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Tuabin kh chu trnh hn hp

nh: N.L.Tnh (ST)

Sau na th k pht trin mnh m, tuabin kh t ti nh cao hon thin: hiu sut ca thit b tuabin kh (TTK) chu trnh n tng trn hai ln v t ti gn 40%, cn cng sut n v t my ln ti 300 MW. l nh nng cao hiu sut ca c cc b phn hp thnh (my nn, bung t, tuabin) cng nh nh tng nhit kh trc tuabin T G. Nh s dng cc vt liu bn nhit hin i, h thng lm mt cc b phn nng nht, k c cc v bc ro nhit, nhit kh tng thm c khong 800 K v t tr s 1.770 K. Cng sut n v ca tuabin kh vi h s nn c = 18 21 v lu lng khng kh u vo my nn 730 740 kg/s, l khong 340 MW, khi hiu sut ca tuabin kh bng 38 39%. Hiu sut ca thit b tuabin kh chu trnh hn hp* (TBKHH) t gn 60% v cng sut ca h thng thit b, ty theo cu hnh, t ti 980 MW. i vi nhng tuabin kh c tim nng ln, nu tng nhit ln cao hn s dn ti tng tiu hao nng lng cho h thng lm mt, iu dn n lm gim hiu qu tng i t s tng nhit . Hnh 1 trnh by ng thi thay i hiu sut v cng sut ring ca TTK trong giai on 1991 - 2001, v d nh TTK ca hng General Electric (M) mu 701 (PG 7191F, PG 7221FA, PG 7231FA, PG 7224FA, PG 7251FB). Trong tng lai t c hi vng c th ci thin ng k cc c tnh lu lng ca my nn, cn vic tng nhit kh trc tuabin kh khng phi l v hn. t c kh nng nng cao ng k hiu sut v cng sut n v ca TTK theo chu trnh n Brighton, trong khi , nu s dng cc chu trnh nhit ng m rng ca G.I. Zotikov hoc V. V. Uvarov, vn c th gii quyt mt cch thng li. Xu th phc tp ha chu trnh ca TTK c th hin trong cc cng trnh nghin cu trin khai ca nhiu hng c uy tn phng Ty. Trong d n c nhiu ngi bit n v h thng thit b kt hp TTK - 200 - 750 da trn chu trnh V. V. Uvarov (cng trnh phi hp ca cc chuyn gia Nh my ch to tuabin - my pht in Kharkov v Trng i hc K thut cng nghip Matxcva), vi nhit kh trc

TTK

NR TTK MW.s/kg

e TK

NR TK

tuabin 1.023 K, tng mc tng p sut trong my nn c = 128 v vi kh nng truyn khng kh qua my nn 453 kg/s th cng sut tnh ton v hiu sut tng ng l 200 MW v 39,5%. Khi qui i v nhit kh trc tuabin 1.473 K v gi nguyn nh trc cc thng s khc th cng sut v hiu sut thit b l 400 MW v 49,7%. Nu tng lu lng khng kh ti 737 kg/s, cng sut TTK t ti 647 MW. so snh: Mt trong nhng TTK hon thin nht ca hng Mitsubishi MPCP1-701G2 vi nhit kh trc tuabin bng 1.773 K, lu lng khng kh qua my nn l 737 kg/s c hiu sut 39,5% v cng sut 334 MW, cn cng sut ca TBKHH c t hp trn c s TTK l 489 MW vi hiu sut 58,7%.

Th d v vic thc hin TTK theo chu trnh V. V. Uvarov vi s lng hp th t hn l vic ch to TTK GT-100-750 nm 1970 T K (mt ln lm mt trung gian v mt qu trnh chy trung gian). l thnh tu ng k ca Nm ngnh ch to TTK Nga. Sau Nht, khi nghin cu trin khai TTK kiu AGTJ-100A Hnh 1. ng thi thay i hiu sut v cng theo chng trnh nh sng trng thc t sut ring NR ca TTK chu trnh n theo s ti to li s nhit ng ca GT-100-750. tng nhit ca kh trc tuabin trong giai Khi , gii thch v gii php ca h, cc on 1991 2001 1. Hiu sut TTK; 2. NR ca TTK; 3. S gia ca hiu chuyn gia Nht nu l do l vi vic gii hn nhit kh trc tuabin th con ng sut TTK trn s gia ca nhit kh trc tuabin; duy nht tng cng sut n v v hiu sut 4. S gia ca cng sut ring TTK trn s gia ca TTK l chuyn sang chu trnh nhit ng m nhit kh trc tuabin; 5. Nhit kh trc tuabin rng. Thit b AGTJ - 100A c s dng vn hnh trong TBKHH (chu trnh nh nguyn). Vi nhit ca sn phm chy sau bung t chnh l 1.573 K v ca bung t trung gian l 1.444 K th hiu sut s l 38%, cn cng sut khi lu lng khng kh u ht vo my nn l 220 kg/s s l 100 MW.
K.

