Artificial Lift Methods

GAS LIFT
SUCKER ROD PUMP
ELECTRIC SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
OTHERS

Materi Kuliah
Pendahuluan Artificial Lift
Methods

Gas Lift Method

Electric Submersible Pump

Sucker Rod Pump

II

III

IV

Pendahuluan Artificial Lift Wells (1)

3

Sistem Sumur

Reservoir Dasar Sumur Perforasi

Tubing / Well
Kepala Sumur
Choke
Flowline
Manifold
Separator

Production system represented as a network with

branches and loops.
4

Pendahuluan Artificial Lift Wells (2)

5

Pwh

Psep

Psep

Pwh

Pwf<Psep+dPf+dPt
Flowing Well

No - Flow Well

Pwf=Psep+dPf+dPt

Pwf

Pwf

Pendahuluan Artificial Lift Wells (3)

6

Untuk mengangkat fluida

sumur:

Menurunkan gradien
aliran dalam tubing
Memberikan energy
tambahan di dalam sumur
untuk mendorong fluida
sumur ke permukaan

Psep

Pwh

Gradien
?

No - Flow Well

Energy
?
Pwf

Pendahuluan Artificial Lift Wells (4)

7

Gas Lift Well

ESP Well

Sucker Rod Pump Well

Gas Lift
Method

Gas Lift Well System

Gas Lift Well Component
Performance of Each

Component

Pendahuluan Gas Lift (1)

9

Persamaan Umum

Pressure Loss

Psep

Pwh

Lw
dp
g
v dv

dZ
gc
g c dZ
dZ
dp
fv 2
(
)f
dL
2 gc d
Pengurangan densitas

fluida akan memnurunkan

gradien aliran

Pwf

PENDAHULUAN GAS LIFT (2)

10

N Re

Gradient Elevasi
Densitas Campuran

?
Gradient Akselerasi

vd

Gradient Friksi

PENDAHULUAN GAS LIFT (3)

11

Pwf<Psep+dPf+dPt

Psep

Pwh

Pwf>Psep+(dPf+dPt)
Berkurang

Pwf

GAS LIFT (1)

12
Gas lift technology increases oil

production rate by injection of

compressed gas into the lower
section of tubing through the
casingtubing annulus and an
orifice installed in the tubing string.
Upon entering the tubing, the
compressed gas affects liquid flow in
two ways:
(a) the energy of expansion
propels (pushes) the oil to the
surface and
(b) the gas aerates the oil so that the
effective density of the fluid is
less and, thus, easier to get to the
surface.

SURFACE COMPONENTS

SUB-SURFACE COMPONENTS

RESERVOIR COMPONENTS
13

14

Detail Gas Lift Surface Operation

15

Sistem Sumur Gas Lift

Separator
Flow Line

Gas Injection Line

Compressor Subsystem
intake system
outlet system
choke
pressure gauge
injection rate metering

Wellhead Subsystem :
Production subsystem
wellhead
production choke
pressure gauge
Injection subsystem
injection choke

Separator Subsystem:
separator
manifold
pressure gauges
flow metering

Unloading Gas Lift

Mandrells

Gas Injection Valve

Valve
Subsystem

Pt

P
c

Wellbore Subsystem:
perforation interval
tubing shoe
packer

16

Compressor Sub-System
Horse Power
Compressor

Pintake

Pdischarge

Pinjection@wellhead

Pgas
Qgas

Qgas

Wellhead

Pinjection@wellhead=Pdischarge - P

Separator

Compressor

Wellhead

17

Wellhead Sub-System
18

Surface Injection
Pressure

Injection
Choke

Production
Choke

Wellhead
Pressure

Production Fluid
Gas Injection

Gas Lift Valve Sub-System

19

Gas
Injeksi
Pc
Pc = Pt

Pt
Fluida
Produksi

Pt

P
c

Gas Lift Valve

20

Gas
Injection

Tubing
Pressure

Close condition

Open condition

Kriteria Operasi Sumur Gas Lift

21

There are four categories of

wells in which a gas lift can
be considered:

High productivity index

(PI), high bottom-hole
pressure wells
High PI, low bottomhole pressure wells
Low PI, high bottomhole pressure wells
Low PI, low bottom-hole
pressure wells

Wells having a PI of 0.50 or

less are classified as low

productivity wells.
Wells having a PI greater
than 0.50 are classified as
high productivity wells.
High bottom-hole pressures
will support a fluid column
equal to 70% of the well
depth.
Low bottom-hole pressures
will support a fluid column
less than 40% of the well
depth.

