Nickel catalyst heat in the presence of Ni catalyst at 150 OC - hydrogenation of alkenes Nickel catalyst, pressure - hydrogenation of benzene

KMnO4 Dilute alkaline o Mild oxidation of alkenes to diols Acidified (concentrated) KMnO4 o Strong oxidation of alkenes to carbon dioxide, carbonyl compounds or carboxylic acids o Test for alcohols (pri/sec vs. tertiary) o Oxidation of side chains of benzene

Nitric acid Reflux with conc. Sulfuric acid - nitration of benzene/methylbenzene Dilute HNO3, room temperature - nitration of phenol Concentrated HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4 at room temperature - nitration of phenol

Sulfuric acid Excess concentrated sulfuric acid, heat at 170 OC - dehydration of alcohols Cold concentrated H2SO4, followed by H2O and heat - EA of alkenes

Reflux Aqueous NaOH/KOH, reflux - nucleophilic substition, halogenoalkanes to alcohols Alcohol, concentrated H2SO4 catalyst, reflux - esterification of alcohols In ethanol solvent, reflux - formation of nitriles from halogenoalkanes Alcoholic KOH (KOH in ethanol), reflux - Elimination of hydrogen halides to form alkanes HCl (aq), reflux - acid hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids NaOH (aq), reflux - base hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic salts Reflux at particular temperatures - nitration of aryl compounds Reflux/heat - side chain oxidation in aryl compounds