PLANNING AND DESIGN OF

UNDERGROUND

HYDROPOWER HOUSE

J.CHANDRASHEKHAR IYER
DIRECTOR HYDEL CIVIL DESIGNS DIRECTORATE CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION, NEW DELHI

HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
---------------------------------------------------- STORAGE PROJECTS
RUN-OF-RIVER PROJECTS

PUMPED STORAGE PROJECTS -----------------------------------------------------SURFACE

- UNDERGROUND

Nathpa Jhakri H.E. Project

COMPONENTS IN A TYPICAL UNDERGROUND POWERHOUSE

1. DIVERSION DAM 2. DIVERSION TUNNEL 3. INTAKE STRUCTURE 4. UNDERGROUND SEDIMENTATION BASIN 5. HEADRACE TUNNEL 6. HEADRACE SURGE SHAFT 7. PRESSURE SHAFT 8. CAVERNS FOR POWERHOUSE, TRANSFORMERS ETC. 9. TAILRACE TUNNEL 10. TAILRACE SURGE SHAFT 11. OUTFALL STRUCTURE 12. SWITCHYARD 13. NETWORK OF INTERCONNECTING TUNNELS AND ADITS

TYPICAL DIMENSIONS

TUNNELS

SAY 2.5 TO 15 M DIA

SHAFTS

SAY 4.0 TO 35 M DIA

CAVERNS

SAY 15 TO 30 M WIDTH

Stability problems with depth

(From Hoek and Brown - 1980)

GEOLOGY / GEOTECHNICAL FEATURES

Regional Geology, Geomorphology structure and tectonics of the project areas and its vicinity. Status and location of sub-surface investigations (pitting, drilling, drifting, geophysical probing, rock mechanics etc.) in the project area. Result of explorations and tests (pits/drifts excavated and bore holes drilled in the foundation / abutment etc.). Surface and sub-surface geology of the project area.

LOCATION AND DEPTH OF EXPLORATORY / HOLES / DRIFTS / PITS ETC. (Source: CWC Working Group report)
Structure Minimum Pattern of Drilling
Spacing of Drill Holes / Pits / Drifts Drill holes one at each of the portal and adit sites and additional at least one every 1-5 km interval depending upon the length of the tunnel. Drift, one each at the portal and adit sites. Depth of Drill Holes/ Pits / Drifts Drill holes 5 10 m below the tunnel grade of maximum possible depth. Wherever it is not possible to drill along the central line of the tunnel the holes can be shifted. The explorations shall be so planned as to satisfactorily portray the geological structure and tunneling conditions. Drifts shall be extended upto 10 m in fresh rock or upto tunnel face. Drill hole one to two times, the maximum width of the structures or 5-10 m in the fresh rock (proved by geophysical or any other method) whichever is less. For underground power house the strata shall be examined by the explorations, with adequate number of drill holes. If found feasible and necessary according to the site conditions, one drift with cross cut may be excavated at the roof level to prove fresh rock conditions along the length and breadth of the cavity structure.

Tunnels

Power House

Two to four or more drill holes and/or drifts covering the area to satisfactorily portray the geological condition and delineate weak and vulnerable zones, if any.

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ROCK TYPES & THEIR PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
JOINTING OF THE ROCKMASS INITIAL STRESS CONDITIONS IN THE ROCKMASS WATER CONDITIONS IN THE ROCKMASS WEAKNESS ZONES, FAULTS ETC.

PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCK

A) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: - Density

- Water content
- Porosity - Coefficient of permeability

- Swelling and slaking

- CONTD.

B) MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - Uniaxial compressive strength - Triaxial compressive strength - Tensile strength - Shear strength - Deformability - Youngs modulus

- Poissons ratio
- Shear modulus - Bulk modulus

- Creep
- Fatigue

TUNNELS

GEOMETRIC DESIGN
CHOICE OF TUNNEL SECTION DEPENDS UPON:

1. GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 2. HYDRAULIC REQUIREMENTS 3. STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS 4. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

SHAPES
1. CIRCULAR 2. D-SHAPED 3. HORSE-SHOE 4. MODIFIED HORSE-SHOE 5. EGG 6. EGGLIPSE

CIRCULAR SECTION
-MOST SUITABLE FROM STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS -SUITABLE TO RESIST HEAVY INWARD OR OUTWARD RADIAL PRESSURE -SUITABLE TO RESIST HIGH INTERNAL PRESSURE EVEN WITH POOR ROCK QUALITY AND/OR INADEQUATE ROCK COVER -DIFFICULT TO EXCAVATE, PARTICULARLY WHEN AREA IS SMALL