2 Types of Gas Lift Operation

22

Continuous Gas Lift

A continuous gas lift operation

is a steady-state flow of the

aerated fluid from the bottom
(or near bottom) of the well to
the surface.
Continuous gas lift method is
used in wells with a high PI
(0:5 stb=day=psi) and a
reasonably high reservoir
pressure relative to well depth.

Intermittent Gas Lift

Intermittent gas lift operation is

characterized by a start-andstop flow from the bottom (or

near bottom) of the well to the
surface. This is unsteady state
flow.
Intermittent gas lift method is
suitable to wells with (1) high PI
and low reservoir pressure or
(2) low PI and low reservoir
pressure.

23

Materi Perencanaan Sumur Gas Lift

24

This chapter covers basic system engineering design

fundamentals for gas lift operations.
Relevant topics include the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Liquid flow analysis for evaluation of gas lift potential

Gas flow analysis for determination of lift gas compression
requirements
Unloading process analysis for spacing subsurface valves
Valve characteristics analysis for subsurface valve selection
Installation design for continuous and intermittent lift
systems.

Evaluation of Gas Lift Potential

25

Evaluation of gas lift potential requires system analyses

to determine well operating points for various lift gas

availabilities.
The principle is based on the fact that there is only one
pressure at a given point (node) in any system; no
matter, the pressure is estimated based on the
information from upstream (inflow) or downstream
(outflow).
The node of analysis is usually chosen to be the gas
injection point inside the tubing, although bottom hole
is often used as a solution node.

Gas Injection Rates

26

Four gas injection rates are significant in the operation

of gas lift installations:

1. Injection rates of gas that result in no liquid (oil or water) flow
up the tubing. The gas amount is insufficient to lift the liquid. If
the gas enters the tubing at an extremely low rate, it will rise to
the surface in small semi-spheres (bubbly flow).
2. Injection rates of maximum efficiency where a minimum volume
of gas is required to lift a given amount of liquid.
3. Injection rate for maximum liquid flow rate at the optimum
GLR.
4. Injection rate of no liquid flow because of excessive gas injection.
This occurs when the friction (pipe) produced by the gas
prevents liquid from entering the tubing

CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT

27

THE GAS IS INJECTED CONTINUOUSLY TO

ANNULUS

Parameter Design
28

Jumlah gas injeksi yang tersedia

Jumlah gas injeksi yang dibutuhkan
Tekanan Gas Injeksi yang dibutuhkan di setiap

sumur
Tekanan Kompresor yang dibutuhkan
Ukuran Valve Gas Lift

Continuous Gas Lift Operation

29

The tubing is filled with

reservoir fluid below the
injection point and with
the mixture of reservoir
fluid and injected gas
above the injection point.
The pressure relationship
is shown in Fig. 13.4.

Gas Lift Operation

Pressure vs Depth
30

Availability amount of Gas Injection

31

Unlimited amount of lift

gas
In a field-scale valuation, if

an unlimited amount of lift

gas is available for a given
gas lift project, the injection
rate of gas to individual wells
should be optimized to
maximize oil production of
each well.

Limited amount of gas

If only a limited amount of

gas is available for the gas

lift, the gas should be
distributed to individual
wells based on predicted well
lifting performance, that is,
the wells that will produce oil
at higher rates at a given
amount of lift gas are
preferably chosen to receive
more lift gas.

Kebutuhan Gas Injeksi (1)

32

Nodal Analysis:
2500

Tekanan Alir Dasar Sumur, psi

2000

1500

IPR Curve
Tubing Performance
Curve
GLR formasi

Variasi GLR
IPR

1000

200 scf/stb
400 scf/stb

600 scf/stb

500

800 scf/stb

Plot Qg-inj vs Qliquid

1000 scf/stb
1200 scf/stb
0
0

200

GLR-total (assume)
Qg-inj = Qtotal Qq-f

400

600

Laju Produksi, stb/d

800

1000

Kebutuhan Gas Injeksi (2)

33

Qg-inj >> maka Qliq >>

Pertambahan Qliq makin

700

kecil dengan makin

meningkatnya Qg-inj

600

Laju Produksi, stb

500

Sampai suatu saat

400

dengan pertambahan Qginj, Qliq berkurang

300
200

Titik puncak dimana Qliq

100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb

1400

maksimum disebut
sebagai Qoptimum

Unlimited Gas Injection Case

34

If an unlimited amount of gas

700
600
500
Laju Produksi, stb

lift gas is available for a well,

the well should receive a lift
gas injection rate that yields
the optimum GLR in the tubing
so that the flowing bottom-hole
pressure is minimized, and
thus, oil production is
maximized.
The optimum GLR is liquid
flow rate dependent and can be
found from traditional gradient
curves such as those generated
by Gilbert (Gilbert, 1954).

