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doc Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP) Ref NDM Fibre-reinforced polymers/plastics is a recently developed material for strengthening of RC and masonry structure. This is an advanced material and most of the development in its application in structural retrofitting has taken place in the last two decades. It has been found to be a replacement of steel plate bonding and is very effective in strengthening of columns by exterior wrapping. The main advantage of FRP is its high strength to weight ratio and high corrosion resistance. FRP plates can be 2 to 10 times stronger than steel plates, while their weight is just 20% of that of steel. However, at present, their cost is high. FRP composites are formed by embedding a continuous fibre matrix in a resin matrix. The resin matrix binds the fibre together and also provides bond between concrete and FRP. The commonly used fibres are Carbon fibres, Glass fibres and Aramid fibres and the commonly used resins are polyester, vinyl ester and epoxy. FRP is named after the fibre used, e.g. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), and Aramid Fibre Reinforced Polymer (AFRP). The fibres are available in two forms (i) Unidirectional tow sheet, and (ii) (ii) Woven fabric. The application of resin can be in-situ or in the form of prefabrication of FRP plates and other shapes by pultrusion. The in-situ application is by wet lay-up of a woven fabric or tow plate immersed in resin. This method is more versatile as it can be used on any shape. On the other hand, prefabrication results in better quality control. The manufacturers supply these materials as a package and each brand has specific method of application, which is to be followed carefully. Specialized firms have developed in India also, which take up the complete execution work and supply of material. It is important to note the difference between the properties of steel and FRP and it should be understood that FRP cannot be treated as reinforcement in conventional RC design methods . Table gives a typical range of properties for three types of fibres. This range may change from one brand to another and with change in fibre content. Table Typical Properties of GFRP, CFRP and AFRP Unidirectional advanced composite materials Fibre content (% by weight) Density (kg/m3) E (Long.) (GPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Glass fibre/ polyester GFRP laminate 50-80 1600-2000 20-55 400-1800 Carbon/epoxy CFRP laminate

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/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/146705427.doc 65-75 1600-1900 120-250 1200-2250 Aramid/epoxy AFRP laminate 60-70 1050-1250 40-125 1000-1800 Figure shows the qualitative stress-strain curves for mild steel, CFRP, AFRP and GFRP. It can be seen that not only there is drastic difference in tensile strength and modulus of elasticity; unlike to mild steel, FRP is elastic right up to failure. This shows total lack of ductility in case of FRP. This brittleness of FRP must be considered while predicting the behavior of retrofitted members. This brittleness does not allow the redistribution of stress in RC members and therefore, the conventional design theories are not valid for FRP reinforced concrete members.

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Ref This Link http://www.rjdindustries.com/Products/Rebar/rebar.html? gclid=CLDetfmJxJ8CFUwwpAodiUEdIQ

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Fiberglass Reinforcing Bar

Available in bar sizes 3. 4. 5. 6, and 8 Benefits of fiberglass reinforcing bar include: CORROSION RESISTANCE will not rust and is impervious to the action of salt ions, chemicals and the alkalinity inherent in concrete LIGHTWEIGHT weigh approximately one-quarter the weight of an equivalent size steel bar offering significant savings in both placement and use ELECTROMAGNETIC NEUTRALITY contains no metal, and will not interfere with the operation of sensitive electronic devices such as medical MRI units or electronic testing devices THERMAL INSULATOR highly efficient to resisting heat transfer Applications: REINFORCED CONCRETE EXPOSED TO DEICING SALTS Parking structures. bridge decks Jersey banners; parapets curbs. retaining walls and foundations; roads and slabs on grade STRUCTURES BUILT IN OR CLOSE TO SEA WATER Quays, retaining walls; piers jetties, caissons. decks; piles: bulkheads, floating structures canals, roads and buildings offshore platform ms: swimming pools and aquariums APPLICATIONS SUBJECTED TO OTHER CORROSIVE AGENTS Wastewater treatment plants, petrochemical plants, pulp paper mills. liquid gas plants pipelines' tanks for fossil fuel, cooling towers, chimneys, mining operations of various types, nuclear power and dump plants APPLICATIONS REQUIRING ELECTROMAGNETIC NEUTRALITY Aluminum and copper smelting plants; manholes for electrical and telephone communication equipment bases for transmission telecommunication towers airport control towers magnetic resonance imaging in hospitals railroad crossing sites and specialized military structures. TUNNELING / BORING APPLICATIONS Requiring Reinforcement of Temporary Concrete Structures; Structures including mining walls underground rapid transit structures and underground vertical shafts WEIGHT SENSITIVE STRUCTURES Concrete construction in areas of poor load bearing soil conditions remote geographical locations sensitive environmental areas or active seismic sites posing special issues that the use of lightweight reinforcement will solve

