!#"#$#%'&(&*),+!+!.

/102436587:9<;>=@??A
BDC8EGFIHKJ6LNMPOQORTSUHVFWXEVYZC\[LZS]RT^XL _`CaOQObC\J]cbWXdeRTCafXcQYZgih
jlk FOm_FNEXEXLZS
jon@pXq RrSTFY(RTCaSes`_ p ObOFNWXE:^XFOQ_Tt
jlu LZYZcQvwFNOFEXExcQRTcQCaWys{z| u FExEXLZSTt
jl}~ FvfXOQL fXSrC q ObLZvg
'ZN'#
FgUReRrcbvLJ6LEXcbgY p ggrLZEFV_ p ObOFNEXEXLZSiVB^XLw^GFNOQ_FNEXEXLZScbg[aLiSHygrcQvcQOFSL ~ YZLifxR
Rr^GFNR]cmR]EXC@Lig]WXCR]^GFI[aLeFYIFSSHcQWB^XL q ObC8YwExcFdaSrFvcQgZh

Half Adder

cout

B^xL^GFOQ_FEXEXLiSWXLZLiEXg RTCFNEXERJ6CcQWXf p RrgRTCdaLiRr^XLZS FNWXE#fXSrC8E p YiLFKg p vFWxEF

YZFSrSUH q cmRIB^XL RTS p RT^VRF q ObL cQgRT^XLiWh
F q _

C p gr^XC p ObESLZYiCadaWXcQZL Fg ( FWXE

Rr^XL!g p vC p RTf p RI4_4Fg 
LYIFWVRT^xLZWEXSTFIJRr^XL^GFOm_FEXExLZSYicbSrY p cQRZh

cout

V Io'#  #I
WRT^XL>OFgURObLiYiR p SrL,J6LRTFObNLZEwF q C p R^XC\JRrC!cbvfXObLivLiW1R6F_ p ObOFExEXLZSi>C\JRT^GFNR
JL^GFI[aLKRr^XL^GFOm_,FEXEXLiS p WXExLZSC p S q LiOQRTgeJ6LYZFWFYiR p FOQOQH qXp cQObEF
_ p ObOFEXEXLiS
_`SCavFfGFcbS'C_,^GFOQ_,FNEXEXLZSgFWXECaWXLKFEXEXcmRTcbCWGFO6d1FNRrLyB^XLYZcQSrY p cQR!OQC@C8g
OQcbNLh
a
b

c in

Half c
Adder s

Half
Adder

c
s

c out
sum

Full Adder

#
! 
LYIFW qXp ObE q CRT^V_ p ObOFNWXE:^XFOQ_g pXq RrSTFY(RTCaSgZ_ p OQOg pXq RTSTFNYiRTCS>g pXq RTSrFYiRrg>RJC
W p v q LiSrgZFFNWXE q RrCadaLiRr^XLZSJ]cmRT^#F q CaSSrC\JcbWRTCwfXSrC8E p YiL!RT^XLEXcmLiSrLiWXYZLFWxE
F q CaSSrC\JC p RTf p RI^GFOm_]g pXq RrSTFY(RTCaSg pXq RrSTFY(RTgRJ6CW p v q LZSgZF#FWXE q FWxE
fxSrC8E p YZLig,Rr^XLEXcQ4LZSLZWXYiLFWXE:F q CaSSrC\JC p RTf p RIB^XL q ObC8YwEXcbFdaSrFvg6ObC8CaOQcbNLh

b out

Full
Subtractor

b in

b out

Half
Subtractor

X >xGX
BDC p WXExLZSrgURFWxEJ]^XFNRRr^XcbgYicbSY p cmRcQgg p fXf4CgrLZE#RrCEXCKObL(RIMg>RTFLFwYiObCagL!ObC8CaVFNR
FNWL ~ FvfxObL C_ q cbWGFNSHKg pXq RrSTFY(RTcbCWh
b out = 1

