You are on page 1of 8

c 3577684 *+,(('&)'&* VWXYZX[ \[]^X_`]ab 0*+/',*-,#&)$0!(!&.)%!#.(&*!).

&3"1- 5
t u u v
|4%2$!8 :B w#3."%1 ;99= :9D99 !, I :D99 /, |),% !++.6%$E < (.412 4B?K? ;K? |~w I;KML MH MBCL I;I?Ke )G 0;KM ) RHN LBHNE> ;MM?FIM ;L F;GR JN?LMCHGL ;L RHN =;Ge #K?>CM PCEE <? ACO?G @HK ;GLP?KL MH GH FHK? MB;G 47/ JN?LMCHGL CG 0;KM ))e 9HNK ;GLP?KL MH ?;=B I;KM LBHNE> <? PKCMM?G CG MB? ;GLP?K <HHDL IKHOC>?>e u- ,.23 04%23).-2C 2.,% ,!1*2 6)++ "% !6!1$%$ &.1 )-3%1,%$)!3% 23%/2 )- 3(% 6.1*)-'D p #.11%#3 !-26%1C -.3 24//.13%$ "8 6.1*)-'

I !2C &.1 %7!,/+%C .-% 3!*%- &1., ! #!+#4+!3.1 /1.'1!, I ,!8 -.3 1%#%)5% &4++ #1%$)3D

[V_ H@ MB? ;O;CE;<E? F;KDL ;K? ;LLCAG?> MH 0;KM ) ;G> V\_ MH 0;KM ))e )G MB? ?Q;FCG?KL` HICGCHGd FHLM =;G>C>;M?L PHNE> F;D? <?LM NL? H@ MB?CK MCF? <R kGCLBCGA ;L FN=B ;L MB?R =;G H@ 0;KM ) <?@HK? LM;KMCGA 0;KM ))e 9HN ;K? ;>OCL?> GHM MH =KHLL MBKHNAB ;GR PHKD NGMCE RHN B;O? K?IE;=?> CM PCMB ;GHMB?K LHENMCHG MH MB? L;F? JN?LMCHGe )G 0;KM )) H@ MB? I;I?Kd C@ RHN LN<FCM ;MM?FIML MH FHK? MB;G MPH JN?LMCHGLd RHNK <?LM MPH L=HK?L PCEE =HNGM MHP;K>L RHNK K?LNEMe 'K;IB I;I?K CL ;O;CE;<E? @KHF MB? CGOCACE;MHKd C@ RHN @??E CM PHNE> ;LLCLM RHN CG ;GLP?KCGA JN?LMCHGLe p3 3(% %-$ .& 3(% %7!,)-!3).#B?=D MB;M RHN B;O? PKCMM?G RHNK I?KLHG;E C>?GMCk?K ;G> ?Q;FCG;MCHG GNFn <?K HG ?;=B ;GLP?K <HHD NL?>e t!)+41% 3. $. 2. 6)++ ,%!- 3(!3 8.41 6.1* #!--.3 "% )$%-3)H%$e 0NM ;EE RHNK NL?> ;GLP?K <HHDL ;G> RHNK JN?LMCHG I;I?K MHA?MB?Kd PCMB RHNK LCAG?> >?LD K?=HK> HG MHIe &CQ MB?F ;EE MHA?MB?K PCMB MB? @;LM?G?K IKHOC>?>e

#HIRKCABM = VTTX 4B? /I?G 5GCO?KLCMR

xpz| u u-2314#3).-2 aCb iW] [QW]TM J\\NUX\ J[ UJVa Y]N[\RWV[ J[ aW] LJV RV \QR[ XJZ\ WO \QN

N`JURVJ\RWVr aCCb fJZ\ e LJZZRN[ mkn WO \QN J^JRTJKTN N`JURVJ\RWV UJZS[r cJLQ Y]N[\RWV LJZZRN[ JV RVMRLJ\RWV WO \QN V]UKNZ WO UJZS[ \QJ\ JZN JTTWLJ\NM \W R\r aCCCb iW] [QW]TM ZNLWZM aW]Z JV[_NZ[ \W NJLQ Y]N[\RWV RV \QN JV[_NZ KWWSo[p XZW^RMNMr iW] JZN [\ZWVPTa JM^R[NM \W [QW_ JTT aW]Z _WZSRVPq RVLT]MRVP JVa ZW]PQ _WZSRVPr

