Slope Deflection Examples:

Fixed End Moments For a member AB with a length L and any given load the fixed end moments are given by:
2 ( 2 gB g A ) L2 2 FEMBA = 2 ( g B 2 g A ) L Where: gB and gA are the moments of the bending moment diagrammes of the statically determinate beam about B and A respectively. FEM AB =

Example: Determine the fixed end moments of a beam with a point load.

Simply supported beam with bending moment diagramme. Centroid in accordance with standard tables.
FEM AB = 2 ( 2 gB g A ) L2 2 L Wab b + L L Wab a + L = 2 2 L 2 L 3 2 L 3

FEM AB

FEM AB = FEM AB

2 Wab 2b + 2L a L 3 L2 2 Wab 2b + a + b a = 3 L2

FEM AB =

2 Wab 2 L2

In a similar way FEMBA may be calculated.

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Use of slope-deflection equations:

Example 1: Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following statically indeterminate beam.

The unknowns are as follows: A, B, C = 0, AB = 0, BC = 0 We require two equations to solve the two unknown rotations:

M
M AB M AB

= 0 M AB = 0

M AB =

2 EI ( 2 A + B 3 AB ) + FEM AB L 2 EI 10 4 = (2 A + B ) + 4 8 = EI A + 0,5 EI B + 5
A

EI A + 0,5 EI B + 5 = 0

M M

=0

(1)

= 0 MBA + MBC = 0

MBA = MBA MBA

2 EI ( A + 2 B 3 AB ) + FEMBA L 2 EI 10 4 = ( A + 2 B ) 4 8 = 0,5 EI A + 1 EI B 5 2 EI ( 2 B + C 3 BC ) + FEMBC L 2 EI 5 62 = ( 2 B ) + 6 12 = 0,66667 B + 15

MBC = MBC MBC

MBA + MBC = 0 0,5 EI A + 1,66667 EI B + 10 = 0 Solve the unknowns: (2)

A = - 2,35294/EI B = - 5,29412/EI
Calculate the values of the moments: MBA = 0,5 x 2,35294 5,29412 5 = -11,471 kN.m

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MBC = 0,6667 x 5,29412 + 15 = + 11,471 kN.m 2 EI MCB = ( B + 2 C 3 BC ) + FEMCB L 2 EI 5 62 MCB = ( B ) + 6 12 MCB = 0,3333 x 5,29412 15 = -16,675 kN.m Draw the bending moment diagramme.

The Modified Slope-Deflection Equation with a Hinge at A:

We would like to eliminate A from the equation as we know that MAB = 0.

2 EI ( 2 A + B 3 AB ) + FEM AB L Solve for A. M AB =

A =
MBA =

FEM AB 3 AB L B + 2 2 EI 2 2

2 EI ( A + 2 B 3 AB ) + FEMBA L Replace A in this equation. MBA =

3 AB 2 EI 1 3 AB + FEMBA FEM AB 2 B B + 2 2 2 L
3 EI 1 ( B AB ) + FEMBA FEM AB L 2

MBA =

This equation may be used to reduce the number of unknown rotations. Solve the previous problem using the modified slope-deflection equation.

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The unknowns are as follows: A use the modified slope-deflection equation, B, C = 0, AB = 0, BC = 0 The total number of unknowns is reduced to B

= 0 MBA + MBC = 0

MBA = MBA MBA

3 EI 1 ( B AB ) + FEMBA FEM AB L 2 3 EI 10 4 1 10 4 = ( B ) 4 8 2 8 = 0,75 EI A 7,5 2 EI ( 2 B + C 3 BC ) + FEMBC L 2 EI 5 62 = ( 2 B ) + 6 12 = 0,66667 B + 15

MBC = MBC MBC

MBA + MBC = 0 1,41667 EI B + 7,5 = 0 (1)

B = - 5,29412/EI
Bending moments are as calculated previously. Example 2: Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following structure.

Unknowns: A use modified SD equation, B, C, E use modified SD equation, AB = BC = CD = 0

= 0 MBA + MBC + MBE = 0

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3 EI 1 ( B AB ) + FEMBA FEM AB L 2 No Loads No FEM: 3 2EI MBA = ( B ) = 1,5 EI B 4 MBA = MBC = MBC MBC 2 EI ( 2 B + C 3 BC ) + FEMBC L 2 3EI 20 4 = ( 2 B + C ) + 4 8 = 3,0 EI B + 1,5 EI C + 10

MBE = MBE

3 EI 1 ( B BE ) + FEMBE FEMEB L 2 3 EI = ( B ) = 1,0 EI B 3 = 0 1,5 EI B + 3,0 EI B + 1 ,5 EI C + 10 + 1,0 EI B = 0

5,5 EI B + 1,5 EI C + 10 = 0

M M

(1)

= 0 MCB + MCD = 0

MCB = MCB MCB

2 EI ( B + 2 C 3 BC ) + FEMCB L 2 3EI 20 4 = ( B + 2 C ) 4 8 = 1,5 EI B + 3,0 EI C 10 2 EI ( 2,0 C + D 3 CD ) + FEMCD L 2 2EI = ( 2,0 C + 0 3 0 ) + 0 4 = 2,0 EI C = 0 1,5 EI B + 3,0 EI C 10 + 2 EI C = 0

MCD = MCD MCD

1,5 EI B + 5 EI C 10 = 0

(2)

Solve for A and B.

