IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 15, NO.

1, JANUARY 2000

73

Removal of DC Offset in Current and Voltage Signals Using a Novel Fourier Filter Algorithm
Jyh-Cherng Gu, Member, IEEE, and Sun-Li Yu
AbstractProtecting transmission lines frequently involves adopting distance relays. Protective relays must filter their inputs to reject unwanted quantities and retain signal quantities of interest. Accuracy and convergent speed of filter algorithm are essential for protective relays. A widely applied filter algorithm, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) can easily erase harmonics using simple calculation. However, the voltage and current signals contain large harmonics and dc offset during the fault interval. The dc offset heavily influences the precision and convergence speed of fundamental frequency signal from DFT. In this investigation, we present a novel Fourier algorithm to remove the dc offset in a voltage or current signal. Applying full-cycle DFT (FCDFT) requires one cycle plus two samples to calculate and compensate for the dc offset. Half-cycle DFT (HCDFT) only requires half of a cycle plus two or three samples to accomplish the algorithm when the input signal has no even order harmonics. Adopting the proposed algorithm in distance relays effectively suppresses the dc offset and quickly decomposes the accurate fundamental frequency components. Index Termsdigital filtering, digital relaying, distance relay, protective relays, suppression of dc offset effects.

the dc offset. If the input signals do not have any even harmonics, the HCDFT can be used and only requires half of a cycle plus two or three samples to accomplish the aim. The proposed algorithm can efficiently erase the dc offset that can satisfy the limit time of distance relay. II. FOURIER FILTER Frequently adopted in the filter algorithm of digital relay, DFT is used to perform two important functions [4], [5]: a) remove the dc component and harmonics and b) estimate the fundamental complex phasor element. Consider a period and which contains dc and continuous sinusoidal signal order harmonics. Sampling speed is times in a fundamental . Then the frequency period. The sample period is and the th sample signal are representative in (1) and (2) (1)

I. INTRODUCTION NPUT signals of protective relays contain of noise, which must be rejected to retain signal quantities of interest. Power system typically utilizes the distance relay to protect the transmission line. In addition, filters of distance relay must decompose the fundamental frequency component quickly and accurately to estimate the fault location. Many filter algorithms are compared in [1][3]. DFT is an excellent filter algorithm that can extinguish harmonics using simple computation. However, the voltage and current signals include large harmonics and dc offset during the fault period. The dc offset severely inhibits the search for a correct fundamental frequency signal and delays the convergence time. Power utilities in Taiwan are still monopolized by a single entity, Taiwan Power Company (TPC). TPC requests that the distance relay must act before one and half cycles when a fault occurs. The conventional DFT algorithm cannot accomplish this goal within the time limit. In light of above discussion, presents a novel DFT algorithm. Applying FCDFT to obtain the fundamental frequency signals requires one cycle plus two samples to compute and extinguish

(2) Fundamental frequency complex phasor contains real part and image part (3)

(4) where

Equations (3) and (4) call full-cycle discrete Fourier transform. obtains (5) and (6) When (5)

Manuscript received November 19, 1998. This research was financially supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China under Contract NSC 87-TPC-E-011-002. The authors are with the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(00)00654-3.

(6) only has odd harmonics, it is (7). Therefore, funIf signal damental frequency complex phasor can use half-cycle Fourier

08858977/00$10.00 2000 IEEE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 15, NO. 1, JANUARY 2000

transform (8) and (9) which only requires obtains (5) and (6)

samples [6]. When

Arranging (13)(15) leads to (16)

(7) (17) (18) (8) Removing the dc offset of Type I signal requires has no dc offset. The sampling signal Type II Signal: Using HCDFT obtains (9) samples.

III. DC OFFSET CALCULATION Three types of input signals that contain the dc offset are discussed in this section. First, the definition of dc offset is equal and time constant ; . Then, the input to signals are (10)(12), respectively (10) (19)

(11) (20) (12) Type I Signal: Using FCDFT yields

(21) Arranging (19)(21) yields (13) (22) (23) (24) Removal dc offset of Type II signal requires has no dc offset. The sampling signal Type III Signal: Using HCDFT leads to samples.

(14)

(15)

(25)

GU AND YU: REMOVAL OF DC OFFSET IN CURRENT AND VOLTAGE SIGNALS USING A NOVEL FOURIER FILTER ALGORITHM

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Removal dc offset of Type III signal requires has no dc offset. The sampling signal IV. FILTER TEST RESULTS

samples.