400
300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb

1400

Unlimited Gas Injection Case

35

After the system analysis

is completed with the

optimum GLRs in the
tubing above the
injection point, the
expected liquid
production rate (well
potential) is known.
The required injection
GLR to the well can be
calculated by

Limited amount of gas injection

36

If a limited amount of
700
600
500
Laju Produksi, stb

gas lift gas is available for

a well, the well potential
should be estimated
based on GLR expressed
as

400
300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Perbandingan Gas-Cairan, scf/stb

1400

Gas Flow Rate Requirement

37

The total gas flow rate of the compression station

should be designed on the basis of gas lift at peak

operating condition for all the wells with a safety
factor for system leak consideration, that is,

where
qg = total output gas flow rate of the compression station, scf/day
Sf = safety factor, 1.05 or higher
Nw = number of wells

Output Gas Pressure Requirement (4)

38
Accurate determination of the

surface injection pressure pc,s

requires rigorous methods such as
the Cullender and Smith method
(Katz et al., 1959).
However, because of the large
cross-sectional area of the annular
space, the frictional pressure losses
are often negligible.
Then the average temperature and
compressibility factor model
degenerates to (Economides et al.,
1994)

Surface Injection
Pressure

Injection
Choke

Production
Choke

Wellhead
Pressure

Production Fluid
Gas Injection

Up-Stream Choke / Injection Choke

39
The pressure upstream of the

Surface Injection
Pressure

Injection
Choke

Production
Choke

Wellhead
Pressure

Production Fluid
Gas Injection

injection choke depends on flow

condition at the choke, that is,
sonic or subsonic flow.
Whether a sonic flow exists
depends on a downstreamtoupstream pressure ratio. If this
pressure ratio is less than a critical
pressure ratio, sonic (critical) flow
exists.
If this pressure ratio is greater than
or equal to the critical pressure
ratio, subsonic (subcritical) flow
exists. The critical pressure ratio
through chokes is expressed as

Gas Lift Injection Parameters

40
Compressor
Pressure

Pwf

Point of Injection
41

Pc,v Pvf Pv

Point of Balanced
42

Pc ,v Pvf Pv

43

SELAMAT
SIANG..
February, 9
Rabu tgl 3 Februari 2010, jam 17.30,
menjelang masuk jalan Tol GresikSurabaya

44

Super Cell at Kansas

TORNADO Surabaya

Point of Injection
45

Output Gas Pressure Requirement (1)

46

Kickoff of a dead well (non-

natural flowing) requires

much higher compressor
output pressures than the
ultimate goal of steady
production (either by
continuous gas lift or by
intermittent gas lift
operations).Mobil
compressor trailers are
used for the kickoff
operations.

Output Gas Pressure Requirement (2)

47
Horse Power
Compressor

Pintake

Pdischarge

Pinjection@wellhead

Pgas
Qgas

Qgas

Wellhead

Pinjection@wellhead=Pdischarge - P

Separator

Compressor

Wellhead

The output pressure of the compression station should be designed on the

basis of the gas distribution pressure under normal flow conditions, not the
kickoff conditions. It can be expressed as
Sf
Pout
PL

COMPRESSOR
48

Output Gas Pressure Requirement (3)

49

The injection pressure at valve

depth in the casing side can be

expressed as:

Pc ,v Pt ,v Pv

Gas
Injeksi

It is a common practice to use

pv = 100 psi. The required size

of the orifice can be determined
using the choke-flow equations
presented in Subsection
13.4.2.3

