PRESENTATION OUTLINE I. General Information: A.Suez Canal.2 B.Panama Canal4 II. The role in Transportation A.Suez Canal 1.

The unique geographical position5 2. The Advantages of the canal..7 B.Panama Canal 1.The unique geographical position11 2. The Advantages of the canal..14 III. Sumary ...16

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I.

General information

A. SUEZ CANAL The Suez Canal is an important international navigation canal linking between the Mediterranean Sea at Port Said and the Red Sea at Suez and is opened in November 1869. It allows transportation by water between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa, begins at the Mediterranean Sea at Port Said flows through Ismailia in Egypt, and ends at Suez on the Gulf of Suez. Today, Canal is still as important as it was in the 19th and 20th Century one of the worlds busiest waterways, supporting 8% of all shipping traffic in the world with more than 50 ships taking a voyage through the canal daily and carrying more than 300 million tons of goods a year. 1.History: The first canal was dug under the reign of Senausret III, Pharao of Egypt (1887-1849 BC) linking the Mediterranean Sea in the north with the Red sea in the south via the river Nile and its branches. However, over many years, the canal fell into disrepair, only to be extended, abandoned, and rebuilt again. The first modern attempts to build a canal came in the late 1700s when Napoleon Bonaparte conducted an expedition to Egypt. He believed that building a French controlled canal on the Isthmus of Suez would cause trade problems for the British as they would either have to pay dues to France or continue sending goods over land or around the southern part of Africa. Studies for Napoleon's canal plan began in 1799 but a miscalculation in measurement showed the sea levels between the Mediterranean and the Red Seas as being too different (30-feet gap) for a canal to be feasible and construction immediately stopped.

The next attempt to build a canal in the area occurred in the mid-1800s when a French diplomat and engineer, Ferdinand de Lesseps, convinced the Egyptian viceroy Said Pasha to support the building of a canal. In 1858, the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was formed and given the right to begin construction of the canal and operate it for 99 years, after which time, the Egyptian government would take over control of the canal. At its founding, the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was owned by French and Egyptian interests. Construction of the Suez Canal officially began on April 25, 1859. It opened ten years later on November 17, 1869 at a cost of $100 million. The Canal was closed five times; the last time was the most serious one since it lasted for 8 years. The Canal was then reopened for navigation on the 5th of June 1975.

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2.Size: The total length of the canal is 193 kilometers (120 miles). The canal is 24 meters (79 ft) deep at maximum depth. The width of the canal is 205 meters (673 ft).

Characteristics of the Current Suez Canal

Overall length From the fairway buoy to Port Said lighthouse From the waiting area to the southern entrance From Port Said to Ismailia From Ismailia to Port Tawfik The length of doubled parts Width at water level Width between buoys Maximum permissible draught for ships The canal depth Maximum permissible air draft Cross sectional area 3.NavigationaChannel: Item Overall Length Bypasses Length Unit 1869 1956 1962 1980 Km Km 164 175 --8 27.7 60 14 35 175 27.7 89 15.5 38 189.80 77 160/175 19.5 53 1994 189.80 77 170/190 20.5 56 1996 189.80 77 180/200 21 58 2001 191.80 79 195/215 22.5 62 2010 193.30 80.5 205/225 24 66 193 km 22.5 km 15 km 78.5 km 83.65 km 68 km 300/365 m 180/205 m 68 ft. 21m 68 m 4500/4800 m2

Width at m 11 m depth Water depth m

Max. Draft Feet 22 of ship Cross Sectional Area m2

304 1200 1800 3250/3600 3600/4000 3850/4300 4350/4800 4800/5200

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Max. Loaded ship

DWT 5000 30000 60000 150000

170000

185000

210000

240000

Note : Bypasses length is calculated according to the kilometric numbering of buoys at the beginning and end of each bypass

Most of the Suez Canal is not wide enough for two ships to pass side by side. To accommodate this, there is one shipping lane and 4 doubled zone with 6 bypasses located along the Canal. There is also a railway that runs the entire distance of the canal. There are future plans to make the Suez Canal wider and deeper, in order for it to support larger ships. The Suez Canal has no locks because Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea's Gulf of Suez have approximately the same water level. It takes around 11 to 16 hours to pass through the canal and ships must travel at a low speed to prevent erosion of the canal's banks by the ships' waves.