y4%23).- : o Y F;KDL 4BCL JN?LMCHG =HG=?KGL MB? ECG?;K L?=HG>nHK>?K K?=NKK?G=? L?JN?G=? ACO?G <R gU gV g\ UZ a gT U V b a;b &CG> MB? MBCK> M?KF CG MB? L?JN?G=?e a<b &CG> ; =EHL?> @HKF @HK MB? L?JN?G=?e y4%23).- ; o Z F;KDL 4BCL JN?LMCHG =HG=?KGL MB? =NKO? PCMB ?JN;MCHG X g WZ a;b 3BHP MB;M MBCL =NKO? CL ; BRI?K<HE; CG LM;G>;K> IHLCMCHGd <R ACOCGA CML ?JN;MCHG CG LM;G>;K> @HKFe a<b &CG> aCb MB? ?==?GMKC=CMR H@ MB? BRI?K<HE;f aCCb MB? @H=C H@ MB? BRI?K<HE;f aCCCb MB? ?JN;MCHGL H@ MB? ;LRFIMHM?L H@ MB? BRI?K<HE;e a=b 3D?M=B MB? BRI?K<HE;d LBHPCGA CML ;LRFIMHM?L ;G> MB? IHCGML H@ CGM?Kn L?=MCHG PCMB MB? ;Q?Le y4%23).- < o X F;KDL a;b 7KCM? >HPGd CG MB? @HKF d MB? MK;GLE;MCHG MB;M FHO?L MB? IHCGM a V Wb MH MB? IHCGM aY Vbe a<b 4B? MK;GLE;MCHG CL ;IIEC?> MH MB? HNMINM @KHF MB? MK;GLE;MCHG CG I;KM a;be %QIK?LL MB? =HFIHLCM? MK;GLE;MCHG CG MB? @HKF a b a b a=b 4B? ECG? g V c W CL FHO?> NLCGA MB? MK;GLE;MCHG CG I;KM a;be 7KCM? >HPG MB? ?JN;MCHG H@ MB? ECG? ;@M?K MBCL MK;GLE;MCHGe y4%23).- = o W F;KDL 3NIIHL? MB;M M;G g Y CL MB? ?Q;=M O;EN? H@ MB? M;GA?GM H@ ;G ;=NM? ;GAE? e a;b "R =HGLC>?KCGA ;G ;IIKHIKC;M? KCABMn;GAE?> MKC;GAE?d kG> MB? ?Q;=M O;En N?L H@ LCG ;G> =HL e a<b 5L? MB? O;EN?L CG I;KMa;b ;G> ; MKCAHGHF?MKC= @HKFNE; MH kG> MB? ?Q;=M O;EN? H@ LCGaV be

Kp R Kq R K{yr K{yq d K{ G R R RQ Q Q Mr d Nr Q dR

hi hi

-0

hi

hi hi

v{

RdJt$=r J|$} MNRN ldMf R Q o q ; ; ; r; ; 3 2:


y

hi hi hi

/ . .

hi hi

. -

y4%23).- > o X F;KDL a;b (HP F;GR kO?nE?MM?K =HF<CG;MCHGL =;G <? =BHL?G @KHF GCG? >Cj?K?GM E?MM?KL^ a<b 5L? MB? "CGHFC;E 4B?HK?F MH kG> MB? =H?m=C?GM H@ CG MB? ?QI;Gn LCHG H@ aV W b e y4%23).- ? o [ F;KDL ,?M <? MB? ECG?;K MK;GL@HKF;MCHG MB;M F;IL aU Tb MH aZ \b ;G> aT Ub MH a W Xbd ;G> E?M <? MB? ECG?;K MK;GL@HKF;MCHG MB;M F;IL aU Tb MH aU Vb ;G> aT Ub MH a U Vbe a;b 7KCM? >HPG MB? F;MKC=?L p ;G> q MB;M K?IK?L?GM ;G> d K?LI?=MCO?ERe a<b 3BHP MB;M CL ; l;MM?GCGAd ;G> PKCM? >HPG MB? ?JN;MCHG H@ MB? ECG? HGMH PBC=B l;MM?GL MB? IE;G?e a=b &CG> MB? F;MKCQ H@ MB? ECG?;K MK;GL@HKF;MCHG e a>b $?L=KC<? MB? ?j?=M H@ HG MB? IE;G?e y4%23).- @ o X F;KDL W e )G MBCL JN?LMCHGd p g Z V U a;b &CG> MB? ?CA?GO;EN?L H@ pe a<b dR^NV \QJ\ MB? LF;EE?K ;G> E;KA?K ?CA?GO;EN?L H@ p =HKK?LIHG> MH MB? ?CA?GECG?L g ;G> g d K?LI?=MCO?ERd PKCM? >HPG ;G CGO?KMC<E? F;MKCQ x ;G> ; >C;AHG;E F;MKCQ r LN=B MB;M p g xrx e a9HN >H GHM G??> MH ?O;EN;M? x eb y4%23).- A o W F;KDL 4B? F;MKCQ p B;L ?CA?GO;EN?L V ;G> Vd ;G> =HKK?LIHG>CGA ?CA?GECG?L g ;G> g d K?LI?=MCO?ERe /GER HG? H@ MB? @HEEHPCGA MBK?? >C;AK;FL LBHPL MB? kKLM MBK?? IHCGMLd 7 d 7 ;G> 7 d H@ ;G CM?K;MCHG L?JN?G=? PCMB K?=NKK?G=? K?E;MCHG 7 g p7 e 3M;M? PBC=B >C;AK;F CL =HKK?=Me &HK ?;=B H@ MB? HMB?K MPH >C;AK;FLd ACO? ; K?;LHG PBR MB? >C;AK;F =;GGHM <? =HKK?=Me
(a) y (b) x x1
0

