GAS LI FT

SUCKER ROD PUMP

ELECTRI C SUBMERSI BLE PUMP
OTHERS
Artificial Lift Methods
1
PENDAHULUAN (1)
P
wf
P
wh
P
sep
P
wf
P
wh
P
sep
P
wf
=P
sep
+dP
f
+dP
t
P
wf
<P
sep
+dP
f
+dP
t
Flowing Well No - Flow Well
2
PENDAHULUAN (2)
Untuk mengangkat
fluida sumur:
Menurunkan gradien
aliran dalam tubing
Memberikan energy
tambahan di dalam sumur
untuk mendorong fluida
sumur ke permukaan
P
wf
P
wh
P
sep
No - Flow Well
Energy
?
3
Gradien
?
PENDAHULUAN (3)

Figure 1

Gas Lift Well ESP Well Sucker Rod Pump Well
4
PENDAHULUAN GAS LIFT (1)
5
Persamaan Umum
Pressure Loss







Pengurangan gradien
aliran dengan menurunkan
densitas fluida


P
wf
P
wh
P
sep
PENDAHULUAN GAS LIFT (2)
Densitas Campuran
Gradient Elevasi Gradient Friksi
Gradient Akselerasi
?
?
6

vd
N =
Re
PENDAHULUAN GAS LIFT (3)
P
wf
P
wh
P
sep P
wf
<P
sep
+dP
f
+dP
t
7
P
wf
>P
sep
+(dP
f
+dP
t
)

Berkurang
GAS LIFT (1)
8
Gas lift technology increases oil
production rate by injection of
compressed gas into the lower
section of tubing through the
casingtubing annulus and an
orifice installed in the tubing
string.
Upon entering the tubing, the
compressed gas affects liquid
flow in two ways:
(a) the energy of expansion
propels (pushes) the oil to
the surface and
(b) the gas aerates the oil so that
the effective density of the
fluid is less and, thus, easier to
get to the surface.
9
SURFACE COMPONENTS
SUB-SURFACE COMPONENTS
RESERVOIR COMPONENTS
10
Detail Gas Lift Surface Operation
11
Injected
Gas
Res.
Fluid +
Inj. Gas
12
Sistem Sumur Gas Lift
Gas Injection Line
P
t
P
c
Compressor Subsystem
intake system
outlet system
choke
pressure gauge
injection rate metering
Flow Line
Separator
Wellhead Subsystem :
Production subsystem
wellhead
production choke
pressure gauge
Injection subsystem
injection choke
Valve
Subsystem
Wellbore Subsystem:
perforation interval
tubing shoe
packer
Separator Subsystem:
separator
manifold
pressure gauges
flow metering
Unloading Gas Lift
Mandrells
Gas Injection Valve
13
Compressor Sub-System
APgas
Compressor
Wellhead
Separator
P
intake
P
discharge
Horse Power
Compressor
P
injection
@wellhead

P
injection
@wellhead=P
discharge
- AP

Q
gas
Q
gas
Wellhead
14
Wellhead Sub-System
Production
Choke
Injection
Choke
Surface Injection
Pressure
Wellhead
Pressure
Gas Injection
Production Fluid
15
Gas Lift Valve Sub-System
P
t
P
c
P
c
P
t
Gas
Injeksi
Fluida
Produksi
P
c
= P
t
16
Gas Lift Valve
Gas
Injection
Tubing
Pressure
Close condition
Open condition
Kriteria Operasi Sumur Gas Lift
17
There are four categories of
wells in which a gas lift can
be considered:
High productivity index
(PI), high bottom-hole
pressure wells
High PI, low bottom-
hole pressure wells
Low PI, high bottom-
hole pressure wells
Low PI, low bottom-hole
pressure wells
Wells having a PI of 0.50 or
less are classified as low
productivity wells.
Wells having a PI greater
than 0.50 are classified as
high productivity wells.
High bottom-hole pressures
will support a fluid column
equal to 70% of the well
depth.
Low bottom-hole pressures
will support a fluid column
less than 40% of the well
depth.
Continuous Gas Lift Intermittent Gas Lift
A continuous gas lift operation
is a steady-state flow of the
aerated fluid from the bottom
(or near bottom) of the well to
the surface.
Continuous gas lift method is
used in wells with a high PI
(0:5 stb=day=psi) and a
reasonably high reservoir
pressure relative to well depth.
Intermittent gas lift operation
is characterized by a start-and-
stop flow from the bottom (or
near bottom) of the well to the
surface. This is unsteady state
flow.
Intermittent gas lift method is
suitable to wells with (1) high
PI and low reservoir pressure
or (2) low PI and low reservoir
pressure.
18
2 Types of Gas Lift Operation
Materi Perencanaan Sumur Gas Lift
19
This chapter covers basic system engineering design
fundamentals for gas lift operations.
Relevant topics include the following:

1. Liquid flow analysis for evaluation of gas lift potential
2. Gas flow analysis for determination of lift gas compression
requirements
3. Unloading process analysis for spacing subsurface valves
4. Valve characteristics analysis for subsurface valve selection
5. Installation design for continuous and intermittent lift
systems.
Evaluation of Gas Lift Potential
20
Evaluation of gas lift potential requires system
analyses to determine well operating points for
various lift gas availabilities.
The principle is based on the fact that there is only
one pressure at a given point (node) in any system;
no matter, the pressure is estimated based on the
information from upstream (inflow) or downstream
(outflow).
The node of analysis is usually chosen to be the gas
injection point inside the tubing, although bottom
hole is often used as a solution node.
Gas Injection Rates
21
Four gas injection rates are significant in the
operation of gas lift installations:
1. Injection rates of gas that result in no liquid (oil or water)
flow up the tubing. The gas amount is insufficient to lift the
liquid. If the gas enters the tubing at an extremely low rate, it
will rise to the surface in small semi-spheres (bubbly flow).
2. Injection rates of maximum efficiency where a minimum
volume of gas is required to lift a given amount of liquid.
3. Injection rate for maximum liquid flow rate at the optimum
GLR.
4. Injection rate of no liquid flow because of excessive gas
injection. This occurs when the friction (pipe) produced by
the gas prevents liquid from entering the tubing

THE GAS I S I NJECTED CONTI NUOUSLY TO
ANNULUS

22
CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT
Continuous Gas Lift Operation
23
The tubing is filled with
reservoir fluid below the
injection point and with
the mixture of reservoir
fluid and injected gas
above the injection point.
The pressure relationship
is shown in Fig. 13.4.
Gas Lift Operation
Pressure vs Depth
24
Parameter Design
25
Jumlah gas injeksi yang tersedia
Jumlah gas injeksi yang dibutuhkan
Tekanan Gas Injeksi yang dibutuhkan di setiap
sumur
Tekanan Kompresor yang dibutuhkan


GAS LI FT PERFORMANCE CURVE
26
Gas Injeksi yang diperlukan
Unlimited amount of lift
gas
Limited amount of gas
In a field-scale valuation, if
an unlimited amount of lift
gas is available for a given
gas lift project, the injection
rate of gas to individual
wells should be optimized to
maximize oil production of
each well.
If only a limited amount of
gas is available for the gas
lift, the gas should be
distributed to individual
wells based on predicted
well lifting performance,
that is, the wells that will
produce oil at higher rates at
a given amount of lift gas are
preferably chosen to receive
more lift gas.
27
Availability amount of Gas Injection
Kebutuhan Gas Injeksi (1)
28
Nodal Analysis:
IPR Curve
Tubing Performance
Curve
GLR formasi
Variasi GLR
GLR-total (assume)
Q
g-inj
= Q
total
Q
q-f

Plot Q
g-inj
vs Q
liquid

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Laju Produksi, stb/d
T
e
k
a
n
a
n

A
l
i
r

D
a
s
a
r

S
u
m
u
r
,

p
s
i
IPR
200 scf /stb
400 scf /stb
600 scf /stb
800 scf /stb
1000 scf /stb
1200 scf /stb
Kebutuhan Gas Injeksi (2)
29
Q
g-inj
>> maka Q
liq
>>
Pertambahan Q
liq
makin
kecil dengan makin
meningkatnya Q
g-inj
Sampai suatu saat
dengan pertambahan Q
g-
inj
, Q
liq
berkurang
Titik puncak dimana Q
liq

maksimum disebut
sebagai Q
optimum

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb
L
a
j
u

P
r
o
d
u
k
s
i
,

s
t
b
Unlimited Gas Injection Case
30
If an unlimited amount of
gas lift gas is available for a
well, the well should
receive a lift gas injection
rate that yields the
optimum GLR in the tubing
so that the flowing bottom-
hole pressure is minimized,
and thus, oil production is
maximized.
The optimum GLR is liquid
flow rate dependent and
can be found from
traditional gradient curves
such as those generated by
Gilbert (Gilbert, 1954).

