The Urinary System

Function
1. Remove nitrogenous wastes 2. Maintain electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance of blood 3. Homeostatic organ 4. Acts as blood filter 5. Release hormones: calcitriol & erythropoietin

Kidneys as Filters
Diuretic- loose water; coffee, alcohol Antidiuretic- retain water; ADH Aldosterone- sodium & water reabsorption, and K+ excretion GFR= 180 liters (50 gal) of blood/day 178-179 liters are reabsorbed back into blood Excrete a protein free filtrate

Maintaining Chemical Homeostasis

The Urinary System

The Urinary System

blood filtration

General Functioning of the Kidney

tubular reabsorption and secretion

urine refreshed blood

Nitrogenous Wastes

urea

uric acid

ammonia

kidneys

Organs of the Urinary System

ureters urinary bladder

urethra

Kidney Anatomy

renal pyramids

renal pelvis ureter

renal cortex renal capsule renal medulla

nephron

renal artery renal vein

Kidney Anatomy

blood

Nephron Functioning

filtration tubular reabsorption and secretion

urine refreshed blood

efferent arteriole afferent arteriole

glomerulus

artery
peritubular capillaries

Bowmans capsule proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule collecting duct

vein

loop of Henle

Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons and thousands of collecting ducts Glomerulus DCT

renal cortex

PCT

renal medulla
Collecting duct
Loop of Henle

efferent arteriole

afferent arteriole

Glomerular Filtration
Bowmans capsule
Filters blood; proteins cant pass through

glomerulus

Composition of Glomerular Filtrate Water Small Soluble Organic Molecules Mineral Ions

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Reabsorbs: water, glucose, amino acids, and sodium.
65% of Na+ is reabsorbed 65% of H2O is reabsorbed 90% of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-) 50% of Cl- and K+

Loop of Henle
Creates a gradient of increasing sodium ion concentration towards the end of the loop within the interstitial fluid of the renal pyramid.
25% Na+ is reabsorbed in the loop 15% water is reabsorbed in the loop 40% K is reabsorbed in the loop

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Under the influence of the hormone aldosterone, reabsorbs sodium and secretes potassium. Also regulates pH by secreting hydrogen ion when pH of the plasma is low.
only 10% of the filtered NaCl and 20% of water remains

Collecting Duct
Allows for the osmotic reabsorption of water.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)- makes collecting ducts more permeable to water-- produce concentrated urine

Urine
Water- 95% Nitrogenous waste: urea uric acid creatinine Ions: sodium potassium sulfate phosphate
From the original 1800 g NaCl, only 10 g appears in the urine

Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

high plasma solute concentration low blood volume
heart receptors

hypothalamus

Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

hypothalamus posterior pituitary

antidiuretic hormone collecting ducts

Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

reduced blood pressure and glomerular filtrate juxtaglomerular apparatus
renin

Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

angiotensinogen
angiotensin I angiotensin II

renin

Hormonal Control of Kidney Function

angiotensin II adrenal cortex

aldosterone convoluted tubules

Urinary Bladder

ureters external sphincters

internal sphincters urethra

Bladder
1. Mucosa (transitional epithelium) 2. Muscular layer (detrusor muscle): 3 layers of smooth muscle 3. Fibrous adventia

Sphincter Muscles on Bladder

Internal urethral sphincter: Smooth muscle Involuntary control More superiorly located

External Urethral sphincter: Skeletal muscle Voluntary control Posteriorly located

Diuresis (Micturition)
When bladder fills with 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors transmit impulses to the CNS and produce a reflex contraction of the bladder (PNS) When is incontinence normal?

Distension of the Urinary Bladder

Urinalysis
Why do doctors ask for a urine sample?
characteristics: smell- ammonia-like pH- 4.5-8, ave 6.0 specific gravity more than 1.0; ~1.0011.003 color- affected by what we eat: salty foods, vitamins

Odor

odor- normal is ammonia-like diabetes mellitus- smells fruity or acetone like due to elevated ketone levels diabetes insupidus- yucky asparagus---

pH- range 4.5-8 ave 6.0 vegetarian diet- urine is alkaline protein rich and wheat dieturine is acidic

Color
Color- pigment is urochrome Yellow color due to metabolic breakdown of hemoglobin (by bile or bile pigments) Beets or rhubarb- might give a urine pink or smoky color Vitamins- vitamin C- bright yellow Infection- cloudy

Specific Gravity
Water: s.g. = 1g/liter; Urine: s.g. ~ 1.001 to 1.030
Pyelonephritus- urine has high s.g.; form kidney stones Diabetes insipidus- urine has low s.g.; drinks excessive water; injury or tumor in pituitary

Abnormal Constitutes of Urine

Glucose- when present in urine condition called glycosuria (nonpathological) [glucose not normally found in urine] Indicative of: Excessive carbohydrate intake Stress Diabetes mellitus

Abnormal Constitutes of Urine

Albumin-abnormal in urine; its a very large molecule, too large to pass through glomerular membrane > abnormal increase in permeability of membrane Albuminuria- nonpathological conditionsexcessive exertion, pregnancy, overabundant protein intake-- leads to physiologic albuminuria Pathological condition- kidney trauma due to blows, heavy metals, bacterial toxin

Abnormal Constitutes of Urine

Ketone bodies- normal in urine but in small amts Ketonuria- find during starvation, using fat stores

Ketonuria is couples w/a finding of glycosuria-- which is usually diagnosed as diabetes mellitus
RBC-hematuria HemoglobinHemoglobinuria- due to fragmentation or hemolysis of RBC; conditions: hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, burns or renal disease

Abnormal Constitutes of Urine

Bile pigments-

Bilirubinuria (bile pigment in urine)- liver pathology such as hepatitis or cirrhosis

WBC-

Pyuria- urinary tract infection; indicates inflammation of urinary tract

Casts- hardened cell fragments, cylindrical, flushed out of urinary tract WBC casts- pyelonephritus RBC casts- glomerulonephritus

Fatty casts- renal damage

INQUIRY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. List several functions of the kidneys. What does the glomerulus do? What are several constitutes you should not find in urine? What is specific gravity? What two hormones effect fluid volume and sodium concentration in the urine? 6. Where are the pyramids located in the kidney? 7. What vessel directs blood into the glomerulus? 8. Where does most selective reabsorption occur in the nephron?