Pc
P c = Pt

Pt
Fluida
Produksi

Pt

P
c

Tekanan Tubing @ Valve Gas Lift

50

Pwf

p @ tubing

Gas Injeksi yang diperlukan

51

GAS LIFT PERFORMANCE CURVE

Gas Injection Allocation

52

LIMITED TOTAL GAS INJECTION

Gas Lift - Design

Distribusi Gas Injeksi

53
Well B
Well A

Well C

Compressor
Well D
Well E

L apangan Minyak A
Gas Lift - Design

Gas Lift - Design

54

Gas Lift - Design

55

Gas Lift - Design

56

Gas Lift - Design

57

Gas Lift - Design

58

Gas Lift - Design

59

Gas Lift - Design

60

Gas Lift - Design

61

Gas Lift - Design

62

Gas Lift - Design

63

Gas Lift - Design

64

Gas Lift - Design

65

Gas Lift - Design

66

Gas Lift - Design

67

68

Test #1

February 11,
2010

Unloading Proces
69

UNLOADING PROCESS
GAS LIFT WELLS

Persiapan Operasi Sumur Gas Lift

70

TAHAP O
71
Choke
Tutup

No flow

Permukaan
Killing fluid
Valve 1 : Terbuka

Valve 2 : Terbuka

Valve 3 : Terbuka

Valve 4 : Terbuka

Katup Unloading sudah

dipasang.
Sumur masih diisi
killing fluid
Fluida produksi masih
belum mengalir ke
dalam tubing

Tahap I
72
Pada Gambar 1 ditunjukkan penampang
No flow
Permukaan
Killing fluid
Valve 1 : Terbuka

Valve 2 : Terbuka

Valve 3 : Terbuka

Valve 4 : Terbuka

sumur yang siap dilakukan proses

pengosongan (unloading). Pada tubing
telah dipasang empat katup, yang terdiri
dari 3 katup, yaitu katup (1), (2) dan (3),
yang akan berfungsi sebagai katup
unloading. Sedangkan katup (4) akan
berfungsi sebagai katup operasi. Sebelum
dilakukan injeksi semua katup dalam
keadaan terbuka.
Sumur berisi cairan work-over,
ditunjukkan dengan warna biru, dan
puncak cairan berada diatas katup
unloading (1).
Gas mulai diinjeksikan, maka gas akan
menekan permukaan cairan work over
kebawah, dan penurunan permukaan
cairan ini akan mencapai katup unloading
(1). Pada saat ini gas akan mengalir dalam
tubing melalui katup (1) yang terbuka.

Tahap II
73
Pada Gambar 2 gas injeksi mendorong

Valve 1 : Tertutup

Permukaan
Killing fluid

Valve 2 : Terbuka

Valve 3 : Terbuka

Valve 4 : Terbuka
Permukaan
Fluida Res.

permukaan cairan work-over, dan telah

me-lampaui katup unloading (1) dan
mencapai katup unloading (2). Pada saat
ini katup unloading (1) tertutup dan gas
injeksi mendorong permukaan cairan
kebawah.
Bagian bawah tubing yang semula berisi
cairan work-over ditempati oleh fluida
for-masi.
Pada saat ini gas akan masuk kedalam
tubing, melalui katup unloading (2) yang
terbuka. Dengan masuknya gas injeksi
tersebut kedalam tubing maka kolom
cairan dalam tubing akan lebih ringan
dan aliran cairan work over ke
permukaan akan berlanjut.

Tahap III
74
Pada Gambar 3 gas injeksi mendorong

Valve 1 : Tertutup
Permukaan
Fluida Res.
Valve 2 : Tertutup

Valve 3 : Tertutup

Permukaan
Killing fluid

Valve 4 : Terbuka

permukaan cairan work-over, sampai melampaui katup unloading (1), (2) dan (3).
Setiap saat permukaan kolom cairan
work-over mencapai katup unloading,
maka gas injeksi akan mengalir masuk
kedalam tubing dan aliran cairan workover dalam tubing akan tetap
berlangsung. Jika per-mukaan kolom
cairan work-over mencapai katup
unlaoding (3), maka katup unloading (2)
akan tertutup, dan gas injeksi akan masuk
melalui katup unloading (3).
Selama ini pula permukaan cairan formasi
akan bergerak ke permukaan. Pada saat
cairan work-over mencapai katup
terakhir, yaitu katup operasi (4), maka
katup unloading (3) akan tertutup dan
seluruh cairan work-over telah terangkat
semua ke permukaan, dan hanya katup
operasi yang terbuka.

TAHAP IV
75
Pada Gambar 4 ditunjukkan bahwa
Fluida
Produksi

Valve 1 : Tertutup
Valve 2 : Tertutup
Valve 3 : Tertutup

Valve 4 : Terbuka

semua cairan work-over telah

terangkat dan sumur berproduksi
secara sembur buatan.
Katup operasi (4) akan tetap
terbuka, sebagai jalan masuk gas
injeksi kedalam tubing. Katup ini
diharapkan dapat bekerja dalam
waktu yang lama. Dimasa
mendatang akan terjadi perubahan
perbandingan gas-cairan dari
formasi, yang cenderung menurun
serta peningkatan produksi air,
maka jumlah gas injeksi dapat
ditingkatkan dan diharapkan katup
injeksi dapat menampung
peningkatan laju injeksi gas
tersebut. Dengan demikian
pemilihan ukuran katup injeksi
perlu direncanakan dengan baik.

