Issue 2 | Autumn/Winter 2009

Produced by Dstl on behalf of the Defence Technology and Innovation Centre

Defence Reporter

Defence Reporter is a free e-mail service providing citations of recently published defence science and technology literature. Defence Reporter is produced by the MOD (UK) Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) on behalf of the Defence Technology and Innovation Centre (DTIC). Defence Reporter is one part of a series of services and products produced by Dstl on behalf of DTIC to help readers obtain recent information on developments in defence science and technology. Published quarterly, Defence Reporter provides an update of reports, with unclassified citations, which have been added to the MODs ATHENA Collection.
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Sample citation The components for a typical citation, as they appear in Defence Reporter, are illustrated below: Collection system identifier Title
R0001C6D0 Airframe Structural Integrity Research and Technology Strategy - Phase 2 Dstl Porton Down (GB) (2009) Within this report, Phase 2 of the task raised by CASD-ASI to develop a Structural Integrity Research and Technology Strategy is described. Additionally, development of fatigue data management systems to support several inservice aircraft fleets and expansion of low-cost Operational Loads Measurement capability development tasks are detailed.

Publisher, year of publication Abstract

Crown Copyright Dstl, 2009

Defence Reports
This section provides details of scientific and technical reports added to the MODs Scientific Reports Collection in the last quarter. How to request reports Reports from MODs Scientific Reports Collection can be requested from Knowledge and Information Services Tel: 01980 613971 Email: DefenceReporter@dstl.gov.uk
Note: The report citations listed in this publication have been generated using an automated document scanning process. As a result, some references may contain formatting and/or punctuation irregularities.

radiation doses assessed by the use of local electronic approved dosimetry in the dockyard at Devonport, and radiation doses assessed by the use of local dosimetry in the dockyards at Clyde and Rosyth have been included where appropriate. The data is presented in the format used in the Twelfth Report of the House of Commons Defence Committee. R0001EC03 Draft Geospatial And Temporal Requirements Part 0 (Introduction) Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2009) This document is a draft introduction (Part 0) to DEFSTAN 09-100. DEFSTAN 09-100 records the Geospatial and Temporal Reference measurement accuracy requirements across all MoD domains (Part 1 Maritime, Part 2 Land, Part 3 Air, Part 4 Interoperability, and Part 5 Interfaces). This document introduces the DEFSTAN, captures cross domain accuracy requirements and specifies the error definitions to be used. R0001EF81 FINAL SUMMARY REPORT - Platelet Mitochondrial function as an early marker of a systemic inflammatory response Dstl Porton Down (GB) (2008) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and consequent multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) are a potential problem for injured military personnel where, with aggressive resuscitation soon after wounding, many patients may survive an initial traumatic injury and thus be at risk of systemic inflammatory complications. Measurement of mitochondrial function may indicate those at risk of SIRS and MODS enabling more accurate triage and more appropriate treatment. These studies were conducted to determine if platelet mitochondrial activities could be used to predict mitochondrial function in critical organs such as liver kidney and heart following severe injuries. If so, a simple blood test could be developed to predict patients at risk of SIRS and its complications. A relationship between platelet and tissue mitochondrial complex activities was not demonstrated and these studies and the literature evidence suggest that the measurement of mitochondrial complex activities in isolated tissue samples is unlikely to provide a reliable early indication of systemic inflammation. There is literature evidence to suggest that mitochondrial complex impairment, as a consequence of systemic inflammation, may be predictive of later complications such as MODS, and that mitochondrially targeted therapeutics may be of benefit in these cases. R0001EC81 Guidelines for ISTAR System Concept Development IST_06_07_708_19 Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2008) This working paper proposes guidelines for the conduct of ISTAR system concept development research within

R0001EA35 Adobe Materials Testing and Assessment Dstl Farnborough (GB) (2009) This report was produced to provide advice to troops on Adobe structures in Afghanistan. It addresses their ability to provide protection against small arms threats and provides preliminary advice on mouse-holing. The study has involved triaxial testing of a range of Adobe materials and has considered the use of London Clay as a surrogate material for Adobe bricks and compound walls. R0001EC82 DABINETTs ISTAR Information Integration & Management (I3M) Project - CoA for the Assessment Phase Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2009) This paper represents a Concept of Analysis (CoA) for the Assessment Phase (AP) Combined Operational Effectiveness & Investment Appraisal (COEIA) for the ISTAR Information Integration and Management (I3M) Project. I3M is the first equipment based project within DEC(ISTAR)s DABINETT Programme that aims to improve the end-to-end intelligence process through the delivery of a series of projects. R0001F015 Deconvoluted invariant sub-pixel detection : experimental design document QinetiQ, Farnborough (GB) (2008) This document describes the experiments and tests to be carried out the for new hyperspectral unmixing alogrithms developed for the EMRS DTC project Deconvoluted invariant sub-pixel detection. R000203BF Dosimetry Statistics 2008 Dstl Alverstoke (GB) (2009) This report contains an analysis of the results from radiation dosemeters worn during 2008 and assessed by the Dstl Approved Dosimetry Service. In addition,