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb
L
a
j
u

P
r
o
d
u
k
s
i
,

s
t
b
Unlimited Gas Injection Case
31
After the system analysis
is completed with the
optimum GLRs in the
tubing above the
injection point, the
expected liquid
production rate (well
potential) is known.
The required injection
GLR to the well can be
calculated by
Limited amount of gas injection
32
If a limited amount of
gas lift gas is available for
a well, the well potential
should be estimated
based on GLR expressed
as

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb
L
a
j
u

P
r
o
d
u
k
s
i
,

s
t
b
Gas Flow Rate Requirement
33
The total gas flow rate of the compression station
should be designed on the basis of gas lift at peak
operating condition for all the wells with a safety
factor for system leak consideration, that is,
where
q
g
= total output gas flow rate of the compression station, scf/day
S
f
= safety factor, 1.05 or higher
N
w
= number of wells
34
Point of Injection
Output Gas Pressure Requirement (1)
35
Kickoff of a dead well
(non-natural flowing)
requires much higher
compressor output
pressures than the
ultimate goal of steady
production (either by
continuous gas lift or by
intermittent gas lift
operations).Mobil
compressor trailers are
used for the kickoff
operations.
Output Gas Pressure Requirement (2)
36
The output pressure of the compression station should be designed on the
basis of the gas distribution pressure under normal flow conditions, not the
kickoff conditions. It can be expressed as


L
f
out
P
S
P =
APgas
Compressor
Wellhead
Separator
P
intake
P
discharge
Horse Power
Compressor
P
injection
@wellhead

P
injection
@wellhead=P
discharge
- AP

Q
gas
Q
gas
Wellhead
COMPRESSOR
37
Output Gas Pressure Requirement (3)
38
The injection pressure at valve
depth in the casing side can be
expressed as:


It is a common practice to use
Ap
v
= 100 psi. The required size
of the orifice can be determined
using the choke-flow equations
presented in Subsection
13.4.2.3

v v t v c
P P P A + =
, ,
P
t
P
c
P
c
P
t
Gas
Injeksi
Fluida
Produksi
P
c
= P
t
Tekanan Tubing @ Valve Gas Lift
39
P
wf
Ap @ tubing
Output Gas Pressure Requirement (4)
40
Accurate determination of the
surface injection pressure p
c,s

requires rigorous methods such as
the Cullender and Smith method
(Katz et al., 1959).
However, because of the large
cross-sectional area of the annular
space, the frictional pressure losses
are often negligible.
Then the average temperature and
compressibility factor model
degenerates to (Economides et al.,
1994)

Production
Choke
Injection
Choke
Surface Injection
Pressure
Wellhead
Pressure
Gas Injection
Production Fluid
Up-Stream Choke / Injection Choke
41
The pressure upstream of the
injection choke depends on flow
condition at the choke, that is,
sonic or subsonic flow.
Whether a sonic flow exists
depends on a downstream-
toupstream pressure ratio. If this
pressure ratio is less than a critical
pressure ratio, sonic (critical) flow
exists.
If this pressure ratio is greater than
or equal to the critical pressure
ratio, subsonic (subcritical) flow
exists. The critical pressure ratio
through chokes is expressed as
Production
Choke
Injection
Choke
Surface Injection
Pressure
Wellhead
Pressure
Gas Injection
Production Fluid
Gas Lift Injection Parameters
42
Compressor
Pressure
P
wf
Point of Injection
43
v vf v c
P P P A + =
,
Point of Balanced
44
v vf v c
P P P A + =
,