76

Unloading Valves Design

77

GAS LIFT VALVE

GAS LIFT VALVE MECHANICS

Gas Lift Valve

78

Gas Lift Valve

79

Contoh Penampang
Sumur Gas Lift

Gas Lift Mandrell

Gas Lift Valves

Gas Lift Valves:

Mandrell + Dummy Valves
Mandrell + Valves
Valves Operating Conditions:
Casing pressure
Test Rack Opening Pressure
Port Size
Temperature @ Lab.
Jenis Valves

80

Gas Lift Valve

81

Gas
Injeksi
Pc
Pc = Pt

Pt
Fluida
Produksi

Pt

P
c

Penampang Gas Lift Valve

82

Jenis Gas Lift Valves

83

Gas Lift Valve

84

Gas
Injection

Tubing
Pressure

Close condition

Open condition

Valve Mechanics
85

MEKANIKA VALVE
CLOSING & OPENING PRESSURE

Mekanika Valve (Membuka+Menutup)

86

Dome berisi gas Nitrogen yang

mempunyai tekanan tertentu.

Gas Nitrogen ini menekan
bagian dasar dome, Pd, pada
luas penampang bellow, Ab
Port terbuka untuk dilalui gas
masuk kedalam tubing, jika
ujung stem tidak menempel
pada port.
Jika gaya membuka sedikit
lebih besar dari gaya menutup.

Posisi Valve Tertutup

87
Perkalian antara tekanan dalam

dome, Pd, dengan luas penampang

bellow, Ab, menghasilkan gaya
kebawah yang mendorong stem
dan ujung stem kebawah, sehingga
menutup port. Gaya ini disebut
sebagai gaya menutup.

Gaya menutup= Fc = Pd Ab

Posisi Valve Terbuka

88

Gaya membuka ini berasal dari

tekanan gas injeksi dari anulus,

Pc yang menekan bellow ke
atas, pada luas penampang
efektif sebesar (Ab-Ap) serta
tekanan fluida dari tubing, Pt
(melalui port) yang menekan
ujung stem keatas.
Gaya membuka =
Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap

Keseimbangan Gaya Membuka dan Menutup

89

Dalam keadaan seimbang, yaitu sesaat katup akan

membuka, gaya membuka sama dengan gaya menutup, hal

ini dapat dinyatakan sebagai berikut:
Pinj ( Ab A p ) Pt A p Pd Ab

Untuk tekanan tubing, Pt tertentu, gas akan mengalir

kedalam katup apabila:

Pc ( A b A p ) Pd A b Pt A p
Jika persamaan (2) dibagi dengan Ab, maka diperoleh

persamaan berikut:
Pc (1

Ap
Ab

) Pd Pt

Ap
Ab

Penentuan Tekanan Injeksi Katup Terbuka/Tertutup

90

Apabila R = Ap/Ab, maka

Harga tekanan injeksi, Pc, dapat ditentukan

dengan persamaan berikut :

Persamaan diatas dapat digunakan untuk

menentukan tekanan gas injeksi yang dibutuhkan

untuk membuka katup dibawah kondisi operasi.

Contoh Soal
91

Katup sembur buatan ditempatkan di kedalaman 6000 ft.

Tekanan dome dan tekanan tubing di kedalaman tersebut masing-

masing sebesar 700 psi dan 500 psi. Apabila Ab katup sebesar 1.0 in2
dan Ap = 0.1 in2, tentukan tekanan gas di annulus yang diperlukan
untuk membuka katup.
Perhitungan:
R = Ap/Ab = 0.1/1.0 = 0.1
Pd = 700 psi
Pt = 500 psi
Dengan menggunakan persamaan (5), tekanan gas injeksi yang
diperlukan untuk membuka katup sebesar:
Pc = (700 - 500(0.1) / (1.0-0.1) = 722 psi

Penentuan Tekanan Dome

92

Pd = ?
Pada Temperature
Di kedalaman Valve
Pinj

Test Rack
Opening
Pressure

Pd Pt R
1 R

Diubah menjadi Tekanan

pada Temperatur Bengkel

DOME PADA GAS LIFT VALVE

93

Dome pada Gas Lift Valve, diisi gas Nitrogen

sejumlah mole tertentu, sehingga dapat memberikan

tekanan tutup valve yang sesuai.
Sesuai dengan
P V=Z n R T
P-dome
Vol. dome Temperatur di sekitar
dome

