2.96
2.95
2.94
2.93
2.92

2.57
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.53

2.36
2.35
2.34
2.33
2.32

2.23
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.18

2.14
2.13
2.11
2.10
2.09

2.08
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.02

1.98
1.97
1.95
1.94
1.93

1.87
1.86
1.84
1.83
1.82

1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77

1.78
1.76
1.74
1.73
1.72

1.72
1.70
1.69
1.67
1.66

1.66
1.64
1.62
1.61
1.59

1.59
1.57
1.55
1.53
1.52

E
28
29
30

2.91
2.90
2.89
2.89
2.88

2.52
2.51
2.50
2.50
2.49

2.31
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.28

2.17
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.14

2.08
2.07
2.06
2.06
2.05

2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.98

1.92
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.88

1.81
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77

1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72

1.71
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.67

1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61

1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54

1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46

40
60
120
m

2.84
2.79
2.75
2.71

2.44
2.39
2.35
2.30

2.23
2.18
2.13
2.08

2.09
2.04
1.99
1.94

2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85

1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77

1.83
1.77
1.72
1.67

1.71
1.66
1.60
1.55

1.66
1.60
1.55
1.49

1.61
1.54
1.48
1.42

1.54
1.48
1.41
1.34

1.47
1.40
1.32
1.24

1.38
1.29
1.19
1.00

:7"
:9"
20
::
23

12

15

20

30

60

161.4
18.51
10.13
7.71
6.61

199.5
19.00
9.55
6.94
5.79

215.7
19.16
9.28
6.59
5.41

4
224.6
19.25
9.12
6.39
5.19

1
2
3
4
5

230.2
19.30
9.01
6.26
5.05

234.0
19.33
8.94
6.16
4.95

238.9
19.37
8.85
6.04
4.82

z43.9
19.41
8.74
5.91
4.68

245.9
19.43
8.70
5.86
4.62

248.0
19.45
8.66
5.80
4.56

250.1
19.46
8.62
5.75
4.50

252.2
19.48
8.57
5;i9
4.43

5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96

5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10

4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71

4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48

4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33

4.28
3.87
3.58

4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91

3.94
3.51
3.22
3.01
2.85

3.87
3.44

::::

4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07

:-;:
2177

3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.73

3.74

i
9
10

:*'o:
2179
2.62

3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54

::
13
14
15

4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.54

3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.68

3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29

3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06

3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.90

3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
2.79

2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64

2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48

2.72
2.62
2.53
2.46
2.40

2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33

2.57
2.47
2.38
2.31
2.25

2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22
2.16

2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07

4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35

3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49

3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.10

3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87

2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71

2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60

2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45

2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28

2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.20

2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.12

2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04

2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
1.95

2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84

4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26
4.24

3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.39

3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99

2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76

2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62
2.60

2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51
2.49

2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36
2.34

2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16

2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09

2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01

2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94
1.92

1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82

1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73
1.71

4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18
4.17

3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33
3.32

2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93
2.92

2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70
2.69

2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.53

2.47
2.46
2.45
2.43
2.42

2.32
2.31
2.29
2.28
2.27

2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09

2.07
2.06
2.04
2.03
2.01

1.99
1.97
1.96
1.94
1.93

1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.84

1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75
1.74

1.69
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.62

4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84

3.23
3.15
3.07
3.013

2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60

2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37

2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21

2.34
2.25
2.17
2.10

2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94

2.00
1.92
1.83
1.75

1.92
1.84
1.75
1.67

1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57

1.74
1.65
1.55
1.46

1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32

1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00

%\l

16
17
:9"
20
::
2
25
26
2
29
30
40
1;:
co

co
254.3
19.50
8.53
5.63
4.36

988

PROBABILITY

Table

"gl

26.9

PERCENTAGE

1
647.8
38.51
17.44
12.22
10.01

799.5
39.00
16.04
10.65
a.43

864.2
39.17
15.44
9.98

8.81
8.07
7.57
7.21
6.94

7.26
6.54
6.06
5.71
5.46

6.60
5.89
5.42
5.08
4.83

6.72
6.55
6.41
6.30
6.20

5.26
5.10
4.97
4.86
4.77

6.12
6.04
5.98
5.92
5.87

POINTS

FUNCTIONS

OF THE

F-DISTRIBUTION

OF F IN TERMS OF Q, v,, v,
Q(F(Y.q)=0.025
4
5
8
12
6
899.6
39.25
15.10
9.60
7.39

921.8
39.30
14.88
9.36
7.15

937.1
39.33
14.73
9.20
6.98

956.7
39.37
14.54
a.98

6.23

5.52
5.05
4.72
4.47

5.99
5.29
4.82
4.48
4.24

5.82
5.12
4.65
4.32
4.07

4.63
4.47
4.35
4.24
4.15

4.28
4.12
4.00
3.89
3.80

4.04
3.89
3.77
3.66
3.58

4.69
4.62
4.56
4.51
4.46

4.08
4.01
3.95
3.90
3.86

3.73
3.66
3.61

3.50
3.44

3.51

::

5.83
5.19
5.75
5.72
5.69

4.42
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.29

3.82
3.78
3.75
3.72
3.69

26
27
28
29
30

5.66
5.63
5.61
5.59
5.51

4.27
4.24
4.22
4.20
4.18

3.67
3.65

40
60
120
m

5.42
5.29
5.15
5.02

6
1
9
10

11
::
:;

21
22
23

1
2
3
:
6
7
9"
10
11
::
14
15

21
22
::
25

40
126:
(D

7.16

15

b.76

976.7
39.41
14.34
a.75
6.52

984.9
39.43
14.25
8.66
6.43

5.60

5.37

5.27
4.57
4.10

4.90
4.43
4.10
3.85
3.66
3.51
z
3:20

-VALUES

20

6.33

5.07
4.36
3.89
3.56
3.31
3.12
2.96

39.45
14.17
8.56

4.20
3.87
3.62

3.17

3.52

5.17
4.47
4.00
3.67
3.42

3.43
3.28
3.15
3.05
2.96

3.33
3.18
3.05
2.95
2.86

3.23
3.07
2.95
2.84
2.76
2.62
2.56
2.51
2.46

4.67

30
1001
39.46
14.08
8.46
6.23

993.1

3.48
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.35

3.25
3.22
3.18
3.15
3.13

3.09
3.05
3.02
2.99
2.91

2.07
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.15

2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51

2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41

2.42
2.39

3.10
3.08
3.06
3.04
3.03

2.94
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.87

2.73
2.71

3.63
3.61
3.59

3.33
3.31
3.29
3.27
3.25

2.67
2.65

2.49
2.47
2.45
2.43
2.41

2.39
2.36
2.34
2.32
2.31

2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.20

2.09
2.07

4.05
3.93
3.80
3.69

3.46
3.34
3.23
3.12

3.13
3.01
2.89
2.79

2.90
2.79
2.67
2.57

2.52
2.41

2.53
2.41
2.30
2.19

2.29
2.17
2.05
1.94

2.18
2.06
1.94
1.83

2.07
1.94
1.82
1.71

1.82
1.69
1.57

4052
98.50
34.12
21.20
16.26

4999.5
99.00
30.82
18.00
13.27

5403
99.17
29.46
16.69
12.06

13.75
12.25
11.26
10.56
10.04

10.92
9.55
8.65
8.02
7.56

9.78
a.45

6.55

9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99

9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86
a.68

7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36

6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42

5.67
5.41
5.21
5.04
4.89

a.53
8.4Q
a.29
8.18
8.10

6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85

5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01
4.94

a.02
7.95
7.88
7.82
7.77

5.66
5.61

4.16
4.72

5.51

4.68

7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60
7.56

5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42
5.39

4.64

7.31
7.08
6.85
6.63

5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61

5.78
5.12

7.59
6.99

5625
99.25
28.71
15.98
11.39

4.77
4.67

4.58
4.50
4.43

4.07

4.31

4.82

4.31
4.26
4.22
4.18

2.74
2.63

Q(Fivl,vz)=O.Ol
6
8

15

20

4.85
4.14

3.78

3.08

3.00

2.88

2.45
2.38

30

2::
2:40
2.32
2.25
2.19
2.13
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.97
1.94
1.91

2.03
2.00

1.88
1.85
I.83
1.81
1.79

1.98
1.96
1.94

1.94

2.72

2.18
2.14
2.11
2.08

2.05

2.16
2.13
2.11

3.67
3.33

3.45
3.20
2.85

2.31
2.27
2.24
2.21
2.18

6.02

1.80

1.61
1.53
1.39

60

1.00

m
6366
99.50

5859
99.33
27.91
15.21
10.67

5982
99.37
27.49
14.80
10.29

6106
99.42
27.05
14.37
9.89

6157
99.43
26.87
14.20
9.72

6209
99.45
26;69
14.02
9.55

6261
99.47
26;50
13.84
9.38

13.65
9.20

26;13
13.46
9.02

a.75

a.47
7.19

a.10
6.84
b.03

7.40
6.16
5.36

5.06

7.56
6.31
5.52
4.96
4.56

7.23
5.99

6.31

1.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71

4.81
4.41

E
4:25

7.06
5.82
5.03
4.48
4.08

6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91

4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67

4.25
4.01
3.82

4.10
3.86
3.66

3.94
3.70
3.51
3.35
3.21

3.78
3.54
3.34
3.18
3.05

3.60
3.36
3.17
3.00
2.87

3.26
3.16

3.10
3.00
2.92

2.93
2.83
2.75
2.67
2.61

2.75
2.65
2.51
2.49
2.42
2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21
2.17

7.46

6313

1.64
1.48
1.31

5764
99.30
28.24
15.52
10.97

99.48
26;32

6.63
6.06
5.64

5.80
5.39

5.32
5.06
4.86

4.69

5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46

4.56

4.32

4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00

4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.10

4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
3.87

3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56

3.55
3.46
3.37
:::t

3.41
3.31
3.23
3.15
3.09

4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90
3.85

3.81
3.76
3.71
3.67
3.63

3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36
3.32

3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03
2.99

3.03
2.98
2.93
2.89
2.85

2.74
2.70

2.54

2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40
2.36

3.82

3.59

3.29

2.96

2.93
2.90
2.87
2.84

2.81
2.78
2.15
2.73
2.70

2.66
2.63
2.60
2.51
2.55

2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39

2.33
2.29
2.26
2.23
2.21

2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.01

2.50
2.34
2.18

2.66

2.52
2.35
2.19
2.04

2.37
2.20
2.03

2.20
2.03
1.86
1.70

2.02
I.84
1.66
1.47

1.80
1.60
1.38

5.47

4.57
4.54
4.51

4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04
4.02

3.75
3.73
3.70

2:;
3:50
3.41

3.23
3.20
3.17

4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78

3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32

3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02

3.29
3.12
2.96
2.80

2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51

4.60

12

4.96
4.25

2.32
2.27
2.22

:*z
3:29

2.69

8.26

2.57
2.50
2.44
2.39
2.35

2.79
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.57

~0
1018
39.50
13.90

8.36
6.12

2.72
2.61
2.52

2.89
2.82
2.77
2.72
2.68

:%
2:30

13.99

2.84

3.12
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.91

3.56

39.48

2.13
2.64

3.34
3.28
3.22
3.17
3.13

2.68

60
1010

3.18

3.26

3.66

3.52

3.51
3.31

3.08

3.00
2.94
2.88
2.83
2.78

1.88

2.84
2.78

2.12
2.67
2.62
2.58

1.00

PROBABILITY

PEKCEKTAGE

POISTS

OF THE

OF F tS TERW

yz y1
1
2
3
4
5

11
12
13
:;

26
27
28
:;
40
12
m

16211
198.5
55.55
11.33
22.78

20000
199.0
49.80
26.28
18.31

21615
199.2
47.47
24.26
16.53

22500
199.2
46.19
23.15
15.56

23056
199.3
45.35
22.46
14.94

la.63
16.24
14.69
13.61
12.83

14.54
12.40
11.04
10.11
9.43

12 ii
lo:88
9.60
8.72
8.08

12.03
10.05
8.81
7.96
7.34

11.46
9.52
a.30
7.47
6.87

12.23
11.75
11.37
11.06
10.80

8.91
8.51
a.19
7.92
7.70

7.60
7.23
6.93
6.68
6.48

6.88
6.52
6.23
6.00
5.80

10.58
10.38
10.22
10.07
9.94

7.51
7.35
7.21
7.09
6.99

6.30
6.16
6.03
5.92
5.82

9.83
9.73
9.63
9.55
9.48

6.89
6.81
6.73
6.66
6.60

9.41
9.34
9.28
9.23
9.18
8.83
8.49
8.18
7.88

FUNCTIONS

F-DISTHIBLTIO\

OF Q, y,, Y>
Q(Flv,,v,)=0.005

12

15

20

30

60

23925
199.4
44.13
21.35
13.96

24426
199.4
43.39
20.70
13.38

24630
199.4
43.08
20.44
13.15

24836
199.4
42.78
20.17
12.90

25044
199.5
42.47
19.89
12.66

25253
199.5
42.15
19.61
12.40

25465
199.5
41.83
19.32
12.14

11.07
9.16
7.95
7.13
6.54

10.57
8.68
7.50
6.69
6.12

10.03
8.18
7.01
6.23
5.66

9.81
7.97
6.81
6.03
5.47

9.59
7.75
6.61
5.83
5.27

9.36
7.53
6.40
5.62
5.07

9.12
7.31
6.18
5.41
4.86

a.aa
7.08
5.95
5.19
4.64

6.42
6.07
5.79
5.56
5.37

6.10
5.76
5.48
5.26
5.07

5.68
5.35
5.08
4.86
4.67

5.24
4.91
4.64
4.43
4.25

5.05
4.72
4.46
4.25
4.07

4.86
4.53
4.27
4.06
3.88

4.65
4.33
4.07
3.86
3.69

4.44
4.12
3.87
3.66
3.48

4.23
3.90
3.65
3.44
3.26

5.64
5.5c
5.37
5.27
5.17

5.21
5.07
4.96
4.85
4.76

4.91
4.78
4.66
4.56
4.47

4.52
4.39
4.28
4.18
4.09

4.10
3.97
3.86
3.76
3.68

3.92
3.79
3.68
3.59
3.50

3.73
3.61
3.50
3.40
3.32

3.54
3.41
3.30
3.21
3.12

3.33
3.21
3.10
3.00
2.92

3.11
2.98
2.87
2.78
2.69

5.73
5.65
5.58
5.52
5.46

5.09
5.02
4.95
4.89
4.84

4.68
4.61
4.54
4.49
4.43

4.39
4.32
4.26
4.2(
4.15

4.01
3.94
3.88
3.83
3.78

3.60
3.54
3.47
3.42
3.37

3.43
3.36
3.30
3.25
3.20

3.24
3.18
3.12
3.06
3.01

3.05
2.98
2.92
2.87
2.82

2.84
2.77
2.71
2.66
2.61

2.61
2.55
2.48
2.43
2.38

6.54
6.49
6.44
6.40
6.35

5.41
5.36
5.32
5.28
5.24

4.79
4.74
4.70
4.66
4.62

4.38
4.34
4.30
4.26
4.23

4.10
4.06
4.02
3.98
3.95

3.73
3.69
3.65
3.61
3.58

3.33
3.28
3.25
3.21
3.18

3.15
3.11
3.07
3.04
5.01

2.97
2.93
2.89
2.86
2.82

2.77
2.73
2.69
2.66
2.63

2.56
2.52
2.48
2.45
2.42

2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18

6.07
5.79
5.54
5.30

4.98
4.73
4.50
4.28

4.37
4.14
3.92
3.72

3.99
3.76
3.55
3.35

3.71
3.49
3.28
3.09

3.35
3.13
2.93
2.74

2.95
2.74
2.54
2.36

2.78
2.57
2.37
2.19

2.60
2.39
2.19
2.00

2.40
2.19
1.98
1.79

xl8
1.96
1.75
1.55

1.93
1.69
1.43
1.00

23437
199.3
44.84
21.97
14.51

QVI VI, v,) =o

*

vpv,
1
2
3
4
5

--\ALUES

4
(;;;.;25

Wf53

5
Pi;.;64

6
';$;.;59

,001

12
8
(5$.9481';$t;o7

15
';$$.;58

20
W$O9

30
;9;:6

60
';$$;13

m
';$2:66

167:0
74.14
47.18

14815
61.25
37.12

141.1
56.18
33.20

13711
53.44
31.09

134.6
51.71
29.75

132:s
50.53
28.84

130:6
49.00
27.64

128:s
47.41
26.42

127:4
46;76
25.91

126:4
46.10
25.39

125:4
45.43
24.87

12415
44.75
24.33

35.51
29.25
25.42
22.86
21.04

27.00
21.69
18.49
16.39
14.91

23.70
la.77
15.83
13.90
12.55

21.92
17.19
14.39
12.56
11.28

20.81
16.21
13.49
11.71
10.48

20.03
15.52
12.86
11.13
9.92

19.03
14.63
12.04
10.37
9.20

17.99
13.71
11.19
9.57
a.45

17.56
13.32
10.84
9.24
8.13

17.12
12.93
10.48
8.90
7.80

16.67
12.53
10.11
a.55
7.47

16.21
12.12
9.73
a.19
7.12

15.75
11.70
9.33
7.81
6.76

19.69
18.64
17.81
17.14
16.59

13.81
12.97
12.31
11.78
11.34

11.56
10.80
10.21
9.73
9.34

10.35
9.63
9.07
8.62
8.25

9.58
8.89
8.35
7.92
7.57

9.05
a.38
7.86
7.43
7.09

8.35
7.71
7.21
6.80
6.47

7.63
7.00
6.52
6.13
5.81

7.32
6.71
6.23
5.85
5.54

7.01
6.40
5.93
5.56
5.25

6.68
6.09
5.63
5.25
4.95

6.35
5.76
5.30
4.94
4.64

6.00
5.42
4.97
4.60
4.31

16.12
15.72
15.38
15.08
14.82

10.97
10.66
10.39
10.16
9.95

9.00
8.73
a.49
8.28
a.10

7.94
7.68
7.46
7.26
7.10

7.27
7.02
6.81
6.62
6.46

6.81
6.56
6.35
6.18
6.02

6.19
5.96
5.76
5.59
5.44

5.55
5.32
5.13
4.97
4.82

5.27
5.05
4.87
4.70
4.56

4.99
4.78
4.59
4.43
4.29

4.70
4.48
4.30
4.14
4.00

4.39
4.18
4.00
3.84
3.70

4.06
3.85
3.67
3.51
3.38

9.77
9.61
9.47
9.34
9.22

7.94
7.80
7.67
7.55
7.45

6.95
6.81
6.69
6.59
6.49

6.32
6.19
6.08
5.98
5.88

5.88
5.76
5.65
5.55
5.46

5.31
5.19
5.09
4.99
4.91

4.70
4.58
4.48
4.39
4.31

4.44
4.33
4.23
4.14
4.06

4.17
4.06
3.96
3.87
3.79

3.88
3.78

::
25

14.59
14.38
14.19
14.03
13.88

2:
3:52

3.58
3.48
3.38
3.29
3.22

3.26
3.15
3.05
2.97
2.89

:7"
28
29
30

13.74
13.61
13.50
13.39
13.29

9.12
9.02
8.93
8.85
a.77

7.36
7.27
7.19
7.12
7.05

6.41
6.33
6.25
6.19
6.12

5.80
5.73
:z
5:53

5.38
5.31
5.24
5.18
5.12

4.83
4.76
4.69
4.64
4.58

4.24
4.17
4.11
4.05
4.00

3.99
3.92
3.86
3.80
3.75

3.72
3.66
3.60
3.54
3.49

3.44
3.38
3.32
3.27
3.22

3.15
3.08
3.02
2.97
2.92

2.82
2.75
2.69
2.64
2.59

12.61
11.97
11.38
10.83

8.25
7.76
7.32
6.91

6.60
6.17
5.79
5.42

5.70
5.31
4.95
4.62

5.13
4.76
4.42
4.10

4.73
4.37
4.04
3.74

4.21
3.87
3.55
3.27

3.64
3.31
3.02
2.74

3.40
3.08
2.78
2.51

3.15
2.83
2.53
2.27

2.87
2.55
2.26
1.99

2.57
2.25
1.95
1.66

2.23
1.89
1.54
1.00

11
1;
::
15

21
22

40
1;:
m

123:5
44.05
23.79

;i fi r

990

VROBABILITY

FUNCTIONS

IN lII~\lS

0.8

0.9

0.95 0.98

3.078
li886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314

12.706

31.821

2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

4.303

6.965

1.943,
1.895

1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

1.796

2.201

1.782

2.179

0.325

1.000

2
3

0.289
0.211

0.816
0.765

0.271

0.741

0.267

0.727

6
7
8
9

0.265
0.263
0.262

0.711

1.415

0.706

10

0.261
0.260

0.703
0.700

1.397
1.383
1.372

11
12
13
14
15

0.260
0.259
0.259
0.258
0.258

0.697
0.695
0.694
0.692

1.363
1.356
1.350
1;345
1.341

16
17
18
19
20

0.258
0,257
0.257
0.257
0.257

0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688
0.687

21
22
23
24
25

0.257
0.256
0.256
0.25.6
0.256

26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120
m

0.718

0.691

1.440

1.771
1.761
1.753

0.99
63.657
9.925

3.182

4.541

2.716
2.571

3.747
3.365

5.841
4.604
4.032

3.143
2.821

3.701
3.499
3.355
3.250

2.764

3.169

2,718
2.681

3.106

2.998
2.896

Ok A AND v

0.995

0.998

0.999

0.9999

0.99999

0.999999

127.321
14.089
7.453
5.598
4.713

318.309
22.327
10.214
7.173
5.893

636.619
31.598
12.924
8.610
6.869

6366.198
99.992
28.000
15.544
11.178

63661.977
316.225
60.397
27.771
17.897

636619.772
999.999
130;155
49.459
28.477

4.317
4.029
3.833
3.690
3.581

5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144

5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587

9,082
7.885
7.120
6.594
6.211

13.555
11.215
9.782
8.627
8.150

20.047
15.764
13.257
11.637
10.516

4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073

5.921
5.694
5,513
5.363
5.239

7.648
7.261
6.955
6.706
6.502

9.702
9.085
8.604
8.218
7.903

2.160
2.145
2.131

2.650
2.624
2.602

3.012
2.977
2.947

3.497
3.428
3.372
3.326
3.286

2.120
2.110
2.101

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.252
3.223
3.197
3.174
3.153

3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552

4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

5.134
5.044
4.966
4.697
4.837

6.330

7.642

%G
51949
5.854

7.421
7.232
7.069
6.927

2.518

3.055

1.325

1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2,093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685
0.684

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.508
2.500
2,492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.135
3.119
3.104
3.090
3.078

3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450

3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725

4.784
4.736
4.693
4.654
4.619

5.769
5.694
5.627
5.566
5.511

6.802

0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256

0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683
0.683

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311

1.706

1.310

1.697

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.779
2.771
2.163
2.756
2.750

3.067
3.057
3.047
3.038
3.030

3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385

3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646

4.587
4.558
4.530
4.506
4.482

5.461
5.415
5.373
5.335
5.299

6.352
6.286
6.225
6.170
6.119

0.255
0.254
0.254
0.253

0.681

1.303

1.684

2.021

2.423

0.679
0.677
0.674

1.296

1.671
1.658
1.645

2.000

1.980
1.960

2.390
2.358
2.326

2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576

2.971
2.915
2.860
2.807

3.307
3.232
3.160
3.090

3.551
3.460
3.373
3.291

4.321
4.169
4.025
3.891

5.053
4.825
4.613
4.417

5.168
5.449
5.158
4.892

1.337
1.333

1.330
1.328

1.289
1.282

1.746

1.703

1.701
1,699

From E. S. Pearson and H. 0. Hartley (editors), Biometrika tables for statisticians, vol. I. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1954 for n 0.999,
from E. T. Federighi, Extended tables of the percentage points of Students
t-distribution, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 54, 683-688 (1959) for ,I 0.999 (with
permission).
*See pageII.

6.692

6.593
6.504
6.424

PROBABILITY

FIVE

991

FUNCTIONS

DIGIT

R ANDOM

NUMBERS

Table

26.11

53479
97344
66023
99776
30176

81115
70328
38277
75723
48979

98036
58116
74523
03172
92153

12217
91964
71118
43112
38416

59526
26240
84892
83086
42436

40238
44643
13956
81982
26636

40577
83287
98899
14538
83903

39351
97391
92315
26162
44722

43211
92823
65783
24899
69210

69255
77578
59640
20551
69117

81874
19839
09337
31151
67619

83339
90630
33435
58295
52515

14988
71863
53869
40823
03037

99937
95053
52769
41330
81699

13213
55532
18801
21093
17106

30177
60908
25820
93882
64982

47967
84108
96198
49192
60834

93793
55342
66518
44876
85319

86693
48479
78314
47185
47814

98854
63799
97013
81425
08075

61946
04811
05763
73260
54909

48790
64892
39601
56877
09976

11602
96346
56140
40794
76580

83043
79065
25513
13948
02645

22257
26999
86151
96289
35795

11832
43967
78657
90185
44537

04344
63485
02184
47111
64428

95541
93572
29715
66807
35441

20366
80753
04334
61849
28318

55937
96582
15678
44686
99001

42583
27266
49843
29316
30463

36335
27403
11442
40460
27856

60068
97520
66682
27076
67798

04044
23334
36055
69232
16837

29678
36453
32002
51423
74273

16342
33699
78600
58515
05793

48592
23672
36924
49920
02900

25547
45884
59962
03901
63498

63177
41515
68191
26597
00782

75225
04756
62580
33068
35097

28708
13183
60796
13486
34914

84088
50652
76639
46918
94502

65535
94872
30157
64683
39374

44258
28257
40295
07411
34185

33869
78547
99476
77842
57500

82530
55286
28334
01908
22514

98399
33591
15368
47796
04060

26387
61965
42481
65796
94511

02836
51723
60312
44230
44612

36838
14211
42770
77230
10485

28105
59231
87437
29046
62035

04814
45028
82758
01301
71886

85170
01173
71093
55343
94506

86490
08848
36833
65732
15263

35695
81925
53582
78714
61435

03483
71494
25986
43644
10369

57315
95401
46005
46248
42054

63174
34049
42840
53205
68257

71902
04851
81683
94868
14385

71182
65914
21459
48711
79436

38856
40666
40588
78237
98247

80048
43328
90087
86556
67474

59973
87379
37729
50276
71455

73368
86418
08667
20431
69540

52876
95841
37256
00243
01169

47673
25590
20317
02303
03320

41020
54137
53316
71029
67017

82295
94182
50982
49932
92543

26430
42308
32900
23245
97977

87377
07361
32097
00862
52728

69977
39843
62880
56138
90804

78558
23074
87277
64927
56026

65430
40814
99895
29454
48994

32627
03713
99965
52967
64569

28312
21891
34374
86624
67465

61815
96353
42556
62422
60180

14598
96806
11679
30163
12972

79728
24595
99605
76181
03848

55699
26203
98011
95317
62582

91348
26009
48867
39264
93855

09665
34756
12157
69384
93358

44672
50403
73327
07734
64565

74762
76634
74196
94451
43766

33357
12767
26668
76428
45041

67301
32220
78087
16121
44930

80546
34545
53636
09300
69970

97659
18100
52304
67417
16964

11348
53513
00007
68587
08277

78771
14521
05708
87932
67752

45011
72120
63538
38840
60292

38879
58314
83568
28067
05730

35544
60298
10227
91152
75557

99563
72394
99471
40568
93161

85404
69668
74729
33705
80921

04913
12474
22075
64510
55873

62547
93059
10233
07067
54103

78406
02053
21575
64374
34801

01017
29807
20325
26336
83157

86187
63645
21317
79652
04534

22072
12792
57124
31140
81368

Compiled from Rand Corporation,

1955 (with permission).

A million

random

digit s with

100,000 normal deviates.