B =

2,57426 EI +2,77228 C = EI MBA = 1,5 EI B = 1,5 EI MBC MBE MCB 2,57426 = 3,861 kN.m EI = 3,0 2,57426 + 1 ,5 2,77228 + 10 = +6,4355 kN.m = 1,0 2,57426 = 2,574 kN.m = 1,5 2,57426 + 3,0 2,77228 10 = 5,545 kN.m

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MCD = 2,0 2,77228 = 5,545 kN.m MDC = 2 EI (C + 2,0 D 3 CD ) + FEMDC = EI C = 2,772 kN.m L

Sway Structures
One of the ways in which can calculate whether a structure can sway and the number of independent sway mechanisms, is to convert the structural elements to bar hinged elements and to determine the degree of instability. The degree of instability will also be the number of independent sway mechanisms. Example:

Structure with bar-hinged elements: s=5 r=7 s+r = 12 n=6 2n = 12 2n (s + r) =0 No independent sway mechanism

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Example:

Structure with bar-hinged elements: s=5 r=6 s+r = 11 n=6 2n = 12 2n (s + r) =1 One independent sway mechanism Example: Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following structure:

s=3 r=4 n=4 2n (s + r)

=1

s+r =7 2n =8 One independent sway mechanism

Sway of the structure. One assumes that the member BC does not deform as AE is so large that If this is true, BB must = CC.
P L 0 AE

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But BB = 6 AB therefore CD = CC/4 = 6 AB/4 = 1,5 AB. Call AB, - . A = 0 B ? C ? D use the modified slope deflection equation. ? We require three equations to solve the unknowns. Unknown in this case:

M M

=0 =0

For the third equation, one must investigate all the external forces that are applied to the structure.

The axial forces YAB and YDC are usually difficult to determine, whereas the shear forces VAB and VDC can be calculated by taking moments about B of the member AB and C of the member CD respectively. The third equation is obtained by:

Y = 0

= 0 MBA + MBC = 0

MBA = MBA MBA

2 EI ( A + 2 B 3 AB ) + FEMBA L 2 EI 20 6 = ( 2 B 3 ( )) 6 8 = EI ( 0,6667 B + 3 ) 15 2 EI ( 2 B + C 3 BC ) + FEMBC L 2 EI 10 10 = ( 2 B + C ) + 10 8 = EI ( 0,4 B + 0,2 C ) + 12,5 = 0 EI (1,0667 B + 0,2 C + ) 2,5 = 0 = 0 MCB + MCD = 0 2 EI ( B + 2 C 3 BC ) + FEMCB L

MBC = MBC MBC

M M

(1)

MCB =

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MCB = MCB

2 EI 10 10 ( B + 2 C ) 10 8 = EI ( 0,2 B + 0,4 C ) 12,5 3 EI 1 (C CD ) + FEMCD FEMDC L 2 3 EI = (C ( 1,5 )) 4 = EI ( 0,75 C + 1,125 ) = 0 EI ( 0,2 B + 1,15 C + 1,125 ) 12,5 = 0

MCD = MCD MCD

(2)

Take moments about B.

VAB = M AB + MBA + 20 3 6

MBA = VAB VAB

2 EI 20 6 = EI (0,3333 B + ) + 15 ( B + 3 ) + 6 8 EI (0,3333 B + ) + 15 + EI (0,6667 B + ) 15 + 60 = 6 2 = EI B + + 10 6 6

In a similar fashion one may calculate VDC in terms of the unknowns:

0,75 C + 1,125 VDC = EI 4 Y = 0 +20 VAB VDC = 0

EI ( 2 B 2,25 C 7,375 ) + 120 = 0

(3)

Solve the unknowns: B = -18,582 / EI = - 9,61572 / EI C = 24,24397 / EI Substitute in the equations for the moments: MAB MBA = 33,051 kN.m = -3,144 kN.m

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MBC MCB MCD

= 3,144 kN.m = - 20,063 kN.m = 20,063 kN.m

Momentary Centre of Rotation

When two points on a rigid body undergo a small displacement, the body rotates about a momentary centre of rotation and the following angles are equal:

Example: Determine the sway angles of the following structure in terms of the sway angle DB of the following structure.