(26)

Five input signal types are used to compare the performances , of original and novel DFT algorithm. The signals are , , , and , respectively. Sampling rate is equal to 16. Figs. 1 and 2 depict the input signals. Figs. 3 and 4 . Figs. 5 and 6 compare the performances of FCDFT using . Figs. 7 and compare the performances of HCDFT using . and 8 compare the performances of HCDFT using have multiple dc offset in which the time constant and amplitude are different. Figs. 9 and 10 compare the performances of . Figs. 11 and 12 compare the performances FCDFT using . The fundamental frequency complex of FCDFT using and . phasors of all cases are the same. That is Table I summarizes the test results

(27) (36)

(37) (28) Arranging (25)(28) leads to (38)

(39) (29)

(40) (30) V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The test results in Figs. 312 obviously indicate that the conventional DFT can not remove the dc offset. Analysis of the novel DFT is divided to two parts according to input signals. (31) From (29)(31), we obtain (32) (33) (34) (35) A. Input Signals Contain DC Offset, Which has only One Time Constant and Amplitude , , and . The fundaFor example, they are mental frequency complex phasor can be solved exactly after samples by using novel FCDFT or ( ) samples by using new HCDFT. B. Input Signals Contain Multiple DC Offset Consider a situation in which the dc offset consists of few and . The exponential decay components, such as new FCDFT can find an approximated equivalent exponential

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 15, NO. 1, JANUARY 2000

Fig. 1. Input signals z (t), z (t), z (t).

Fig. 5. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor amplitude between conventional and novel HCDFT.

Fig. 2.

Input signals z (t), z (t).

Fig. 6. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor angle between conventional and novel HCDFT.

Fig. 3. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor amplitude between conventional and novel FCDFT.

Fig. 7. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor amplitude between conventional and novel HCDFT.

decay with one time constant and amplitude after samples. Figs. 912 clearly indicate that the estimation of fundamental frequency complex phasor is extremely close to the actual value. The estimation error is calculated in the Appendix. VI. CONCLUSION DFT has orthogonal and simple calculation characteristics. After completing one cycle, the FCDFT can easily erase intime harmonics. A low pass teger harmonics except filter is normally used to extinguish high order harmonics before using digital filter algorithm. However, the low pass filter cannot remove dc offset. Using the conventional DFT to solve

Fig. 4. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor angle between conventional and novel FCDFT.

GU AND YU: REMOVAL OF DC OFFSET IN CURRENT AND VOLTAGE SIGNALS USING A NOVEL FOURIER FILTER ALGORITHM

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Fig. 8. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor angle between conventional and novel HCDFT.

Fig. 11. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor amplitude between conventional and novel FCDFT.

Fig. 9. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor amplitude between conventional and novel FCDFT.

Fig. 12. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor angle between conventional and novel FCDFT.

TABLE I SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS

Fig. 10. Use z (t) to compare the fundamental complex phasor angle between conventional and novel FCDFT.

fundamental frequency complex phasor requires too much time. That is, the estimation is extremely poor in terms of time limit. The current and voltage signals contain large harmonics and dc offset during the fault period. Moreover, the time constant and amplitude of dc offset are unknown and associated with fault resistor, fault position and fault beginning time. A novel DITT assumes the dc offset is an exponential decay function with a time constant and amplitude. Then, after samples the fundamental frequency complex phasor can be solved. Moreover, the solution is still exact when dc offset contains more than one exponential decay component. The distance

relay requires exact estimation of fundamental frequency complex phasor and quick convergence. In sum, the DFT algorithm proposed herein is highly effective for digital distance relay.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 15, NO. 1, JANUARY 2000

(51)

APPENDIX To consider the input signal for FCDFT is tains two exponential decay elements which con-

(47)

(41) , where Using new FCDFT, . obtain

(48)

(42)

(43) Arranging (47) and (48) yields

(49)

(50) Arranging (49) and (50) leads to (51) at the top of the page. , Usually,

(44)

(45) has a dc offset compensation and where value from using novel FCDFT is estimation

is negligible. Especially, when REFERENCES

(46)

[1] E. O. Schweitzer III and D. Hou, Filtering for protective relays, in 19th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, 1992. [2] G. Benmouyal, Removal of dc offset in current waveforms using digital mimic filtering, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 621630, Apr. 1995. [3] H. J. Altuve F., I. Diaz V., and E. Vazquez M., Fourier and Walsh digital filtering algorithms for distance protection, IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 457462, Feb. 1996. [4] J. H. Harlow, A multifunction protective relay for the cogeneration industry, IEEE Computer Application in Power, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 2530, 1990. [5] M. V. V. S. Yalla, A digital multifunction protective relays, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 193201, 1992. [6] A. G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp, Computer Relaying for Power Systems, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1988, pp. 123129.

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Jyh-Cherng Gu was born in 1958. He received the B.S. degree from the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Taipei, Taiwan, in 1984. He worked with the Taiwan Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Services, Inc. as an Electrical Engineer from 1984 through 1986. He received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1987 and 1992, respectively. Since then, he joined the NTUST as an Associate Professor. He has been involved in research on microcomputer-based relay, protection coordination, power quality, and distribution automation for power systems.

Sun-Li Yu was born in 1965. He graduated in electrical engineering from the national Taipei Institute of Technology in 1985. He passed the national examination of electrical engineering in 1988. He received his M.S.E.E. degree from the National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 1990. He joined the Kuang-Wu Institute of Technology as an instructor since 1992. He joined the Ph.D. program in electrical engineering in NTUST since September 1996.