The Free Press, Glencoe,

Ill.,

992

PROBABILITY
Table

26.11

2500

FIVE

DIGIT

FUNCTIONS
RANDOM

NUMBERS

26687
60675
45418
69872
03765

74223
75169
98635
48026
86366

43546
24510
83123
89755
99539

45699
15100
98558
28470
44183

94469
02011
09953
44130
23886

82125
14375
60255
59979
89977

37370
65187
42071
91063
11964

23966
10630
40930
28766
51581

68926
64421
97992
85962
18033

37664
66745
93085
77173
56239

a4686
91512
10737
54870
48967

57636
49670
49307
19676
49579

32326
32556
18307
58367
65369

19867
85189
22246
20905
74305

71345
28023
22461
38324
62085

42002
88151
10003
00026
39297

96997
62896
93157
98440
10309

84379
95498
66984
37427
23173

27991
29423
44919
22896
74212

21459
38138
30467
37637
32272

91430
92564
41734
25251
91657

79112
29567
12199
78110
11563

03685
47476
77441
54178
66036

05411
62804
92415
78241
28523

23027
73428
63542
09226
83705

54735
04535
42115
87529
09956

91550
86395
84972
35376
76610

06250
12162
12454
90690
88116

18705
59647
33133
54178
78351

18909
97726
48467
08561
50877

00149
53250
25587
01176
83531

a4745
73200
17481
12182
15544

63222
84066
56716
06882
40834

50533
59620
49749
27562
20296

50159
61009
70733
75456
88576

60433
38542
32733
54261
47815

04822
05758
60365
38564
96540

49577
06178
14108
89054
79462

89049
80193
52573
96911
78666

16162
26466
39391
88906
25353

19902
96516
99417
77699
32245

98866
78705
56171
57853
83794

32805
25556
19848
93213
99528

61091
35181
24352
27342
05150

91587
29064
51844
28906
27246

30340
49005
03791
31052
48263

84909
29843
72127
65815
62156

64047
68949
57958
21637
62469

67750
50506
08366
49385
97048

87638
45862
43190
75406
16511

12874
63899
16255
75553
41772

72753
41910
43271
30207
18441

66469
45484
26540
41814
34685

13782
55461
41298
74985
13892

64330
66518
35095
40223
38843

00056
82486
32170
91223
69007

73324
74694
70625
64238
10362

03920
07865
66407
73012
84125

13193
09724
01050
83100
08814

19466
76490
44225
92041
66785

09270
85058
80222
83901
36303

01245
17815
8'572
88028
57833

81765
71551
62758
56743
77622

06809
36356
14858
25598
02238

10561
97519
36350
79349
53285

10080
54144
23304
47880
77316

17482
51132
70453
77912
40106

05471
83169
21065
52020
38456

82273
27373
63812
84305
92214

06902
68609
29860
02897
54278

91543
14415
82465
27306
91960

63886
33816
07781
39843
82766

60539
78231
09938
05634
02331

96334
87674
66874
96368
08797

20804
96473
72128
72022
33858

72692
44451
99685
01278
21847

08944
25098
84329
92830
17391

02870
29296
14530
40094
53755

74892
50679
08410
31776
58079

22598
07798
45953
41822
48498

59284
10428
65527
59688
44452

96108
96003
41039
43078
10188

91610
71223
79574
93275
43565

07483
21352
05105
31978
46531

37943
78685
59588
08768
93023

96832
55964
02115
84805
07618

15444
35510
33446
50661
12910

12091
94805
56780
18523
60934

36690
23422
18402
83235
53403

58317
04492
36279
50602
18401

87275
94155
26488
37073
83835

82013
93110
76394
34547
89575

59804
49964
91282
88296
55956

78595
27753
03419
68638
93957

60553
85090
68758
12976
30361

14038
77677
89575
50896
47679

12096
69303
66469
10023
83001

95472
66323
97835
27220
35056

42736
77811
66681
05785
07103

08573
22791
03171
77538
63072

PROBABILITY
2500

FIVE

DIGIT

993

FUNCTIONS

RANDOM

Table

NUMBERS

26.11

55034
25521
85421
61219
20230

81217
99536
72744
48390
03147

90564
43233
97242
47344
58854

81943
48786
66383
30413
11650

11241
49221
00132
39392
28415

84512
06960
05661
91365
12821

12288
31564
96442
56203
58931

89862
21458
37388
79204
30508

00760
88199
57671
05330
65989

76159
06312
27916
31196
26675

95776
07603
00645
62950
79350

83206
17344
17459
83162
10276

56144
01148
78742
61504
81933

55953
83300
39005
31557
26347

89787
96955
36027
80590
08068

64426
65027
98807
47893
67816

08448
31713
72666
72360
06659

45707
89013
54484
72720
87917

80364
79557
68262
08396
74166

60262
49755
38827
33674
85519

48339
05842
25855
25272
73003

69834
08439
02209
16152
29058

59047
79836
07307
82323
17605

82175
50957
59942
70718
49298

92010
32059
71389
98081
47675

58446
32910
76159
38631
90445

69591
15842
11263
91956
68919

56205
13918
38787
49909
05676

95700
41365
61541
76253
23823

86211
80115
22606
33970
84892

81310
10024
84671
29296
51771

94430
44713
52806
58162
94074

22663
59832
89124
21858
70630

06584
80721
37691
33732
41286

38142
63711
20897
94056
90583

00146
67882
82339
88806
87680

17496
25100
22627
54603
13961

51115
45345
06142
00384
55627

61458
55743
05773
66340
23670

65790
67618
03547
69232
35109

42166
78355
09552
15771
13231

56251
67041
51347
63127
99058

60770
22492
33864
34847
93754

51672
51522
89018
05660
36730

36031
31164
73418
06156
44286

77273
30450
81538
48970
44326

85218
27600
77399
55699
15729

14812
44428
30448
61818
37500

90758
96380
97740
91763
47269

23677
26772
18158
20821
13333

50583
99485
54676
99343
35492

03570
57330
39524
71549
40231

38472
i0634
73785
10248
34868

73236
74905
48864
76036
55356

67613
90671
69835
31702
12847

72780
19643
62798
76868
68093

78174
69903
65205
88909
52643

18718
60950
69187
69574
32732

99092
17968
05572
27642
67016

64114
37217
74741
00336
46784

98170 25384
02670 86155
36934 42879
56851 12778
05464 28892

03841
56860
81637
24309
14271

23920
02592
79952
73660
23778

47954
01646
07066
84264
88599

10359
42200
41625
24668
17081

70114
79950
96804
16686
33884

11177
37764
92388
02239
88783

63298
82341
88860
66022
39015

99903
71952
68580
64133
57118

15025

20237
08030
905982 40378
81431 99955
21431 59335

63386
81469
05731
52462
58627

71122
91066
55128
67667
94822

06620
88857
74298
97322
65484

07415
56583
49196
69808
09641

94982
01224
31669
21240
41018

32324
28097
42605
65921
85100

79427
19726
30368
12629
16110

70387
71465
96424
92896
32077

95832
99813
77210
13268
44285

76145
44631
31148
02609
71735

11636
43746
50543
79833
26620

80284
99790
11603
66058
54691

17787
86823
50934
80277
14909

97934
12114
02498
08533
52132

12822
31706
09184
28676
81110

73890
05024
95875
37532
74548

66009
28156
85840
70535
78853

27521
04202
71954
82356
31996

70526
88386
83161
50214
97689

45953
11222
73994
71721
29341

79637
25080
17209
33851
67747

57374
71462
79441
45144
80643

05053
09818
64091
05696
13620

31965
46001
49790
29935
23943

33376
19065
11936
12823
49396

13232
68981
44864
01594
83686

85666
18310
86978
08453
37302

86615
74178
34538
52825
95350

994

PROBABILITY
Table

26.11

2500 FIVE

DIGIT

FUNCTIONS

RANDOM

NUMBERS

12367
38890
80788
02395
73720

23891
30239
55410
77585
70184

31506
34237
39770
08854
69112

90721
22578
93317
23562
71887

18710
74420
18270
33544
80140

89140
22734
21141
45796
72876

58595
26930
52085
10976
38984

99425
40604
78093
44721
23409

22840
10782
85638
24781
63957

08267
80128
81140
09690
44751

61383
39161
80907
09052
33425

17222
44282
74484
65670
24226

55234
14975
39884
63660
32043

18963
97498
19885
34035
60082

39006
25973
37311
06578
20418

93504
33605
04209
87837
85047

18273
60141
49675
28125
53570

49815
30030
39596
48883
32554

52802
77677
01052
50482
64099

69675
49294
43999
55735
52326

72651
04142
85226
54888
33258

69474
32092
14193
03579
51516

73648
83586
52213
91674
82032

71530
61825
60746
59502
45233

55454
35482
24414
08619
39351

19576
32736
57858
33790
33229

15552
63403
31884
29011
59464

20577
91499
51266
85193
65545

12124
37196
82293
62262
76809

50038
02762
73553
28684
16982

75973
90638
65061
64420
27175

15957
75314
15498
07427
17389

32405
35381
93348
82233
76963

82081
34451
33566
97812
75117

02214
49246
19427
39572
45580

57143
11465
66826
07766
99904

33526
25102
03044
65844
47160

47194
71489
97361
29980
55364

94526
89883
08159
15533
25666

73253
99708
47485
90114
25405

32215
54209
59286
83872
83310

30094
58043
66964
58167
57080

87276
72350
84843
01221
03366

56896
89828
71549
95558
80017

15625
02706
67553
22196
39601

32594
16815
33867
65905
40698

80663
89985
83011
38785
56434

08082
37380
66213
01355
64055

19422
44032
69372
47489
02495

80717
59366
23903
28170
50880

64545
39269
29763
06310
97541

29500
00076
05675
02998
47607

13351
55489
28193
01463
57655

78647
01524
65514
27738
59102

92628
76568
11954
90288
21851

19354
22571
78599
17697
44446

60479
20328
63902
64511
07976

57338
84623
21346
39552
54295

52133
30188
19219
34694
84671

07114
43904
90286
03211
78755

82968
76878
87394
74040
47896

85717
34727
78884
12731
41413

11619
12524
87237
59616
66431

97721
90642
92086
33697
70046

53513
16921
95633
12592
50793

53781
13669
66841
44891
45920

98941
17420
22906
67982
96564

38401
84483
64989
72972
67958

70939
68309
86952
89795
56369

11319
85241
54700
10587
44725

87778
96977
43820
57203
49065

71697
63143
13285
83960
72171

64148
72219
77811
40096
80939

54363
80040
81697
39234
06017

92114
11990
29937
65953
90323

34037
47698
70750
59911
63687

59061
95621
02029
91411
07932

62051
72990
32377
55573
99587

62049
29047
00556
88427
49014

33526
85893
86687
45573
26452

94250
68148
12208
88317
56728

84270
81382
97809
89705
80359

95798
82383
33619
26119
29613

13477
18674
28868
12416
63052

80139
40453
41646
19438
15251

26335
92828
16734
65665
44684

55169
30042
88860
60989
64681

73417
37412
32636
59766
42354

40766
43423
41985
11418
51029

45170
45138
84615
18250
77680

07138
21188
02154
90953
80103

12320
64554
12250
85238
91308

01073
55618
88738
32771
12858

19304
36088
43917
07305
41293

87042
24331
03655
36181
00325

58920
84390
21099
47420
15013

28454
16022
60805
19681
19579

81069
12200
63246
33184
91132

93978
77559
26842
41386
12720

66659
75661
35816
03249
92603

PROBABILITY
2500

FIVE

DIGIT

995

FUNCTIONS
RANDOM

NUMB

LERS

Table

26.11

92630
79445
59654
31524
06348

78240
78735
71966
49587
76938

19267
71549
27386
76612
90379

95457
44843
50004
39789
51392

53497
26104
05358
13537
55887

23894
67318
94031
48086
71015

37708
00701
29281
59483
09209

79862
34986
18544
60680
79157

76471
66751
52429
84675
24440

66418
99723
06080
53014
30244

28703
68108
99938
91543
42103

51709
89266
90704
73196
02781

94456
94730
93621
34449
73920

48396
95761
66330
63513
56297

73780
75023
33393
83834
72678

06436
48464
95261
99411
12249

86641
65544
95349
58826
25270

69239
96583
51769
40456
36678

57662
18911
91616
69268
21313

80181
16391
33238
48562
75767

17138
28297
09331
31295
36146

27584
14280
56712
04204
15560

25296
54524
51333
93712
27592

28387
21618
06289
51287
42089

51350
95320
75345
05754
99281

61664
38174
08811
79396
59640

37893
60579
82711
87399
15221

05363
08089
57392
51773
96079

44143
94999
25252
33075
09961

42677
78460
30333
97061
05371

29553
23501
57888
55336
10087

18432
22642
85846
71264
10072

13630
63081
67967
88472
55980

05529
08191
07835
04334
64688

02791
89420
11314
63919
68239

81017
67800
01545
36394
20461

49027
55137
48535
11196
89381

79031
54707
17142
92470
93809

50912
32945
08552
70543
00796

09399
64522
67457
29776
95945

34101
53362
82975
54827
25464

81277
44940
66158
84673
59098

66090
60430
84731
22898
27436

88872
22834
19436
08094
89421

37818
14130
55790
14326
80754

72142
96593
69229
87038
89924

67140
23298
28661
42892
19097

50785
56203
13675
21127
67737

21380
92671
99318
30712
80368

16703
15925
76873
48489
08795

67609
44921
33170
84687
71886

60214
70924
30972
85445
56450

41475
61295
98130
06208
36567

84950
51137
95628
17654
09395

40133
47596
49786
51333
96951

02546
86735
13301
02878
35507

09570
35561
36081
35010
17555

45682
76649
80761
67578
35212

50165
18217
33985
61574
69106

15609
63446
68621
20749
01679

00475
25993
92882
25138
84631

02224
38881
53178
26810
71882

74722
68361
99195
07093
12991

14721
59560
93803
15677
83028

40215
41274
56985
60688
82484

21351
69742
53089
04410
90339

08596
40703
15305
24505
91950

45625
37993
50522
37890
74579

83981
03435
55900
67186
03539

63748
18873
43026
62829
90122

34003
53775
59316
20479
86180

92326
45749
97885
66557
84931

12793
05734
72807
50705
25455

61453
86169
54966
26999
26044

48121
42762
60859
09854
02227

74271
70175
11932
52591
52015

28363
97310
35265
14063
21820

66561
73894
71601
30214
50599

75220
88606
55577
19890
51671

35908
19994
67715
19292
65411

21451
98062
01788
62465
94324

68001
68375
64429
04841
31089

72710
80089
14430
43272
84159

40261
24135
94575
68702
92933

61281
72355
75153
01274
99989

13172
95428
94576
05437
89500

63819
11808
61393
22953
91586

48970
29740
96192
18946
02802

51732
81644
03227
99053
69471

54113
86610
32258
41690
68274

05797
10395
35177
25633
16464

43984
14289
56986
89619
48280

21575
52185
25549
75882
94254

09908
09721
59730
98256
45777

70221
25789
64718
02126
45150

19791
38562
52630
72099
68865

51578
54794
31100
57183
11382

36432
04897
62384
55887
11782

33494
59012
49483
09320
22695

79888
89251
11409
73463
41988

27. Miscellaneous

Functions

IRENE A. STEGUN l
Contents
27.1. Debye

= tdt
o -cl-l.

Functions

n=1(1)4,

. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

z=0(.1)1.4(.2)5(.5)10,

27.2. Plancks

Radiation

Function

6D

z-s(elz-

1) -I . . . . . . . . . .

x=.o5(.oos).l(.ol).2(.o2).4(.o5).9(.1)1.5(.5)3.5,
Gum, j@m.x>,
27.3. Einstein
x2e2

999

3D

9-10s

Functions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

X
-e-1

(e-1)2

Page
998

z=O(.O5)1.5(.1)3(.2)6,

27.4. Sievert Integral

&-In

In (l-e-),

999

(l-e-)

5D
8

e-zsec%

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1000

z=O(.1)1(.2)3(.5)10,

~=10(100)600(150)900,

. . . . . . . . .

1001

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1003

tme-c2-f dt and Related

27.5. jm(x> =s,-

fm(x) 9

m=l,

f3 (,+,

z=O(.2)8(.5)15(1)20,

27.6. j(x)=S,f(4
f(4

dt

x=0(.05)1
+ln x,
x=1(.1)3(.5)8,
9

27.7. Dilogarithm

Integrals
4D

.l(.l)l,
4-5D

4D

(Spences Integral)

2=0(.01).5,

j(z)=-1

dt . . . . . .

1004

. . . . . . . . .

1005

. . . . . . . .

1006

9D

27.8. Clausens

Integral

f@>+eIn 8,
f(e),

2, 3; s=0(.01).05,

2;

6D

and Related

Summations

e=o(10)150

e=15(10)300(20)900(50)1800,

6D

27.9. Vector-Addition
Coefficients (jljzmlm21 j,j,jm)
Algebraic Expressions for j,=1/2, 1, 312, 2
Decimal Values for j2=1/2, 1, 3/2, 5D
1 National Bureau of Standards.

997

--

27. Miscellaneous
27.1.

Debye

Series

Functions

Representations

Functions
Relation

27.1.3
[27.1]

o= g=f&&)+g

(z~~~;~~)!l

[27.2]

Function

E.

Die Abhilngigkeit
reiner
Metalle
(5) 16, 530-540

20 r=

42

x=0(.01)24,

27.1

Debye

Functions

--1 = t&i
2 I- eel-1

2 = Pdt
2? s- 0 et-l

3 = Pdt
2 s- 0 et-1

4 = tdt
2 s- 0 et-1

1.000000
0.975278
0.951111
0. 927498
0.904437

1.000000
0.967083
0.934999
0.903746
0. 873322

1.000000
0. 963000

1.000000
0.960555
0.922221
0.884994
0.848871

0. 881927
0. 859964
0. 838545
0.817665
0.797320

0.843721
0.814940
0.786973
0. 759813
0. 733451

0. 824963
0. 792924

0.777505
0.758213
0.739438
0. 721173
0. 703412

0. 669366
0.637235
0. 606947
0.578427
0. 551596

0.570431
0. 530404
0. 493083
0.458343
0.426057

0. 524275
0. 481103
0. 441129

0. 626375
0. 502682
0.480435
0.459555
0.439962

0.396095

0. 338793
0. 309995
0.283580

0. 421580
0. 404332
it %%i
0: 358696

0. 276565
0. 257835
0. 240554
0.224615
0.209916

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0. 196361
0. 183860
0. 172329
0.147243
0. 126669

345301
332713
320876
294240
271260

0. 251331
0. 233948
0. 218698
0.205239
0. 193294

y8;;

;: memo
0: 613281

it Ez
0: 318834
0.296859

x: E%::
0.084039
0.074269
0.066036

0. 182633
0. 173068
0. 164443
[ y5]
998

[ -;I]

: EEt
0: 857985

it %E
0: 702615
0.674416
0.647148
0.620798
0. 595351
0. 570793

8: %%4

x: %E

it %E
0: 181737
0. 166396
0.152424
0. 139704
0. 128129
0.117597

i:XE
x:Ei:

0. 813846
0. 779911
0.747057
0.715275
0.684551
0.654874
0. 626228
it FEZ;
0: 546317
0. 497882
0. 453131

x:%Zi:
I:pf$
0. 186075
t :%z
0: 137169
0. 123913
0.111957
0. 101180
0.091471

:: 8%

0.043655
0.036560
0.030840

0.043730
0.034541
0.027453
0.021968
0.017702

0.026290
0. 022411
0.019296

0.014368
0.011747
0.009674

[ 5961

[ (-;I61

6s.

des elektrischen
von der Temperatur,
(1933).

z=0(.1)13(.2)18(1)20(2)52(4)80.

Table

23)

of the Debye
energy
J. Math.
Phys.
6,

L2 [le$-e&],
zJ

Griineisen,
Widerstandes
Ann. Physik.
tdt

(see chapter

o- g=n!(n+l).

3
z-~
28s 0 eu-1

numbers B,,, see chapter 23.)

27.1.2

Zeta

J. A. Beattie,
Six-place
tables
and specific
heat
functions,
l-32
(1926).

(I4<2~Pfi2.1)

(For Bernoulli

to Riemann

49.

MISCELLANEOUS

Plancks

2
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070
0.075
0.080
0.085
0.090
0.095
0. 100

) f(z) )I

0.007
0.025
0.074
0. 179
0.372

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

10
11
12
13
14

0. 682
:* E

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

15
16
17
18
19
20

I II
2: 531
3.466
4.540

II

[27.3]

.20140

Miscellaneous
functions
Government
1941).

4 540
6.998
9.662
12.296
14 710
16.780
18.446
19.692
20. 539
21.025
21. 199

[ (-j)2]
2 m.x=

Radiation
f(z) =ci+(eYs-

f(z)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

999

FUNClIONS

Function

f(z)

20
22
24
26
28

Table

II

21. 199
20.819
19. 777
18.372
16. 809
15. 224
13.696
12.270
10.965

EX
0: 34
0. 36
0. 38
0. 40

f(z)

f(z)

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

40
45
50
55
60

8.733
6. 586
5.009
3.850
2.995

0. 9

::;

0.831
0. 582
0.419
0.309
0.233

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

65
70
75
80
85
90

2.356
1.875
1.508
1. 225
1.005
0.831

::it
2:
28

0. 178
0. 139
0. 048
0.021
0.010
0.006

:::

[ (-5251
52353

and

[(-y]

f&,.x)=21.20143

58.

Physical
Tables,
Plancks
electronic
functions,
MT
Printing
Office,
Washington,

radiation
17 (U.S.
D.C.,

Table

NA=2rcX-4(ee*fAT-

R&h=
1)-i,

Rx&

s0

No+=

for

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

x6e*
(es- 1)

00
05
10
15
20

0. 25
0. 30
0. 35
x: 2

x: E%3

In (l-t?)
--In

es-l
(1-e-m)

--oD

- 3.02063
-2.35217
-1.97118
- 1.70777

: 99584
3. 30300
2.89806
2. 61110
2. 38888
2. 20771.
2. 05491
1.92293
1.80690

: %Z
0: 98677
0.98329

: EE
$ ;E

- 1: 21972
-1. 10963
- 1.01508.

0.77075

-0.93275

1.70350
1.61035
1. 52569
1.44820
1.37684

-0.63935

1.31079
1.24939
1. 19209
1. 13844
1.08809

it %%28
0: 70996
0.69050

8: z

it E
0: 93515
0.92807
0.92067

0.67144

1. 25
:: k%i:

El%E
0: 84178
0.83185
[ (-35)5]

1.04065
0.99592
0.95363
0.91358
0.87560

: Eg
0: 89671
0.88817
-0.33758
-0.31818
1;
ggy;
-0: 26732
-0.25248

- NO-X
N o--co

NA m.x

it %io2
0: 77253
0.74139
0.71168
0.68331

for
K.

No-1

(T=

1000
microns.

Table

1; pg;

0.95441

:*2
1: 56

e*-

-3 NA

ZZZ:
NX for
X=[.25(.05)1.6(.2)3(1)10]
T=[1000(5000)35000
K and 6000

0.88020

0. 75

:: ii

&,

0.99481

EG
0: 70

:~~
1: 10
1. 15
1. 20

RA
A m.x

Functions

1.00000
0.97521
0.95083

0. 50
0. 55

X2

Table
ZZ: RA, R&k,
NA,
X=[.5(.01)1(.05)4(.1)6(.2)10(.5)20]

Tabb
microns,

A Nxdx
s6

Einstein
x

I:

R o-m
XT=[.05(.001).1(.005).4(.01).6(.02)1(.05)2]cm

A
RI=c,X-6(eCIAT-1)-1,

27.2

1)-i

K)

K].

27.3

1000

MISCELLANEOUS

Table

FUNCTIONS

Einstein

27.3

1. 6

zaea
(es- l)s

Functions

In (l-e-5)

e=-1

0.81143

lj.po;;
0: 74657
0. 72406
0.70127
t EE
0: 63200
0. 60889

es-l
--In (1-e-l)

: %i
0: 35646
0.33416
0. 31304

-0.22552
-0.20173
-0. 18068
-0. 16201
-0.
14541

0.63027
0. 58171
0.53714
0.49617
0.45845

0. 29304
0.27414
0.25629
0.23945
0.22356

-0. 13063
-0.11744
-0. 10565
-0.09510
-0.08565

0.42367
0.39158
0.36194
0. 33465
0.30921

0. 20861
0. 19453
0. 18129

0. 58589

ii: :E
0.45363
it 8%:
0: 33799
0.30409
0. 27264
0.24363
0: 17074

Et %ii:
0: 05681
0.04809
0.04968

0.08968

0.03438
0.02903
0.02449
0.02065
0.01739

t %::

[ (-44)3]
(27.41

H.

L. Johnston,
butions

to

L. Savedoff
the

oscillator

NAVEXOS

search,

p.

Department

in
646,

of the

D.C.

(1949).

Values

--In

(1-e-z)

and

x=0(.001)3(.01)

J. Belzer,

thermodynamic

Planck-Einstein
dom,

and

one
Office

degree

of free

Naval

Navy,

x(e*--l)-I-ln
5D

a
Re-

Washington,

first

in Terms

27.4.2
e
e-z mc $&#)q
s0

27.4.1

Function

see chapter 5.)

to the

27.4.3
c
e-za*o+&=K&

S
0

(For Ki,(z),

o<e<;)

1.3.5...(2&-1)
2.4.6...(2k)

CG=lak=

deCKi,

(For erf, see chapter 7.)

(se)
(520,

Integral

Error

~>~+&+a

diierencee.

Relation

to the

Integrals

for

(For Ean+&),

Relation

of Exponential

e-z !3ec4(j+

-~&OS

x(e=-1)-i,
(1-e-s)

with

Represent&on

by

of

[ -;I]

[ (-;)I

Contri-

functions

of zae*(e=--1)-z,

14.99,

27.4. Sievert

[ (-:)I

Integral

of the

Bessel

Function

(z) =

S
z

- (+T)+

K,(t)&

where

l-tz+$f$

301035
-- 2655
1024&%i%?4see chapter 11.)

--

Ko@)

***

MISCELLANEOUS
[27.5]

National
integral,
Printing

[27.6]

Bureau
of Standards,
Table of the Sievert
Applied
Math.
Series(U.S. Government
Office, Washington,
D.C.
In press).

z=0(.01)2(.02)5(.05)10,

e=0(1)90,

1001

FUNCTIONS

9D.

R.

M. Sievert,
Die v-Strahlungsintensitiit
an der
Oberfliiche
und in der niichsten
Umgebung
von
Radiumnadeln,
Acta
Radiologica
11, 239-301
(1930).

0-r
0

Sievert

Integral

0
S

,-zssc*

#*a *d+, ~=30(lo)900,

A=O(.01).5,

3D.

Table

&J

27.4

x\e

2o

4o

5o

60

174533
157843
142749
129099
116754

0.349066
0.315187
0. 284598
0.256978
0.232040

0.424515
0.382255
0.344209

0. 698132
0.625886
0.561159
0.503165
0.451198

0.872665
0.777323
0. 692565
0. 617194
0.550154

1.047198
0.923778
0.815477
0.720366
0. 636769

1.308997
1. 123611
0. 968414
x: EE::

1. 570796
1.228632
1.023680
0.868832
0. 745203

0. 105589
0.095492
0.086361
0.078103
0.070634

0.209522
0. 189191
0. 170833
0. 154256
0. 139289

0.309957
0.279118
0.251353
0. 226354
0.203845

t
0:
0.
0.