Penentuan Tekanan Dome

94

Tekanan dome @ TD = Pd

pd pc (1 R) pt R

Tekanan casing @ D = Pc
@TD

Test Rack (di Bengkel)

Tekanan dome @ TD
convert
Tekanan dome @ 60 oF
(Tabel 5-3)
Tekanan buka valve, pvo

Gradien Aliran @ tubing

Gradien gas injeksi

Tabel 5-3

Pd @ 60o F Ct Pd
Pvo

Pd @ 60o F
1 R

Temperatur pada Valve

95
T-surface

Gradient
Geothermal
(oF/ft)

Gradient Temperatur
Aliran

Non-Retreivable
valve

T-bottom

Retreivable valve

Penentuan Opening/Closing
Pressure di Bengkel
96

Penentuan Test Rack Opening Pressure

97

P1 = Pc
P2 = 0

Ptro (1)
98
Keseimbangan Gaya Buka

dan Gaya Tutup, pada Pt =

Patm :

Dimana Pvc = tekanan tutup

di bengkel
Jika R = Ap/Ab, maka

Maka P-dome di bengkel :

Ptro (2)
99
Gaya Buka hanya dipengaruhi

oleh Pvc, yaitu:

Pd di set pada temperatur

bengkel (60oF)
Perlu dilakukan koreksi
terhadap temperatur pada
kedalaman valve

Faktor Koreksi Tekanan

Gas Nitrogen Dalam
Dome
(pada Temperatur Bengkel
60 oF)

PV = ZnRT

@ Tv

PV = ZnRT

@ 60 oF

100

Perhitungan Tekanan @ Bellow

secara Analitis
101

P(x) = tekanan rata-rata yang bekerja

pada bellow
Pvi = P(x) yang diperlukan untuk
membuka katup
z = pergerakan stem dari posisi tertutup
k = cp/cv
Ab = luas permukaan bellow
Pdi = tekanan dome awal
Pd(x)=tekanan dome jika stem bergerak
sejauh x

Penentuan Ukuran Port Valve

Laju Alir pada kondisi kritik :

Atau dengan menggunakan

Grafik, yang dibuat pada kondisi

102

Q = laju alir gas, MCF/d

Cd = discharge coefficient
Ap = luas penampang port
Pu = tekanan injeksi gas dalam
annulus, psia
k = cp/cv
R = perbandingan antara
tekanan upstream dengan
downstream
T = temperatur aliran
g = specific gravity gas
Specific Gravity gas
Temperatur alir
Tekanan dasar
k = cp/cv
Discharge coeficient

= 0.65
= 60 oF
= 14.65 psia
= 1.27
= 0.865

Penentuan Ukuran Port : R

103

Berdasarkan rate injeksi

(di permukaan Mscf/d),

qgi, sc tentukan rate injeksi
@ TD
Berdasarkan Pt dan Pc,

gunakan Gambar 5-22,

untuk menentukan
ukuran Port
Pt = downstream press
Pc = upstream press

q gi

q g ,sc ( Tv 460 )
520

Unloading Valve Design

104

PENEMPATAN VALVE UNLOADING

VALVE SPACING

Valve Spacing (1)

105

Various methods are being used in the industry for

designing depths of valves of different types. They are the

universal design method, the API-recommended method,
the fallback method, and the percent load method.
However, the basic objective should be the same:
1. To be able to open unloading valves with kickoff and injection
operating pressures
2. To ensure single-point injection during unloading and normal
operating conditions
3. To inject gas as deep as possible

Persiapan Operasi Sumur Gas Lift

106

The design tubing pressure at valve

depth is between gas injection pressure
(loaded condition) and the minimum
tubing pressure (fully unloaded
condition).
Depth of the first valve is designed on
the basis of kickoff pressure from a
special compressor for well kickoff
operations.
Depths of other valves are designed on
the basis of injection operating pressure.
Kickoff casing pressure margin,
injection operating casing pressure
margin, and tubing transfer pressure
margin are used to consider the
following effects:

Pressure drop across the valve

Tubing pressure effect of the upper valve
Nonlinearity of the tubing flow gradient
curve.

107

Output Gas Pressure Requirement (2)

108
Horse Power
Compressor

Pintake

Pdischarge

Pinjection@wellhead

Pgas
Qgas

Qgas

Wellhead

Pinjection@wellhead=Pdischarge - P

Separator

Compressor

Wellhead

The output pressure of the compression station should be designed on the

basis of the gas distribution pressure under normal flow conditions, not the
kickoff conditions.