UNLOADI NG PROCESS
GAS LI FT WELLS
45
Unloading Valves Design
Persiapan Operasi Sumur Gas Lift
46
47
Katup Unloading sudah
dipasang.
Sumur masih diisi
killing fluid
Fluida produksi masih
belum mengalir ke
dalam tubing
Valve 1 : Terbuka
Valve 2 : Terbuka
Valve 3 : Terbuka
Valve 4 : Terbuka
Permukaan
Killing fluid

No flow
Choke
Tutup
TAHAP O
48
Tahap I
Pada Gambar 1 ditunjukkan penampang
sumur yang siap dilakukan proses
pengosongan (unloading). Pada tubing
telah dipasang empat katup, yang terdiri
dari 3 katup, yaitu katup (1), (2) dan (3),
yang akan berfungsi sebagai katup
unloading. Sedangkan katup (4) akan
berfungsi sebagai katup operasi. Sebelum
dilakukan injeksi semua katup dalam
keadaan terbuka.
Sumur berisi cairan work-over,
ditunjukkan dengan warna biru, dan
puncak cairan berada diatas katup
unloading (1).
Gas mulai diinjeksikan, maka gas akan
menekan permukaan cairan work over
kebawah, dan penurunan permukaan
cairan ini akan mencapai katup unloading
(1). Pada saat ini gas akan mengalir dalam
tubing melalui katup (1) yang terbuka.
Valve 1 : Terbuka
Valve 2 : Terbuka
Valve 3 : Terbuka
Valve 4 : Terbuka
Permukaan
Killing fluid

No flow
49
Tahap II
Pada Gambar 2 gas injeksi mendorong
permukaan cairan work-over, dan telah
me-lampaui katup unloading (1) dan
mencapai katup unloading (2). Pada saat
ini katup unloading (1) tertutup dan gas
injeksi mendorong permukaan cairan
kebawah.
Bagian bawah tubing yang semula berisi
cairan work-over ditempati oleh fluida
for-masi.
Pada saat ini gas akan masuk kedalam
tubing, melalui katup unloading (2) yang
terbuka. Dengan masuknya gas injeksi
tersebut kedalam tubing maka kolom
cairan dalam tubing akan lebih ringan
dan aliran cairan work over ke
permukaan akan berlanjut.

Valve 2 : Terbuka
Valve 3 : Terbuka
Valve 4 : Terbuka
Valve 1 : Tertutup
Permukaan
Killing fluid
Permukaan
Fluida Res.
50
Tahap III
Pada Gambar 3 gas injeksi mendorong
permukaan cairan work-over, sampai me-
lampaui katup unloading (1), (2) dan (3).
Setiap saat permukaan kolom cairan
work-over mencapai katup unloading,
maka gas injeksi akan mengalir masuk
kedalam tubing dan aliran cairan work-
over dalam tubing akan tetap
berlangsung. Jika per-mukaan kolom
cairan work-over mencapai katup
unlaoding (3), maka katup unloading (2)
akan tertutup, dan gas injeksi akan masuk
melalui katup unloading (3).
Selama ini pula permukaan cairan
formasi akan bergerak ke permukaan.
Pada saat cairan work-over mencapai
katup terakhir, yaitu katup operasi (4),
maka katup unloading (3) akan tertutup
dan seluruh cairan work-over telah
terangkat semua ke permukaan, dan
hanya katup operasi yang terbuka.

Permukaan
Killing fluid
Permukaan
Fluida Res.
Valve 1 : Tertutup
Valve 2 : Tertutup
Valve 3 : Tertutup
Valve 4 : Terbuka
TAHAP IV
51
Pada Gambar 4 ditunjukkan bahwa
semua cairan work-over telah
terangkat dan sumur berproduksi
secara sembur buatan.
Katup operasi (4) akan tetap
terbuka, sebagai jalan masuk gas
injeksi kedalam tubing. Katup ini
diharapkan dapat bekerja dalam
waktu yang lama. Dimasa
mendatang akan terjadi perubahan
perbandingan gas-cairan dari
formasi, yang cenderung menurun
serta peningkatan produksi air,
maka jumlah gas injeksi dapat
ditingkatkan dan diharapkan katup
injeksi dapat menampung
peningkatan laju injeksi gas
tersebut. Dengan demikian
pemilihan ukuran katup injeksi
perlu direncanakan dengan baik.