0.490508
0.437428
0.390178
0.348109
0.310642

0.563236
0.498504
0.441478
0.391204
0.346851

,O. 632830
0.552287
0.483134
0.423535
0.371996

0.643694
0.558890
0.487198
0.426062
0.373579

0.063880
0.052247
0.042733
0.034951
0.028587

0. 125775
0. 102553

0. 183579
0. 148899
0. 120780
0.097979
0.079488

0.234956
0. 189138
z Et;
0: 098829

0.277267
0.221027
0. 176336
0. 140792
0. 112497

0.307694
0.242523
0.191533
0. 151541
0. 120105

0.327288
0.254485
0. 198885
0. 156087
0. 122932

0.328286
0.254889
0. 199051
0. 156156
0. 122961

0.023381
0.019123
0. 015641
0.012793
0. 010463

0.045335

t oEi
0: 024582
0.020045

0. 064492
0.052329
0. 042463
0.034460
0.027968

0.079644
0. 064201
0.051766
0.041750
0.033680

0.089954
0.071979
0.057635
0.046179
0. 037024

t X%?
0: 060342
0.048100
0.038387

0.097108
0.076905
0.061040
0.048541
0.038667

0.097121
0.0769 11
0.061043
0.048542
0.038668

0.016347
0.009817
0.005896
0.003542
0.002127

0.022700
0.013477
0.008005
0.004756
0. 002828

0.027177
0.015912
0.009330
0.005478
0.003221

t EEz
0: 009951
0.005787
0.003374

0.030670
0.017576
0.010128
0.005862
0.003407

0.030848
0.017634
0. 010147
0.005869
0.003409

0.030848
0.017634
0.010147
0.005869
0.003409

0: 000461
0.000277
0.000167

0.001682
0.001001
0.000596
0. 000355
0.000211

0.001896
0.001117
0. 000659
0. 000389
0.000230

0.001972
0.001155
0.060678
0.000399
0. 000235

0.001986
0. 001162
0.000681
0.000400
0.000235

0.001987
0.001162
0.000681
0.000400
0.000235

0.001987
0.001162
0.000681
0.000400
0.000235

0.000100
0.000060
0.000036
0.000022
0.000013

0.000126
0.000075
0.000045
0.000027
0.000016

0.000136
0.000081
0.000048
0.000028
0.000017

0.000139
0. 000082
0.000048
0.000029
0.000017

0.000139
0.000082
0.000048
0.000029
0.000017

0.000139
0.000082
0.000048
0.000029
0.000017

0.000139
0. 000082
0.000048
0.000029
0.000017

[ (-;I51

[(-y]

[-y]

[(-f]

[ Ff]

[ (-;)I

[(1?2]

loo
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

:: i
Ki
0:9
1. 0
1. 2
i-t
1: 8
Ei
2: 4
i:t

i EE
d. 055597

0.008558
E
4: 0
4. 5
5. 0
5. 5
E
P:X
8. 0
:X
9: 5
10. 0

t xxz

0.000694
0.000420
0. 000254
0.000154
0.000093
0.000056
_..__
0.000034
0.000021
0.000012
0.000008

[ 921

27.5. f,,,(z)=

OD
te-*-$&

fi%i
325486
291957
261901

Power

and

Series

Representations

Related

m=o,

Integrals

1,2..

Differential

j;=

-j,,,ml

(m=l,

Recurrence

27.5.3

-2akea

=k(k-1)
%=a*=0

zjy+P-l,j~+2jm=0

27.5.1

27.5.2

Equations

2, . . .)

Relation

2j,,,= (m-l)jm-a+zjm-a

(m23)

--

(k-2)

b,=l

] (For y, see chapter 6.)

b ---2b,-,(3ka-6k+2)an
k(k-1) (k-2)
e=-b,
b,=-,G

bs=; (1-y)

1002

MISCELLANEOUS

FUNCTIONS
Asymptotic

27.5.5

Representation

27.5.11
-.01968;cb+.00324x6+.000188x7

gI(x)=Gyz

. . .

-x2 ln x(1-.0833322+.001389ti-.00000835cs+.

. .)

i exp [ --i(iy]

(A sin e+B

27.5.12
g2(x)=-~~2fexp[-~(~~3](A

27.5.6
2j2(x)=g-x+$

co9 0)

co8 &-Bsin

0)

x2-.3225~-.1477x*+.03195x
+.00328x-

.000491x-

.0000235ti

+x3 ln x(+.01667;F2+.000198x4-

...
. . .)

27.5.7
2j~(x)=l-q

x+;-.295421+.10142+.02954x
-.00578x8-

.00047x+

.000064x . . .

-x4 ln x(.0833-.00278~+.000025x*Asymptotic

. . .)
uQ=l

Representation

aa=-.

27.5.8

fm(z)-di

3-;vy

em0(ao+:+$+

. . . +$+

. . .)

b-+-1
v=3

: ,2f3
02

[27.7] M.
s

+3(m--2k)(2k+3--m)(2k+3+2m)u~

lw

(k=O,
m(x) +ig,(x)

=~mt3e-ta+i

fdt

27.5.10
91(x> = 9i%(;z>

s2(4

13, l-57

a,==.148534

us=-.000762

Evaluation

of

the

integral

J. Math. Phys. 32,188-192

(1953).

in series of the integral

Ark.

Mat., Astr., Fys.

(1921).

[27.9] J. E. Kilpatrick
and M. F. Kilpatrick,
Discrete
energy levels associated with the LennardJones potential, J. Chem. Phys. 19, 7, 930-933
(1951).
[27.10] U. E. Kruse and N. F. Ramsey, The integral

(3m2+3m-l)

12(k+2)uk+2=-(12k2+36k-3m2-3m+25)u~+I

27.5.9

Abramowitz,
m
e-u-Judu,

[27.8] H. Fax&r, Expansion

(D
exp [-z(tft-)]tadt,
s
1;,

c&)=1, a*=+2

a1 = .972222
al= .004594

= --J%(~l

1,2 . . .)

ya exp (-@+i

i)

dy, J. Math.

Phys. 30,

40 (1951).
[27.11] 0. Laporte, Absorption
coefficients for thermal
neutrons, Phys. Rev. 52, 72-74 (1937).
[27.12] H. C. Torrey, Notes on intensities of radio fre.
quency spectra, Phya. Rev. 59, 293 (1941).
(27.131 C. T. Zahn, Absorption
coefficients for thermal
neutrons, Phys. Rev. 52, 67-71 (1937).
I- 0

m~~e-z-zl~dy

for n=O, 4, 1; z=O(.Ol).l(.l)l.

MISCELLANEOUS

fib)

fib)

A(z)

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0. 5000
0.4956
0. 4912
0. 4869

1003

FUNCTIONS

--

f3W

---

I
0.

00

0. 01
0. 02
0.03
0. 04
0. 05

::

:Ei

0. 4832
0.4753
0. 4676
0. 4602

4431
4382
4333
4285
4238
4191

0. 4263
0. 3697
0. 3238
0.2855
0.2531

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0. 3970
8: E
0. 2923
0. 2654

4580
4204
3864
3557
3278

i: ES
[-s5]

~f3(4

0.00000
0.08764
0. 16933
0. 24139
0. 30136

0: 8

::X
:.t

-0. 2626
-0.2552
-0. 2441
-0. 2299
-0. 2132

0. 34805

1: 8

0.0430

0.
0.
0.
0.

iii!
Et:

2; ;;y;
-0:
0490

-0.0734

10: 0

-0.1374
-0. 1455

10.
11.
11.
12.
12.

5
0
5
0
5

0. 10288
+O. 03892

t E?::;
0: 40910
0.40592

1;
:;g
-0: 1536
-0.1322
-0. 1108

1:
-0:
-0.
-0.

;;04;2
1221
1629
1966

it fE
0: 3448
0. 3122
0.2759

-0.0896
-0.0691
-0.0493
-0.0307
-0.0132

1;
:g
-0: 1535
-0.1515
-0. 1476

:tx
14: 0
14. 5
15. 0

-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.

2233
2432
2565
2639
2657

it %
0: 1569
0. 1173
0.0792

+; ye;

-0.

14211

0: 03061
0. 04220
0. 05224

1;
-0:
-0.

:;;g
11805
10830

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

it0: ;%i
16972

2255
2015
1807
1626
1466

2415
2202
2011
1839
1685

:: ;%z
0. 2584
0.2392
0. 2215

[1(-s]

[ (-;)4]

0.06078
0.07562
0.08221
0.08191
0.07626

-0.09808
-0.07131
-0.04496
-0.02082
-0.00010

it XE
0.06684

+;: 0.03707
;;W$

8X

4f3W

-0. 50000
0. 49019
46229
0. 41950
0. 36543

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

f&

fd4

fib)

-(-$61

8:z
tt

Table 27.5

0
0
0
0
0

0: 02937
0.01727

: . 84;::

4-O. 00650
-0.00259
zoo. gg;

0.04109
0.03758
0.03268
0.02696

-0:

0.02089

01872

-0.02118
-0.01906
-0.01435
-0. 00879
-0.00360

+O. 00921
-0.00022
-0.00650
-0.00965
-0.01021

[ q1-J

[ (-;)7]

[ (q3P-j
Compiled

[ -921

[ (-$51

[ (--:)4]

from U. E. Kruse and N. F. Ramsey, The integral

du, J. Math.

Phys. 30,40 (1951) (with permission)

Asymptotic

Power

27.6.1

f(z)=-e-z21n

Series

27.6.4

Representation

z+emz2[&

&

Representation

k,Gyil)

-2

kg&l

27.6.2
z-e

-9 In ,&+i .&
2

(For y and the digamma

ter 6.)
Relation

to the

(--lMk+lwk

k=O

function

Exponential

k!

yS(x)),see chap-

[27.14]

A. ErdBlyi,
Note on the paper
gral
by R. H. Ritchie,
Comp.
4, 31, 179 (1950).

On
Math.

a definite
Tables

[27.15]

E. T. Goodwin

Table

of

Quart.
J. Mech.
x=0(.02)2(.05)3(.1)10.
z=O(.Ol)l.

Integral

emz2Ei (2) +&ems JO e12dt

z
(For Ei (CC)see chapter 5; emz2 ef2 dt, see chapter
s0
78

and J. Staton,

27.6.3 f(x) =-5

[27.16]

R. H. Ritchie,
Aids Comp.

Appl.

Math.
Auxiliary

On a definite
integral,
4, 30, 75 (1950).

inteAids

0m $
du,
s
1, 319 (1948).
function
for

Math.

Tables

1004
Table

MISCELLANEOUS

FUNCTIONS

27.6

=
x

f(z)

+ In z

--

II---

0. 00

0.
0.
0.
0.

05
10
15
20

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

25
30
35
40
45

-0. 2886
-0. 2081
-0. 1375
- 0.0735
-0.0146
Z:

0. 50

f(z) + In z

II

----I

=
--

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

50
55
60
65
70

0. 2704
0.3100
0.3479
0.3842
0. 4192

E
0. 1398
0. 1856
0.2290

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

75
80
85
90
95

0.4529
0. 4854
0.5168
0. 5472
0.5766

0.2704

1. 00

1. 0

::i
::;:
1. 9

0.6051

2. 0

from

[(-$2-j

E. T . Goodwin

and J. St&on,

27.7.

27.7.1

Integral

f(x)=-1

f(x) =kg

2: 2
2. 3
2. 4

0.4460
0.4239
0.4040
0.3860
0.3695

2. 5

0.2944

4: F
2. 8
2. 9

0. 2848
2758
0. 2673
0.2594

t::
7. 5

0.3543

3. 0

0.2519

8. 0

Functional

for

of

ag
c
u+z

du, Quart.

J. Me&.

+f(l+x)

27.7.5 f(x>+f

Math.

1,319

(1948)

to

[ (-yJ]

(with

permission).

Debye

Functions

(l-z)+;

[27.18]

K. Mitchell,

[27.19]

E. 0. Powell,
integrals,

(12x20)

(12

=;f(l-x?>

(In s)*

mew

functions

of the function

An integral
Phil.
Mag.

related
7, 34,

x=0(.01)2(.02)6,

to the
600-607

radiation
(1943).

7D.

A. van Wijngaarden,
Polylogarithms,
by the Staff
of the Computation
Department,
Report
R24,
Mathematisch
Centrum,
Amsterdam,
Holland
(1954).

5 In (x+1) -g-;j(x*)

and associated
England,
1958).

* --log
Il-Yl
dy
s0
Y

with an account
of some properties
of this and
related
functions,
Phil. Mag. 40, 351-368
(1949).
z=-l(.Ol)l;
2=0(.001).5,
9D.
Tables

:zdy,

[27.20]

-!&

Lewin,
Dilogarithms
(Macdonald,
London,

x>O)

(O_<z<l)

f(~-)=-f(e)-;=So
L.

(21x10)

27.7.6
f(s+l)-f(z)=-In

Appl.

[27.17]

Relationships

(k)=-k

1468
1356
1259
1175
1102

0. 1037

[-y-j

27.7.7

dt

27.7.4
f(l-4

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

fl = 2)

@$

2 In

2 i
4. 5
5. 0

27.7.3
f(z)+f(l--2)=-ln

0.2519
0. 2203
0. 1958
0. 1762
0. 1602

:: Fi

[ (-i)7]

Expansion

(-1)

.-

0.3543
0.3404
0.3276
0.3157
0.3046

Relation

gl

Series

27.7.2

Table

f(z)

3. 0

;:

Dilogaritbm

@pences

f(z)

[(-y]
Compiled

f(z)
0.6051
0.5644
0.5291
0.4980
0.4705

:. 4
1: 3
1. 4

z=ti,
10D.

P,,(z)=~&
for

z=O(.Ol)l;

h- nzh for

z=z=

z=eira/*

for

- l(.Ol)l;
a=0(.01)2,

MISCELLANEOUS

1005

FUNCTIONS

Table

Dilogarithm

27.7

f(x)=-S,y+it
I

f(z)

f(z)

f(z)

_-

Fixi
0: 34

40
41
42
43
44

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

72758
71239
69736
68247
66774

6308
5042
1058
9725
6644

9393
6675
7798
0654
4053

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.80608
0.79002
0. 77415
0. 75846
0.74293

2689
6024
3992
0483
9737

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

45
46
47
48
49

0.65315
0. 63870
0. 62439
0. 61021
0.59616

7631
8705
6071
6108
5361

7624

0. 40

0.72758

6308

0. 50

0. 58224

0526

20
21
22
23
24

1. 07479
1.05485
1. 03527
1. 01603
0.99709

4600
9830
7934
0062
9088

0. 30
0. 31

0. 15
0. 16
0. 17
0.18
0. 19

1. 18058
1. 15851
1. 13693
1.11580
1.09510

1124
6487
6560
8451
3088

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

25
26
27
28
29

0.97846
0.96012
0. 94205
0.92425
0.90669

0.20

1.07479

4600

0.30

0.88937

4067
5448
9712
9041
5860

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

05
06
07
08
09

1.44063
1.40992
1.38068
1. 35267
1. 32572

3797
8300
5041
5161
8728

0. 10

1. 29971

4723

10
11
12
13
14

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

-0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

1.64493
1.58862
1. 54579
1.50789
1.47312

35
36
37
38
39

[l--3)2]
K. Mitchell,

From
(with

[ (-!)5]

[(-411
Tables

dy, with

of the function

f(z)

7624
1733
7404
6261
0471

4723
9160
7584
0101
7961

01
02
03
04

f(x)
0. 88937
0.87229
0. 85542
0.83877
0. 82233

29971
27452
25008
22632
20316

0.
0.
0.
0.

0. 00

II

an account

[-p-j

[ (-;)I

of Some properties

of this and related

functions,

Phil.

Meg. 40,351~363

(1949)

permi.?a1on).

27.8.

Clausens

Integral
Summations

and

Summahle

Related

27.8.6

27.8.1

cos

c
n=l

Series

cn4

(w<T$
27.8.3
k=l

on-l
Cw

%+

&(2=-l)

2k(2k+l)

bdKe<4
Functional

to Spences

where g(z)=

~08

(o<e<27r)

(osel27)

no r4 a282
n4 =iG-12+12--G

s!322!=~
n

c
n=~

s3-7r;

c
n=1

!!Epg!T+g-go

[27.21]

(o<e<i)
Integral

[27.22]

[27.23]

,$lnJl+i!l

[27.24]

84

71+

(T-e)

A. Ashour

(o_<esar)

0w<w

77;2

I g

n3

c&9 =ng

27.8.5

ij(e)=&P)+~

e
2 sin 2

cz!+f-$+f

m
c
n=~

Relationship

27.8.4 f&--e)=f(e)--$(28)
Relation

rJ

Representation

27.8.2

f(?r-e>=e ln 2-g

no ( >

-=--In

n=l

Series

(o<e<2r)
(o<e52n)

and
y

A. Sabri,
t Math.

Tabulation
Tables

of the function
Aids

Comp.

10,

54, 57-65
(1956).
T. Clausen,
uber
die Zerlegung
reeller gebrochener
Funktionen,
J. Reine Angew.
Math.
8, 298-300
(1832).
z=O(10)1800,
16D.
L. B. W. Jolley,
Summation
of series (Chapman
Publishing
Co., London,
England,
1925).
A. D. Wheelon,
A short table of summable
series,
Report
No. SM-14642,
Douglas
Aircraft
Co.,
Inc., Santa
Monica,
Calif.
(1953).

1006

MISCELLANEOUS

Table 27.8

FUNCTIONS

Clausens
f(0)

= -I

Integral
In (2 sin f) dt

-P

f@)+e In 0
0.000000
0. 017453
0. 034908
0. 052362
0.069818
0.087276

0.612906
0.635781
0. 657571
0. 678341
0. 698149
0.717047

0. 104735
0. 122199
0. 139664
0.157133
0. 174607

0.735080
0.752292
0. 768719
0.784398
0. 799360

0. 192084
0. 209567
0. 227055
0. 244549
0.262049

0.813635
0.827249
0.840230
0.852599
0.864379

80

f@)

80

f@)

80

f(e)

f(e)

--

0.864379
0. 886253
0.906001
0.923755
0.939633
0.953741

1.014942
1.014421
1.012886
1. 010376
1.006928
1. 002576

1;:
105
110
115

0.915966
0.883872
0.848287
0.809505
0. 767800
0.723427

2
50

0.966174
0.977020
0.986357
0.994258
1.000791

0.997355
0.991294
0.984425
0. 976776
0. 968375

120
125
130
135
140

:
0:
0.
0.

x2
56
58
60

1.006016
1. 009992
1. 012773
1.014407
1. 014942

0.959247
0.949419
0.938914
0.927755
0.915966

145
150
160
170
180

0.413831
0.356908
0. 240176
0. 120755
0.000000

3x
xi
38
40
2

90

W%E
576647
523889
469554

[ 783
Compiled

from A. Ashour

[t-y]

and A. Sabri,

[(-y]

[t-213]

Tabulation

of the function

sin
+(0) = c d, n.9
?&=I

27.9. Vector-Addition

(Wigner

Math.

Tables

Aida

Comp.

[ q4]

10. bl. 67435 (19561 (with

permission).

Coefficients

coefficients or Clebsch-Gordan

coefficients)

Definition

27.9.1
(j,j2m,m*lj1j2jm)=~(m,

m1+m2)

<j,+j,-~~!0+j*-j,>!(j+j,-j,,!(aj+l>
J

o+jl+j2+1>!

(-1>JO;+~l>~(jl-~l>~(j2+~2>~(j2-m2>!O+m>~(j-m>!
* T

k!(j,+j,-j-~>!(j,-m,-k>!(j,+m~--k)!(j-jz+m,+k)!0-j1-m~+~)!

Conditions

27.9.2
27.9.3

jl, j2, j=+n

or+:

27.9.8

(n=integer)

27.9.9

ImlIj1,

Imzlljz,

(jlj2mlm21j~j2jm)=0

14 Ij
mli-m,Zm

jl+j2+j=n
Special

Values

27.9.4
27.9.5

27.9.10

(jlOmlOIjlOjm)=~(jl, j)s(m,, m)

27.9.11

(jlj2001j&jO) =0

27.9.12

(j,jlmlmlIj,jljm)=O

27.9.6
27.9.7

j,+j,+j=Sn+l
2jI+j=2n+l

MISCELLANEOUS
Symmetry

27.9.17

Relations

27.9.13
(j,j2mmlihjm>

27.9.18

=(-1)11+~-(j,jz-m,-m2~jIj2j-m)
27.9.14

=t.hjl-ma-mlIj&j-m)

27.9.15

=(-1)1~+t~-f(j2jlm,m21

1007

FUNCTIONS

= gE$ (-l)ll-~l+l-~(jjam-ma
J
Ijjkh)
=

(-l)l-"+ll-"l(jljma-m

lj2jj~--md

27.9.19

j2jljm)

zz

$J+

(-l)Jl-ll(jljml-m

J
Ijljh-m2>

27.9.16

27.9.20
=

(-l)jp+%(jj,-mm,

(-l)jl-l(

jj,m-m,

Ijj2jl -4

I j&h>

(jl% ml ma IA %j ml

j=

m=H

Table 27.9.1

<

ma=-%

Table 27.9.2
m=-1

h+ 1

~r+m)~l-t-m+l)
J

(2ji+ 1)(2j1+2)

(j,-m+1)0'l+m+l)

(2jl+l)l.,h+l)

(j,-m)($-m+l)
-\I (2jl+l)@j1+2)

1008

MISCELLANEOUS

Table 27.9.3

(A % ml maIA 74j 4

j=

A--%

ma=%

ma=%
(j,+m-f/2)Cj~+mf~/z)(jl+m+~)
(2jt+1)(2j1+2)(2j1+3)

A+%

jl+!h

FUNCTIONS

_
J

3(j,+m-M)(j1+m+%)(j~--m+%)
2jr(2jl+ 1)(%+3)

a(j,+m+~)(j,+m+h)(j,-m+S/2)
(2jl+l)(2j1+2)(2j1+3)

-lir3m+4~;

30'lf

(2j,-1fi,~~,';2j1+2)

(2j,-1)(2jl+l)(2jl+2)

O',-m-~)(j,-m+Yz)(jl-m+3/1)
2ji(2jl-11)(2jl+l)

j,-#

30'1+m-~)O'I-m--Im,~,-m+Yz)
2j,(2jl-1)(2jl+l)
J

ms=-$4

30'l+m+~)(j,-m+y,)O'I-m+~)
(2jl+1)(2jr+2)(2ji+3)

(jl+3m+K)Jii)
-(jl-3m-%)
-

j,+m+%
(2j,-1)(2jl+l)(2j1+2)

30'l+m-~)(j,+m+~)Cil-m-~)
2j1(2jl-11)(2jl+l)

ma=-%

(j,-m-%)(j,-m+~)(jl-m+~)
(2jl+l)(2jt+2)(2j1+3)

30',+m+~)(j,-m-y,)O'l-m+~)
2j1(2jl+ 1) C&+3)
30',+m+~)(j,+m+K)O'l-m-Yz)
(2jl-l)(2jl+1)(2j1+2)
O',+rn-~)(j,+m+M)O'l+m+3/2)
2j,(2j,- 1) (2jl+ 1)

Table

27.9.4

(5 2 ml ma IA 2 j ml

m9=2

j=

iI+2

(j,+m-l)(j,+m)(j,+m+l)O',+m+2)
(2jl+1)(2j,+2)(2j,+3)(2j,+4

J
_

A+1

jl-2

j,+l

O',+m-l!O'1-m)O',-m+1)0'1-m+2)
2(~,-1)~10',+1)(2j,+l)

0',+2m-1)
1)

(j,-m+
1) i&-m)
($-l)j,(2jl+1)(2j,+2)

,-m+l)O',-m)O',-m-1)0'l+m-l)
(jl-1)(2j,-l)jt(2j,+l)

(j,-m-l)(j,+m+l)(j,+m)O',+m-l)
6,-l) (2j,- l)j,@j,+

(2j,+3)

(j,-m-l)(j,+m)(j,+m+l)O',+m+2)
(j,-l)j,(2j,+l)(2j,+2)
~,+m-l)~,+m)~,+m+l)(jl+m+2)

1)

(2j,+4)

(j,-m-l)(j,-m)(j,-m+l)O',+m+2)
jl(2jl+
1) O'I+ 1) (%+4
(j,-m-l)(j,-m)(j,+m+l)O'l+m+2)
(2j,-l)j,(2j,+2)(2j,+3)

1)

(j,+m+l)O'l+m)
(.j,-l)j,(2jl+1)(2j,+2)
-

(2j,+ 1) (2j,+2)

(2j,-2)(2j,-1)2j,(2j,+l)

(j,-m+l)(j,+m+l)
j1(2jl+l)C.j~+l)o'1+2)
3m*-jlC$+l)
11j16'1+ 1) (%+3)
3Cj,-m)ti,+m)
,--l)j,(Zj,+l)&+l)
3(j,-m)(j,-m-l)(j,+m)ti,+m-1)
(2jl-2)(2jrl)j,(2j,+

~,-m-i)~,-m)~,-m+l)(jl-m+2)
J

(j,-m+l)O',-m)
J j,(2jl+ 1) C&+2)&+2)

3($-m) ti,+m+
(2m+1)-/(2j,-l)j,(2j,+2)(2j,+3)

3(j,-m+2)(j,-m+l)(j,+m+2)0',+m+l)
(2j,+1)(2j,+2)(2j,+3)0',+2)

d(2jl-

mz=-2

(j,-m+2)(j,-m+l)(j,-m)ti,+m+2)
(2j,+l)(j,+l)@j,+3)0',+2)

t.j1+2m+2)

3(j,-m+l)til+m)
(2j,-l)j,@j,+2)(2j,+3)

ma=-1

j,-1
h-2

O',-m+2)O',+m+2)O't+m+l)O'l+m)
(2j,+l)(j,+l)@j,+3)0',+2)

(l--m)

(.j,-m-l)($-m)(j,-m+l)(j,-m+2)
(2jl-2) (2jl- 1)2j,(2j,+

ml=0

-0.,-2m+2)J2j,(~~~~~~~~~2~

O',+m-1)O',+m)O',+m+1)0'1-m+2)
Zj,(j,+1)0',+2)(2j,+l)

j=

5+2

3~,+m-l)~l+m)~~-m+1)O'~-m+2)
(2j,-l)2jl(j,+l)(2j,+3)

ji-1

m=l

1)

1010

MISCELLANEOUS

FUNCTIONS

27.9.5 [By use of symmetry

relations,
coefficients may be put in standard form j,<j,<
j
and m>O]

Table

m2 1 m 1 A 1 j

(jlj2mmzl

j, j2jm)

j2=!4

-E
H

$2

81

it1: 00000
E::

46

-1

-5E
-2

0.70711
0.00000
-t y;;;
-0:0.81650
70711

x4-i

0. 57735
1.00000

5#

0.81650
0.40825

5;
4

0.40825
0.70711
0.70711
1.00000

h=K

0.73030
-0.25820
-0. 63246
0. 63246
-0. 77460
0. 70711
0.70711
0.86603
0.50000
1.00000
0.50000
0.50000
-0.50000
- 0.50000
0. 70711
0.00000
-0.70711
0. 70711
-0.70711
0.54772
0.77460
0.31623
0. 77460
0. 63246
1.00000

Compiled
cients,
Oak
@54)
(with

from A. Simon,
Ridge
National
permission).

Numerical
Laboratory

tables of the Clebsch-Oordan

Report
1718, Oak Ridge,

co&lTerm.

[27.25] E. U. Condon and 0. A. Shortley, Theor

atomic s ectra (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Sal2
bridge, 2 ngland, 1935).
127.26) M. E. Rose, Elementary
theory of an ular momemtum (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., If ew York,
N.Y., 1955).
127.271 A. Simon, Numerical tables of the Clebsch-Gordan
coefficients, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Report 1718, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (1954).
~o~j~p3; mimzm) for all angu%r moments <#,

*see

page

n.

28. Scales of Notation

A. SCHOPF~

S. PEAVP,

Contents
Page
Representation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1012

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1013

References.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1015

Table 28.1.

2f in Decimal,

n=0(1)50,

. . . . . . . . . . .

1016

Table 28.2.

2 in Decimal,

zc=.001(.001) .01(.01).1(.1).9,

15D . . .

1017

Table 28.3.

lo* in Octal,

Exact or 20D . . . . . . .

1017

Table 28.4.

n log,, 2, n log, 10 in Decimal,

10D . . . .

1017

Table 28.5.

Addition
and Multiplication
Tables, Binary and Octal
Scales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .

1017

Mathematical

1017

Numerical

Table28.6.

of Numbers.

Methods

The authors acknowledge

checking of the tables.

n=0(1)18,

Constants

Exact

n=l(l)lO,

in Octal

Scale . . . . . . . .

the assistance of David S. Liepman

1 National Bureau of Standards.

* Guest worker,
National
Bureau
(deceased).

of Standards,

from

The

in the preparation

American

and

University
1011

28. Scales of Notation

Representation
Any positive real number x can be uniquely
represented in the scale of some integer b>l as
x=(A,

. . . AIA,,.a-la-2

. . .)(b),

of Numbers
Integers

X=(A,

. . .