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/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/146705427.doc THERMALLY SENSITIVE APPLICATIONS Apartment patio decks thermally insulated concrete housing and basements. thermally heated floors and conditioning rooms

Just for an explanation about material FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) Pipes
RTRP stands for reinforced thermosetting resin pipe, a composite material consisting of a thermosetting polymer, a type of polyster reinforced with glass or other fibers that provide strength & stiffness to a composite material. Different types of resins used for manufacturing GRP, GRV & GRE pipes are Isophthalic resin, Vinylester resin & Epoxy resin respectively that are selected according to the required properties like chemical resistance, temperature resistance & mechanical properties. The resins provide thermal & chemical properties such as glass transition temperature, resistance to heat, chemical resistance etc. required for finished product. The properties of GRP pipes can be varied by changing the ratio of raw materials as well as winding angle. These pipes consist of three layers adherent to each having different characteristics in relation to functional requirement. Inner Liner Veil (Glass), Resin: CSM (Glass), Resin Structural wall - Roving (Glass), Resin External liner- Veil (Glass), Resin Inner Liner Veil (Glass), Resin: CSM (Glass), Resin Inner Liner one is chemical resistant being in direct contact with fluid & therefore, responsible to resist chemical corrosion as well as permeability. The internal surface is particularly smooth to reduce the fluid head losses & also opposes the growth of minerals & algae. Lines has two monolithic sub layers. Inner in contact with fluid is reinforced with glass veil with a resin content 90 %, outer reinforced with CSM glass with resin content 70 % by weight. The standard liner thickness is about 0.5 to 1.5 mm. Structural wall - Roving (Glass), Resin Glass Reinforced layers guarantee the mechanical resistance of the whole pipe against stresses due to internal & external pressure, external loads as well as thermal loads. For GRP / GRV pipes, the layer is obtained by applying on the previous partly cured liner continuous riving of glass wetted with resin under controlled tension. For GRE pipes, the structural wall is wound directly on a wet liner. The layer can contain aggregates like silica sand if allowed by

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/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/146705427.doc specifications while thickness depends on design conditions. External liner- Veil (Glass), Resin Topcoat or external liner is the outer layer of pipe consisting of pure resin. UV protectors may be added if so required to protect the pipe from solar exposure. In case of severe exposure condition like aggressive soils or very corrosive environment, the external liner can be reinforced with a surfing veil or added with filters or pigments. Fiberglass composites consist of glass fiber reinforcements, thermosetting resins & additives designed & processed to meet specific functional performance criteria. Amount, type & orientation of glass fibers in pipe provides mechanical strength. C Glass, E glass & ECR / Advantex glass are used commonly depending on pipe application. Various forms of glass reinforcements are surface veil, chopped strand mat (CSM), chopped roving, filament roving & woven roving (WR). Raw materials like catalyst, accelerators, inhibitors, aggregates & pigments are used together with resin & glass reinforcements to achieve desired properties of fiber glass product. Catalyst is an organic compound which when added to resin in presence of an accelerator determines the polymerization reaction at ambient temperature. Acceletor is a chemical compound used together with a catalyst to shorten the polymerization time. Inhibitor is added to the resin to reduce reactivity at ambient temperature. There are two manufacturing processes Dual helical filament winding process & the other being Continuous winding process (Drostholm)

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