Three convoys transit the canal on a typical day, two southbound and one northbound. The first southbound convoy enters the canal in the early morning hours and proceeds to the Great Bitter Lake, where the ships anchor out of the fairway and await the passage of the northbound convoy. The northbound convoy passes the second southbound convoy, which moors to the canal bank in a by-pass, in the vicinity of El Qantara. Each year, approximately 20,000 ships passes the canal carrying from 300 to 400 million tons, with half the oil tanker and cargo.Thanks to the Suez Canal, the sea route from the city of London, England, to the city of Bombay, India, has saved over 11.670 km sea route via the Cape of South Africa. B. PANAMA CANAL The Panama Canal is a 48 mile long international waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It was fundamental to the development of maritime trade in the Americas and helped create a more robust trading industry. The Panama Canal measures 80 kilometers of length, from Colon in the Caribbean to Panama in the Pacific. The Canal runs from northeast to southeast. An average ship takes around 8 to 10 hours to pass through the Canal. 1.History: In the early 19th century German scientist Alexander Von Humboldt revived interest in the Canal project. The Spanish government officially authorized the construction of such a canal and the creation of a company to build it. The gold rush in 1848 further piqued the Americas interest in the canal, and after various surveys an international company was formed in 1876. This company ultimately failed and in 1880 a French company was organized by Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal.

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The construction of the Panama Canal occurred in two main stages. The first was from 1881 to 1888 and was carried out by the French company headed by de Lesseps. The second part was taken over by Americans who completed the process between 1904 and 1914. The French faced great difficulties in terms of rain induced landslides, diseases and a general lack of experience. When the United States took over the project, these difficult conditions were brought under control and the Panama Railway was used as efficiently as possible. The building of the canal was completed in 1914 two years ahead of the target date and it was formally opened on August 15th.the waterway has provided a quality transit service to more than700,000 vessels. 2.Size: Characteristics of Panama The main physical characteristics of the Canal are: Gatun Lake, a central artificial lake that is extended through most of the Isthmus; Gaillard Cut, an excavation of 13 kilometers through the Continental Division, which is extended from Gatun Lake to the Pedro Miguel Locks the locks in both sectors of the Isthmus elevate the ships between the sea level and the lake level (the Gatun Locks in the Caribbean, and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel Locks en the Pacific); and the Balboa ports in the Pacific and Cristobal in the Caribbean. When the Canal was built, the Gatun Dam was the biggest earth dam ever, and the Gatun Lake was the biggest artificial lake of the world. The three locks were the most solid concrete structures ever built. 3.Navigation During the more than 80 years of the Canals existence, over 800,000 ships have taken advantage of this short cut. Currently, nearly 40 ships pass through the Canal each day. Ships traveling through the Canal pay by weight, which can be very expensive. Each ship must pay tens of thousands of dollars. The highest toll a ship ever paid to sail through the canal was $165,235 (the lowest was less than a dollar paid for a man who wanted to swim through the Canal in the 1920s). Despite the seemingly high fees, the savings in fuel and time make it worth the Canals fee. It would cost more money to maintain ships during the extra several thousand miles and extra several days it would take to sail around South America.

II.

The Role in Transportation.

A.SUEZ CANAL

1. The unique geographical position

Suez is one of the world's largest Canal, in Egypt. With the total length of 163 km and 300 meters wide at its narrowest place, Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea (or more precisely, between the Gulf of Suez and the Bitter Lake in the Red Sea).

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Was dug North South, Suez is the important transport link between Asia and Europe, helping to save time going around the Cape of Good Hope, which provides a shortcut for ships passing through European ports European-American and South Asian ports, ports in East Africa and Oceania. Thanks to the Suez Canal, the sea route from London (UK) to Mumbai (India) has been shortened by nearly 12,000 km. One point makes Suez different from other canals is that there is no anxiety because the terrain is fairly flat and two sea water is no significant difference, with 123 km on both sides of the wall was built of stone and cement to prevent collapse

Suez Canal Structure 1: Mediterranean Sea

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2: Said Port 3: Al-Manzala Lake 4: Timsah Lake 5: Red Sea

-Position of Suez
Coordinates : 2958N, 3233E. Nation: Egypt ( Africa)

-Design and Load

1. Channel is designed for ships with a tonnage of 150,000 tons. 2. Initially (in 1869) only 8 meters deep and the width of 22 - 58m. 3.1967: depth of 12m, 55m is narrowest point. By 1984, the 250,000 ton tanker through. 3. 2020 dredging to increase the depth of 22m. 4. It takes 11-16h to go through. 5. Safe Speed: 14-16km / h. 5. Where is run in opposite directions on the Great Salt Lake. 6. No dock. 7. Both sides of the wall was built of stone and cement to prevent landslides.