(I) b-scale arithmetic.

and define

AlAo)

Convert ?; to the b-scale

where every A, and am5 is one of the integers 0,

1
not all Ai, aWj are zero, and
* *, b-l,
Am)0 if z 11.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between the number and the sequence
x=A,b+

. . . SAlb+%+~

a- jb-5

where the infinite series converges. The integer b

is called the base or radix of the scale.
The sequence for x in the scale of b may terminate,
i.e., a-.-l=a-n-2=
. . . =0 for some
n>l
so that
x=(A,,,

. . . A1Ao.a-la-2

where 2, xi, . . ., xi are the remainders and

Xl, x2, * . ., X; the quotients (in the b-scale)
where X, X1, . . ., X;.+ respectively are divided
by z in the b-scale. Then convert the remainders
to the z-scale,

. . . a-,Jca,;

then x is said to be a finite b-adic number.

A sequence which does not terminate may have
the property that the infinite sequence aml, a-,,
. . . becomes periodic
from a certain
digit
a-,(n>l)
on; according as n=l
or n>l
the
sequence is then said to be pure or mixed recurring.
A sequence which neither terminates nor recurs
represents an irrational number.

(z&,=&

(z-4&;)=&

. . ., (Ti&;)=Ji;

and obtain
x=

(24; . . . ZJ&).

(II) &scale arithmetic.

Convert b and Ao,
A,, . . ., A,,, to the g-scale and define, using
arithmetic operations in the J-scale,
Xm_1=A,b+A,-1,
X,-2=X,-1b+A,-,,

Names of Scales

X,=-&b+A,,
Base

Scale

2
3
4

Binary
Ternary
Qu?ternary

2
7

2eiEiy
Septenary

Base
8
9
10
11
12
16

Scale

X=X,b+A,.
Octal
Nonary
Decimal
Undenary
Duodenary
Hexadecimal

General Conversion Methods

Any number can be converted from the scale

of b to the scale of some integer z# b, z>l,
by
using arithmetic
operations in either the b-scale
or the $-scale.
Accordingly,
there are four
methods of conversion, depending on whether the
number to be converted is an integer or a proper
fraction.
1012

then

Proper

fractions

2=

(0.~3~la-,

. . . )(a)

To convert a proper fraction x, given to n digits

in the b-scale, to the scale of ii Z b such that inverse
conversion from the J-scale may yield the same n
rounded digits in the b-scale, the representation
of x in the z-scale must be obtained to n rounded
digits where n satisfies i?>b*.
(III)
b-scale arithmetic.
Convert a to the
b-scale and define

SCALES

OF

where &, SiL, . . ., ii-;; are the integral parts and

Xl, 22, * - *, G the fractional parts $n the b-scale)
of the products & z$, . . ., ~-lb, respectively.
Then convert the integral parts to the kcale,
(&)(B)=ii-l,

1013

NOTATION

Convert 6 and a-,,

(IV) z-scale arithmetic.
to the J-scale and define, using
arithmetic operations in the &scale,

a-2, . . .) a-,

. . ., E&,=L,

(z.2)(;,=ii-2,

x+2=x-.+db+a-.+a
x-1=xJbSa-1;

and obtain

then
x= (OLIii-2

Numerical

Methods

The examples are restricted to the scales of 2,

8, 10 because of their importance
to electronic
computers.
Note that the octal scale is a power of the binary
scale. In fact, an octal digit corresponds to a
triplet of binary digits. Then, binary arithmetic
may be used whenever a number either is to be
converted to the octal scale or is given in the octal
scale and is to be converted to some other scale.
Decimal

1 2 3

10

Octal

123

10

11

12

Binary

1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010

Convert X= (1369)c10j to the octal

scale. By (I) we have b=lO, z=8c0, and so,
using decimal arithmetic,
Example

x=xsel/b.

. . . &J(6).

1.

Convert
X=-(2531) (*) to the
decimal scale. By (I) we have b= lO= (12) (*) and
hence, using octal arithmetic,
Example

2.

2531/12=210+11/12
210/12=15+6/12
15/12=1+3/12
l/12=0$1/12

Thus, converting
&=

(11)(B)=9,

to the decimal
&=6ce,=6,

scale,

x2=3(*)=3,

&

1,

and so
X= (1369)(10,.
By (II) we have b= 10, and the octal digits of X
are unchanged in the decimal scale. Hence,
using decimal arithmetic,

1369/8=171+1/8,
171/8=21+3/8,

21/8=2+5/8,
2/a=o+218;

Using binary arithmetic

we have, by
b=8=(lOOO)o,
and A,=l,A1=(11)(2),A2=(101)(2),
Aa= (10)c2,. Then,

then
X=

(2531),,.

By (II) we have b= (12)(*, and As= lc8), A2

=3(*), A1=6(,=,), Ao=(ll)(g,.
Hence, using octal
arithmetic,
x,=1-12+3=

(15)(*),

X~=10~1000+101=(10

x,=10
x=10

(II),

lOl),,,

101~1000+11=(10

101 Oil)@,,

101 011*1000+1=(10

101 011 001)(2),

xr=15~12+6=(210)~8,,
x=210-

12+11=

(2531)(*,.

Using binary arithmetic

we have, by (II),
~=(1010)~2~ and &=l~,
A2=(ll)~2,,
A=(l10)c2j,
AO(lOO1)o,. Thus
x,=1*1010+11=(1101)(2,,
x,=1101*1010+110=(10

x=10

001 OOO)@,,

001 ooo.lolo+lool=(lo

whence, on converting

101011 OOl),,,

to the octal scale,

X=(2531)(8,.

whence, on converting
x=

to the decimal scale,

(1369)clo,.

Observe that in both examples above, octal

arithmetic
is used as an intermediate
step to
convert. according to (II), the given number to
the binary scale. If, instead, the given number is
first converted to the binary scale, then binary
arithmetic
may be applied directly to convert,
according to (I), the given number from the
binary scale to the scale desired.

1014

SCALES

OF

For example, in converting X= (2531),8, to the

decimal scale, we find fbst X=(10101011001)~~,
and then obtain, using (I) with g=lO=(lO1O)ca,,
10 101 011 001/1010=10

NOTATION

Alternatively,
we can apply (III)
using binary arithmetic:
(0.010 110 11).1010=11+(0.100

(0.100 011 1).1010=101+(0.100

001 ooo+lool~lolo,

(0.100 011)*1010=101+(0.011

10 001 000/1010=1101+110/1010,

(0.011 11) ~1010=100+(0.101

1101/1010=1+11/1010,
1/1010=0+1/1010.

Thus, on converting
Ao=(1001)ca,=9,

to the decimal scale,

Al=

(110)cs,=6,

Aa=l,

~&=(11)~~,=3,

whence
Convert

3.

z= (0.355)c10j to the bi-

(0.355) .8=2+0.840,

(0.080) .8=0+0.640

(0.840) .8=6+0.720,

(0.640) .8=5+0.120

(0.720) .8=5+0.760,

(0.120) .8=0+0.960

(0.760) .8=6+0.080,

(0.960) -8=7+0.680

whence x=(0.26560507
. . .)ca,. Thus,
verting to the binary scale,

on con-

In order that inverse conversion of x from the

binary to the decimal scale yield again x to the
given number n of decimal digits, we must round x
in the binary scale to at least Z digits where 5 is
chosen such that 2g>10n.
As a working rule, we
n.

Hence, to obtain x= (0.355) clgj

by inverse conversion,
binary scale to Z 2:

x must be rounded

in the

3= 10 digits.

Thus,
2=(0.010

with

b=8,

and k are to be chosen so as to satisfy d-k

2y.

15

=50.

From Table 28.1 we find

Thus, we must take k=29 and, consequently,

choose n>21.
The conversion on a desk calculator thus proceeds as follows. First, we obtain
by use of Table 28.1

Then, for conveniences sake, we convert this

number to the octal scale, using the method of
Example 3 and rounding as required, to at least
7 octal (=2l binary) digits. We find

using decimal

27?z= (1.537 4337)@,.

Hence

x-,=6/8+6=6.75,

x= (1.537 433 7)(8) * 2 -2s

and, consequently,

x-1=6.75/8$2=2.84375,
x=2.84375/8=0.355

. . . a-,),a,*2-k

2mx= (1.686 629 899) tloj

x= (0.266)(s),

(IV)

1).

where n and k are such that inverse conversion

from the binary scale to the decimal scale will
produce x to the same given 15 decimal digits.
Accordingly, by the rule stated in Example 3, n

110 110 O),,.

TO carry out the inverse conversion we can first

convert to the octal scale,

and then apply

arithmetic:

ll),

Note that the fractional part in any step is the

unconverted remainder.
Thus, to round at any
step, it is only necessary to ascertain whether the
unconverted portion to be neglected is greater or
less than 4; i.e., whether, in the binary scale, the
first neglected digit is 1 or 0.
Example 4. Convert z= (3.141593)c10j~ 10m9 to
the binary scale.
The desired representation is
x=(l.u-la-a

110 101 110 000 101 000 111 . . .)@,.

may take ?i >$

Oil),

x= (0.3554)ClO,

nary scale.
We first convert to the octal scale, using decimal
arithmetic.
By (III), we find with b=8

2=(0.010

011 l),

Converting the integral parts to the decimal scale,

we find
z-,=(11),,=3,
^a-a=Z-3=(101)(2,=5,
&=(100),=4,
and thus

X= (.1369) (10).
Example

with g= (1010) (aj,

46875.

x=(1.

101 011 111 100 011 011 111)@,*2-.

SCALES

To convert x back to the decimal scale we only

need to obtain from Table 28.1 the various powers
of 2 which appear in the above representation and
sum them.
However, since 2-ln=2-m+1-2-m
for
any real constant m, it is more convenient to
reduce first the binary representation
of x to the
form
x,2-24 ,2-31_2-33_2-39+2-42_2-46_2-w

and then sum these powers of 2. (Note that the

number of summands is thereby decreased from
16 to 7.) From Table 28.1 we have
+2-=+3.725
-2-31=-2-33=-2-3Q=+2-=-I-2-4(1=-2-W=x=

.465
.116

290
661
415

298
287
322

*lo-*
.lO+
.lO+

.OOl

818

989

000 227
:OOO 028
.ooo 000

374
422
888

.lO+
-10-Q
.lO+
-10-Q

764

.lO+

3.141

592

Nine decimal digits are used for sufficient accuracy

reserve. Hence, rounding
to seven significant
figures, we find
x= (3.141593)(1lJ,*lo

-9

1015

OF NOTATION

We first compute, using 4.1.19 and Table 4.1,

.05764
log,, x 83.44295
log, x=-=
.30103 =277+mt
kl0
2
and find from
Hence
log, x=277+

Table

4.1, .05764=loglo

log,, 1.1419
log10

=277+1og,

Conversion back to the decimal

as follows, we write
log,, x=log,, 2 log2 x
=log,,2{265+logz

To convert a number such as

=log,,

265+lOg,o

=265 log,, 2 +lO&,

10

scale proceeds

(11105)

,3,}

(11105)(8)
log10

log, x=&==k++2

1.1419

and so
x=(1.1419)(10, *2 277.
,
Now we apply the methods of Example 3 to obtain (1.1419)~,o,=(1.110516),8,
where octal notation is used for the sake of convenience.
To round such that inverse conversion will yield
the same decimal digits of x, observe that the last
non-zero decimal digit of x is 3. 1080. Table 28.4
shows that 2286<10*<2266.
Hence, in the binary
scale, x must be a binary integer times 22aa; i.e.,
(1.110516)(8, must be rounded to 4 octal (= 12
binary) digits.
As a result,
x=(1.1105)~g~~2277=(11105)~g~~2286
=(l 001 001 000 lOl)n22@

to the binary scale, where k is a positive integer

so large that Table 28.1 cannot be used, apply the
following device: Compute

1.1419.

(11105),8,.

Hence, converting
(11105)(8J to the decimal
scale by any of the methods of Example 2, we
obtain
log,, x=265 log,, 2+logl,, 4677

10

which yields, using Table 4.1

where k is the quotient and xl the remainder, the
division being carried out in the decimal scale.
Then find r]=lOl, i.e., xl=loglo 7, so that .
log, x=k+B=k+log,

rl

log,0 x=83.44292
Thus, by Table 4.1, we find, rounded
significant figures,
x= (2.773)cIo,. lOa.

to four

whence
x=

h)

References

(10,2.

Now convert (I),~~, to the binary scale by any of

the methods described above.
A similar device may be used to convert to the
decimal scale a binary number that is outside the
range of Table 28.1.
Example 5. Convert x= (2.773)(ro,.1083 to the
binary scale.

J. Malengreau, fitude dea Bcritures bin&es, Bibliothhque Sci. 32 Mathkmatique.

Edition Griffon,
NeuchBtel, Suisse (1958).
[28.2] D. D. McCracken, Digital computer programming
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.,
1957).
[28.3] R. K. Richards, Arithmetic
operation
in digital
computers (D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York,
N.Y., 1955).
[2&l]

SCALES OF NOTATION

1016
Table 28.1

2*

2n

IN DECIMAL

2
4
1:
32

2
3
4
5

0.125

64
128
256
512
1024
2048

1;:
11

4096
8192
16384

12

32768
65536
1 31072

15
16
17

2 62144
5 24288
10 48576

18
19
20

46 97265 625
73 48632 8125
36 74316 40625

20 97152
41 94304
83 88608

21
22
23

68 37158 20312 5
84 18579 10156 25
92 09289 55078 125

167 77216
335 54432
671 08864

zz
26

96 04644 77539 0625

98 02322 38769 53125
49 01161 19384 76562 5

:i

0.000s952587 89062 5
0.00000,76293 94531 25

1342 17728
2684 35456
5368 70912

27
St

50580 59692 38281 25

25290 29846 19140 625
62645 14923 09570 3125

10737 41824
21474 83648
42949 67296

30
31
32

31322 57461 54785 15625

65661 28730 77392 57812 5
32830 64365 38696 28906 25

85899 34592
1 71798 69184
3 43597 38368

33

6 87194 76736
13 74389 53472
27 48779 06944

36

32182 69348 14453 125

66091 34674 07226 5625
83045 67337 03613 28125

;z

;i

0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000

51 91522 83668 51806 64062 5

75 95761 41834 25903 32031 25
37 97880 70917 12951 66015 625

54 97558 13888
109 95116 27776
219 90232 55552

39
40
41

0.00000 00000
0.00000 00000

18 98940 35458 56475 83007 8125

09 49470 17729 28237 91503 90625
54 74735 08864 64118 95751 95312 5

439 80465 11104

879 60930 22208
1759 21860 44416

42

0.00000 00000 00%27 37367 54432 32059 47875 97656 25

0.00000 00000 00 3 68683 77216 16029 73937 98828 125
0.00000 00000 000 6 84341 88608 08014 86968 99414 0625

3518 43720 88832

7036 87441 77664
14073 74883 55328
28147 49767 10656
56294 99534 21312
112589 99068 42624

ti

0.00000

00000

0.00000 00000 000

0.00000 00000 000
0.00000 00000 000

42170 94304 04007 43484 49707 03125

21085 47152 02003 71742 24853 51562 5
10542 73576 01001 85871 12426 75781 25

00000 000 t 55271 36788 00500 92935 56213 37890 625

0.00000 00000 000 77635 68394 00250 46467 78106 68945 3125
0.00000 00000 00000 8817 84197 00125 23233 89053 34472 65625
0.00000

SCALES

1017

OF NOTATION

2 IN DECIMAL
x

0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009

1.00069
1.00138
1.00208
1.00277
1.00347
1.00416
1.00486
1.00556
1.00625

33874
72557
16050
64359
17485
75432
38204
05803
78234

x
62581
11335
79633
01078
09503
38973
23785
96468
97782

1.00695
1.01395
1.02101
1.02811
1.03526
1.04246
1.04971
1.05701
1.06437

0. 01
0. 02
0.03
0.04
0. 05
0.06
0.07
0. 08
0. 09

lo*11

lo

3
46
575
1 346

0
:

1.000
0.063
0.005

000 000 000

146 314
075
341 631
217

000
270
463

1 750
23 420

3
4

0.000
0.000

406 111
032 155

570
530

303
641
113
360
545

240
100
200
400
000

564
613

00'000
000

000 476
002
206 157
132

364
610

055
706

37
64

0.000 000 001

0:OOO
015 327
257

143
745

561
152

06
75

0.000

560

276

41

104

1
16
221
2 657
34
434
5 432
67 405

n log10

n loml 2

0. 6
o"G
0: 9

327
157
127
553

n log* 10

0.60205
0.30102

99913
99957

3.32192
6.64385

61898
80949

1.20411
0.90308

99827
99870

13.28771
9.96576

23795
42847

1.50514

99763

16.60964

04744

ADDITION

28.3

10 I1

762
564
210
520
440

000
000
000
000
000

10
11
12
13
14

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

000 000
000 000
000 000
000 000
000 000

006
000
000
000
000

676
537
043
003
000

337
657
136
411
264

66
77
32
35
11

724 461 500

115 760 200
413 542 400
164 731 000

000
000
000
000

15
16
17
18

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000

000
000
000
000

022
001
000
000

01
63
14
01

112
351
432
411
142

402
035
451
634
036

n log2 10 IN DECIMAL

2,

Talh!

34625
83549
44133
79107
35623
65665
47927
11265
59830

IN OCTAL

000 00
146 31
243 66
651 77
704 15

ll

000 000

1.07177
1.14869
1.23114
1.31950
1.41421
1.51571
1.62450
1.74110
1.86606

10

1::

28.2

56719
90029
07193
56067
41377
41121
23067
613.90
53360

lo-

n
1

55500
94797
21257
38266
49238
57608
66836
80405
01824

Ialde

Ta,lr

;
i
10

-4ND MULTIPLICATION

99740
99696
99653
99610
99566

19.93156
23.25349
26.57542
29.89735
33.21928

TABLES

Addition

28.-l

72log2 10

72log,0 2
1.80617
2.10720
2.40823
2.70926
3.01029

000
000
000
000

85693
66642
47591
28540
09489

TaI)lc 28.5

Multiplication
Binary Scale

O+l=l+O=

o+o=

0x1=1x0=0

l+l=lO

0x0=0
1x1=1

Octal Scale
01

02

03

04

05

06

07

02

03

04

05

06

07

02

03

04

05

06

07

10

04

06

10

12

14

16

11

14

17

22

25

03

04

05

06

07

10

11

06

04

05

06

07

10

11

12

10

14

20

24

30

34

05

06

07

10

11

12

13

12

17

24

31

36

43

06

07

10

11

12

13

14

14

22

30

36

44

52

07

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

25

34

43

52

61

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

MATHEMATICAL
*=

(3.11037

552421)c8j

* -l=

(0.24276

3O1556)c8j

ii=

(1.61337

611O67)c8)

CONSTANTS
e=
e-l=
y'i=

IN OCTAL

211.6

521335)cB)

(0.27426

53O661)c8j

hl

I=

-(0.43127

2336O2)c8)

(1.51411

23O7O4)c8)

lo&r2

.,=

do.62573

O3O645)c8)

T= (1.11206

404435)(*)

log10

e=

(0.33626

754251)cB)

lo@

T= (1.51544

163223)(,)

log2

e=

(1.34252

166245)c8)

(3.12305

407267)(*)

1(-j=

(3.24464

741136)(*)

logi

Table

(2.55760

dlo=

SCALE
Y=

(0.44742

~2= (1.32404

hl

1477O7)cB,

74632O)c8j

In 2=

(0.54271

027760)c81

lo=

(2.23273

O67355)c8)

29. Laplace

Transforms

Contents
29.1. Definition

of the Laplace

29.2. Operations

for the Laplace

29.3. Table of Laplace

..........................

.............

Transform

Transforms

29.4. Table of Laplace-Stieltjes

References

Transform

............

................

Transforms

Page
1020
1020
1021

............

1029
1030

29. Laplace
29.1.

Definition

of the

One-dimensional

29.1.1

f(s)=.Y{F(t)]

Laplace

Transforms
function of s in the half-plane B?s>s,.

Transform

Laplace

Transform

=lrn

e-F(t)dt

Two-dimensional

j(u, v)=Y{F(z,

B-t-

for

the

Laplace

Function

(t=O)
u(t)
(t<o)
(txo

Transform
Image

F(t)

e-F(t)dt

&W

+&Cd

Function j(s)

Formula

c_im
c Irn

Linearity

Step

y)dm!y

In the following tables the factor

is to be
understood as multiplying the original function
F(t).

Function F(t)

Inversion

Unit

+
1 1

AB e--ElotF(t)dt

29.2.1

29.2.3

u(t)=

29.1.3

29.2. Operations

-2,,

of the

e-uz-ouF(x,

exists, then it converges for all s with %?s>sO,and

the image function is a single valued analytic

29.2.2

y) 1=lmS,-

Definition

Original

Transform

29.1.2

F(t) is a function of the real variable t and s is a

F(t) is called the original funccomplex variable.
If the
tion andf(s) is called the image function.
integral in 29.1.1 converges for a real s=so, i.e.,
l&

Laplaee

e'"j(s)ds

Property

AF(t)+BG(t)
Differentiation

29.2.4

F(t)

29.2.5

F(t)

V(S)---F(+O)

sf(s)-s-1F(+0)-s-2F(+O)-

. . . --F'"-l'(+O)

Integration

29.2.6

S
Ir

F(T)ds

ff(4

29.2.7

;A4

F(X)dAdr
ss
0 0
Convolution

29.2.8

(Faltung)

F,(t--)Fz(7)dr=Fl*Fz

fib) j*(s)

29.2.9
29.2.10

Theorem

Differentiation

f(s)

-tF(t)
(-l)vF(t)

1Adapted by permission from IL V. Churchill,

York, N.Y., 1958.
1020

P (8)
Operational

mathelhatics,

2d ed., McGraw-Hill

Book Co., Inc., New

LAPLACE
Original

Function

1021

TRANSFORMS

F(t)

Zmage

Function

f(s)

Integration

29.2.11

f F(t)

29.2.12

eF(t)

29.2.13

;F

Transformation

fc-4

fbs)

(c>O)

1 (Slc)tF i
ce
0

29.2.14

8m f(x)dx

Linear

f (cs- b)

(c>O)

Translation

29.2.15

F(t-b)u(t-6)
Periodic

29.2.16

e-""j(s)

(bX-0

a
S
a
S

Functions

e-F(t)dt

F(t+a)=F(t)

l-e-as

29.2.17

F(t+a)

e-F(t)dt

= - 6(t)

l+e+

Half-Wave

29.2.18
Full-Wave

Rectification

of F(t)

in

29.2.17

f(s)
1-e-s

F(t) .$ (-l)%(t--na)
9
Rectification

29.2.19

of

F(t)

in 29.2.17

j(s) coth 2
2

IF(t) I
Heaviside

Expansion

Theorem

PW
n(s> q(s)=(s-a,)(s-az)

. . . (s-a,,)

p(s) a polynomial of degree<m

29.2.21

r per-n,(u)
eatz

(r-n)!

p-1
(n-l)!
p(s)

a polynomial of degree<r

29.3. Table of Laplace Transforms*, 3

For a comprehensive table of Laplace a.nd other integral t8ransforms SW [29.9].
dimensional Laplace transforms see [29.11].
f(s)

F(t)

29.3.1

1
s

29.3.2

1
3

For a tnblc of tn-o-

2 The numbers in bold type in the f(s) and F(t) columns indicate the chapters in which the propcrtics of tlw rcq(xtivc:
higher mathematical functions are given.
3 Adapted by permission from R. V. Churchill, Operational mathematics, 2d. ed., McGraw-Hill
Book Co., IIIC., SW
York, N. Y., 1958.

1022

LAFLACE

TRANSFORMS

f(s)
29.3.3

1
F

F(t)

(n=l,

tn-I

2,3, . . .)

(n-l)!

kt

29.3.4

$i
29.3.5
29.3.6

s-3/2

&,- (n+))

(?a=1,2,3,.

r(k)
ts

29.3.7

24F

. .)

(k>o)

terna

(SL2

(n=l,

(sfd

29.3.11

(a#b)

(s+utb+b)
s
@+a)

29.3.16

29.3.17

29.3.18

29.3.19

29.3.20

29.3.21

(n-l)!

ae

(s+b)

1
(s+d(s+b)

(s+c)

-at-be-b1

a-b
~(b-c)e-a+(c--a)e-b+(a-b)e-c
(u-b) (b-c) (c-a)

constants)

1
s2+a2
S

-al-e-

b-a

b#b)

(a, b, c distinct
29.3.15

. . .)

tk-l,-at

(k>o)

29.3.12

29.3.14

p-le-ar

2,3,

I- (k)
(s+aY

29.3.13

. (2n-l)&

e-l

29.3.9
29.3.10

1.3.5..
ik-1

I
sfa

29.3.8

yy-,

1
; sin at

s2+a2

cos at

1
s2-a2

s2-a2

sinh at

cash at

s(s2+a2)

$ (I-cos

1
s(s+a)

f (at-sin

(s2+&

&

at)

at)

(sin at---at cos at)

LAPLACE

TRANSFORMS

1023

f(8)

F(t)

29.3.22
29.3.23
29.3.24

4 sin at
2a
$ (sin at+&

(s&)2

t co9 at

s2-a2
Cs2+a2)2

29.3.25

s
(~+a) (s2+b2)

29.3.26

1
b+4+b2

1
- em sin bt
b

29.3.27

s+a
(S+d2+b2

e-ar cos bt

29.3.28

3a2
s3+a3

29.3.29

4a3
s4+4a4

29.3.30
29.3.31

s4+4a4
1
s4--a4

co9 at)

(a2# b2)

cos at-cos bt
b2- a2

e-at -eW
sin at cash at-cos
- 1 sin at sinh at
2a2
,$ (sinh at-sin

29.3.32

&

29.3.33

(1+a2t2) sin at-at

co8 at

22

29.3.35
29.3.36

L(e-b-e-~)
2 J*t

d&a

29.3.38

fi
s-a2

29.3.39

G
s+a2

29.3.4Q

at)

(cash at-cos at)

29.3.34

29.3.37

at sinh at

1
&qs-d)

1024

LAPLACE

TRANSFORMS

f(s)

F(t)

-2
f-G

29.3.41

fib+&

29.3.42

(s-a)

b2-a2
@+&I

s0

erfc buG

b2--a2
&s-4

(6+

29.3.46

(l-s)*
p-+-t

29.3.47

(1 -sjn
an+:

Js+2a
-6

ea% z erf (u&)-l]+ebzf

[

b)

($&t

7
7

-at erf (46-u&)

(s+hs+b

29.3.48

eaZi erfc a&

&+d

29.3.45

eA2dX

eaQ[b--a erf afl--bbebQ

29.3.43

29.3.44

e-a2t

Hzn+~

ue-[II

+lo(ut)]

erfc bJi

22

HPn(~)

n!
(2n+l)!&

(4)

22

29.3.49

r (k)
(s+a)k(s+b>k

29.3.50

(k>O) 6

10

29.3.51

9
Js+zaJP&&

29.3.52

29.3.53

29.3.54

(JiG+

(a-b)
Jsfby

c&G+
ma
dWG

29.3.55

29.3.56

29.3.57

JS

(k>o)

k e-#(a+b):I
k
t

(v>-l)

J&2
WV-g
&q2

1
t eI,(ut)

(y>-

1)

Jo@4

uJ,(ut)

--fi
I(k)

t -J&t)
0 2a

6,lO

LAPLACE

f(s)
29.3.58

29.3.59

29.3.60

F(t)

( Jzw-s)k

(k>o)

(s-&=a
JF2

(v>-l)

(k>o)

(s&k

kGJ,(at)

Ul&)

J;; 4 k-fI&*(ut)

1
s e-ks

u(t-k)

29.3.62

1
2 emks

(t-k)u(t-k)

1
-g em

1 -e-kd

29.3.64

29.3.65

(t-k)r-
r(p)

WO)

l+coth

s(l-emk8)=

G--k)

I
I

2s

$ks

L-L-

u(t)--u(t-k)

6,lO

r(k) 0 2a

29.3.61

29.3.63

1025

TRANSFORMS

go u(t--nk)

L+

29.3.66

1
s(eka-u)

an-u(t--nk)

29.3.67

i tanh ks

u(t)+2

29.3.68

1
s(l+emk)

go(--l)u(t--nk)
km--2131

29.3.69

-$ tanh ks

h(t)+2

gl (-l)%(t-2nk)
z

(-l)n(t-22nk)u(t-22nk)

It=1

29.3.70

1
s sinh ks

29.3.71

1
s cash ks

2 go u[t-(2n+l)kl

1026

LAPLACE

TRANSFORMS

F(t)

f(s)
1

29.3.72

coth ks

Lx!5

u(t) +2 5 u(t-2nk)
lb=1

2k . 41 -

29.3.73

coth c
s2+k2
2k

Isinkt IzmL0 IL

(s+l)(Le-)

29.3.74

(-l)u(t-nlr)

sin

kwl
0

n-0

29.3.75

2
L
t
I

277 3r

Joh~)

29.3.76

-L

cos 24z

Jz

cash 24%

-
a

sinh 2m

fi

29.3.77

29.3.78
29.3.79
29.3.80

$ es1

(p>O)

t-
0E

29.3.81

1 5
sre

(PX)

2i.3.82

em&

(k>O)

29.3.83

-&
se

(k>O)

,g9.3.84

-k&

29.3.85
29.3.86
29.3.87

1
ae

1
pie
n-l

~3 e

-k&

-k&

-k&

2 J,+&&d
+ 1#-1(2~>

erfc k
24

(k20)

(k>

k erfc -&=24

0)

(n=O, 1,2, . . .; k>O)

(4t))

i erfc k
24

i erfc k
24

22

(n=O, 1,2, . . .; k>O)

G
*Bee page xx.
.

exp

k2
( .-Ft

>

-aeaea2 erfc (a&+-$)

LAFLACE

1027

TRANSFORMS

29.3.89
(k> 0)

-eakeaQ erfc (ay%+-$)+erfc

(k>O)

eakeaZterfc (aJz+-$)

29.3.90

-&

29.3.91
29.3.92

9
e--k~r+al
Js2+a2

(k20)

(kko)

29.3.93
29.3.94

,-k(w-8)

(k20)

J,(u@i?%i)

.-A&-

J1 (a#=i@u(t-k)

-!+Jt2_k2

I (a+2-k2)u(t-k)

Jv(a,@?>u(t-k)

Jiq2

29.3.95
29.3.96

e -ka-

-km

e-n&a

(k>o)

-e-ka

(k>O)

Js7F

awe --tJll+at

29*3*97

-Js2+a2( Js2+a2+s)

29.3.98
29.3.99
29.3.100

b>-l,k20)

--r-ln

fins
$ln

In s
s-a

t(r=.57721

(k>o)

@>O>

ea[ln a+E,(at)]

In 8
&?a+1

co9 t Si (i!)-sin

29.3.102

s In s
s2+1

-sin

f In (l+ks)

29.3.104

In -s+a
s+b

29.3.105

f In (1 +k2s2)

29.3.106

i In (s2+a2)

(k>o)

t Si (t)-cos

constant)

W(k)-In tl

29.3.101

29.3.103

56649 . . . Eulers

5
t Ci (t)
t Ci (t)

5
5
5

f (e--e-~)
(k>O)

(G-0)

2 In a-2 Ci (at)

-2Ci

1028

LAPLACE

TRANSFORMS

F(t)

f(8)
29.3.107

$ln

(s2+a2)

29.3.108

s*+d
hgp

29.3.109

29.3.110

arctan ks

29.3.111

f arctan ;

29.3.112
29.3.113

29.3.114

29.3.115

29.3.116

s [at In a+sin at-m!

