Basics of Current and Voltage Transformers

Power Transmission and Distribution

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Page 241

2007-08

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Equivalent current transformer circuit

I1 P1

jX1 R1

I 2 = I1

N1 N2

jX2 Im

R2

I2 S1 Zb

N1

N2 U
2

Zm

P2

Ideal CT

S2

X1 = Primary leakage reactance R1 = Primary winding resistance X2 = Secondary leakage reactance Z0 = Magnetizing impedance R2 = Secondary winding resistance Zb = SecondaryAuthor load Note:

Power Transmission and Distribution

Normally the leakage fluxes X1 and X2 can be neglected

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2007-08

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Current transformer, simplified equivalent circuit

1 : N2 i1

jX2 i2

R2

ZB

i'1 =

N2 1

i1

L2<< LW

R2

i2
Power Transmission and Distribution

LW

im
Author

RB

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2007-08

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Current transformer:
Phase displacement () and current ratio error ()
N1 N2 I2 N2 I2
Power Transmission and Distribution

I1 . I1

N1

Zb
Author

Im
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Page 244

2007-08

Author

CT classes to IEC 60044-1: 5P or 10P

Pi = I sec .2 R CT

Specification:

300/1 A

5P10, 30 VA

RCT 5 Ohm

Ratio In -Prim / In -Sek. 5% accuracyat I= n x In

Actual accuracy limit factor in operation is higher as the CT ALF ' = ALF is normally underburdened : Operating ALF: ALF

Rated burden (nominal power) PNB Accuracy limit factor ALF

Pi + PNB Pi + PBB

Dimension criterium: I ALF ' SC max KTF Power Transmission I n and Distribution

KTF (over-dimensioning factor) considers the single sided CT over-magnetising due to the d.c. Author component in short circuit current ISC. KTF values required in practice depend on relay type and design. Recommendations are provided by manufacturers (see Application Guides)
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Definition of the CT knee-point voltage

U2 10 % UKN 50 % IEC 60044-1 Class PX formerly British Standard BS3938: Class X

Power Transmission and Distribution

Author

Im
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Page 246

2007-08

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Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance

IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:

Accuracy class

Current error at nominal current (In) 1% 5%

Angle error at rated current In 60 minutes

Total error at n x In (rated accuracy limit)

5P 10P

5% 10 %
Power Transmission and Distribution

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Page 247

2007-08

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Current transformers, Standard for transient performance

IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes:

Class Error at rated current Ratio error TPX
(closed iron core)

Maximum error at rated accuracy limit

Remanence

Angle error 30 min 30 min 180 18 min

0,5 % 1,0 % 1,0 %

10% 10%

no limit < 10 %
Power Transmission and Distribution

TPY
with anti-remanence air gap

TPZ
linear core

10%

(a.c. current only)

negligible

TPS
closed iron core

Special version for high impedance protection Author (Knee point voltage, internal secondary resistance)

No limit

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Current transformer saturation

Steady-state saturation with AC current

Power Transmission and Distribution

Author Transient saturation with offset current

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2007-08

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Transient CT saturation due to DC component

ISC

Short circuit current

DC flux non-saturated

AC flux Power Transmission and Distribution

Author

Im
Page 250 2007-08 Author

Magnetising current
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Course of CT-flux during off-set short-circuit current

P primary current
d.c. component

B TN TS TN = 1+ (e e TS ) TN TS B ~

t TN B BMax
B~

total flux

T BMax = 1+ TS B~ TS

TS N TS TN

t B Max =
TS =
t

transient d.c. flux a.c. flux

TN TS TS ln TS TN TN

LW Power Transmission 1 and Distribution = Ri + RB tan

TS = 10900

Author

For 50 Hz:

B~

[min ]

[ms]

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2007-08

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CT transient over-dimensioning factor KTF

KTF 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0
Author

TN KTF = 1+ TS TS

TS TS TN

(KTF 1+TN) 5000 Closed iron core

1000 TS [ms] 500 250 100 Linear core

Power Transmission and Distribution

TN = network time constant (short-circuit time constant) 50 100 150 200 TN [ms] TS = CT secondary time constant

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2007-08

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CT with closed iron core, Over-dimensioning factor KTF for specified time to saturation (tM)
15
14 tM 50 ms 40 ms

Ktd

tM

10

30 ms 20 ms

K' TF

tM = 1 + TN 1 - e T N

10 ms

tM :

Power Transmission and Distribution

Author

KTF = 1+ TN = 1+

XN RN

20

40

60

80
Tp

100 [ ms]
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Page 253

2007-08

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CT over-dimensioning factor KTF (tM,TN) in the case of short time to saturation (tM)