Fluida
Produksi
Valve 1 : Tertutup
Valve 2 : Tertutup
Valve 3 : Tertutup
Valve 4 : Terbuka
52

GAS LI FT VALVE

GAS LI FT VALVE MECHANI CS
53
Unloading Valves Design
Gas Lift Valve
54
Gas Lift Valve
55
56
Contoh Penampang
Sumur Gas Lift
}
Gas Lift Mandrell
Gas Lift Valves
Gas Lift Valves:
Mandrell + Dummy Valves
Mandrell + Valves
Valves Operating Conditions:
Casing pressure
Test Rack Opening Pressure
Port Size
Temperature @ Lab.
Jenis Valves
Gas Lift Valve
57
P
t
P
c
P
c
P
t
Gas
Injeksi
Fluida
Produksi
P
c
= P
t
Penampang Gas Lift Valve
58
Jenis Gas Lift Valves
59
Gas Lift Valve
60
Gas
Injection
Tubing
Pressure
Close condition
Open condition


MEKANI KA VALVE

CLOSI NG & OPENI NG PRESSURE
61
Valve Mechanics
Mekanika Valve (Membuka+Menutup)


62
Dome berisi gas Nitrogen
yang mempunyai tekanan
tertentu.
Gas Nitrogen ini menekan
bagian dasar dome, Pd, pada
luas penampang bellow, Ab
Port terbuka untuk dilalui
gas masuk kedalam tubing,
jika ujung stem tidak
menempel pada port.
Jika gaya membuka sedikit
lebih besar dari gaya
menutup.
Posisi Valve Tertutup
Gas Lift - Design
63
Perkalian antara tekanan dalam
dome, Pd, dengan luas penampang
bellow, Ab, menghasilkan gaya
kebawah yang mendorong stem
dan ujung stem kebawah, sehingga
menutup port. Gaya ini disebut
sebagai gaya menutup.

Gaya menutup= F
c
= P
d
A
b

Posisi Valve Terbuka
Gas Lift - Design
64
Gaya membuka ini berasal dari
tekanan gas injeksi dari anulus,
Pc yang menekan bellow ke
atas, pada luas penampang
efektif sebesar (Ab-Ap) serta
tekanan fluida dari tubing, Pt
(melalui port) yang menekan
ujung stem keatas.

Gaya membuka =
Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
Keseimbangan Gaya Membuka dan Menutup
Gas Lift - Design
65
Dalam keadaan seimbang, yaitu sesaat katup akan
membuka, gaya membuka sama dengan gaya menutup, hal
ini dapat dinyatakan sebagai berikut:


Untuk tekanan tubing, Pt tertentu, gas akan mengalir
kedalam katup apabila:


Jika persamaan (2) dibagi dengan Ab, maka diperoleh
persamaan berikut:

b d p t p b inj
A P A P A A P = + ) (
P A A P A P A
c b p d b t p
( ) =
P
A
A
P P
A
A
c
p
b
d t
p
b
( ) 1 =
Penentuan Tekanan Injeksi Katup Terbuka/Tertutup
Gas Lift - Design
66
Apabila R = A
p
/A
b
, maka


Harga tekanan injeksi, Pc, dapat ditentukan
dengan persamaan berikut :



Persamaan diatas dapat digunakan untuk
menentukan tekanan gas injeksi yang dibutuhkan
untuk membuka katup dibawah kondisi operasi.
R P P R P
t d inj
= ) 1 (
R
R P P
P
t d
inj

=
1
Contoh Soal
Gas Lift - Design
67

Katup sembur buatan ditempatkan di kedalaman 6000 ft.
Tekanan dome dan tekanan tubing di kedalaman tersebut masing-
masing sebesar 700 psi dan 500 psi. Apabila A
b
katup sebesar 1.0 in2
dan A
p
= 0.1 in2, tentukan tekanan gas di annulus yang diperlukan
untuk membuka katup.
Perhitungan:
R = A
p
/A
b
= 0.1/1.0 = 0.1
P
d
= 700 psi
P
t
= 500 psi
Dengan menggunakan persamaan (5), tekanan gas injeksi yang
diperlukan untuk membuka katup sebesar:
P
c
= (700 - 500(0.1) / (1.0-0.1) = 722 psi
Penentuan Tekanan Dome
Gas Lift - Design
68
R
R P P
P
t d
inj