~~>o)

; (1 -cm

s2-a2

; (l-cash

1
se

kW

erfc ks

ekr erfc fi
erfc &

at)

f sin kt
k

ek2r2erfc ks

at)

Si (kt)
(k>o)
(k>O)
(k>O)

(k 20)

e erfc &

&

erf 2

JE
d(t+lc)

t2

exp

-!-

u(t-k)

sin 2kG

Jz

(k10)

29.3.117

29.3.118

T
w

(k>o)

&2N-k)

(kX-0

& exp

(k>O)

@G-m

(k>o)

EexP

-?- Ko(2JEt)
Jz

29.3.119
29.3.120
29.3.121
29.3.122
29.3.123

Ko (W
Ko W)
f e%

(ks)

$ & (M)
II
k
- es K
O0 s
G

>

-43

@X-N

29.3.124

ne-Io(ks)

@X0

29.3.125

e+ll(ks>

(k>O)

1 e-2k&

-g

-t

>

k2
>

[u(t)---u(t-2k)]

Ci (at)]

LAPLACE

F(t)

f(8)

29.3.126

e"E,

29.3.127

+m,(as)

(as)

1029

TRANSFORMS

(a>@

5-

(a>@

29.3.128

a'-"emdEn

b>O;n=O,

29.3.129

b-Si(B)]

cos s+Ci(s) sin s

1,2,. . J

29.4. Table

-!t+a
(t-ta)

ft:a)n

&

of Laplace-Stieltjes

Transforms
w

ds)
m

29.4.1

e-*[d@(t)

emb

(k>o)

w>

29.4.2

29.4.3

u(t-k)

l-e-

(k>o)

go dt-nk)

29.4.4

1
1+e-k

(k>O)

go (-l)W--nk)

29.4.5

1
sinh

(k>O)

2 go

cash ks

(k>o)

2 F. (-l)u[t-(2n+l)k]

tanh ks

(k>o)

u(t)+2

29.4.6
29.4.1

29.4.8
29.4.9
29.4.10

e+
sinh (ks+a)
sinh (hs+b)
sinh (ks+a)

RX,

%cI (-l)u(t-2nk)

2 5 e-2n+1%[t-(2n+l)k]
n-o

(k>o)

sinh (ks +a)

4t-@n+l)kl

2 2 e-(2n+1%[t-h-(2n+l)k]
n=O

h>O)

(o<h<k)

n%e-

t2n+1o{ebu[t+h-(2n+l)k]
-eebu[t-h-(2n+

29.4.11

2 a,emkns
7k=O

@<ko<h<

. . .>

OkI 1

nTow(t--k,)

For the definition of the Laplace-Stieltjes

transform see[29.7]. In practice, Laplace-Stieltjes
transforms are often written as ordinary Laplace
transforms involving Diracs delta function
This function
may formally be considered as

the derivative of the unit step function, du(t) =6(t)

dt, so t,hstJ

6(t).

du(t)=J

6(t)dt={

F fz>ii.

29.22, for instance, then

m
e-16(t-k)dt.
assumesthe form eVks=
The correspo;dence

S
0

4 Adapted by permission from P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach,

Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1953.

Methods

of theoretical

physics, ~01s. 1, 2, McGraw-

1030

LAPLACE

TRANSFORMS

References
Texts

[29.1] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Operational

methods in applied mathematics, 2d ed. (Oxford
Univ. Press, London, England, 1948).
[29.2] R. V. Churchill, Operational mathematics, 2d ed.
(McGraw-Hill
Book CO., Inc., New York, N.Y.,
Toronto, Canada, London, England, 1958).
[29.3] G. Doetsch, Handbuch der Laplace-Transformation, ~01s. I-III (Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland,
1950; Basel, Switzerland,
Stuttgart,
Germany,
1955, 1956).
[29.4] G. Doetsch, Einfiihrung
in Theorie und Anwendung der Laplace-Transformation
(Birkhauser,
Base& Switzerland,
Stuttgart,
Germany, 1958).
[29.5] P. M. Morse and H. Feshbach, Methods of theoretical physics, ~01s. I, II (McGraw-Hill
Book Co.,
Inc., New York,
N.Y., Toronto,
Canada,
London, England, 1953).
[29.6] B. van der Pol and H. Bremmer, Operational

calculus, 2d ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1955).

[29.7] D. V. Widder, The Laplace transform (Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1941).
Tables

[29.8] G. Doetsch, Guide to the applications of Laplace

transforms (D. Van Nostrand, London, England;
Toronto, Canada; New York, N.Y.; Princeton,
N.J., 1961).
[29.9] A. Erdelyi et al., Tables of integral transforms,
~01s. I, II (McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y., Toronto, Canada, London, England,
1954).
[29.10] W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger,
Formulas and
theorems for the special functions of mathematical physics (Chelsea Publishing
Co., New
York, N.Y., 1949).
[29.11] D. Voelker and G. Doetsch, Die zweidimensionale
Laplace-Transformation
(Birkhauser,
Base&
Switzerland, 1950).

Subject
A
Page
Adams formulas- _______ __ __ __ _- ______ - _______
896
Airy functions-- ________-_______
367,446,510,540,
689
ascending series for-- _____________ - ______ -_-_
446
ascending series for integrals of---- _ _ - _- __ __ _ - _ 447
asymptotic expansions of ______ - .___ _--___-_ __
448
asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase--449
asymptotic forms of integrals of-- _ ____ _- ____ _449
asymptotic forms of related functions---------450
complex zeros and associated values of Bi(r) and
Bil(z)_-_-______________________________-478
computation of--- _________ - ____ - ____________
454
computation of zeros of- _ _ _ _-_ __ _ _ ___-_ _-___ _ 454
definitions---___________________ -_- ____ -___
446
differential equations- __ __ ___ __ ______ ______ 446,448
graphsof_~~~_--~~~~~_-------_-------_---~~~~~~
446
integral representations
of ____________________
447
integrals involving ____ -_ __ ___ __ __ _-__ _ ___ __.__
448
modulus and phase __________ - ______ - ____ -___
449
related functions- _ ___ _ _ __ ______ _______ _ ___-_
448
relations between--- __ _-_ ____ __ __ -_ __ _ __ _____
446
representations in terms of Bessel functions-- _ _ _ 447
tables of _____________ - ______ - _______________
475
tablesofintegralsof--______ - ____ - ______ -_-_
478
Wronskian for products of ______________ -_ _-_
448
Wronskian relations- _ _ _ __ __ __ ___ __ _ __ __ ___ __ 446
zeros and their asymptotic expansions-------..-450
Airy functions and their derivatives- _ _ __ _-_- _____
446
zeros and associated values of _ _ _ _____________
478
Airy integrals-__-_-_-_-_-_______-___________-447
Aitkens@-process ___________ - ____ -__-_-___-___
18
Aitkens iteration method- _ _ __ _ __ ____ _ _-_-___ __ 879
Angers function. _ _ _-_ __ __ __ _ _ __ _-_ _-___ __ __ 498
relation to Webers function- _- - _ _ _ __ _ - _ _ _ _ _ 498
Antilogarithm _______ - ____ -__-_- ____ - ______ -___
89
Approximate
values- ____ __ _ __ _-___ ________ -_ __ _
14
Approximation
methods _____ ___-___ ___ __ _- ____ 18
Aitkens @-process _____L___ -_ .__- ____ - _______
18
Newtons method _____ ____ -__ ___ ____ ___ _ __-_ _
18
regula falsi- _ _ _ _____ _ __ _____ -_ __ _ __ ___ ____ __
18
successive substitution___ __ ___ ____ ____ - _____
18
Argument---_____-___-___________________---16
Arithmeticfunctions
_________ - ____ -_-__-___-_-_
826
tableof~~~~_-_~~_~__-_~~_~_-___~_~___-_~___
840
Arithmetic-geometric
mean- _ _ 571, 577, 578, 580, 598, 601
Arithmetic mean- _________________ - ______ -__-_
10
Arithmetic progression- _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ __ - _ _ _ _
10
Associated Legendre functions- _ _ ___ _-_ __ __ _-_ __
331
(see Legendre functions)
Asymptotic expansions- ____ - _____________ -__-_
15

Index
PtW3
B
Basic numbers- ___________ - _____________ ______
822
Bateman function- _ ____ _-_- ______ _____________
510
Bernoulli numbers-- ____ __ _-__ _______-_________
804
table of- _ _____ -- ___________________________
810
Bernoulli polynomials ____ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ ___ ___
803
as sums of powers- ________________-_-_______
804
coefficients of _ ___ _ __ ____ __ __ ____ __ -___ ______
809
derivativesof-_________ - ______________ - ____
804
differences of ______ ____ _________ - ______ ______
804
expansionsof___-----------------------,---804
Fourier expansions of _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 805
generating function for _______________________
804
inequalities for---- _ _-_-_- _____ __ __ __ ____ ___ _ 805
integrals involving _________________-_-_
----805
multiplication
theorem for __________.._-_______
804
relations with Euler polynomials- _ _ ___________
806
special values of ___________________-_________
805
symbolic operations ____ _-_ _______ __-_____ _ __ _
806
symmetry relations-- __ _______ __ ________ _____
804
Bessel functions
as parabolic cylinder functions- _____________ 692,697
definite integrals- _ _ _ ___ _____ ____ -_ __________
485
modified _______________ - __________________
374, 509
notation for ______ _ __ ____ _____ _-_ ____ __ ______
358
of fractional order _________________-_________
437
of the first kind ___________ -__-__- ______ --_ 358,509
of the second kind- ________________________
358,509
of the third kind ______ - ______ -__- ______ -__ 358,510
orthogonality properties of _____ _ __-_ ________ __
485
representations in terms of Airy functions _ _ _ __ _ 447
spherical- _ _ ____ __ _ _ __ __ _- _ ___ _______ _____ 437,309
Bessel functions of half-integer order--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 437,497
zeros and associated values- __________________
467
zeros of the derivative and associated values---468
Bessel functions, integrals- _ _ __ _-__ _- _____ _-__ 479,485
asymptotic expansions- _ _ _ __ __-_ _-___ _-__ _ _ 480,482
computation of __________ - ______ - _______ - ____
488
convolution type---------------------------485
Hankel-Nicholson
type--- ___ _ -_ _- _____ _-_ _ __ _ 488
involving products of- _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ __ __ _-_ __
484
polynominal approximations_______________
481,482
recurrence relations ________________________
480,483
reduction formulas- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 483
repeated_-__--_---_______---_--__-----_-_--482
simple- _ _ _ ____ -_ __ __ _ __ ____ _ __ __ -_ __ _ ______
480
tables of _______________________________
-_-__
492
Weber-Schafheitlin
type ______________________
487
Bessel functions Jl(z),Y.(z)--________ 358, 379, 381, 385
addition theorems for--- ____________ - ________
363
1031

1032

INDEX

Page
Bessel functions JP(Z), Yv(z)-Continued
analytic continuation of- ___ _ ___ _ ____ _-__ _ _ _- _ 361
ascending series for- ___ ____________ __________
360
asymptotic expansion for large arguments- _ ____
364
asymptotic expansions for large orders- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 365
asymptotic expansions for zeros- ______________
371
asymptotic expansions in the transition
region
for large orders---- ____ -_- _________________
367
asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase for
large arguments-________-_-_______________
365
connection with Legendre functions ____ ____ -_ _ _ 362
continued fractions for- -_-_ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ 363
derivatives with respect to order- _ _ _ _ __ _-_ _-_ _ 362
differential equation- _ _ ______________________
358
differential equations for products- _ ___________
362
formulas for derivatives ______________________
361
generating function and associated series- - _ _ _ __ 361
graphs of_-_-_-_-___________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
359,373
in terms of hypergeometric functions-.
________
362
integral representations of- _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ 360
limiting forms for small arguments ____ -_ _ __ _-__
360
modulus and phase- _ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ __-__ _ 365
multiplication
theorem for--- _____ _ ____ __ _ ____
363
Neumanns expansion of an arbitrary function- _
363
notation ____ _-_ ______ __ __ __ __ ____ ____ _______
358
other differential equations- _ _ ________________
362
polynomial approximations_ ___ ___________ ___
369
recurrence relations ____ -_ ___ _ _-_-_-_ _________
361
recurrence relations for cross-products---_ _ _ _ _ _ 361
relations between..-- __ __ __ _ __ ______ -_-_ ____ __
358
tables of ______ _ __ __ _ __ ___ _________ ____ __ ____
390
uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders..358
upperbounds-~~~~~~_-~-~__-________________
362
Wronskian relations- _ _ _ _ _______ _____ ___ _-___
360
zeros of ______ - _______________________
-_-_-_
370
zeros, complex- _ _ _______________ _ __ __ _ _-_-__
372
zeros, infinite products for ________ -_-_ -:- _-_-_
370
zeros, McMahons
expansions for-- __ __ -_-_ __ __
371
zeros of cross products of ____________ _________
374
zeros, tables of ________________________
371,409,414
zeros, uniform expansions of- - _-_ __- _ _-_ _- ____
371
Bessels interpolation
formula- _ - - - _ - _ - _ - _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 881
betafunction_-_-L-__-___--------------------258
Biharmonic operator-----___ ___- __ __ __________
885
Binaryscale-~~___~_~_~_~_____________________
1017
Binomial coefficients- ____ _-_-_ ____ __ _____ _ 10,256,822
table of~~-~__~_~_~~~______________________
10,828
Binomial distribution_ __ _ __ ___ __ _ ____ __ _-_ ____
960
Binomialseries--________ -_- ____________ -_-___
14
Binomial theorem- _ _ _ _______ ___ _-_-_ __ _______ _
10
Bivariate normal probability
function-----------936
computation
of ________ - ________ - _______ -_-_
955
graphs of-_______-_-______-_________________
937
special values of--- _ __ _ __ __ __ ___ _-_ __ __ __ ____
937
Bodes rule-----_-_-_-_-_-_-_-----------------886
C
Cartesian form-. ______________________________
Catalans constant __-__________________________
Cauchy-Riemann
equation ________________ - ____ Cauchys inequality--___ _ ________ __ _-_-_-_ __ _Characteristic function--- _ _ _ _ __ _____ __ __ __ __ _ __

16
807
17
11
928

%X0
Chebyshev integration- _ -____ ________________ __
887
abscissas for- _ -_-___ _____ __ ___ ________ __ __ __ 920
Chebyshev polynomials- - -_______________
486,561,774
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and zn in terms of _________ _ __
795
graphs of-_-_-_-_------------------------778
values of_--_____----___-----------------795
Chebyshevs inequality _________________________
11
Chi-square distribution
function
computation of-------______________________
958
940
C&i-square probability
function- _ _ _-___ _ ______ __
941
approximations
to- ___________ __________-____
asymptotic expansion- _ _______________ _ ____ __ 941
941
continued fraction for--- __ ____ __ __-___ __ _____
cumulants for--- ____ ____ __ ____ ____ __ ___ _____
940
942
non-central--------------------------------recurrence and differential properties of _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ 941
940
relation to the normal distribution _______ -_ ____
941
relation to other functions ____________________
series expansions for. _ _________ ______ __ ____ __
941
943
statistical properties of--- __ ______ __ ____ ______
785
Christoffel-Darboux
formula ___-________________
Circular functions _____________________________
71,91
72
addition and subtraction of ________ _________ __
72
addition formulas for- _ _ _______________ I _____
76
Chebyshev approximations_ _ _ _____ -___ __ ____
75
continued fractions for- ______________________
78
definite integrals- _ _ ___ ________ - _______ ______
74
DeMoivres formula- _ _ - _____ __-_ _________ ___
77
differentiation
formulas- - _ _________ -__ _ ____ __
74
Eulers formulas ____________________ _________
75
expansion in partial fractions- _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ ____
72
graphs of-___------------------------------72
half-angle formulas- _ _- ________________ ______
77
indefinite integrals _____ ______ ________ __,______
75
inequalities for _____ ____________ __ ___________
75
infinite products __________ ____________ I__ __ __
75
limiting values- __________ - _____ -_- ___, _______
74
modulus and phase- _ __ ____ ___________ _-_ _ ___
72
multiple angle formulas- _ _ _ _ ____ - ____ _ __ _ ___ _
72
negative angle formulas- _____________________
72
periodic properties of _ _ _ __ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ _____
76
polynomial approximations_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
72
products of_-------------------------------74
realandimaginaryparts
_______ -_-___-_- _____
73
reduction to first quadrant __--_________ _______
72
relations between-_ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ - 74
relation to hyperbolic functions- _ _ _ ___. __ ___ -74
series expansions for _ _ __ __ _- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _
73
signs of ______________ - _____________.._______
142
tablesof _________ - ______ - ___________.___-___
Circular normal distribution_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 936
calculation over an offset circle-- _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 957
Clausens integral- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ - - - - 1005
Clebsch-Gordan
coefficients-- __ __ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - - - - 1006
89
Cologarithm------------..--------------------822
Combinatorial
analysis- _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 16
Complex numbers- _ ____ __- _________ ______ ____logarithm of- _____________________
__ ____---_ 67,90
16
multiplication
and division of _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _._ _ _ - - - _ -

1033
powers of __________________ - ________________
16
rootsof_________---______~~~~~~~~~~---~~~~~
17
Confluent hypergeometric functions---_ __ _ __ _ _ _ - 262,
298,300,362,377,486,503,686,691,695,780
alternative notations for -------- ---- -- ------504
analytic continuation of- _- ____-- --___-----___
504
asymptotic expansions and limiting forms- _ _ _ _ _ 508
Barnes-type contour integrals __---- - -__------_
506
calculation of zeros and turning points of-- _ _ _ _ _ 513
computation of ____ _____-. ____--_ __ __________
511
connections with Bessel functions -_______- _____
506
differential properties of-- - _ _ _ _- - - - _ _ _ _ - - _ __ __ 506
expansions in series of Bessel functions- _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 506
general confluent equation_ __ - - _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 505
graphingof_~-~~~.__..~~-~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~_~_
513
graph of zeros of- _ _ ________ ______ __ __ __ _____
513
graphsof___~-~~~~~~_~~----~~----~~~~---~~~~
514
integral representations of _ __ ______ __ ____ __ ___
505
Kummers equation-.. _- ______ __ ____ _________
504
Kummers functions- ____ ______ _ ___________ __
504
Kummers transformations_ _ _ _-_ ____-_ ____ __
505
recurrence relations-- _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ 506
special cases of ______ ___-_____- __ ____c____ __ _ 509
tableof_____~~~~____~~~~~~~~--~~~~~_~~~~_~_
516
table of zeros of __________ ___________________
535
Whittakers equation- _ _ ______--__ ____ ____ ___
505
Whittakers functions _______________ __ __ _____
505
Wronskian relations- _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 505
zeros and turning values--- __ ____ ________ ___- _ 510
Conformal mapping ______---______ ______ _______
642
Conical functions- ______- __ ______ __ __ _L_______
337
Constants
mathematical- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
1
physical, miscellaneous-- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ _
5
Continued fractions ______________________
19,22,68,70,
75, 81, 85, 88, 229, 258, 263, 298,.363, 932, 941, 944
Conversion factors
mathematical _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
1
physical-____------__-----------------------5
Cornish-Fisher asymptotic expansions--- _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 935
Correlation- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 936
Cosine integral ______________________________
231,510
asymptotic expansions of--- __ _____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ 233
computation of--- _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ __ __ _ __
233
definitions- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 231
graphsof-__,~~~~____~~--~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~
232
integral representation of _______ ______________
232
integrals involving--__ __ ____ _- _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 232
rational approximations_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - __ __ _ - _ 233
relation to the exponential integral- _ _ _________
232
series expansions for- _ _ _- - __ _ _ - _ + _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 232
symmetry relations- _________________________
232
tables of _______ _____ __ __ __ _____ __ ___ __-_ __ 238,243
Coulomb wave functions- _ _ __________________
509,537
asymptotic behavior of--- _____ ___________ -___
542
asymptotic expansions of- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ 540
computationof
____ -___- ___________ - _____ -___
543
differential equation- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __
538
expansions in terms of Airy functions- _________
540
expansions in terms of Bessel-Clifford functions539
expansions in terms of spherical Bessel functions540

general solution- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 538

graphs of_-_---_---__------_-------------_
539,541
integral representations
of _________ _________ __ 539
recurrence relations ______ __-_- ____ _______ ____
539
series expansions for- _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _- __ _ 538
special values of----- ________________________
542
tables of--- _ _ _- __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __- _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ 546
Wronskian relations- _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ 539
Cubic equation, solution of- _ ___ __ ______________
17,20
Cumulants.. L _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ 928
Cumulative distribution
function
multivariate_ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _- _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 927
univariate- _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 927
Cunningham function___ _____ _______ _______ _ 510
Cylinder functions-- _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 361
D
Dawsons integral- _ _________________
262,298,305,692
graph of__________________-----------------297
tableof____-________---_-___---_---_------319
Debye functions ___-___ ___ _______ ___ __ _______ __ 998
DeMoivres theorem_- - _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 74,84
Derivatives- __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11
of algebraic functions- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- __ _ __
11
of circular functions- _ _ _ _- _ __ _ _ __- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
77
of hyperbolic functions ____ _ ____ _______ __ _____
85
of inverse circular functions __________ _ ________
82
of inverse hyperbolic functions- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
88
of logarithmio functions ____ __________ _____ ___
69
partial---_.._-----__------___-------_-----..883
Differences____-____-------------------------877
central__-___---_____-______--------------------877
divided______-______--_____-------------------877
forward_____---_____----------------------877
in terms of derivatives- _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _-__- __ __ _ __ 883
mean---_---------_-----------------------877
reciprocal--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 878
Differential equations- _ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___ _ -_ _ _ _ 896
of second order with turning points ____ _____ ___
450
ordinary first order.. _____________________
____
896
solution by Adams formulas- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 896
by Gills method- _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 896
by Mimes method- _ _ __ _______ __________ __
896
by point-slope formula- ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ 896
by predictor-corrector
methods--- _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 896
by Runge-Kutta
method- _ _______ __ _______ _ 896
solution by trapezoidal formula- _ _. _ __ _ _ _ __ __
896
systemof-____-_________________________-__
897
Differentiation_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
882
Everetts formula ____-_______________________
883
Lagranges formula- _ __ _ _- ____ _ ______ __ ______
882
Markoffs formula _____________________
- _____
883
Differentiation
coefficients--- ___ __________ ______
882
tableof-_-___________________-_____________
914
Digamma function- _________ __ __ ______________
258
(see psi function)
Dilogarithm function- _ _ _______________________
1004
Distribution
functions __________________________
927
asymptotic expansions of-- _____ -_-___ _ ____ __ _ 935
characteristics of _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ 928
continuous-----____-_________________-_----927

INDEX

Distribution
functions-Continued
discrete- _ _ ___ __- __________ ---______--____-inequalities for ______________--_______
______lattice ________ __-__ ___ _-____________________
one-dimensional
continuous--_____ _- _____ -_-_
one-dimensional discrete --__ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ - _ __
Divisor functions--- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
tableof______________----_-------_-----_----Double precision operations __-___ _ ____________ __

Page
927
931
927
930
929
827
840
21

Economization
of series- _ ______________________
791
Edgeworth asymptotic expansion ______ - _____ -_ 935, 955
Einstein functions _____________________________
999
Elliptic functions
Jacobian__--________-_-____--------------------567
(see Jacobian elliptic functions)
Weierstrass- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ .
627
(see Weierstrass elliptic functions)
Elliptic integrals- _ _ _ ____-_____ _-______________
587
amplitude- ______ - _______________________
-__
590
canonical forms- _ _ _________________L________
589
characteristic_ _ _ ___ ___ _____ ___ ____ - ____ ___ __
590
definition____________-_-____c___________---589
graphs of the complete __--____---____________
592
graphs of the first kind ________-____________
592,593
graphs of the incomplete- _ _ -__---____-_____
593,594
graphs of the second kind- _ _ __-____________
592,594
graphs of the third kind ______________________
600
modular angle- _ _ _ _ __ ___ __ _-__ _ _ ___ __ ___ __ __
590
modulus __________________________________
__
590
of thefirst kind __________________________
-__
589
of the second kind....-- __-_____-______________
589
590,599
of the third kind -___________ c ---__________
parameter ___________________-____________
590, 602
reduction formulas _________________________
589, 597
reduction to canonical form -___ r _ _ _ _____ _ ___ _ _ 600
relation to Weierstrass elliptic functions-- __ _ _ _ _ 649
tables of complete- _____--___________________
608
tables of the incomplete ______________________
613
tables of the third kind _---___________________
625
Elliptic integrals, complete- - - . __--_____________
590
computation of ________ ___ ___ __ ___-__ ___ ____ _ 601
infinite series for-. _ _ ___-_____-______________
591
Legendres relation- _ _ _ _____ ___ __ __- ______ __ _
591
limiting values- _ __ _ ___ ___ __ ___ _______ ___ ____
591
of the first kind -_____________________
-- _____
590
ofthesecondkind___________________________
590
of the third kind- _ ________________________
599,605
polynomial approximations_ ___-_ __ __________
591
q-series for- _ _ _ ___- __ ___ __-__ ___ ___ ___ __ ____
591
relation to hypergeometric functions-----..-....-591
Elliptic integrals, incomplete ____________________
592
amplitude of any magnitude- _________________
592
amplitude near n/2- _ _____________________.
_ _ 593
complex amplitude.. _ _ __-____________________
592
computations involving- - _ _____________ 595,602,605
imaginary amplitude _________________________
594
Jacobis imaginary transformation _____________
592
negative amplitude- _________________________
592
negative parameter- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ _ 593
numerical evaluation of- _ ____________________
595