Md N x dR RC d R D C

N=q drsM d q N r{Myq { p q r N dM


. . .
x2 x y=1 2 x x1

9d :

DkC

MtNu R RdR R R CD DkC


=q

hi hi

hi hi hi hi

.. .

hi hi

N urM
y

. .

y x0

(c)

x2

.
x y=1 2 x

x0

...
x1 x2

y=1 2 x x y=5 2

x y=5 2

x y=5 2

hi

v{

3 2:

|}zw x~uz

y4%23).- B o X F;KDL $Cj?K?GMC;M? ?;=B H@ MB? @HEEHPCGA @NG=MCHGLe a4B?K? CL GH G??> MH LCFIEC@R RHNK ;GLP?KLeb b a;b a b g M;G a b aT a<b a b g =HL y4%23).- :9 o X F;KDL 4BCL JN?LMCHG =HG=?KGL MB? @NG=MCHG a b g c EG e a;b 3BHP MB;M MB? ?JN;MCHG a b g T B;L ; LHENMCHG CG MB? CGM?KO;E a Ube a<b 3BHP MB;Md @HK MBCL @NG=MCHG d MB? .?PMHGn2;IBLHG @HKFNE; =;G <? ?QIK?LL?> ;L g aU cEGU b a=b 5L? MBCL @HKFNE;d PCMB g T Zd MH =;E=NE;M? MB? O;EN? H@ e 'CO? RHNK ;GLP?K MH MBK?? >?=CF;E IE;=?Le y4%23).- :: o Y F;KDL a;b 5LCGA CGM?AK;MCHG <R I;KMLd kG> MB? CG>?kGCM? CGM?AK;E a c Wb a<b 5LCGA MB? LN<LMCMNMCHG g EG d HK HMB?KPCL?d kG> MB? CG>?kGCM? CGM?AK;E U aU c aEG b b a Tb y4%23).- :; o Y F;KDL a;b 5LCGA ; LM;G>;K> 4;REHK L?KC?Ld PKCM? >HPG MB? kKLM @HNK GHGnS?KH M?KFL H@ MB? 4;REHK L?KC?L ;<HNM T @HK MB? @NG=MCHG a b g aU c b a<b 5LCGA RHNK ;GLP?K MH I;KM a;b ;G> ; @NKMB?K LM;G>;K> 4;REHK L?KC?Ld kG> MB? kKLM MPH GHGnS?KH M?KFL H@ MB? 4;REHK L?KC?L ;<HNM T @HK MB? @NG=MCHG a b g aU c b EGaU c b a=b 5L? RHNK K?LNEM @KHF I;KM a<b MH LBHP MB;M MB? =HKK?LIHG>CGA 4;REHK IHERGHFC;E ?LMCF;M? @HK aT TVb CL W V UT aMH MPH LCAGCk=;GM kANK?Lbe y4%23).- :< o Y F;KDL )G MBCL JN?LMCHGd ;G> ;K? MB? =HFIE?Q GNF<?KL g [ Y ;G> g W c V e a;b 7KCM? >HPG ;G> e a<b &CG> ; =HFIE?Q GNF<?K LN=B MB;M g e

CD MM

o q r P M SMS t Bt!M dqrP SMS qrP C M M M qrR CM C M{yq M{ M{d MpM{ QQ Mq < M B!%r AMQ < M M rK AM MMU Q C M M =q%rQ D M M M =Dq%rQd Q MiQ =w KhKh L K K dE L E O KO L
a b

hi hi

hi hi hi

hi hi

. . . / .

