LOGO

Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department

Improvement of octane number of

gasoline by addition of ethanol

April ,03, 2009

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Historical over view

3 Gasoline

4 Biomass

5 Gasohol

6 Experimental scheme and Purpose

7 Proceeded Experimental
1.Introduction.

Global Reserves.

Price of Gasoline.

Environmental impact of Gasoline.

Renewable energy supplies.

2.Historical Overview.

Brazilian experiences.

Result.
 3.Gasoline.

Petroleum Products
3.1.Gasoline Octane Rating.

Measurement of the fuel’s ability to resist

ignition caused by pressure and heat.

Octane numbers give the antiknock value of

gasoline.
3.2.Gasoline Additives.

In the past, Tetra Ethyl lead was used to

increase octane rating

Oxygenates are now used to enhance octane

rating
 Alcohols
• Ethanol (OUR CASE STUDY)
3.3.Air-Fuel Mixture.

For proper combustion and engine
performance, the correct amounts of air and
fuel must be mixed

Stoichiometric fuel mixture is a chemically

correct air-fuel mixture

For gasoline, it is 14.7:1

 14.7 parts of air to 1 part fuel, by weight

Under constant operating conditions, this

mixture burns all of the fuel
3.3.1.Lean Air-fuel Mixture.

Contains a large amount of air compared to

fuel

Desirable for high fuel economy and low

exhaust emissions

Too lean mixture can cause poor performance

3.3.2.Rich Air-fuel Mixture.

Contains a larger amount of fuel mixed with
the air

Increases engine power

Increases fuel consumption and exhaust

emissions

An over-rich mixture will reduce power, foul

spark plugs, and cause incomplete burning
3.3.3.Lean and Rich Air-Fuel Mixture.
3.4.Gasoline Combustion.

For gasoline to burn properly, it must be mixed

with the right amount of air.

Mixture is compressed and ignited.

Combustion produces heat.

Heat causes gases to expand.

Expansion causes pressure.

Pressure pushes the piston down on the power
stroke.
3.4.Gasoline Combustion

Untitled_0001.wmv
3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.

when the spark plug ignites the fuel and

burning progresses smoothly through the fuel
mixture
3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.
3.4.2.Abnormal Combustion.

Occurs when the flame does not spread evenly

and smoothly through the combustion chamber

Common types of abnormal combustion:

 detonation
 Pre-ignition
3.2.2.1.Detonation.

occurs when the fuel-air charge, inside the

engine cylinder; ignites explosively, instead of
gradually, after the application of the spark.

Causes engine knock as the combustion

chamber pressure rises so quickly that parts of
the engine vibrate
3.2.2.1.Detonation.
3.2.2.1.Detonation.

Detonation can blow a

hole in a piston head
3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.

occurs when the gasoline quality is not good

enough to withstand the high compression ratio
used in the engine

“Hot spot” causes the mixture to burn

prematurely

“knock” can be heard during

pre-ignition
3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.
4.Biomass.

What is Biomass?

Environmental impact of biomass.

Bio fuels

Ethanol fuel and its properties

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol

4.Biomass
4.Biomass.

What is Biomass?

Environmental impact of biomass.

Bio fuels

Ethanol fuel and its properties

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol

5.Gasoline+Ethanol (Gasohol).
5.Gasohol.

Mixture of gasoline and alcohol.

6% Ethanol raises octane about 3.5-4.0 numbers.

Fuel system modifications are not needed to use

gasohol.

Alcohol increases antiknock qualities of the

gasoline.
6.Experimental scheme and Purpose.

Density.

Vapor pressure.

Distillation .

Total Sulphur .

Existent Gum.

Studying the emissions characteristics of an ICE
with ethanol blended gasoline.

Research Octane Number (RON).
6.1.Preliminary trials of some of
the experiments.
M ID O R MIDOMM
MDOM

Densi
Sulph Distillation (°c)
ty
Sample ur RON
Kg/m IPB 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% FPB
ppm
3

E0 748.6 116 79 42.5 64.5 71 108 154 174 188

E 10 751.3 102 86 44 57.5 60.5 105 152 168 188

E20 756.9 96 93 - - - - - - -

E 30 760.8 80 99.7 - - - - - - -
7.Proceeded Experimental.

Distillation of blends at Atmospheric Pressure.

7.1.Distillation set up.

crandl3.mov

Movie.wmv

Tc (°°F) = 100 +(Atmospheric Temp (°°F) / 2)

 Atmospheric temp= 138.5
7.1.E0 , t(10%)=136 oF.
200

180
y = 8E-05x3 - 0.005x2 + 0.927x + 48.97
160 R² = 0.998

140

120
oC
Temp

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Volume Fraction Distillated %
7.1.E6 , t(10%)=126 oF.
200

180
y = 2E-07x5 - 5E-05x4 + 0.004x3 - 0.161x2 + 2.481x + 39.94
160 R² = 0.999

140

120
oC
Temp

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Volume Fraction Distillated %
7.1.E12 , T(10%) =121.17 oF.
180

160
y = -4E-06x4 + 0.000x3 - 0.049x2 + 1.530x + 39.18
R² = 0.990
140

120
oC

100
Temp

80

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Volume Fraction Distillated %
7.1.E18 , T(10%) =126.8 oF.
200

180
y = -5E-06x4 + 0.001x3 - 0.074x2 + 2.199x + 37.13
160 R² = 0.989
140

120
oC
Temp

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Volume Fraction Distillated %
7.1.1.comments.

Samples may cause a vapor lock {T10%<Tc} due to

 Impurities in sample.
 Inefficient preparation of sample and apparatus.
 Inefficient rate of evaporation.
7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.
7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.
7.2.Standard Test Method for
{ RON }For Engine Fuel.

MVI_1414.AVI

MVI_1417.AVI
6.1.Preliminary trials of some of
the experiments.

Distillation (°c)
Density Sulphur
Sample
Kg/m3 ppm
RON IPB 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% FPB

E0 748.6 116 42.5 64.5 71 108 154 174 188

79

E 10 751.3 102 44 57.5 60.5 105 152 168 188

86

E20 756.9 96 - - - - - - -
93

E 30 760.8 80 - - - - - - -
99.7
Samples Results

Composition of Ethanol Octane number

E0 79.3

E6 84

E 12 88.4

E 18 92.4
7.2.Comments.

During our experiments in both MIDOR and Misr

Petroleum companies ,our results are logic since
each 6% ethanol must increase octane number 4
degree as theoretical literature.
LOGO