Page

593
parameter greater than unity- _ _______________
special cases of-- _ _ __ __- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 594
752
Elliptical coordinates- _ _ _- ____ - ___ ______ ___.____
652
Equianharmonic
case- _ _ __ ______ __________ _-___
Error
14
absolute _______________--_--__
--- ----- - -.---_
percentage________-_-----------------------14
14
relative- _ _ _ _-_- ______________-______
_-_-___
Error function- _ ____________ 262,297,301,304,306,509
298
altitude chart in the complex plane ________-___
298
asymptotic expansion of--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ 329
complex zerosof _____ -_- ______ - __________..___
298
continued fraction for--- ____________ __ __ _.. ___
definite and indefinite integrals related to-- _ _ _ _ 302
298
derivatives of __ ______________ ___________.____
297
graphs of_----__---------------------------inequalities for _________ -_-__--___-_____. __-_
298
infinite series approximation
for the complex
function--- ______ --_- ______ - ______________
299
297
integral representation
of _____________ __ __ . _ __
299
rational approximations--___________ ___ _.._ __
298
relation to the confluent hypergeometric functionrepeatedintegralsof---____ -_- _____ - ____.. -_299
297
seriesexpansionsfor------______________.. -__
297
symmetry relations- __ _____ ___ ____ __-_ ___ ..___
table for complexarguments---__ __ _ _ __ __ ..-_ _ 325
table of repeated integrals of------___- ______-_
317
tables of _____________________________
310,312,316
value at infinity _____ - ____ - _____ -_-_- _________
298
577
Eta functions----_-----_-----_-_-----_----..Euler function- _ _ ____________________ _____ _____
826
840
table of ______________ - ____ - _____ - ______ _._-_
Euler-Maclaurinformulas
____ - _____ -_-_-_- __.___
806
Euler-Maclaurin
summation formula--- _ _ 16, 22, 806, 886
Euler numbers-- _____ -- _____________ -_- _______
804
810
table of _____________ -- ____ -- ______ - _____.___
803
Euler polynomials __________ --_- _-___ - ______.___
as sums of powers- _______________________
___
804
809
coefficientsof....- _____ - _____ -___- ____________
804
derivativesof ______ - _____ -__-__- _________._ -_
804
differences of- _______________________________
804
expansions of- _ _______ - _____ - __________ _____
Fourier expansions of- _ ___-_- _______________ i
805
804
generating function for ________ -__ _______ __ ___
inequalities for ______ -_-___-_- _______________
805
805
integrals involving---____________________ ___
804
multiplication
theorem for--- _____ -_-___ -__ ___
relations with Bernoulli polynomials- ____ -___ __ _ 806
special values of ______________ - ______ -__- ____
805
806
symbolic operations _____________ -__- _________
804
symmetry relations---____ - _____ - _____ -___-_
806
Euler summation formula- _ _ _____________ -_-_ __
826
Euler-Totient
function- ___ _____ -__-__ __- _______
Eulers constant_-------___-_____________-_-___
255
Eulers formula- _ _ ___________________________
74,255
Eulersintegral
_____________ -_- _____ - __________
255
Eulers transformation
of series- _ _ _ _____________ 16, 21
Everett interpolation
coefficients- _ _-_ _-___ ______
880
relation to Lagrange coefficients ____ - ____ -_ __ __
880
Everetts formula- _ _ _ _______________________
880,883
Excess--------__________________________----928

INDEX
Pam
Expected value operator ______________________ __ 928
Exponential function ________ __-__ __ __-_-_ _ _ 69,90, 509
Chebyshev approximation__ __-__ _- ____ -_ __-_
71
continued fractions for-- __ __ __ __-__ __ __ __-_-_
70
differentiation formulas.. _ _ _.___ __ __ __ _____ -_-_
71
Eulers formula- _ _ __ __ __- ____ _____ __________
74
graph of ____ - ___________________ - ___________
70
identities__---____-___-_______________
___-_
70
indefinite integrals ___________________________
71
inequalitiesfor
____ -_-___- ______________ - ____
70
limiting values----________ ______ __ _________
70
periodic property of _ - _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __-_ ____ -__
70
polynomial approximations__________________
71
series expansions for- _ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ ____ 69
tables of ______________________________
116,140,219
Exponential integral---_________________
227,262, 510
asymptotic expansion of--- ___ _ __ __ __ __ ____ -__
231
computation of ______ -_- ___________________ -_
233
continued fraction for--- __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _. __ __229
definite integrals- _ _ _________________________
230
derivatives of- __________________ -___-___-___
230
graphs of_-___-________----_-_______________
228
indefinite integrals----._____ __ _____ ___ .._____
230
inequalities for- __ __ __ ____ ____ __ ______ __ _____
229
interrelations_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 228
polynomial approximations_ ____ ___ __-_-_-_-_
231
rational approximations_____ __ __ ____ ______ __
231
recurrence relations--- __ ___ _ ___ __ __ __ __-_ ____
229
relation to incomplete gamma function-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _
230
relation to spherical Bessel functions-..--------230
series expansions for- ________________________
229
tables of __________________
238,243, 245, 248, 249,251
F
F-distribution
function-- __ ____ ______ ____ __ _____
946
approximations
to- _-___ __ __ __ ____ __ ___ _ __ _ 947,948
computation of ____ _ __-_ ____ ____________ _____
961
limiting forms _____________________________
947,948
non-central _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 947
reflexive 1elation _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 946
relation to the x*-distribution____ _ _ ____ __ ____
946
relation to Students &distribution-_______ _ ___
947
series expansions for- ____________ .--_-_ ____ 946,948
statistical properties of-- ______ __ _______ ______
946
Factorial function- _ _-_ _ __ __ ____ __ _ __ _____ __ ___
255
(see gamma function)
Factorization
table of- _ __ ______________________
____ ____ 844,864
Faltung theorem- _ ______ - _______ ._____________
1020
Filons quadrature formula- _ _ ___ -_-_--_ ___ _ -_-_
890
coefficients for- _ _ ___________________________
924
Floquets theorem _____________________________
727
Fresnel integrals ____________----___-_____
262,300,440
asymptotic expansions of _____________________
302
auxiliary functions---- _ _ _ _ _- - - _ - - - - - - -_ - _ _ _ 300,323
complex zeros of ___________________-_________
329
definition_____.________________________----300
derivatives of _ _____ _ __-___ __________________
301
graph of________________-__--------------,__
301
integrals involving-_- _ __ ___ __________ _ __ __ ___
303
interrelations _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _
300

1035
Pam

maxima and minima of ____ - _______ ____ _ _ _ __ _ 329

rational approximations____ __ ____ _-__ _-__ ___
302
relation to spherical Bessel functions--- _ __ __ __ _ 301
relation to the confluent hypergeometric function301
relation to the error function __________________
301
series expansion for----- _________________ -___
301
symmetry relations-- __-_-_ __-_ __ ____ __ __ __ __
301
table of--- _______ - ___________ - ___________ 321,323
value at infinity _____________________________
301
Fundamental period parallelogram ________________ _ 629
G
Gamma function- _ ____ - _____________________
255,263
asymptotic formulas _________________________
257
binomial coefficient- _- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 256
continued fraction for ________________________
258
definite integrals ______ ___ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ 258
duplication formula-----_ _ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ 256
Eulers formula ______________________________
255
Eulers infinite product--- _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ 255
Eulers integral ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __
255
fractional values of- _ ___________ _____________
255
Gauss multiplication
formula-- __ _ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _ 256
graph of_-_____-_-_________-----------------255
Hankels contour integral _____________________
255
in the complex plane _______ __________________
256
integer values of ____ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ 255
PO&hammers
symbol _____ _ _ _ _ - _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _
256
polynomial approximations_ ________ ____ __ ___
257
power series for _____ _- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
256
recurrence formulas _____________________ _____
256
reflection formula ____________________________
256
series expansion for l/r(z) _ ________________-__
256
Stirlings formula--- _ _-_ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ ____ _ 257
tables of __________________________
267,272,274,276
triplication
formulas- ____________________ ____
256
Wallis formula--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ -il _ 258
Gauss series _____ _ ___ __ __ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 656
Gaussian integration-.. _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ 887
abscissas an.d weight factors for ________________
916
for integrands with a logarithmic singularity- _ _ _ 920
of moments-- __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __
921
Gaussian probability function-- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __
931
Gauss transformation--_ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ ____ __
573
Gegenbauer polynomials ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.._ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _561
(see orthogonal
polynomials)
coefficients for and z in terms of ____________
794
graphs of----------------------------.---776
Generalized hypergeometric function----_ _ 362,377,556
Generalized Laguerre polynomials- _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __
771
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Generalized mean _____ _ _ __ ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _- - _ - -- -10
Geometric mean _______________________________
10
Geometric progression--- __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ _
10
Gills method- _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - -- - - - 896
Gudermannian-_ __ _- _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
77
H
Hankel functions ________________________
358,379,510
Hankels contour integral _______________________
255
Harmonic analysis ______ ____L_________ ___---_ 202,881

1036
page

Harmonic mean- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __.

10
Haversine____~~~~~________~~_~~_______~~~~~~~
78
Heaviside expansion theorem ____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _- _ _ 1021
Hermite functions ______________ _____________ 509,691
Hermite integration _________ __ _________________
890
abscissas and weight factors for- _..____________
924
Hermite polynomials--______________ 300,510, 691, 775
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and z in terms of _________ ___
801
graph of.-- _ _ _. _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ __
780
values of______------_____________________
802
Heumans lambda function_ _ __ __________ __ ____ 595
graph of~-~~_~_~~~~~~~~~~~__________________
595
table of _.._ _ _ _ _ - - __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 622
Hh function-___ __ _____________ ___________ 300, 691
Holders inequality for integrals- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ - 11
for surns-~--~-----~___-_--------~----------11
Horners scheme ________ ____ ___ __ __ ____________
788
Hyperbolic functions_..-- __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
83
addition and subtraction of- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __-__ _ _ - _
84
addition formulas for- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ - 83
continued fraction for..-- _ _________________ -__
85
84
DeMoivres theorem _______-___________-_____
differentiation
formulas- _ _ ___________________
85
graph of_____---____________________________
83
83
half-angle formulas- _ ________________________
indefinite integrals--- _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _
86
infinite products ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___
85
modulus and phase- _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
84
multiple angle formulas- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ __ _
84
negative angle formulas- __________________ -_83
periodic properties of- _ _ _____________________
83
productsof__--___________---_______________
84
real and imaginary parts.. _ ___________________
84
relations between--- __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _
83
relation to circular functions- _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _
83
series expansions for- _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
85
tables of __________________________________
213,219
Hypergeometric
differential equation ____ __ __ __ __ _
562
solution of--_ __ _ _ __ _- _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _
563
Hypergeometric
functions- - - -_ __ __ _-_ _-_ __ _-__ _ 332,
335,336,362,377,487,555,779
as Legendre functions ________________________
561
aspolynomials_~~~~~____-_______________-___
561
as reductions of Riemanns P-function_---_ _ _ _ _ 565
asymptotic expansions of _____________ - _______
565
differentiation
formulas_ _ _ _ _ __ _ - _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __
557
Gauss series- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _- __ _
556
Gauss relations for contiguous functions- _ _ - _ _ _
557
integral representations_ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _
558
special cases of _____________ i ____________ -___
561
special elementary cases ____________________ __
556
special values of the argument- _ _ _______ - _____
556
transformation
formulas ______________________
559
I
Incomplete beta function _____________________
263,944
approximations
to- - - _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _____ __ _ _ __ __ __
945
asymptotic expansions of..- __ __ __ __ _-_ _ ____ _ __
945
computation of _--_- - _ ____ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ ____ __ _ 959
continued fraction for--- __ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __
944

P8ITe

recurrence formulas ________-----_-_____---263,944

relation to other functions ______----__________
945
relation to the binomial expansion_ ___ _ __.. __ _ 263
relation to the xz-distribution_ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ 944
relation to the hypergeometric function _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 263
series expansion for- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ _ 944
symmetry relation-- _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ _-__
263
Incomplete gamma function- _ ____ ____ 230,260,486,509
as a confluent hypergeometric function-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 262
asymptotic expansions of-- _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _-_
263
computation of ____ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ 959
continued fraction for ________________________
263
definite integrals- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ 263
derivatives and differential equations- _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ 262
graph of-----------------------------------261
Pearsons form of ____________________________
262
recurrence formulas ____________-__ ___________
262
series developments for _______________________
262
special values of _____________________________
262
table of-- ______________________________
-___
978
Indeterminate
forms (LHospitals
rule) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13
Inequality, Cauchys ___________________________
11
Chebyshevs_---_________________________--11
Holders for integrals- _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ - _ __ _ __ _ - - - _ _ _
11
Holders for sums __________-_---_____________
11
11
Minkowskis
for integrals--- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ __
Minkowskis
for sums-- _ _ _ _ - - - __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ __ _
11
Schwa&s _____- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _
11
triangle- _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _
11
Integral of a bivariate normal distribution
over a
polygon-~--~~~-----~~~~~~~~~_~~~~~~~_______
956
Integrals
of circular functions- _ _ _ __ _____________ - _____
77
of exponential functions ______________________
71
of hyperbolic functions _______________________
86
of inverse circular functions ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _-__ __
82
of inverse hyperbolic functions_ _ _ _ _ ___ - _ _ - _ _
88
of irrational algebraic functions- _ _ _ ________ -__
12
of logarithmic functions- _____ - _______________
69
of rational algebraic functions ____________ __ -__
12
Integration~~~~~-~~~____________________~~~~~~
885
Bodesrule-~~~---~~~~~_______~_______-_____
886
byp~~-------------____________________--12
Chebyshevs equal weight formula--- _ __ __ __ __ _ 887
Euler-Maclaurin
summation formula ___________
886
Filons formula ____________________ - _________
890
five-point rule for analytic functions_ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ 887
Gaussian type formulas- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - :_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 887
iterated integrals--_ __ ___ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ 891
Lagrange formula- - _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ 886
Lobattos integration formula _________________
888
multidimensional
_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___- _ 891
Newton-Cotes formula- ______________________
886
Radaus integration formula- _ ________________
888
Simpsons rule- _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __-_ __ __ _ __ __ _ 886
trapezoidal rule _--_ __ ___ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _- _____ _ 885
Interpolation_ _ _ _____ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __-_ __ __ __ _ 878
Aitkens iteration method-- __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _
879
Bessels formula-- _ ___ __ __ __ __ ____ _ _ _-_ __ __ _ _
881
bivariate~~~~~~--~~~~~_____________-________
882
Everetts formula _____ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ 880

Page
harmonic analysis- _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ __ _ _ _- __ -_ __ _ __
881
inverse________~~_____________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
881
Lagrange formula- _ _ ________________________
878
Newtons divided difference formula- _ _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 880
Newtons forward difference formula ___________
880
Taylors expansion _____. __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 880
Thieles formula ___________ -.___-_-_--________
881
throwback formulas __________________________
880
trigonometric_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ - _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __881
Invariants~~~~__~~~~~~~~~______~~~~~__________
629
tables of _____ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 680
Inverse circular functions ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ 22, 79, 92
addition and subtraction of-- ______ ___________
80
Chebyshev approximations_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
82
continued fractions for- _ __ __________ ____ _____
81
differentiation
formulas- _ _ _ __________________
82
graph of_____---____________________________
79
indefinite integrals ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
82
logarithmic representation ______________---____
80
negative arguments __________________________
80
polynomial approximations_ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __
81
real and imaginary parts- _ _ _ _ __-_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
80
relation to inverse hyperbolic functions- ___ _ _ - _ _
80
series expansions for- _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _-__ __ _
81
table of- _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ _ __
203
Inverse hyperbolic functions- _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __- 86,93
addition and subtraction of-- __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _87
continued fractions for _______________________
88
differentiation
formulas- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __- __ _ _ __ _
88
graphsof~~~_~~~~~~~______~_________________
86
indefinite integrals _____ _- ___ -_ __ __ _ _ __ ___-_ __
88
logarithmic representations- - __-__ _ __ __ __ _ ___ _
87
negative arguments--- _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _
87
relation to inverse circular functions- _ __ _-_ _ _ _ _
87
series expansions for- _ __ _ __ _ _ - _ _ __- __ _ _ __ __ __
88
tables of--.. _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 221
J
Jacobian elliptic functions- _____ - ______________ _ 567
addition theorems for- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ 574
approximations
in terms of circular functions- _ _ 573
approximations
in terms of hyperbolic functions574
calculation
by use of the arithmetic-geometric
rnean__~~~~~~_~~~~~~~____________________
571
calculation of _ _ __ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 579,581
change of argument_-- _- _- __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ __
572
change of parameter- ________ __-______ __ ____ _ 573
classification of __-_ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A_ __
570
complex arguments- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 575
definitions-------_______________________---569
derivatives of _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 574
double arguments- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
574
graphsof______---__________________________
570
half-arguments ______________ -- _________ ----_
574
integrals- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 575
integrals of the squares _____ - __ _ ______ - _______
576
Jacobis imaginary transformation-___________
574
Landen transformation______________________
573
leading terms of series in powers of u- _ __ ____ ___
575
p~arneter~~~~~----,~~~~~~~___~~~~~_________
569
principal terms-- - -_ __ _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ ___
572

Page
quarter periods--- _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ 569
reciprocal parameter-- __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 573
relations between squares of the functions- _ _ _ _ _ 573
relation to the copolar trio ______________ ______
570
relation with Weierstrass functions.. _ _ _ - - - - - - __
649
series expansions in terms of the nome q-- ______ 575
special arguments- _ _ _____ ___-_______________
571
Jacobis eta function ____________ ____ ___________
577
Jacobis polynomials ___________-_-___________
561,773
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for- _ _ _ ____-_ -_-___-__ _________
793
graphs of_-_________-____--------------773,776
Jacobis theta function (see theta functions) _ _ _ _ _ _ 576
Jacobis zeta function ________________________
578, 595
addition theorem for-- _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ 595
calculation
by use of the arithmetic-geometric
rnean__-____-~~~--_______________________
578
graph of__-____________---__________________
595
Jacobis imaginary transformation____ ________
595
q-seriesfor ______ -_--_-- _____________________
595
relation to theta functions-- ________________
578,595
special v~ues_~~____-_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_-___
595
table of _______________-----___
______ ____ ____
619
K
Kelvin functions- _ _ _ _ ____ _______________
379,387,509
ascending series for- __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ____ __ __ __ _ _-_ _ 379
ascending series for products of--- ___ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 381
asymptotic expansions for large arguments- _ _ _ 381
asymptotie expansions for large zeros- _ ________
383
asymptotic expansions of modulus and phase- - _
383
asymptotic expansions of products--- _ _ _ __ __ _-_
383
definitions__-------_____________________---379
differential equations ____ __ _ __ __ _-_ _ _ __ __ __ _ __
379
expansions in series of Bessel functions _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ 381
graphs of___~~~~~_____~~~~~_________________
382
indefinite integrals- _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __- __ __ _ 380
modulus and phase- _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ ___ __ ____
382
of negative argument- _ _ __ __ _ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ _ __ 380
polynomial approximations_ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ -_ __ 384
recurrence relations--- _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __
380
recurrence relations for products _____ __________
380
relations between ____ _ _ __ -_ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ 379
tables of ____________________________________
430
uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders-384
zeros of functions of order zero ________________
381
Kroneckerdelta-__-____--_-___________________
822
Kummer functions ____ _ _ _ ___ ____ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __
504
Kummers transformation
of series ____ __ __ __ _ _ _ _16
L
Lagrange differentiation
formula ____ __ __ __ _ __ __ __
Lagrange integration coefficients ____ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _
tableof____-~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~__________
Lagrange interpolation
coefficients-- __ _ _ _ __ __ ____
table of _ _ ___ - -- - _ _ __ __ _ __ ___ ___ __ __ __ _ -L--Lagrange interpolation
formula ____ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _
Lagranges expansion- _ _ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
Laguerre integration ______________ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
abscissae and weight factors for- _ _____________

882
886
915
878
900
878
14
890
923

1038

INDEX
Page

PSiW

Laguerre polynomials.. ___________________

509,510,773
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and x in terms of __---------799
graph of___---___------------------------780
valuesof__------------------------------800
Lames equation----_ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _- - _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ 641
Landens transformation
ascending- - - _ _ _______________________
573,598,604
descending- _ _ _ _ ____ __________________
573,597,604
Laplace transforms- ___________________________
1019
definition-_--_____-------------------------1020
operations-------_-------------------------1020
tables of----- _______________________________
1021
Laplace-Stieltjes
transforms ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ 1029
tables of__-__------~~-----~----------------1029
Laplaces equation- ____________________________
17
Laplacian _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ - - - 885
in spherical coordinates- _ _ _____________ Y_-___
752
Laurent series ____ ___-_ _______-______----__---635
Least square approximations _______ __ ___________
790
Legendre functions_-- ___________ 332,362,377,561,774
asymptotic expansions of - _ _ _ _ __ - - _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 335
computation of ____ - ___________ ______________
339
explicit expressions for- _ _- _ _ _ _ __ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 333
graphs of____-______-______--------------338,780
integral representations of ___________ _________
335
integrals involving _______ __F_________________
337
notation for- ______ - _________________________
332
of negative argument- _ _ _ __ __________________
333
of negative degree--- ___ __ _F__________ _______
333
ofnegativeorder-__------_-----------------333
recurrence relations ______________ - ____ _______
333
relation to elliptic integrals- _ ______ _________ __
337
relations between _______ _____ _______________ _ 333
Rodrigues formula- ___ ___ ___ ____ __ __________
334
special values of_- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _- _ __ __
334
summation formulas- _ __ _______ __ ____________
335
tables of-.- __ _-_ ___ __ _. _____________________
342
trigonometric
expansions of-- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ - __ ___ __
335
values on the cut-__-----_-----___----------333
Wronskian relation- _ ___ _____ ___ ____ _________
333
Legendre polynomials ____________________
332,486, 773
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and zn in terms of--- _ ________
798
graph of___------_-----_---------------338,780
valuesof-_--_____-..-_..---.._-__-.._____.._-342
Legendres differential equation- _ _ ____ __ ____ __. _ 332
solutions of_~--~~~~_~~~~~__~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
332
Leibnia theorem for
differentiation
of a product- __________________
12
differentiation
of an integral- _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _
11
Lemnisoate constant _____ ______ ________ - ______
658
Lemniscatic case- _ _ ___ ___ ___ __ _____ __ ______
658
LHospitals rule- _ ____________________________
13
Lobattointegration______________________-----888
abscissas and weight factors for- _ _ -__ ___ ___-__
920
Logarithmic function __________________________
67,89
chan~eofbase______________________________
67,89
characteristic- _ _ _______ _ ___ __ _-__ ______ ____ _
89
Chebyshev approximations_ _ _________________
69
common__________________________________-68,89

continued fractions for- _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __- - -- -- - --- 68

definite integrals- _ _ _ ____________----------69
differentiation
formula- ____________-_-___..--69
graph of__---------------------------------67
indefinite integrals ________________---------69
inequalities for ______________________________
68
68
limiting values _ _ _______________------------89
mantissa---_______-___-______------------polynomial approximations_____________-.-___
68
series expansions for- ___ ________________--_-_
68
tables of __________ - ____________-----_-- .---95
Logarithmic
integral _____________________
228,231,510
231
graph of ____ -_- _________________L_-_________
M
Markoffs differentiation
formula ____________-___
883
Mathematical
constants _____________--_____---1
in octal scale __________ - _____________________
1017
Mathieu functions-- ______________________^
____
721
asymptotic representations of _________________
740
comparative notation for-- _______ ________ _ ___
744
expansions for small Q_____________-______---730
expansions in terms of parabolic cylinder functions------------------------------------742
graphs of___-----------------------------725,734
integral equations for- _______________________
735
integral representations of ________________-___
736
joining factors, table of ___________________ ____
748
normalization
of-- ___________ ____________ _ ___
732
orthogonality
properties of ____________________
732
other properties of _______________________
__ 735,738
power series in q for periodic solutions ______ ____
725
proportionality
factors- ______________________
735
recurrence relations among the coefficients-, __ __
723
special cases of ______________________________
728
special values of ________________________^
____
740
table of coefficients for _______________________
760
table of critical values of- __________-_____ ____
748
zeros of _ _ ______________ __ ______________ ____
739
Mathieus equation ________________________
____
722
characteristic exponent _______________________
727
generation of _______ _______________________
727
graphs of--------------,------,------,-----728
characteristic values- _ ____________-______
__ 722,748
asymptotic expansions of ___________________
726
determination
of _ _ _ _ ___ ___________________
722
graph of__------_--------------------,----724
power series for- __________________________
724
Floquet solutions-- ______________________
__ __ 727
other solutions-,--------------_----________
730
relation to spheroidal wave equation _______ ____
722
solutions involving products of Bessel functions731
stability regions of ___________________________
728
Mathieus modified equation- ____ -__ ___________
722
radial solutions of- _ _________________________
732
Maxima-_---_-----__-____________________~--14
Mean__-----_---_-_-_____________________---928
arithmetic _______ __ ___ _____ ___ __ ________ ____
10
generalized- _ _ __ ___________ _- ___________ __ __
10
geometric _______________ - _______________ ____
10
harmonic _______________________________
____
10

Page
Milnes method- _ _ _ _____ -_- ____ __ ______ -- ____896
14
Minima_________-____--___--------------------Minkowskis inequality for integrals- _ _ ______ ____
11
for sums---- ________________ -_- -----_------11
Miscellaneous functions- _______________________
997
Mobius function _______________________________
826
Modified Bessel functions, L(z), K.(z) _ _______ -___
374
analytic continuation of-- _____ __ __ __ __ _ _-__ __
376
ascending series for- _ _____ __ __ __ ___ __ _ __ __ _-_
375
asymptotic expansions for large arguments-..---377
connection with Legendre functions-_-- _ _ _- ____
377
derivatives with respect to order- _ _ _ __________
377
differential equation- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ __
374
formulas for derivatives- _____________________
376
generating function and associated series- _ _ - _ - _ 376
graphs of-_________-____--_____-_____-_____374
in terms of hypergeometric functions ___________
377
integral representations of- __-___ _ _ ___ _ _ ___ _-_
376
limiting form5 for small arguments _____________
375
multiplication
theorem5 for- _ _ _ _ _ _ ___- ____ ___ _ 377
Neumann series for K,(z)-- _ .___ __ __ _ __-__ ____ _ 377
other differential equations- _ _ __ - ____ _________
377
polynomial approximations_ __ _- _ __ __ _ __ _-_-_
378
recurrence relations-- _-__ __ _ _ __ __ _ ___ _ __ _ __ __
376
relations between- __________ --- ____ -___-_-_-_
375
tables of ____- _________ -_-___- _______________
416
uniform asymptotic expansions for large orders- _ 378
Wronskian relations- _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _-__ _-__
375
zerosof ____ - ____ --___-_- ________________ -__
377
Modified Mathieu functions- _ - _ __- _______ - _____
722
graphs of____-_____-_____-_____--------__734
Modified spherical Bessel functions- _ _ _ __ _ _ 443, 45 3,498
addition theorems for- _______________________
445
ascending series for- _________________________
443
computation of ____ _ ____ _-__ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ ___
453
definitions_______________-____--_____-__-___
443
degenerate forms- _ _ _ __-_ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ _-___
445
derivatives with respect to order- ______________
445
differential equation- _ -__- _____ - _____________
443
differentiation
formulas- _ _ _ ____ - _____ ________
444
duplication formula---_____ _________________
445
formulas of Rayleighs type--- _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ ___
445
generating function5 for- _______ -_- ___________
445
graphs of________-_______-_________________444
recurrence relations---_ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __-_
444
representations by elementary functions-- _ _ - _ _ _ 443
tables of--- ___________________ -___- _________
469
Wronskian relations- _ _ _ _______ _______ _______
443
Modified Struve functions- _____________________
498
asymptotic expansion for large 121____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 498
computation of_-- _____ - ____ --- ________ - _____
499
graphof __________ - _________ -- ________ - _____
498
integral representations of- _ __________________
498
integrals--__________ - ____ -- _________ - _____
498
power series expansion for- _____ - _________ -___
498
recurrence relations __________________________
498
relation to modified spherical Bessel functions- _ 498
tables of _________ - ____________________ - _____
501
Modulus---____-_________________________---16
Moments--__-_--_________________________---928
Multidimensional
integration- _ _ _ _____ __ ________
891