Th d v TTK chu k nhit ng m rng, mi xut hin trn th trng l TTK GT-26 ca hng Alstom trong c mt tng nn, hai tng dn v bung t trung gian nm gia hai tng ny. Vi mc tng p (cn gi l t s nn) l 30 th chu trnh nhit ng m rng ni trn cho php t c cng sut ring 443 kWs/kg ging nh TTK MPCP1 - 701G2 ca hng Mitsubishi. Trong trng hp , nhit kh trc tuabin trong TTK GT-26 l 1.528 K, khc vi nhit 1.773 K trong TTK ca hng Mitsubishi. Chu trnh a hp th V. V. Uvarov c c trng bi tng mc tng p cao, kt qu l p sut tuyt i ca cht cng tc cui qu trnh nn t trn 10 MPa. p sut cao nh vy gy kh khn trong vic ch to TTK trong thc t. Tuy nhin iu c th trnh c. gii thch

Q K

a)
B

b)
B B

c)
B B B

Hnh 3. S ph thuc ca hiu sut my nn vo mc tng p sut.


1. Hiu sut politropic ca cc b cnh tuabin; hiu sut qui c; 2. K = 0,94; 3. K = 0,91.

d)
B B

TQ

e)

Hnh 2. Cc chu trnh nhit ng (a) v s nguyn l ca cc TTK (b - e) hot ng theo: b. Chu trnh n Brighton (chu trnh 1: 1-3-1314-1); c. Chu trnh n V. V. Uvarov GT-100750 (chu trnh 2: 1-2-4-6-11-12-13-14-1); d. Chu trnh phc tp ho V. V. Uvarov (chu trnh 3: 1-2-4-5-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-1); e. Chu trnh chun nh nguyn [chu trnh 4 (1): 7-8-910-11-12-7; chu trnh 4 (2): 1-2-4-5-13-14-1]; K1, K2, K3 cc my nn; T1, T2, T3 cc tuabin; B - bung t; TTC - thit b trao i nhit gia cc chu trnh.

Hnh 4. S ph thuc ca hiu sut tuabin vo mc dn n.


1. Hiu sut politropic ca cc b cnh tuabin; hiu sut qui c; 2. T = 0,94; 3. T = 0,91.

tng ny cn phi quay li vi chu trnh Carnot. Nu ct chu trnh Carnot vi mc tng p sut theo ng ng p thnh hai chu trnh ghp vi mc tng p mi chu trnh 1 = 2 = (trong p sut ban u trong mi chu trnh l p sut kh quyn), p sut ti a trong mi chu trnh cng ch bng ln kh quyn. Trong khi tng hiu sut v cng sut ring ca

chu trnh cu thnh t hai phn ghp ca chu trnh Carnot s gi nguyn nh ca chu trnh ban u. Cch tip cn tng t cng c th m rng sang chu trnh V. V. Uvarov. Hnh 2 trnh by biu T, s vi cc chu trnh ca TTK v cc s nguyn l tng ng ca cc thit b, k c thit b da trn chu trnh n Brighton so snh. d hiu, tt c cc thit b c biu din theo s mt trc. Nhit kh trc tuabin l 1.600 K. Khi phn tch cc chu trnh trn, iu cn quan tm l s ph thuc ca hiu sut phn truyn dn (cc b cnh tuabin) ca my nn v tuabin vo mc tng p sut (mc dn tng ng) trong thit b, cn tn tht nhit ng ca p sut theo tuyn ca TTK (trong cc ng ca my nn v tuabin, trong thit b trao i nhit, bung t) c a vo cc my nn v tuabin tng ng v c tnh bng cch a vo cc hiu sut quy c ( Q): - My nn
Q ( K 1) / K K = ( K 1) / ( K / K )