the Dstl ISTAR Systems Engineering (ISE) research programme. The aim of the guidelines is to ensure that a consistent and suitably rigorous approach is adopted for concept development research undertaken on the ISE programme. The guidelines proposed are consistent with the TLCM and research management process and are designed to ensure that concept development research conducted meets the needs of DEC(ISTAR) to support the capability planning process. R00020453 Initial Ageing Aircraft Systems Audits - Lessons Identified Dstl Porton Down (GB) (2009) At the inaugural meeting of the MOD / Industry Systems Airworthiness Advisory Group it was agreed that lessons identified during the initial Ageing Aircraft Systems Audits should be collated to update policy and to identify best practice. Within this report, initial lessons identified, primarily from the VC10 Integrated Systems and Structures Age Exploration programme, are detailed. The background to each lesson identified is described and conclusions and recommendations are detailed. For completeness, recommendations that were initially identified within the Ageing Aircraft Research and Development paper are included in this report to help MAEI to keep track of recommendations captured within their reporting matrix. R0001FE63 Javelin Anti-Tank Guided Weapon System: Environmental Impact Appraisal (EIA) For Lulworth and Castlemartin Ranges Dstl Porton Down (GB) (2005) Dstl assessed two additional ranges, Lulworth and Castlemartin, to determine the impact of Javelin training on these ranges. Building on a previous assessment, the environmental information for the ranges was obtained and an assessment made of the potential impacts. Alteration from noise, airborne emissions or restricted materials was deemed to not pose any impact to the estate. Principal impacts would arise from detonation away for the designated targets on lands, which are of conservation importance. Construction activities to facilitate the use of Javelin would also impact the state, but none are anticipated. Applying the Integrated Land Management Plans (ILMP) and the recommendations from the Dstl assessments will ensure that no detrimental impacts are created. R0001EFB6 Joint Intelligence Model (J2M) Release 2.0 Statement of Requirements Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2009) This document is the Statement of Requirements for support for the continuing development of a simulation model, J2M Release 2.0.

R0001EFA5 Joint Intelligence Model (J2M) Release 1.2 Statement of Requirements Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2009) This document is the Statement of Requirements for support for the continuing development of a simulation model, J2M Release 1.2. R0001F807 Maritime Wide Area Surveillance (MWAS) Progress Report Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern (GB) (2007) This report describes activities carried out under the Maritime Wide Area Surveillance (MWAS) care and maintenance programme and provides a plan for the future research programme aimed at developing techniques to find fix and track a single vessel of interest and provide situational awareness of vessels within an area of interest. Two main research strands are recommended namely the development of techniques to validate existing data and techniques to analyse this data to produce indicators and warnings of possible rogue behaviour. R0001FC46 Meeting the Through-Life Capability Challenge Aircraft Integrity Programme Guidance - Phase 1 Outline Plan DstI Porton Down (GB) (2009) This report details the Phase 1 output of the task sponsored by MAE11, DE&S to assist in meeting the airframe integrity through-life capability management challenges. A brief description of the tasks undertaken since the beginning of the programme (April 2009) is detailed and a recommended plan for the remainder of this financial year has been assembled for MAEIs review and endorsement. It is recommended that reprioritisation of the work programme for Phases 3 and 4 (FY 10/11 and 11/12) should be undertaken in early 2010, once the implications of the Haddon-Cave inquiry report have been digested and an implementation plan is in development. R0001FDBC Rapid Acquisition of Adaptable Systems Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2008) This report assess the relative merits of the three high tempo acquisition approaches: evolutionary, pre-planned incremental and short lifecycle as mechanisms for acquiring, and managing through life, systems that can be readily adapted to meet future requirements and/or evolving technology. R0001FC7B Standard for the Generic File Format Version Dstl Famborough (GB) (2009) This document defines a standard for a format used for the storage and the interchange of digitised underwater acoustic time-series data between systems. This data