Page

Multinomial
coefficients---_ __ ___ _-_-__ ___ ____ _
table of __________ -___-_-___- _____ - _________

823
831

Neumanns polynomial _________ - _________ ______

363
Nevillesnotation
_________ -- _____ --- ______ -___
578
Nevilles theta functions ____ - - _ - _ __ _ _- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 578
expression as infinite product5 _________________
579
expression as infinite series- --__ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 579
graphs of___----------_--------------------578
tables of___--------------------------------582
Newton coefficients ____ -___---- _____ -- _________
880
relation to Lagrange coefficient5 _______-_ __ --- 880
Newton interpolation
formula....- _______._____
880,883
Newtons method of approximation _______ __ _ ____
18
Newton-Cotes formula- -___- _____ - __ _- ___ __ _ ___
886
Nome_------------------------------------591,602
tableof- ____ -- __F________ --- _________ 608,610,612
Normal probability
density function
derivativesof________ -___-_- ____________--_
933
Normal probability function_ _- - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ - _ _ 931
asymptotic expansion5 of _____ __ __ _ __ -- -___- - 932
bound5 for-_----_____________ -- ____________
933
computation of ____-_____ ---- ________________
953
continued fraction for--- ____ __ __ ____________ _ 932
error curves for _________ ---- ________________
933
polynomial and rational approximations____- - 932
power series for _______ - _____ - ____________--932
relation to other functions- _- __ _____ -__ __ __ __ _ 934
values of z for extreme values of P(z) and Q(z) - 977
values of 2 in terms of P(z) and Q(z) ________--976
values of Z(z) in terms of P(z) and Q(z) ---__--975
Normal probability
functions and derivatives - _ _ _ _ 933
tables of____--___---_-_--------------------966
Normal probability
integral
repeated integrals of _____ -__ _____ - _______ ____
934
Number theoretic functions--- _ _ _ _ - _ - - - _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 826
0

Oblate spheroidal coordinates- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _; _ _ _ 752

Octal scale___--------------------------------1017
Octal tables_--~____-_--_----~~-~-------------1017
Operations with series--- __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _
15
Orthogonal polynomials- ____ - _____ - ______ ______
771
as confluent hypergeometric
functions __________
780
as hypergeometric
functions.. _ _ _______ ________
779
as Legendre functions_-- _ _ _ - - __ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 780
as parabolic cylinder functions- _ __ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 780
change of interval of orthogonrtlity.. _ _ _________
790
coefficients for- _ _ ______ _____ - __________ _____
793
definition_-______-_------------------------773
differential equations----- _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 773, 781
differential relations- _ _ _ _- - _ - _ _ - _- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ r _ _ 783
evaluation of ____ - __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 788
explicit expressions for- _ ___ _-__-__-___ __ _____
775
generating functions for--- __ -__- _- ___________
783
graphs of-_--_-_--____--___-~~---~~-~--773,776-780
inequalities for __________ -- ____ -__- __________
786
integral representation5
of_ _- _______ -_ ________
784
integral5 involving ____ -_ __ __ _ ________ -__- ____
785
interrelations_ _ _ __ __ __ _ -__- _ _ ____ - __ ____ ___
777

INDEX

1040

Page
Orthogonal polynomials-Continued
limit relations ____ __ ____- __ __--____ _____ __-__
787
of a discrete variable-_-_ _ _ _ - _ _ __ _- - _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 788
774
orthogonality
relations- ____ - __ __ _- _ _________ _
powers of z in terms of-_. __ -__ ___--_ ___ 793,794-801
recurrence relations, miscellaneous-- _ _ - _ - _ __ - 773,782
782
recurrence relations with respect to degree n- _ _ _
Rodrigues formula- - __ ___ __ _ _ ___ _______. __ 773,785
special values of ____ -_-_ __ _-___ __ ___________ _ 777
sumformulas _____ -_-- __________ -- ______ -___
785
tablesof-.--_____ -_-- _______.____ 795,796,800,802
787
zeros of- _ _ __ ___ _____ __- ___ __. _- __ _-_ __ __- --

P
U(a, z), V(a, cc)- __ _ 300,
509,685, 780
asymptotic expansions of _____________________
689
computation of ______________________________
697
connection with Bessel functions-- _ _________ 692, 697
connection with confluent hypergeometric functions_________--____-______--___________-691
connection with Hermite polynomials and functions___-___________-_____--____________-691
connection
with
probability
integrals
and
Dawsons integral- _ _ ______________________
691
689
Darwins expansions- __ ___ _ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ __
differential equation- _ _ _--____-______________
686
expansions for a large, z moderate- ____________
689
expansions for x large, a moderate- ________ ____
689
689
expansions in terms of Airy functions __________
integral representations of- _________ __________
687
modulus and phase- _ ___---______ ____________
690
power series in x for-- _______________________
686
recurrence relations _____-____________________
688
standard solutions--- ____ ___________ _________
687
table of- _ -_________________________________
700
Wronskian and other relations- _ _ ____ ___ ___-_ _
687
zeros of- _ _ __ ___ _ ___ ___ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __
696
Parabolic cylinder functions W(a, x) ______ ________
692
asymptotic expansions of _______________ ______
693
complex solutions ____________________________
693
computation of ______________________________
699
connection with Bessel functions- _ _ _ __________
695
connection
with
confluent
hypergeometric
functions.-_______________________________
695
Darwins expansions--- ______________________
694
differential equation- _ _ ____________________
686,692
expansions for o large, x moderate- ____________
694
expansions for x large, a moderate _____________
693
expression in terms of Airy functions _____ __ ___ _
693
integral representations of- __ _ _ ___ __ ___ _ ___ ___
693
rnodulusandphase~~___-~~~~_~~__~~~~~~~~~~~
695
power series in x for _____ ___ _ ___ __ ___ __ __ _ __ _692
standard solutions ___________________________
692
table of- _ _ __ ___ ____ __ _ -__ ___ __ _ _ __ __ __ ___ __
712
Wronskian and other relations- _ ____________ __
693
zeros of ____--_________-________________
-___
696
Parameter m ____________________ __ __________ 569,602
table of------------___---__________________
612
Partitions- _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 825
into distinct parts- _ ___ _-_ __ __ _ _ _ __-_ __ __-___
825
tables of__________________________________
831,836

Parabolic

cylinder

functions

Pago

825
unrestricted ________ ____ ___-__ ______ __ _____- 262
Pearsons form of the incomplete gamma funct,ion-260
Pentagamma function __________________________
(see polygamma functions)
Percentage points of the x*-distribution
984
values of ~2 in terms of & and Y____-_-__----Percentage points of the F-distribution
986
values of F in terms of Q, Y,, YS--- ___L_____--__
Percentage points of the t-distribution
990
values of t in terms of A and Y_________-_-_-_999
Plancks radiation function- ____ ________________
Plane triangles, solution of ______ ________ _ _______ 78, 92
256
Pochhammers symbol- _ _______________________
896
Point-slope formula __________ ______ _________-__
509
Poisson-Charlier
function ____________ ___________
959
Poisson distribution ________________________
____
978
table of cumulative sums of ________________--16
Polar form ____________ - _______________________
260
Polygamma functions __________________________
260
asymptotic formulas- ________________________
fractional values of- _ ______ - _________________
260
integer values of _________ ____________________
260
260
multiplication
formula for- _ ____ ______________
260
recurrence formula ____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _&
reflection formula ____________________________
260
series expansions for- _ __ _ __ __ ___ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __
260
tables of _________________________
- ________ 267, 271
788
Polynomial evaluation- _ _ _ ___ __ ______ _ __ __ _ ____
Powers
computation of ______________________________
19,90
general_,,-----_-----_-----_---______-__---69
graphof__..----_c----_---_-----------___---_
19
16
of complex numbers- _ _ ______________________
of two- - - - ---- -- -- -- -- - -- -- - --- -_ -- -_ __-- -- 1016
of Z/?z!- - -----_---___--____________________
818
24
tables of ____________________________________
Predictor-corrector
method- ____________________
896
231
Primes..-__-..----------_----__-----_---___-_-_
tableof__----__--_____-____________________
870
Primitive roots ________________________________
827
tableof____-_______________________________
864
Probability density function- ___________________
931
asymptotic expansion of ______ __ __ _____ _______
935
Probability functions- _ _ _ _ __ _ _____ _-__ _________
927
Probability integral __________________________
262,691
of the ,+distribution,
table of _________________
978
Progressions
arithmetic- __ ____ ___ _-_ ___ __ ___ ________ __ __ _
10
geometric _____ __ __ __ __ _____ ________ __ _______
10
Prolate spheroidal coordinates __________ __ __ _ _ ___
752
Pseudo-lemniscatic
case- _ _ _ ___ ___- ____ __ __ _ _ ___
662
Psi function- - _ _ __ __ __ ___ __ _- ______ ____ __ _ _ _ 258,264
asymptotic formulas-- __ __ _ _ ___ __ ____ __-_ ____
259
definite integrals- _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __
259
duplication formula--- __ __ _____ ____ __ ____ ____
259
fractional values of- _____________________
____
258
graph of ___--_--_--_________
- _______________
258
in the complex plane--- __ __-__ __ __ __ __ ___ ____
259
integer values of __________ __ _- ____ __ __ ___ __ __
258
recurrence formulas--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 258
reflection formula ______ __ ___ __ __ _-__ ___ _ _ ____
259

INDEX
series expansions for- _ __ __ __ __ __ ____ ___-_ ___ _ 259
t,ables of __________________________
267,272,276,288
zeros of ______________ - _______ - _____________
259

Q
Quadratic equation, solution of ____ -__ _ __- _______
Quartic equation, resolution into quadratic factors--

17,19
17, 20

R
Radaus integration formula- ___________________
888
Random deviates, generation of _____________ ____
949
Random numbers- _ _ __________________________
949
methods of generation of- ____________________
949
tableof______-___-_-____--_-_---___----___991
Repeated integrals of the error function __________
299
as a single integral--________________________
299
asymptotic expansion of ______________________
300
definition___---___-------------------------299
derivatives of _____________________
__________
300
differential equation- _ _ _ _-__ _ __________ _____ _ 299
graph of _____ _______________________________
300
power series for- _ - __________________________
299
recurrence relations--- _______________________
299
relation to Hermite polynomials ___-_____-_____
300
relation %o parabolic cylinder functions-- _ - _ _ _ _ _ 300
relation to the confluent hypergeometric
function_-__-_-----_-------------------------300
relation to the Hh function ________ _____-_____
300
table of____-_-___________---------------..-..
317
value at zero ________________________________
300
Representation
of numbers- _ _--__-_---_-_-_---_
1012
Reversion of series _________________-___________
16, 882
Riccati-Bessel functions- __ __ ___ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _- _____
445
definitions-_-------------------------------445
differential equation- _ ____--------_---- ----_
445
Wronskian relations- _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ - _ _ __ _-_-___
445
Riemann zeta function ___________________-___
256,807
special values of _________________-_-______
___
807
Riemanns differential equation- _ _ _ ______---_-__
564
solutions of- ____ ___ __ _____ _____ __ _____ - _____
564
Riemanns P function ______ ________ ___ ___- -____
564
transformation
formulas _____ ____-_-_-__----__
565
Ring functions..---_-_------------------------336
Rodrigues formula- _ __ ___ __ __ __ ____ _____ 334,773,785
Roots
computation of ________ ______________________
19,89
graph of____--_____------------------------19
of complex numbers- _ _ _ ________- __ ____----__
17,20
tables of--_-- _- __ ____________________ _-____ 24,223
Runge-Kutta
methods- _ __ ____ __ __ -_______-__ __
896
S
Scales of notation- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ - - _ _ _ _ 1011
general conversion methods ____ __ __ __ __ ____ __ _ 1012
Schwarzs inequality _______ - ___________________
11
Sectoral harmonics--_ __ ____-_____-----_-----332
Series___--____-_-__~~----------~------------14
binomial ______________ -_--- ________________
14
Euler-Maclaurin
summation formula ___________ 16,22
Eulers transformation
of------______________
16, 21
exponential_____-__-----~-------~----------69

Kummers transformation
of-- __ _ _ _ _ _ - - -_ _ _ _ _ _
16
Lagranges expansion- _ _ _ _ - _ _ __ _ _ - - _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _
14
logarithmic_-------------------------------68
operations with _____________ ---- ____________
15
reversionof- __________ - _________ -- _____ ---__
16
Taylors_____-~~---~------------~---~-~~---14
trigonometric-----_________ --- ________ - ____
74
Shifted Chebyshev polynomials- _ _ _ _______ __ ____
774
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Shifted Legendre polynomials- - - _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ 774
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Sievertintegral_______------------------------1000
886
Simpsonsrule ______ -__--- ____________ -- ______
Sine integral __________ -_-- __________________
231,510
asymptotic expansions of-- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 233
computation of ___________________ ---- _______
233
definitions_- __ _- ____ __ ______________ __ ______
231
232
graphs of______-_-_------------------------232
integral representation
of-- __________ ____ __ ___
integrals-_--__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ 232
rational approximations_- __ __. __ __ __ __ ___ ___
233
relation to exponential integral--- ___ __ __ __ ____
232
series expansions for- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 232
232
symmetry relations- ___ __-__ __ __ __ __ ______ ___
tablesof __________________ -__- ____________ 238,243
928
Skewness.-----------------------------------Spences integral- _ _ ______ ___________ _________ _ 1004
Spherical Bessel functions.. __ _________ 230, 301, 435, 540
addition theorems for- ________ _ __ __ ___- ______
440
439
analytic continuation
of ______ _______ ____ _ _ ___
ascending series for- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 437
complex zeros of h:(z), h:(z)-- _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 441
computation of _____ __ __ ____ __ __ _____ ______ __ 452
439
cross products of- ______ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ _- --definitions___------------------------------437
degenerate forms- ______________ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 440
440
derivatives with respect to order- _ _ _______---differential equation- _ __ __ __ __ __ -_ __ ____ __ __ _ 437
439.
differentiation
formulas- _ _ _ ____ ____ _ __ __ - -- -duplication formula ___________ ______ __ __ __ __ _ 440
Gegenbauers generalization
for- _ _ _ ______ ____ _ 438
generating functions for- ________ ____________ _ 439
438
graphs of____------------------------------infinite series involving j:(z) _ _________________
440
limiting values as z-0 ____ ______________ __ __ _ 437
439
modulus and phase- _______ ____________ ___ __Poissons integral for ____________ ____________ _ 438
Rayleighs formula for- _ __ _________ _____--_ -439
439
recurrence relations ____ _-_______________-..-relation to Fresnel integrals _____ __________ __ __
440
representations by elementary functions- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 437
457
tables of_____------------------------------Wronskian relations_ _ _ _ _ _ ____ __ -___ ____ ___ __
437
440
zeros and their asymptotic expansions .____ -- --Spherical polynomials (Legendre) ____ _ _ - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 332
(see orthogonal polynomials)
Spherical triangles, solution of- _ _ ____-_____-____
79
751
Spheroidal wave functions- __-__ ____- __ _______ - 756
asymptotic behavior of __________________----755
asymptotic expansions of- _ ____ _______ __ -- -- --

1042

INDEX

Page
Spheroidal wave functionsContinued
characteristic values for ____________________
753,756
differential equations----_ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ 753
evaluation of coefficients for- _ ________________
755
expansions for _____ ___ _- __ ___ __ _________ _ __ __
755
joining factors for- _ _____-__-__-_-__-________
757
normalisation
of ____ - __ _ _ _ __ ______ __ _ ___-__ __
755
tables of _____ _ ___ __ __ _ _- - - - -- - - - -- -- ------_ 766
table of eigenvalues of- _ _ _ _____-__-__________
760
table of prolate joining factors- _ _ _____________
769
Stirling numbers- _ _ - _ _-_ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ ____ -_ ____ _ 824
table of the first kind- ____________-__________
833
table of the second kind-.. ___ __ __ __ __ __-_-___ _ 835
Stirlings formula ________--_--_-_----__________
257
Struves functions- _ ___________________________
495
asymptotic expansions for large orders _ _ - _ _ __ _ _ 498
asymptotic expansions for large (z( ___________ 497,498
computation of ______________________________
499
differential equation- _ - ______________________
496
graphs of_____-________--_-_________________
496
integral representations of- _______________ -_ 496,498
integrals----_
__ __ _ _ _ _ __ _-_ _ _ __ _ ___ ___ __ __ _ 497,498
modified ______ - _____________________________
498
power series expansion for- _ _ __ _ ____ __ _ ____ - 496,498
recurrence relations ____ - _____________ - _____ 496,498
relation to Webers function- _ _ __ _- ____ __ __ __ _ 498
special properties of __________________________
497
tables of _____ ___ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ ___ __ _____ _-__
501
Students t-distribution _________________________
948
approximations
to ___________________________
949
asymptotic expansion of ______________________
949
limiting distribution_ _ _ _ ___ __ __-__ _ _ _-_ ___ __
949
non-central---______________ - __________ -_-_
949
series expansions for- __-_____________________
948
statistical properties of-- _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _-__-__ _ 948
Subtabulation ____ __ __ __ ___ __ ___ _-_ - __ __ __ ____ _ 881
Summable series __________ - ________ -_ __________
1005
Summation of rational series- _ - __ __ __ ____ _ __ ___
264
Sums of positive powers-.. _ __ __ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _-__ __ _ 813
Sums of powers-__-____________________ - _____
804
Sums of reciprocal powers- _ __ ____ _ ___-__ __ __ _ 807,811
Systems of differential equations of first order----897

T
Taylor expansion________---___________________
880
Taylors formula- _ _ ___________________________
14
Tesseral harmonics- _ _ - __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ ___ _ __ __ _ _ __ 332
Tetrachoric functions- ____________________ - ____
934
Tetragamma function ___-_____ _________________
260
(see polygamma functions)
Theta functions- _ __ __-_ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ _ _ __ __ _ 576
addition of quarter-periods_ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ __
577
calculation
by use of the arithmetic-geometric
mean-_________________________________
577,580
expansions in terms of the nome p _____________
576
Jacobis notation for __________________ - ____ -_
577
logarithmic derivatives of _____________________
576
logarithms of sum and difference_ _ ____________
577
Nevilles notation for- _ ____ - _______________
578,582
relations between squares of the functions _ _ _ _ __ 576
relation to Jacobis zeta function-- ____________
578
relation with Weierstrass elhptic functions-- _ __ _ 650

Page

Thieles interpolation
formula-- _ _ _ __ _- _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ 881
Toroidal functions _____________________________
336
Toronto function-_ _ _ ____ ___ ___- ____ _______ _ ___
509
Trapezoidal rule ____ __-_ __ _____ -_ __ ____ ___ ___ __ 885
Triangle inequality _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ - _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
11
Trigamma function ____________________________
260
(see polygamma functions)
Trigonometric
functions ________________________
71
(see circular functions)
Truncated exponential function- _ __ ____________ 70,262
U
Ultraspherical
polynomials __________ ____ ________
(see orthogonal polynomials)
coefficients for and P in terms of ____-___ ____
graphsof_____~-__-_--~--_-----..--~--..---Unit step function _____________________________

774
794
776
1020

V
Variance- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 928
Variance-ratio
distribution
function ________ _ ___ _ _ 946
(see F-distribution
function)
Vector-addition
coefficients- _ ___________________
1006
W
Wallis formula _____ - __________________________
258
Wave equation
in prolate and oblate spheroidal coordinates----752
Webers function ______________________________
498
relation to Angers function-..- ________________
498
relation to Struves function- _________________
498
Weierstrass elliptic functions ______ _____ _ __ __ ____
627
addition formulas for- _ _ - _-__ _ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ 635
case A=O-_-------------_-------_-----------651
computation
of_-..-- ___ __ _ __ __ __ _____ ________
663
conformal mapping of--- _ _ __ __ __ _-_ __ __ 642,654,659
definitions______-______________________----629
derivatives of- ______________________________
640
determination
of periods from given invariants- 665
determination
of values at half-periods, etc., from
givenperiods ____________ - ___-_ -_- ________
664
differential equation- _ _____________________
629,640
discriminant____ __ _ _____ ___ _ _______ __-_ -___
629
equianharmonic
case _________________________
652
expressing any elliptic function in terms of pand
p- _____________________________________
651
fundamental period parallelogram------------629
fundamental rectangle- _ _ _- ____________ ______
630
homogeneity relations-_-- _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _-___ __ _ 631
integrals- ___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ __ _ 641
invariants- _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 629
Legendres relation- _ _ _____ - _________________
634
lemniscatic case- _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __-__ __ __ ___ __ 658
maps of- _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ 642,654,659
multiplication
formulas ______ _ _ _ ___ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ 635
other series involving 9, 8, 5 __________ _ ____
639
pseudo-lemniscatic
case- _ _ _______ ____________
662
reduction formulas _______ ____________________
631
relation with complete elliptic integrals _________
649
relations with Jacobis elliptic functions- __ _ _ _ _ _ 649
relations with theta functions _________________
650

Page

reversedseriesforlarge
191, 191, 1(1--------reversed series for small (VI--. ______ ___-______
series expansions for- _ _______________________
special values and relations- ___- _______ _______
symbolism ______ -- ________ -- ______ -- ______ -_
tables of___---.. __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _

638
640
635
633
629
673

Page

Whittaker functions-----_____ - _______ - _______

505
Wigner coefficients ____ _- - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1006
z
Zeta function
Jacobis_-----__---------------------------578
Riemanns ____________ - ___________ --- _____ 256,807

Index

of Notations
Page

=p(a+n)/l(a)
(Pochhammers symbol) _ _ _ _ 256
a,(g) characteristic value of Mathieus equation- _ 722
= 2P(z) - 1 normal probability function- _ _ _ 931
A(4
Ai
Airy function---- ________ --- ____________
446
A.G.M.
arithmetic-geometric
mean-. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 571
am z amplitude of the complex number z____--__
16
antilog
antilogarithm
(log-r)-L- - - - _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
89
arcsin 2, arccos 2 inverse circular functions- ____ _
79
arctan 2, arccot 2
arcsec 2, arccsc 2
arcsinh z, arccosh z inverse hyperbolic functions.86
arctanh z, arccoth z
arcsech z, arccsch z
arg z argument of z- - _ _ ___ __ _____- -_ __ __ ---__
16
b,(p) characteristic value of Mathieus equation- 722
B, Bernoulli number.. _ _ -___-----_-----------804
B.(z)
Bernoulli polynomial-- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ . _ _ _ _ _ __
804
ber,.z, bei*,
Kelvin functions- _________________
379
Bi(z)
Airy function ___________________________
446
cd, sd, nd Jacobian elliptic functions ____________
570
c.d.f. cumulative distribution function- _ _ __ _ ____
927
ce,(z, g) Mathieu function- ____________________
725
cn Jacobian elliptic function__ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ 569
Cn, Dn, Sn integrals of the squares of Jacobian
elliptic functions- _ _ _. __ __________________ _ 576
cs, ds, ns Jacobian elliptic functions.. _ __________
570
C(z) Fresnel integral __________________________
300
C,(z)
Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind-774
C(z, a) generalized Fresnel integral _____ ________
262
Ce,(z, 9) modified Mathieu function_ _ _________ _ 732
C,(z), Cz(z) Fresnel integrals _______-___________
300
C,((z)
ultraspherical
(Gegenbauer) polynomialL_
774
Chi(z)
hyperbolic cosine integral- _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 231
Ci(z)
cosine integral- _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ 231
Gin(2)
cosine integral----_--_____ -- __________
231
Cinh(z)
hyperbolic cosine integral------__-----231
colog cologarithm--_____ - ____ -_- ____ -- _____.
89
covers A, coversine A---_-------____ - _______ 78
dc, nc, SC Jacobian elliptic functions- _ _________.
570
dn = A( q) delta amplitude (Jacobian elliptic function)___--_____--___---~--~-----~--------569
D,(z)
parabolic
cylinder function
(Whittakers
forrn)__________-____--~~-~--------------687
er, el, c~ roots of a polynomial (Weierstrass form)-629
e* exponential function_--- - _ ___ _ - - _ _ _ __ - _ _ _ __ _
69
e,(z) truncated exponential function ____ - _______
262
E(~\or)
elliptic integral of the second kind- _ _ _ - 589
E(a,z)
parabolic cylinder function- _ _ - - _ __ __ - __ _ 693
E.(z)
Webers function ____.__ --___-- _____ - ____
498
E,(m)(z) Weber parabolic cylinder function---- _ _ _ 509
K(m) complete elliptic integral
of the second
kind---___-___-_---_____________________590
(4

1044

page

Ei(z)
exponential integral ___________________-228
E,(z)
exponential integral- _ _____ ____________-228
E[g(X)]
expected value operator for the function
s(x)_-___-____---------------------------928
Ein(z)
modified exponential integral __________-_
228
B, Euler number _____ _ _ _ _ _ _- _- _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _804
E,(z)
Euler polynomial- _ _ _ _ - _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 804
E,(z)
exponential integral- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 228
erf z error function ___________________________
297
erfc 2 complementary error function __________-297
exp z=ez exponential function- ________ ________
69
exsec A, exsecant A ____________________________
78
f*,,, f.,, joining factors for Mathieu functions-- _ _ 735
F(a, b; c; z) hypergeometric function- _ _________
556
F(p\a)
elliptic integral of the first kind- ________
589
F~(q,p) Coulomb wave function (regular)---_ _- 538
FPP fundamental period parallelogram_ _ ______
629
hyper.,Fmh, . . ., a,; bl, . . ., b,; z) generalised
geometric function _________________________
556
g2, g3 invariants of Weierstrass elliptic functions- _ 629
740
Be.., B0.r joining factors for Mathieu functions--g(z, y, p) bivariate normal probability function--936
Gi(z) related Airy function- __________ _ ________
448
GL(Q p) Coulomb wave functiou (irregular or logarithmic)----------------------..----------538
G,(p, q, z) Jacobi polynomial- _________________
774
gd(z)
Gudermannian ______ _ ___ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ _
77
Q(z)
spherical Bessel function of the third kind437
hav A haversine A- ______________________
-___
78
H,(z)
Struves function- _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _-_ __ __ __ __
496
Hi(z)
related Airy function _____-______________
448
He,(z)
Hermite polynomial ____ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _-___
775
H?(z)
Bessel function of the third kind (Hankel) _ 358
HA,(z)
Hh (probability)
function ________-____ 300,691
H,(z)
Hermite polynomial- _ _ _________________
775
H(m, n, z) confluent hypergeometric
function---695
Z.(z) modified Bessel function _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ __ _ 374
modified spherical Bessel function
dGmn+$&)
of the first kind- _ ___-____________________
443
modified spherical Bessel function
dim--44
of the second kind _____ - _______ - ___________
443
Z(rL, p) incomplete
gamma function
(Pearsons
form)_-----__----__---------------------262
Z,(a, b) incomplete beta function _______________
263
92
imaginary part of z(=y)- ___________________
16
in erfc z repeated integral of the error function--299
j,(z)
spherical Bessel function of the first kind--437
J,(z)
Angers function ____ ____________________
498
J,(z)
Bessel function of the first kind ___________
358
k modulus of Jacobian elliptic functions-.. __ __ _ _ _ 590
k complementary modulus ____________________
590
k,(z) Batemans function-- __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 510