=
1
P
d
= ?
Pada Temperature
Di kedalaman Valve
Diubah menjadi Tekanan
pada Temperatur Bengkel
Test Rack
Opening
Pressure
DOME PADA GAS LIFT VALVE
Gas Lift - Design
69
Dome pada Gas Lift Valve, diisi gas Nitrogen
sejumlah mole tertentu, sehingga dapat memberikan
tekanan tutup valve yang sesuai.
Sesuai dengan

P V=Z n R T
P-dome
Vol. dome Temperatur di sekitar
dome
70
Gas Lift - Design
Penentuan Tekanan Dome
Tekanan dome @ T
D
= P
d

Tekanan casing @ D = P
c

Test Rack (di Bengkel)
Tekanan dome @ T
D

convert
Tekanan dome @ 60
o
F
(Tabel 5-3)
Tekanan buka valve, p
vo

R p R p p
t c d
+ = ) 1 (
@T
D
d t
F d
P C P
o
=
60 @
Tabel 5-3
Gradien gas injeksi
Gradien Aliran @ tubing
R
P
P
F d
vo
o

=
1
60 @
Temperatur pada Valve
Gas Lift - Design
71
T-surface
T-bottom
Gradient
Geothermal
(
o
F/ft)
Gradient Temperatur
Aliran
Retreivable valve
Non-Retreivable
valve
72
Penentuan Opening/Closing
Pressure di Bengkel
Penentuan Test Rack Opening Pressure
Gas Lift - Design
73
P
1
= P
c
P
2
= 0
Ptro (1)
Gas Lift - Design
74
Keseimbangan Gaya Buka
dan Gaya Tutup, pada Pt =
Patm :


Dimana Pvc = tekanan tutup
di bengkel
Jika R = Ap/Ab, maka



Maka P-dome di bengkel :

P A P A A
d b vc b p
= ( )

R 1
P
P
dT
vo

=

) R 1 ( P P
vo d
=
Ptro (2)
Gas Lift - Design
75
Gaya Buka hanya dipengaruhi
oleh Pvc, yaitu:




Pd di set pada temperatur
bengkel (60
o
F)
Perlu dilakukan koreksi
terhadap temperatur pada
kedalaman valve
P A P A A P A
d b vc b p vc p
= + ( )
P A P A atau P P
d b vc b d vc
= > = :
o
F
C
t
o
F
C
t
o
F
C
t
o
F
C
t
o
F
C
t
o
F
C
t

61 .998 101 .919 141 .852 181 .794 221 .743 261 .698
62 .996 102 .917 142 .850 182 .792 222 .742 262 .697
63 .994 103 .915 143 .849 183 .791 223 .740 263 .696
64 .991 104 .914 144 .847 184 .790 224 .739 264 .695
65 .989 105 .912 145 .845 185 .789 225 .738 265 .694
66 .987 106 .910 146 .844 186 .787 226 .737 266 .693
67 .985 107 .908 147 .842 187 .786 227 .736 267 .692
68 .983 108 .906 148 .841 188 .784 228 .735 268 691
69 .981 109 .905 149 .839 189 .783 229 .733 269 .690
70 .979 110 .903 150 .838 190 .782 230 .732 270 .689
71 .977 111 .901 151 .836 191 .780 231 .731 271 688
72 .975 112 .899 152 .835 192 .779 232 .730 272 .687
73 .973 113 .898 153 .833 193 .778 233 .729 273 .686
74 .971 114 .896 154 .832 194 .776 234 .728 274 .685
75 .969 115 .894 155 .830 195 .775 235 .727 275 .684
76 .967 116 .893 156 .829 196 .774 236 .725 276 .683
77 .965 117 .891 157 .827 197 .772 237 .724 277 .682
78 .963 118 .889 158 .826 198 .771 238 .723 278 .681
79 .961 119 .887 159 .825 199 .770 239 .722 279 .680
80 .959 120 .886 160 .823 200 .769 240 .721 280 .679
81 .957 121 .884 161 .822 201 .767 241 .720 281 .678
82 .955 122 .882 162 .820 202 .766 242 .719 282 .677
83 .953 123 .881 163 .819 203 .765 243 .718 283 .676
84 .951 124 .879 164 .817 204 .764 244 .717 284 .675
85 .949 125 .877 165 .816 205 .762 245 .715 285 .674
86 .947 126 .876 166 .814 206 .761 246 .714 286 .673
87 .945 127 .874 167 .813 207 .760 247 .713 287 .672
88 .943 128 .872 168 .812 208 .759 248 .712 288 .671
89 .941 129 .871 169 .810 209 .757 249 .711 289 .670
90 .939 130 .869 170 .809 210 .756 250 .710 290 .669
91 .938 131 .868 171 .807 211 .755 251 .709 291 .668
92 .936 132 .866 172 .806 212 .754 252 .708 292 .667
93 .934 133 .864 173 .805 213 .752 253 .707 293 .666
94 .932 134 .863 174 .803 214 .751 254 .706 294 .665
95 .930 135 .861 175 .802 215 .750 255 .705 295 .664
96 .928 136 .860 176 .800 216 .749 256 .704 296 .663
97 .926 137 .858 177 .799 217 .748 257 .702 297 .662