hi hi hi

hi hi

. . ./

v{

3 2:

y4%23).- := o W F;KDL UU g Ue a;b &CG> ; GNF<?K CG Z LN=B MB;M a<b 'CO? ;G ?Q;FIE? H@ ; GHGnS?KH GNF<?K CG Z MB;M >H?L GHM B;O? ; FNEMCIEC=;MCO? CGO?KL?e y4%23).- :> o Y F;KDL

M qt Miqt qt
(0, 2) ( 1, 0) (1, 0)

hi hi

. -

a;b 7KCM? >HPG MB? ?E?F?GML H@ MB? LRFF?MKR AKHNI H@ MB? KBHF<NL LBHPG ;<HO?d NLCGA MB? GHM;MCHG ;G> e a<b #HFICE? ; #;RE?R M;<E? @HK MB? AKHNI H@ LRFF?MKC?L CG I;KM a;be a=b 'CO? ;G ?Q;FIE? H@ ; AKHNI @KHF MB? =HNKL? MB;M CL CLHFHKIBC= MH MB? AKHNI CG I;KM a<bd ?QIE;CGCGA RHNK =BHC=? <KC?lRe y4%23).- :? o Y F;KDL 0KHO? <R F;MB?F;MC=;E CG>N=MCHG MB;M g a c UbaV c Ub @HK ;EE IHLCMCO? CGM?A?KL e

I" H#

(0, 2)

hi hi hi

{~zqIr ;

qvG G G G R

.. -

hi

v{

3 2:

|}zw x~uz

xpz| uu u-2314#3).-2 aCb bZNMR\ _RTT KN PR^NV OWZ JV[_NZ[ \W VW UWZN \QJV |~w Y]N[\RWV[ OZWU

\QR[ XJZ\ WO \QN N`JURVJ\RWVr aCCb cJLQ Y]N[\RWV RV \QR[ XJZ\ LJZZRN[ jln WO \QN \W\JT UJZS[ OWZ \QN N`JUs RVJ\RWVr aCCCb iW] UJa JV[_NZ \QN Y]N[\RWV[ RV JVa WZMNZr hZR\N aW]Z JV[_NZ[ RV \QN JV[_NZ KWWSo[p XZW^RMNMq KNPRVVRVP NJLQ Y]N[\RWV WV J VN_ XJPNr aCOb gQW_ JTT aW]Z _WZSRVPr

y4%23).- :@ a;b 3BHP MB;M MB? =NKO? ACO?G <R MB? ?JN;MCHG X c ] c XT U\ c [W g T CL ;G ?EECIL?d <R LBHPCGA MB;M MB? ?JN;MCHG =;G <? PKCMM?G ;L a c Yb c a Ub g U ] X a<b $?L=KC<? MB? MK;GLE;MCHG MB;M F;IL MB? ?EECIL? CG LM;G>;K> IHLCMCHGd ] c X g Ud HGMH e a=b &CG> MB? =HHK>CG;M?L H@ MB? @H=C H@ d ;G> PKCM? >HPG MB? =?GMK? ;G> MB? ?JN;MCHGL H@ MB? ;Q?L H@ LRFF?MKR H@ e a>b 3BHP MB;M MB? >CK?=MKC=?L H@ ;K? g a ] Y VYbe a?b 3D?M=B MB? ?EECIL? d ;G> F;KD ;G> C>?GMC@R HG MB? LD?M=B aCb MB? @H=C ;G> >CK?=MKC=?Lf aCCb MB? MPH ;Q?L H@ LRFF?MKRf aCCCb MB? =HHK>CG;M?L H@ IHCGML H@ CGM?KL?=MCHG H@ PCMB MB? ;Q?L H@ LRFn F?MKRe a@b 7KCM? >HPG I;K;F?MKC= ?JN;MCHGL @HK e

rM Nr <Md N M r Nd r Q = Mr N r < < < o q e d < M u < < <

hi hi hi hi hi hi

/ /. 0 -

v{

3 2:

y4%23).- :A 4BCL JN?LMCHG CL ;<HNM MB? @NG=MCHG a b g c e a;b aCb &CG> ;EA?<K;C=;EER MB? kQ?> IHCGML H@ e aCCb #E;LLC@R ?;=B H@ MB? kQ?> IHCGML H@ ;L ;MMK;=MCGAd K?I?EECGA HK CG>Cj?K?GMd ?QIE;CGCGA RHNK K?;LHGCGA =E?;KERe a<b aCb %QIK?LL a a bb ;L ; IHERGHFC;E H@ MB? @HKF c c c c LBHPCGA RHNK PHKDCGAe aCCb dR^NV \QJ\ a a bb =;G <? ?QIK?LL?> ;L a c ba c c b LHEO? MB? ?JN;MCHG a a bb g d LBHPCGA RHNK PHKDCGAe $?>N=? MB;M MB? GNF<?KL W ;G> @HKF ; Vn=R=E? H@ e aCCCb #E;LLC@R MB? Vn=R=E? H@ ;L ;MMK;=MCGAd K?I?EECGA HK CG>Cj?K?GMd ?Qn IE;CGCGA RHNK K?;LHGCGA =E?;KERe a=b %;=B H@ MB? @HEEHPCGA -;MB=;> >C;AK;FL CEENLMK;M?L MB? ?j?=M H@ CM?K;MCGA PCMB ; I;KMC=NE;K CGCMC;E M?KF e )G >C;AK;F aCbd g U ;G> MB? kKLM YT CM?K;MCHGL ;K? IEHMM?>e )G >C;AK;F aCCbd g ;G> MB? YULM MH UTTMB CM?K;MCHGL ;K? IEHMM?>e )G ?;=B =;L?d LM;M? PB;M RHN MBCGD CL MB? EHGAnM?KF <?B;OCHNK H@ MB? CM?K;MCHG L?JN?G=?e a9HN ;K? GHM ?QI?=M?> MH K?;> Hj I;KMC=NE;K O;EN?L @KHF >C;AK;F aCCbeb
(i) (ii)

C M Mr C wrM C C>tMCt M>sMs >rMr >qM >pR rM C urCMM MCrdMC MxrsM xrMR d dCr C C Mp d s Mp Mp dt
0 2

hi hi hi

hi hi

. / . / .

hi

4 4 2 0

4 4 2 0

v{

3 2:

|}zw x~uz

y4%23).- :B a;b aCb 5L? CGM?AK;MCHG <R LN<LMCMNMCHG MH LBHP MB;M g ]c c ]c PB?K? CL ;G ;K<CMK;KR =HGLM;GMe aCCb (?G=? kG> MB? ;K?; NG>?K MB? AK;IB H@ a b g ] c @KHF g T MH g Xe a<b aCb 'CO?G MB;M =HLaV b c LCGaV b g LCGaV b PB?K? CL ;G ;K<CMK;KR =HGLM;GMd NL? ; F?MBH> H@ CGM?AK;MCHG MH LBHP MB;M b LCGaV b c =HLaV b c =HLaV b g a PB?K? CL ;G ;K<CMK;KR =HGLM;GMe aCCb "R NLCGA MB? K?LNEM MB;M RHN @HNG> CG I;KM a<baCbd kG> MB? OHENF? H@ K?OHENMCHG H<M;CG?> PB?G MB? K?ACHG NG>?K MB? AK;IB H@ MB? @NG=MCHG a b g LCG d @KHF g T MH g d CL KHM;M?> ;<HNM MB? n;QCLe 'CO? RHNK ;GLP?K MH MPH >?=CF;E IE;=?Le

y4%23).- ;9 hi a;b 5L? %N=EC>`L !EAHKCMBF MH IKHO? MB;M U] CL CML HPG CGO?KL? CG Z e ! F?LL;A?d NLCGA MB? =HKK?LIHG>?G=? LBHPG CG MB? M;<E? <?EHPd CL ?G=CIB?K?> NLCGA MB? @NG=MCHG a b aFH> WUbe !"#$%&'() * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : U V W X Y Z [ \ ] UT UU UV UW UX UY UZ U[ U\ U] VT VU VV VW VX VY VZ a<b %QIE;CG PBR MBCL CL ; =HKK?=M @HKF @HK ;G ?QIHG?GMC;E =CIB?Ke a=b 4B? =CIB?KM?QM CL V\ UW UV UV Y V\ V\ 7B;M P;L MB? F?LL;A?^ Fsvr wt y}s{|uwv xpxszG hi hi

r M @ R @ o r M C M M T M <M q q M d M M ? R M M A M t r ?< Mr M AM q Mr d q M qM M @R r r r @ DM M M M M P M sp C F gFqx m R R R R R R nQ

< o M Mr AM o

hi hi

/ .

hi hi

0 1 0

. 2

v{

3 2:

You might also like