INDEX

OF NOTATIONS
Page

Page

483
repeated integrals of Z&J(Z)- _ _. -__------_
modified spherical
Bessel funcKnfH(Z)
443
tion of the third kind- _ ______-______-._____
374
modified Bessel function_. _. __ _- __ __ ___
K,(z)
590
K(m)
complete elliptic integral of the first kind-ker,z, kei,z Kelvinfunctions----__._ -_-___---379
228
ii(z) logarithmic integral _____ ____ __. _ ___- -- -- -lim limit_..-____----_-_-.--------.----.----13
log,& common (Briggs) logarithm_ _ _ _ - -__- __ - __
68
log,2 logarithm of z to base ~n_~--~~-----~-~~~-67
In 2 (=log,z)
natural, Naperian or hyperbolic
logarithrn_______-----..~~~---~-----------flF(t)]=f(s)
Laplace transform._---____---___
10::
L(h, k, p) cumulative
hivariate
normal probability function ____ _ _ ______________________
936
L.(s)
Laguerre polynomial- _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ __ - _ 775
L,(Q)(Z) generalized Laguerre polynomial-- __ . _ _ _ 775
modified Struve function-.
. _. . _ _ -. _ _ _ __ 498
L(z)
m=p,
mean~~~~.~~-----~.~----.~.~-~-~~~---928
m parameter (elliptic functions) -- __ . . . _ _ _ _ _ . _ __ 569
_. _ 569
ml complementary parameter-. ._.-._______.
M(o, b, z) Kummers
confluent
hypergeometric
function--__-___.___--.-.-----.-.~-------504
733
Mc,(z, qj modified Mathieu function_-_ __ ____ 733
itfsMs,(i)(z,q) modified Mathieu function __________
M,,,(z)
Whittaker function- - - _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ - 505
n characteristic of the elliptic integral of the third
kind__~------.~~-~~-~.---~-~-.----~-----590
O(u,j =un, un is of the order of vn (U./U, is bounded) _
15

Ki.(z)
Am

lim %=O __________________ ____ ____

259
o(v,) =%
Ta+- vn
O,,(z) Neumanns polynomial----~-~---_--~---363
p(n) number of partitions _.______.-__.____._._
825
q(z)
Weierstrass elliptic function--- __ __ _______
629
ph z phase of t.he complex number z----..------16
P(a,z)
incomplete gamma function- _ - - _ - _ _ _ _ __ _ 260
P(x*]u) probability of the x2-distribution- - _ _ 262,940
P:(z)
associated Legendre function of the first
kind_______-_______-____________________332
P(z) normal probability function--- _ __ _ _ _- _ - - _ _ 931
P,(z)
Legendre function (spherical polynomials) -333, 774
P:(z)
shifted Legendre polynomial ____ _-_ __ __-_
774
P,,(a*fl)(z) Jacobi polynomial- __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ - _ _ _ 774
Pr(X<=s)
probability of the event X<z-------927
q nome__-_______.____-____________________591
Q(z) = 1 -P(z)
normal probability function (tail
area)-.-----_----___--____________-_____931

number of partitions
into distinct integer
summands ______________ -_--- _____ - __._.__
Q:(z)
associated Legendre function of the second
kind---_._.___---_..-~.~~~~-~.--.-~~-.-.$(z)
Legendre function of the second kind_-- ._.
z real part of z(=z) _____.__ -_- _._.._.______
P(c, -9 radial spheroidal wave function_ ___. __ _
,!a)
Stirling number of the first kind--- _ _-_ ___ _
s),(+) Stirling number of the second kind _ _ _ - - - - se,(t, q) Mathieu function ____. _ _ _ __. _. . _ _ __ __ _
sn Jacobian elliptic function-- _- _ -_. __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __
S(z) Fresnel integral _____ - ________._._______._
S,(z), &(z)
Fresnel integrals-_---_____________
Se,(z, q) modified Mathieu function. _ _ _________
S(z, a) generalized Fresnel integral _______ - _____
Shi(z)
hyptrbolic sine integral- _ _ _ _ _ _ __. . ___ ___
Si(z) sine integral- _.___ -___-_--- _______ - _.___
S,(z)
Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind- _ _ _
Sib(z)
hyperbolic sine integral- _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - _ _ __ __
S$i (c, 7) angular spheroidal wave function- _. . __
si(r) sine integral ______. - __ _ _ _ _- _. . _. _ __ _ _ _ __
sin z, cos z, tan 2 circular functions ___. . . .______
cot z, set 2, csc 2 __________ --- _______ - _.___
sinh z, cash z, tanh z hyperbolic functions _______
coth z, sech z, csch z____ --- ______ - _______ -_
T(m, n,r)
Toronto function ______________.____
T.(z)
Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind-- - T:(z)
shifted Chebyshev polynomial of the first
kind_____~____---_-_-------~~-----------U(a, b, z) Kummers
confluent
hypergeometric
function_______--------------------------U,(z)
Chebyshev polynomial of the second kindV(z) shifted Chebyshev polynomial of the second
kind__________-___-_------------------.-U(a, z) Weber parabolic cylinder function--- - - - vers A, versine A _______ __ _________ __ __ _-- -__
V(a, z)
Weber parabolic cylinder function _ _ _ - _ w(z) error function- _ ______ __ ____ - __ _ ________ W(a, z) Weber parabolic cylinder function _ _ _ _ _ _
Wr.a(z)
Whittaker function ___________________
IV{ f(z), g(z) ) (=f(z)g(z)
-f(z)g(z))
Wronskian reIation___-__________---------~--~-----.--divided difference _______ __ _- -- -ko, 211 * - . , zb]
y,(z)
spherical Bessel function of the second kindY,(z)
Bessel function of the second kind- _ __---Y:(e, p) surface harmonic of the first kind _ _ __ _ _
Z(z) normal probability .density function- _ _ _ __ __
q(n)

825
332
334
16
753
824
824
725
569
300
300
733
262
231
231
774
231
753
232
71
72
83
83
509
774
774
504
774
774
687
78
687
297
692
505
505
877
437
358
332
931

Notation

Greek Letters

Page

modular

angle (elliptic

44

= lmtne-sldt
s

B.(z)

=c

function) _ _ _ _ --___-___

___________

t*e-grdt_

-_-___--

- ____________

________

-_ ____ -- ____

590
228

228

Page

@(u]m)
Jacobis theta function _________________
I,, nth curnulant--~---~~~~-__________________
~$4 joining factor for spheroidal wave functions- _

577
928
757

X(n)&Sk+l)-.

807

----______-____

- ____________

k-0

/3(n)

=-&-1)h(2k+l)-

_____________ -_- _____

807

B,(n, b) incomplete beta function- _ _ _ _ _ - - _ __ _ _ _

B(z, w) betafunction--______ -- ____ - _________
y Eulers constant ______________ -- ____ -- ______
~(a, 2) incomplete gamma function (normalired) _

263
258
255
260

?I=:

928

k=O

coefficient of skewness __________________

y~=&-3
coefficient of excess ______ - ___________
d
p(z) gamma function- _ __ _- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
p(a, 2) incomplete gamma function _____________
8ii Kronecker delta (=0 if i#k; =l if i=k)----e(L) central difference- _ _ _ __________________ _
A
difference operator __________________________
A
discriminant of Weierstrass canonical form--- _
difference- _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ __ __
A( f,,) forward
AX absolute error _______________ -- _________ -__
r(s) Riemann zeta function ____ -__ __ __-_- _____
l(z)
Weierstrass zeta function _______ __ _____ - __ _
Z(u]m)
Jacobis zeta function __________________

928
255
260
822
877
822
629
877
14
807
629
578

s(n)

807

-2

(-l)r-%-

_.__----______---_-------

Weierstrasselliptic
function-------lo =r(Z.{
H(u), H,(u)
Jacobis eta function- _ _ ___________
9,(z)
theta function __________________________
ti,(e\\a),aa(e\aQ,
Nevilbs notation _____________
for
theta functions

631
577
576
578

Miscellaneous

x*II characteristic

value of the spheroidal wave

equation-___--_________________________
A(p\a)
Heumans lambda function-- _ _ __ __.__-_
&fJ mean difference- _ _-_____________________
c(n) Mobius function ____________________.
____
fin nth central moment ____ __________________ -_
B,, nth moment about the origin ___________ ____
r(Z) number of primes 5% ________ - ______. ____
T=(X) = (Z-20) (x-q)
. . . (z-2,) ____---_---.---II@; ~\a)
elliptic integral of the third kind- _ _ _ __
II(z) factorial function ____________________
_-__
p correlation coefficient- _______________ ___ ____
Pn(%~1, . . .,z.) reciprocal difference ________ ____
P(v, z) Poisson-Charlier
function- _____ __ _ __ __ __
* standard deviation ______________________
____
2 variance----____--______________________-u(z) Weierstrass sigma function _---____________
Q k(n) divisor function ___- __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
T,(Z) tetrachoric function- _ _ _ _________________
a=am p1, amplitude- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ --__-----a(n) Euler-Totient
function- _ __--_____________
characteristic function of X- _ _ _ __ _
a(t) = E(e*)
*(a; b; z) confluent hypergeometric function-- _ __
$(z) logarithmic
derivative
of the gamma
function__----------_---------------------*(a; c; z) confluent hypergeometric function___
W, period of Weierstrass elliptic functions- _ _ _ _ _ _
W.,,(Z) Cunningham function _____ _ _ __ __ ___ __ __ _

19
19
752
877

& partial

883

derivative _______________

- ________ -__

i (= V-l)- ___--______ - _----- - _______________

(;) binomial coefhcient __________ -_-___- _______
n! factorial function- _ _ _ _---__________________
(2n)!! =2*4.6 . . . (272) = 2%!-- _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(m,n) greatest common divisor--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _-_ __ _ _ _

70
10
255
258
822

(n,k) =wi+n+w
krp(s+n-k)

437

(n; 781,
nz; . . ., n,)
[z]

largest integer
1046

(Hankels

symbol) _ _ _____

mu!tinomial
coefficient-- _ _ _ _
Is-- ___- _______ _______ ___-_

823
66

268
SO4
629
510

Notations

PW0

[oia] determinant _____________________________

[ai] column matrix ______ ______________________
Vn
Laplacian operator _ - _ __-___ _____--_-_ __ ___
AL
forward difference operator __---__-----__-__

753
595
877
826
928
928
231
878
590
255
936
878
509
298
928
629
827
934
669
826
928
so4

<x>
nearest integer to 5 _____________________
Z complex conjugate of 2 (=?:-iy)__________ -_
z=z+iy
complex number (Cartesian form)-----= rei (polar form) ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Izj absolute value or modulus of z __________ __ __
I: overall summation _____________________
I ____
Z restricted summation ______________________
I: II sum or product taken over all prime numbers p-

sD

PM3
222
16
16
16
16
822
75s
807

Z IId, sum or product overall positRe divisors d of A-6,

826

f
Cauchys principal value of the integral _ _ - ___
= approximately
equal _______________________
N asymptotically
equal-- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - __ __ _- __
<, >, I L inequality, inclusion _ _ _ _ - _ _ ___ _ - - _
# unequal----____--_______________________-

228
14
1s
10
12

A CATALOGUE
OF SELECTED DOVER
IN ALL FIELDS OF INTEREST

BOOKS

A CATALOGUE
OF SELECTED DOVER
IN ALL FIELDS OF INTEREST

BOOKS

AMERICAS
OLD MASTERS, James T. Flexner.
Four men emerged unexpectedly
from provincial
18th century America
to leadership
in European
art: Benjamin
West, J. S. Copley, C. R. Peale, Gilbert Stuart. Brilliant
coverage of lives and contributions.
Revised, 1967 edition.
69 plates. 365~~. of text.
21806-6
Paperbound
$3.00
FLOWERS
OF OUR WILDERNESS:
AMERICAN
PAINTING,
THE COLONIAL
PERIOD, James T. Flexner.
Painters, and regional
painting
traditions
from earliest
Colonial times up to the emergence of Copley, West and Peale Sr., Foster, Gustavus
Hesselius, Feke, John Smibert and many anonymous
painters in the primitive
manner.
Engaging presentation,
with 162 illustrations.
xxii + 368~~.
22180-6
Paperbound
$3.50
FIRST

THE LIGHT
OF DISTANT
SKIES: AMERICAN
PAINTING,
.1760-1835,
James T. Flexner. The great generation
of early American
painters goes to Europe to learn and
to teach: West, Copley, Gilbert
Stuart and others. Allston,
Trumbull,
Morse;
also
contemporary
American
painters-primitives,
derivatives,
academics-who
remained
in America.
102 illustrations.
xiii + 306~~.
22179-2
Paperbound
$3.00
A HISTORY
OF THE RISE
STATES, William
Dunlap.

AND

PROGRESS

OF THE ARTS

OF DESIGN

IN THE UNITED

Much the richest mine of information

on early American
painters, sculptors, architects, engravers,
miniaturists,
etc. The only source of information
for scores of artists, the major primary source for many others. Unabridged
reprint of rare original
1834 edition, with new introduction
by James T. Flexner,
and 394 new illustrations.
Edited by Rita Weiss. 65/a x 95/a.
21695-0,
21696-9,
21697-7
Three volumes,
Paperbound
$13.50
EPOCHS
OF CHINESE
AND JAPANESE
ART, Ernest F. Fenollosa.
From primitive
Chinese art to the 20th century, thorough
history, explanation
of every important
art
period and form, including
Japanese woodcuts ; main stress on China and Japan, but
Tibet, Korea also included.
Still unexcelled
for its detailed,
rich coverage of cultural background,
aesthetic elements, diffusion
studies, particularly
of the historical
period.
2nd, 1913 edition.
242 illustrations.
lii + 439~~. of text.
20364-6,
20365-4
Two volumes,
Paperbound
$6.00

THE GENTLE ART OF MAKING ENEMIES, James A. M. Whistler.

Greatest wit of his
day deflates Oscar Wilde,
Ruskin, Swinburne;
strikes back at inane critics, exhibitions, art journalism;
aesthetics of impressionist
revolution
in most striking
form.
Highly
readable classic by great painter.
Reproduction
of edition designed
by
Whistler.
Introduction
by Alfred
Werner.
xxxvi
+ 334~~.
21875-9
Paperbound
$2.50

CATALOGUE

OF DOVER

BOOKS

VISUAL ILLUSIONS:
THEIR CAUSES, CHARACTERISTICS,
AND APPLICATIONS,
Matthew Luckiesh.
Thorough
description
and discussion of optical illusion, geometric
and perspective,
particularly;
size and shape distortions,
illusions of color, of motion;
natural illusions;
use of illusion in art and magic, industry,
etc. Most useful today
with op art, also for classical art. Scores of effects illustrated.
Introduction
by
William
H. Ittleson.
100 illustrations.
xxi + 252~~.
21530-X
Paperbound
$2.00
A HANDBOOK
OF ANATOMY
FOR ART STUDENTS, Arthur Thomson. Thorough,
virtually exhaustive
coverage of skeletal structure,
musculature,
etc. Full text, supplemented by anatomical
diagrams
and drawings
and by photographs
of undraped
figures. Unique in its comparison of male and female forms, pointing out differences
of contour, texture, form. 211 figures, 40 drawings,
86 photographs.
xx f 459~~.
21163-O Paperbound
$3.50
53/s x S$a.
150 MASTERPIECES OF DRAWING,
Selected by Anthony
Toney.
Full page reproductions of drawings
from the early 16th to the end of the 18th century, all beautifully
reproduced:
Rembrandt,
Michelangelo,
Diirer, Fragonard,
Urs, Graf, Wouwerman,
many others.
First-rate
browsing
book, model book for artists.
xviii + 150~~.
21032-4
Paperbound
$2.50
83/8 X 111/4.
THE LATER WORK OF AUBREY BEARDSLEY, Aubrey
Beardsley.
Exotic, erotic,
ironic masterpieces in full maturity:
Comedy Ballet, Venus and Tannhauser,
Pierrot,
Lysistrata, Rape of the Lock, Savoy material,
Ali Baba, Volpone,
etc. This material
revolutionized
the art world, and is still powerful,
fresh, brilliant.
With The Early
Ii+ork, all Beardsleys
finest work.
174 plates, 2 in color. xiv + 176~~. 81/8 x 11.
21817-1
Paperbound
$3.00
DRAWINGS OF REMBRANDT,
Rembrandt
van Rijn. Complete reproduction
of fabulously rare edition by Lippmann
and Hofstede
de Groot, completely
reedited,
updated, improved
by Prof. Seymour Slive, Fogg Museum.
Portraits, Biblical sketches,
landscapes, Oriental
types, nudes, episodes from classical mythology-All
Rembrandts fertile genius.
Also selection of drawings
by his pupils and followers.
Stunning
volumes,
Satunzu~ Review.
550 illustrations.
lxxviii
+ 552~~.
21485-0,
21486-9
Two volumes,
Paperbound
$10.00
9?/a x 121/.
THE DISASTERS OF WAR, Francisco Goya. One of
lization-83
etchings that record Goyas shattering,
war that swept through Spain after the insurrection
Reprint of the first edition, with three additional
Fine Arts. All plates facsimile size. Introduction
v + 97pp. 93/a x Sr/&

the masterpieces of Western civibitter reaction to the Napoleonic

of 1808 and to war in general.
plates from Bostons Museum
of
by Philip Hofer, Fogg Museum.
21872-4
Paperbound
$2.00

GRAPHIC WORKS OF ODILON REDON. Largest collection

of Redons graphic works
ever assembled:
172 lithographs,
28 etchings and engravings,
9 drawings.
These
include some of his most famous works.
All the plates from Odilon Redon: oeuvre
graphique
romplet, plus additional
plates. New introduction
and caption translations
by Alfred Werner.
209 illustrations.
xxvii -1 209~~.
9$$ x 121/4.
21966-8
Paperbound
$4.00

CATALOGUE

OF DOVER BOOKS

JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, Philipp Spitta. One of the great classics of musicology,
this definitive
analysis of Bachs music (and life) has never been surpassed. Lucid,
nontechnical
analyses of hundreds of pieces (30 pages devoted to St. Matthew
Passion, 26 to B Minor
Mass).
Also includes major analysis of 18th-century
music.
450 musical examples.
40-page musical supplement.
Total of xx + 1799~~.
(EUK)
22278-0,
22279-9 Two volumes,
Clothbound
$15.00
MOZART AND HIS PIANO CONCERTOS, Cuthbert
Girdlestone.
The only full-length
study of an important
area of Mozarts
creativity.
Provides detailed analyses of all
23 concertos, traces inspirational
sources. 417 musical examples.
Second edition.
(USO)
21271-S Paperbound
$3.50
509pp.
THE

PERFEIZT

WAGNERITE:

A COMMENTARY

ON THE

NIBLUNGS

RING,

George

Bernard
Shaw.
Brilliant
and still relevant
criticism
in remarkable
essays on
Wagners
Ring cycle, Shaws ideas on political
and social ideology
behind the
plots, role of Leitmotifs,
vocal requisites, etc. Prefaces.
xxi + 136~~.
21707-S Paperbound
$1.50
GIOVANNI,
W. A. Mozart.
Complete
libretto,
modern English translation;
biographies
of composer and librettist;
accounts of early performances
and critical
reaction.
Lavishly
illustrated.
All the material
you need to understand
and
appreciate
this great work.
Dover
Opera Guide and Libretto
Series; translated
and introduced
by Ellen Bleiler.
92 illustrations.
209~~.
21134-7
Paperbound
$1.50
DON

HIGH
FIDELITY
SYSTEMS:
A LAYMANS
GUIDE,
Rof F. Allison.
All the basic
information
you need for setting up your own audio system: high fidelity
and
stereo record players, tape records, F.M. Connections,
adjusting tone arm, cartridge,
checking needle alignment,
positioning
speakers, phasing speakers, adjusting hums,
trouble-shooting,
maintenance,
and similar
topics.
Enlarged
1965 edition.
More
than 50 charts, diagrams,
photos.
iv + 9lpp.
21514-8
Paperbound
$1.25
REPRODUCTION

high fidelity
loudspeakers,
technicalities
iv f 92pp.
HEAR
MADE

OF SOUND,
Edgar Villchur.
Thorough
coverage for laymen of
systems, reproducing
systems in general, needles, amplifiers,
preamps,
feedback, explaining
physical background.
A rare talent for making
vividly
comprehensible,
R. Darrell,
High
Fidelity.
69 figures.
21515-6
Paperbound
$1.00

ME TALKIN
TO YA: THE STORY OF JAZZ AS TOLD
BY THE MEN WHO
IT, Nat Shapiro and Nat Hentoff.
Louis Armstrong,
Fats Wailer, Jo Jones,

Clarence Williams,
Billy Holiday,
Duke Ellington,
Jelly Roll Morton
and dozens
of other jazz greats tell how it was in Chicagos South Side, New Orleans, depression Harlem and the modern West Coast as jazz was born and grew. xvi + 429~~.
21726-4
Paperbound
$2.50
OF AESOP,
translated by Sir Roger LEstrange.
A reproduction
of the very
rare 1931 Paris edition; a selection of the most interesting
fables, together with 50
imaginative
drawings
by Alexander
Calder.
v + 128~~.
61/2x91/4.
21780-9
Paperbound
$1.25
FAEILES

i
--

.-

CATALOGUE

OF

DOVER

BOOKS

ALPHABETS
AND ORNAMENTS,
Ernst Lehner.
Well-known
pictorial
source for
decorative alphabets, script examples, cartouches, frames, decorative
title pages, calligraphic initials,
borders, similar material.
14th to 19th century, mostly European.
Useful in almost any graphic arts designing,
varied styles. 750 illustrations.
256~~.
7 x 10.
21905-4
Paperbound
$4.00
PAINTING:
A CREATIVE APPROACH,
Norman
Colquhoun.
For the beginner simple
guide provides
an instructive
approach
to painting:
major stumbling
blocks for
beginner;
overcoming
them, technical points;
paints and pigments;
oil painting;
watercolor
and other media and color. New section on plastic
paints. Glossary.
Formerly
Painf Your Own Pictures.
221~~.
22000-1
Paperbound
$1.75
THE ENJOYMENT
AND USE OF COLO.R, Walter Sargent.
Explanation
of the relations between colors themselves
and between colors in nature and art, including
hundreds
of little-known
facts about color values, intensities,
effects of high and
low illumination,
complementary
colors. Many practical hints for painters, references
to great masters.
7 color plates, 29 illustrations.
x + 274~~.
20944-X
Paperbound
$2.75
THE NOTEBOOKS
OF LEONARDO
DA VINCI, compiled
and edited by Jean Paul
Richter.
1566 extracts from original manuscripts
reveal the full range of Leonardos
versatile
genius:
all his writings
on painting,
sculpture,
architecture,
anatomy,
astronomy,
peography,
topography,
physiology,
mining, music, etc., in both Italian
and English,
with 186 plates of manuscript
pages and more than 500 additional
drawings.
Includes studies for the Last Supper, the lost Sforza monument,
and
other works.
Total of xlvii + 866~~.
7ya x 103,4.
22572-0,
22573-9
Two volumes,
Paperbound
$10.00
MONTGOMERY
WARD CATALOGUE
OF 1895. Tea gowns, yards of flannel and
pillow-case
lace, stereoscopes, books of gospel hymns, the New Improved
Singer
Sewing Machine,
side saddles, milk skimmers,
straight-edged
razors, high-button
shoes, spittoons, and on and on . . listing some 25,000 items, practically
all illustrated. Essential to the shoppers of the 1890s, it is our truest record of the spirit of
the period. Unaltered
reprint of Issue No. 57, Spring and Summer 1895. Introduction by Boris Emmet.
Innumerable
illustrations.
xiii + 624~~.
81/2 x 115/8.
22377-9
Paperbound
$6.95
THE CRYSTAL PALACE EXHIBITION
ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE
(LONDON,
185 1).
One of the wonders of the modern world-the
Crystal Palace Exhibition
in which
all the nations of the civilized
world exhibited
their achievements
in the arts and
sciences-presented
in an equally important
illustrated
catalogue.
More than 1700
items pictured
with accompanying
text-ceramics,
textiles, cast-iron work, carpets,
pianos, sleds, razors, wall-papers,
billiard tables, beehives, silverware
and hundreds
of other artifacts-represent
the focal point of Victorian
culture in the Western
World.
Probably the largest collection
of Victorian
decorative
art ever assembledindispensable
for antiquarians
and designers.
Unabridged
republication
of the
Art-Journal
Catalogue
of the Great Exhibition
of 1851, with all terminal
essays.
New introduction
by John Gloag, F.S.A. xxxiv
+ 426~~. 9 x 12.
22503-8
Paperbound
$4.50

CATALOGUE

OF DOVER

BOOKS

DESIGN BY ACCIDENT;
A BOOK OF ACCIDENTAL
EFFECTS FOR ARTISTS AND
DESIGNERS, James F. OBrien.
Create your own unique, striking,
imaginative
effects
by controlled
accident interaction
of materials:
paints and lacquers, oil and water
based paints, splatter, crackling materials, shatter, similar items. Everything
you do
will be different;
first book on this limitless art, so useful to both fine artist and
commercial
artist.
Full instructions.
192 plates showing accidents,
8 in color.
viii + 215~~.
83/a x 111/q.
21942-9
Paperbound
$3.50
THE BOOK OF SIGNS, Rudolf Koch. Famed German type designer draws 493 beautiful symbols: religious,
mystical, alchemical,
imperial,
property
marks, runes, etc.
Remarkable
fusion of traditional
and modern.
Good for suggestions of timelessness,
smartness, modernity.
Text. vi + 104~~.
61/s x 91/L.
20162-7
Paperbound
$1.25
HISTORY OF INDIAN AND INDONESIAN
ART, Ananda K. Coomaraswamy.
An unabridged republication
of one of the finest books by a great scholar in Eastern art.
social backgrounds;
Sunga reliefs, Rajput
Rich in descriptive
material,
history,
paintings,
Gupta temples, Burmese frescoes, textiles, jewelry,
sculpture,
etc. 400
21436-2
Paperbound
$4.00
photos. viii + 423~~.
63/ x 93/4.
PRIMITIVE
ART, Franz Boas. Americas
foremost
anthropologist
surveys textiles,
ceramics, woodcarving,
basketry, metalwork,
etc.; patterns,
technology,
creation of
symbols, style origins. All areas of world, but very full on Northwest
Coast Indians.
More than 350 illustrations
of baskets, boxes, totem poles, weapons, etc. 378 pp.
20025-6
Paperbound
$3.00
THE GENTLEMAN
AND CABINET
reprint
(third
edition,
1762) of
master cabinetmaker.
200 plates,
plus 24 photographs
of surviving
stock. vi f 249~~. 97 x 123/.

MAKERS DIRECTOR, Thomas Chippendale.

Full
most influential
furniture
book of all time, by
illustrating
chairs, sofas, mirrors,
tables, cabinets,
pieces. Biographical
introduction
by N. Bienen21601-2
Paperbound
$4.00

AMERICAN
ANTIQUE
FURNITURE,
Edga*. G. Miller,
Jr. The basic coverage of all
American
furniture
before 1840.
Individual
chapters cover type of furnitureclocks, tables, sideboards, etc.-chronologically,
with inexhaustible
wealth of data.
More than 2100 photographs,
all identified,
commented
on. Essential to all early
American
collectors.
Introduction
by H. E. Keyes. vi + 1106~~.
778 x 103/4.
21599-7,
21600-4 Two volumes,
Paperbound
$11.00
PENNSYLVANIA
DUTCH AMERICAN
FOLK ART, Henry J. Kauffman.
279 photos,
28 drawings of tulipware,
Fraktur
script, painted tinware,
toys, flowered furniture,
quilts, samplers, hex signs, house interiors,
etc. Full descriptive
text. Excellent
for
tourist, rewarding
for designer, collector.
Map.
146~~. 77/8 x 103/.
21205-X
Paperbound
$2.50
EARLY NEW ENGLAND GRAVESTONE RUBBINGS, Edmund V. Gillon, Jr. 43 photographs,
226 carefully
reproduced
rubbings
show heavily
symbolic,
sometimes
macabre early gravestones,
up to early 19th century.
Remarkable
early American
primitive
art, occasionally
strikingly
beautiful;
always powerful.
Text.
xxvi +
207~~.
83/s x 111/,.
21380-3
Paperbound
$3.50