2. The advantages of the Suez Canal.

It is the longest canal in the world without locks. The accidents are almost nil compared with other waterways. Navigation goes day and night. The Canal is liable to be widened and deepened when required, to cope with the development in ship sizes and tonnages. With the adoption of the Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) ( a system depending upon the most up-to-date radar network), vessels can be monitored and followed on every spot of the Canal and intervention in emergency cases can be taken.

The Suez Canal accommodates the partially loaded VLCCs and ULCCs EGYPT Suez Canal helped Egypt achieve the fastest growth rate in the last decade, contributing 3.3% of GDP in 2008

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Bring revenues primarily from fees budget of Egypt and cargo ships through the canal : Approximately $ 2.77 / ton: according to charging tonnage through the canal (DWT). The total annual charge of the Suez Canal contributed to Egypt's GDP is: Development of tourism industry and other services related to maritime transport. With the advantage of a civilization of ancient Egyptian . Egypt has attracted a large number of tourist boats had left the port of Egypt along the canal. Besides the services for the ship channel .. Trade exchanges with other countries in the region and in the world THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY: Shorten the distance: The geographical position of the Suez Canal makes it the shortest route between East and West as compared with the Cape of Good Hope. The Canal route achieves saving in distance between the ports north and south of the Canal, the matter that is translated into other saving in time, fuel consumption and ship operating costs as shown in the table below

From

To

Distance ( Nautical Miles ) SC

Saving Cape 12 094 10 783 11 169 11 794 11 207 Miles 7 950 % 66

Ras Tanura

Constanza

4 144

Lavera

4 684

6 099

57

Rotterdam

6 436

4 733

42

New York

8 281

3 513

30

Jeddah

Piraeus

1 320

9 887

88

Rotterdam

6 337

10 743

4 406

41

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Tokyo

Rotterdam

11 192

14 507 11 755

3 315

23

Singapore

Rotterdam

8 288

3 647

29

Saving time ( it's take 15 minutes for each trip) Fuel savings, reduced freight rates Reducing production costs As a shortcut of the passing boats harbor Africa, Oceania It is particularly important role in the transport of oil from the Middle East to the developing economies (Europe, America, Japan ..)

FOR THE ADJACENT NEIGHBORS( ALONG THE MEDITERRANEAN & BLACK SEA). Provide shortcut for ships passing through European ports, America ports to south Asia, Africa and the eastern port of Oceania Significantly reduce costs as freight not go through the nose illusion (South Africa). THE ECONOMY: Complete the canal between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea has enormous economic significance, the ships from Europe through India and South East Asia, Far East, Australia and the vegetarian canal is greatly shortened compared to around Africa With reduced transportation costs, saving time, so the distance of each radiating through market canals worldwide, boosted the economy grow. Shorten transportation distances lead to reduced running time, reduce operating costs, increase our capacity, increase efficiency, increase the volume of goods exchanged on the world market Economic efficiency of ships 47000 dwt Suez Canal than through Africa

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ROUTES

DISTANCE

Saving cost

The number of routies SC CAPE 12.9 5.0 11.6 5.3 8.7 8.7 6.7 6.3 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.9

SC CAPE Odessa - Bombay Mina - Ahmadi Genua 4198 11818 4705 11069

FULE 196 164 122 122 86 71

CHARGE 376 314 233 233 165 137

Mina Ahmadi Rotterdam 5560 11932 Abadam Thames Haven 6532 11265 Mina Ahmadi Baltimore 8684 12039 Balikpapan - Rotterdam 9309 12081