b out = 1

02
0010
1001
1001

b in = 0

B^xL q CaSrSCJcbWRTCRT^XLGSrgURg pXq RTSrFYiRrcbCaWcbgZLiSrC q LiYIF p gLWXCNRT^XcQWXdl^XFg q LZLiW

q CaSSrC\J6LiE:HLiRI6B^XLZW
JLWXLZLiE
RTCg pXq RTSTFNYiR _`SCav LYIFNWMR>EXCRT^GFRCaWC p S
C\J]WgrCJ6LVWXLiLZERTC q CSrSrC\JCaWXL_`SrCvRT^xLWxL ~ RwW p v q LiSF q C\[L p gRT^GFRgLiRrg
C p RRrC w,C\JJLYZFWg pXq RrSTFY(R>J6L q CSrSrC\JLZE_`SrCavRT^XLWXL ~ Re^XcQda^XLZS
qExcbCadaScmSrRC\J
grCRT^XFNR,dacQ[LZg p g,F!RTCRTFOC_ RrCJ6CaSwJ]cQRr^,s t gCC p S]EcQg
B^xL!WXL R g RrSTFY(RTcbCWJFW1RrgRTCKg RrSTFY(R _`SrCav ,LivLiv LZSZRT^XC da^RT^GFNR
JL^GFNE~ F q CapXSrq SC\J_`SrCav q Li_`CaSLB^XpXFNRq vLIFWxg q CaSrSCJcQW'cQg n Cq GSgR<J6Lp g pXq RrSTFY(R
Rr^XL q CaSSrC\JcbWw_`SCav LYZFWKEXC'Rr^Xcbgih]s t >C\JJLg pXq RTSTFNYiR _`SrCav
B^xcbg]grL(RTg]ERrC n cbWXYiLJ6LEXcQEXWMR]^GFI[aLRTC q CSrSrC\JFW1H8Rr^XcbWxd q CaSSrC\JC p R]cbg
B^xLRT^XcQSrEKg pXq RTSrFYiRrcbCaWcQg J]cQRr^VF q CaSSrC\JcbWKCN_ n CEcbg FNWXE q CSrSrC\JC p R
cQg
B^xL
GWGFO>g pXq RTSTFNYiRTcQCaWcQg#s tJ]cQRT^oWXC q CaSrSCJcQW n cQWXYZLJ6L#YZFWMREXCRr^Xcbg
C p SrgLZOQ[LZgJ6L,grL(R q CaSrSCJoC p RRTC FNWXE q SrcbWxdecQWwF [NFO p L]C_ RrCJCaS!J]cQRT^>C\J
JLYIFWVgrL(RERrCs t

LYIFWgrL(R p :f C p SRTS p RT^VRF q ObL_`CaSRr^XL _ p ObOg pXq RrSTFY(RTCaSih

F q T {( E








zLi_`CaSLFNYiR p FObOmHcQvfXOQLZvLZW1RTcQWXdcmRObLiRZMPgR p SrWC p SDFNRRTLiWRrcbCaW RrC]Rr^XL^GFOQ_8g pXq RTSrFYiRrCaSZh
rNX >xGX
B^xL^XFOQ_<g pXq RTSTFNYiRTCS]RrS p Rr^RTF q OQLObC8CagObcQLh
F q E




RZMPg_FcQSrOmHwgcbvfXObLRrCdaLiR>FYZcQSrY p cQR_`CaSRr^XcbgsRTSHKcQRIt(
WXYiLJL ^GFI[aLRT^xL^GFOm_g pXq RrSTFY(RTCaSJ6L YZFW p grLF!fGFcbSC_RT^xLZvFWXEVFW d1FNRTL
RrCdaLiR>F!_ p ObOg pXq RrSTFY(RTCaSihQh
a
b

b in

b
Half
Subtractord

bout

b
Half
Subtractor

Full Subtractor

difference

  
> >xGx U@
,C\JYiCavfGFSrLeRT^XL'_ p ObODg pXq RrSTFY(RTCaS>RTCKRT^xL'_ p ObO<FEXExLZSZh,ERr^XL!EXcmLiSrLiWXYZLC p RTf p R
_`CS,Rr^XL'_ p OQODg pXq RrSTFY(RTCaSicbg,L ~ FY(RTOmH:Rr^XL'grFvL'Fggi4Rr^XL!g p vC p RTf p R>_`CaS]RT^XL'_ p ObO
FNEXEXLZSiB^GFNR,cbgih
 T
 