UNLOADING
VALVE
DESIGN
Gradient Aliran @ Tubing
Kesetimbangan
Tekanan @ Valve

Pt

Gradient Killing Fluid

P
c

Gradient Gas Injeksi @ Pko

Gradient Gas Injeksi @ Pso

109

Hasil Design Valve Spacing

110

Untuk menentukan:

temperatur valve
rate injection pada kedalaman valve
ukuran port (Ap/Ab)
opening dan closing pressure setiap unloading valve
test rack opening pressure setiap unloading valve

Continuous Gas Lift Valves Design

111

The procedure is illustrated graphically by making a plot of pressure versus

depth, such as in Figure bellow.

Test Rack Opening Pressure

112

CAMCO
SCHLUMBERGER GAS LIFT DESIGN AND
TECHNOLOGY

113

114

INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT

115

INTRODUCTION
AND
DESIGN

Pendahuluan
116

The intermittent-flow mechanism is very different

from that of the continuous-flow gas lift.

It is normally applicable in either high-BHPlow PI or
low-BHPlow PI reservoirs.
In these two reservoir cases, an excessive high
drawdown is needed, which results in a prohibitively
high GLR to produce the desired quantity of oil (liquid)
by continuous gas lift.
In many instances, the reservoir simply is not capable
of giving up the desired liquid regardless of drawdown.

Pendahuluan
117

The flow from a well using intermittent gas lift

techniques is called ballistic or slug flow.

Two major factors that define the intermittent-gas
lift process must be understood:
1.

2.

Complex flowing gradient of the gas lifted liquids from the

well.
Contribution of the PI of the well to the actual deliverability
of liquid to the surface.

Fenomena Produksi Sumur Gas Lift

118
Produksi
Gas Injeksi

Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi

Permukaan
Fluida
Produksi

PI tinggi
Pr tinggi

PI rendah
Pr rendah

Fenomena Produksi Sumur Gas Lift

119
Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi

Permukaan
Fluida
Produksi

PI rendah
Pr rendah

Sumur Gas Lift Intermittent

120
Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi

Permukaan
Fluida
Produksi

PI rendah
Pr rendah

Injeksi gas dihentikan

Fluida reservoir akan mengalir
dari reservoir ke tubing
Permukaan fluida mencapai
panjang kolom tertentu, yang
ekivalen dengan tekanan
statik sumur
Gas diinjeksikan dan akan
mendorong kolom fluida ke
permukaan
Injeksi Gas berfungsi sebagai
pendorong kolom fluida dalam
tubing

Sumur Gas Lift Intermittent

121

Gas Injeksi

Fluida Produksi

PI rendah
Pr rendah

seluruh kolom fluida dalam tubing

akan terdorong ke permukaan
dan mengalir ke separator
setelah fluida sampai di permukaan, injeksi gas dihentikan
dan fluida reservoir kembali
mengalir ke dalam tubing sampai
mencapai kedalaman tertentu
siklus diulang kembali

Parameter Design
122
Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi

Permukaan
Fluida
Produksi

PI rendah
Pr rendah

Dua periode dalam operasi

Gas Lift Intermittent:
Periode sumur ditutup (fluida
masuk ke dalam tubing)
Perioda Produksi (fluida
mengalir ke permukaan
Parameter yang perlu diketahui:

Pressure Distribution in Intermittent Gas Lift

123

3 Periode pada Operasi Gas Lift Intermittent

124

The lift period, the inflow period,

and the pressure reduction period
The inflow period occurs when fluid
flows from the formation into the
wellbore and collects in the tubing
above the gas lift valve.
The lift period begins when a sufficient
volume of liquid has accumulated and
gas is injected through the operating
valve to lift the slug to the surface
The pressure reduction period begins
after the gas slug reaches the surface
and the gas lift valve closes.
During this period the lift gas pressure is
dissipated, allowing the inflow period
to begin again.

Periode Shut-In
125
Pada saat sumur ditutup (injeksi gas

tidak dilakukan), fluida dari formasi

masuk ke lubang bor, yang besarnya
tergantung pada draw-down di dasar
sumur.
Waktu penutupan ini diatur sedemikian
rupa sehingga jumlah cairan yang
terkumpul di tubing mencapai
ketinggian tertentu.
Waktu penutupan ini tergantung pada:

kedalaman sumur

indeks produktivitas

jumlah gas injeksi yang

tersedia

dan sebagainya.
Pada dasarnya lamanya waktu
penutupan ini, tergantung pada
kombinasi antara tekanan di
permukaan (kepala sumur dan anulus),
berat kolom gas, tekanan hidrostatik
cairan dalam tubing dan tekanan buka
katup operasi.