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D is a fixed point so that the point B may only move vertical to the member BD. B moves from B to B. In a similar way E is a fixed point and C can only move vertically to the member to C. A may move horizontally. If one looks at the member AB both ends may move so we will find a momentary centre of rotation O2 vertical to the direction of movement. Both ends of member BC can move so we will find a momentary centre of rotation, O1 vertical to the direction of movement of B and C. Because movements are small relative to the length of the member, the tan = the angle . BB = 5 x BD
BB ' 5 BD = = 0,6 BD LO1B 8,3333

BC = O B = O C =
1 1

CC = 6,667 x BC = 4 x BD CC ' 4 BD = = BD CE = 4 LCE

AB = O B = O A =
2 1

CC '' 5 BD = = +0,5 BD 10 LO2B

The direction of the angle is important. If it is clock-wise it is negative. BD as shown is negative so BC will be positive. Example: Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following sway structure.

Structure with sway mechanism. Determine the number of independent sway mechanisms: s=4 r=5 s+r=9 n = 5 2n = 10 2n (s + r) = 1 1 independent sway mechanism! use modified slope-deflection equation A B ? use modified slope-deflection equation C 0 B 0 E ? 2 unknown we require 2 equations Unknowns Set DB = - BB = 4

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 BC = BO = CO =
1 1

BB ' 4 = = 0,5 LO1B 8

CC = 10 BC = 5 CC ' 5 CE = = = LCE 5

= 0 MBA + MBC + MBD = 0

MBA = MBA MBA

3 EI 1 ( B AB ) + FEMBA FEM AB L 2 3 EI 30 6 1 30 6 = ( B ) 6 8 2 8 = 0,5 EI B 33,75 3 EI 1 ( B BC ) + FEMBC FEMCB L 2 3 EI = ( B ) 6 = 0,5 EI B 0,25 EI

MBC = MBC MBC

MBD = MBD MBD

2 EI ( 2 B + D 3 BD ) + FEMBD L 2 EI = ( 2 B 3 ( ) ) 4 = 1,0 EI B + 1 ,5 EI = 0 2 EI B + 1,25 EI 33,75 = 0

(1)

To determine the second equation one must view all the external forces on the structure:

As it is difficult to determine YDB and YEC we will take moments about a point where their moment is known to be 0. The momentary centre of rotation, O1, is such a point. Determine the unknown forces in terms of the unknown rotations and translational angles.

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Member AB MB = 0 VAB 6 30 3 MBA = 0

VAB = 0,5 EI B + 56,25 6

Member BD MB = 0 VDB 4 MDB MBD = 0

MDB = MDB 2 EI ( B + 2 D 3 BD ) + FEMDB L = 0,5 EI B + 1,5 EI MDB + MBD 1,5 EI B + 3 EI = 4 4

VDB =

Member CE MC = 0 VEC 5 MEC = 0

3 EI 1 ( E EC ) + FEMEC FEMCE L 2 3 EI MEC = ( ( )) = 0,6 EI 5 M 0,6 EI VEC = EC = 5 5 MEC =

Take moments about the momentary centre of rotation: VAB x 6 + VDB x 12 + VEC x 15 30 x 3 MDB MEC = 0 0,5 EI B + 56,25 + 4,5 EI B + 9 EI + 1,8 EI 90 0,5 EI B 1,5 EI 0,6 EI = 0

O1

= 0 4,5 EI B + 8,7 EI 33,75 = 0

(2)

Solve the unknowns:

B = 21,3535 EI = 7,16561
MBA MBC MBD MDB MEC
EI

= -23,073 kN.m = +12,468 kN.m = +10,605 kN.m = -0,072 kN.m = -4,299 kN.m

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Bending moment diagramme Calculate the bending moments and draw the bending moment diagramme of the following structure.

Change the nodes to hinges and calculate the number of independent sway mechanisms. s=6 r=6 (s + r) = 12 n=7 2 n = 14 therefore 2 n (s+r) = 2 with two independent sway mechanisms

We have three unknowns, namely B, D and . We require three equations to solve these unknowns.

= 0 MBA +MBC + MBF = 0

MBA = MBA

3 EI 1 ( B BA ) + FEMBA FEM AB L 2 3 2EI 6 52 1 6 52 = ( B 0 ) + 5 12 2 12

MBA = 1,2 EI B 18,75

MBc = 3 EI 1 ( B BC ) + FEMBc FEMCB L 2

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3 2EI ( B ( ) ) + 0 0 3 MBC = 2 EI B + 2 EI MBc = 2 EI ( 2 B + F 3 BF ) + FEMBF L 2 EI MBF = ( 2 B + 0 0 ) + 0 4 MBF = 1 EI B MBF =

M M

B D

= 0 4,2 EI B +2 EI 18,75 = 0 = 0 MDC +MDE + MDG = 0

(1)