D-SECTION
-SUITABLE FOR TUNNELS IN GOOD ROCK WHERE THE EXTERNAL PRESSURE DUE TO ROCK AND WATER IS NOT VERY LARGE AND WHERE THE LINING IS NOT DESIGNED TO CARRY ANY EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL PRESSURE. -MORE WORKING SPACE AT THE INVERT DURING TUNNEL DRIVING -FLATTER INVERT ELIMINATES THE TENDENCY OF WET CONCRETE TO SLUMP AND DRAW AWAY FROM THE TUNNEL SIDES. -CONCURRENT LINING OF THE TUNNEL POSSIBLE.

HORSE-SHOE AND MODIFIED HORSE-SHOE SECTION

-A COMPROMISE BETWEEN CIRCULAR AND D SECTION. -STRONG TO RESIST EXTERNAL PRESSURE. -ADVANTAGE OF FLAT BASE FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL EASE. -CHANGE OVER TO CIRCULAR SECTION WITH MINIMUM ADDITIONAL EXPENDITURE IN REACHES OF INADEQUATE ROCK COVER AND POOR ROCK FORMATIONS.

Influence of opening orientation upon unstable wedge formation

(Hoek and Brown-1980)

CAVERNS

GEOTECHNICAL PLANNING & DESIGN

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS CAVERN PLANNING & DESIGN STAGES - LOCATION - ORIENTATION - SHAPE - DIMENSIONING - ROCK SUPPORT - INSTRUMENTATION - BACK ANALYSIS

CAVERN PLANNING & DESIGN STAGES

FIND THE BEST LOCATION GIVE AN OPTIMUM ORIENTATION SELECT AN APPROPRIATE SHAPE FIX SUITABLE DIMENSIONS DESIGN ROCK SUPPORT INSTRUMENTATION AND BACK ANALYSIS

LOCATION

TYPE OF ROCK TOPOGRAPHY ROCK COVER STRESS CONDITIONS WEAKNESS ZONES, FAULTS, ETC.

ORIENTATION

BASED ON

JOINTING PATTERN OF ROCKMASS STRESS CONDITIONS IN ROCKMASS ***************

FINAL ORIENTATION SHALL BE

COMPROMISE BETWEEN OPTIMAL JOINT ORIENTATION AND OPTIMAL STRESS ORIENTATION

ROCK SUPPORT

PLANNING AND DESIGN

SUPPORT ESTIMATION AND DESIGN USING:

EMPIRICAL METHODS ANALYTICAL METHODS GRAPHICAL METHODS OBSERVATIONAL METHODS

ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

1. R.M.R. SYSTEM 2. Q SYSTEM

3. GSI SYSTEM

ROCK SUPPORT SYSTEM

ROCK REINFORCEMENT/SUPPORT SYSTEMS

ROCK ANCHORS ROCK BOLTS

CABLES/TENDONS
SHOTCRETE WITH WELD MESH WITH STEEL / SYNTHETIC FIBRES STEEL ARCHES

TYPES OF ROCK ANCHORS

A) ROCK BOLTS i) Mechanical Anchors expansion shell/wedge types

ii)Full column friction anchors swellex/split set

iii)Full column grouted anchors (untensioned/post tensioned) iv)Full column grouted anchors (pre-tensioned)

B) CABLES/TENDONS

SHOTCRETE

A) SHOTCRETE WITH WELD MESH

B) SHOTCRETE WITH STEEL/SYNTHETIC FIBRES - FIBRE QUALITY - SIZE AND ASPECT RATIO - GEOMETRICAL SHAPE - VOLUME CONCENTRATION

TYPICAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR CAVERNS

LOAD CELLS BOREHOLE EXTENSOMETERS TAPE CONVERGENCE MEASUREMENTS STRESS METERS PIEZOMETERS

CASE STUDY

Layout Plan and Longitudinal section through water conductor system

 2D CONTINUUM ANALYSIS

3D CONTINUUM ANALYSIS
2D DISCONTINUUM ANALYSIS

POWER HOUSE CAVERN -ROCK SUPPORT SYSTEM

ROCK SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR TRANSFORMER AND SURGE CAVERNS

TYPICAL INSTRUMENTATION DETAILS (AT 3 SECTIONS ALONG CAVERN LENGTH)

THANK YOU