includes raw acoustic data, complex spectrogram data, power spectrogram data, DEMON data, bearingpower data, grey-scale data and directional-colourcoded data. It also includes non-acoustic data, such as platform dynamics, recording system condition and tracker information that is required in the analysis of the acoustic data. The document defines a standard that is general in so far that digitised data from various sources can be represented in the format. However it is also tightly specific in order to reduce the complexity of the interfaces of the various systems that interchange data. R0001EC86 Strategic Balance of Investment Study Data and Assumptions Paper 5 Dstl Farnborough (GB) (2009) This paper describes the Mathematical Programme formulation used in the Strategic Balance of Investment study to construct optimal cost-effective force mixes. R0001F093 UDRC internal strand project on Multibeam SAR: progress report 1 Dstl Porton Down (GB) (2009) The UDRC signal processing project reported on here is aimed at providing a useful theory to enable the development of three beam along track SAR interferometer systems. The covariance matrix of the signals received across the antennas in the array is the fundamental object of interest for moving target indication and its eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be used as effective moving target detection metrics. A method is defined for diagonalising the 3x3 sample covariance matrix arising from a three-beam SAR ATI and the corresponding Wishart probability density function is derived. These fulfil the stated aims of the UDRC project. In future work it is intended to derive the marginalisations of the Wishart distribution required for the prediction of moving target indication performance. R0001F598 Wide Area Airborne Multi-sensor Data: A summary of decision level fusion for IED and mine detection Dstl Porton Down (GB) (2009) This report details work undertaken by Dstl to investigate the viability of airborne sensors for detecting landmines and lEDs. The data set contains targets comparable to those faced by coalition forces in current operational engagements and comprises of Synthetic Aperture RADAR and Hyperspectral data. Two fusion architectures have been investigated. Firstly SAR and HSI data was fused to reduce the false alarm rate whilst retaining a high P(D) for surface landmines. Secondly for buried targets results from different spectral processing techniques were fused to provide either a reduced false alarm rate at low probability of detection or alternatively an improved probability of detection at higher false alarm rates. Despite a challenging data set, this work demonstrates the potential of data fusion to enhance the

ability of single sensor systems to detect landmine and lEDs. It is recommended that the large data volumes collected be fully exploited to enhance the state-of-theart for airborne landmine and lED detection. R0001FC6E Acoustic Electric Feedthrough Demonstrator Mk-I Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) This report outlines the development and characterization of the DSTO Acoustic Electric Feedthrough (AEF) Laboratory Demonstrator Mk-I, which passes power ultrasonically through a 5 mm thick aluminium plate. The AEF approach is being explored as a potential means of wirelessly powering in situ structural health monitoring systems embedded within aircraft and other high value assets. The demonstrators assembly and subsequent characterisation is discussed, and compared with performance predictions made using numerical modelling. Improvements are suggested which will be implemented in the proposed AEF Demonstrator Mk-H, a system capable of passing both power and communications ultrasonically through a metal plate. Commonwealth of Australia R0001F7A1 Study on Aerosol Penetration Through Clothing and Individual Protective Equipment Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Aerosol particles can readily penetrate through air permeable fabrics. Air flow and aerosol deposition models were used to determine skin deposition rates of aerosols through up to two fabric layers. These models were used in conjunction with a plume dispersion model to examine the risks associated with wearing air permeable CBR protective clothing, to inform IPE fabric development programs and allow assessment of aerosol protection requirements. Commonwealth of Australia R0001F16D Analysis Methods used in the AIR 7000 Force Mix Study Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) The analysis methods used in the AIR 7000 Force Mix Study are described. The key components of die study include the stakeholder workshops, the mission analysis and force mix determination, radar analysis, and the capability and budget analysis. These components have been used to good effect to complement each other and to ensure timely completion of the client request to provide guidance on the Force Mix required to meet Australias maritime patrol and response requirements. This report evaluates the effectiveness of the analysis methods used in the study. The principles employed are found to be consistent with good military experimental

design as outlined in the GUlDEx given the time, data and resource constraints imposed on the study. Commonwealth of Australia R00020099 Application of Black Scholes Complexity Concepts to Combat Modelling Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Lanchesters equations are commonly used as the basis for force-on-force combat models, even if only as a metamodel for a more complex combat simulation. This report examines whether attrition is adequately modelled by such Markov processes. It shows that the distribution of battle casualties is consistent with that obtained when attrition is modelled as an Ito process. The additional Wiener term can be regarded as representing the impact of the wider environment on attrition rates. Commonwealth of Australia R0001E98B Australian Defence Force Nutritional Requirements in the 21st Century (Version 1) Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) This report addresses the determinants of military nutritional requirements-that is, the relevant variables that determine the types and quantities of foods necessary to support ADF training and operationsand the current state of knowledge about nutritional requirements. It also includes recommendations on nutritional standards for ADF rationing systems, and suggests areas of research that will help fill the gaps in our knowledge. Nutritional standards are recommended for fresh (i.e. in-barracks or garrison) feeding and for combat ration packs. These standards are based largely on the Nutrient Reference Values recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council for Australia and New Zealand, but include specific Military Nutrient Reference Values for certain key nutrients. Commonwealth of Australia R0001FC70 Benchmark Testing of Naval Threat Countermeasure Simulator (NTCS) Development from Version 2.4c to 3.2 Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) The Naval Threat Countermeasure Simulator (NTCS) is a commercial code accepted as the NATO standard for ship Infrared (IR) signature modelling. This code has undergone extensive development, in conjunction with measurement trials, since 1997. A set of benchmark test cases was developed to track the development of NTCS since 1997 paying particular attention to the effect on the computed IR signature of a test target. In this report, the results from these benchmark tests are presented for NTCS versions from 2.4c to 3.2. It will be shown that improvements to the NTCS code from version to version