( K 1) / K pK

] (1)

- Tuabin

Q T = 1 ( T T )

(1 K ) PT / k

] /(1

(1 K ) PT / K T

) (2)

Trong : I = 1 - ( P )i; ( P )i - tng cc tn tht tng i v p sut trong cc phn t ca TTK, ch s i k hiu hoc cho my nn (K), hoc tuabin (T); PK, PT - hiu sut politropic ca tng my nn v ca tng tuabin; K - ch s ca ng on nhit. Phn tch cc chu trnh ch ra rng i vi TTK chu trnh h nhit ng m rng th vic a mc tng p sut di 3 i vi cc tng nn v mc dn di 4 i vi cc tng dn n cha chc c li, bi v khi , tn tht cc ng u vo v u ra, cc bung t trung gian v cc thit b trao i nhit tng ng vi cng tng i nh hn ca h thng cnh tuabin. iu dn ti gim cc tr s hiu sut quy c ca tuabin v my nn, iu th hin r trn cc hnh 3 v 4. Gim K v T ca cc bc nn v dn n i hi phi tng s bc, do qu trnh xch gn ti ng nhit, tuy nhin hiu qu c li li b co bng bi s st gim cc hiu sut quy c. i vi cc chu trnh 1, 2 v 3 (xem hnh 2) chp nhn nhit ca khi thot l nh nhau (Tkh.t = T14 = 840 K) vi gi nh rng s dng cng mt kiu TTK (nhng chu trnh ta nh t vo nhau). Chu trnh 1 l chu trnh Brighton n gin, chu trnh 2 tng t nh chu trnh ca TTK GT100-750 (chu trnh V. V. Uvarov ti gin), chu trnh 3 l chu trnh V. V. Uvarov vi hai b lm mt trung gian (vi ba bc nn) v vi hai ln gia nhit trung gian (ba bc dn). Cc chu trnh 4 (1) v chu trnh 4 (2) l hai phn ca chu trnh 3 c ct theo ng ng p 7 - 13. Trong trng hp , chng c th c xem nh hai chu trnh ring bit, lin h vi nhau v nhit ng qua ng ng p trn on 5 - 12, trn chu trnh 4 (1) mt hiu entanpi (h 12 - h5), cn chu trnh 4 (2) nhn c hiu entanpi . Vic ct i chu trnh 3 (hoc cc chu trnh tng t) nh vy, c gi l chun nh nguyn, cho php duy tr c cu hnh ca chu trnh ban u, gim mnh p sut cc i trong chu trnh 4 (1) so vi chu trnh 3 ban u. V mt hnh thc c th xc nh hiu sut v cng sut ring ca cc chu trnh 4 (1) v 4 (2) ring r, c xt n rng trong chu trnh 4 (2) din ra s tn dng trit nhit nng to ra t chu trnh 4 (1) trn on ng p 5 - 12. Tip sau , c th tm hiu sut tng (bnh qun gia quyn) ca hai chu trnh. R rng rng trong trng hp tng cng sut ring v hiu sut tng ha ra l bng cng sut ring v hiu