^XFNR>F q C p R  LiRIMg,ObC8CawFR,FFSWGF p d^:vFfh
  
ab

00

01

11

10

b in

   l  T!
  s a t
|6CvfGFNSrLRT^XFNR]RTCJ]^GFNR]JL^XFE_`CS ( cbWRT^xL_ p ObOFExEXLZSih
("  s o t
nCN_CeYZHaC C p SrgrYILNFWvdaFLiR6LiFg_ fp LZObOGS_`g LipxYiq RRTgrSrLZFWxYigrRrLCaSgrcQ_`WXSCaYZvLHaFC _ p YIObOFFWEXg ExLZS Rrq STFHY(YiRCaRvJfxCObLZW vv LZW1RrLicbWXSrgdFxH:BYZC^xvcbgZ
p
p
pXq
p q q
fxObLZvLZW1RrcbWXdCaWxLCN_<Rr^XLZvFNWXERr^XLZW:FEXExcbWXdRT^xLZvRrCadaLiRr^XLZSi

# >%$ !&# %' )( ## +* ,.-0/ # 1

L(RIMggTFIHwJLJ6FW1RRTC qXp cbObEwF!YZcQSrY p cQRRT^GFNR6J]cbObOFExEKRJ6CEXLiYZcbvFOEXcbdcQRTgcbWKz| u
_`CSrvRTCadaL(RT^XLiSJ]cQRr^FKYIFSSH
cbWXf p RIfXSC@E p YZcQWXdwRT^xLZcbSg p vFWXEyFKYIFSSH:C p Rrf p RI
k cQC\RTJgiFNvwWXFEW1HFwYIcQWXFNf SrSp HRrg'cQWEXCBJ6^XLKcQg^XvF\[FL  LigB2x^X LiSrLC\JFSLF RC JC#RzC | RTu f W RTgp v q LiLeSrgZ^GFILI[aFLY^CaWxJ]LecmRT_`^C  S
q
k q p p p 
p
q cQR]C p Rrf p R,FWxERr^XLYIFSSHC p R,_`CS]FRrCRFNOC_3@B^XL q ObC8YwEXcbFdaSrFvOQC@CagOQcbNLh
3

5 5 5 5

4 4

y3 y2 y1 y0

x3 x2 x1 x0

Decimal Digit Adder

c out

(DDA)

c in

L YZC p ObEVvFLF72 q cQR6RF q OQL FWXEVfXSC@YiLZLiE_`SCavRr^XLZSL p grcbWxd!RT^XLgTFNvL fXSC@YiLZgg

JLM[aL q LiLZW p grcQWXdXLYZC p OQEFObgCExCRr^XLFEXEXcmRTcbCWKcbWF q cbWXFSHK_`CSrv
^XFNR F q C p R>C p S,C p Rrf p R  _Rr^XL'g p v cbg,daSrLZFNRTLiS,Rr^GFW \ J6L'WXLZLiERTCwg pXq RrSTFY(R
I _`SCavcmRFWXEgrL(RRT^XLYIFNSrSHC p R RTC z p R^XC\JYIFNWyJLg pXq RrSTFY(R \  LZOQO
JL'LicQRr^XLZS qXp cQObE:FYZcQSrY p cQR]RTCg pXq RTSTFNYiR I CaS,CaWXLRTCwFEXE: \ z p R>J]^GFRcbg I 
s 9 8 \ t 8 LYZC p ObERT^xLZSrL(_`CaSrLFExE 8 cbWxgRTLZFE
LMObOYZCaW1RTcQW p L RT^XLz| u FEXEXLiS,cQWRT^XLWXL ~ R,OQLZYiR p SrLNQm