result in significant changes in computed IR signatures. In addition to code changes, other parameters such as choice of environmental data generation software (e.g. LOWTRAN/MODTRAN) and choice of solar scattering flag also influence the computed IR signature. Timing information was also assessed as part of this study and reveals increases in run-time requirements as NTCS has evolved. In light of these results, caution should be exercised when comparing results from different versions of NTCS. It is also recommended that details of the NTCS version and parameters used are specified when presenting NTCS results. Commonwealth of Australia R00020377 Body Size Changes of Royal Australian Air Force Aircrew: 1971 - 2005 Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) The aim of this study was to quantify the secular changes in body dimensions of Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) aircrew between 1971 and 2005. Small secular increases were observed for most body dimensions, including height, mass and body mass indices, although a small decline was observed for head girth. These secular changes (except for head girth) were not independent of changes in overall body size. In addition, secular changes were not always uniform across the distribution. Secular increases in body dimensions of RAAF aircrew have implications for health, clothing design and sizing, and humanequipment fit. Commonwealth of Australia R0001E987 A Review of Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) Detector Technologies and Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Items Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) This report provides a review of the open-source literature (unclassified) and information obtained from manufacturers regarding the technologies, including advantages and disadvantages, used in commercially available equipment currently employed for the detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TlCs). A brief description of the well-known, commercial-off-the-shelf instruments that employ these technologies is also provided. Commonwealth of Australia R000204C2 Comparison of an Agent-based Model of Disease Propagation with the Generalised SIR Epidemic Model Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Social contacts are an important channel for the propagation of disease through a population and should be considered in conjunction with traditional epidemic diffusion. Such channels should always be taken into

account for a realistic estimation of a long-term impact of a disease outbreak (natural or malicious) and for the best response options. This paper describes our recent experience in developing a simple agent-based model to simulate disease propagation through a social network and validating the results of the agent-based simulation by reconciling it with a well-known mathematical model. Commonwealth of Australia R0001FC6F Defence Science and Technology Support for National Security: An International Review Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) A critical review of open source literature enables comparison of the US, UK and Canadian approaches to the development, coordination and harnessing of science and technology for national security capability, the mechanisms by which science and technology (S&T) support is harnessed, and the relative roles of Defence and non-Defence S&T providers. The review was undertaken to inform the S&T Companion Review to the Defence White Paper, by contextualising Defence S&T contributions to national security goals outside strict support of Defence objectives. This document describes the (mid-2008) status of S&T input to the national security systems of the US, UK and Canada. Its purpose is to inform attempts to improve Australian arrangements, based on lessons learned overseas, and to help generate a longer-term vision for S&T support to whole-of-nation strategic challenges, such as national security. The analysis shows that Canada and the UK and, from a low base, the US, are all moving to increase the application and integration of niche Defence S&T capability into national S&T programs for counter-terrorism and national (or homeland) security. Defence S&T is seen increasingly as a unique, and critical component of the national response, and one that should not be quarantined for Defence needs alone. Primary insights indicate that there is: increasing effort to improve the alignment and consistency of policies and strategies for (a) national (or homeland) security, (b) national innovation, S&T, and (c) Defence S&T; growing acknowledgement of the critical national role of niche Defence S&T capabilities; greater strategic coordination of national security capability management supported by national security S&T providers, including Defence; growing recognition of the need to overcome departmental stovepipes, particularly the military/civilian divide; growing use of programmatic (or problem-based) approaches to funding, development, management and exploitation of S&T in national security; and an increasing focus on cross-departmental collaboration, information sharing, and the promotion of enduring S&T communities of practice. Commonwealth of Australia

R000204C0 Design and Evaluation of the MINT ACS SeeTrack Exchange (MINSTE) Concept Demonstrator Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) MINSTE is a computer program that automates data exchange between MINT ACS (MINe Warfare TACtical Software) used by the RAN for planning and assessment of naval mine countermeasures (MCM) and SeeTrack, a generic mission planner and post-mission analysis tool for unmanned underwater systems - particularly towed or self-propelled side-scan sonar that images underwater objects. MINSTE was developed by DSTO with opensource software in order to reduce operator overheads by automating data entry for reported mine-like objects, which can amount to several hundred contacts for some MCM missions. This document describes the MINSTE concept design and development within the context of current and emerging RAN requirements for mine warfare mission planning and reporting in networkenabled and joint operations. For a more detailed discussion on the installation and use of MINSTE, the reader is referred to DSTO-TN-0887, User Guide for MINT ACS SeeTrack Exchange (MINSTE). Commonwealth of Australia R0001ED81 Design of a Foliage Penetrating LADAR Simulation Tool Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) A simulation tool was developed using MATLAB and its Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE) to simulate aspects of an airborne foliagepenetrating Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR) system in scenarios designed to contribute towards the military operational use of such a system. In particular, the simulation tool is intended for conducting analysis on how best to task the aircraft and position the sensor. This document provides an overview of the graphical user interface and software including: the design challenges; dealing with the input scenery data; modelling the sensor and platform flight path; and planned analysis of the simulation results. Commonwealth of Australia R00020376 The Design and Implementation of Persistence in the Annex System Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Orthogonal persistence in operating systems has been a topic of research for a number of years. Several commercial, as well as research projects, have implemented orthogonal persistence as an essential part of their design. Amongst these we can count the Annex software system developed at DSTO. In this technical note we consider the design and implementation of persistence in Annex against the background of two