POLITICS: o Due to significant economic and military importance. Suez canal was closed twice because of the war. First in 1956 when Egypt nationalized the canal statement was conflict between Britain, France and Egypt. the suez canal was closed about 9 months to 50 ships sunk in the canal. 2nd in 1976 when the conflict between ixrraen and Egypt closed the canal 8 years and expected losses to the world economy between $ 7 billion. o In 1975, some 12,000 ships through the channel with volume 117 million tons of cargo. 1976 some 15 485 vessels through the channel with the volume of 117.6 million tons of cargo. Canal's income in 1976 was 260 million dollars. o The Suez Canal is a strategic role in terms of security in the Middle east , in the context of the Middle East is full of changes, see the U.S. as Egypt is the cornerstone of its Middle East policy (especially against terrorism). FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: Shorten the distance, fuel economy, significantly reduces the environmental pollution from sea and air vessels caused. PROMOTE: As the world's goods are transported more easily, more quickly through the Suez Canal to promote the development of strong economic

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When traffic is it easy to promote inter-regional trade, the market opened up new markets The transportation of goods through channels not only shorten distance, saving time, costs for ships and ensure that it is safe for people and goods. B. PANAMA CANAL

1 The unique geographical position

The Canal unites the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at one of the narrowest points of both the Isthmus of Panama and the American continent and saves sailors over 12,000 kms on their journey.The canal cuts the journey to well under half what it would be to get something from California to New York if the ships had to go right down around the bottom of South America around Cape Horn

Location of Panama canal (source : thepanamacanal.wordpress.com)

With an 80 kilometer wide isthmus located half way between North and South America, Panama seemed the logical location to build a canal, the route linking the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean via Panama is the shortest compared to its competitors-a proposed Nicaragua Canal and a proposed canal via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico. But after some surveys, the US engineers eliminated the plan of building a canal via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, so there were just two options for them to create a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans But why did the Americans choose Panama as a better location to build a canal? Although Nicaragua had one compelling advantage-a massive lake in the middle of the country, but, back then, there was a huge volcano eruption in Nicaragua and there were earthquakes,so the US engineers realized that the geology of Panama was more stable than that of Nicaragua. This fact made Panama a logical choice for a canal and Panama was the winner in this competition with Nicaragua due to its more stable and safer geology.

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Panama is located in Central America and the terrain there is mountainous, so the US engineers decided to apply the "lake and lock" system typically used for canals through uneven terrain. And until now, it has been the only method to build a canal through this kind of terrain. Heavy rains in Panama, Rio Chagres- the biggest river in panama and other sources provide plenty of water to operate the lock system.

The lock and lake system used in Panama canal (source:www.ssqq.com)

And probaly, there are some questions arising about the geology and topography of Panama. If the terrain in Panama is mountainous and uneven, The Americans could use the lock and lake system, but there was no lake that could fulfill the requirement of the operation of a lock and lake system, and if they had followed the plan of the French, they would have digged too much to build a sea level canal. Sea-level canal was a bad idea and French had to pay a big price for this failure ,so the Americans obviously wouldnt do the same way.

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The US engineers had a best solution for those problems. Why not turn the entire valley into a deep lake - the Gatun lake.?

The Americans plan (source: www.ssqq.com) Lake Gatun was created by a gigantic earthen dam designed to bridge that mile-wide gap between the two hills. Once the dam was finished, the waters of the Chagres river were suddenly trapped by the giant man-made mountain. The Chagres slowly began to fill the valley using the waters of its 1,320-mile watershed

Gatun dam (source:www.ssqq.com)

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The route through Panama Canal by Gatun Lake (source: richarddetrich.com)

Due to the Gatun Lake, the US engineers could not oly reduce their workload, they didnt have to exacavate as much as they had estimated but also could use the lock and lake system to build a canal through this uneven terrain. To summarize, some characteristics that make Panama Canal an unique canal are : located in the narrow land bridge between North and South America offers a unique opportunity to create a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the ways people overcame some major obstacles from its unfavorable geography. Panama was named as one of the seven wonders of the modern world.