KTF
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 20 40 60 80

tM
10 ms

(tM,TN)

180

(el. degree) 160

140
8 ms

120 100 80

tM
10 ms 8 ms 6 ms Power Transmission and Distribution 4 ms 2 ms

6 ms 4 ms 2 ms
Author

60 40 20 0 0 20

100

40

60

80

100

Page 254

2007-08 T

in ms

Author

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTI TPTD ms N inSE

Current transformer magnetising and de-magnetising

B t BMax BR
Power Transmission and Distribution

BMax

B = BR + (BMax. BR ) e
BR

t TS

m
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2007-08

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Current transformer Course of flux in the case of non-successful auto-reclosure

Bmax

tF1 = duration of 1st fault

t tF1 tDT tF2

tDT dead time

Power Transmission and Distribution

tF2 =duration of 2nd fault

tF1 tDT+tF2 tF2 tF1 tF2 Author N TS Bmax TN TS TN T = 1+ e TS e TS + 1+ (e (e TN e TS TN TS TN TS B ~

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Page 256

2007-08

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Current transformer magnetising curve and point of remanence

B
up to 80%

II

III

< 10% negligible

H = im w
I: closed iron core (TPX) II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY)
Author Power Transmission and Distribution

III: Linearised core (TPZ)

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2007-08

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Current transformers TPX und TPY Course of the flux with non-successful auto-reclosure

BR

closed iron core (TPX)

Power Transmission and Distribution core with antiremanence air-gaps (TPY)

BR
Author

tF1

tDT

tF2

t
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Page 258

2007-08

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Standards of voltage transformers

VT classes to IEC 60044-2
Class designation 3P 5P Permissible error at 0.05 UN and 1.0 UN Voltage error FU 3.0 % 6.0 % Angle error 120 minutes 240 minutes All 3P and 5P protection CTs must additionally comply with one of the below VT metering classes!

VT classes for measurement IEC 60044-2

Class designation 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 3 Permissible voltage error in % at 1.0 UN 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 3
Author

Permissible angle error in minutes at 1.0UN 5 10 20 30 Not determined

Power Transmission and Distribution

Page 259

2007-08

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Capacitive voltage transformer, Equivalent circuit

400 kV C1 = 5 nF 3

C2 = 95 nF

20 kV 3

RF LF CF

100 V 3

ZB

CE = C 1 + C 2 U*1 = UP C1 + C2 C1 RE

LO C RF
RT LT

Power Transmission and Distribution

T Author

LF

CF

U*2

R'B L'B

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2007-08

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Transient performance of CVTs, Recommendations acc. to IEC 60044-5

Ratio
Measured voltage transients after fault at voltage maximum and zero-crossing (Example)

Us (t)

Time Ts in ms 10 20

Classes

2 Us

100%

3PT1 6PT1 -- 10 10 10 10

3PT2 6PT2 25 10 2 0.6 0.2

3PT3 6PT3 4 2 2 2 2

40 60 90

Legend: UP(t) Primary voltage US(t) Secondary voltage (1) (2) (3)

Power Transmission and Distribution

Recommendations to IEC 60044-5

Author

Fault inception

Aperiodic damping of US(t) Periodic damping of US(t)

Page 261

2007-08

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CT dimensioning

K OD = KTF

Pi + PBN RCT + RBN ALF' = ALF = ALF Pi + PB RCT + RB

P + PB RCT + RB = ALF' ALF = ALF' i Pi + PBN RCT + RBN
with

rated CT burden: PBN internal burden of the CT: Pi=Ri I2N2 Actual connected burden : PB= RB I2N2 RB=Rl+RR= burden resistance Rl= resistance of connecting cables RR= burden resistance of the relay

I ALF ' K OD K IN

Theory:

No saturation for the total short-circuit duration: No saturation for the specified time tM:

K' TF =

BMax XN = 1 + TN = 1 + RN B ~

K OD K TF K Re m
K Re m = 1 % Remanence 1 100

Practice: Author

T N TS (e TN e TS K ' 'TF = 1 + TN TS

Power tM tMDistribution Transmission and

Remanence only considered in extra high voltage systems (EHV) KTF-values acc. to relay manufacturers guides
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Page 262

2007-08

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Practical CT requirements Transient over-dimensioning factors KTF (AR not considered)

Distance 7SA6 and 7SA522 Overcurrent 7SJ56
Close-in fault: Fault atbalance point:

KTF 5

KTF 2 ( 1 if TN < 30ms)