other capability-based, orthogonally persistent operating systems. This background is used to highlight the approach taken by the Annex system, and the reasons why such an approach was used. The description given discusses the current Annex prototype and explores the directions persistence in Annex will take in the future as a result of lessons learned. Commonwealth of Australia R0001EDF9 The Effects of Selected Modelling Parameters on the Computed Optical Frequency Signatures of Naval Platforms Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) An investigation has been carried out into the effects of wireframe detail and model sub-processing on the predicted optical frequency (OF) signature of a platform. This report describes the results of that investigation. Overall it is concluded that to be able to compare the computed OF signatures of different platforms with validity, the models of the platforms have to incorporate the same level of wireframe detail, especially in internally-heated regions such as their stacks. They also have to be processed using subdivisions of very similar size, based on the same method of facet subdivision. Commonwealth of Australia R0001E985 A Feasibility Study into the Active Smart Patch Concept for Composite Bonded Repairs Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2008) This report describes an experimental investigation into a novel form of composite bonded repair called the Active Smart Patch (ASP). The ASP represents an important conceptual advancement over conventional repair technology by incorporating into a patch a network of embedded piezoelectric elements that provides a diagnostic facility for structural health. This type of repair is being developed as a means of mitigating the strict certification requirements currently placed on bonded repairs to primary aircraft structure, and as a potentially cost-efficient means of providing structural integrity assurance where lack of access precludes conventional nondestructive inspection. Initial development of the concept targets the problem of cracking at Forward Auxiliary Spar Station (PASS) 281.28 in the F-111 Lower Wing Skin. As a first approximation to this problem, a prototype ASP was developed and then applied to a metal coupon which was notched to simulate cracking. The study shows that a network of piezoelectric transducers embedded in the bond-line of the patch provides a robust basis for the detection of notch growth. Commonwealth of Australia

R0002009A Fractal Effects in Lanchester Models of Combat Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Lanchesters Equations are one of the most misunderstood and misused models of combat, yet they remain in widespread use as the combat mechanism behind many simulation systems. Previous work by the author examined the impact of a fractal distribution of forces on Lanchesters theory of combat. The present work extends that examination to conceptual issues regarding interpretation of Lanchesters Equations and to additional parameters beyond those examined previously. Commonwealth of Australia R0001FF53 Giselle: A Mutually Orthogonal Triple Twin-loop Ground-symmetrical Broadband Receiving Antenna for the HF Band Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) This report describes development of a tri-axial mutually orthogonal broadband twin-loop receiving antenna for the HF band. The three twin-loops have been arranged so that they exhibit the same distributed parameters between themselves and ground. The upper frequency limit of the antenna is discussed and a method for extending the low frequency cut-off is presented. The antenna noise factor is calculated from measured data. Commonwealth of Australia R0001F1FF Human Dimensions of Corpora Comparison: An Analysis of Kilgarriffs (2001) Approach Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) There is a distinct lack of tools that provide a comprehensive measure of the similarity between corpora. Finding similar corpora is necessary for the design of certain user studies investigating text processing. It is also useful for ensuring comparability between studies on document analysis conducted across classified and unclassified domains. In this study, human judgements of corpora similarity were obtained as a gold standard. These were then compared to the values provided by Kilgarriffs (2001) chi-square (X to the power 2) statistic. The findings indicated a high level of agreement between the participants, with 77% shared variance in overall similarity judgements. The results of the X to the power 2 measure also correlated well with the human results, with a correlation of approximately 0.66. Although there are complexities associated with the X to the power 2 technique that need to be examined in further research, this study provides extremely promising results, suggesting that a statistical technique could provide results that are comparable to human judgements. Commonwealth of Australia