sut ca chu trnh 3 ban u. Tuy nhin thc hin trong thc t TTK chun nh nguyn cn phi s dng hai TTK chu trnh h (xem hnh 2e), TTK th nht vn hnh theo chu trnh 4 (1) v TTK th hai theo chu trnh 4 (2). Trong trng hp , chuyn hiu ca cc entanpi (h 12 - h5) cn phi s dng thit b trao i nhit - tng t thit b hon nhit, ch vi mt khc bit l nhit nng c tn dng ca khi thot t TTK chu trnh 4 (1) i vo sy khng kh trc bung t ca TTK chu trnh 4 (2). to ra cc iu kin chuyn nhit nng cn phi m bo p lc nhit gia mi trng gia nhit [trong chu trnh 4 (1)] v mi trng c gia nhit [trong chu trnh 4 (2)], trong i km theo qu trnh trao i nhit trong thit b tng ng l cc tn tht p lc trong c hai chu trnh. Hnh 5 gii thiu hai phng n kh d thc hin chu trnh ca TTK chun nh nguyn. Trong phng n th nht (hnh 5a) cu hnh ca chu trnh 4 (1) c gi nguyn khng thay i, cn p sut theo nhit cn thit c thc hin bng cch gim nhit sau my nn K2 xung cn T51, iu i hi gim mt cch ph hp mc tng p sut trong my nn . Bi v duy tr nhit T14 khng i th mc dn ca tuabin T3 cng phi duy tr khng i, i vi mc tng p sut ca my nn th nht i hi s hiu chnh tng ng theo hng tng mc . Trong trng hp , cng sut ring ca chu trnh 4 (2) thc t l khng thay i, cn nhit lng a vo bung t s tng thm mt tr s t l thun vi hiu s T 5 - T51 = T12 - T12*, ngha l t l thun vi p lc nhit chp nhn. Trong phng n hai (hnh 5, b) tt c cc thng s ca chu trnh 4 (2) c gi nguyn khng i, nhng thc hin c p sut theo nhit cn thit th qu trnh lm mt cc sn phm chy ca chu trnh 4 (1) c thc hin n nhit T52 (nhit nng tn dng b gim i mt tr s t l thun vi hiu cc nhit T52 - T5* = T12 - T12*). Tng ng, s thot nhit vo bung t ca chu trnh 4 (2) s tng ln tr s nh trn. S tng sc cn ca tuyn thi khi sau tuabin T2 do c s c mt ca b trao i nhit gia cc chu trnh i vi chu trnh 4 (1) c b tr bi vic loi b b lm mt khng kh u vo my nn K3 (ht vo t kh quyn) v bng s gim nhit T 7 n Hnh 5. S thc hin chu trnh chun nh nhit mi trng xung quanh. nguyn ca tuabin kh. a. Chu trnh nhit ng 4 (1); b. Chu trnh Tng cng sut ring v tng hiu sut ca nhit ng 4 (2). thit b chun nh nguyn s thp hn mt cht so vi cc ch tiu tng ng ca chu trnh 3 ban u, cn cc tr s m chng b gim i s c xc nh bi sc cn ca thit b trao i nhit gia cc chu trnh v p sut theo nhit trong c chp nhn. Khi ct chu trnh 3 thnh cc chu trnh 4 (1) v 4 (2) th gia chng t mt thit b trao i nhit gia cc chu trnh vi hiu sut (mc un nng) 0,935 v cc sc cn tng i t pha gia nhit l p = 0,03; t pha lm mt l p = 0,02. Kch thc nh hng ca ma trn ng nhn: th tch 1.215 m 3, chiu di 16 m (ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong l 27,5 mm v 22 mm). Nu s dng cc b mt trao i nhit tng cng th c th gim bt cc kch thc ca b trao i nhit gia cc chu trnh.

Ch tiu K1 K2
b) a)

Chu trnh ca TTK (Hnh 2) 1 20 20 2 2 5 20 5 20 1 1 10 3 5 4 20 5 4 20 2 2 40 4 (1) 4 (2) 20 5 5 4 1 2 4 20 1 2

K3 T1 T2 T3 S b lm mt trung gian S bung t trung gian Pmax, MPa

Cng sut ca cc TTK xem xt trn c xc nh vi lu lng khng kh u ht vo my nn p sut thp t kh quyn bng G = 450 kg/s, cn cng sut ca phn tuabin hi c nh gi theo nhit lng c tn dng ca khi thi t TTK vi TBKHH . LTN = 0,326 (LTN l hiu sut ca l thu hi nhit). Kt qu phn tch tin hnh vi cc s khc nhau ca cc TTK c trnh by trong bng sau.