ALF I>>setting/ IN, at least 20 Internal fault External fault KTF 1.2 (Saturation free time 5 ms) KTF 1.2 Power Transmission and Distribution (Saturation free time 5 ms) KTF 0.5 (Saturation free time 3 ms)
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Transformer Differential 7UT6 Line differential 7SD61 Bus differential 7SS52

KTF 0.75 (Saturation free time 4 ms) KTF 0.5 (Saturation free time 3 ms)
Author KTF 0.5 (Saturation free time 3 ms)

Page 263

2007-08

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CT dimensioning for Example differential protection (1)

1. Calculation of fault currents 110 kV, 3 GVA Net 300/1A IT Impedances related to 110 kV:
U N 2 kV 2 110 2 ZN = = = 4.03 SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
U N 2 kV 2 Author uT [% ] 110 2 12 % ZT = = = 36.3 PN -T [MVA ] 100 40 100

F1

110/20 kV 40 MVA uT=12%

F2

F3

OH-line: l = 8 km, zL= 0,4 /km 200/1A 7SD61 IL

F4

1200/1A 7UT61 IL

200/1A

Impedances related to 20 kV:

U N 2 kV 2 20 2 Power Transmission and Distribution ZN = = = 0.13 SSC ' ' [MVA ] 3000
U N 2 kV 2 uT [% ] 20 2 12 % ZT= = = 1.2 PN -T [MVA ] 100 40 100

Net :

Net :

Transf. :

Transf. :

Line : Z L = l[km ] z L ' [/km ] = 8 0,4 = 3,2

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CT dimensioning for Example differential protection (2)

F1 F2
I F1 = 1.1 U N / 3 1.1 110kV/ 3 = = 17.3 kA ZN 4.03

F3 F4

I F3 =
I F4 =

1.1 U N / 3 1.1 20kV/ 3 = = 9.55 kA Z N + ZT 0.13 + 1.2

1.1 U N / 3 1,1 110kV/ 3 I F2 = = = 1.73 kA Z N + ZT 4.03 + 36.3

1.1 U N / 3 1,1 20kV/ 3 = = 2.8 kA Z N + Z T + Z L 0.13 + 1.2 + 3.2

Dimensioning of the 110 kV CTs for the transformer differential protection: Manufacturer recommends for relay 7UT61: The saturation free time of 3 ms corresponds to KTF 0,75 See diagram, page 59 Criterion 1) therefore reads: 1) Saturation free time 4ms for internal faults 2) Over-dimensioning factor KTF 1,2 for through flowing currents (external faults)
Power Transmission and Distribution

I 17300 ALF' K TF F1 = 0,75 = 43 IN 300

For criterion 2) we get:

Author

I 1730 ALF' K TF F2 = 1,2 =7 IN 300

The 110 kV CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1).

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CT dimensioning for Example differential protection (3)

We try to use a CT type: 300/1, 10 VA, 5P?, internal burden 2 VA.

Pi + Poperation 2 + 2.5 ALF ALF ' = 43 = 16.1 Pi + Prated 2 + 10

(Connected burden estimated to about 2.5 VA)

Chosen, with a security margin : 300 /1 A, 5P20, 10 VA, R2 2 Ohm (Pi 2VA) Specification of the CTs at the 20 kV side of the transformer: It is good relaying practice to choose the same dimensioning as for the CTs on the 110 kV side: 1200/1, 10 VA, 5P20, R2 2 Ohm (Pi 2VA) Dimensioning of the 20 kV CTs for line protection: For relay 7SD61, it is required: The saturation free time of 3 ms corresponds to KTF 0.5 See diagram, page 59 Criterion 1) therefore reads: I 9550 ALF' K TF F3 = 0.5 = 24 IN 200 1) Saturation free time 3ms for internal faults 2) Over-dimensioning factor KTF 1.2 for through flowing currents (external faults) Power Transmission and Distribution

For criterion 2) we get:

Author

I 2800 ALF' KTF F4 = 1.2 = 16.8 IN 200

Author

The 20 kV line CTs must be dimensioned according to criterion 1).

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CT dimensioning for Example differential protection (4)

For the 20 kV line we have considered the CT type: 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P?, internal burden ca. 1 VA

Pi + Poperation 1+1 ALF ' = 24 = 8 ALF 1+ 5 Pi + Prated

Specification of line CTs:

(Connected burden about 1 VA)

We choose the next higher standard accuracy limit factor ALF=10 : Herewith, we can specify: CT Type TPX, 200/5 A, 5 VA, 5P10, R2 0.04 Ohm ( Pi 1 VA)
Power Transmission and Distribution

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2007-08

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