R0001F1FE Landmark-based Navigation of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) We present a method for estimating the position and orientation of a ground vehicle in an environment with landmarks. From the geometric relationships, we derive a set of linear equations with a quadratic constraint, which forms the basis for our optimisation problem. We also extend the problem to associating two sets of measurements taken at two successive locations to improve the navigation accuracy. This method is efficient and the performance is robust against large measurement errors. Commonwealth of Australia R0001EDFF Performance of the Tin-Free Antifouling Coating International Ecoloflex in DSTO/RAN Trials Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) A national and global ban on the application of antifouling paints containing tributyltin (TBT) is being introduced because of the detrimental effects of TBT on non-target marine species. DSTO, supported by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), undertook a comprehensive program in an attempt to find alternative products that would match or approach the antifouling performance and effective life of TBT-based systems. The evaluation program included static immersion trials, dynamic flow testing, and trials on Navy ship hulls. Within this program, the Akzo Nobel coating Ecoloflex demonstrated antifouling efficacy, consistent ablation characteristics, and long term effectiveness on vessels operating in temperate and tropical Australian waters. This was the best performance seen from a copperbased antifouling coating to date and offered the RAN an alternative to TBT-based systems. Commonwealth of Australia R0001E989 Personnel Exposure to Airborne Isocyanates and Solvents During Shipboard Painting with 2-Pack Polyurethane Paints Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2008) Shipboard and laboratory trials were conducted to determine personnel exposure to airborne solvents and isocyanates during the application, by roller and brush, of 2-pack polyurethane paints. Airborne concentrations in the breathing zones of the operators were found to be <1 /200th (<0.1 ng/m3) of the 8 h time-weighted average (TWA) exposure levels for isocyanates during the application of hiterthane 987 LSALGP and Interthane 864 LSANSP on a RAN vessel, in the open air, on a hot day with a slight wind. Similarly, brush and roller application of the paints in a simulated enclosed space showed airborne isocyanate concentrations <3 ng/

m3. The dust produced during light sanding of the polyurethane paint, 24 h after curing, did not show detectable levels of isocyanates. Although it appeared that respiratory protection from airborne isocyanates was not required with brush/roller applications, personnel should be protected from dermal exposure to the liquid paints. There appeared to be a greater risk from paint solvent respiratory exposure than from airborne isocyanates. Commonwealth of Australia R00020378 Reporting Solid Particle Contamination in Helicopter Hydraulic Fluids Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) This report recommends a method for reporting solid particle contamination for Australian Defence Force (ADF) helicopters and associated ground support equipment. Additionally, recommended limits for solid particle contamination are provided that can be used where no Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) advice exists or where the OEM advice is less conservative than the limits recommended herein. Commonwealth of Australia R0002009B A Review of Australian and New Zealand Investigations on Aeronautical Fatigue During the Period April 2007 to March 2009 Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) This document has been prepared for presentation to the 31st Conference of the International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue scheduled to be held in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 25th and 26 May 2009. Brief summaries and references are provided on the aircraft fatigue research and associated activities of research laboratories, universities, and aerospace companies in Australia and New Zealand during the period April 2007 to March 2009. The review covers fatigue-related research programs as well as fatigue investigations on specific military and civil aircraft. Commonwealth of Australia R0001F177 Strategic Workforce Planning in Defence: A Pilot Study using the ACTIFELD Methodology Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) This report investigates the application of the ACTIFELD strategic analysis technique to Defence planning. The ACTIFELD methodology utilises a combination of pre-existing operations research techniques within an overarching framework or investigative process, that covers initial development of the strategic question through to issues of implementation. The pilot study demonstrated the utility of employing the ACTIFELD technique in analysing strategic Defence planning

problems, in particular Defence workforce planning. The methodology provides an iterative and flexible process that assists in maintaining an audit trail of decisions and provides a range of outputs that are meaningful and useful to the Defence client. Whilst the pilot study highlighted the benefits of the approach, it also provided an indication of the commitment required from stakeholders. Commonwealth of Australia R0001F204 Static Ejection Tests with VICON 78 Infrared Countermeasure Dispensing System for Black Hawk Helicopter Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) The VICON 78 chaff/flare Countermeasure Dispensing (CMD) System is an integral part of the overall Electronic Warfare Self Protection (EWSP) package for the S-70A-9 Black Hawk platform and has suffered high failure rates while firing the MJU-50/B infrared countermeasure flare during Stores Clearance in August 2008. A trial was conducted during November and December 2008 at the Proof and Experimental Establishment (P&EE) at Port Wakefield to determine the extent and nature of the problem The primary objective was to measure set back force and impulse loads due to various flare types (PW118 Mk3, DSTL-22, DSTL-39, M211, and MJU50/B) at different points on the CMD. The secondary objective was to determine a level of confidence in the CMD hardware to fire a particular flare type (PW118 Mk3). All the objectives were successfully met. Commonwealth of Australia R0001FF5F Survey of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Systems Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) As part of the information fusion task we wish to automatically fuse information derived from the text extraction process with data from a structured knowledge base. This process will involve resolving, aggregating, integrating and abstracting information - via the methodologies of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning - into a single comprehensive description of an individual or event. This report surveys the key principles underlying research in the field of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. It represents an initial step in deciding upon a Knowledge Representation and Reasoning system for our information fusion task. Commonwealth of Australia R0001FF5E Synthetic Electronic Imaging System Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) The Synthetic Electronic Imaging System employs electronic components to combine multiple images