76
Gas Lift
- Design
Faktor Koreksi Tekanan
Gas Nitrogen Dalam
Dome
(pada Temperatur Bengkel
60
o
F)
PV = ZnRT @ Tv

PV = ZnRT @ 60
o
F
77
Gas
Lift -
Design
Perhitungan Tekanan @ Bellow
secara Analitis
P(x) = tekanan rata-rata yang bekerja
pada bellow
P
vi
= P(x) yang diperlukan untuk
membuka katup
z = pergerakan stem dari posisi tertutup
k = cp/cv
A
b
= luas permukaan bellow
P
di
= tekanan dome awal
Pd(x)=tekanan dome jika stem bergerak
sejauh x

P x P
k
A
x dP
vi
b
d
P
P x
di
d
( )
( )
= + +
}
78
Gas
Lift -
Design
Penentuan Ukuran Port Valve
Q = laju alir gas, MCF/d
C
d
= discharge coefficient
A
p
= luas penampang port
P
u
= tekanan injeksi gas dalam
annulus, psia
k = c
p
/c
v
R = perbandingan antara
tekanan upstream dengan
downstream
T = temperatur aliran

g
= specific gravity gas

( )
Q
C A P gk R R
T
d p u
g
k
k
k
=

+
1555 2
2
1
.
( )

Atau dengan menggunakan

Grafik, yang dibuat pada kondisi
Laju Alir pada kondisi kritik :
Specific Gravity gas = 0.65
Temperatur alir = 60
o
F
Tekanan dasar = 14.65 psia
k = c
p
/c
v
= 1.27
Discharge coeficient = 0.865
79
Gas Lift - Design
Penentuan Ukuran Port : R
Berdasarkan rate injeksi
(di permukaan Mscf/d),
q
gi, sc
tentukan rate injeksi
@ T
D
Berdasarkan P
t
dan P
c
,
gunakan Gambar 5-22,
untuk menentukan
ukuran Port
P
t
= downstream press
P
c
= upstream press
520
) 460 T ( q
q
v sc , g
gi
+
=

PENEMPATAN VALVE UNLOADI NG

VALVE SPACI NG
80
Unloading Valve Design
81
Various methods are being used in the industry for
designing depths of valves of different types. They are the
universal design method, the API-recommended method,
the fallback method, and the percent load method.
However, the basic objective should be the same:
1. To be able to open unloading valves with kickoff and injection
operating pressures
2. To ensure single-point injection during unloading and normal
operating conditions
3. To inject gas as deep as possible
82
No matter which method is used, the following principles apply:
The design tubing pressure at valve depth is between gas injection
pressure (loaded condition) and the minimum tubing pressure
(fully unloaded condition).
Depth of the first valve is designed on the basis of kickoff pressure
from a special compressor for well kickoff operations.
Depths of other valves are designed on the basis of injection
operating pressure.
Kickoff casing pressure margin, injection operating casing pressure
margin, and tubing transfer pressure margin are used to consider
the following effects:
Pressure drop across the valve
Tubing pressure effect of the upper valve
Nonlinearity of the tubing flow gradient curve.
83
84
85