2.The advantages of The Panama Canal

a. Reducing shipping times, making economic exchanges easier, especially for the United States. Opening of the Canal in 1914 connected the eastern part of Pacific Ocean with the North Atlantic, establishing important shipping route, between the Pacific coast of America and the Atlantic Routes to Europe and the passage for cargo ships sailing to eastern part of Asia. The canal shortened the route from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific by more than 9000 nautical miles. By providing a short, relatively inexpensive passageway between these two great bodies of water, the Panama Canal has influenced world trade patterns, spurred growth in developed countries, and has been a primary impetus for economic expansion in many remote areas of the world. For example, a vessel laden with coal sailing from the east coast of the United States to Japan via the Panama Canal saves about 4,800 kilometers (3,000 miles) versus the shortest alternative all-water route, and for a vessel laden with bananas sailing from Ecuador to Europe

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the distance saved is about 8,000 kilometers (5,000 miles). United States has the largest number of ships passing through the Panama Canal. Estimated 12% of the goods, especially oil, transport by sea of the United States has gone through this. b. Reducing production costs via reductions in transport cost Use of the all-water route through the Panama Canal will continue to be an important, cost-effective transportation mode for a significant segment of world trade. There are 40 vessels pass through the Panama Canal every day, and more than 14,000 a year, accounting for 5% of shipping traffic worldwide. The principal countries using this canal include the United States, China, Japan, Chile, South Korea, Peru, Canada, Ecuador, Colombia, and Mexico. Although it has been upgraded for many times over the past 92 years, but the Panama Canal still does not meet the demand of the increasing of sea transport. c. Preventing loss of ships on dangerous routes, as well as safety for people and goods. The launch of Panama Canal is a revolution in sea traffic of the world. Until the Panama Canal was completed, a ship's captain who wanted to travel from New York to San Francisco had to go all the way around the continent of South America. Passing the southern tip was very dangerous because its close to the South Pole, has a lot of whirlpools and strong magnetic fields. The Panama Canal shortens the trip from 13,000 miles to 5,200 miles. d. Providing greater revenues for Panama. As it stands, the countries using this canal, all of whom pay a toll to Panama based on cargo weight each time they pass through the 110 - foot space. By doubling that capacity, Panama is expected to gain a 12.3 percent total revenue increase. This canal is the largest money printer of Panama. Approximately 80% of the GDP it is directly or indirectly relative to Panama Canal. Services in the canal created jobs for 9,000 employees in FY (Financial Year) 2006 (from 10/2005 to 9/2006), grossed nearly $1.5 billion, after deduction of cost and other investments, and $570 million paid into the national budget of Panama. It is expected that $600/800 million investments in the social sector will be taken from the financial resources brought by the Panama Canal. Losses if deactivating the canal: - For Panama: Loss of income from customs duties Trade exchange with other countries is more difficult - For other countries: Increase transportation cost Less safe for people and goods.

III.

Conclusion.

SUEZ AND PANAMA CANALS AND THEIR ROLE IN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME TRANSPORT

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SUEZ CANAL

PANAMA CANAL

1. History

Construction of the Suez Canal officially began in 1859. It opened ten years later in 1869.

The construction of the Panama Canal occurred in two main stages from 1881 to 1914

2. Canal characteristics

Size: The total length of the canal is 193 kilometers (120 miles). The canal is 24 meters (79 ft) deep at Length, 51 miles from deep water to deep water. Minimum width of maximum depth. The width the navigable channel is 500 feet of the canal is 205 meters (673 ft).
-

3. THE ROLE IN MARITIME TRANSPORT

a. The unique geographical position

The shortest link in sea transport between Europe and Asia. Suez is in Egypt and connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

The shortest link in sea transport between the American East and West coasts. The canal unites the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

b. Saving in distance, time and in operating costs => support the evolution of maritime transport and world trade.

Shorten the distance=> Saving time and fuel => reduced freight rates. Reducing production costs.

Reducing shipping times, making economic exchanges easier, especially for the United States. Reducing production costs via reductions in transport cost Preventing loss of ships on dangerous routes, as well as safety for people and goods. Providing greater revenues for Panama.

4. Future prediction

- - Production Panamax ships to meet the terms and requirements of the canal.

- Construction of newer and larger ports. - Widening and deepening the canal or increasing the size of Suezmax

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- Implementation of the Panama Canal expansion to increase the capacity of the canal.

ships. - Suez Canal being able to accommodate extended length trains of coupled ships.

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