processed with internal data from the vehicle on which the system is mounted to yield established video images without resorting to complicated optics or a stabilised platform. It was devised as an alternative to stabilised ball turrets fitted with electro-optic and infrared cameras. Intended as an imaging system for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), it may be employed in any manned or Unmanned System (UMS) where situation awareness is aided by the use of an imaging system. This report describes the development of the Synthetic Electronic Imaging System and assembly of a simple concept demonstrator in 2005. Commonwealth of Australia R0001FC6C Thermodynamically Consistent Decoupled ShearVolumetric Strain Model and CTH Implementation Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Many hydrocodes, such as LS-DYN A and CTH, require the decoupling of the shear from volumetric response in a material model used. A constitutive model is formulated, which decouples the responses of a rate sensitive material. Basis of the model is a general Maxwell-type viscoelastic model, which, however, is not originally decoupled and, thus, not suitable for implementation in the hydrocodes. The formulation provides the thermodynamic consistency for the case of small deviatoric elastic deformations and unrestricted volumetric response. A schematic of implementation in CTH is briefly described. Numerical illustrations demonstrate agreement of the CTH calculations with calculations available in the literature. Commonwealth of Australia R0001F1FD Tensile Testing of the SH-2G(A) Super Seasprite Tiebar Fitting - Program Review and Further Analysis of Test Results Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) The tie-bar fitting is a key component of the Super Sea sprite helicopter main rotor blade retention system. In 2005 a Commonwealth- commissioned analysis of the tie-bar fitting indicated that it had a margin of safety on the design ultimate load close to the lower limit of acceptability (i.e. zero or less). To verify this finding, the Commonwealth tasked the Defence Science and Technology Organisation to conduct a series of five tie-bar fitting static strength tests. Although the results of each test have been reported separately, this report provides an overview of the test program. Linear regression analysis was also conducted to remove the effects of grip slippage from the results of the first two tests. This enabled the calculation of more representative yield strength values, which will provide greater confidence in any future conclusions drawn from the test program. Commonwealth of Australia

R000204BE Towards Understanding the Role of Colour Information in Scene Perception using Night Vision Devices Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Aviation Night Vision Devices (NVDs) are used to enable air operations under conditions of low illumination. The current generation of devices uses a single sensitivity band in either the infrared or near-infrared range. The next generation of such devices may include detectors at more than one absorption band. This has the potential to enhance the segmentation of different surfaces and features in the visual scene. Colour can be used to display contrast between sensor bands. Different schemes for representing spectral contrast are described, and are evaluated with respect to human colour sensitivity. Research on the role of colour in object and scene recognition is reviewed. The available evidence suggests that natural colour plays a useful role in scene recognition when objects and surfaces have prototypical colours. Misleading, false or unnatural coloration, which is a by-product of colour NVDs, may impair scene recognition and situational awareness. An experimental investigation of the effect of green monochrome imagery with altered surface reflectances, representative of current generation NVDs, showed a clear impairment in the recognition of complex urban scenes. The use of unnatural colour renderings in next-generation NVDs may lead to further impairment in scene recognition with consequences for situational awareness and effective navigation. Commonwealth of Australia R0001FF11 Trial of a 3D Audio Display of Radar Warning Receiver Tones in the RAAF F-111 Simulator Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) This study examined the utility of a spatial audio display for threat warning in the RAAF F-111 simulator. Pilots remarked that the 3D audio display helped them to look in the direction of the threat and improved their situation awareness of the relative threat direction while manoeuvring, with the caveat that extensive manoeuvring resulted in predictable errors from the RWR. These errors did not cause confusion additional to that caused by the visual display. Spatial audio is being considered for integration in F-35 and F/A-18E/F. Commonwealth of Australia R00020461 Ultrasonic Phased Arrays for the Inspection of ThickSection Welds Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Ultrasonic phased arrays will eventually replace conventional ultrasonic methods in many nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications. However, the transition to phased arrays is not without its pitfalls and challenges. In this report we present a summary of the