3 EI 1 ( D DC ) + FEMDC FEMCD L 2 3 2EI MDC = ( D ) 3 MDC = 2 EI D - 2 EI MDC =

MDE = + 10 x 2 = + 20
2 EI ( 2 D + G 3 DG ) + FEMDG L 2 EI MDG = ( 2 D ) 4 MDG = EI D MDG =

= 0 3 EI D 2 EI + 20 = 0

(2)

Third equation may be obtained from the vertical equilibrium of node C

-VCB - VCD 20 = 0
VCB = MBC 2 EI B 2 EI = 3 3 +MDC +2 EI D 2 EI = 3 3

VCD =

-VCB - VCD 20 = 0

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+2 EI B 2 EI D 4 EI 20 = 0 3 + 2 EI B - 2 EI D - 4 EI = 60

(3)

Solve the three simultaneous equations: B D MBA MBC MBF MFB MDC MDG MGD -6.0185/EI 8.0093/EI 22.0139/EI = - 25,972 kN.m = + 31,991 kN.m = - 6,0185 kN.m = - 3,009 kN.m = - 28,009 kN.m = + 8,009 kN.m = + 4,005 kN.m

Example 2: The support D of the structure undergoes the following displacement, 10 mm vertically down and 20 mm horizontally to the left. E = 200 GPa and I = 50 x 10-6 m4.

If one determines the number of independent sway mechanisms we see that there is one. The unknowns are thus B and . The sway angles will consist of a known angle as a result of the displacement of D and the unknown, . Determine the known angles for the 10 mm and 20 mm displacement individually and add them together. In order to do this the unknown sway must be prevented.

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For the 10 mm displacement, B drops vertically by 10 mm. The sway angles are thus equal to BB/Length of the member:

AB = BC

0,010 = 2,5 x 10 3 4 0,010 = = 1,1111 x 103 9

For the 20 mm displacement, B may only move vertically so that both ends of member BD move and in this way we will find a momentary centre of rotation. OB = BD = OD
0,20 = 5 x 10 3 4 Therefore, BD = 5,0 x 10-3

OD =

BB = OB x 3 m = 0,015 m

AB = BC

0,015 = 3,75 x 10 3 4 0,015 ,66667 x 10 3 = =1 9

The total sway as a result of the displacements is the sum of the individual sway angles. Therefore:

AB = 2,5 x 103 3,75 x 10 3 = 6,25 x 103 BC = 1,1111 x 10 3 + 1,6667 x 10 3 = 2,7778 x 10 3 BD = 5,0 x 10-3
To determine the relative sway angles:

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Set BD = , then BB = 5

AB = O1B = BC = O 2B = +

BB ' 5 = = 0,75 LO1B 6,6667 BB ' 5 =+ = +0,3333 LO 2B 15

Equations required to solve the unknowns:

= 0 MBA +MBC + MBD = 0

3 EI 1 ( B BA ) + FEMBA FEM AB L 2 3 2 (200 x 106 50 x 106 ) MBA = B ( 0,75 6,25 x 10 3 4 MBA = 15 000 B + 11 250 + 93,75 MBA =

3 EI 1 ( B BC ) + FEMBC FEMCB L 2 3 2 (200 50) 10 92 1 10 92 B (0,3333 + 2,7778 x 10 3 + MBC = 9 12 2 12 MBA = 6 666,667 B 2 222,22 + 82,7313 MBC =

2 EI ( 2 B + D 3 BD ) + FEMBD L 2 200 50 MBD = 2 B 3 ( + 5 x 10 3 ) 5 MBD = 8 000 B 12 000 - 60,00 MBD =

)
(1)

= 0 29 6666,67 B 2 972,22 + 116,4813 = 0

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For the second equation one must look at all the external forces that are applied to the structure.

As it is very difficult to determine YDB take moments about a point where the moment of YDB = 0, i.e., O2. Take moments about B of the member AB:
VAB = MBA 15000 B + 11250 + 93,75 = = 3750 B + 2812,5 + 23,4375 LAB 4

To determine the force VDC, take moments about B of the member BD: M + MDB VDB = BD LBD
2 EI ( B + 2 D 3 BD ) + FEMDB L 2 200 50 MBD = B 3 ( + 5 x 10 3 ) 5 MDB = 4 000 B 12 000 - 60,00 MDB =

VDB =

MBD + MDB 12 000 B 24 000 240 = = 2 400 B 4 800 24 LBD 5 = 0 VAB 13 VDB 10 MDB

10 92 =0 2 20 750 B + 96 562,5 + 199,6875 = 0

O2

(2)

Solve the two simultaneous equations:

B
MBA MBC MBD MDB

= - 0,0040464 = - 0,00119844 = + 19,572 kN.m = + 58,418 kN.m = - 77,990 kN.m = - 61,804 kN.m

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