Periode Produksi
126

Pada saat tekanan gas dalam

annulus cukup untuk membuka

katup operasi, maka gas injeksi
akan masuk kedalam tubing
dan mendorong kolom cairan
(slug) kepermukaan.

Gas akan bergerak lebih cepat

dibandingkan dengan slug

cairan, sehingga gas
mempunyai kemungkinan
untuk menembus slug cairan.
Hal ini menyebabkan sebagian
dari cairan akan jatuh kembali
ke dasar sumur dalam bentuk
tetesan cairan atau sebagai
lapisan tipis/film di dinding
tubing.

Periode Produksi
127
Jika slug cairan mencapai

permukaan, tekanan tubing pada

kedalaman katup operasi akan
menurun sehingga meningkatkan
laju gas injeksi kedalam katup. Hal
ini menyebabkan berkurangnya
gas dalam anulus dengan cepat
sehingga terjadi penurunan
tekanan gas dalam anulus.
Apabila penurunan tekanan
tersebut mencapai tekanan tutup,
maka katup operasi akan tertutup.
Periode selanjutnya setelah
penutupan ini adalah periode
stabilisasi yaitu cairan yang jatuh
pada saat periode aliran akan
terkumpul ke dasar sumur dan
menjadi bagian dari slug
berikutnya yang akan didorong.

Parameter Design
128
Tidak Produksi
Gas Injeksi

Permukaan
Fluida
Produksi

PI rendah
Pr rendah

Parameter design yang perlu

diketahui:
Akumulasi fluida dalam
tubing
Laju produksi yang dapat
dihasilkan
Eficiency pengangkatan
Jumlah cyclus injeksi per
hari
Jumlah gas injeksi yang
diperlukan

q J ( Ps Pwe )

2D
Pto Pwh
Ptl Pmin t
Ptl Pmin t

TI
TII
Ttot

2
2
2
1000
Pwe
Ttot
129

Tinggi Kolom Cairan

130

Ptl Pwh Ggt D

ht
Gs Ggt

Ptl Pv P
Pv Pso Gg D

Kebutuhan Gas Injeksi

131

P
Psc

Volume _ gas H gc xCap

Tsc 1


T Z

H gc xCap 5.4541x10 3 d 2 L S 1 7 x10 5 L

Tsc
Psc

P P 1 7 x10 L SxG
P
14.7
c

Ts Gt 1 7 x10 5 L S Ts Gt L
T
460
2

= temperatur @ kondisi standard, oR

= tekanan @ kondisi standard, psia
Ts
= temperatur di permukaan, oF
Gs
= gradient tekanan statik, psi/ft
Gt
= gradien temperatur, F / ft
Pc
= tekanan casing @ Dvi, psia
Ph
= tekanan tubing di permukaan, psia
Hgc = panjang kolom gas dalam tubing, ft
Cap = kapasitas tubing - 0.0054541 d2
Z
= faktor komprtesibilitas, @P dan T
L
= kedalaman katup operasi, ft
S
= submergence, ft

Perencanaan Gas Lift Intermittent

132

Bahan di Kermit E.Brown Volume 2A

Catatan Kuliah (Bab IX) beberapa variabel

dilengkapi dari Vol. 2A

Pelajari proses perubahan tekanan di dasar sumur
dan/atau di kepala sumur selama periode shut-in
dan produksi

GAS LIFT OPTIMIZATION

133

GAS LIFT OPTIMIZATION SOLUTION

134

Weatherford offers intelligence at the wellsite with

controllers that can handle single or multiple wells for

injection control and parameter monitoring.
Gas Lift Optimization Solution Highlights
Access to continuous real-time data
Constant gas injection based on controlled setpoint
Supports both orifice meter and turbine meter gas
measurement
Twenty-four hour local optimization
Well stability profile (heading detection)
Alarming interface for gas lift specific control unit

Benefits Of The Gas Lift Optimization Solution

135
General Benefits
Monitor and control gas lift wells by collecting and displaying data from

multiple gas lifted wells

Provide grouping of wells by alarm codes, exception conditions or well
attributes
Provide interface to comprehensive analysis engine to determine current
condition and future optimization
Unique Benefits
Better utilization of manpower resources
Better utilization of assets
Optimize injection versus production (gas usage)
Reduced deferment
Manage gas allocation
Production acceleration

136

137