advantages and limitations of phased-array ultrasonics in NDE, with specific reference to the inspection of thicksection welds. The main advantages offered by phased arrays over conventional systems are increased sensitivity, coverage and speed. The main disadvantages are that (i) phased-array systems are more expensive to purchase, (ii) operation and data interpretation are more difficult and (iii) there can be greater difficulty in achieving good ultrasonic coupling due to the larger probe dimensions. Whilst proper training can overcome the majority of these disadvantages, the main obstacle to a faster uptake of the technology is the lack of widely accepted inspection standards and calibration blocks applicable to phased arrays. Commonwealth of Australia R000204C1 The Use of a Context-Based Information Retrieval Technique Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Since users are faced with an ever increasing amount of data, fast and effective retrieval of required information is of vital importance. This study examined two methods of using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to improve the results retrieved using a keyword-based technique using sentence or document context. Fifty participants retrieved information using a standard keyword technique and the two LSA techniques. Although the re-ranking provided by the LSA techniques ordered the documents in a significantly more efficient manner, no significant differences were found in user performance with regards to accuracy, time taken or documents accessed for the different techniques. However, individual differences did significantly influence results, most notably in regards to participants scores on a comprehension test. This study therefore highlights the importance of examining the impact of individual differences in any information retrieval system. Commonwealth of Australia R0001E986 The Use of Systemic-Functional Linguistics in Automated Text Mining Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) Systemic-functional linguistics is a linguistic framework for the analysis of grammatical and semantic information in text, with a potential role in automated text mining. This report outlines essential features of the theory, its application in computational work, and the rationale for use in automated text mining, and develops a grammatical annotation scheme-word functions to enrich a mixed text corpus of newspaper articles and e-mails, for machine learning of semantically-oriented grammatical patterns. Testing demonstrates high accuracy in predicting word functions in unseen text in co-training with other grammatical information, providing the basis for further grammatical and semantic text processing. Commonwealth of Australia

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R0002009C User Guide to the Aircraft Cumulative Probability Chart Template Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) To ensure aircraft structural integrity is maintained to an acceptable level, probabilistic approaches may be used to calculate the risk of cracking (or failure) over the life of the aircraft or fleet. One such risk analysis technique employs a lognormal probability distribution to model the likelihood of cracking (or failure) in the fleet with respect to hours. This technique was programmed into Microsoft Excel to create a simple and easy to use template. An outline of the theory behind the probabilistic approach is provided as well as a comprehensive user guide to the template. This template allows the quick and simple determination of probability distributions of cracking (or failure) which may be used to assess the life of aircraft structures. Commonwealth of Australia R000204BF User Guide for MINTACS SeeTrack Exchange (MINSTE) Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) The computer program MINTACS SeeTrack Exchange (MINSTE) interface was developed to support the automated data transfer to the RAN Mine Warfare Tactical Decision Aid MINTACS from SeeTrack, a postmission analysis tool for data collected by towed or self-propelled (unmanned) side-scan sonar systems in support of military operations such as reconnaissance of sea routes for detection of mine-like objects. This document is a detailed technical user manual for the MINSTE software program. For a general overview of MINSTE design principles and objectives, the reader is referred to DSTO-GD-0574, Design and Evaluation of the MINTACS SeeTrack Exchange (MINSTE) Concept Demonstrator. Commonwealth of Australia R0001E9DC The Visible Signature Modelling and Evaluation ToolBox Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2008) A new software suite, the Visible Signature ToolBox (VST), has been developed to model and evaluate the visible signatures of maritime platforms. The VST is a collection of commercial, off-the-shelf software and DSTO developed programs and procedures. The software can logically be divided into image generation and probability of detection (POD) modelling codes. CAMOGEN (CAMOuflage GENeration) and CAMEOSIM (CAMouflage Electro-Optic SIMulation) provide the image generation, whereas ORACLE provides the POD analysis capability. The ocean modelling is supplied by HYDROLIGHT. All of these stand-alone programs

are integrated through DSTO developed software and procedures, to produce a software suite. The VST can be utilised to model and assess visible signatures of maritime platforms. A number of examples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the VST. In one example, the visible signature of a submarine is examined under various conditions. In another example, visible imagery of a ship is presented for different times of day and various observer perspectives. A demonstration of how a change in surface colour affects the visible signature of the ship is also shown. The final example is the creation and initial assessment of a disruptive pattern for a water craft on a river. Commonwealth of Australia R0001EDF8 Z Support in the HivE Mathematical Toolkit Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) (AU) (2009) The HiVe project is an ambitious research programme aimed at providing DSTO and the Australian Defence Department with the worlds most advanced assurance tools. A key part of this is the provision of advanced high assurance analysis tools in the form of the HiVe Modeller component. Formal specification and system modelling activities in the HiVe Modeller are supported through an Isabelle/HOL implementation of the HiVe Mathematical Toolkit. This report describes support for the Z Mathematical Toolkit within the HiVe Mathematical Toolkit. Commonwealth of Australia

Project ATHENA is a DTIC-funded project run by Dstl to provide MOD with a central repository for storing scientific and technical (S&T) reports of current and past research programmes and projects. This repository is known as the ATHENA Collection and is made available to MOD and Industry through a variety of products and services. For further information about Defence Reporter, or to provide feedback, please contact: DefenceReporter@dstl.gov.uk Tel: 01980 614948
Acknowledgements This publication was supported by the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) of Australia who have provided report citations for inclusion in Defence Reporter. Disclaimer: Defence Reporter is compiled from various news sources and research reports and is offered as a service by Dstl Knowledge and Information Services solely for informational purposes. The appearance of an item in Defence Reporter does not constitute an endorsement by Dstl or MOD.

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