Trong phng n nghin cu (xem hnh 5b), st p gia cc NR, kW/(kg/s) 491 878 1.276 685 571 mi trng lnh v nng trong b Hiu sut TTK, % 45,7 53,5 57,3 54,5 trao i nhit l 1,9 MPa. Trong cc TTK chu trnh khp kn t NTTK, MW 219 394 575 556 nhin liu hu c, st p trong NTTK /NTBH(tuabin hi) 2,57 3,52 4,1 3,67 thit b hon nhit nm trong gii NTBKHH, MW 304 506 715 707 hn 1,965 - 2,89 Mpa, cn trong b trao i nhit nhit cao ca Hiu sut, TBKHH, % 63,4 68,7 71,3 69,4 TTK chu trnh khp kn l 2,6 Ghi ch: 1. Cc tr s Kv T trong cc chu trnh 1-3 gn 3,83 MPa. Do to ra b trao vi cc tr s ti u ca chng. i nhit gia cc chu trnh c th 2. Nhit trc cc tuabin bng 1.600 K p dng kinh nghim ch to thit b trao i nhit nhit cao. ng thi s st p trong thit b trao i nhit gia cc chu trnh c th gim c bng vic ct chu trnh ban u theo ng ng p i qua di ng ng p 7 - 13 (xem hnh 2a), iu i hi s bin dng tng ng ca chu trnh nhit ng m rng ban u. Tuy nhin, nh ni trn, chu trnh chun nh nguyn thc hin trong trng hp v tnh kinh t v cng sut ring ch thua km cht t chu trnh ban u. Cn lu rng chu trnh 4 (1) hao hao ging chu trnh ca TTK GT - 26 ca hng Alstom, cn chu trnh 4 (2) tng t chu trnh TTK LMS100 ca hng GE, ngha l chng tng ng vi cc chu trnh ca cc TTK thc t. Phn tch kinh t k thut s b cho thy s dng TTK chun nh nguyn t ra n gin hn v r hn so vi TTK ban u vn hnh theo chu trnh V. V. Uvarov. Ngoi ra TTK chun nh nguyn c c im l cc chi ph quy i thp hn so vi hai TTK thng thng tnh ton cho cng tng cng sut .

Kt lun
1. C s ca cc thit b nh nguyn t hp hin i l cc TTK chu trnh n Brighton. Trong cc ng dng ny, nhit kh trc tuabin t ti 1.700 - 1.780 K v lu lng khng kh ht vo my nn tng ln ti 740 kg/s. iu cho php nng hiu sut TTK nng lng t mc 39,5%, v cng sut n v ti 335 MW, cng sut ca thit b nh nguyn trn c s mt TTK t 450 - 490 MW, vi hiu sut gn 60%.

2. Ngy nay nhng thng s ca TTK chu trnh n (nhit kh trc tuabin v lu lng khng kh qua my nn) tin gn cc tr s gii hn i vi cc TTK t c nh, tui th di. Kh c th tng hn na ng k cc thng s . Ngoi ra, mi nng thm nhit kh trc tuabin dn ti gim nhp gia tng hiu sut v cng sut ring. Trong khi , tng nhit khin cho vic gii quyt cc vn sinh thi tr nn phc tp hn. 3. mc hin i ca nhit kh trc tuabin v lu lng khng kh ht vo my nn, vic chuyn sang cc TTK chu trnh m rng v nhit ng hc m ra con ng cho vic tip tc tng ln mt cch c bn tnh kinh t v cng sut ca cc TTK t c nh, v k c cc thit b t hp c to ra trn c s cc TTK. Vic chuyn sang cc thit b s to iu kin nng cao tnh kinh t ca TTK ti 58% v cng sut n v ti 1.000 MW. Tng ng iu s cho php nng hiu sut ca thit b nh nguyn t hp ti 70% vi cng sut gn 1.200 MW. 4. TTK chu trnh nhit ng m rng c c im l tr s tng mc tng p sut cao v tng ng p sut cc i trong chu trnh cng cao. Vic chuyn sang TTK chun nh nguyn cho php: - gim tr s p sut cc i trong chu trnh 4 (1) khong ln - loi tr s gim tnh kinh t ca cc h thng cnh tuabin lin quan ti p sut cao. - trnh c cc vn gim bn v cc ng lc dc trc i km theo vi p sut cao ca mi trng cng tc. 5. Hiu sut v cng sut ring ca chu trnh TTK chun nh nguyn t ra thp hn khng ng k so vi cc ch tiu tng ng ca chu trnh ban u. S gim tng i nhng ch tiu ph thuc vo p lc nhit c chp nhn v tn tht p sut ca cht mang nhit trong thit b trao i nhit gia cc chu trnh. 6. Trong vic to ra thit b trao i nhit gia cc chu trnh (tng t thit b hon nhit) cn phi p dng nhng thnh tu k thut hin i nht.

KHCN in s 5/2008

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